rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Yale_University

Yale's secret society buildings (some of which are called "tombs") were built both to be private yet unmistakable. A diversity of architectural styles is represented: Berzelius, Donn Barber in an austere cube with classical detailing (erected in 1908 or 1910); Book and Snake, Louis R. Metcalfe in a Greek Ionic style (erected in 1901); Elihu, architect unknown but built in a Colonial style (constructed on an early 17th-century foundation although the building is from the 18th century); Mace and Chain, in a late colonial, early Victorian style (built in 1823). Interior moulding is said to have belonged to Benedict Arnold; Manuscript Society, King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and Josef Albers for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a mid-century modern style; Scroll and Key, Richard Morris Hunt in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired Beaux-Arts style (erected 1869–70); Skull and Bones, possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin in an Egypto-Doric style utilizing Brownstone (in 1856 the first wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the Neo-Gothic towers in rear garden were completed); St. Elmo, (former tomb) Kenneth M. Murchison, 1912, designs inspired by Elizabethan manor. Current location, brick colonial; Shabtai, 1882, the Anderson Mansion built in the Second Empire architectural style; and Wolf's Head, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (erected 1923-4).

Question: What is another term for some of Yale's secret society buildings?
Answer: tombs

Question: Who is the interior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?
Answer: Benedict Arnold

Question: Who was responsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building?
Answer: Dan Kniley

Question: Who was the architect for St. Elmo?
Answer: Kenneth M. Murchison

Question: Who was the architect behind the Manuscript Society building?
Answer: King Lui-Wu
Title: Yale_University

Several campus safety strategies have been pioneered at Yale. The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894, when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus. Later hired by the university, the officers were originally brought in to quell unrest between students and city residents and curb destructive student behavior. In addition to the Yale Police Department, a variety of safety services are available including blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.

Question: When were the first campus police formed at Yale?
Answer: 1894

Question: Who were the the first campus police composed of?
Answer: city police officers

Question: Why was the campus police established?
Answer: quell unrest between students and city residents

Question: What other safety measures are available at Yale besides campus police?
Answer: blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.
Title: Yale_University

Through its program of need-based financial aid, Yale commits to meet the full demonstrated financial need of all applicants. Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university, and the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $46,395. 15% of Yale College students are expected to have no parental contribution, and about 50% receive some form of financial aid. About 16% of the Class of 2013 had some form of student loan debt at graduation, with an average debt of $13,000 among borrowers.

Question: What kind of system is Yale's financial aid?
Answer: need-based

Question: How is most financial aid obtained at Yale?
Answer: grants and scholarships

Question: What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2017?
Answer: $46,395

Question: What percent of students at Yale are thought to have no parental help?
Answer: 15%

Question: What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2013?
Answer: $13,000
Title: Yale_University

Rare books are found in several Yale collections. The Beinecke Rare Book Library has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments. The Lewis Walpole Library contains the largest collection of 18th‑century British literary works. The Elizabethan Club, technically a private organization, makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale.

Question: Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment?
Answer: The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library

Question: What library contains the biggest assortment of 18th century British literary works?
Answer: The Lewis Walpole Library

Question: Where can qualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios? 
Answer: The Elizabethan Club

Question: What library has a vast assortment of rare books and manuscripts?
Answer: The Beinecke Rare Book Library
Title: Yale_University

Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The Yale University Art Gallery, the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains more than 180,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, Louis Kahn's first large-scale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The Yale Center for British Art, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building.

Question: What is the name of the country's first university partnered art museum?
Answer: The Yale University Art Gallery

Question: How many items are in The Yale University Art Gallery?
Answer: more than 180,000

Question: Where is the largest center for British art, UK not included?
Answer: The Yale Center for British Art

Question: Whose contributions started The Yale Center for British Art?
Answer: Paul Mellon

Question: Who designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?
Answer: Louis Kahn
Title: Yale_University

Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the New Criticism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American deconstruction. Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late seventies to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated with deconstruction, forming the so-called "Yale School". These included Paul de Man who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, J. Hillis Miller, Geoffrey Hartman (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature), and Harold Bloom (English), whose theoretical position was always somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the rest of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historians C. Vann Woodward and David Brion Davis are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and Department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century. The Journal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957; Allen Forte and David Lewin were influential teachers and scholars.

Question: Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale?
Answer: Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks

Question: Who is known as the father of deconstruction?
Answer: Jacques Derrida

Question: Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's?
Answer: Department of Comparative Literature

Question: Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians?
Answer: David Montgomery

Question: When was The Journal of Music Theory founded?
Answer: 1957
Title: Yale_University

Yale's residential college system was established in 1933 by Edward S. Harkness, who admired the social intimacy of Oxford and Cambridge and donated significant funds to found similar colleges at Yale and Harvard. Though Yale's colleges resemble their English precursors organizationally and architecturally, they are dependent entities of Yale College and have limited autonomy. The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean, who reside in the college, and university faculty and affiliates comprise each college's fellowship. Colleges offer their own seminars, social events, and speaking engagements known as "Master's Teas," but do not contain programs of study or academic departments. Instead, all undergraduate courses are taught by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are open to members of any college.

Question: When was Yale's residential college system established?
Answer: 1933

Question: Who established Yale's residential college system?
Answer: Edward S. Harkness

Question: Who runs Yale's residential colleges?
Answer: The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean

Question: Are there academic programs in Yale's residential colleges?
Answer: do not contain programs of study or academic departments

Question: Who teaches Yale's residential college's undergraduate classes?
Answer: Faculty of Arts and Sciences
Title: Yale_University

While Harkness' original colleges were Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic in style, two colleges constructed in the 1960s, Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges, have modernist designs. All twelve college quadrangles are organized around a courtyard, and each has a dining hall, courtyard, library, common room, and a range of student facilities. The twelve colleges are named for important alumni or significant places in university history. In 2017, the university expects to open two new colleges near Science Hill.

Question: In what architectural styles were Harkness' original colleges?
Answer: Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic

Question: Which two residential colleges are of modernist style?
Answer: Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges

Question: What are Yale's colleges encircling?
Answer: a courtyard

Question: Who are the Yale colleges named after?
Answer: important alumni or significant places in university history

Question: In what year does the university expect to open two more colleges?
Answer: 2017
Title: Yale_University

In the wake of the racially-motivated" church shooting in Charleston, South Carolina, Yale was under criticism again in the summer of 2015 for Calhoun College, one of 12 residential colleges, which was named after John C. Calhoun, a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century. In July 2015 students signed a petition calling for the name change. They argued in the petition that—while Calhoun was respected in the 19th century as an "extraordinary American statesman"—he was "one of the most prolific defenders of slavery and white supremacy" in the history of the United States. In August 2015 Yale President Peter Salovey addressed the Freshman Class of 2019 in which he responded to the racial tensions but explained why the college would not be renamed. He described Calhoun as a "a notable political theorist, a vice president to two different U.S. presidents, a secretary of war and of state, and a congressman and senator representing South Carolina." He acknowledged that Calhoun also "believed that the highest forms of civilization depend on involuntary servitude. Not only that, but he also believed that the races he thought to be inferior, black people in particular, ought to be subjected to it for the sake of their own best interests." Racial tensions increased in the fall of 2015 centering on comments by Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika regarding freedom of speech. In April 2016 Salovey announced that "despite decades of vigorous alumni and student protests," Calhoun's name will remain on the Yale residential college explaining that it is preferable for Yale students to live in Calhoun's "shadow" so they will be "better prepared to rise to the challenges of the present and the future." He claimed that if they removed Calhoun's name, it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it." "Yale is part of that history" and "We cannot erase American history, but we can confront it, teach it and learn from it." One change that will be issued is the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college” due to its connotation of slavery.

Question: Who was Calhoun college named for?
Answer: John C. Calhoun

Question: Why did people dislike the college being named after John C. Calhoun?
Answer: a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century

Question: What title change will be happening to reduce racial tensions?
Answer: the title of “master” for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to “head of college”

Question: What did President Salovey believe would happen if Calhoun's name was removed from the college?
Answer: it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it."

Question: Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2015?
Answer: Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika
Title: Yale_University

The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. Established in 1872, The Yale Record is the world's oldest humor magazine. Newspapers include the Yale Daily News, which was first published in 1878, and the weekly Yale Herald, which was first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 70 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The Yale Dramatic Association and Bulldog Productions cater to the theater and film communities, respectively. In addition, the Yale Drama Coalition serves to coordinate between and provide resources for the various Sudler Fund sponsored theater productions which run each weekend. WYBC Yale Radio is the campus's radio station, owned and operated by students. While students used to broadcast on AM & FM frequencies, they now have an Internet-only stream.

Question: What is the name of the world's oldest humor magazine?
Answer: The Yale Record

Question: What year was The Yale Record first published?
Answer: 1872

Question: In what year was the Yale Daily News established?
Answer: 1878

Question: When was the Yale Herald established?
Answer: 1986

Question: What is the name of the campus radio station?
Answer: WYBC Yale Radio
Title: Yale_University

Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "bright college years," though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with "bubble pipes". ("Bright College Years," the University's alma mater, was penned in 1881 by Henry Durand, Class of 1881, to the tune of Die Wacht am Rhein.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so. In the second half of the 20th century Bladderball, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In spite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009, 2011, and 2014, but its future remains uncertain.

Question: What do seniors crush to celebrate graduation?
Answer: clay pipes

Question: What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes?
Answer: bubble pipes

Question: What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub?
Answer: Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus

Question: What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub?
Answer: the toe

Question: What game was created, to later be banned by administration?
Answer: Bladderball
Title: Yale_University

Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world. October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the Yale-Harvard Boat Race.

Question: What is the name of the United States' first bowl stadium?
Answer: Yale Bowl

Question: What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence?
Answer: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl

Question: What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building?
Answer: Payne Whitney Gymnasium

Question: On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established?
Answer: October 21, 2000

Question: How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct?
Answer: $7.5 million
Title: Yale_University

Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family (Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter); John William Sterling; Payne Whitney; Joseph E. Sheffield, Paul Mellon, Charles B. G. Murphy and William K. Lanman. The Yale Class of 1954, led by Richard Gilder, donated $70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion. Charles B. Johnson, a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 to support of the construction of two new residential colleges.

Question: How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?
Answer: $250 million

Question: How much did the 1954 class donate for their 50th reunion?
Answer: $70 million

Question: Who led the 1954 class in their large donation?
Answer: Richard Gilder
Title: Yale_University

Yale has produced alumni distinguished in their respective fields. Among the best-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; royals Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo; heads of state, including Italian prime minister Mario Monti, Turkish prime minister Tansu Çiller, Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo, German president Karl Carstens, and Philippines president José Paciano Laurel; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry, Hillary Clinton, Cyrus Vance, and Dean Acheson; authors Sinclair Lewis, Stephen Vincent Benét, and Tom Wolfe; lexicographer Noah Webster; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney; patriot and "first spy" Nathan Hale; theologian Jonathan Edwards; actors, directors and producers Paul Newman, Henry Winkler, Vincent Price, Meryl Streep, Sigourney Weaver, Jodie Foster, Angela Bassett, Patricia Clarkson, Courtney Vance, Frances McDormand, Elia Kazan, George Roy Hill, Edward Norton, Lupita Nyong'o, Allison Williams, Oliver Stone, Sam Waterston, and Michael Cimino; "Father of American football" Walter Camp, James Franco, "The perfect oarsman" Rusty Wailes; baseball players Ron Darling, Bill Hutchinson, and Craig Breslow; basketball player Chris Dudley; football players Gary Fencik, and Calvin Hill; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter; figure skater Sarah Hughes; swimmer Don Schollander; skier Ryan Max Riley; runner Frank Shorter; composers Charles Ives, Douglas Moore and Cole Porter; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver; child psychologist Benjamin Spock; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster; sculptor Richard Serra; film critic Gene Siskel; television commentators Dick Cavett and Anderson Cooper; New York Times journalist David Gonzalez; pundits William F. Buckley, Jr., and Fareed Zakaria; economists Irving Fischer, Mahbub ul Haq, and Paul Krugman; cyclotron inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics, Ernest Lawrence; Human Genome Project director Francis S. Collins; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs; and businesspeople, including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce, Morgan Stanley founder Harold Stanley, Boeing CEO James McNerney, FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith, Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes, Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon, and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton; pioneer in electrical applications Austin Cornelius Dunham.

Question: What royalty has attended Yale?
Answer: Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo

Question: What Italian Prime Minister attended Yale?
Answer: Mario Monti

Question: What Mexican president attended Yale?
Answer: Ernesto Zedillo

Question: Who was the father of American football?
Answer: Walter Camp

Question: What Time magazine founder attended Yale?
Answer: Henry Luce
Title: Yale_University

Yale University, one of the oldest universities in the United States, is a cultural referent as an institution that produces some of the most elite members of society and its grounds, alumni, and students have been prominently portrayed in fiction and U.S. popular culture. For example, Owen Johnson's novel, Stover at Yale, follows the college career of Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell, the model for all later juvenile sports fiction, plays football, baseball, crew, and track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs. Yale University also is featured in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby". The narrator, Nick Carraway, wrote a series of editorials for the Yale News, and Tom Buchanan was "one of the most powerful ends that ever played football" for Yale.

Question: Who were the main characters in Stover at Yale?
Answer: Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell

Question: What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale a part of?
Answer: The Great Gatsby

Question: What character in The Great Gatsby wrote editorials for the Yale News?
Answer: Nick Carraway

Question: What football playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?
Answer: Tom Buchanan

Question: Who wrote the novel Stover at Yale?
Answer: Owen Johnson
Title: Late_Middle_Ages

Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it was before the calamities. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict in the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism. Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.

Question: What shattered the unity of the Catholic Church?
Answer: the Western Schism

Question: What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1300, known as?
Answer: the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages

Question: In what years was the Great Famine?
Answer: 1315–1317

Question: Which two countries experienced peasant uprisings?
Answer: France and England

Question: What major conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: Hundred Years' War