rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan, accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added Swastika (due to its conotaions with Nazism) to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. Some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. Hundreds of people joined Anti-French rallies in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao, which quickly spread to other cities like Xi'an, Harbin and Jinan. Carrefour denied any support or involvement in the Tibetan issue, and had its staff in its Chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the Chinese national flag and caps with Olympic insignia and as well as the words "Beijing 2008" to show its support for the games. The effort had to be ceased when the BOCOG deemed the use of official Olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright.

Question: Which French company was boycotted?
Answer: Carrefour

Question: Carrefour was boycotted because of which shareholder?
Answer: LVMH Group

Question: Who was the LVMH Group accused of supporting?
Answer: the Dalai Lama

Question: What was burned during these boycotts?
Answer: the French flag

Question: Who was accused of helping the Dalai Lama?
Answer: LVMH Group

Question: Boycotters accused France of being pro-seccessionist and what?
Answer: anti-Chinese racism.
Title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

In response to the demonstrations, the Chinese government attempted to calm the situation, possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years, including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005. State media and commentaries began to call for calm, such as an editorial in the People's Daily which urged Chinese people to "express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner". The government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as Sohu.com, with comments related to the Carrefour boycott removed. In the days prior to the planned boycott, evidence of efforts by Chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott's efforts online became even more evident, including barring searches of words related to the French protests, but protests broke out nonetheless in front of Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1.

Question: The Chinese government tried to tamper the boycott, trying to avoid a similar outcome to which protests in 2005?
Answer: anti-Japanese protests

Question: Which newspaper urged citizens to protest peacefully?
Answer: People's Daily

Question: Which website had mentions of the Carrefour boycott removed by the government?
Answer: Sohu.com

Question: When did protests in front of Carrefour's stores occur in China?
Answer: May 1

Question: The Chinese government did not want a repeat of what protests?
Answer: the anti-Japanese protests in 2005.

Question: Which newspaper asked the Chinese people to protest peacefully?
Answer: People's Daily

Question: Who removed Carrefour boycott comments from some websites?
Answer: the Chinese government

Question: What day did protests occur in front of Carrefour stores?
Answer: May 1.
Title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano, Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a "great nuisance" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it.　A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, he said "They are doing something foolish", in a televised interview. Nagano City officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was "Such violent protests were not easy to accept". Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet, a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay, this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge,

Question: Who was the mayor of Nagano?
Answer: Shoichi Washizawa

Question: How did Washizawa refer to the city having the torch relay?
Answer: great nuisance

Question: What was vandalized after a relay event was cancelled there?
Answer: a major Buddhist temple

Question: Who was the mayor of Nagano?
Answer: Shoichi Washizawa

Question: What did he call the opportunity for Nagano to host the torch event?
Answer: great nuisance

Question: Where was the inital opening ceremony to be held in Nagano?
Answer: a major Buddhist temple
Title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

The Olympic Flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay. When the Torch is extinguished at night, on airplanes, in bad weather, or during protests (such as the several occasions in Paris), the Olympic Flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns.[citation needed]

Question: In what is the torch flame kept lit when the torch must be off?
Answer: lanterns.

Question: The torch is put out at night, on aircraft, during storms and what else?
Answer: during protests
Title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

A union planned to protest at the relay for better living conditions. Hong Kong legislator Michael Mak Kwok-fung and activist Chan Cheong, both members of the League of Social Democrats, were not allowed to enter Macau.

Question: Who was Michael Mak Kwok-fung?
Answer: Hong Kong legislator
Title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as "heroic" and an "angel", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention – despite a Chinese claim that "Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media".

Question: Which athlete did the official website call an angel?
Answer: Jin Jing

Question: Which media outlets gave Jin Jing little notice?
Answer: Western media
Title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

Two additional teams of 40 attendants each will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route. This arrangement has however sparked several controversies.

Question: How many additional teams will help with the Mainland China route?
Answer: Two

Question: How many members are on each of these two teams?
Answer: 40
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics.

Question: Despite its imperfection, what are now considered valuable achievements of Principia Mathematica?
Answer: the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics

Question: What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica? 
Answer: mixed

Question: Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1931?
Answer: Kurt Gödel

Question: What did the incompleteness theorem of 1931 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica?
Answer: for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced

Question: Why was Gödels finding ironic?
Answer: Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book

Question: When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem?
Answer: 1931

Question: What did Kurt Godel's theorem demonstrate about axioms and the inference rules?
Answer: some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them

Question: Godel couldn't have come to his conclusion without what book?
Answer: Principia Mathematica

Question: Besides logic and epistemology, what else did Principia Mathematica connect?
Answer: metaphysics
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."

Question: What is the origin of the title of the book?
Answer: The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916

Question: How did Whitehead define "inert ideas"?
Answer: ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture

Question: What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education?
Answer: "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."

Question: When was "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" published?
Answer: 1929

Question: During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" composed?
Answer: between 1912 and 1927

Question: What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published?
Answer: 1929

Question: What was the Aims of Education and Other Essays comprised of?
Answer: numerous essays and addresses

Question: What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching?
Answer: inert ideas
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model – it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.

Question: What did Whitehead believe regarding the variety of subjects in education?
Answer: Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts

Question: How did Whitehead propose that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school?
Answer: important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life

Question: What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model should be?
Answer: For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in education?
Answer: it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom

Question: Whitehead's education style was to teach what?
Answer: a relatively few important concepts

Question: What should Whitehead's students organically link due to his teaching methods?
Answer: different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life.

Question: Whitehead believed education should be the opposite of what?
Answer: value-free school model
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.

Question: What was the extent of Whitehead's education in philosophy?
Answer: he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence?
Answer: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter."

Question: How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics?
Answer: in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians

Question: With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science?
Answer: Bertrand Russell

Question: What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy? 
Answer: undergraduate

Question: What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell?
Answer: friend and former student

Question: What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher? 
Answer: rank amateur

Question: What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician?
Answer: one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

Whitehead was unimpressed by this objection. In the notes of one his students for a 1927 class, Whitehead was quoted as saying: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized." In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that "philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles," he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy.

Question: What quotation of Whitehead's was noted by a student in 1927?
Answer: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized."

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics?
Answer: such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned

Question: What did Whitehead feel was necessary regarding basic assumptions in metaphysics?
Answer: people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion of metaphysical investigations?
Answer: Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy

Question: What do philosophers do, in Whitehead's view?
Answer: make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works

Question: Assumptions of how the universe works are difficult to see precisely because of what?
Answer: they remain unexamined and unquestioned

Question: What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress?
Answer: basic assumptions about how the universe works

Question: What did Whitehead regard as essential to good science and good philosophy?
Answer: metaphysical investigations
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism", but it would become known more widely as "process philosophy."

Question: What Cartesian concept did Whitehead believe to be erroneous?
Answer: reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another

Question: What theory did Whitehead prefer to the Cartesian concept?
Answer: event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another

Question: How did whitehead define "experience"?
Answer: He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience

Question: How did Descartes' distinguish types of existence?
Answer: two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental

Question: How did Whitehead identify his system of metaphysics?
Answer: "philosophy of organism"

Question: What idea states that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter?
Answer: Cartesian idea

Question: Whitehead rejected the Cartesian idea in favor of what?
Answer: an event-based or "process" ontology

Question: Whitehead believed instead of matter existing independently of each other, it did what?
Answer: interrelated and dependent

Question: Whitehead believed that reality should be regarded as what?
Answer: experiential

Question: Whitehead's system as "philosophy of organism" became widely known as what term?
Answer: process philosophy
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as "quality", "matter", and "form" are problematic. These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a "society" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness").

Question: How did Whitehead define the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness"?
Answer: By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete

Question: What basic concepts did Whitehead believe were questionable?
Answer: "quality", "matter", and "form"

Question: Why did he believe those concepts were inaccurate?
Answer: These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world.

Question: How did Whitehead classify what is usually seen as an individual person?
Answer: a continuum of overlapping events

Question: How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person's separate experiences?
Answer: a "society" of events

Question: What are the concepts quality, matter, and form considered?
Answer: "classical" concepts

Question: Concepts such as quality, matter, and form fail to account for what?
Answer: change

Question: What concepts overlook the experiential nature of basic elements?
Answer: quality", "matter", and "form"

Question: What does Whitehead call experiences that are progressively connected?
Answer: society

Question: Instead of being a single person, what does Whitehead view a person as?
Answer: continuum of overlapping events
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

To put it another way, a thing or person is often seen as having a "defining essence" or a "core identity" that is unchanging, and describes what the thing or person really is. In this way of thinking, things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity (e.g. "Mark's hair has turned gray as he has gotten older, but he is still the same person"). But in Whitehead's cosmology, the only fundamentally existent things are discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing. On the other hand, what ordinary thinking often regards as "the essence of a thing" or "the identity/core of a person" is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing's most important or salient features across time. Identities do not define people, people define identities. Everything changes from moment to moment, and to think of anything as having an "enduring essence" misses the fact that "all things flow", though it is often a useful way of speaking.

Question: What did Whitehead believe were essentially the only things that truly exist?
Answer: discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing

Question: Regarding the idea that individuals or objects don't fundamentally change, what terms can be used to describe what an object or individual actually is?
Answer: "defining essence" or a "core identity"

Question: In that line of thinking, how are changes described?
Answer: qualitative and secondary to their core identity

Question: The idea that people are unchanging and stay the same even through changes is considered what?
Answer: defining essence

Question: In Whitehead's cosmology, what are the only things that fundamentally exist?
Answer: occasions of experience

Question: Where do occasions of experience overlap?
Answer: time and space

Question: Instead of having an enduring essence, what does Whitehead believe?
Answer: all things flow"

Question: In Whitehead's view, identities do not define people, but what?
Answer: people define identities