rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Alps

In 1816 Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. During these visits Shelley wrote the poem "Mont Blanc", Byron wrote "The Prisoner of Chillon" and the dramatic poem Manfred, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, conceived the idea for the novel Frankenstein in her villa on the shores of Lake Geneva in the midst of a thunderstorm. When Coleridge travelled to Chamonix, he declaimed, in defiance of Shelley, who had signed himself "Atheos" in the guestbook of the Hotel de Londres near Montenvers, "Who would be, who could be an atheist in this valley of wonders". By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.

Question: Percy and Mary Shelley were inspired by what region's scenery?
Answer: Geneva

Question: What poem did Shelley write during the visits to Geneva?
Answer: Mont Blanc

Question: When did scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the Alpine region?
Answer: the mid-19th century
Title: Alps

Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there until the end of his life. At the end of World War II the US Army occupied Obersalzberg, to prevent Hitler from retreating with the Wehrmacht into the mountains.

Question: Where was Adolf Hitler born?
Answer: Austrian

Question: What did Adolf Hitler have a lifelong romantic fascination with? 
Answer: the Alps

Question: Where did Adolf Hitler establish a home in the 1930s?
Answer: the Obersalzberg region

Question: When was Adolf Hitlers first visit to the Alps?
Answer: 1923
Title: Alps

By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops—the country follows the doctrine of "armed neutrality" with all males required to have military training—a number that General Eisenhower estimated to be about 850,000. The Swiss commanders wired the infrastructure leading into the country, and threatening to destroy bridges, railway tunnels and passes in the event of a Nazi invasion, and then they retreated to the heart of the mountain peaks where conditions were harsher and a military invasion would involve difficult and protracted battles.

Question: By 1940 who occupied many of the Alpine countries?
Answer: the Third Reich

Question: What country underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich?
Answer: Austria

Question: What was the only country that avoided invasion from the Third Reich?
Answer: Switzerland

Question: Who wired the infrastructure leading into Switzerland?
Answer: The Swiss commanders
Title: Alps

Ski troops were trained for the war, and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy, where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945. At the end of the war, a substantial amount of Nazi plunder was found stored in Austria, where Hitler had hoped to retreat as the war drew to a close. The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area, where American troops found 75 kilos of gold coins stored in a single mine, were used to store looted art, jewels, and currency; vast quantities of looted art were found and returned to the owners.

Question: Who were trained for the war?
Answer: Ski troops

Question: Where was the battle at Riva Ridge?
Answer: Italy

Question: Where was a substantial amount of Nazi plunder found at the end of the war?
Answer: Austria

Question: Where did American troops find 75 kilos of gold coins?
Answer: The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area
Title: Alps

The population of the region is 14 million spread across eight countries. On the rim of the mountains, on the plateaus and the plains the economy consists of manufacturing and service jobs whereas in the higher altitudes and in the mountains farming is still essential to the economy. Farming and forestry continue to be mainstays of Alpine culture, industries that provide for export to the cities and maintain the mountain ecology.

Question: What is the population of the Alpine region?
Answer: 14 million

Question: What does the economy consist of on the rim of the mountains?
Answer: manufacturing and service jobs

Question: Farming and Forestry continue to be a mainstay of what?
Answer: Alpine culture
Title: Alps

Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and in the highest villages became mainstays, leading to strong traditions of carpentry, woodcarving, baking and pastry-making, and cheesemaking.

Question: Much of what has not changed since the medieval period?
Answer: Alpine culture

Question: When were skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys most important?
Answer: the medieval period

Question: What is one of the strongest traditions in Alpine culture?
Answer: carpentry
Title: Alps

Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are watched by herdsmen who stay in the high altitudes often living in stone huts or wooden barns during the summers. Villagers celebrate the day the cows are herded up to the pastures and again when they return in mid-September. The Alpanschluss or Désalpes ("coming down from the alps") is celebrated by decorating the cows with garlands and enormous cowbells while the farmers dress in traditional costumes.

Question: What has been a traditional occupation for centuries?
Answer: Farming

Question: What made farming less dominant in the 20th century? 
Answer: tourism

Question: Why is pasture land limited? 
Answer: because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps

Question: When are cows moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline?
Answer: mid-June
Title: Alps

Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of the cows' milk from the summer months in the high alps. Haymaking is an important farming activity in mountain villages which has become somewhat mechanized in recent years, although the slopes are so steep that usually scythes are necessary to cut the grass. Hay is normally brought in twice a year, often also on festival days. Alpine festivals vary from country to country and often include the display of local costumes such as dirndl and trachten, the playing of Alpenhorns, wrestling matches, some pagan traditions such as Walpurgis Night and, in many areas, Carnival is celebrated before Lent.

Question: What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries?
Answer: Cheesemaking

Question: How much can a wheel of cheese from the Emmental weigh?
Answer: up to 45 kg (100 lb)

Question: What is an important farming activity in mountain villages?
Answer: Haymaking

Question: How many times is Hay normally brought each year?
Answer: twice

Question: When is Carnival celebrated? 
Answer: before Lent
Title: Alps

In the high villages people live in homes built according to medieval designs that withstand cold winters. The kitchen is separated from the living area (called the stube, the area of the home heated by a stove), and second-floor bedrooms benefit from rising heat. The typical Swiss chalet originated in the Bernese Oberland. Chalets often face south or downhill, and are built of solid wood, with a steeply gabled roof to allow accumulated snow to slide off easily. Stairs leading to upper levels are sometimes built on the outside, and balconies are sometimes enclosed.

Question: What do people in high villages build their homes according to?
Answer: medieval designs that withstand cold winters

Question: What is the area of the home heated by a stove called? 
Answer: the stube

Question: The typic Swiss chalet originated from where?
Answer: the Bernese Oberland

Question: Which direction do Chalets often face? 
Answer: south or downhill

Question: What are Chalets built of? 
Answer: solid wood
Title: Alps

Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. Some meals are communal, such as fondue, where a pot is set in the middle of the table for each person to dip into. Other meals are still served in a traditional manner on carved wooden plates. Furniture has been traditionally elaborately carved and in many Alpine countries carpentry skills are passed from generation to generation.

Question: The food is passed from the kitchen to where? 
Answer: the stube

Question: Where is the dining room table placed? 
Answer: the stube

Question: Traditionally, what are meals served on? 
Answer: carved wooden plates

Question: How is furniture traditionally carved? 
Answer: elaborately
Title: Alps

Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing the snow to stay on top, thereby functioning as insulation from the cold. In the lower areas where the forests are widespread, wooden tiles are traditionally used. Commonly made of Norway spruce, they are called "tavaillon". The Alpine regions are multicultural and linguistically diverse. Dialects are common, and vary from valley to valley and region to region. In the Slavic Alps alone 19 dialects have been identified. Some of the French dialects spoken in the French, Swiss and Italian alps of Aosta Valley derive from Arpitan, while the southern part of the western range is related to Old Provençal; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages. Romansh, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient Rhaeto-Romanic language derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan.

Question: What are roofs traditionally constructed from? 
Answer: Alpine rocks

Question: Where are chalets typically used for roof construction found?? 
Answer: the higher parts of the valleys

Question: The inclination of the roof cannot exceed how much? 
Answer: 40%

Question: How many dialects have been identified in the Slavic Alps?
Answer: 19

Question: What language is spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland? 
Answer: Romansh
Title: Alps

At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is integral to the Alpine economy with much it coming from winter sports although summer visitors are an important component of the tourism industry.

Question: What's one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world? 
Answer: the Alps

Question: Where is Saalbach located? 
Answer: Austria

Question: How many people visit the Alps every year? 
Answer: over 120 million

Question: What is an integral part of the Alpine economy?
Answer: tourism
Title: Alps

The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, with the Jungfraubahn terminating at the Jungfraujoch, well above the eternal snow-line, after going through a tunnel in Eiger. During this period winter sports were slowly introduced: in 1882 the first figure skating championship was held in St. Moritz, and downhill skiing became a popular sport with English visitors early in the 20th century, as the first ski-lift was installed in 1908 above Grindelwald.

Question: When did the tourism industry begin? 
Answer: the early 19th century

Question: When were large hotels built in the Alps? 
Answer: during the Belle Époque

Question: When were cog-railways built in the Alps?
Answer: early in the 20th century

Question: When was the first figure skating championship held? 
Answer: 1882

Question: Where was the first figure skating championship held? 
Answer: St. Moritz
Title: Alps

In the first half of the 20th century the Olympic Winter Games were held three times in Alpine venues: the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France; the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland; and the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. During World War II the winter games were canceled but after that time the Winter Games have been held in St. Moritz (1948), Cortina d'Ampezzo (1956), Innsbruck, Austria (1964 and 1976), Grenoble, France, (1968), Albertville, France, (1992), and Torino (2006). In 1930 the Lauberhorn Rennen (Lauberhorn Race), was run for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen; the equally demanding Hahnenkamm was first run in the same year in Kitzbühl, Austria. Both races continue to be held each January on successive weekends. The Lauberhorn is the more strenuous downhill race at 4.5 km (2.8 mi) and poses danger to racers who reach 130 km/h (81 mph) within seconds of leaving the start gate.

Question: Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1924?
Answer: Chamonix, France

Question: Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1928?
Answer: St. Moritz, Switzerland

Question: Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1936?
Answer: Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany

Question: When was the Lauberhorn Rennen ran for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen?
Answer: 1930

Question: When were the Winter Olympics held in Albertville, France? 
Answer: (1992)
Title: Alps

During the post-World War I period ski-lifts were built in Swiss and Austrian towns to accommodate winter visitors, but summer tourism continued to be important; by the mid-20th century the popularity of downhill skiing increased greatly as it became more accessible and in the 1970s several new villages were built in France devoted almost exclusively to skiing, such as Les Menuires. Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began to see increases in winter visitors. From 1980 to the present, ski-lifts have been modernized and snow-making machines installed at many resorts, leading to concerns regarding the loss of traditional Alpine culture and questions regarding sustainable development as the winter ski industry continues to develop quickly and the number of summer tourists decline.

Question: When were ski-lifts built in Swiss and Austrian towns?
Answer: post-World War I

Question: When were several new villages built in France almost exclusively for skiing?
Answer: the 1970s

Question: Where is Les Menuires located? 
Answer: France
Title: Alps

The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway to build a 57 km (35 mi)-long sub-alpine tunnel connecting the older Lötschberg and Gotthard tunnels built in the 19th century.

Question: How much area is devoted to roads in the Alpine region?
Answer: 4,200 km (2,600 mi)

Question: How many vehicles use the roads? 
Answer: 6 million

Question: Where are most of Europe's highest railways located? 
Answer: Switzerland

Question: How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be? 
Answer: 57 km
Title: Alps

Some high mountain villages, such as Avoriaz (in France), Wengen, and Zermatt (in Switzerland) are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains, and are car free. Other villages in the Alps are considering becoming car free zones or limiting the number of cars for reasons of sustainability of the fragile Alpine terrain.

Question: Where is the village of Avoriaz located? 
Answer: France

Question: Where are the villages of Wengen and Zermatt located? 
Answer: Switzerland

Question: Why are villages considering becoming car free zones?
Answer: reasons of sustainability
Title: Alps

The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by motorways and main roads, but higher mountain passes and byroads, which are amongst the highest in Europe, can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes. Many passes are closed in winter. A multitude of airports around the Alps (and some within), as well as long-distance rail links from all neighbouring countries, afford large numbers of travellers easy access from abroad.

Question: When are many passes in the Alps closed? 
Answer: winter

Question: The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by what?
Answer: motorways

Question: What can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes?
Answer: mountain passes
Title: Gene


A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity.:Glossary The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as the gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.

Question: What is a gene?
Answer: a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product

Question: What is the basis of inheritance of phenotypic traits?
Answer: The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring

Question: What influence are most biological traits under?
Answer: polygenes (many different genes)

Question: What is one instantly visible genetic trait?
Answer: eye colour or number of limbs

Question: What is one invisible genetic trait?
Answer: blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life
Title: Gene

Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers to having a different allele of the gene. Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles.

Question: What do mutations in a gene sequence lead to?
Answer: different variants, known as alleles

Question: What do alleles do?
Answer: encode slightly different versions of a protein

Question: What do alleles cause?
Answer: different phenotype traits

Question: What does "having a gene" or a "good gene" typically refer to?
Answer: having a different allele of the gene

Question: What causes genes to evolve?
Answer: natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles
Title: Gene

The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered. For example, regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions, and coding regions can be split into several exons. Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding RNAs. Therefore, a broad, modern working definition of a gene is any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product or by regulation of gene expression.

Question: What can regulatory regions of a gene be far removed from?
Answer: its coding regions

Question: What can coding regions be split into?
Answer: several exons

Question: What do some viruses store their genome in instead of DNA?
Answer: RNA

Question: What are some gene products?
Answer: functional non-coding RNAs

Question: What is a broad, modern working definition of a gene?
Answer: any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product
Title: Gene

The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas. Although he did not use the term gene, he explained his results in terms of discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics. This description prefigured the distinction between genotype (the genetic material of an organism) and phenotype (the visible traits of that organism). Mendel was also the first to demonstrate independent assortment, the distinction between dominant and recessive traits, the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote, and the phenomenon of discontinuous inheritance.

Question: Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units?
Answer: Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)

Question: If a distinct trait in edible pea plants is mathematically described as a 2n combination, what does n represent? 
Answer: n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas

Question: What is one thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?
Answer: independent assortment

Question: What is another thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?
Answer: the distinction between dominant and recessive traits

Question: What did Gregor Mendel explain his results in terms of?
Answer: discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics
Title: Gene

Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, which used the term gemmule to describe hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction. Although Mendel's work was largely unrecognized after its first publication in 1866, it was 'rediscovered' in 1900 by three European scientists, Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak, who claimed to have reached similar conclusions in their own research.

Question: What was the dominant theory of heredity prior to Mendel's work?
Answer: one of blending inheritance

Question: Who developed the theory of inheritance known as pangenesis?
Answer: Charles Darwin

Question: What does the term gemmule describe?
Answer: hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction

Question: What year was Mendel's work first published?
Answer: 1866

Question: Who are the three scientists that claimed to have reached conclusions similar to Mendel's?
Answer: Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak