rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Race_(human_categorization)

Mass incarceration in the United States disproportionately impacts African American and Latino communities. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (2010), argues that mass incarceration is best understood as not only a system of overcrowded prisons. Mass incarceration is also, "the larger web of laws, rules, policies, and customs that control those labeled criminals both in and out of prison." She defines it further as "a system that locks people not only behind actual bars in actual prisons, but also behind virtual bars and virtual walls", illustrating the second-class citizenship that is imposed on a disproportionate number of people of color, specifically African-Americans. She compares mass incarceration to Jim Crow laws, stating that both work as racial caste systems.

Question: What impacts African American and Latino communities in disproportionate numbers?
Answer: Mass incarceration

Question: Who is the author of "The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness"?
Answer: Michelle Alexander

Question: What type of bars and walls beyond physical ones does Alexander think people are behind?
Answer: virtual

Question: Who does Alexander think a second class citizenship is imposed upon disproportionately?
Answer: people of color

Question: What type of caste system is mass incarceration compared to?
Answer: racial
Title: Race_(human_categorization)

Similarly, forensic anthropologists draw on highly heritable morphological features of human remains (e.g. cranial measurements) to aid in the identification of the body, including in terms of race. In a 1992 article, anthropologist Norman Sauer noted that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as a valid representation of human biological diversity, except for forensic anthropologists. He asked, "If races don't exist, why are forensic anthropologists so good at identifying them?" He concluded:

Question: What morphological features do forensic anthropologists draw on?
Answer: highly heritable

Question: What measurement can aid in the identification of a human body?
Answer: cranial

Question: Who noted in a 1992 article that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as valid?
Answer: Norman Sauer

Question: What group still uses race as a valid means to represent human biological diversity?
Answer: forensic anthropologists

Question: What are forensic anthropologists very good at identifying?
Answer: races
Title: Race_(human_categorization)

Abu el-Haj argues that genomics and the mapping of lineages and clusters liberates "the new racial science from the older one by disentangling ancestry from culture and capacity."[citation needed] As an example, she refers to recent work by Hammer et al., which aimed to test the claim that present-day Jews are more closely related to one another than to neighbouring non-Jewish populations. Hammer et al. found that the degree of genetic similarity among Jews shifted depending on the locus investigated, and suggested that this was the result of natural selection acting on particular loci. They focused on the non-recombining Y-chromosome to "circumvent some of the complications associated with selection".

Question: What does mapping clusters disentangle ancestry from?
Answer: culture

Question: Hammer and others recently aimed to test what claim about how closely related present-day Jews are to what group?
Answer: neighbouring non-Jewish populations

Question: What shifted depending on the locus investigated?
Answer: the degree of genetic similarity among Jews

Question: What was suggested the reason for the degree of genetic shift among Jews was the result of?
Answer: natural selection acting on particular loci

Question: What chromosome was focused on to circumvent some of the complications associated with selection?
Answer: Y
Title: Race_(human_categorization)

As another example, she points to work by Thomas et al., who sought to distinguish between the Y chromosomes of Jewish priests (Kohanim), (in Judaism, membership in the priesthood is passed on through the father's line) and the Y chromosomes of non-Jews. Abu el-Haj concluded that this new "race science" calls attention to the importance of "ancestry" (narrowly defined, as it does not include all ancestors) in some religions and in popular culture, and people's desire to use science to confirm their claims about ancestry; this "race science", she argues, is fundamentally different from older notions of race that were used to explain differences in human behaviour or social status:

Question: Thomas and others sought to distinguish between what chromosome of Jewish priests and that of non-Jews?
Answer: Y

Question: What does the new "race science" call attention to the importance of?
Answer: ancestry

Question: What do people desire to use science to confirm?
Answer: their claims about ancestry

Question: What is fundamentally different from older notions of race?
Answer: race science

Question: How were older notions of race used?
Answer: to explain differences in human behaviour or social status
Title: Race_(human_categorization)

One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African American having some European ancestors. Similarly, many people who identify as white have some African ancestors. In a survey in a northeastern U.S. university of college students who identified as "white", about 30% were estimated to have up to 10% African ancestry.

Question: What is a problem with racial assignments? 
Answer: admixture

Question: How many people have a varied ancestry?
Answer: Many

Question: When were periods of numerous interracial relationships in the U.S.?
Answer: colonial and early federal history

Question: Who do many people who identify as white have for ancestors?
Answer: African

Question: What percentage of African ancestry were 30% of college students identifying as white estimated to have?
Answer: 10%
Title: Paris

Since the 19th century, the built-up area of Paris has grown far beyond its administrative borders; together with its suburbs, the whole agglomeration has a population of 10,550,350 (Jan. 2012 census). Paris' metropolitan area spans most of the Paris region and has a population of 12,341,418 (Jan. 2012 census), or one-fifth of the population of France. The administrative region covers 12,012 km² (4,638 mi²), with approximately 12 million inhabitants as of 2014, and has its own regional council and president.

Question: What is the aggregate population of Paris?
Answer: 10,550,350

Question: From what census is this information from?
Answer: 2012 census

Question: What is the population of Paris' metropolitan area?
Answer: 12,341,418

Question: How many kilometers does the administrative region cover?
Answer: 12,012 km²

Question: As of 2014 how many inhabitants lived in the administrative region?
Answer: 12 million
Title: Paris

Paris is the home of the most visited art museum in the world, the Louvre, as well as the Musée d'Orsay, noted for its collection of French Impressionist art, and the Musée National d'Art Moderne, a museum of modern and contemporary art. The notable architectural landmarks of Paris include Notre Dame Cathedral (12th century); the Sainte-Chapelle (13th century); the Eiffel Tower (1889); and the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur on Montmartre (1914). In 2014 Paris received 22.4 million visitors, making it one of the world's top tourist destinations. Paris is also known for its fashion, particularly the twice-yearly Paris Fashion Week, and for its haute cuisine, and three-star restaurants. Most of France's major universities and grandes écoles are located in Paris, as are France's major newspapers, including Le Monde, Le Figaro, and Libération.

Question: What is the most visited art museum in the world?
Answer: Louvre

Question: what is the Musee de Orsay known for?
Answer: French Impressionist art

Question: In what year was the Eiffel Tower built?
Answer: 1889

Question: How many visitors did Paris receive in 2014?
Answer: 22.4 million

Question: In what century was the Notre Dame Cathedral built?
Answer: 12th
Title: Paris

Paris is home to the association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros. Paris played host to the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics, the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, and the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Every July, the Tour de France of cycling finishes in the city.

Question: What is the name of the football club in Paris?
Answer: Paris Saint-Germain

Question: What is the name of the rugby union in Paris?
Answer: Stade Français

Question: How many seats are in Stade de France?
Answer: 80,000

Question: In what year did Paris host the World Cup?
Answer: 2007

Question: In what month is the Tour de France?
Answer: July
Title: Paris

By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known simply as Parisius in Latin and Paris in French. Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD. According to tradition, it was brought by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris. When he refused to renounce his faith, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as the "Mountain of Martyrs" (Mons Martyrum), eventually "Montmartre". His burial place became an important religious shrine; the Basilica of Saint-Denis was built there and became the burial place of the French Kings.

Question: What was Paris known as in Latin?
Answer: Parisius

Question: In what century was Christianity introduced?
Answer: 3rd

Question: Who brought Christianity to Paris?
Answer: Saint Denis

Question: What is the name of Saint Denis burial place?
Answer: Basilica of Saint-Denis

Question: Where was Saint Denis beheaded?
Answer: Mountain of Martyrs
Title: Paris

Clovis the Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508. A gradual immigration by the Franks also occurred in Paris in the beginning of the Frankish domination of Gaul which created the Parisian Francien dialects. Fortification of the Île-de-France failed to prevent sacking by Vikings in 845 but Paris' strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885–86). In 987 Hugh Capet, Count of Paris (comte de Paris), Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs) was elected King of the Franks (roi des Franks). Under the rule of the Capetian kings, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.

Question: who was the first king of the Merovingian dynasty?
Answer: Clovis the Frank

Question: In what year was Hugh Capet elected as king?
Answer: 987

Question: What helped establish a successful defense in the Siege of Paris?
Answer: bridges

Question: The domination of what helped create the Parisian dialect?
Answer: Gaul
Title: Paris

By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France. The Île de la Cité was the site of the royal palace. In 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extremity. The Left Bank was the site of the University of Paris, a corporation of students and teachers formed in the mid-12th century to train scholars first in theology, and later in canon law, medicine and the arts.

Question: What was the site of the royal palace in the 12th century?
Answer: Île de la Cité

Question: Who was in charge of the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral?
Answer: Maurice de Sully

Question: Where was the University of Paris located?
Answer: The Left Bank

Question: Under who's reign was the construction of Notre Dame Cathedral?
Answer: Louis VII
Title: Paris

During the Hundred Years' War, the army of the Duke of Burgundy and a force of about two hundred English soldiers occupied Paris from May 1420 until 1436. They repelled an attempt by Joan of Arc to liberate the city in 1429. A century later, during the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League. On 24 August 1572, Paris was the site of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, when thousands of French Protestants were killed. The last of these wars, the eighth one, ended in 1594, after Henri IV had converted to Catholicism and was finally able to enter Paris as he supposedly declared Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a Mass"). The city had been neglected for decades; by the time of his assassination in 1610, Henry IV had rebuilt the Pont Neuf, the first Paris bridge with sidewalks and not lined with buildings, linked with a new wing the Louvre to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges.

Question: In what years did the English soldiers occupy Paris during the Hundred Years War?
Answer: 1420 until 1436

Question: Who tried to liberate the city in 1429?
Answer: Joan of Arc

Question: What was the date of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?
Answer: 24 August 1572

Question: In what year was Henri IV assassinated?
Answer: 1610

Question: Who was responsible for rebuilding Paris in the 1600's
Answer: Henry IV
Title: Paris

Louis XIV distrusted the Parisians and moved his court to Versailles in 1682, but his reign also saw an unprecedented flourishing of the arts and sciences in Paris. The Comédie-Française, the Academy of Painting, and the French Academy of Sciences were founded and made their headquarters in the city. To show that the city was safe against attack, he had the city walls demolished, replacing them with Grands Boulevards. To leave monuments to his reign, he built the Collège des Quatre-Nations, Place Vendôme, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides.

Question: In what year did Louis XIV move his court to Versailles?
Answer: 1682

Question: What monuments did Louis XIV have constructed?
Answer: Collège des Quatre-Nations, Place Vendôme, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides.

Question: What was the reason behind demolishing the city walls?
Answer: To show that the city was safe against attack

Question: In what city was the French Academy of Science founded
Answer: Paris
Title: Paris

Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and made virtual prisoners within the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned more and more radical, the king, queen, and the mayor were guillotined, along with more than 16,000 others (throughout France), during the Reign of Terror. The property of the aristocracy and the church was nationalised, and the city's churches were closed, sold or demolished. A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until 9 November 1799 (coup d'état du 18 brumaire), when Napoléon Bonaparte seized power as First Consul.

Question: Where did Louis XVI and his family live?
Answer: Tuileries Palace

Question: When did Napoleon Bonaparte gain power as the First Consul?
Answer: 9 November 1799

Question: Approximately how many people were executed during the Reign of Terror?
Answer: 16,000
Title: Paris

Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris in 1848. His successor, Napoleon III, and the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, launched a gigantic public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers, and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes. In 1860, Napoleon III also annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.

Question: In what year was Louis-Phillipe over thrown?
Answer: 1848

Question: In what year did Napoleon III create new arrondissements?
Answer: 1860

Question: Who was Napoleon III's prefect of the Siene?
Answer: Georges-Eugène Haussmann
Title: Paris

Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and featured the new Eiffel Tower; and the 1900 Universal Exposition, which gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris Métro line. Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism (Émile Zola) and Symbolism (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir.)

Question: What type of art did Courbet, Manet, Monet and Renoir create?
Answer: Impressionism

Question: What was the purpose of the 1889 Universal Exposition?
Answer: to mark the centennial of the French Revolution

Question: Where was the Eiffel Tower revealed?
Answer: 1889 Universal Exposition

Question: What type of art was created by Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine?
Answer: Symbolism
Title: Paris

During the First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. The city was also bombed by Zeppelins and shelled by German long-range guns. In the years after the war, known as Les Années Folles, Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí.

Question: How many soldiers did Parisian Taxis transport to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne?
Answer: 6,000

Question: What are the years after the war commonly known as?
Answer: Les Années Folles

Question: Who are some popular artists, writers and musicians that resided in Paris after the war?
Answer: Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí.
Title: Paris

On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "open city". On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the Vel d'Hiv (Vélodrome d'Hiver), from which they were transported by train to the extermination camp at Auschwitz. None of the children came back. On 25 August 1944, the city was liberated by the French 2nd Armoured Division and the 4th Infantry Division of the United States Army. General Charles de Gaulle led a huge and emotional crowd down the Champs Élysées towards Notre Dame de Paris, and made a rousing speech from the Hôtel de Ville.

Question: On what date did the German army declare Paris as an open city?
Answer: 14 June 1940

Question: How many Jews were arrested following German orders?
Answer: 12,884

Question: Where were the Jews confined prior to being transported to Auschwitz?
Answer: Vel d'Hiv

Question: How many children came back from Auschwitz?
Answer: None

Question: On what date was the city liberated?
Answer: 25 August 1944
Title: Paris

In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peaceful protest demonstration of Algerians against the curfew led to violent confrontations between the police and demonstrators, in which at least 40 people were killed, including some thrown into the Seine. The anti-independence Organisation de l'armée secrète (OAS), for their part, carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.

Question: How many police officers did the pro-independence FLN kill in August of 1961?
Answer: 11

Question: What was the result of the police officer killing?
Answer: curfew on Muslims of Algeria

Question: How many people were killed during the demonstrations against the curfew?
Answer: at least 40

Question: Who carried out bombings throughout Paris between 1961 and 1962?
Answer: Organisation de l'armée secrète
Title: Paris

Most of the postwar's presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977), Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musée d'Orsay (1986); President François Mitterrand, in power for 14 years, built the Opéra Bastille (1985-1989), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (1996), the Arche de la Défense (1985-1989), and the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard (1983-1989); Jacques Chirac (2006), the Musée du quai Branly.

Question: In what year was the Centre Georges Pompidou erected?
Answer: 1977

Question: What did Valery Giscard d'Estaing have erected?
Answer: Musée d'Orsay

Question: How many years was Francois Mitterrand in power?
Answer: 14

Question: In what year was the Musee de quai Branly built?
Answer: 2006

Question: What did Jacques Chirac have built?
Answer: Musée du quai Branly
Title: Paris

In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, Bertrand Delanoë became the first socialist mayor of Paris. In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic in the city, he introduced the Vélib', a system which rents bicycles for the use of local residents and visitors. Bertrand Delanoë also transformed a section of the highway along the left bank of the Seine into an urban promenade and park, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine, which he inaugurated in June 2013.

Question: What was the population of Paris in 2011?
Answer: 2.25 million

Question: Who was the first socialist mayor of Paris?
Answer: Bertrand Delanoë

Question: What is the system called that allows local residents to rent bicycles?
Answer: Vélib'

Question: When was the Promenade des Berges de la Seine inaugurated?
Answer: June 2013
Title: Paris

On 7 January 2015, two French Muslim extremists attacked the Paris headquarters of Charlie Hebdo and killed thirteen people, and on 9 January, a third terrorist killed four hostages during an attack at a Jewish grocery store at Porte de Vincennes. On 11 January an estimated 1.5 million people marched in Paris–along with international political leaders–to show solidarity against terrorism and in defence of freedom of speech. Ten months later, 13 November 2015, came a series of coordinated terrorist attacks in Paris and Saint-Denis claimed by the 'Islamic state' organisation ISIL ('Daesh', ISIS); 130 people were killed by gunfire and bombs, and more than 350 were injured. Seven of the attackers killed themselves and others by setting off their explosive vests. On the morning of 18 November three suspected terrorists, including alleged planner of the attacks Abdelhamid Abaaoud, were killed in a shootout with police in the Paris suburb of Saint-Denis. President Hollande declared France to be in a three-month state of emergency.

Question: On what date did two Muslim extremists attack Charlie Hebdo?
Answer: 7 January 2015

Question: How many people were killed at the Charlie Hebdo attack?
Answer: thirteen

Question: How many people marched on January 11 against terrorism?
Answer: 1.5 million

Question: Which Islamic organisation took responsibility for the attacks?
Answer: ISIL

Question: How did the attackers kill themselves?
Answer: setting off their explosive vests