rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Edmund_Burke

The historian Piers Brendon asserts that Burke laid the moral foundations for the British Empire, epitomised in the trial of Warren Hastings, that was ultimately to be its undoing: when Burke stated that "The British Empire must be governed on a plan of freedom, for it will be governed by no other", this was "...an ideological bacillus that would prove fatal. This was Edmund Burke's paternalistic doctrine that colonial government was a trust. It was to be so exercised for the benefit of subject people that they would eventually attain their birthright—freedom". As a consequence of this opinion, Burke objected to the opium trade, which he called a "smuggling adventure" and condemned "the great Disgrace of the British character in India".

Question: Who thought Burke's trial of Hastings was a moral foundation of the British Empire?
Answer: Piers Brendon

Question: What did Burke think the British Empire should be governed based on?
Answer: a plan of freedom

Question: What did Burke call 'a smuggling adventure'?
Answer: opium trade

Question: What did Burke think had disgraced Britain in India?
Answer: opium trade
Title: Edmund_Burke

Burke's religious writing comprises published works and commentary on the subject of religion. Burke's religious thought was grounded in the belief that religion is the foundation of civil society. He sharply criticised deism and atheism, and emphasised Christianity as a vehicle of social progress. Born in Ireland to a Catholic mother and a Protestant father, Burke vigorously defended the Anglican Church, but also demonstrated sensitivity to Catholic concerns. He linked the conservation of a state (established) religion with the preservation of citizens' constitutional liberties and highlighted Christianity's benefit not only to the believer's soul, but also to political arrangements.

Question: Which church did Burke most defend?
Answer: Anglican

Question: What did Burke think was the foundation of society?
Answer: religion

Question: What religion was Burke's mother?
Answer: Catholic

Question: What religion was Burke's father?
Answer: Protestant

Question: Burke thought religion was beneficial to what besides souls?
Answer: political arrangements
Title: Samoa

The Independent State of Samoa ( Samoan: Malo Sa 'oloto Tuto 'atasi o Sāmoa, IPA: [ˌsaːˈmoa]), commonly known as Samoa (Samoan: Sāmoa) and formerly known as Western Samoa, is a Unitary Parliamentary Republic with eleven administrative divisions. The two main islands are Savai'i and Upolu with four smaller islands surrounding the landmasses. The capital city is Apia. The Lapita people discovered and settled the Samoan islands around 3,500 years ago. They developed a unique language and cultural identity.

Question: What was Samoa's old name?
Answer: Western Samoa

Question: How many administrative divisions does Samoa have?
Answer: eleven

Question: How many little islands are there around Savai'i and Upolu?
Answer: four

Question: What's the name of Samoa's capital?
Answer: Apia

Question: About how long ago were the Samoan islands discovered?
Answer: 3,500 years
Title: Samoa

The origins of the Samoans are closely studied in modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics and anthropology. Scientific research is ongoing, although a number of different theories exist; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE. The Samoan origins are currently being reassessed due to new scientific evidence and carbon dating findings from 2003 and onwards.

Question: In what year did new discoveries change the course of research on Samoan origins?
Answer: 2003

Question: In addition to linguistics and genetics, what field of study researches Samoan origins?
Answer: anthropology

Question: One theory posits that Samoans originated from what people during the Lapita expansion period?
Answer: Austronesian

Question: What year marks the end of the period of the terminal eastward Lapita expansion?
Answer: 1,500 BCE
Title: Samoa

Mission work in Samoa had begun in late 1830 by John Williams, of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti. According to Barbara A. West, "The Samoans were also known to engage in ‘headhunting', a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give to his leader, thus proving his bravery." However, Robert Louis Stevenson, who lived in Samoa from 1889 until his death in 1894, wrote in A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa, "… the Samoans are gentle people."

Question: Who was the first missionary in Samoa?
Answer: John Williams

Question: What English organization did John Williams belong to?
Answer: London Missionary Society

Question: What warring ritual did Barbara A. West say the indigenous Samoans engaged in?
Answer: headhunting

Question: What notable author who lived in Samoa called the Samoans "gentle people"?
Answer: Robert Louis Stevenson

Question: In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die?
Answer: 1894
Title: Samoa

Britain also sent troops to protect British business enterprise, harbour rights, and consulate office. This was followed by an eight-year civil war, during which each of the three powers supplied arms, training and in some cases combat troops to the warring Samoan parties. The Samoan crisis came to a critical juncture in March 1889 when all three colonial contenders sent warships into Apia harbour, and a larger-scale war seemed imminent. A massive storm on 15 March 1889 damaged or destroyed the warships, ending the military conflict.

Question: What country sent their military to protect their interests in Samoa?
Answer: Britain

Question: For how many years did the civil war in Samoa last?
Answer: eight

Question: How many contenders were vying for power in the war?
Answer: three

Question: When did the crucial climax of the civil war occur?
Answer: March 1889

Question: What natural disaster put an end to the war in Apia harbour?
Answer: A massive storm
Title: Samoa

From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918–1919. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs.

Question: What official organization was responsible for Samoa during most of the 20th century?
Answer: the Department of External Affairs

Question: About how much of the total population of Samoa died from influenza during the epidemic?
Answer: one fifth

Question: What country was in control of Samoa up until 1962?
Answer: New Zealand

Question: During what years was the Samoan influenza epidemic?
Answer: 1918–1919

Question: What new label did the Department of External Affairs receive in 1943?
Answer: Department of Island Territories
Title: Samoa

However, Samoans greatly resented New Zealand's colonial rule, and blamed inflation and the catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on its misrule. By the late 1920s the resistance movement against colonial rule had gathered widespread support. One of the Mau leaders was Olaf Frederick Nelson, a half Samoan and half Swedish merchant. Nelson was eventually exiled during the late 1920s and early 1930s, but he continued to assist the organisation financially and politically. In accordance with the Mau's non-violent philosophy, the newly elected leader, High Chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi, led his fellow uniformed Mau in a peaceful demonstration in downtown Apia on 28 December 1929.

Question: What decade marked the peak of support for opposition to New Zealand's governance?
Answer: 1920s

Question: What was the name of the Mau leader who was of Samoan and Swedish descent?
Answer: Olaf Frederick Nelson

Question: What philosophy characterized the Mau resistance?
Answer: non-violent philosophy

Question: What title was given to the Mau's elected leader, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi?
Answer: High Chief

Question: On what date did the Mau demonstrate on the streets of Apia?
Answer: 28 December 1929
Title: Samoa

The New Zealand police attempted to arrest one of the leaders in the demonstration. When he resisted, a struggle developed between the police and the Mau. The officers began to fire randomly into the crowd and a Lewis machine gun, mounted in preparation for this demonstration, was used to disperse the demonstrators. Chief Tamasese was shot from behind and killed while trying to bring calm and order to the Mau demonstrators, screaming "Peace, Samoa". Ten others died that day and approximately 50 were injured by gunshot wounds and police batons. That day would come to be known in Samoa as Black Saturday. The Mau grew, remaining steadfastly non-violent, and expanded to include a highly influential women's branch.

Question: What kind of weapon was used against the Mau demonstrators?
Answer: Lewis machine gun

Question: Was Chief Tamasese wounded or killed during the demonstration?
Answer: killed

Question: What was the phrase the Mau's chief shouted to try to calm his people?
Answer: "Peace, Samoa"

Question: Besides Chief Tamasese, how many Mau died as a result of the violence that erupted on that day?
Answer: Ten

Question: What do Samoans call the historical day of the Mau demonstration?
Answer: Black Saturday
Title: Samoa

After repeated efforts by the Samoan independence movement, the New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961 of 24 November 1961 granted Samoa independence effective 1 January 1962, upon which the Trusteeship Agreement terminated. Samoa also signed a friendship treaty with New Zealand. Samoa, the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent, joined the Commonwealth of Nations on 28 August 1970. While independence was achieved at the beginning of January, Samoa annually celebrates 1 June as its independence day.

Question: What act gave Samoa independence?
Answer: New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961

Question: What exact date did Samoan independence go into effect?
Answer: 1 January 1962

Question: What's the name of the agreement that ended with the start of Samoa's independence from New Zealand?
Answer: Trusteeship Agreement

Question: Where was Samoa in the order of small-island countries in their region declaring independence?
Answer: first

Question: On what date do Samoans celebrate their independence from New Zealand?
Answer: 1 June
Title: Samoa

Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu’u II, one of the four highest-ranking paramount chiefs in the country, became Samoa's first Prime Minister. Two other paramount chiefs at the time of independence were appointed joint heads of state for life. Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole died in 1963, leaving Malietoa Tanumafili II sole head of state until his death on 11 May 2007, upon which Samoa changed from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary republic de facto. The next Head of State, Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi, was elected by the legislature on 17 June 2007 for a fixed five-year term, and was re-elected unopposed in July 2012.

Question: What office was held by Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II?
Answer: Prime Minister

Question: What was the term of office for Samoa's first joint heads of state?
Answer: life

Question: What year did the first of the two heads of state die?
Answer: 1963

Question: Who was the head of state in Samoa in 2006?
Answer: Malietoa Tanumafili II

Question: Before becoming a de facto parliamentary republic, what form of government did Samoa have?
Answer: constitutional monarchy
Title: Samoa

The unicameral legislature (the Fono) consists of 49 members serving 5-year terms. Forty-seven are matai title-holders elected from territorial districts by Samoans; the other two are chosen by non-Samoans with no chiefly affiliation on separate electoral rolls. Universal suffrage was adopted in 1990, but only chiefs (matai) may stand for election to the Samoan seats. There are more than 25,000 matais in the country, about 5% of whom are women. The prime minister, chosen by a majority in the Fono, is appointed by the head of state to form a government. The prime minister's choices for the 12 cabinet positions are appointed by the head of state, subject to the continuing confidence of the Fono.

Question: What do Samoans call their legislative body?
Answer: the Fono

Question: How many Fono members are there?
Answer: 49

Question: How many of the members of the Fono are elected to office?
Answer: Forty-seven

Question: What percentage of female matais are there in Samoa?
Answer: 5%

Question: What position in government is chosen by Fono majority vote?
Answer: prime minister
Title: Samoa

The capital village of each district administers and coordinates the affairs of the district and confers each district's paramount title, amongst other responsibilities. For example, the District of A'ana has its capital at Leulumoega. The paramount title of A'ana is the TuiA'ana. The orator group which confers this title – the Faleiva (House of Nine) – is based at Leulumoega. This is also the same for the other districts. In the district of Tuamasaga, the paramount title of the district – the Malietoa title – is conferred by the FaleTuamasaga based in Afega.

Question: What district is Leulumoega the capital of?
Answer: A'ana

Question: What is the Samoan word for the "House of Nine" in Leulumoega?
Answer: Faleiva

Question: What is A'ana's paramount title?
Answer: the TuiA'ana

Question: What's the paramount title of the Tuamasaga district?
Answer: Malietoa

Question: In what town does the FaleTuamasaga conduct business?
Answer: Afega
Title: Samoa

The Samoan islands have been produced by vulcanism, the source of which is the Samoa hotspot which is probably the result of a mantle plume. While all of the islands have volcanic origins, only Savai'i, the western most island in Samoa, is volcanically active with the most recent eruptions in Mt Matavanu (1905–1911), Mata o le Afi (1902) and Mauga Afi (1725). The highest point in Samoa is Mt Silisili, at 1858 m (6,096 ft). The Saleaula lava fields situated on the central north coast of Savai'i are the result of the Mt Matavanu eruptions which left 50 km² (20 sq mi) of solidified lava.

Question: What natural process formed the land masses that would become the Samoan islands?
Answer: vulcanism

Question: Which of the Samoan islands has active volcanoes?
Answer: Savai'i

Question: What's the name of the highest peak in Samoa?
Answer: Mt Silisili,

Question: How many meters is 6,096 feet?
Answer: 1858

Question: What volcano created the Saleaula lava fields?
Answer: Mt Matavanu
Title: Samoa

The country currency is the Samoan tālā, issued and regulated by the Central Bank of Samoa. The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on agriculture and fishing at the local level. In modern times, development aid, private family remittances from overseas, and agricultural exports have become key factors in the nation's economy. Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labour force, and furnishes 90% of exports, featuring coconut cream, coconut oil, noni (juice of the nonu fruit, as it is known in Samoan), and copra.

Question: What institution is in charge of Samoa's currency?
Answer: Central Bank of Samoa

Question: In addition to agriculture, what industry historically supported Samoa's local economy?
Answer: fishing

Question: What fruit juice is a major Samoan export?
Answer: noni

Question: What portion of Samoa works in agriculture?
Answer: two-thirds

Question: What kind of oil does Samoa export?
Answer: coconut
Title: Samoa

The Samoan government has called for deregulation of the financial sector, encouragement of investment, and continued fiscal discipline.[citation needed] Observers point to the flexibility of the labour market as a basic strength for future economic advances.[citation needed] The sector has been helped enormously by major capital investment in hotel infrastructure, political instability in neighbouring Pacific countries, and the 2005 launch of Virgin Samoa a joint-venture between the government and Virgin Australia (then Virgin Blue).

Question: In which sector would the government of Samoa like to see deregulation?
Answer: financial

Question: The flexibility of what segment could support economic growth in Samoa?
Answer: the labour market

Question: What infrastructure has benefited greatly from capital investment?
Answer: hotel infrastructure

Question: What's the name of the team-up between Samoa and Virgin Australia?
Answer: Virgin Samoa

Question: Is Samoa helped or hurt by political upheaval in the countries around them?
Answer: helped
Title: Samoa

In the period before German colonisation, Samoa produced mostly copra. German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large scale plantation operations and developing new industries, notably cocoa bean and rubber, relying on imported labourers from China and Melanesia. When the value of natural rubber fell drastically, about the end of the Great War (World War I), the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas, for which there is a large market in New Zealand.[citation needed]

Question: What was Samoa's major production product before the Germans arrived?
Answer: copra

Question: What product significantly dropped in price at the end of World War I?
Answer: natural rubber

Question: What did Samoa start growing more of to make up for the lost value of rubber?
Answer: bananas

Question: Which country's government wanted Samoa to grow bananas for them?
Answer: New Zealand

Question: Besides Melanesia, which country sent many workers for the cocoa and rubber plantations in Samoa?
Answer: China
Title: Samoa

The staple products of Samoa are copra (dried coconut meat), cocoa bean (for chocolate), and bananas. The annual production of both bananas and copra has been in the range of 13,000 to 15,000 metric tons (about 14,500 to 16,500 short tons). If the rhinoceros beetle in Samoa were eradicated, Samoa could produce in excess of 40,000 metric tons (44,000 short tons) of copra. Samoan cocoa beans are of very high quality and used in fine New Zealand chocolates. Most are Criollo-Forastero hybrids. Coffee grows well, but production has been uneven. WSTEC is the biggest coffee producer. Rubber has been produced in Samoa for many years, but its export value has little impact on the economy.[citation needed]

Question: What is copra?
Answer: dried coconut meat

Question: How many metric tons of bananas and copra does Samoa produce each year?
Answer: 13,000 to 15,000

Question: What pest is the greatest threat to Samoan crops?
Answer: rhinoceros beetle

Question: Are the cocoa beans grown in Samoa high or low quality?
Answer: high quality

Question: What company produces more coffee than any other in Samoa?
Answer: WSTEC
Title: Samoa

Samoans' religious adherence includes the following: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa 31.8%, Roman Catholic 19.4%, Methodist 15.2%, Assembly of God 13.7%, Mormon 7.6%, Seventh-day Adventist 3.9%, Worship Centre 1.7%, other Christian 5.5%, other 0.7%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.1% (2011 estimate). The Head of State until 2007, His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II, was a Bahá'í convert. Samoa hosts one of seven Bahá'í Houses of Worship in the world; completed in 1984 and dedicated by the Head of State, it is located in Tiapapata, 8 km (5 mi) from Apia.

Question: What's the most popular church in Samoa?
Answer: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa

Question: What percentage of Samoa's population is Mormon?
Answer: 7.6%

Question: Where is the Bahá'í place of worship located in Samoa?
Answer: Tiapapata

Question: What Samoan Head of State might have worshiped at the Bahá'í House of Worship?
Answer: His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II

Question: What church's religion does 19.4% of the Samoan population practice?
Answer: Roman Catholic
Title: Samoa

Some Samoans are spiritual and religious, and have subtly adapted the dominant religion of Christianity to 'fit in' with fa'a Samoa and vice versa. As such, ancient beliefs continue to co-exist side-by-side with Christianity, particularly in regard to the traditional customs and rituals of fa'a Samoa. The Samoan culture is centred around the principle of vāfealoa'i, the relationships between people. These relationships are based on respect, or fa'aaloalo. When Christianity was introduced in Samoa, most Samoan people converted. Currently 98% of the population identify themselves as Christian.

Question: What religion is practiced by the vast majority of Samoans?
Answer: Christianity

Question: What word that means human relationships is at the core of Samoa's culture?
Answer: vāfealoa'i

Question: What word is used in Samoa to mean "respect"?
Answer: fa'aaloalo

Question: What percentage of Samoans call themselves Christians?
Answer: 98%
Title: Samoa

The Samoan word for dance is siva with unique gentle movements of the body in time to music and which tells a story, although the Samoan male dances can be more physical and snappy. The sasa is also a traditional dance where rows of dancers perform rapid synchronised movements in time to the rhythm of wooden drums (pate) or rolled mats. Another dance performed by males is called the fa'ataupati or the slap dance, creating rhythmic sounds by slapping different parts of the body. This is believed to have been derived from slapping insects on the body.

Question: What does "siva" mean in Samoan?
Answer: dance

Question: What's the name of the traditional Samoan dance performed by synchronized rows of dancers?
Answer: sasa

Question: What is the name of the Samoan dance only men can perform?
Answer: fa'ataupati

Question: What are pates?
Answer: wooden drums

Question: The "slap dance" probably mimics the movements of Samoans trying to rid themselves of what creatures?
Answer: insects
Title: Samoa

Albert Wendt is a significant Samoan writer whose novels and stories tell the Samoan experience. In 1989, his novel Flying Fox in a Freedom Tree was made into a feature film in New Zealand, directed by Martyn Sanderson. Another novel Sons for the Return Home had also been made into a feature film in 1979, directed by Paul Maunder. The late John Kneubuhl, born in American Samoa, was an accomplished playwright and screenwriter and writer. Sia Figiel won the 1997 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for fiction in the south-east Asia/South Pacific region with her novel "Where We Once Belonged". Momoe Von Reiche is an internationally recognised poet and artist. Tusiata Avia is a performance poet. Her first book of poetry Wild Dogs Under My Skirt was published by Victoria University Press in 2004. Dan Taulapapa McMullin is an artist and writer. Other Samoan poets and writers include Sapa'u Ruperake Petaia, Eti Sa'aga and Savea Sano Malifa, the editor of the Samoa Observer.

Question: What Samoan author write Flying Fox in Freedom Tree?
Answer: Albert Wendt

Question: In what country was Flying Fox in Freedom Tree made into a feature film?
Answer: New Zealand

Question: Which Wendt novel was made into a film directed by Paul Maunder?
Answer: Sons for the Return Home

Question: Who won a Commonwealth Writers' Prize for fiction for her book "Where We Once Belonged"?
Answer: Sia Figiel

Question: What type of literature does Tusiata Avia write?
Answer: poetry