rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: John,_King_of_England

During the truce of 1206–1208, John focused on building up his financial and military resources in preparation for another attempt to recapture Normandy. John used some of this money to pay for new alliances on Philip's eastern frontiers, where the growth in Capetian power was beginning to concern France's neighbours. By 1212 John had successfully concluded alliances with his nephew Otto IV, a contender for the crown of Holy Roman Emperor in Germany, as well as with the counts Renaud of Boulogne and Ferdinand of Flanders. The invasion plans for 1212 were postponed because of fresh English baronial unrest about service in Poitou. Philip seized the initiative in 1213, sending his elder son, Louis, to invade Flanders with the intention of next launching an invasion of England. John was forced to postpone his own invasion plans to counter this threat. He launched his new fleet to attack the French at the harbour of Damme. The attack was a success, destroying Philip's vessels and any chances of an invasion of England that year. John hoped to exploit this advantage by invading himself late in 1213, but baronial discontent again delayed his invasion plans until early 1214, in what would prove to be his final Continental campaign.

Question: What did John do during the truce of 1206-1208?
Answer: focused on building up his financial and military resources

Question: By 1212, John had successfully concluded alliances  with who?
Answer: Otto IV

Question: John launched his new fleet to attach the French where?
Answer: the harbour of Damme
Title: John,_King_of_England

John wanted John de Gray, the Bishop of Norwich and one of his own supporters, to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury after the death of Walter, but the cathedral chapter for Canterbury Cathedral claimed the exclusive right to elect Walter's successor. They favoured Reginald, the chapter's sub-prior. To complicate matters, the bishops of the province of Canterbury also claimed the right to appoint the next archbishop. The chapter secretly elected Reginald and he travelled to Rome to be confirmed; the bishops challenged the appointment and the matter was taken before Innocent. John forced the Canterbury chapter to change their support to John de Gray, and a messenger was sent to Rome to inform the papacy of the new decision. Innocent disavowed both Reginald and John de Gray, and instead appointed his own candidate, Stephen Langton. John refused Innocent's request that he consent to Langton's appointment, but the pope consecrated Langton anyway in June 1207.

Question: Who did John want to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury?
Answer: John de Gray

Question: Who did Innocent disavow?
Answer: Reginald and John de Gray

Question: Who did John force to change their support to John de Gray?
Answer: Canterbury chapter
Title: John,_King_of_England

Tensions between John and the barons had been growing for several years, as demonstrated by the 1212 plot against the king. Many of the disaffected barons came from the north of England; that faction was often labelled by contemporaries and historians as "the Northerners". The northern barons rarely had any personal stake in the conflict in France, and many of them owed large sums of money to John; the revolt has been characterised as "a rebellion of the king's debtors". Many of John's military household joined the rebels, particularly amongst those that John had appointed to administrative roles across England; their local links and loyalties outweighed their personal loyalty to John. Tension also grew across North Wales, where opposition to the 1211 treaty between John and Llywelyn was turning into open conflict. For some the appointment of Peter des Roches as justiciar was an important factor, as he was considered an "abrasive foreigner" by many of the barons. The failure of John's French military campaign in 1214 was probably the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king; James Holt describes the path to civil war as "direct, short and unavoidable" following the defeat at Bouvines.

Question: Where did many of the disaffected barons come from?
Answer: north of England

Question: Who was appointed justiciar?
Answer: Peter des Roches

Question: What was the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king?
Answer: The failure of John's French military campaign
Title: John,_King_of_England

John met the rebel leaders at Runnymede, near Windsor Castle, on 15 June 1215. Langton's efforts at mediation created a charter capturing the proposed peace agreement; it was later renamed Magna Carta, or "Great Charter". The charter went beyond simply addressing specific baronial complaints, and formed a wider proposal for political reform, albeit one focusing on the rights of free men, not serfs and unfree labour. It promised the protection of church rights, protection from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, new taxation only with baronial consent and limitations on scutage and other feudal payments. A council of twenty-five barons would be created to monitor and ensure John's future adherence to the charter, whilst the rebel army would stand down and London would be surrendered to the king.

Question: When did John meet the rebel leaders at Runnymede?
Answer: 15 June 1215

Question: A council of how many barons was created to monitor John's future adherence to the charter?
Answer: twenty-five

Question: The peace agreement was renamed what?
Answer: Magna Carta
Title: John,_King_of_England

Prince Louis intended to land in the south of England in May 1216, and John assembled a naval force to intercept him. Unfortunately for John, his fleet was dispersed by bad storms and Louis landed unopposed in Kent. John hesitated and decided not to attack Louis immediately, either due to the risks of open battle or over concerns about the loyalty of his own men. Louis and the rebel barons advanced west and John retreated, spending the summer reorganising his defences across the rest of the kingdom. John saw several of his military household desert to the rebels, including his half-brother, William Longespée. By the end of the summer the rebels had regained the south-east of England and parts of the north.

Question: When did Prince Louis int to land in the south of England?
Answer: May 1216

Question: Why did John hesitate to attack Louis?
Answer: due to the risks of open battle

Question: When did the rebels regain the south-east of England?
Answer: end of the summer
Title: John,_King_of_England

John's first wife, Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, was released from imprisonment in 1214; she remarried twice, and died in 1217. John's second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, left England for Angoulême soon after the king's death; she became a powerful regional leader, but largely abandoned the children she had had by John. John had five legitimate children, all by Isabella. His eldest son, Henry III, ruled as king for the majority of the 13th century. Richard became a noted European leader and ultimately the King of the Romans in the Holy Roman Empire. Joan married Alexander II of Scotland to become his queen consort. Isabella married the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. His youngest daughter, Eleanor, married William Marshal's son, also called William, and later the famous English rebel Simon de Montfort. John had a number of illegitimate children by various mistresses, including nine sons – Richard, Oliver, John, Geoffrey, Henry, Osbert Gifford, Eudes, Bartholomew and probably Philip – and three daughters – Joan, Maud and probably Isabel. Of these, Joan became the most famous, marrying Prince Llywelyn the Great of Wales.

Question: When was Isabel released from imprisonment?
Answer: 1214

Question: Who did Joan marry to become queen consort?
Answer: Alexander II of Scotland

Question: How many legitimate children did John have?
Answer: five

Question: Who was John's eldest son?
Answer: Henry III
Title: John,_King_of_England

Most historians today, including John's recent biographers Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren, argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch, but note that his failings were exaggerated by 12th- and 13th-century chroniclers. Jim Bradbury notes the current consensus that John was a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general", albeit, as Turner suggests, with "distasteful, even dangerous personality traits", including pettiness, spitefulness and cruelty. John Gillingham, author of a major biography of Richard I, follows this line too, although he considers John a less effective general than do Turner or Warren, and describes him "one of the worst kings ever to rule England". Bradbury takes a moderate line, but suggests that in recent years modern historians have been overly lenient towards John's numerous faults. Popular historian Frank McLynn maintains a counter-revisionist perspective on John, arguing that the king's modern reputation amongst historians is "bizarre", and that as a monarch John "fails almost all those [tests] that can be legitimately set".

Question: What biographers argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch?
Answer: Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren

Question: Modern historians have been over lenient towards what?
Answer: John's numerous faults

Question: John Gillingham considers John what?
Answer: a less effective general
Title: Macintosh

The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the Commodore 64 for consumers, as well as the IBM Personal Computer and its accompanying clone market for businesses. Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade. In the 1990s, improvements in the rival Wintel platform, notably with the introduction of Windows 3.0, then Windows 95, gradually took market share from the more expensive Macintosh systems. The performance advantage of 68000-based Macintosh systems was eroded by Intel's Pentium, and in 1994 Apple was relegated to third place as Compaq became the top PC manufacturer. Even after a transition to the superior PowerPC-based Power Macintosh (later renamed the PowerMac, in line with the PowerBook series) line in 1994, the falling prices of commodity PC components and the release of Windows 95 saw the Macintosh user base decline.

Question: What hindered the competetive ability of Apple when it was introduced?
Answer: expensive

Question: Where did Macintosh initially find success in the market?
Answer: education and desktop publishing

Question: Which platform, when improved in the 1990's, took market share from Macintosh?
Answer: Wintel

Question: What type of advantage did Intel's Pentium over Macintosh systems in the 1990's?
Answer: performance

Question: Who became the top PC manufacturer in 1994, leaving Apple in 3rd place?
Answer: Compaq
Title: Macintosh

Smith's first Macintosh board was built to Raskin's design specifications: it had 64 kilobytes (kB) of RAM, used the Motorola 6809E microprocessor, and was capable of supporting a 256×256-pixel black-and-white bitmap display. Bud Tribble, a member of the Mac team, was interested in running the Apple Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh, and asked Smith whether he could incorporate the Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor into the Mac while still keeping the production cost down. By December 1980, Smith had succeeded in designing a board that not only used the 68000, but increased its speed from 5 MHz to 8 MHz; this board also had the capacity to support a 384×256-pixel display. Smith's design used fewer RAM chips than the Lisa, which made production of the board significantly more cost-efficient. The final Mac design was self-contained and had the complete QuickDraw picture language and interpreter in 64 kB of ROM – far more than most other computers; it had 128 kB of RAM, in the form of sixteen 64 kilobit (kb) RAM chips soldered to the logicboard. Though there were no memory slots, its RAM was expandable to 512 kB by means of soldering sixteen IC sockets to accept 256 kb RAM chips in place of the factory-installed chips. The final product's screen was a 9-inch, 512x342 pixel monochrome display, exceeding the size of the planned screen.

Question: How much RAM did the first Maciuntosh board have?
Answer: 64 kilobytes (kB)

Question: Whose idea was it to run Apple Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh?
Answer: Bud Tribble, a member of the Mac team

Question: What did Tribble first incorporate into the Mac?
Answer: Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor

Question: Which design feature did Smith eventually use to make production of a newly designed board more cost-efficient?
Answer: fewer RAM chips than the Lisa

Question: What feature was missing from the final Mac design produced by Smith?
Answer: memory slots
Title: Macintosh

Apple spent $2.5 million purchasing all 39 advertising pages in a special, post-election issue of Newsweek, and ran a "Test Drive a Macintosh" promotion, in which potential buyers with a credit card could take home a Macintosh for 24 hours and return it to a dealer afterwards. While 200,000 people participated, dealers disliked the promotion, the supply of computers was insufficient for demand, and many were returned in such a bad condition that they could no longer be sold. This marketing campaign caused CEO John Sculley to raise the price from US$1,995 to US$2,495 (about $5,200 when adjusted for inflation in 2010). The computer sold well, nonetheless, reportedly outselling the IBM PCjr which also began shipping early that year. By April 1984 the company sold 50,000 Macintoshes, and hoped for 70,000 by early May and almost 250,000 by the end of the year.

Question: How much did Apple spend to advertise in a special post-election issue of Newsweek?
Answer: $2.5 million

Question: What was the name of the big promotion Apple ran in the special edition of Newsweek?
Answer: "Test Drive a Macintosh"

Question: What did Apple allow potential buyers to take home and try for 24 hours?
Answer: a Macintosh

Question: How were many computers returned during the Test Drive a Macintosh promotion that made them unsellable?
Answer: a bad condition

Question: Who was the CEO of Apple during the Test Drive a Macintosh promotion?
Answer: John Sculley
Title: Macintosh

Apple released the Macintosh Plus on January 10, 1986, for a price of US$2,600. It offered one megabyte of RAM, easily expandable to four megabytes by the use of socketed RAM boards. It also featured a SCSI parallel interface, allowing up to seven peripherals—such as hard drives and scanners—to be attached to the machine. Its floppy drive was increased to an 800 kB capacity. The Mac Plus was an immediate success and remained in production, unchanged, until October 15, 1990; on sale for just over four years and ten months, it was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history. In September 1986, Apple introduced the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop, or MPW, an application that allowed software developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh, rather than cross compiling from a Lisa. In August 1987, Apple unveiled HyperCard and MultiFinder, which added cooperative multitasking to the Macintosh. Apple began bundling both with every Macintosh.

Question: What was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history while it was in production?
Answer: The Mac Plus

Question: How long did the Mac Plus remain in production, unchanged?
Answer: just over four years and ten months

Question: In 1986, what did Apple introduce to allow developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh?
Answer: Macintosh Programmer's Workshop

Question: What did Apple's HyerCard and MultiFinder add to the Macintosh?
Answer: cooperative multitasking

Question: After their unveiling in 1987, what did Apple begin bundling with every Macintosh?
Answer: HyperCard and MultiFinder
Title: Macintosh

With the new Motorola 68030 processor came the Macintosh IIx in 1988, which had benefited from internal improvements, including an on-board MMU. It was followed in 1989 by the Macintosh IIcx, a more compact version with fewer slots  and a version of the Mac SE powered by the 16 MHz 68030, the Macintosh SE/30. Later that year, the Macintosh IIci, running at 25 MHz, was the first Mac to be "32-bit clean." This allowed it to natively support more than 8 MB of RAM, unlike its predecessors, which had "32-bit dirty" ROMs (8 of the 32 bits available for addressing were used for OS-level flags). System 7 was the first Macintosh operating system to support 32-bit addressing. The following year, the Macintosh IIfx, starting at US$9,900, was unveiled. Apart from its fast 40 MHz 68030 processor, it had significant internal architectural improvements, including faster memory and two Apple II CPUs (6502s) dedicated to I/O processing.

Question: What Macintosh first included an on-board MMU?
Answer: the Macintosh IIx

Question: What was the first Mac to be "32-bit clean"?
Answer: the Macintosh IIci

Question: What was the starting price of the Macintosh llfx when it was unveiled?
Answer: US$9,900

Question: How many Apple II CPUS's did the new Macintosh llfx include?
Answer: two

Question: How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llfx?
Answer: 40 MHz
Title: Macintosh

As for Mac OS, System 7 was a 32-bit rewrite from Pascal to C++ that introduced virtual memory and improved the handling of color graphics, as well as memory addressing, networking, and co-operative multitasking. Also during this time, the Macintosh began to shed the "Snow White" design language, along with the expensive consulting fees they were paying to Frogdesign. Apple instead brought the design work in-house by establishing the Apple Industrial Design Group, becoming responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products.

Question: Which Mac is known for improving the handling of color graphics?
Answer: Mac OS, System 7

Question: Who did Apple pay expensive consulting fees to before doing in-house work?
Answer: Frogdesign

Question: What was established for bringing Apple's design work in-house?
Answer: the Apple Industrial Design Group

Question: Who was responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products?
Answer: Apple Industrial Design Group

Question: How did the Mac System 7 improve multitasking?
Answer: co-operative multitasking
Title: Macintosh

When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 following the company's purchase of NeXT, he ordered that the OS that had been previewed as version 7.7 be branded Mac OS 8 (in place of the never-to-appear Copland OS). Since Apple had licensed only System 7 to third parties, this move effectively ended the clone line. The decision caused significant financial losses for companies like Motorola, who produced the StarMax; Umax, who produced the SuperMac; and Power Computing, who offered several lines of Mac clones, including the PowerWave, PowerTower, and PowerTower Pro. These companies had invested substantial resources in creating their own Mac-compatible hardware. Apple bought out Power Computing's license, but allowed Umax to continue selling Mac clones until their license expired, as they had a sizeable presence in the lower-end segment that Apple did not. In September 1997 Apple extended Umax' license allowing them to sell clones with Mac OS 8, the only clone maker to do so, but with the restriction that they only sell low-end systems. Without the higher profit margins of high-end systems, however, Umax judged this would not be profitable and exited the Mac clone market in May 1998, having lost USD$36 million on the program.

Question: Who returned to Apple in 1997?
Answer: Steve Jobs

Question: What did Steve Jobs order the OS version 7.7 to be branded as?
Answer: Mac OS 8

Question: What did the branding of the Mac OS 8 effectively end?
Answer: the clone line

Question: What effect did Mac's decision to brand the Mac OS8 have on companies such as Motorola?
Answer: significant financial losses

Question: How much money did Umax lose when it exited the low-end Mac clone market?
Answer: USD$36 million
Title: Macintosh

Mac OS continued to evolve up to version 9.2.2, including retrofits such as the addition of a nanokernel and support for Multiprocessing Services 2.0 in Mac OS 8.6, though its dated architecture made replacement necessary. Initially developed in the Pascal programming language, it was substantially rewritten in C++ for System 7. From its beginnings on an 8 MHz machine with 128 KB of RAM, it had grown to support Apple's latest 1 GHz G4-equipped Macs. Since its architecture was laid down, features that were already common on Apple's competition, like preemptive multitasking and protected memory, had become feasible on the kind of hardware Apple manufactured. As such, Apple introduced Mac OS X, a fully overhauled Unix-based successor to Mac OS 9. OS X uses Darwin, XNU, and Mach as foundations, and is based on NeXTSTEP. It was released to the public in September 2000, as the Mac OS X Public Beta, featuring a revamped user interface called "Aqua". At US$29.99, it allowed adventurous Mac users to sample Apple's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release. The initial version of Mac OS X, 10.0 "Cheetah", was released on March 24, 2001. Older Mac OS applications could still run under early Mac OS X versions, using an environment called "Classic". Subsequent releases of Mac OS X included 10.1 "Puma" (2001), 10.2 "Jaguar" (2002), 10.3 "Panther" (2003) and 10.4 "Tiger" (2005).

Question: What did dated architecture on the Mac OS line make necessary?
Answer: replacement

Question: What programming language was the Mac OS initially developed in?
Answer: Pascal

Question: What language replaced Pascal for System 7?
Answer: C++

Question: What was the fuly overhauled successor to Mac OS 9?
Answer: Mac OS X

Question: Upon release, what interface allowed Mac users to sample Apple's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release?
Answer: Aqua