rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In the fall of 1958, Nasser formed a tripartite committee consisting of Zakaria Mohieddin, al-Hawrani, and Salah Bitar to oversee developments in Syria. By moving the latter two, who were Ba'athists, to Cairo, he neutralized important political figures who had their own ideas about how Syria should be run. He put Syria under Sarraj, who effectively reduced the province to a police state by imprisoning and exiling landholders who objected to the introduction of Egyptian agricultural reform in Syria, as well as communists. Following the Lebanese election of Fuad Chehab in September 1958, relations between Lebanon and the UAR improved considerably. On 25 March 1959, Chehab and Nasser met at the Lebanese–Syrian border and compromised on an end to the Lebanese crisis.

Question: Who did Nasser appoint to run Syria?
Answer: Sarraj

Question: What was Syria like under Sarraj?
Answer: police state

Question: Who did Lebanon elect in 1958?
Answer: Fuad Chehab

Question: How did relations between Lebanon and the UAR change with Chehab's election?
Answer: improved considerably

Question: In what year did Nasser and Chehab agree to end the Lebanon crisis?
Answer: 1959
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Relations between Nasser and Qasim grew increasingly bitter on 9 March, after Qasim's forces suppressed a rebellion in Mosul, launched a day earlier by a pro-Nasser Iraqi RCC officer backed by UAR authorities. Nasser had considered dispatching troops to aid his Iraqi sympathizers, but decided against it. He clamped down on Egyptian communist activity due to the key backing Iraqi communists provided Qasim. Several influential communists were arrested, including Nasser's old comrade Khaled Mohieddin, who had been allowed to re-enter Egypt in 1956.

Question: What Iraqi leader clashed with Nasser?
Answer: Qasim

Question: What did Quasm do to anger Nasser?
Answer: suppressed a rebellion in Mosul

Question: What did Nasser suppress as a result?
Answer: Egyptian communist activity

Question: What old ally did Nasser turn against?
Answer: Khaled Mohieddin
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Opposition to the union mounted among some of Syria's key elements, namely the socioeconomic, political, and military elites. In response to Syria's worsening economy, which Nasser attributed to its control by the bourgeoisie, in July 1961, Nasser decreed socialist measures that nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy. He also dismissed Sarraj in September to curb the growing political crisis. Aburish states that Nasser was not fully capable of addressing Syrian problems because they were "foreign to him". In Egypt, the economic situation was more positive, with a GNP growth of 4.5 percent and a rapid growth of industry. In 1960, Nasser nationalized the Egyptian press, which had already been cooperating with his government, in order to steer coverage towards the country's socioeconomic issues and galvanize public support for his socialist measures.

Question: What Syrian social group opposed the UAR?
Answer: elites

Question: How was Syria's economy fairing under the arrangement?
Answer: worsening

Question: How did Nasser respond to economic problems in Syria?
Answer: nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy

Question: What did Nasser do to Sarraj to try and help the political situation?
Answer: dismissed

Question: What industry did Nassir nationalize in 1960?
Answer: press
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 28 September 1961, secessionist army units launched a coup in Damascus, declaring Syria's secession from the UAR. In response, pro-union army units in northern Syria revolted and pro-Nasser protests occurred in major Syrian cities. Nasser sent Egyptian special forces to Latakia to bolster his allies, but withdrew them two days later, citing a refusal to allow inter-Arab fighting. Addressing the UAR's breakup on 5 October, Nasser accepted personal responsibility and declared that Egypt would recognize an elected Syrian government. He privately blamed interference by hostile Arab governments. According to Heikal, Nasser suffered something resembling a nervous breakdown after the dissolution of the union; he began to smoke more heavily and his health began to deteriorate.

Question: What Syrian anti-Nasser group lauched a coup?
Answer: secessionist army units

Question: In what year did Syria leave the UAR?
Answer: 1961

Question: Where did Nasser send Egyptian special forces?
Answer: Latakia

Question: What happened to Nasser after the breakup of the UAR?
Answer: nervous breakdown

Question: How was Nasser's health after the breakup of the UAR?
Answer: his health began to deteriorate
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser's regional position changed unexpectedly when Yemeni officers led by Nasser supporter Abdullah al-Sallal overthrew Imam Badr of North Yemen on 27 September 1962. Al-Badr and his tribal partisans began receiving increasing support from Saudi Arabia to help reinstate the kingdom, while Nasser subsequently accepted a request by Sallal to militarily aid the new government on 30 September. Consequently, Egypt became increasingly embroiled in the drawn-out civil war until it withdrew its forces in 1967. Most of Nasser's old colleagues had questioned the wisdom of continuing the war, but Amer reassured Nasser of their coming victory. Nasser later remarked in 1968 that intervention in Yemen was a "miscalculation".

Question: What country experienced a coup in 1962?
Answer: North Yemen

Question: What country agreed to help suppress the Yemeni rebellion?
Answer: Saudi Arabia

Question: Which side of the civil war did Nasser side with?
Answer: the new government

Question: In what year did Egypt leave Yemen's civil war?
Answer: 1967

Question: How did Nasser characterize Egypt's involvement in Yemen's civil war?
Answer: miscalculation
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 8 February 1963, a military coup in Iraq led by a Ba'athist–Nasserist alliance toppled Qasim, who was subsequently shot dead. Abdel Salam Aref, a Nasserist, was chosen to be the new president. A similar alliance toppled the Syrian government on 8 March. On 14 March, the new Iraqi and Syrian governments sent Nasser delegations to push for a new Arab union. At the meeting, Nasser lambasted the Ba'athists for "facilitating" Syria's split from the UAR, and asserted that he was the "leader of the Arabs". A transitional unity agreement stipulating a federal system was signed by the parties on 17 April and the new union was set to be established in May 1965. However, the agreement fell apart weeks later when Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters from the officers corps. A failed counter-coup by a Nasserist colonel followed, after which Nasser condemned the Ba'athists as "fascists".

Question: What groups completed a coup in Iraq?
Answer: Ba'athist–Nasserist alliance

Question: Who became the new Iraqi president after the coup?
Answer: Abdel Salam Aref

Question: What caused the agreement to fail?
Answer: Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters

Question: How did Nasser describe the Ba'athists?
Answer: fascists
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In January 1964, Nasser called for an Arab League summit in Cairo to establish a unified Arab response against Israel's plans to divert the Jordan River's waters for economic purposes, which Syria and Jordan deemed an act of war. Nasser blamed Arab divisions for what he deemed "the disastrous situation". He discouraged Syria and Palestinian guerrillas from provoking the Israelis, conceding that he had no plans for war with Israel. During the summit, Nasser developed cordial relations with King Hussein, and ties were mended with the rulers of Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Morocco. In May, Nasser moved to formally share his leadership position over the Palestine issue by initiating the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In practice, Nasser used the PLO to wield control over the Palestinian fedayeen. Its head was to be Ahmad Shukeiri, Nasser's personal nominee.

Question: What river did the Israelis want to divert?
Answer: Jordan River

Question: How did Syria and Jordan see Israel's plans?
Answer: act of war

Question: What leader did Nasser bond with durin gthe negotiations?
Answer: King Hussein

Question: What organization was formed as a result of the talks?
Answer: Palestine Liberation Organization

Question: Who was set to lead the PLO?
Answer: Ahmad Shukeiri
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

After years of foreign policy coordination and developing ties, Nasser, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Tito of Yugoslavia, and Prime Minister Nehru of India founded the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961. Its declared purpose was to solidify international non-alignment and promote world peace amid the Cold War, end colonization, and increase economic cooperation among developing countries. In 1964, Nasser was made president of the NAM and held the second conference of the organization in Cairo.

Question: In what year was the Non-Aligned Movment formed?
Answer: 1961

Question: Who was named leader of the NAM in 1964?
Answer: Nasser

Question: What global conflict was the NAM made to counter?
Answer: Cold War
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser played a significant part in the strengthening of African solidarity in the late 1950s and early 1960s, although his continental leadership role had increasingly passed to Algeria since 1962. During this period, Nasser made Egypt a refuge for anti-colonial leaders from several African countries and allowed the broadcast of anti-colonial propaganda from Cairo. Beginning in 1958, Nasser had a key role in the discussions among African leaders that led to the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963.

Question: What continent did Nasser help to attain political stability?
Answer: African

Question: Who did Nasser give asylum to?
Answer: anti-colonial leaders from several African countries

Question: What type of programming was broadcast from Cairo?
Answer: anti-colonial propaganda

Question: What African group did Nasser help to form?
Answer: Organisation of African Unity

Question: What year was the OAU formed?
Answer: 1963
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In 1961, Nasser sought to firmly establish Egypt as the leader of the Arab world and to promote a second revolution in Egypt with the purpose of merging Islamic and socialist thinking. To achieve this, he initiated several reforms to modernize al-Azhar, which serves as the de facto leading authority in Sunni Islam, and to ensure its prominence over the Muslim Brotherhood and the more conservative Wahhabism promoted by Saudi Arabia. Nasser had used al-Azhar's most willing ulema (scholars) as a counterweight to the Brotherhood's Islamic influence, starting in 1953.

Question: What country did Nasser want to be the leader of the Arab world?
Answer: Egypt

Question: What two disparate ideologies was Nasser trying to unite?
Answer: Islamic and socialist

Question: What religious group did Nasser endeavor to reform?
Answer: al-Azhar

Question: What religious group was Nasser seeking to marginalize?
Answer: Muslim Brotherhood
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Following Syria's secession, Nasser grew concerned with Amer's inability to train and modernize the army, and with the state within a state Amer had created in the military command and intelligence apparatus. In late 1961, Nasser established the Presidential Council and decreed it the authority to approve all senior military appointments, instead of leaving this responsibility solely to Amer. Moreover, he instructed that the primary criterion for promotion should be merit and not personal loyalties. Nasser retracted the initiative after Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him.

Question: What military entity did Nasser create in 1961?
Answer: Presidential Council

Question: As opposed to personal loyalty, what basis should military promotions be given, according to Nasser?
Answer: merit

Question: Why did Nasser abandon the Presidential Council?
Answer: Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him

Question: What leader was sidelined by the Presidential Council?
Answer: Amer

Question: What was the Presidential Council meant to do?
Answer: approve all senior military appointments
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In early 1962 Nasser again attempted to wrest control of the military command from Amer. Amer responded by directly confronting Nasser for the first time and secretly rallying his loyalist officers. Nasser ultimately backed down, wary of a possible violent confrontation between the military and his civilian government. According to Boghdadi, the stress caused by the UAR's collapse and Amer's increasing autonomy forced Nasser, who already had diabetes, to practically live on painkillers from then on.

Question: From whom did Nasser want to seize control of Egypt's military?
Answer: Amer

Question: Who blinked in the confrontation between Nasser and Amer?
Answer: Nasser

Question: How did Amer respond to Nasser's attempts to marginalize him?
Answer: directly confronting Nasser

Question: How did Nasser deal with the stress of the UAR's collapse and Amer's intransigence?
Answer: painkillers

Question: From what chronic illness was Nasser suffering?
Answer: diabetes
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In October 1961, Nasser embarked on a major nationalization program for Egypt, believing the total adoption of socialism was the answer to his country's problems and would have prevented Syria's secession. In order to organize and solidify his popular base with Egypt's citizens and counter the army's influence, Nasser introduced the National Charter in 1962 and a new constitution. The charter called for universal health care, affordable housing, vocational schools, greater women's rights and a family planning program, as well as widening the Suez Canal.

Question: What political ideology did Nasser wholeheartedly back in 1961?
Answer: socialism

Question: What was the document Nasser backed to push his socialist reforms?
Answer: National Charter

Question: What infrastructure project was part of the National Charter?
Answer: widening the Suez Canal

Question: What year was the National Charter released?
Answer: 1962

Question: What type of health care program was put forth in the National Charter?
Answer: universal
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser also attempted to maintain oversight of the country's civil service to prevent it from inflating and consequently becoming a burden to the state. New laws provided workers with a minimum wage, profit shares, free education, free health care, reduced working hours, and encouragement to participate in management. Land reforms guaranteed the security of tenant farmers, promoted agricultural growth, and reduced rural poverty. As a result of the 1962 measures, government ownership of Egyptian business reached 51 percent, and the National Union was renamed the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). With these measures came more domestic repression, as thousands of Islamists were imprisoned, including dozens of military officers. Nasser's tilt toward a Soviet-style system led his aides Boghdadi and Hussein el-Shafei to submit their resignations in protest.

Question: What percentage of business did the Egyptian government own in 1962?
Answer: 51

Question: What was the new name for the National Union?
Answer: Arab Socialist Union

Question: What was the expression of Nasser's reforms on the street?
Answer: repression

Question: What group was targeted with imprisonment?
Answer: Islamists

Question: How did two of Nasser's top aids respond to the new measures?
Answer: submit their resignations in protest
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

During the presidential referendum in Egypt, Nasser was re-elected to a second term as UAR president and took his oath on 25 March 1965. He was the only candidate for the position, with virtually all of his political opponents forbidden by law from running for office, and his fellow party members reduced to mere followers. That same year, Nasser had the Muslim Brotherhood chief ideologue Sayyed Qutb imprisoned. Qutb was charged and found guilty by the court of plotting to assassinate Nasser, and was executed in 1966. Beginning in 1966, as Egypt's economy slowed and government debt became increasingly burdensome, Nasser began to ease state control over the private sector, encouraging state-owned bank loans to private business and introducing incentives to increase exports. During the 60's, the Egyptian economy went from sluggishness to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.

Question: What was Nasser's political opposition like in the 1965 election?
Answer: He was the only candidate

Question: The leader of what organization was imprisoned by Nasser?
Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: What was Qutb's sentence?
Answer: executed

Question: What economic element did Nasser try to encourage with bank loans?
Answer: private sector

Question: How did Egypt's economy do during the 1960s?
Answer: from sluggishness to the verge of collapse
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria, although Chief of Staff Mohamed Fawzi considered the warnings to be "baseless". According to Kandil, without Nasser's authorization, Amer used the Soviet warnings as a pretext to dispatch troops to Sinai on 14 May, and Nasser subsequently demanded UNEF's withdrawal. Earlier that day, Nasser received a warning from King Hussein of Israeli-American collusion to drag Egypt into war. The message had been originally received by Amer on 2 May, but was withheld from Nasser until the Sinai deployment on 14 May. Although in the preceding months, Hussein and Nasser had been accusing each other of avoiding a fight with Israel, Hussein was nonetheless wary that an Egyptian-Israeli war would risk the West Bank's occupation by Israel. Nasser still felt that the US would restrain Israel from attacking due to assurances that he received from the US and Soviet Union. In turn, he also reassured both powers that Egypt would only act defensively.

Question: What country warned Nasser that Israel wanted to attack Syria?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What did Amer do without Nasser's approval?
Answer: dispatch troops to Sinai

Question: What nations were trying to drag Egypt into a war, according to King Hussein?
Answer: Israeli-American

Question: What territory was King Hussein afraid Israel would obtain?
Answer: West Bank

Question: Who did Nasser think would prevent Israel from launching an offensive?
Answer: US
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 21 May, Amer asked Nasser to order the Straits of Tiran blockaded, a move Nasser believed Israel would use as a casus belli. Amer reassured him that the army was prepared for confrontation, but Nasser doubted Amer's assessment of the military's readiness. According to Nasser's vice president Zakaria Mohieddin, although "Amer had absolute authority over the armed forces, Nasser had his ways of knowing what was really going on". Moreover, Amer anticipated an impending Israeli attack and advocated a preemptive strike. Nasser refused the call upon determination that the air force lacked pilots and Amer's handpicked officers were incompetent. Still, Nasser concluded that if Israel attacked, Egypt's quantitative advantage in manpower and arms could stave off Israeli forces for at least two weeks, allowing for diplomacy towards a ceasefire. Towards the end of May, Nasser increasingly exchanged his positions of deterrence for deference to the inevitability of war, under increased pressure to act by both the general Arab populace and various Arab governments. On 26 May Nasser declared, "our basic objective will be to destroy Israel". On 30 May, King Hussein committed Jordan in an alliance with Egypt and Syria.

Question: What thoroughfare did Amir want Nasser to block?
Answer: Straits of Tiran

Question: Who was Nassir's vice president?
Answer: Zakaria Mohieddin

Question: How would Nassir deal with an Israeli invasion, if it happened?
Answer: diplomacy towards a ceasefire

Question: What country joined Egypt and Syria against Israel?
Answer: Jordan
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

According to Sadat, it was only when the Israelis cut off the Egyptian garrison at Sharm el-Sheikh that Nasser became aware of the situation's gravity. After hearing of the attack, he rushed to army headquarters to inquire about the military situation. The simmering conflict between Nasser and Amer subsequently came to the fore, and officers present reported the pair burst into "a nonstop shouting match". The Supreme Executive Committee, set up by Nasser to oversee the conduct of the war, attributed the repeated Egyptian defeats to the Nasser–Amer rivalry and Amer's overall incompetence. According to Egyptian diplomat Ismail Fahmi, who became foreign minister during Sadat's presidency, the Israeli invasion and Egypt's consequent defeat was a result of Nasser's dismissal of all rational analysis of the situation and his undertaking of a series of irrational decisions.

Question: What defeat opened Nasser's eyes to the desperation of Egypt's situation?
Answer: Sharm el-Sheikh

Question: What two Egyptian leaders personal conflicts played a large part in Egypt's poor showing  in the war?
Answer: Nasser–Amer

Question: What did Nasser dismiss during the war?
Answer: rational analysis
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

During the first four days of the war, the general population of the Arab world believed Arab radio station fabrications of imminent Arab victory. On 9 June, Nasser appeared on television to inform Egypt's citizens of their country's defeat. He announced his resignation on television later that day, and ceded all presidential powers to his then-Vice President Zakaria Mohieddin, who had no prior information of this decision and refused to accept the post. Hundreds of thousands of sympathizers poured into the streets in mass demonstrations throughout Egypt and across the Arab world rejecting his resignation, chanting, "We are your soldiers, Gamal!" Nasser retracted his decision the next day.

Question: What propaganda were Arab media broadcasting at the beginning of the war?
Answer: imminent Arab victory

Question: What day did Nasser announce Egypt's defeat?
Answer: 9 June

Question: What did Nasser do about his position as President?
Answer: announced his resignation

Question: Who rejected Nasser's offer to become the new president?
Answer: Zakaria Mohieddin

Question: What did Nasser do after mass demonstrations?
Answer: retracted his decision
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 11 July, Nasser replaced Amer with Mohamed Fawzi as general commander, over the protestations of Amer's loyalists in the military, 600 of whom marched on army headquarters and demanded Amer's reinstatement. After Nasser sacked thirty of the loyalists in response, Amer and his allies devised a plan to topple him on 27 August. Nasser was tipped off about their activities and, after several invitations, he convinced Amer to meet him at his home on 24 August. Nasser confronted Amer about the coup plot, which he denied before being arrested by Mohieddin. Amer committed suicide on 14 September. Despite his souring relationship with Amer, Nasser spoke of losing "the person closest to [him]". Thereafter, Nasser began a process of depoliticizing the armed forces, arresting dozens of leading military and intelligence figures loyal to Amer.

Question: Who did Nasser appoint as the new head of Egypt's armed forces?
Answer: Mohamed Fawzi

Question: How did Amer react to being confronted about planning a coup?
Answer: suicide

Question: How did Nasser try to deal with the military following the coup attempt?
Answer: depoliticizing the armed forces

Question: What loyalists did Nasser target?
Answer: figures loyal to Amer