rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Adult_contemporary_music

A format called quiet storm is often included in urban adult contemporary, and is often played during the evening, blending the urban AC and soft AC styles of music. The music that is played is strictly ballads and slow jams, mostly but not limited to Black and Latino artists. Popular artists in the quiet storm format are Teena Marie, Freddie Jackson, Johnny Gill, Lalah Hathaway, Vanessa L. Williams, Toni Braxton, and En Vogue among others.

Question: What radio format consists of ballads and slow jams?
Answer: quiet storm

Question: What is the name of the radio format that is a mixture of urban and soft adult contemporary?
Answer: quiet storm

Question: At what time of day is the quiet storm format played?
Answer: the evening

Question: What is the typical ethnicity of artists played on quiet storm stations?
Answer: Black and Latino

Question: Along with Freddie Jackson, Johnny Gill, Teena Marie, Lalah Hathaway, Toni Braxton, and En Vogue, what artist is popular on quiet storm stations?
Answer: Vanessa L. Williams
Title: Adult_contemporary_music

Anita Baker, Sade, Regina Belle, and Luther Vandross are other examples of artists who appeal to mainstream AC, urban AC and smooth jazz listeners. Some soft AC and urban AC stations like to play smooth jazz on the weekends. In recent years, the Smooth Jazz format has been renamed to Smooth AC, as an attempt to lure younger listeners.

Question: Along with urban adult contemporary and smooth jazz, what station format might feature music from Sade?
Answer: mainstream AC

Question: What other format is sometimes played on urban AC stations?
Answer: smooth jazz

Question: When might you hear smooth jazz on a soft AC station?
Answer: the weekends

Question: What is a more recent name for the smooth jazz format?
Answer: Smooth AC

Question: What was the smooth jazz format renamed?
Answer: to lure younger listeners
Title: Adult_contemporary_music

Adult contemporary R&B may be played on both soft AC stations and urban AC. It is a form of neo soul R&B that places emphasis on songcraft and sophistication. As the use of drum machines, synthesizers, and sequencers dominates R&B-rooted music, adult contemporary R&B tends to take most of its cues from the more refined strains of 1970s soul, such as smooth soul, Philly soul and quiet storm. Classic songwriting touches and organic-leaning instrumentation, often featuring string arrangements and horn charts, were constants.

Question: Along with soft AC, on what station format might adult contemporary R&B be featured?
Answer: urban AC

Question: What features are emphasized in adult contemporary R&B music?
Answer: songcraft and sophistication

Question: Along with smooth soul and quiet storm, what genre influenced adult contemporary R&B?
Answer: Philly soul

Question: During what decade was smooth soul popular?
Answer: 1970s

Question: Along with drum machines and synthesizers, what electronic instruments are often found in modern R&B-based music?
Answer: sequencers
Title: Adult_contemporary_music

In the 1980s, lush jazz-R&B fusion (George Benson, Patti Austin, Al Jarreau) and stylish crossover R&B (Anita Baker and Luther Vandross, New Edition and Keith Sweat) were equally successful within the mainstream. In the 1990s and early 2000s (decade), artists as sonically contrasting as R. Kelly, Leona Lewis (mainly ballads) and Jill Scott both fit the bill, provided the audience for the material was mature. By riding and contributing to nearly all of the trends, no one has exemplified the style more than Babyface, whose career thrived over 20 years as a member of the Deele (Two Occasions), a solo artist (Whip Appeal, When Can I See You), and a songwriter/producer (Toni Braxton's Breathe Again, Boyz II Men's I'll Make Love to You).

Question: What genre of music did Patti Austin perform?
Answer: jazz-R&B fusion

Question: Of what genre was the musician Keith Sweat?
Answer: crossover R&B

Question: During what decade were musicians like Al Jarreau and Luther Vandross notably successful?
Answer: 1980s

Question: What type of songs was Leona Lewis known for?
Answer: ballads

Question: Who wrote Boyz II Men's I'll Make Love to You?
Answer: Babyface
Title: Adult_contemporary_music

Contemporary Christian music (CCM) has several subgenres, one being "Christian AC". Radio & Records, for instance, lists Christian AC among its format charts. There has been crossover to mainstream and hot AC formats by many of the core artists of the Christian AC genre, notably Amy Grant, Michael W. Smith, Kathy Troccoli, Steven Curtis Chapman, Plumb, and more recently, MercyMe.

Question: What is CCM an acronym of?
Answer: Contemporary Christian music

Question: What genre of music is performed by MercyMe?
Answer: Christian AC

Question: What publication includes Christian AC with its format charts?
Answer: Radio & Records

Question: Along with mainstream AC, what format has also featured Christian AC artists on a crossover basis?
Answer: hot AC
Title: Adult_contemporary_music

In recent years it has become common for many AC stations, particularly soft AC stations, to play primarily or exclusively Christmas music during the Christmas season in November and December. While these tend mostly to be contemporary seasonal recordings by the same few artists featured under the normal format, most stations will also air some vintage holiday tunes from older pop, MOR, and adult standards artists – such as Nat King Cole, Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, The Carpenters, Percy Faith, Johnny Mathis and Andy Williams – many of whom would never be played on these stations during the rest of the year.

Question: What AC format is especially known for playing Christmas music in the Christmas season?
Answer: soft AC

Question: During what two months does the Christmas season take place?
Answer: November and December

Question: Along with Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, Nat King Cole, The Carpenters, Percy Faith and Andy Williams, who is an artist played on AC stations around Christmastime but not otherwise?
Answer: Johnny Mathis
Title: Adult_contemporary_music

These Christmas music marathons typically start during the week before Thanksgiving Day and end after Christmas Day, or sometimes extending to New Year's Day. Afterwards, the stations usually resume their normal music fare. Several stations begin the holiday format much earlier, at the beginning of November. The roots of this tradition can be traced back to the beautiful music and easy listening stations of the 1960s and 1970s.

Question: When does Christmas music on AC format stations usually begin?
Answer: the week before Thanksgiving Day

Question: When is the earlier of the two times that Christmas music on adult contemporary stations typically ends?
Answer: after Christmas Day

Question: When is the later of the two times that Christmas music on adult contemporary stations usually ends?
Answer: New Year's Day

Question: When is the earliest an AC station will switch to a Christmas format?
Answer: the beginning of November

Question: What two formats pioneered the Christmas music tradition in the 1960s?
Answer: beautiful music and easy listening
Title: Matter

Before the 20th century, the term matter included ordinary matter composed of atoms and excluded other energy phenomena such as light or sound. This concept of matter may be generalized from atoms to include any objects having mass even when at rest, but this is ill-defined because an object's mass can arise from its (possibly massless) constituents' motion and interaction energies. Thus, matter does not have a universal definition, nor is it a fundamental concept in physics today. Matter is also used loosely as a general term for the substance that makes up all observable physical objects.

Question: In what century was the term matter defined excluding energy phenomena like light and sound?
Answer: 20th

Question: What term is used for the substance that composes all observable physical objects?
Answer: matter

Question: The mass of an object can come from the motion of its constituents or what other source?
Answer: interaction energies

Question: What term is used to describe the type of definition that matter would have if all scientists could agree on its definition?
Answer: universal

Question: Prior to the 20th century, the definition of matter included any object that had mass even when it was in what state? 
Answer: at rest
Title: Matter

All the objects from everyday life that we can bump into, touch or squeeze are composed of atoms. This atomic matter is in turn made up of interacting subatomic particles—usually a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and a cloud of orbiting electrons. Typically, science considers these composite particles matter because they have both rest mass and volume. By contrast, massless particles, such as photons, are not considered matter, because they have neither rest mass nor volume. However, not all particles with rest mass have a classical volume, since fundamental particles such as quarks and leptons (sometimes equated with matter) are considered "point particles" with no effective size or volume. Nevertheless, quarks and leptons together make up "ordinary matter", and their interactions contribute to the effective volume of the composite particles that make up ordinary matter.

Question: What kind of particles make up every object in the world that can be touched?
Answer: atoms

Question: The smaller particles that make up atoms, like protons and neutrons, are what kind of particles?
Answer: subatomic

Question: What subatomic particle has no volume or rest mass?
Answer: photons

Question: What  kind of particles are quarks and leptons?
Answer: point particles

Question: Despite not having size or volume themselves, quarks and leptons contribute to what measure of composite particles in matter?
Answer: volume
Title: Matter

Matter commonly exists in four states (or phases): solid, liquid and gas, and plasma. However, advances in experimental techniques have revealed other previously theoretical phases, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates. A focus on an elementary-particle view of matter also leads to new phases of matter, such as the quark–gluon plasma. For much of the history of the natural sciences people have contemplated the exact nature of matter. The idea that matter was built of discrete building blocks, the so-called particulate theory of matter, was first put forward by the Greek philosophers Leucippus (~490 BC) and Democritus (~470–380 BC).

Question: How many phases of matter are there?
Answer: four

Question: What new phase of matter can be considered with a focus on elementary particles?
Answer: quark–gluon plasma

Question: What is the theory that matter is made up of discrete building blocks called?
Answer: particulate theory of matter

Question: What colleague of Democritus, also a Greek philosopher, helped him propose the particulate theory of matter?
Answer: Leucippus

Question: People have been wondering about the nature of matter for the entire history of what branch of science?
Answer: natural sciences
Title: Matter

Matter should not be confused with mass, as the two are not quite the same in modern physics. For example, mass is a conserved quantity, which means that its value is unchanging through time, within closed systems. However, matter is not conserved in such systems, although this is not obvious in ordinary conditions on Earth, where matter is approximately conserved. Still, special relativity shows that matter may disappear by conversion into energy, even inside closed systems, and it can also be created from energy, within such systems. However, because mass (like energy) can neither be created nor destroyed, the quantity of mass and the quantity of energy remain the same during a transformation of matter (which represents a certain amount of energy) into non-material (i.e., non-matter) energy. This is also true in the reverse transformation of energy into matter.

Question: What similar term is often used interchangeably with matter, although the two differ slightly in modern physics?
Answer: mass

Question: Being a conserved quantity means that the value of mass doesn't ever change as long as it's in what kind of system?
Answer: closed

Question: Special relativity says matter can disappear by conversion into what state?
Answer: energy

Question: What planet isn't a closed system but sometimes appears to be because of the approximate conservation of matter?
Answer: Earth
Title: Matter

Different fields of science use the term matter in different, and sometimes incompatible, ways. Some of these ways are based on loose historical meanings, from a time when there was no reason to distinguish mass and matter. As such, there is no single universally agreed scientific meaning of the word "matter". Scientifically, the term "mass" is well-defined, but "matter" is not. Sometimes in the field of physics "matter" is simply equated with particles that exhibit rest mass (i.e., that cannot travel at the speed of light), such as quarks and leptons. However, in both physics and chemistry, matter exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties, the so-called wave–particle duality.

Question: What term does science not have a universally-accepted scientific definition for?
Answer: matter

Question: Sometimes scientific terms were historically considered in ways we know now aren't compatible because scientists didn't need to distinguish matter from what other term?
Answer: mass

Question: What word do physicists sometimes consider to be defined as particles exhibiting rest mass?
Answer: matter

Question: What duality describes the conflicting properties of matter in the fields of chemistry and physics?
Answer: wave–particle duality

Question: Quarks and leptons are sometimes considered matter because they can't travel at what speed?
Answer: the speed of light
Title: Westminster_Abbey

Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is one of the most notable religious buildings in the United Kingdom and has been the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Between 1540 and 1556 the abbey had the status of a cathedral. Since 1560, however, the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral, having instead the status of a Church of England "Royal Peculiar"—a church responsible directly to the sovereign. The building itself is the original abbey church.

Question: What was Westminster Abbey's original name?
Answer: Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster

Question: What style architecture is the Westminster Abbey considered?
Answer: Gothic

Question: In what city is Westminster Abbey located?
Answer: City of Westminster, London

Question: In what years was the Abbey considered a cathedral?
Answer: Between 1540 and 1556

Question: What type of building is the Abbey now considered?
Answer: Royal Peculiar

Question: What is the formal name of Westminster Abbey?
Answer: the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster

Question: Where is Westminster Abbey located?
Answer: City of Westminster, London

Question: When was Westminster Abbey a cathedral?
Answer: Between 1540 and 1556

Question: What has been the status of Westminster Abbey since 1560?
Answer: Church of England "Royal Peculiar"
Title: Westminster_Abbey

According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080, a church was founded at the site (then known as Thorn Ey (Thorn Island)) in the 7th century, at the time of Mellitus, a Bishop of London. Construction of the present church began in 1245, on the orders of King Henry III.

Question: What year did the construction of the church begin?
Answer: 1245

Question: Who commissioned the Abbey to be built?
Answer: King Henry III

Question: What was the area previously named?
Answer: Thorn Ey (Thorn Island)

Question: In what century was the church established at the location?
Answer: 7th century

Question: Who was the Bishop in this time frame?
Answer: Mellitus, a Bishop of London

Question: What is the meaning of Thorn Ey?
Answer: Thorn Island

Question: When was a church first founded at the site?
Answer: 7th century

Question: Who was Mellitus?
Answer: a Bishop of London

Question: When was construction of the present church started?
Answer: 1245

Question: Who ordered the construction of the church?
Answer: King Henry III
Title: Westminster_Abbey

The first reports of the abbey are based on a late tradition claiming that a young fisherman called Aldrich on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to be quoted to justify the gifts of salmon from Thames fishermen that the abbey received in later years. In the present era, the Fishmonger's Company still gives a salmon every year. The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s, Saint Dunstan, assisted by King Edgar, installed a community of Benedictine monks here.

Question: What was the name of the fisherman in lore that saw a vision of Saint Peter near the Abbey?
Answer: Aldrich

Question: What type of fish did the Abbey receive from Thames fisherman?
Answer: salmon

Question: What kind of monks lived at the Abbey?
Answer: Benedictine

Question: Who, till this day still gives the Abbey a fish?
Answer: Fishmonger's Company

Question: Who along with the King Edgar established the monks at the Abbey?
Answer: Saint Dunstan

Question: Who supposedly had a vison of Saint Peter on the River Thames?
Answer: Aldrich

Question: Who first gifted salmon to the abbey?
Answer: Thames fishermen

Question: Who still gives salmon to the abbey today?
Answer: Fishmonger's Company

Question: When was the monk community installed?
Answer: 960s or early 970s
Title: Westminster_Abbey

Between 1042 and 1052 King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's death on 5 January 1066. A week later he was buried in the church, and nine years later his wife Edith was buried alongside him. His successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year.

Question: What architectural design was St Peter's abbey considered?
Answer: Romanesque style

Question: What year was the building finished?
Answer: 1090

Question: What was the date of the Abbey's coronation? 
Answer: 28 December 1065

Question: Who was the first recorded coronation at the Abbey?
Answer: William the Conqueror

Question: What King restored the Abbey in the years 1042 and 1052?
Answer: King Edward the Confessor

Question: Who rebuilt the abbey for a burial church?
Answer: King Edward the Confessor

Question: What style was the church rebuilt in?
Answer: Romanesque

Question: When was the building consecrated?
Answer: 28 December 1065

Question: When did King Edward the Confessor die?
Answer: 5 January 1066

Question: Who was the first documented coronation?
Answer: William the Conqueror
Title: Westminster_Abbey

Since 1066, when Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror were crowned, the coronations of English and British monarchs have been held there. There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100. Two were of reigning monarchs (Henry I and Richard II), although, before 1919, there had been none for some 500 years.

Question: Who were the first monarchs crowned at Westminster Abbey?
Answer: Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror

Question: Since when have coronations been held at Westminster Abbey?
Answer: 1066

Question: How many royal weddings have occurred at the abbey?
Answer: 16

Question: Which two reigning monarchs had weddings at the abbey?
Answer: Henry I and Richard II

Question: When did royal weddings begin at the church?
Answer: 1100
Title: Westminster_Abbey

The only extant depiction of Edward's abbey, together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster, is in the Bayeux Tapestry. Some of the lower parts of the monastic dormitory, an extension of the South Transept, survive in the Norman undercroft of the Great School, including a door said to come from the previous Saxon abbey. Increased endowments supported a community increased from a dozen monks in Dunstan's original foundation, up to a maximum about eighty monks, although there was also a large community of lay brothers who supported the monastery's extensive property and activities.

Question: Where is the only existant depiction of Edward's abbey?
Answer: Bayeux Tapestry

Question: What was the original size of Dunstan's original monk community?
Answer: a dozen

Question: How was the community able to increase?
Answer: endowments

Question: What is adjacent the abbey?
Answer: Palace of Westminster
Title: Westminster_Abbey

The abbot and monks, in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster, the seat of government from the later 12th century, became a powerful force in the centuries after the Norman Conquest. The abbot often was employed on royal service and in due course took his place in the House of Lords as of right. Released from the burdens of spiritual leadership, which passed to the reformed Cluniac movement after the mid-10th century, and occupied with the administration of great landed properties, some of which lay far from Westminster, "the Benedictines achieved a remarkable degree of identification with the secular life of their times, and particularly with upper-class life", Barbara Harvey concludes, to the extent that her depiction of daily life provides a wider view of the concerns of the English gentry in the High and Late Middle Ages.[citation needed]

Question: Who became a powerful force after the Norman Conquest?
Answer: The abbot and monks

Question: The Palace of Westminster was the seat of what from the later 12th century?
Answer: government

Question: Who was employed on royal service?
Answer: The abbot

Question: With what kind of life were the Benedictines allowed to identify?
Answer: secular

Question: To what movement was the task of spiritual leadership passed?
Answer: Cluniac
Title: Westminster_Abbey

The proximity of the Palace of Westminster did not extend to providing monks or abbots with high royal connections; in social origin the Benedictines of Westminster were as modest as most of the order. The abbot remained Lord of the Manor of Westminster as a town of two to three thousand persons grew around it: as a consumer and employer on a grand scale the monastery helped fuel the town economy, and relations with the town remained unusually cordial, but no enfranchising charter was issued during the Middle Ages. The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary.[citation needed]

Question: What did the abbot remain as a town built around the abbey?
Answer: Lord of the Manor of Westminster

Question: What did the monastery help fuel?
Answer: the town economy

Question: What did the abbey build on the west side?
Answer: shops and dwellings

Question: What encroached upon the sanctuary?
Answer: shops and dwellings