rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Political_party

The UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a "two-and-a-half party") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. Though coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party to deliver a working majority in Parliament. (A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system, a relationship described by Maurice Duverger and known as Duverger's Law.) There are also numerous other parties that hold or have held a number of seats in Parliament.

Question: What has the UK political system functioned as?
Answer: a two-party (sometimes called a "two-and-a-half party") system

Question: What are the two largest political parties in the UK?
Answer: Conservative Party and the Labour Party

Question: What was the other major party before the Labour party?
Answer: Liberal Party

Question: What is Duveger's Law?
Answer: A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system
Title: Political_party

More commonly, in cases where there are three or more parties, no one party is likely to gain power alone, and parties work with each other to form coalition governments. This has been an emerging trend in the politics of the Republic of Ireland since the 1980s and is almost always the case in Germany on national and state level, and in most constituencies at the communal level. Furthermore, since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition (usually of the Independence Party and one other (often the Social Democratic Alliance). A similar situation exists in the Republic of Ireland; since 1989, no one party has held power on its own. Since then, numerous coalition governments have been formed. These coalitions have been exclusively led by one of either Fianna Fáil or Fine Gael. Political change is often easier with a coalition government than in one-party or two-party dominant systems.[dubious – discuss] If factions in a two-party system are in fundamental disagreement on policy goals, or even principles, they can be slow to make policy changes, which appears to be the case now in the U.S. with power split between Democrats and Republicans. Still coalition governments struggle, sometimes for years, to change policy and often fail altogether, post World War II France and Italy being prime examples. When one party in a two-party system controls all elective branches, however, policy changes can be both swift and significant. Democrats Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt and Lyndon Johnson were beneficiaries of such fortuitous circumstances, as were Republicans as far removed in time as Abraham Lincoln and Ronald Reagan. Barack Obama briefly had such an advantage between 2009 and 2011.

Question: In which case are parties not likely to gain power on their own?
Answer: in cases where there are three or more parties

Question: Is Ireland ever not led by a coalition Government?
Answer: since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition

Question: Since what date has Ireland not been led by a single power?
Answer: 1989

Question: When is political change easier?
Answer: Political change is often easier with a coalition government

Question: What are prime examples coalition governments that struggle to change policy?
Answer: post World War II France and Italy
Title: Political_party

Political parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such donations are the traditional source of funding for all right-of-centre cadre parties. Starting in the late 19th century these parties were opposed by the newly founded left-of-centre workers' parties. They started a new party type, the mass membership party, and a new source of political fundraising, membership dues.

Question: What are called factions by some people?
Answer: Political parties

Question: What are political parties lobbied by?
Answer: organizations, businesses and special interest groups

Question: What are traditional sources of funding for parties?
Answer: Money and gifts

Question: Around which time was the mass membership party started?
Answer: 19th century
Title: Political_party

From the second half of the 20th century on parties which continued to rely on donations or membership subscriptions ran into mounting problems. Along with the increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships in most western democracies which itself places more strains on funding. For example, in the United Kingdom and Australia membership of the two main parties in 2006 is less than an 1/8 of what it was in 1950, despite significant increases in population over that period.

Question: Why did parties that relied on donations or subscriptions run into problems?
Answer: increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships

Question: When did parties that relied on donations start to run into problems?
Answer: second half of the 20th century
Title: Political_party

In the United Kingdom, it has been alleged that peerages have been awarded to contributors to party funds, the benefactors becoming members of the House of Lords and thus being in a position to participate in legislating. Famously, Lloyd George was found to have been selling peerages. To prevent such corruption in the future, Parliament passed the Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925 into law. Thus the outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act. However, some benefactors are alleged to have attempted to circumvent this by cloaking their contributions as loans, giving rise to the 'Cash for Peerages' scandal.

Question: In the United Kingdom, what is awarded to people who help fund the parties?
Answer: peerages

Question: Who was discovered to be selling peerages?
Answer: Lloyd George

Question: What act did parliament put into place to stop such corruptions?
Answer: Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act

Question: What did the Honours act do?
Answer: outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act

Question: How did people attempt to overcome this law?
Answer: cloaking their contributions as loans
Title: Political_party

There are two broad categories of public funding, direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect, which includes broadcasting time on state media, use of the mail service or supplies. According to the Comparative Data from the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, out of a sample of over 180 nations, 25% of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding, 58% provide direct public funding and 60% of nations provide indirect public funding. Some countries provide both direct and indirect public funding to political parties. Funding may be equal for all parties or depend on the results of previous elections or the number of candidates participating in an election. Frequently parties rely on a mix of private and public funding and are required to disclose their finances to the Election management body.

Question: What are the two categories of public funding?
Answer: direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect

Question: Which percentage of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding?
Answer: 25%

Question: What percentage of nations provide direct funding?
Answer: 58%

Question: Are parties required to reveal their funding?
Answer: required to disclose their finances to the Election management body.

Question: What percentage of nations provide indirect funding?
Answer: 60%
Title: Political_party

In fledgling democracies funding can also be provided by foreign aid. International donors provide financing to political parties in developing countries as a means to promote democracy and good governance. Support can be purely financial or otherwise. Frequently it is provided as capacity development activities including the development of party manifestos, party constitutions and campaigning skills. Developing links between ideologically linked parties is another common feature of international support for a party. Sometimes this can be perceived as directly supporting the political aims of a political party, such as the support of the US government to the Georgian party behind the Rose Revolution. Other donors work on a more neutral basis, where multiple donors provide grants in countries accessible by all parties for various aims defined by the recipients. There have been calls by leading development think-tanks, such as the Overseas Development Institute, to increase support to political parties as part of developing the capacity to deal with the demands of interest-driven donors to improve governance.

Question: What can also be provided by foreign aid?
Answer: funding

Question: What do international donors do to promote democracy? 
Answer: provide financing to political parties in developing countries

Question: What is another common occurrence of international support for a party? 
Answer: Developing links between ideologically linked parties

Question: What does the overseas development institute want to do?
Answer: to increase support to political parties
Title: Political_party

Green is the color for green parties, Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties. Orange is sometimes a color of nationalism, such as in the Netherlands, in Israel with the Orange Camp or with Ulster Loyalists in Northern Ireland; it is also a color of reform such as in Ukraine. In the past, Purple was considered the color of royalty (like white), but today it is sometimes used for feminist parties. White also is associated with nationalism. "Purple Party" is also used as an academic hypothetical of an undefined party, as a Centrist party in the United States (because purple is created from mixing the main parties' colors of red and blue) and as a highly idealistic "peace and love" party—in a similar vein to a Green Party, perhaps. Black is generally associated with fascist parties, going back to Benito Mussolini's blackshirts, but also with Anarchism. Similarly, brown is sometimes associated with Nazism, going back to the Nazi Party's tan-uniformed storm troopers.

Question: What parties is the color green for?
Answer: Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties

Question: What was purple considered the color for?
Answer: royalty

Question: What parties is the color black associated with?
Answer: fascist parties

Question: Brown is associated with what parties?
Answer: Nazism

Question: What color is orange associated with?
Answer: nationalism
Title: Political_party

Political color schemes in the United States diverge from international norms. Since 2000, red has become associated with the right-wing Republican Party and blue with the left-wing Democratic Party. However, unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors; they were used in news coverage of 2000 election results and ensuing legal battle and caught on in popular usage. Prior to the 2000 election the media typically alternated which color represented which party each presidential election cycle. The color scheme happened to get inordinate attention that year, so the cycle was stopped lest it cause confusion the following election.

Question: What is the color red associated with?
Answer: right-wing Republican Party

Question: What political party is the color blue associated with?
Answer: left-wing Democratic Party

Question: Did the political parties choose those colors?
Answer: unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors

Question: In what year did the occurrence of using different color schemes for the parties stop?
Answer: 2000
Title: Political_party

During the 19th and 20th century, many national political parties organized themselves into international organizations along similar policy lines. Notable examples are The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association (also called the First International), the Socialist International (also called the Second International), the Communist International (also called the Third International), and the Fourth International, as organizations of working class parties, or the Liberal International (yellow), Hizb ut-Tahrir, Christian Democratic International and the International Democrat Union (blue). Organized in Italy in 1945, the International Communist Party, since 1974 headquartered in Florence has sections in six countries.[citation needed] Worldwide green parties have recently established the Global Greens. The Universal Party, The Socialist International, the Liberal International, and the International Democrat Union are all based in London. Some administrations (e.g. Hong Kong) outlaw formal linkages between local and foreign political organizations, effectively outlawing international political parties.

Question: When did political parties organize themselves into international organizations?
Answer: 19th and 20th century

Question: What are some examples of this?
Answer: The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association

Question: Name an example of an administration that outlaws links between local and foreign political organizations. 
Answer: Hong Kong
Title: Political_party

French political scientist Maurice Duverger drew a distinction between cadre parties and mass parties. Cadre parties were political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders, who were only required to assist in election campaigns. Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology as well as assist in elections.Socialist parties are examples of mass parties, while the British Conservative Party and the German Christian Democratic Union are examples of hybrid parties. In the United States, where both major parties were cadre parties, the introduction of primaries and other reforms has transformed them so that power is held by activists who compete over influence and nomination of candidates.

Question: Who drew a difference between cadre parties and mass parties?
Answer: Maurice Duverger

Question: What are cadre parties?
Answer: political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders

Question: What are mass parties?
Answer: Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology

Question: What is an example of a mass party?
Answer: Socialist parties

Question: What type of parties are the two major parties in the United States?
Answer: cadre parties
Title: A_cappella

A cappella [a kapˈpɛlla] (Italian for "in the manner of the chapel") music is specifically group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. It contrasts with cantata, which is accompanied singing. The term "a cappella" was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato style. In the 19th century a renewed interest in Renaissance polyphony coupled with an ignorance of the fact that vocal parts were often doubled by instrumentalists led to the term coming to mean unaccompanied vocal music. The term is also used, albeit rarely, as a synonym for alla breve.

Question: What does A cappella mean in the Italian language?
Answer: in the manner of the chapel

Question: What is another term occasionally used to refer to A cappella?
Answer: alla breve

Question: At what point did Renaissance polyphony become popular again?
Answer: 19th century

Question: How is A cappella currently defined?
Answer: group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment

Question: A cappella was originally used to tell the difference between which two styles?
Answer: Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato
Title: A_cappella

A cappella music was originally used in religious music, especially church music as well as anasheed and zemirot. Gregorian chant is an example of a cappella singing, as is the majority of secular vocal music from the Renaissance. The madrigal, up until its development in the early Baroque into an instrumentally-accompanied form, is also usually in a cappella form. Jewish and Christian music were originally a cappella,[citation needed] and this practice has continued in both of these religions as well as in Islam.

Question: What form of music was A cappella predominately used for in its early years?
Answer: religious music

Question: What was considered part of A cappella until the Baroque period?
Answer: The madrigal

Question: The madrigal became what type of form that prevented it from being accompanied with A cappella?
Answer: instrumentally-accompanied

Question: In what era was most of the vocal music considered A cappella?
Answer: Renaissance
Title: A_cappella

The polyphony of Christian a cappella music began to develop in Europe around the late 15th century, with compositions by Josquin des Prez. The early a cappella polyphonies may have had an accompanying instrument, although this instrument would merely double the singers' parts and was not independent. By the 16th century, a cappella polyphony had further developed, but gradually, the cantata began to take the place of a cappella forms. 16th century a cappella polyphony, nonetheless, continued to influence church composers throughout this period and to the present day. Recent evidence has shown that some of the early pieces by Palestrina, such as what was written for the Sistine Chapel was intended to be accompanied by an organ "doubling" some or all of the voices. Such is seen in the life of Palestrina becoming a major influence on Bach, most notably in the aforementioned Mass in B Minor. Other composers that utilized the a cappella style, if only for the occasional piece, were Claudio Monteverdi and his masterpiece, Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell'amata (A lover's tears at his beloved's grave), which was composed in 1610, and Andrea Gabrieli when upon his death it was discovered many choral pieces, one of which was in the unaccompanied style. Learning from the preceding two composeres, Heinrich Schütz utilized the a cappella style in numerous pieces, chief among these were the pieces in the oratorio style, which were traditionally performed during the Easter week and dealt with the religious subject matter of that week, such as Christ's suffering and the Passion. Five of Schutz's Historien were Easter pieces, and of these the latter three, which dealt with the passion from three different viewpoints, those of Matthew, Luke and John, were all done a cappella style. This was a near requirement for this type of piece, and the parts of the crowd were sung while the solo parts which were the quoted parts from either Christ or the authors were performed in a plainchant.

Question: Who was a known composer of A cappella music in the 15th century?
Answer: Josquin des Prez

Question: Bach was influenced by a popular A cappella composer heavily for what composition?
Answer: Mass in B Minor

Question: How many of Schutz's Easter pieces were in the A cappella style?
Answer: three

Question: Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell'amata's well known A cappella composition was written in what year?
Answer: 1610

Question: Some compositions were found after which composer's death?
Answer: Andrea Gabrieli
Title: A_cappella

In the Byzantine Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches, the music performed in the liturgies is exclusively sung without instrumental accompaniment. Bishop Kallistos Ware says, "The service is sung, even though there may be no choir... In the Orthodox Church today, as in the early Church, singing is unaccompanied and instrumental music is not found." This a cappella behavior arises from strict interpretation of Psalms 150, which states, Let every thing that hath breath praise the Lord. Praise ye the Lord. In keeping with this philosophy, early Russian musika which started appearing in the late 17th century, in what was known as khorovïye kontsertï (choral concertos) made a cappella adaptations of Venetian-styled pieces, such as the treatise, Grammatika musikiyskaya (1675), by Nikolai Diletsky. Divine Liturgies and Western Rite masses composed by famous composers such as Peter Tchaikovsky, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Alexander Arkhangelsky, and Mykola Leontovych are fine examples of this.

Question: When did Russian musika show up?
Answer: khorovïye kontsertï

Question: khorovïye kontsertï were typically done similar to what pieces?
Answer: Venetian-styled

Question: What bible passage gave rise to certain a cappella attitudes?
Answer: Psalms 150

Question: Who composed a popular Venetian-styled piece in 1675?
Answer: Nikolai Diletsky
Title: A_cappella

Present-day Christian religious bodies known for conducting their worship services without musical accompaniment include some Presbyterian churches devoted to the regulative principle of worship, Old Regular Baptists, Primitive Baptists, Plymouth Brethren, Churches of Christ, the Old German Baptist Brethren, Doukhobors the Byzantine Rite and the Amish, Old Order Mennonites and Conservative Mennonites. Certain high church services and other musical events in liturgical churches (such as the Roman Catholic Mass and the Lutheran Divine Service) may be a cappella, a practice remaining from apostolic times. Many Mennonites also conduct some or all of their services without instruments. Sacred Harp, a type of folk music, is an a cappella style of religious singing with shape notes, usually sung at singing conventions.

Question: What is the name of the religious a cappella style used with shape notes?
Answer: Sacred Harp

Question: A cappella exists in some liturgical churches as an influence from what era?
Answer: apostolic times

Question: In the modern day, what broad religious group is most known to implement a cappella?
Answer: Christian religious bodies
Title: A_cappella

Instruments have divided Christendom since their introduction into worship. They were considered a Catholic innovation, not widely practiced until the 18th century, and were opposed vigorously in worship by a number of Protestant Reformers, including Martin Luther (1483–1546), Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin (1509–1564) and John Wesley (1703–1791). Alexander Campbell referred to the use of an instrument in worship as "a cow bell in a concert". In Sir Walter Scott's The Heart of Midlothian, the heroine, Jeanie Deans, a Scottish Presbyterian, writes to her father about the church situation she has found in England (bold added):

Question: Why were instruments more unwelcome to Christians?
Answer: They were considered a Catholic innovation

Question: What was the name of the book in which Jeanie Deans is the protagonist?
Answer: The Heart of Midlothian

Question: Who is quoted for saying instruments in religious services are like "A cow bell in a concert" 
Answer: Alexander Campbell

Question: Who authored The Heart of the Midlothian?
Answer: Sir Walter Scott