rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Paper

Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing. Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it and/or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint.

Question: What type of clay improves the characteristics of the pulps used in papermaking?
Answer: china clay

Question: What is added for sizing purposes?
Answer: Additives

Question: What besides china clay is used as a filler?
Answer: chalk
Title: Paper

Pressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead.

Question: How is the water removed by force from a sheet of paper?
Answer: Pressing

Question: What is used to collect the water expelled from pressing?
Answer: felt

Question: What is used to collect water when hand-making paper?
Answer: blotter sheet

Question: Besides a blotter sheet, what can be used to collect water?
Answer: felt
Title: Paper

Drying involves using air and/or heat to remove water from the paper sheets; in the earliest days of paper making this was done by hanging the sheets like laundry; in more modern times various forms of heated drying mechanisms are used. On the paper machine the most common is the steam heated can dryer. These can reach temperatures above 200 °F (93 °C) and are used in long sequences of more than 40 cans; where the heat produced by these can easily dry the paper to less than 6% moisture.

Question: What is the main component of drying the paper?
Answer: air

Question: At what percentage moisture content is the papermaking process trying to achieve in the end?
Answer: 6
Title: Paper

Paper at this point is uncoated. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image.

Question: Besides calcium, coated paper has a thin layer of what?
Answer: china clay

Question: What process is done to polish the surface of the paper?
Answer: calendering

Question: What is the shiniest type of coated paper?
Answer: Gloss

Question: What papers give the best optical density?
Answer: Gloss
Title: Paper

The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet.

Question: What contraption is used to carry the paper to the web printing presses?
Answer: reels

Question: In what manner are sheets normally cut?
Answer: long-grain

Question: If the paper is not to be used in the web printing process, what is done?
Answer: cut into sheets
Title: Paper

All paper produced by paper machines as the Fourdrinier Machine are wove paper, i.e. the wire mesh that transports the web leaves a pattern that has the same density along the paper grain and across the grain. Textured finishes, watermarks and wire patterns imitating hand-made laid paper can be created by the use of appropriate rollers in the later stages of the machine.

Question: What type of paper is produced on a machine like the Fourdrinier?
Answer: wove paper

Question: What is used to apply watermarks and other patterns?
Answer: rollers

Question: What is in common with the lentgh along and across the grain of paper produced by a machine such as the Fourdrinier?
Answer: density

Question: What leaves a pattern on the paper that has a consistent density width and lengthwise?
Answer: wire mesh
Title: Paper

Wove paper does not exhibit "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders.

Question: What type of lines does wove paper not exhibit?
Answer: Laidlines

Question: What are small regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould?
Answer: Laidlines

Question: What runs perpendicular to the laidlines?
Answer: chainlines

Question: Which is lines are commonly higher in density, laidlines or chainlines?
Answer: Laidlines
Title: Paper

The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world. Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick.

Question: What tool is often used in measuring the thickness of paper?
Answer: caliper

Question: In the United States, what units are used when stating the measurements of paper thickness?
Answer: thousandths of an inch

Question: Someone measuring the thickness of paper in the UK is likely to use what unit?
Answer: mm

Question: Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper thickness?
Answer: 0.0028 and 0.0071 in
Title: Paper

Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying "basic sizes", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in × 11 in (216 mm × 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces. In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock.

Question: What characteristic is paper usually classified by?
Answer: weight

Question: In the US, the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale?
Answer: a ream

Question: Paper rated at over 110lb is considered what type of stock?
Answer: card
Title: Paper

In Europe, and other regions using the ISO 216 paper sizing system, the weight is expressed in grammes per square metre (g/m2 or usually just g) of the paper. Printing paper is generally between 60 g and 120 g. Anything heavier than 160 g is considered card. The weight of a ream therefore depends on the dimensions of the paper and its thickness.

Question: What ISO sizing system does Europe use?
Answer: ISO 216

Question: If paper is over 160g what is it considered as?
Answer: card

Question: Besides thickness, what attribute is used in stating the weight of a ream in Europe?
Answer: dimensions
Title: Paper

Most commercial paper sold in North America is cut to standard paper sizes based on customary units and is defined by the length and width of a sheet of paper.

Question: Commercial paper is commonly defined by what?
Answer: length and width

Question: Most commercial paper in North America is cut in what manner?
Answer: standard paper sizes

Question: Standard paper sizes are usually described with what terms?
Answer: length and width
Title: Paper

The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 × 841 mm). Two sheets of A1, placed upright side by side fit exactly into one sheet of A0 laid on its side. Similarly, two sheets of A2 fit into one sheet of A1 and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets).

Question: Most countries besides the US use what ISO System?
Answer: ISO 216

Question: What country first adopted the ISO 216 standard?
Answer: Germany

Question: What is the largest standard size paper?
Answer: A0

Question: How many sheets of A1 paper would cover one single piece of A0 paper?
Answer: 2

Question: What is the lowest numbered A paper that is commonly used at home?
Answer: A3
Title: Paper

The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft).

Question: What is the lightest density of paper produced?
Answer: tissue paper

Question: What is the common density of printing paper?
Answer: 800 kg/m3
Title: Paper

Much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum, a variety of aluminium sulfate salts that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing, making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not "run" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that the alum they added liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product would eventually be detrimental. The cellulose fibres that make up paper are hydrolyzed by acid, and the presence of alum would eventually degrade the fibres until the paper disintegrated in a process that has come to be known as "slow fire". Documents written on rag paper were significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue.

Question: What acidic salts were commonly found in the early types of paper produced?
Answer: Alum

Question: Early papermakers added alum to help in what process?
Answer: sizing

Question: How was rag paper superior to the early types of paper made using alum?
Answer: more stable
Title: Paper

Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant amounts of lignin and is therefore better suited for books, documents and other applications where whiteness of the paper is essential.

Question: What particle is associated with the yellowing of newspapers?
Answer: lignin

Question: A book is likely made with paper that has low amounts of what component of wood?
Answer: lignin

Question: What does lignin react to to produce the yellowing you see in newspapers?
Answer: light and oxygen
Title: Paper

Paper made from wood pulp is not necessarily less durable than a rag paper. The ageing behavior of a paper is determined by its manufacture, not the original source of the fibres. Furthermore, tests sponsored by the Library of Congress prove that all paper is at risk of acid decay, because cellulose itself produces formic, acetic, lactic and oxalic acids.

Question: Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are subject to acid decay?
Answer: Library of Congress

Question: Besides formic, acetic, and lactic acid, what type of acid does cellulose produce?
Answer: oxalic
Title: Paper

Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books.

Question: How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process?
Answer: twice

Question: What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books?
Answer: Mechanical

Question: What level of acid is usually found in the paper used by book publishers?
Answer: acid-free
Title: Paper

Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years leading to increase in deforestation, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture. Most paper companies also plant trees to help regrow forests. Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10% of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues.

Question: In the last 40 years, how much has worldwide paper consumption risen?
Answer: 400%

Question: What percentage of harvested trees are used in the manufacturing of paper?
Answer: 35%

Question: What do many paper companies do to ensure the health of forests?
Answer: plant trees

Question: What percentage of wood pulp comes from old-growth trees?
Answer: 10%
Title: Paper

Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste produced in the United States each year, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of paper waste per year in the United States alone. The average office worker in the US prints 31 pages every day. Americans also use on the order of 16 billion paper cups per year.

Question: What percentage of total waste can be attributed to paper?
Answer: 40%

Question: How many millions of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year?
Answer: 71.6 million

Question: How many paper cups are used by Americans each year?
Answer: 16 billion

Question: How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the US each day?
Answer: 31
Title: Paper

Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.

Question: What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution?
Answer: bleaching

Question: How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?
Answer: through food

Question: Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food?
Answer: fatty tissue

Question: What agency internationally regulates dioxins?
Answer: the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Title: Paper

Some manufacturers have started using a new, significantly more environmentally friendly alternative to expanded plastic packaging. Made out of paper, and known commercially as paperfoam, the new packaging has very similar mechanical properties to some expanded plastic packaging, but is biodegradable and can also be recycled with ordinary paper.

Question: What product used in the sale ofpaper is newly used by manufacturers in an effort to be more environmentally friendly?
Answer: paperfoam

Question: What is the main benefit of using paperfoam over traditional shrink-wrap?
Answer: biodegradable

Question: What is paperfoam primarily made of?
Answer: paper

Question: How is paperfoam commonly disposed of?
Answer: recycled
Title: Paper

With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on zein (corn protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags.

Question: What is newly used as a coating in high grease applications?
Answer: corn protein

Question: Popcorn bags produced modernly are likely to use what type of coating?
Answer: corn protein

Question: PFOA is what type of coating?
Answer: synthetic
Title: Arena_Football_League

The Arena Football League (AFL) is the highest level of professional indoor American football in the United States. It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League. It is played indoors on a 68-yard field (about half the distance of an NFL field), resulting in a faster-paced and higher-scoring game. The sport was invented in the early 1980s and patented by Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League.

Question: When was the football league established?
Answer: 1987

Question: Where is football played?
Answer: indoors

Question: What does AFL sand for?
Answer: Arena Football League

Question: Who founded The AFL?
Answer: Jim Foster

Question: In what year was the AFL founded?
Answer: 1987

Question: In what decade was AFL sport invented?
Answer: 1980s

Question: Who was the founder of the Arena Football League?
Answer: Jim Foster

Question: What was the inaugural year of the AFL?
Answer: 1987

Question: Where does the Arena Football League rank amongst professional football leagues in North America by longevity?
Answer: third

Question: In yards, how large is an arena football field?
Answer: 68

Question: What fraction of the size of an NFL football field is an arena football field?
Answer: half
Title: Arena_Football_League

For its 2015 season, the league consisted of 12 teams, all from the United States; however, upon the completion of the regular season, the league announced that the two teams it had assumed operation of during the season would cease all operations effective immediately; a regular season game slated between the two had previously been canceled and declared a tie. Subsequently, one of the remaining teams, the Spokane Shock, severed its ties with the league to join the competing IFL. The AFL is divided into two conferences  –  the American Conference and National Conference. Starting 2016, each conference will have only four teams as the champion San Jose SaberCats announced in November 2015 that they were ceasing activity for "reasons not associated with League operations."

Question: How many teams were there in the 2015 season?
Answer: 12

Question: How many conferences does the AFL have?
Answer: 2

Question: What are these conferences in the AFL named?
Answer: American Conference and National Conference

Question: Which team was the Champion in the 2015 season?
Answer: San Jose SaberCats

Question: How many teams played in the Arena Football League in the 2015 season?
Answer: 12

Question: What team left the AFL after the 2015 season to join another league?
Answer: Spokane Shock

Question: What league did the Spokane Shock join after the 2015 season?
Answer: IFL

Question: Along with the American Conference, what is the other conference in the AFL?
Answer: National Conference

Question: As of 2016, how many teams does each conference have?
Answer: four
Title: Arena_Football_League

The 2016 regular season consists of an 18-week schedule during which each team plays 16 games and two bye weeks. Each team plays two or three games against the teams within its own conference, and two games (home/road) against each team interconference-wise. The 2015 season started during the last week of March and ran weekly into late August. At the end of the regular season, all teams from each conference (the conference winner and three wild card teams) play in the AFL playoffs, an eight-team single-elimination tournament that culminates with the championship game, known as the ArenaBowl. From 1987 to 2004, 2010 and 2011 and again starting in 2014, the game was played at the site of the higher seeded team. From 2005 to 2008, the games were at neutral sites, Las Vegas and New Orleans. In 2012, the league championship returned to a neutral site and ArenaBowl XXV was held at the New Orleans Arena; ArenaBowl XXVI was held in Orlando. The 2016 season will begin April 1, 2016.

Question: As of 2016, how many regular season games does an AFL team play?
Answer: 16

Question: How long is the AFL regular season?
Answer: 18-week

Question: In what month did the 2015 AFL season begin?
Answer: March

Question: What month did the 2015 AFL season end?
Answer: August

Question: What is the name of the AFL championship game?
Answer: ArenaBowl
Title: Arena_Football_League

From 2000 to 2009, the AFL had its own developmental league, the af2. The AFL played 22 seasons from 1987 to 2008; internal issues caused the league to cancel its 2009 season, though the af2 did play. Later that year both the AFL and af2 were dissolved and reorganized as a new corporation comprising teams from both leagues, and the AFL returned in 2010. The Arena Football League has its headquarters in Chicago, Illinois.

Question: What was the name of the AFL development league?
Answer: af2

Question: When did the AFL development league begin?
Answer: 2000

Question: When was the first AFL season played?
Answer: 1987

Question: What Arena Football League season was cancelled?
Answer: 2009

Question: In what city and state is the Arena Football League based?
Answer: Chicago, Illinois
Title: Arena_Football_League

Jim Foster, a promotions manager with the National Football League, conceived of indoor football while watching an indoor soccer match at Madison Square Garden in 1981. While at the game, he wrote his idea on a 9x12 envelope, with sketches of the field and notes on gameplay. He presented the idea to a few friends at the NFL offices, where he received praise and encouragement for his concept. After solidifying the rules and a business plan, and supplemented with sketches by a professional artist, Foster presented his idea to various television networks. He reached an agreement with NBC for a "test game".

Question: Who was Jim Foster's employer prior to his founding the Arena Football League?
Answer: the National Football League

Question: What was Jim Foster viewing when he came up with the idea for arena football?
Answer: an indoor soccer match

Question: Where was Jim Foster when he came up with the idea for arena football?
Answer: Madison Square Garden

Question: In what year did Jim Foster conceive of the idea of arena football?
Answer: 1981

Question: What television network agreed to broadcast an arena football test game?
Answer: NBC
Title: Arena_Football_League

Plans for arena football were put on hold in 1982 as the United States Football League was launched. Foster left the NFL to accept a position in the USFL. He eventually became executive vice-president with the Chicago Blitz, where he returned to his concept of arena football. In 1983, he began organizing the test game in his spare time from his job with the Blitz. By 1985, the USFL had ceased football operations and he began devoting all his time to arena football, and on April 27, 1986, his concept was realized when the test game was played.

Question: What football league began in 1982?
Answer: the United States Football League

Question: What team in the USFL did Jim Foster work for?
Answer: Chicago Blitz

Question: When did the USFL shut down?
Answer: 1985

Question: On what date was the arena football test game played?
Answer: April 27, 1986

Question: What was Foster's job title with the Chicago Blitz?
Answer: executive vice-president