rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Internet_service_provider

Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to.

Question: Who does an ISP pay for internet access?
Answer: upstream ISPs

Question: Why does an ISP need to pay an upstream ISP?
Answer: An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP

Question: What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?
Answer: access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to

Question: what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?
Answer: upstream ISPs
Title: Internet_service_provider

In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.

Question: What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP? 
Answer: transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network

Question: what do transit ISPs provide? 
Answer: large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs

Question: A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?
Answer: a tier 1 carrier

Question: What is a PoP?
Answer: point of presence

Question: What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?
Answer: Transit ISPs
Title: Internet_service_provider

A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.

Question: What is a VISP?
Answer: virtual ISP

Question: What do VISPs resemble? 
Answer: mobile virtual network operators

Question: What do visps purchase services from? 
Answer: a wholesale ISP
Title: Internet_service_provider

Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called freenets, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.[citation needed]

Question: What are free ISPs?
Answer: Internet service providers that provide service free of charge

Question: What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?
Answer: advertisements

Question: What are free ISPs similar to? 
Answer: commercial television

Question: How are freenets run? 
Answer: on a nonprofit basis
Title: Internet_service_provider

A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.[citation needed]

Question: What is a WISP? 
Answer: wireless Internet service provider

Question: What technology is part of a WISP?
Answer: commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment

Question: What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over? 
Answer: 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands

Question: What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?
Answer: wireless networking
Title: Internet_service_provider

ISPs may engage in peering, where multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.

Question: What is peering? 
Answer: multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points

Question: What does peering allow? 
Answer: routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted

Question: Why is peering used? 
Answer: data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP

Question: What are IXs? 
Answer: Internet exchange points

Question: Where do multiple ISPs connect? 
Answer: peering points or Internet exchange points
Title: Internet_service_provider

Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed]

Question: Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible? 
Answer: A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible

Question: What sort of route does data follow? 
Answer: the most efficient route
Title: Internet_service_provider

Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow law enforcement agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP. Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial National Security Agency program known as PRISM provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as DCSNet in the United States, or SORM in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time.

Question: What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries? 
Answer: intelligence agencies

Question: What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?
Answer: PRISM

Question: What does PRISM do? 
Answer: provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic

Question: What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies? 
Answer: a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment

Question: What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do? 
Answer: allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time
Title: Comics

Comics are a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images. Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing. Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, and comic books. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century.

Question: Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images?
Answer: fumetti

Question: In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics?
Answer: speech balloons

Question: What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century?
Answer: online webcomics

Question: The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics?
Answer: narrative pacing
Title: Comics

The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe (especially in France and Belgium), and Japan. The history of European comics is often traced to Rodolphe Töpffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as The Adventures of Tintin. American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s, in which the superhero genre became prominent after Superman appeared in 1938. Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning (manga) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Modern comic strips emerged in Japan in the early 20th century, and the output of comics magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era with the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka. Comics has had a lowbrow reputation for much of its history, but towards the end of the 20th century began to find greater acceptance with the public and in academia.

Question: When did Rodolphe Töpffer create cartoons?
Answer: 1830s

Question: Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?
Answer: Superman

Question: What is Japanese cartooning known as?
Answer: manga
Title: Comics

The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult.

Question: French comics are also known as what?
Answer: bandes dessinées

Question: When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?
Answer: when it refers to the medium

Question: The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?
Answer: recurring characters

Question: Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?
Answer: images and text

Question: What are Japanese comics called?
Answer: manga
Title: Comics

The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss Rodolphe Töpffer from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in Richard F. Outcault's 1890s newspaper strip The Yellow Kid, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. Japan had a long prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the early 19th century. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the comics album in Europe, the tankōbon[a] in Japan, and the graphic novel in the English-speaking countries.

Question: Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe?
Answer: Rodolphe Töpffer

Question: Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America?
Answer: Richard F. Outcault

Question: When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers?
Answer: 1890s

Question: What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II?
Answer: satirical
Title: Comics

Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the 15th-century Ars moriendi and block books, Michelangelo's The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, and William Hogarth's 17th-century sequential engravings, amongst others.[b]

Question: In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics?
Answer: Lascaux cave paintings

Question: What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?
Answer: The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel

Question: In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics?
Answer: hieroglyphs

Question: In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?
Answer: Trajan's Column
Title: Comics

Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884.

Question: What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?
Answer: The Glasgow Looking Glass

Question: When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?
Answer: 1825

Question: In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?
Answer: Punch

Question: Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?
Answer: Ally Sloper

Question: When did Ally Sloper first appear?
Answer: 1884
Title: Comics

American comics developed out of such magazines as Puck, Judge, and Life. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcault's The Yellow Kid, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons.

Question: Which outlet did comic supplements find success in?
Answer: New York World

Question: Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip?
Answer: Outcault's The Yellow Kid
Title: Comics

Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. Thin periodicals called comic books appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of Action Comics and its lead hero Superman marked the beginning of the Golden Age of Comic Books, in which the superhero genre was prominent.

Question: What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with?
Answer: Mutt and Jeff

Question: When did Mutt and Jeff appear?
Answer: 1907

Question: When did comic books make an appearance?
Answer: 1930s

Question: Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938?
Answer: Action Comics
Title: Comics

The popularity of superhero comic books declined following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as romance, westerns, crime, horror, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies, which culminated in Senate hearings that led to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority self-censoring body. The Code has been blamed for stunting the growth of American comics and maintaining its low status in American society for much of the remainder of the century. Superheroes re-established themselves as the most prominent comic book genre by the early 1960s. Underground comix challenged the Code and readers with adult, countercultural content in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The underground gave birth to the alternative comics movement in the 1980s and its mature, often experimental content in non-superhero genres.

Question: Which genre of comic books had parents concerned?
Answer: crime and horror

Question: Which group was created after a Senate hearing on comic books content?
Answer: Comics Code Authority

Question: When did super heroes become popular again in comic books?
Answer: 1960s

Question: When did the alternative comics movement begin?
Answer: 1980s
Title: Comics

From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as L'Association that published longer works in non-traditional formats by auteur-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market.

Question: Serialization of comics became less popular when?
Answer: 1980s

Question: How were comics published when serialization became less common?
Answer: as albums

Question: Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional?
Answer: L'Association

Question: Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market?
Answer: print market
Title: Comics

Japanese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kibyōshi contained examples of sequential images, movement lines, and sound effects.

Question: What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins?
Answer: toba-e and kibyōshi picture books

Question: What is ukiyo-e an example of?
Answer: woodblock prints
Title: Comics

Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the Jiji Manga in the Jiji Shinpō newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902, Rakuten Kitazawa began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes.

Question: When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan?
Answer: 1890s

Question: Who introduced satirical strips to Japan?
Answer: Western expatriates

Question: When did Jiji Manga debut?
Answer: 1900

Question: Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times?
Answer: Rakuten Kitazawa

Question: When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes?
Answer: 1930s
Title: Comics

The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in tankōbon-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. translations became extremely popular in foreign markets—in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics.

Question: What comic strip was created by Osamu Tezuka?
Answer: Sazae-san

Question: Where were comic strip stories first serialized?
Answer: magazines

Question: What is considered the start of the modern comics in Japan?
Answer: after World War II
Title: Comics

Comic strips are generally short, multipanel comics that traditionally most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while Sunday strips have been given multiple tiers. In the early 20th century, daily strips were typically in black-and-white and Sundays were usually in colour and often occupied a full page.

Question: Where do comics usually appear?
Answer: newspapers
Title: Comics

Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures. Comic books, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages.

Question: Where do serialized comics in Japan typically appear?
Answer: magazines

Question: How often are European serialized comics in magazines?
Answer: monthly or weekly

Question: How often do serialized comics typically appear in Japanese magazines?
Answer: weekly

Question: How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine?
Answer: hundreds of pages
Title: Comics

Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization.

Question: What are bounds volumes of comics called in America?
Answer: graphic novels

Question: What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes?
Answer: tankōbon

Question: What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards?
Answer: fiction

Question: What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?
Answer: graphic novels
Title: Comics

Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term "cartoon"[h] was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch.

Question: Where did gag cartoons first make an appearance?
Answer: Europe

Question: When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons?
Answer: 1843

Question: In which publication was cartoon first used to describe gag single-panel illustrations?
Answer: Punch