rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Russian_language

The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. Many Russian novels of the 19th century, e.g. Leo Tolstoy's (Лев Толсто́й) War and Peace, contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given, with an assumption that educated readers would not need one.

Question: Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from?
Answer: the languages of Western Europe

Question: What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?
Answer: French

Question: What third language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?
Answer: German

Question: Who wrote 'War and Peace'?
Answer: Leo Tolstoy

Question: What language often appeared in Russian novels without translation?
Answer: French
Title: Russian_language

The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin (Алекса́ндр Пу́шкин) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "высо́кий стиль" — "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time. Even modern readers of younger age may only experience slight difficulties understanding some words in Pushkin's texts, since relatively few words used by Pushkin have become archaic or changed meaning. In fact, many expressions used by Russian writers of the early 19th century, in particular Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov (Михаи́л Ле́рмонтов), Nikolai Gogol (Никола́й Го́голь), Aleksander Griboyedov (Алекса́ндр Грибое́дов), became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech.

Question: Who revolutionized modern Russian?
Answer: Alexander Pushkin

Question: What did Pushkin reject from older Russian?
Answer: archaic grammar and vocabulary

Question: What was 'high style'?
Answer: archaic grammar and vocabulary

Question: What happened to some expressions in Pushkin's writing?
Answer: became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech
Title: Russian_language

During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. Following the break-up of the USSR in 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national discourse throughout the region has continued.

Question: When did the USSR dissolve?
Answer: 1991

Question: When did the USSR make Russian the official language?
Answer: 1990

Question: What unofficial status did Russian have in the USSR before 1990?
Answer: the unifying role and superior status
Title: Russian_language

According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L., the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. In 2012, A. L. Arefyev published a new study "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries", in which he confirmed his conclusion about the trend of further weakening of the Russian language in all regions of the world (findings published in 2013 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly"). In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages. Currently the number speakers of Russian language in the world depends on the number of Russians in the world (as the main sources distribution Russian language) and total population Russia (where Russian is an official language).

Question: What department is the Research Center for Sociological Research part of?
Answer: Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)

Question: Who wrote "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries"?
Answer: A. L. Arefyev

Question: When was "Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries" published?
Answer: 2012

Question: What does Arefyev say is happening to Russian?
Answer: In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages.
Title: United_States_Air_Force

The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U.S. military to be formed, and is the largest and one of the world's most technologically advanced air forces. The USAF articulates its core functions as Nuclear Deterrence Operations, Special Operations, Air Superiority, Global Integrated ISR, Space Superiority, Command and Control, Cyberspace Superiority, Personnel Recovery, Global Precision Attack, Building Partnerships, Rapid Global Mobility and Agile Combat Support.

Question: What is the USAF?
Answer: the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces

Question: How many uniformed services are there in the United States?
Answer: seven

Question: When did the USAF split from the US Army?
Answer: 18 September 1947

Question: What act formed the USAF?
Answer: National Security Act of 1947

Question: What is one of the functions of the USAF?
Answer: Nuclear Deterrence Operations
Title: United_States_Air_Force

The U.S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, and is appointed by the President with Senate confirmation. The highest-ranking military officer in the Department of the Air Force is the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, who exercises supervision over Air Force units, and serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Air Force combat and mobility forces are assigned, as directed by the Secretary of Defense, to the Combatant Commanders, and neither the Secretary of the Air Force nor the Chief of Staff have operational command authority over them.

Question: How many departments are there in the Department of Defense?
Answer: three

Question: Who does the Secretary of the Air Force currently report to? 
Answer: Secretary of Defense

Question: What branch of the government must confirm the President's appointment of the Secretary of the Air Force? 
Answer: Senate

Question: Who serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff?
Answer: Chief of Staff of the Air Force

Question: Who assigns combat missions to the Air Force? 
Answer: Secretary of Defense
Title: United_States_Air_Force

Recently, the Air Force refined its understanding of the core duties and responsibilities it performs as a Military Service Branch, streamlining what previously were six distinctive capabilities and seventeen operational functions into twelve core functions to be used across the doctrine, organization, training, equipment, leadership, and education, personnel, and facilities spectrum. These core functions express the ways in which the Air Force is particularly and appropriately suited to contribute to national security, but they do not necessarily express every aspect of what the Air Force contributes to the nation. It should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs.

Question: How many core functions did the Air Force reduce its duties down to recently? 
Answer: twelve

Question: What do these core functions of the Air Force express? 
Answer: contribute to national security

Question: What are not considered doctrinal constructs of the Air Force? 
Answer: core functions
Title: United_States_Air_Force

Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to promoting security and is also an integral part of this mission. Moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. The Air Force maintains and presents credible deterrent capabilities through successful visible demonstrations and exercises which assure allies, dissuade proliferation, deter potential adversaries from actions that threaten US national security or the populations and deployed military forces of the US, its allies and friends.

Question: What is the mission set of the Air Force called that includes nuclear strike operations? 
Answer: Assure/Dissuade/Deter

Question: How does the Air Force promote security to its allies? 
Answer: Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD

Question: What is the US Air Force prepared to do to support its allies? 
Answer: carry out the nuclear strike operations mission

Question: What do potential adversaries threaten that the US Air Force prevents? 
Answer: US national security
Title: United_States_Air_Force

Nuclear strike is the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. If a crisis occurs, rapid generation and, if necessary, deployment of nuclear strike capabilities will demonstrate US resolve and may prompt an adversary to alter the course of action deemed threatening to our national interest. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level and lead to a rapid cessation of hostilities. Post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. The Air Force may present a credible force posture in either the Continental United States, within a theater of operations, or both to effectively deter the range of potential adversaries envisioned in the 21st century. This requires the ability to engage targets globally using a variety of methods; therefore, the Air Force should possess the ability to induct, train, assign, educate and exercise individuals and units to rapidly and effectively execute missions that support US NDO objectives. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of nuclear operations to ensure high levels of performance.

Question: What is the definition of a nuclear strike? 
Answer: the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets

Question: What action by the US Air Force would deter adversaries from threatening US Security? 
Answer: deployment of nuclear strike capabilities

Question: Who has the authorization in the US to terminate a conflict?
Answer: President

Question: What organization does the US Air Force support on its missions? 
Answer: US NDO objectives

Question: What is one of the areas where the US Air Force might operate its missions? 
Answer: Continental United States
Title: United_States_Air_Force

Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations. Because of their political and military importance, destructive power, and the potential consequences of an accident or unauthorized act, nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon systems require special consideration and protection against risks and threats inherent in their peacetime and wartime environments. The Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. This program applies to materiel, personnel, and procedures that contribute to the safety, security, and control of nuclear weapons, thus assuring no nuclear accidents, incidents, loss, or unauthorized or accidental use (a Broken Arrow incident). The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements. Adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Force's ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission. Positive nuclear command, control, communications; effective nuclear weapons security; and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function.

Question: What ensures the safety of nuclear operations? 
Answer: Nuclear surety

Question: What is the mission of the NDO in regards to nuclear security? 
Answer: precise and reliable nuclear operations

Question: What is a Broken Arrow incident in nuclear security? 
Answer: unauthorized or accidental use

Question: What is one of the five functions of NDO support? 
Answer: effective nuclear weapons security

Question: What other US departments does the Air Force coordinate with for nuclear security? 
Answer: Departments of Defense or Energy
Title: United_States_Air_Force

Offensive Counterair (OCA) is defined as "offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms, and their supporting structures and systems both before and after launch, but as close to their source as possible" (JP 1-02). OCA is the preferred method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source and typically enjoys the initiative. OCA comprises attack operations, sweep, escort, and suppression/destruction of enemy air defense.

Question: What does the abbreviation OCA stand for? 
Answer: Offensive Counterair

Question: What is the function or definition of the OCA according to JP 1-02?
Answer: offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms

Question: OCA is the preferred method of defeating what kind of attacks? 
Answer: air and missile threats

Question: What is one of the important functions of the OCA in dealing with attacks? 
Answer: suppression/destruction of enemy air defense
Title: United_States_Air_Force

Defensive Counterair (DCA) is defined as "all the defensive measures designed to detect, identify, intercept, and destroy or negate enemy forces attempting to penetrate or attack through friendly airspace" (JP 1-02). A major goal of DCA operations, in concert with OCA operations, is to provide an area from which forces can operate, secure from air and missile threats. The DCA mission comprises both active and passive defense measures. Active defense is "the employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks to deny a contested area or position to the enemy" (JP 1-02). It includes both ballistic missile defense and air breathing threat defense, and encompasses point defense, area defense, and high value airborne asset defense. Passive defense is "measures taken to reduce the probability of and to minimize the effects of damage caused by hostile action without the intention of taking the initiative" (JP 1-02). It includes detection and warning; chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense; camouflage, concealment, and deception; hardening; reconstitution; dispersion; redundancy; and mobility, counter-measures, and stealth.

Question: What does the abbreviation DCA stand for? 
Answer: Defensive Counterair

Question: What sort of airspace is the DCA designed to protect?
Answer: friendly

Question: What is active defense, according to the functions of the DCA? 
Answer: employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks

Question: What kind of missile defense does active defense protect against, according to the DCA?
Answer: ballistic

Question: What is one of the many ways the DCA utilizes passive defense to protect from enemy attacks? 
Answer: counter-measures
Title: United_States_Air_Force

Space superiority is "the degree of dominance in space of one force over another that permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea, air, space, and special operations forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force" (JP 1-02). Space superiority may be localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring. Space superiority provides freedom of action in space for friendly forces and, when directed, denies the same freedom to the adversary.

Question: What is the dominance in space of one force over another? 
Answer: Space superiority

Question: What does Space Superiority encompass? 
Answer: localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring

Question: Who does space superiority ensure freedom of action in space for? 
Answer: friendly forces

Question: What areas does Space Superiority operate in? 
Answer: land, sea, air, space
Title: United_States_Air_Force

Space Control is defined as "operations to ensure freedom of action in space for the US and its allies and, when directed, deny an adversary freedom of action in space. This mission area includes: operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack, interference, or unintentional hazards (defensive space control); operations to deny an adversary's use of space capabilities (offensive space control); and the requisite current and predictive knowledge of the space environment and the operational environment upon which space operations depend (space situational awareness)" (JP 1-02).

Question: What is the definition of Space Control according to the US and its allies? 
Answer: operations to ensure freedom of action in space

Question: What is one of the areas of operation that space control serves to protect? 
Answer: operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack

Question: What is the operational environment that Space Control depends on? 
Answer: space situational awareness
Title: United_States_Air_Force

This is the passive, active, and dynamic employment of capabilities to respond to imminent or on-going actions against Air Force or Air Force-protected networks, the Air Force's portion of the Global Information Grid, or expeditionary communications assigned to the Air Force. Cyberspace defense incorporates CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques and may be a contributor to influence operations. It is highly dependent upon ISR, fused all-source intelligence, automated indications and warning, sophisticated attribution/characterization, situational awareness, assessment, and responsive C2.

Question: Who responds with the employment of capabilities where there is a threat?
Answer: Air Force

Question: What is the definition of CND?
Answer: computer network defense

Question: What does Cyberspace defense include?
Answer: CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques

Question: What is one of the things that Cyberspace defense highly dependent on? 
Answer: fused all-source intelligence

Question: What branch of the military is in charge of Cyberspace defense? 
Answer: Air Force
Title: United_States_Air_Force

Cyberspace Support is foundational, continuous, or responsive operations ensuring information integrity and availability in, through, and from Air Force-controlled infrastructure and its interconnected analog and digital portion of the battle space. Inherent in this mission is the ability to establish, extend, secure, protect, and defend in order to sustain assigned networks and missions. This includes protection measures against supply chain components plus critical C2 networks/communications links and nuclear C2 networks. The cyberspace support mission incorporates CNE and CND techniques. It incorporates all elements of Air Force Network Operations, information transport, enterprise management, and information assurance, and is dependent on ISR and all-source intelligence.

Question: What division ensures the Air Force's information integrity and availability? 
Answer: Cyberspace Support

Question: What is ability is critical in Cyberspace Supports mission?
Answer: sustain assigned networks and missions

Question: What important networks is it the function of Cyberspace support to protect?
Answer: C2 networks/communications links and nuclear C2 networks

Question: What techniques does the Cyberspace Support branch of the Air Force use? 
Answer: CNE and CND
Title: United_States_Air_Force

Command and control is "the exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission" (JP 1-02). This core function includes all of the C2-related capabilities and activities associated with air, space, cyberspace, nuclear, and agile combat support operations to achieve strategic, operational, and tactical objectives.

Question: What is the definition of Command and Control in the Air Force operations? 
Answer: exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces

Question: Who is in charge of the Command and Control operations? 
Answer: commander in planning

Question: What is one of the C2 related functions that the Command and Control mission of the Air Force uses? 
Answer: agile combat support operations

Question: What are the main objectives of the Command and Control initiative? 
Answer: achieve strategic, operational, and tactical objectives
Title: United_States_Air_Force

Planning and Directing is "the determination of intelligence requirements, development of appropriate intelligence architecture, preparation of a collection plan, and issuance of orders and requests to information collection agencies" (JP 2-01, Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations). These activities enable the synchronization and integration of collection, processing, exploitation, analysis, and dissemination activities/resources to meet information requirements of national and military decision makers.

Question: What agency is in charge of intelligence requirements? 
Answer: Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations

Question: What is one of the ways that the Air Force uses Planning and Directing in its operations? 
Answer: development of appropriate intelligence architecture

Question: Who benefits from the process analysis and dissemination of this information? 
Answer: national and military decision makers