rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that "the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that "executive privilege" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Question: Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President?
Answer: national security
Title: Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches.

Question: What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?
Answer: checks and balances
Title: Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time.

Question: Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? 
Answer: the Supreme Court
Title: Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]

Question: Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida?
Answer: the Florida Supreme Court

Question: Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system?
Answer: the Florida Supreme Court
Title: Architecture

Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

Question: What is the latin word for architecture?
Answer: Architectural

Question: What is the Latin word for architecture?
Answer: architectura

Question: What do you call the planning and building of buildings?
Answer: Architecture

Question: What structures can be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures?
Answer: Architectural works

Question: Civilizations from the past cane often be identified by what surviving structures?
Answer: architectural achievements

Question: In what language does the word "architecture" have its origins?
Answer: Greek

Question: What two words is "architecture" a combination of?
Answer: ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder"

Question: Architecture involves the creation of what?
Answer: buildings and other physical structures

Question: Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?
Answer: as works of art

Question: What can extant architectural works be used to identify?
Answer: Historical civilizations
Title: Architecture

The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:

Question: What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?
Answer: De architectura

Question: Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?
Answer: Roman architect Vitruvius

Question: When did Vitruvius create these plans?
Answer: 1st century AD.

Question: What are the three principles every plan should consider?
Answer: firmness, commodity and delight.

Question: What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?
Answer: De architectura

Question: Who was the author of  De architectura?
Answer: Vitruvius

Question: What was Vitruvius' profession?
Answer: architect

Question: What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?
Answer: firmitas, utilitas, venustas

Question: What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?
Answer: firmness, commodity and delight
Title: Architecture

According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.

Question: When were the styles of arts created?
Answer: 16th century

Question: Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?
Answer: Vasari

Question: By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?
Answer: Italian, French, Spanish and English

Question: In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?
Answer: architect

Question: Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?
Answer: Leon Battista Alberti

Question: What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?
Answer: proportion

Question: What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?
Answer: the Golden mean

Question: In what century did "style" as an artistic concept arise?
Answer: 16th
Title: Architecture

In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."

Question: Who wrote the book Contrasts?
Answer: Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin

Question: What year was Contrasts written in?
Answer: 1836

Question: What was the name of Pugin's book?
Answer: Contrasts

Question: In what year was Contrasts written?
Answer: 1836

Question: What world did Pugin dislike?
Answer: modern, industrial world

Question: What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian?
Answer: Gothic
Title: Architecture

The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".

Question: Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?
Answer: John Ruskin

Question: Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?
Answer: John Ruskin

Question: What was Ruskin's career? 
Answer: art critic

Question: When was  Seven Lamps of Architecture published?
Answer: 1849

Question: What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?
Answer: to his mental health, power, and pleasure
Title: Architecture

For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.

Question: Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture?
Answer: not

Question: What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin?
Answer: the aesthetic

Question: To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure?
Answer: it is in some way "adorned"

Question: What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?
Answer: string courses or rustication
Title: Architecture

On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".

Question: What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?
Answer: 20th-century

Question: Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? 
Answer: Le Corbusier

Question: What was Le Corbusier 's profession?
Answer: Architect

Question: When did Le Corbusier live and write?
Answer: 20th-century

Question: What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?
Answer: heart

Question: What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?
Answer: I am happy
Title: Architecture

While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.

Question: What term replaced Vitruvius' term "utility"?
Answer: Function

Question: In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?
Answer: aesthetic, psychological and cultural

Question: Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?
Answer: Vitruvius

Question: What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?
Answer: all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building

Question: What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?
Answer: both popularity and skepticism
Title: Architecture

Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.

Question: What are some philosophies that modern architects use?
Answer: rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.

Question: Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?
Answer: philosophies

Question: Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?
Answer: their approach to building design

Question: Which philosophy followed structuralism?
Answer: poststructuralism
Title: Architecture

In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.

Question: When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?
Answer: late 20th century

Question: What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?
Answer: sustainability

Question: To what should a building be friendly?
Answer: environment

Question: What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?
Answer: non-sustainable power sources
Title: Architecture

Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

Question: What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?
Answer: shelter, security, worship

Question: Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?
Answer: knowledge

Question: What was building considered?
Answer: a craft

Question: What was the most valued type of building craft called?
Answer: architecture

Question: Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?
Answer: building materials
Title: Architecture

It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.

Question: What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?
Answer: vernacular buildings

Question: Why did the economy begin to expand?
Answer: a surplus in production

Question: Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?
Answer: trial and error

Question: What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?
Answer: vernacular

Question: In what environment were many of the first human settlements?
Answer: rural

Question: What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?
Answer: urbanization

Question: At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand?
Answer: rapidly
Title: Architecture

In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.

Question: What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?
Answer: Egypt and Mesopotamia

Question: What are two examples of past civilizations?
Answer: Egypt and Mesopotamia

Question: To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?
Answer: the divine and the supernatural

Question: What does architectural monumentality often represent?
Answer: political power
Title: Architecture

Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.

Question: Name one Asian architectural writer.
Answer: Kao Gong Ji

Question: What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?
Answer: China

Question: When was the Kao Gong Ji written?
Answer: 7th–5th centuries BCE

Question: What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?
Answer: Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra

Question: India produced which early architectural text?
Answer: Shilpa Shastras
Title: Architecture

The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.

Question: What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?
Answer: pantheistic religion

Question: Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?
Answer: Buddhist architecture

Question: When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?
Answer: 3rd century BCE

Question: What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?
Answer: the macrocosm and the microcosm

Question: What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?
Answer: the Shastras

Question: What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences
Answer: Buddhist

Question: What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?
Answer: pantheistic religion
Title: Architecture

Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.

Question: What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?
Answer: European architecture

Question: When was Islamic architecture first seen?
Answer: 7th century CE

Question: In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?
Answer: Byzantium

Question: What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?
Answer: religious and social needs

Question: What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?
Answer: pointed arch
Title: Architecture

The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.

Question: What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?
Answer: abbeys and cathedrals.

Question: What were the most important buildings of the time?
Answer: abbeys and cathedrals

Question: What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?
Answer: clerics and tradesmen

Question: What style is Gothic?
Answer: pan-European

Question: What is another pan-European style?
Answer: Romanesque

Question: When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?
Answer: 900 CE onwards
Title: Architecture

In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.

Question: When was Renaissance Humanism developed?
Answer: 1400

Question: When did the Classical learning revival begin?
Answer: 1400 onwards

Question: What continent did this revival take place on?
Answer: Europe

Question: What was the name for the time period?
Answer: Renaissance

Question: What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize?
Answer: role of the individual

Question: What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?
Answer: artist, architect and engineer
Title: Architecture

Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.

Question: What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account? 
Answer: functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic

Question: In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?
Answer: form, space and ambience

Question: Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?
Answer: pragmatic aspects
Title: Architecture

Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'

Question: Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?
Answer: Nunzia Rondanini

Question: In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?
Answer: Through its aesthetic dimension

Question: What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"?
Answer: social life

Question: What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?
Answer: social development

Question: What does architecture share with other sciences?
Answer: functional aspects
Title: Architecture

To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".

Question: What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?
Answer: art for art's sake

Question: What sort of quest lacks purpose?
Answer: quest for perfection or originality

Question: What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?
Answer: form