rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Computer

Since the program counter is (conceptually) just another set of memory cells, it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU. Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be read from a place 100 locations further down the program. Instructions that modify the program counter are often known as "jumps" and allow for loops (instructions that are repeated by the computer) and often conditional instruction execution (both examples of control flow).

Question: In what part can the program counter be changed by calculations?
Answer: the ALU

Question: Instructions that change the program counter are called what?
Answer: "jumps"

Question: Loops are defined as what?
Answer: instructions that are repeated by the computer)
Title: Computer

The sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program, and indeed, in some more complex CPU designs, there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer, which runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen.

Question: In some CPU designs there is tinier computer called what?
Answer: microsequencer

Question: A microsequencer can be found in what other computer component?
Answer: CPU
Title: Computer

The control unit, ALU, and registers are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor.

Question: The CPU is an abbreviation for what?
Answer: central processing unit

Question: What 3 parts make up the CPU?
Answer: The control unit, ALU, and registers

Question: CPUs that are constructed on a single integrated circuit are called what?
Answer: a microprocessor

Question: Since when have CPUs been constructed with a microprocessor?
Answer: mid-1970s
Title: Computer

The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to addition and subtraction, or might include multiplication, division, trigonometry functions such as sine, cosine, etc., and square roots. Some can only operate on whole numbers (integers) whilst others use floating point to represent real numbers, albeit with limited precision. However, any computer that is capable of performing just the simplest operations can be programmed to break down the more complex operations into simple steps that it can perform. Therefore, any computer can be programmed to perform any arithmetic operation—although it will take more time to do so if its ALU does not directly support the operation. An ALU may also compare numbers and return boolean truth values (true or false) depending on whether one is equal to, greater than or less than the other ("is 64 greater than 65?").

Question: Some trigonometry functions are what?
Answer: sine, cosine,

Question: The term for whole numbers is what?
Answer: (integers
Title: Computer

Logic operations involve Boolean logic: AND, OR, XOR, and NOT. These can be useful for creating complicated conditional statements and processing boolean logic.

Question: Boolean logic consists of what?
Answer: AND, OR, XOR, and NOT
Title: Computer

Superscalar computers may contain multiple ALUs, allowing them to process several instructions simultaneously. Graphics processors and computers with SIMD and MIMD features often contain ALUs that can perform arithmetic on vectors and matrices.

Question: Computers that have multiple ALUs are called what?
Answer: Superscalar
Title: Computer

A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered "address" and can store a single number. The computer can be instructed to "put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357" or to "add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into cell 1595." The information stored in memory may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information, it is the software's responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers.

Question: How many numbers can a cell of a computer's memory hold?
Answer: a single number

Question: What is the responsibility of giving significance to what the memory sees as nothing but numbers?
Answer: the software's
Title: Computer

In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers (28 = 256); either from 0 to 255 or −128 to +127. To store larger numbers, several consecutive bytes may be used (typically, two, four or eight). When negative numbers are required, they are usually stored in two's complement notation. Other arrangements are possible, but are usually not seen outside of specialized applications or historical contexts. A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be represented numerically. Modern computers have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory.

Question: A group of 8 bits is called what?
Answer: a byte

Question: How many numbers can a byte represent?
Answer: 256 different numbers

Question: What is the range of the numbers that a byte can represent?
Answer: 0 to 255 or −128 to +127
Title: Computer

The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area. There are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed. As data is constantly being worked on, reducing the need to access main memory (which is often slow compared to the ALU and control units) greatly increases the computer's speed.

Question: What part of the computer has memory cells called registers?
Answer: The CPU

Question: What is the typical range of registers for a CPU?
Answer: two and one hundred registers
Title: Computer

RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is preloaded with data and software that never changes, therefore the CPU can only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely. In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer's operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset. In embedded computers, which frequently do not have disk drives, all of the required software may be stored in ROM. Software stored in ROM is often called firmware, because it is notionally more like hardware than software. Flash memory blurs the distinction between ROM and RAM, as it retains its data when turned off but is also rewritable. It is typically much slower than conventional ROM and RAM however, so its use is restricted to applications where high speed is unnecessary.

Question: What type of memory can a CPU only read from?
Answer: ROM

Question: What type of memory can a CPU read and write from?
Answer: RAM

Question: What type of memory is always kept and kept the same?
Answer: ROM

Question: A progam inside the ROM of a PC is called what?
Answer: the BIOS

Question: Software stored in ROM is called what usually?
Answer: firmware,
Title: Computer

In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM cache memories, which are slower than registers but faster than main memory. Generally computers with this sort of cache are designed to move frequently needed data into the cache automatically, often without the need for any intervention on the programmer's part.

Question: RAM cache memory is slower than what?
Answer: registers
Title: Computer

I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals. On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices. Computer networking is another form of I/O.

Question: Devices that give input or output to a computer are called what?
Answer: peripherals

Question: A mouse is what type of peripheral device?
Answer: input

Question: A printer is what type of peripheral device?
Answer: output

Question: Hard disk drives are what type of peripheral device?
Answer: input and output

Question: A keyboard is what type of peripheral device?
Answer: input
Title: Computer

While a computer may be viewed as running one gigantic program stored in its main memory, in some systems it is necessary to give the appearance of running several programs simultaneously. This is achieved by multitasking i.e. having the computer switch rapidly between running each program in turn.

Question: In computer terms, when a computer is switching rapidly between running each program in turn, is called what?
Answer: multitasking
Title: Computer

One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an interrupt, which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead. By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt, the computer can return to that task later. If several programs are running "at the same time". then the interrupt generator might be causing several hundred interrupts per second, causing a program switch each time. Since modern computers typically execute instructions several orders of magnitude faster than human perception, it may appear that many programs are running at the same time even though only one is ever executing in any given instant. This method of multitasking is sometimes termed "time-sharing" since each program is allocated a "slice" of time in turn.

Question: A method of multitasking that takes a "slice" of time in turn is called what?
Answer: "time-sharing"

Question: A signal that stops a compute executing instructions is called what?
Answer: an interrupt,
Title: Computer

Seemingly, multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly, in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running, but most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input/output devices to complete their tasks. If a program is waiting for the user to click on the mouse or press a key on the keyboard, then it will not take a "time slice" until the event it is waiting for has occurred. This frees up time for other programs to execute so that many programs may be run simultaneously without unacceptable speed loss.

Question: Multitasking would seemingly cause a computer to run in what fashion?
Answer: more slowly,

Question: What do a lot of programs spend time waiting for?
Answer: input/output devices
Title: Computer

Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration, a technique once employed only in large and powerful machines such as supercomputers, mainframe computers and servers. Multiprocessor and multi-core (multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit) personal and laptop computers are now widely available, and are being increasingly used in lower-end markets as a result.

Question: Multiprocessor and multi-core computers have multiples of what?
Answer: CPUs
Title: Computer

Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general purpose computers. They often feature thousands of CPUs, customized high-speed interconnects, and specialized computing hardware. Such designs tend to be useful only for specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to successfully utilize most of the available resources at once. Supercomputers usually see usage in large-scale simulation, graphics rendering, and cryptography applications, as well as with other so-called "embarrassingly parallel" tasks.

Question: How many CPUs do supercomputers typically possess?
Answer: thousands

Question: What is the name of a computer that has many CPUs and much more powerful?
Answer: Supercomputers
Title: Computer

Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s. The U.S. military's SAGE system was the first large-scale example of such a system, which led to a number of special-purpose commercial systems such as Sabre.

Question: What system of the U.S. military's was the first large-scale system to coordinate information between several locations?
Answer: SAGE system

Question: When were computers first used to coordinate information between many locations?
Answer: the 1950s
Title: Computer

In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology. The effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that resulted was called the ARPANET. The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved.

Question: Who funded the linking of computers around the US in the 1970s?
Answer: ARPA

Question: ARPA is now known as what?
Answer: DARPA)
Title: Computer

In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments.

Question: The network spread to be known as what today?
Answer: the Internet.
Title: Computer

The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a minimum capability (being Turing-complete) is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, any type of computer (netbook, supercomputer, cellular automaton, etc.) is able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.

Question: The ability to store and execute lists of instructions are called what?
Answer: programs

Question: The mathematical statement of computers versatility is known as what?
Answer: The Church–Turing thesis
Title: Computer

A computer does not need to be electronic, nor even have a processor, nor RAM, nor even a hard disk. While popular usage of the word "computer" is synonymous with a personal electronic computer, the modern definition of a computer is literally: "A device that computes, especially a programmable [usually] electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information." Any device which processes information qualifies as a computer, especially if the processing is purposeful.[citation needed]

Question: All devices that can process information can qualify being called what?
Answer: a computer
Title: Computer

Historically, computers evolved from mechanical computers and eventually from vacuum tubes to transistors. However, conceptually computational systems as flexible as a personal computer can be built out of almost anything. For example, a computer can be made out of billiard balls (billiard ball computer); an often quoted example.[citation needed] More realistically, modern computers are made out of transistors made of photolithographed semiconductors.

Question: Vacuum tubes in early computers were replaced by what?
Answer: transistors

Question: Transistors are typically made up of what today?
Answer: photolithographed semiconductors

Question: A computer that is made using pool balls is known as what?
Answer: billiard ball computer)
Title: Computer

There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as optical computers, DNA computers, neural computers, and quantum computers. Most computers are universal, and are able to calculate any computable function, and are limited only by their memory capacity and operating speed. However different designs of computers can give very different performance for particular problems; for example quantum computers can potentially break some modern encryption algorithms (by quantum factoring) very quickly.

Question: What type of computer can break encryption algorithms quickly?
Answer: quantum computers

Question: By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly?
Answer: quantum factoring
Title: Computer

A computer will solve problems in exactly the way it is programmed to, without regard to efficiency, alternative solutions, possible shortcuts, or possible errors in the code. Computer programs that learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Question: Computer programs that can learn are studied in what field?
Answer: artificial intelligence
Title: Computer

The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects. Circuits, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and mice are all hardware.

Question: Parts of a computer that are real objects are collectively known as what?
Answer: hardware
Title: Computer

Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called "firmware".

Question: Parts of a computer that are not material objects are collectively known as what?
Answer: Software

Question: Software stored in hardware that cannot be changed easily is called what?
Answer: firmware

Question: What type of "ware" is a BIOS ROM in a PC?
Answer: software
Title: Computer

Firmware is the technology which has the combination of both hardware and software such as BIOS chip inside a computer. This chip (hardware) is located on the motherboard and has the BIOS set up (software) stored in it.

Question: A BIOS chip is located where in a computer?
Answer: the motherboard

Question: What type of software is stored in a BIOS chip?
Answer: BIOS set up
Title: Computer

When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices, the data is processed and sent to output devices. The input devices may be hand-operated or automated. The act of processing is mainly regulated by the CPU. Some examples of hand-operated input devices are:

Question: Processing data from input and output devices is typically done by what?
Answer: CPU

Question: Where is the data from input devices sent to after being processed?
Answer: output devices
Title: Black_people

Black people is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other given populations. As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result is neither used nor defined.

Question: Do some countries have negative feelings towards the word "black"?
Answer: communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory,

Question: What is "black people" a term for?
Answer: racial classification or of ethnicity

Question: Do all regions perceive that term "black people" the same?
Answer: the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies

Question: Do some cultures not use the term "Black people"?
Answer: , "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label,

Question: Can the term "black people" have different meanings?
Answer: the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context.
Title: Black_people

Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary. For example, in North America the term black people is not necessarily an indicator of skin color or majority ethnic ancestry, but it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. In South Africa and Latin America, for instance, mixed-race people are generally not classified as "black." In South Pacific regions such as Australia and Melanesia, European colonists applied the term "black" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin.

Question: Do all societies use the term "black" the same?
Answer: Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as "black"

Question: What factors can affect the classification of "blackness"?
Answer: societal variables

Question: Are mixed race people classified as black?
Answer: mixed-race people are generally not classified as "black."

Question: How is the term "black" defined in the United States?
Answer: it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.

Question: How did European Colonists use the term "Black"?
Answer: European colonists applied the term "black" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin.
Title: Black_people

The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, an early state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, which was subsequently rendered as Moors in English.

Question: What made up Mauretania?
Answer: Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla

Question: Who conquered parts of Mauretania?
Answer: The Romans

Question: During what period did Mauretania exist? 
Answer: the classical period.

Question: Where were the people of the region noted? 
Answer: in Classical literature

Question: What is Mauri in English? 
Answer: Moors