rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Intellectual_property

On the assumption that intellectual property rights are actual rights Stallman argues that this claim does not live to the historical intentions behind these laws, which in the case of copyright served as a censorship system, and later on, a regulatory model for the printing press that may have benefited authors incidentally, but never interfered with the freedom of average readers. Still referring to copyright, he cites legal literature such as the United States Constitution and case law to demonstrate that it is meant to be an optional and experimental bargain that temporarily trades property rights and free speech for public, not private, benefit in the form of increased artistic production and knowledge. He mentions that "if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time".

Question: Stallman thinks what type of IP historically served as a censorship system?
Answer: copyright

Question: What does Stallman think copyright served as a regulatory model for?
Answer: the printing press

Question: What does Stallman think was meant to be optional and experimental?
Answer: copyright

Question: What does Stallman think copyright was supposed to trade temporarily for public benefit?
Answer: property rights and free speech

Question: Who pointed out that "if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time"?
Answer: Stallman
Title: Intellectual_property

Law professor, writer and political activist Lawrence Lessig, along with many other copyleft and free software activists, has criticized the implied analogy with physical property (like land or an automobile). They argue such an analogy fails because physical property is generally rivalrous while intellectual works are non-rivalrous (that is, if one makes a copy of a work, the enjoyment of the copy does not prevent enjoyment of the original). Other arguments along these lines claim that unlike the situation with tangible property, there is no natural scarcity of a particular idea or information: once it exists at all, it can be re-used and duplicated indefinitely without such re-use diminishing the original. Stephan Kinsella has objected to intellectual property on the grounds that the word "property" implies scarcity, which may not be applicable to ideas.

Question: Who is one advocate of copyleft?
Answer: Lawrence Lessig

Question: Who has objected to the idea of IP because "property" implies scarcity?
Answer: Stephan Kinsella

Question: Having no natural scarcity makes IP different from what kind of property?
Answer: tangible

Question: How much can IP be duplicated without diminishing the original?
Answer: indefinitely
Title: Intellectual_property

Some critics of intellectual property, such as those in the free culture movement, point at intellectual monopolies as harming health (in the case of pharmaceutical patents), preventing progress, and benefiting concentrated interests to the detriment of the masses, and argue that the public interest is harmed by ever-expansive monopolies in the form of copyright extensions, software patents, and business method patents. More recently scientists and engineers are expressing concern that patent thickets are undermining technological development even in high-tech fields like nanotechnology.

Question: What can be harmed by pharmaceutical patents?
Answer: health

Question: IP benefits concentrated interests to whose detriment?
Answer: the masses

Question: Whose interests are harmed by expanding IP?
Answer: the public

Question: Developments in nanotechnology are being undermined by what type of IP?
Answer: patent

Question: What type of monopolies does IP create?
Answer: intellectual
Title: Intellectual_property

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) recognizes that conflicts may exist between the respect for and implementation of current intellectual property systems and other human rights. In 2001 the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued a document called "Human rights and intellectual property" that argued that intellectual property tends to be governed by economic goals when it should be viewed primarily as a social product; in order to serve human well-being, intellectual property systems must respect and conform to human rights laws. According to the Committee, when systems fail to do so they risk infringing upon the human right to food and health, and to cultural participation and scientific benefits. In 2004 the General Assembly of WIPO adopted The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization which argues that WIPO should "focus more on the needs of developing countries, and to view IP as one of many tools for development—not as an end in itself".

Question: Who recognizes that conflicts may exist between IP and other human rights?
Answer: World Intellectual Property Organization

Question: When was a document called "Human rights and intellectual property" issued?
Answer: 2001

Question: Who issued a document called "Human rights and intellectual property"?
Answer: the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Question: Who said IP failures may infringe on human rights to food and health?
Answer: the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Question: When did the WIPO adopt 'The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization'?
Answer: 2004
Title: Intellectual_property

Further along these lines, The ethical problems brought up by IP rights are most pertinent when it is socially valuable goods like life-saving medicines are given IP protection. While the application of IP rights can allow companies to charge higher than the marginal cost of production in order to recoup the costs of research and development, the price may exclude from the market anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product, in this case a life-saving drug. "An IPR driven regime is therefore not a regime that is conductive to the investment of R&D of products that are socially valuable to predominately poor populations".:1108–9

Question: For what type of goods are IP's ethical problems most pertinent?
Answer: socially valuable

Question: What is an example of socially valuable goods?
Answer: life-saving medicines

Question: What cost does IP rights allow companies to charge higher than?
Answer: the marginal cost of production

Question: Who might a higher price exclude from the market?
Answer: anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product
Title: Intellectual_property

Another limitation of current U.S. Intellectual Property legislation is its focus on individual and joint works; thus, copyright protection can only be obtained in 'original' works of authorship. This definition excludes any works that are the result of community creativity, for example Native American songs and stories; current legislation does not recognize the uniqueness of indigenous cultural "property" and its ever-changing nature. Simply asking native cultures to 'write down' their cultural artifacts on tangible mediums ignores their necessary orality and enforces a Western bias of the written form as more authoritative.

Question: What type of creativity is excluded from the US definition of IP?
Answer: community creativity

Question: What doesn't current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?
Answer: indigenous cultural "property"

Question: Requiring written records enforces what kind of bias?
Answer: Western

Question: The Western bias is that what form is more authoritative?
Answer: written
Title: Intellectual_property

Also with respect to copyright, the American film industry helped to change the social construct of intellectual property via its trade organization, the Motion Picture Association of America. In amicus briefs in important cases, in lobbying before Congress, and in its statements to the public, the MPAA has advocated strong protection of intellectual-property rights. In framing its presentations, the association has claimed that people are entitled to the property that is produced by their labor. Additionally Congress's awareness of the position of the United States as the world's largest producer of films has made it convenient to expand the conception of intellectual property. These doctrinal reforms have further strengthened the industry, lending the MPAA even more power and authority.

Question: What is the American film industry's trade organization?
Answer: Motion Picture Association of America

Question: The Motion Picture Association of America is which industry's trade organization?
Answer: film

Question: Which country is the world's largest producer of films?
Answer: United States

Question: The MPAA has advocated strong protection of what kind of rights?
Answer: intellectual-property
Title: Intellectual_property

The growth of the Internet, and particularly distributed search engines like Kazaa and Gnutella, have represented a challenge for copyright policy. The Recording Industry Association of America, in particular, has been on the front lines of the fight against copyright infringement, which the industry calls "piracy". The industry has had victories against some services, including a highly publicized case against the file-sharing company Napster, and some people have been prosecuted for sharing files in violation of copyright. The electronic age has seen an increase in the attempt to use software-based digital rights management tools to restrict the copying and use of digitally based works. Laws such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act have been enacted, that use criminal law to prevent any circumvention of software used to enforce digital rights management systems. Equivalent provisions, to prevent circumvention of copyright protection have existed in EU for some time, and are being expanded in, for example, Article 6 and 7 the Copyright Directive. Other examples are Article 7 of the Software Directive of 1991 (91/250/EEC), and the Conditional Access Directive of 1998 (98/84/EEC). This can hinder legal uses, affecting public domain works, limitations and exceptions to copyright, or uses allowed by the copyright holder. Some copyleft licenses, like GNU GPL 3, are designed to counter that. Laws may permit circumvention under specific conditions like when it is necessary to achieve interoperability with the circumventor's program, or for accessibility reasons; however, distribution of circumvention tools or instructions may be illegal.

Question: What does the recording industry call piracy?
Answer: copyright infringement

Question: What type of company was Napster?
Answer: file-sharing

Question: What law enforces digital rights management systems?
Answer: Digital Millennium Copyright Act

Question: Which articles of the EU Copyright Directive address circumvention of copyright protection?
Answer: Article 6 and 7

Question: When was the Conditional Access Directive passed in the EU?
Answer: 1998
Title: Intellectual_property

In the context of trademarks, this expansion has been driven by international efforts to harmonise the definition of "trademark", as exemplified by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified in 1994, which formalized regulations for IP rights that had been handled by common law, or not at all, in member states. Pursuant to TRIPs, any sign which is "capable of distinguishing" the products or services of one business from the products or services of another business is capable of constituting a trademark.

Question: When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified?
Answer: 1994

Question: What type of law handled IP rights before 1994 in TRIP signatories?
Answer: common law

Question: What type of IP did the TRIP agreement harmonize the definition of?
Answer: trademark

Question: What is any sign which is capable of distinguishing one business's product from another business's?
Answer: a trademark
Title: Florida

Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for "flowery land") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and the sovereign state of Cuba. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the United States. Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Tallahassee is the state capital.

Question: What does Florida stand for 
Answer: Florida i/ˈflɒrɪdə/ (Spanish for "flowery land")

Question: What states border Florida 
Answer: to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida

Question: What is the state capital of Florida 
Answer: Tallahassee is the state capital

Question: Where does Florida rank in US population 
Answer: the 3rd most populous

Question: What city has the most people in Florida 
Answer: Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida
Title: Florida

A peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida, it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. The American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park.

Question: What is the longest Contiguous Coastline in the US 
Answer: it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles

Question: What level is most of the land in florida 
Answer: Much of the state is at or near sea level

Question: What is the florida climate 
Answer: The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south

Question: Some animals and reptiles native to Florida 
Answer: American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee

Question: Name a National Park in Florida 
Answer: Everglades National Park
Title: Florida

"By May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a thick wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet (21 m), with intertwined and elevated roots making landing difficult. Very soon, 'many smokes' appeared 'along the whole coast', billowing against the sky, when the Native ancestors of the Seminole spotted the newcomers and spread the alarm by signal fires". The Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida.[full citation needed] Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success. In 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a colony at present-day Pensacola, one of the first European settlements in the continental United States, but it was abandoned by 1561.

Question: What conquistador landed in Florida in 1539 
Answer: Hernando de Soto

Question: Who established early settlements in Florida 
Answer: Both the Spanish and French established settlements

Question: Who established 1 of the first Us settlements in Florida 
Answer: Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano

Question: What people were discovered by early settlers of Florida 
Answer: Native ancestors of the Seminole

Question: What did Spanish settlers introduce to Florida 
Answer: Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more
Title: Florida

In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba, which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years' War. It was part of a large expansion of British territory following the country's victory in the Seven Years' War. Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba. The British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British named "Cow Ford", both names ostensibly reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.

Question: What did Spain trade Florida for
Answer: In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba

Question: Who did the Spanish take from Florida to Cuba 
Answer: Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba

Question: What road did the British construct 
Answer: the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia

Question: What river does the Kings road cross 
Answer: the St. Johns River
Title: Florida

The British divided Florida into the two colonies of British East Florida and British West Florida. The British government gave land grants to officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement. In order to induce settlers to move to the two new colonies reports of the natural wealth of Florida were published in England. A large number of British colonists who were "energetic and of good character" moved to Florida, mostly coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda. This would be the first permanent English-speaking population in what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County. The British built good public roads and introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber.

Question: What were the names of the 2 British colony's in Florida 
Answer: British East Florida and British West Florida

Question: Who was given Florida land grants 
Answer: officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement

Question: Where did a large number of British Colonist come to florida from 
Answer: coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda

Question: The first Permanent Colony in Florida is Now known as 
Answer: what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County

Question: What did the Colonist cultivate 
Answer: the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber
Title: Florida

As a result of these initiatives northeastern Florida prospered economically in a way it never did under Spanish rule. Furthermore, the British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas and in the meantime they were, with the advice of councils, to establish courts. This would be the first introduction of much of the English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government. Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence. Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution.

Question: What legal system was introduced by the British in Florida 
Answer: British governors were directed to call general assemblies

Question: Did Florida send Representatives to Philadelphia for the Declaration of Independence 
Answer: Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence

Question: Who did Florida side with during the revolution
Answer: Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution.

Question: What legal system is still used by florida 
Answer: English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government
Title: Florida

Americans of English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina. Though technically not allowed by the Spanish authorities, the Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers from the United States would continue to migrate into Florida unchecked. These migrants, mixing with the already present British settlers who had remained in Florida since the British period, would be the progenitors of the population known as Florida Crackers.

Question: Where did English and Scotch Irish descent move to Florida from 
Answer: English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina

Question: Backwoods settlers of Northern Florida are known as 
Answer: Florida Crackers

Question: Were the Spanish able to police the backwoods settlements 
Answer: Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers
Title: Florida

These American settlers established a permanent foothold in the area and ignored Spanish officials. The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish rule, leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for ninety days of the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23. After meetings beginning in June, rebels overcame the Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge (now in Louisiana), and unfurled the flag of the new republic: a single white star on a blue field. This flag would later become known as the "Bonnie Blue Flag".

Question: What led to the rebellion in 1810 
Answer: Spanish rule

Question: What did the rebellion lead to 
Answer: the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23

Question: What is known as the Bonnie Blue Flag
Answer: a single white star on a blue field

Question: What did the rebels overthrow during the rebellion
Answer: Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge
Title: Florida

Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements, and offering havens for runaway slaves. The United States Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War. The United States now effectively controlled East Florida. Control was necessary according to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams because Florida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them.".

Question: Where did Seminole Indians raid 
Answer: Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements

Question: Who did the Indians offer haven to
Answer: runaway slaves

Question: What is the first Incursion led by Jackson known as now 
Answer: First Seminole War

Question: Why did the US president say the Incursion of Florida was neccessary
Answer: orida had become "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage