rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Digestion

Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase. The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex. Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. After this it is routed through the vagus nerve and release of acetylcholine. Gastric secretion at this phase rises to 40% of maximum rate. Acidity in the stomach is not buffered by food at this point and thus acts to inhibit parietal (secretes acid) and G cell (secretes gastrin) activity via D cell secretion of somatostatin. The gastric phase takes 3 to 4 hours. It is stimulated by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH. Distention activates long and myenteric reflexes. This activates the release of acetylcholine, which stimulates the release of more gastric juices. As protein enters the stomach, it binds to hydrogen ions, which raises the pH of the stomach. Inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion is lifted. This triggers G cells to release gastrin, which in turn stimulates parietal cells to secrete gastric acid. Gastric acid is about 0.5% hydrochloric acid (HCl), which lowers the pH to the desired pH of 1-3. Acid release is also triggered by acetylcholine and histamine. The intestinal phase has two parts, the excitatory and the inhibitory. Partially digested food fills the duodenum. This triggers intestinal gastrin to be released. Enterogastric reflex inhibits vagal nuclei, activating sympathetic fibers causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten to prevent more food from entering, and inhibits local reflexes.

Question: What are three digestions phases?
Answer: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase

Question: Where does the cephalic phase occur?
Answer: at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex

Question: Where are taste and smell stimuli sent to?
Answer: the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata

Question: How long does the gastric phase take?
Answer: 3 to 4 hours

Question: How is the gastric phase stimulated to start?
Answer: by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH
Title: Digestion

In a channel transupport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]. This secretion system transports various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes (20 - 900 kDa). The molecules secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 900 kDa.

Question: What happens in a chennel transupport system? 
Answer: several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria

Question: What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system?
Answer: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]

Question: What does this secretion system transport?
Answer: various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes
Title: Digestion

In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors, some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells. While release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions, the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective.

Question: What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material?
Answer: the formation of outer membrane vesicles

Question: What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane?
Answer: , forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials

Question: What does the release of vesicles seem to demenstrate?
Answer: response to stress conditions

Question: What virulence factors do some bacterial species have?
Answer: some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells
Title: Digestion

Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.).

Question: What muscle movements are used for digestion?
Answer: swallowing and peristalsis

Question: What does every stpe of digestion require?
Answer: energy

Question: What does needing energy to digest impose?
Answer: an "overhead charge"

Question: Over head charges influence what?
Answer: lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures
Title: Digestion

Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin which would damage the walls of the stomach and mucus is secreted for protection. In the stomach further release of enzymes break down the food further and this is combined with the churning action of the stomach. The partially digested food enters the duodenum as a thick semi-liquid chyme. In the small intestine, the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. The intestinal walls are lined with villi, and their epithelial cells is covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine.

Question: Where does digestion begin?
Answer: in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes

Question: What is food formed into before it is swallowed?
Answer: a bolus

Question: Where does food go after the esophagus?
Answer: the stomach

Question: What is the action of food being moved into the stomach?
Answer: peristalsis

Question: What does gastric juice consist of?
Answer: hydrochloric acid and pepsin
Title: Digestion

Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent.

Question: What is lactase?
Answer: an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts

Question: What are lactoses component parts?
Answer: glucose and galactose

Question: Where are glucose and galactose absorbed?
Answer: small intestine

Question: What percent of the population are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?
Answer: Approximately 65 percent

Question: What is knon as when you are  unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?
Answer: lactose intolerance
Title: Digestion

After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats),[citation needed] the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.

Question: What is the resulting thick liquid called?
Answer: chyme

Question: What does chyme mix with in the duodenum?
Answer: digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver

Question: Where does hyme go after the duodenum?
Answer: the small intestine

Question: Where is chyme absorbed into?
Answer: blood

Question: Where does 95% of absobtion of nutrients occur?
Answer: the small intestine
Title: Digestion

In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes. Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, and the process finishes with defecation.

Question: What is the firs phase in preparation for digestion  in mammals?
Answer: the cephalic phase

Question: What is the cephalic phase?
Answer: saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach

Question: What digestions begin in the mouth?
Answer: Mechanical and chemical digestion

Question: What happens in the stomach after the food is chewed and mixed with starches?
Answer: The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes

Question: Where does absorption occur?
Answer: in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract
Title: Digestion

Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which 3 main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids. The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen, which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides.

Question: Where does protein digestion occur?
Answer: in the stomach and duodenum

Question: What are the three main enzymes that break down food?
Answer: pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin

Question: What are digestive enzymes mostly secreted as?
Answer: inactive precursors, the zymogens

Question: What are dipeptidases broken down into?
Answer: amino acids

Question: What organ secretes chymotrypsin?
Answer: the pancreas
Title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers. In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as long as the FBI did not break into a person's home to complete the tapping. After Prohibition's repeal, Congress passed the Communications Act of 1934, which outlawed non-consensual phone tapping, but allowed bugging. In the 1939 case Nardone v. United States, the court ruled that due to the 1934 law, evidence the FBI obtained by phone tapping was inadmissible in court. After the 1967 case Katz v. United States overturned the 1927 case that had allowed bugging, Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control Act, allowing public authorities to tap telephones during investigations as long as they obtain a warrant beforehand.

Question: What tool did Hoover use to find bootleggers?
Answer: wiretapping

Question: In what supreme court case was it ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment?
Answer: Olmstead v. United States

Question: What Act did Congress pass to outlaw non-consensual phone tapping?
Answer: Communications Act of 1934

Question: In what case was it ruled that evidence obtained by the FBI via wiretapping was inadmissible in court?
Answer: Nardone v. United States

Question: What is now necessary to tap someone's telephone?
Answer: a warrant

Question: Which president was the first to use wiretaps to find bootleggers?
Answer: Hoover

Question: What case centered around a bootlegger caught through phone tapping?
Answer: Olmstead v. United States

Question: What did Congress pass to outlaw phone tapping?
Answer: Communications Act of 1934

Question: What is now required to wire tap a citizen?
Answer: a warrant

Question: Is a warrant required before or after a wiretap?
Answer: beforehand
Title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

In March 1971, the residential office of an FBI agent in Media, Pennsylvania was burglarized by a group calling itself the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI. Numerous files were taken and distributed to a range of newspapers, including The Harvard Crimson. The files detailed the FBI's extensive COINTELPRO program, which included investigations into lives of ordinary citizens—including a black student group at a Pennsylvania military college and the daughter of Congressman Henry Reuss of Wisconsin. The country was "jolted" by the revelations, which included assassinations of political activists, and the actions were denounced by members of Congress, including House Majority Leader Hale Boggs. The phones of some members of Congress, including Boggs, had allegedly been tapped.

Question: Which group broke into an FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania?
Answer: Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI

Question: Did the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI take files?
Answer: Numerous files were taken

Question: What files was the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI's raid mainly focused on?
Answer: COINTELPRO program

Question: What did the files about COINTELPRO reveal?
Answer: investigations into lives of ordinary citizens

Question: How did the US react to these discoveries?
Answer: The country was "jolted"
Title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

From the end of the 1980s to the early 1990s, the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime, and made violent crime the sixth national priority. With reduced cuts to other well-established departments, and because terrorism was no longer considered a threat after the end of the Cold War, the FBI assisted local and state police forces in tracking fugitives who had crossed state lines, which is a federal offense. The FBI Laboratory helped develop DNA testing, continuing its pioneering role in identification that began with its fingerprinting system in 1924.

Question: Did the FBI reassign agents from counter-intelligence to violent crime?
Answer: the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime

Question: What priority were violent crimes in the 1990s, according to the FBI?
Answer: sixth national priority

Question: Did the new priorities of the FBI mean cutting other departments?
Answer: With reduced cuts to other well-established departments

Question: Was terrorism considered a threat after the cold war?
Answer: terrorism was no longer considered a threat

Question: What agency pioneered DNA testing?
Answer: The FBI
Title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

The 9/11 Commission's final report on July 22, 2004 stated that the FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were both partially to blame for not pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11, 2001 attacks. In its most damning assessment, the report concluded that the country had "not been well served" by either agency and listed numerous recommendations for changes within the FBI. While the FBI has acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight by the new Director of National Intelligence, some former members of the 9/11 Commission publicly criticized the FBI in October 2005, claiming it was resisting any meaningful changes.

Question: What agencies were to blame for 9/11?
Answer: FBI and Central Intelligence Agency

Question: Did 9/11 lead to more FBI oversight?
Answer: acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight

Question: Did many believe the FBI was resisting important changes?
Answer: resisting any meaningful changes

Question: Did the people believe they were served well by the FBI?
Answer: not been well served
Title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

The Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division, is located in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data systems. Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the National Crime Information Center (NCIC), Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR), Fingerprint Identification, Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), NCIC 2000, and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications. FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies.

Question: Where is the CJIS located?
Answer: Clarksburg, West Virginia

Question: When was the CJIS created?
Answer: 1991

Question: What purpose does the CJIS serve?
Answer: main repository for information

Question: Where is the data for the NCIC located?
Answer: Under the roof of the CJIS

Question: Do states have access to CJIS?
Answer: Many state and local agencies use these data
Title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

The FBI director is responsible for the day-to-day operations at the FBI. Along with his deputies, the director makes sure cases and operations are handled correctly. The director also is in charge of making sure the leadership in any one of the FBI field offices is manned with qualified agents. Before the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act was passed in the wake of the September 11 attacks, the FBI director would directly brief the President of the United States on any issues that arise from within the FBI. Since then, the director now reports to the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), who in turn reports to the President.

Question: Who is responsible for day-to-day FBI operations?
Answer: The FBI director

Question: Who assists the FBI director?
Answer: his deputies

Question: What acts were passed relating to the FBI after 9/11?
Answer: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act

Question: Who used to brief the President?
Answer: FBI director

Question: Who now reports to the President?
Answer: Director of National Intelligence
Title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compile data from over 17,000 law enforcement agencies across the country. They provide detailed data regarding the volume of crimes to include arrest, clearance (or closing a case), and law enforcement officer information. The UCR focuses its data collection on violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes. Created in the 1920s, the UCR system has not proven to be as uniform as its name implies. The UCR data only reflect the most serious offense in the case of connected crimes and has a very restrictive definition of rape. Since about 93% of the data submitted to the FBI is in this format, the UCR stands out as the publication of choice as most states require law enforcement agencies to submit this data.

Question: What compiles data from around 17,000 law enforcement agencies?
Answer: The Uniform Crime Reports

Question: What does UCR focus on?
Answer: violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes

Question: Where was the UCR created?
Answer: 1920s
Title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

FBI records show that 85% of COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals that the FBI deemed "subversive", including communist and socialist organizations; organizations and individuals associated with the Civil Rights Movement, including Martin Luther King, Jr. and others associated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Congress of Racial Equality and other civil rights organizations; black nationalist groups; the American Indian Movement; a broad range of organizations labeled "New Left", including Students for a Democratic Society and the Weathermen; almost all groups protesting the Vietnam War, as well as individual student demonstrators with no group affiliation; the National Lawyers Guild; organizations and individuals associated with the women's rights movement; nationalist groups such as those seeking independence for Puerto Rico, United Ireland, and Cuban exile movements including Orlando Bosch's Cuban Power and the Cuban Nationalist Movement. The remaining 15% of COINTELPRO resources were expended to marginalize and subvert white hate groups, including the Ku Klux Klan and the National States' Rights Party.

Question: What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were targeted at FBI labeled subversive groups?
Answer: 85%

Question: Did the FBI target MLK?
Answer: including Martin Luther King, Jr.

Question: What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were used to target white hate groups?
Answer: 15%

Question: What were the key white hate groups targeted?
Answer: Ku Klux Klan and the National States' Rights Party

Question: What was the term for the liberal groups appearing at this time?
Answer: New Left
Title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

Although many of FBI's functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection overseas, FBI is primarily a domestic agency, maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence.

Question: What is the FBI comparable to?
Answer: British MI5 and the Russian FSB

Question: What kind of agency is the FBI?
Answer: FBI is primarily a domestic agency

Question: How many field offices does the FBI have in major cities?
Answer: 56

Question: Around how many offices does the FBI have in minor cities?
Answer: 400

Question: Who serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence?
Answer: senior-level FBI officer