rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that a "spy-plane" had been shot down but intentionally made no reference to the pilot. As a result, the Eisenhower Administration, thinking the pilot had died in the crash, authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a "weather research aircraft" which had unintentionally strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed "difficulties with his oxygen equipment" while flying over Turkey. The Soviets put Captain Powers on trial and displayed parts of the U-2, which had been recovered almost fully intact.

Question: What did the Eisenhower administration refer to the downed U-2 as?
Answer: weather research aircraft

Question: Where did the Eisenhower administration say that the downed U-2 was intended to be flying?
Answer: Turkey

Question: According to the cover story, what did the "weather research" pilot have trouble with?
Answer: oxygen equipment

Question: What happened to Powers in the Soviet Union?
Answer: trial

Question: What did Khrushchev refer to the U-2 as?
Answer: spy-plane
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The 1960 Four Power Paris Summit between President Dwight Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev, Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed because of the incident. Eisenhower refused to accede to Khrushchev's demands that he apologize. Therefore, Khrushchev would not take part in the summit. Up until this event, Eisenhower felt he had been making progress towards better relations with the Soviet Union. Nuclear arms reduction and Berlin were to have been discussed at the summit. Eisenhower stated it had all been ruined because of that "stupid U-2 business".

Question: Along with Eisenhower, Macmillan and de Gaulle, what leader attended the Four Powers Paris Summit?
Answer: Nikita Khrushchev

Question: What did Khrushchev demand that Eisenhower do?
Answer: apologize

Question: Along with reducing nuclear weapons, what was to have been the topic of conversation at the Four Power Paris Summit?
Answer: Berlin

Question: What did Eisenhower blame for ruining the summit?
Answer: stupid U-2 business

Question: In what year was the Four Power Paris Summit intended to take place?
Answer: 1960
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

While President Truman had begun the process of desegregating the Armed Forces in 1948, actual implementation had been slow. Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953, saying "I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia, including the Federal Government, and any segregation in the Armed Forces". When he encountered opposition from the services, he used government control of military spending to force the change through, stating "Wherever Federal Funds are expended ..., I do not see how any American can justify ... a discrimination in the expenditure of those funds".

Question: Which president initially began to desegregate the US military?
Answer: Truman

Question: When did the desegregation of the United States Armed Forces begin?
Answer: 1948

Question: When did Eisenhower deliver his first State of the Union?
Answer: February 1953

Question: What control did Eisenhower use to push through desegregation?
Answer: military spending

Question: In what geographical area did Eisenhower promise to end desegregation in his State of the Union address?
Answer: District of Columbia
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children. He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law. The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights. Although both acts were much weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since 1875.

Question: Who did Eisenhower tell DC officials to integrate?
Answer: school children

Question: What was the first civil rights act proposed to Congress by Eisenhower?
Answer: Civil Rights Act of 1957

Question: In what year did Eisenhower propose his second civil rights act?
Answer: 1960

Question: What sort of commission did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 establish?
Answer: Civil Rights Commission

Question: Under the Civil Rights Act of 1957, what federal department contained a civil rights office?
Answer: Justice
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division. They escorted and protected nine black students' entry to Little Rock Central High School, an all-white public school, for the first time since the Reconstruction Era. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote to Eisenhower to thank him for his actions, writing "The overwhelming majority of southerners, Negro and white, stand firmly behind your resolute action to restore law and order in Little Rock".

Question: What state refused to integrate its schools in 1957?
Answer: Arkansas

Question: What military unit was sent from outside of Arkansas to oversee desegregation?
Answer: 101st Airborne Division

Question: What Arkansas militia unit did Eisenhower federalize in 1957?
Answer: Arkansas National Guard

Question: Who was the governor of Arkansas in 1957?
Answer: Orval Faubus

Question: How many black students were escorted by the 101st Airborne to Little Rock Central High School?
Answer: nine
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused.

Question: In what year did Joseph McCarthy declare that the federal government was employing communists?
Answer: 1953

Question: What did Eisenhower do when he was encouraged to respond to McCarthy's accusations?
Answer: he refused

Question: Why did Eisenhower ignore McCarthy?
Answer: facilitate relations with Congress
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy.

Question: What organization did Eisenhower want to keep from being one of McCarthy's targets?
Answer: Atomic Energy Commission

Question: What was the AEC working on at this time?
Answer: H-bombs

Question: What AEC scientists counseled delaying the development of the hydrogen bomb?
Answer: J. Robert Oppenheimer

Question: What did Eisenhower do to Oppenheimer after he said that the hydrogen bomb should be delayed?
Answer: removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In May 1955, McCarthy threatened to issue subpoenas to White House personnel. Eisenhower was furious, and issued an order as follows: "It is essential to efficient and effective administration that employees of the Executive Branch be in a position to be completely candid in advising with each other on official matters ... it is not in the public interest that any of their conversations or communications, or any documents or reproductions, concerning such advice be disclosed." This was an unprecedented step by Eisenhower to protect communication beyond the confines of a cabinet meeting, and soon became a tradition known as executive privilege. Ike's denial of McCarthy's access to his staff reduced McCarthy's hearings to rants about trivial matters, and contributed to his ultimate downfall.

Question: What did McCarthy threaten to do in May of 1955?
Answer: issue subpoenas to White House personnel

Question: What tradition was fostered by Eisenhower's reaction to McCarthy's subpoena threats?
Answer: executive privilege

Question: Eisenhower denied McCarthy access to the personnel of what branch of the federal government?
Answer: Executive
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The Democrats gained a majority in both houses in the 1954 election. Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later U.S. president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House, both from Texas. Joe Martin, the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955, wrote that Eisenhower "never surrounded himself with assistants who could solve political problems with professional skill. There were exceptions, Leonard W. Hall, for example, who as chairman of the Republican National Committee tried to open the administration's eyes to the political facts of life, with occasional success. However, these exceptions were not enough to right the balance."

Question: Who won a Senate majority in 1954?
Answer: Democrats

Question: After the 1954 election, who was the Speaker of the House?
Answer: Sam Rayburn

Question: Who was made Senate Majority Leader after the 1954 election?
Answer: Lyndon B. Johnson

Question: What state were Johnson and Rayburn from?
Answer: Texas

Question: Who was Speaker of the House between 1953 and 1955?
Answer: Joe Martin
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Speaker Martin concluded that Eisenhower worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress, with results, "often the reverse of what he has desired" because Members of Congress, "resent having some young fellow who was picked up by the White House without ever having been elected to office himself coming around and telling them 'The Chief wants this'. The administration never made use of many Republicans of consequence whose services in one form or another would have been available for the asking."

Question: What did Martin think Eisenhower did too much of in his relations with Congress?
Answer: worked too much through subordinates

Question: As a result of Eisenhower's actions toward Congress, what did Martin think Congress often gave him?
Answer: reverse of what he has desired

Question: Who did Martin think Eisenhower should have made better use of?
Answer: Republicans of consequence
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Whittaker was unsuited for the role and soon retired. Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans, while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism. In selecting a Chief Justice, Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren "represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court ... He has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that, again, I believe we need on the Court". In the next few years Warren led the Court in a series of liberal decisions that revolutionized the role of the Court.

Question: What were Harlan and Stewart's party affiliations?
Answer: Republicans

Question: What party did Brennan belong to?
Answer: Democrat

Question: Who did Eisenhower nominate for Chief Justice?
Answer: Warren

Question: What sort of decisions did Warren favor on the Supreme Court?
Answer: liberal

Question: Along with liberals, who was Eisenhower trying to appeal to with the Warren pick?
Answer: law-and-order conservatives
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower began smoking cigarettes at West Point, often two or three packs a day. Eisenhower stated that he "gave [himself] an order" to stop cold turkey in March 1949 while at Columbia. He was probably the first president to release information about his health and medical records while in office. On September 24, 1955, while vacationing in Colorado, he had a serious heart attack that required six weeks' hospitalization, during which time Nixon, Dulles, and Sherman Adams assumed administrative duties and provided communication with the President. He was treated by Dr. Paul Dudley White, a cardiologist with a national reputation, who regularly informed the press of the President's progress. Instead of eliminating him as a candidate for a second term as President, his physician recommended a second term as essential to his recovery.

Question: Where did Eisenhower pick up the habit of smoking?
Answer: West Point

Question: How many cigarettes did Eisenhower smoke daily at West Point?
Answer: two or three packs

Question: When did Eisenhower stop smoking completely?
Answer: March 1949

Question: Who was Eisenhower's employer when he gave up smoking?
Answer: Columbia

Question: Who was the cardiologist who treated Eisenhower after his heart attack?
Answer: Paul Dudley White
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

As a consequence of his heart attack, Eisenhower developed a left ventricular aneurysm, which was in turn the cause of a mild stroke on November 25, 1957. This incident occurred during a cabinet meeting when Eisenhower suddenly found himself unable to speak or move his right hand. The stroke had caused an aphasia. The president also suffered from Crohn's disease, chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine, which necessitated surgery for a bowel obstruction on June 9, 1956. To treat the intestinal block, surgeons bypassed about ten inches of his small intestine. His scheduled meeting with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was postponed so he could recover from surgery at his farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He was still recovering from this operation during the Suez Crisis. Eisenhower's health issues forced him to give up smoking and make some changes to his dietary habits, but he still indulged in alcohol. During a visit to England he complained of dizziness and had to have his blood pressure checked on August 29, 1959; however, before dinner at Chequers on the next day his doctor General Howard Snyder recalled Eisenhower "drank several gin-and-tonics, and one or two gins on the rocks ... three or four wines with the dinner".

Question: What caused Eisenhower's stroke of 1957?
Answer: left ventricular aneurysm

Question: Where was Eisenhower when he suffered a stroke in 1957?
Answer: cabinet meeting

Question: What couldn't Eisenhower move as a result of his stroke?
Answer: right hand

Question: What is Crohn's disease?
Answer: chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine

Question: Why did Eisenhower need surgery on June 9, 1956?
Answer: bowel obstruction
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The last three years of Eisenhower's second term in office were ones of relatively good health. Eventually after leaving the White House, he suffered several additional and ultimately crippling heart attacks. A severe heart attack in August 1965 largely ended his participation in public affairs. In August 1966 he began to show symptoms of cholecystitis, for which he underwent surgery on December 12, 1966, when his gallbladder was removed, containing 16 gallstones. After Eisenhower's death in 1969 (see below), an autopsy unexpectedly revealed an adrenal pheochromocytoma, a benign adrenaline-secreting tumor that may have made the President more vulnerable to heart disease. Eisenhower suffered seven heart attacks in total from 1955 until his death.

Question: What August 1965 event caused Eisenhower to drop out of public life?
Answer: heart attack

Question: For what ailment did Eisenhower receive surgery in 1966?
Answer: cholecystitis

Question: What did Eisenhower have removed via surgery on December 12, 1966?
Answer: gallbladder

Question: In what year did Eisenhower die?
Answer: 1969

Question: How many heart attacks did Eisenhower have between 1955 and 1969?
Answer: seven
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In the 1960 election to choose his successor, Eisenhower endorsed his own Vice President, Republican Richard Nixon against Democrat John F. Kennedy. He told friends, "I will do almost anything to avoid turning my chair and country over to Kennedy." He actively campaigned for Nixon in the final days, although he may have done Nixon some harm. When asked by reporters at the end of a televised press conference to list one of Nixon's policy ideas he had adopted, Eisenhower joked, "If you give me a week, I might think of one. I don't remember." Kennedy's campaign used the quote in one of its campaign commercials. Nixon narrowly lost to Kennedy. Eisenhower, who was the oldest president in history at that time (then 70), was succeeded by the youngest elected president, as Kennedy was 43.

Question: Who did Eisenhower endorse for president in 1960?
Answer: Richard Nixon

Question: Who was the Democratic candidate for president in 1960?
Answer: John F. Kennedy

Question: How old was Eisenhower in 1960?
Answer: 70

Question: Who was the youngest person elected to the United States presidency?
Answer: Kennedy

Question: Who won the US presidential election of 1960?
Answer: Kennedy
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office. In his farewell speech, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the U.S. armed forces. He described the Cold War: "We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method ..." and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military–industrial complex."

Question: On what date did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?
Answer: January 17, 1961

Question: In his farewell speech, what complex did Eisenhower warn the American people of?
Answer: military–industrial

Question: What war did Eisenhower talk about in his Address to the Nation?
Answer: Cold

Question: What term did Eisenhower use to describe the character of communism?
Answer: atheistic

Question: From where did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?
Answer: Oval Office
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower retired to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time, a working farm adjacent to the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, only 70 miles from his ancestral home in Elizabethville, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. In 1967 the Eisenhowers donated the farm to the National Park Service. In retirement, the former president did not completely retreat from political life; he spoke at the 1964 Republican National Convention and appeared with Barry Goldwater in a Republican campaign commercial from Gettysburg. However, his endorsement came somewhat reluctantly because Goldwater had attacked the former president as "a dime-store New Dealer".

Question: What town did Eisenhower retire to after his presidency?
Answer: Gettysburg

Question: What Pennsylvania county did Eisenhower grow up in?
Answer: Dauphin

Question: Who did Eisenhower donate his farm to in 1967?
Answer: National Park Service

Question: What did Barry Goldwater call Eisenhower?
Answer: dime-store New Dealer

Question: Who was the Republican presidential candidate in 1964?
Answer: Barry Goldwater
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

On the morning of March 28, 1969, at the age of 78, Eisenhower died in Washington, D.C. of congestive heart failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The following day his body was moved to the Washington National Cathedral's Bethlehem Chapel, where he lay in repose for 28 hours. On March 30, his body was brought by caisson to the United States Capitol, where he lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda. On March 31, Eisenhower's body was returned to the National Cathedral, where he was given an Episcopal Church funeral service.

Question: How old was Eisenhower when he died?
Answer: 78

Question: At what facility did Eisenhower die?
Answer: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

Question: What was Eisenhower's cause of death?
Answer: congestive heart failure

Question: What was Eisenhower's date of death?
Answer: March 28, 1969

Question: What Christian denomination did Eisenhower belong to?
Answer: Episcopal
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979.

Question: When did Eisenhower's funeral train arrive in Abilene, Kansas?
Answer: April 2

Question: What was the cost of Eisenhower's casket?
Answer: $80

Question: At what location was Eisenhower buried?
Answer: Eisenhower Presidential Library

Question: What color jacket was Eisenhower buried in?
Answer: green

Question: When did Mamie Eisenhower die?
Answer: 1979
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In the immediate years after Eisenhower left office, his reputation declined. He was widely seen by critics as an inactive, uninspiring, golf-playing president compared to his vigorous young successor. Despite his unprecedented use of Army troops to enforce a federal desegregation order at Central High School in Little Rock, Eisenhower was criticized for his reluctance to support the civil rights movement to the degree that activists wanted. Eisenhower also attracted criticism for his handling of the 1960 U-2 incident and the associated international embarrassment, for the Soviet Union's perceived leadership in the nuclear arms race and the Space Race, and for his failure to publicly oppose McCarthyism.

Question: In popular memory, what sport was Eisenhower known for playing?
Answer: golf

Question: What did critics feel that Eisenhower should have opposed in public?
Answer: McCarthyism

Question: Where was Central High school located?
Answer: Little Rock

Question: How did critics characterize Kennedy in comparison to Eisenhower?
Answer: vigorous young successor

Question: What nation was considered the leader in the nuclear arms race?
Answer: Soviet Union