rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Gymnastics

A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single leg and double leg work. Single leg skills are generally found in the form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels. Double leg work however, is the main staple of this event. The gymnast swings both legs in a circular motion (clockwise or counterclockwise depending on preference) and performs such skills on all parts of the apparatus. To make the exercise more challenging, gymnasts will often include variations on a typical circling skill by turning (moores and spindles) or by straddling their legs (Flares). Routines end when the gymnast performs a dismount, either by swinging his body over the horse, or landing after a handstand. This requires back muscles to do any sort of skill. From handstands being easy to back or front flips being a little difficult.

Question: What does a typical pommel horse exercise consist of?
Answer: both single leg and double leg work

Question: Single leg skills are found in the form of what normally?
Answer: form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels

Question: What is the main staple of this event?
Answer: Double leg work

Question: When does the routine end?
Answer: when the gymnast performs a dismount

Question: What are two ways that a gymnist dismounts?
Answer: by swinging his body over the horse, or landing after a handstand
Title: Gymnastics

In a tumbling pass, dismount or vault, landing is the final phase, following take off and flight  This is a critical skill in terms of execution in competition scores, general performance, and injury occurrence. Without the necessary magnitude of energy dissipation during impact, the risk of sustaining injuries during somersaulting increases. These injuries commonly occur at the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures. To avoid such injuries, and to receive a high performance score, proper technique must be used by the gymnast. "The subsequent ground contact or impact landing phase must be achieved using a safe, aesthetic and well-executed double foot landing."  A successful landing in gymnastics is classified as soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion.

Question: What is a critical skill in terms of execution in scores?
Answer: landing

Question: Where do most injuries happen?
Answer: the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures

Question: How do you avoid injuries?
Answer: proper technique must be used by the gymnast

Question: What is a successful landing?
Answer: soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion
Title: Gymnastics

Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills. Routines are marked out of a maximum score of 10 points. Additional points (with no maximum at the highest levels of competition) can be earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is an indication of the average height of the jumps. In high level competitions, there are two preliminary routines, one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine. This is followed by a final routine which is optional. Some competitions restart the score from zero for the finals, other add the final score to the preliminary results.

Question: Individual routines start with what phases?
Answer: build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height

Question: What does the gymnast do during the 10 bounces.
Answer: a sequence of aerial skills

Question: What is the maximum scroe for routines?
Answer: 10 points

Question: How can additional points be earned?
Answer: depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills

Question: In high level competitions how many preliminary rountines are there?
Answer: two preliminary routines
Title: Gymnastics

On the uneven bars, the gymnast performs a routine on two horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are made of fiberglass covered in wood laminate, to prevent them from breaking. In the past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies. The width and height of the bars may be adjusted. In the past, the uneven parallel bars were closer together. They've been moved increasingly further apart, allowing gymnasts to perform swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves, that may pass over, under, and between the two bars. At the Elite level, movements must pass through the handstand. Gymnasts often mount the Uneven Bars using a springboard, or a small mat. Chalk and grips (a leather strip with holes for fingers to protect hands and improve performance) may be used while doing this event. The chalk helps take the moisture out of gymnast's hands to decrease friction and prevent rips (tears to the skin of the hands), dowel grips help gymnasts grip the bar.

Question: What are the uneven bars?
Answer: two horizontal bars set at different heights

Question: What are these bars made out of?
Answer: fiberglass covered in wood laminate

Question: Why are the bars not made of wood anymore?
Answer: the bars were prone to breaking,

Question: How have the bars changed over the years?
Answer: They've been moved increasingly further apart

Question: How do gymnasts normally mount the uneven bars?
Answer: using a springboard, or a small mat
Title: Gymnastics

A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force represents external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentum is time the landing takes Gymnasts can alter the shape of the area by increasing the time taken to perform the landing. Gymnasts can achieve this by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude. With the increase of height, the amplitude in ankles knees and hips rise the bars.

Question: What does a higher flight phase result in?
Answer: a higher vertical ground reaction force

Question: What is vertical ground reaction force?
Answer: s external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum

Question: What else is an important aspect that affects linear and agular movements?
Answer: time the landing takes Gymnasts
Title: Gymnastics

Aerobic gymnastics (formally Sport Aerobics) involves the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills. Routines are performed for all individuals on a 7x7m floor and also for 12–14 and 15-17 trios and mixed pairs. From 2009, all senior trios and mixed pairs were required to be on the larger floor (10x10m), all groups also perform on this floor. Routines generally last 60–90 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category.

Question: What was aerobic gymnastics called orginally?
Answer: Sport Aerobics

Question: What does aerobic gymnastiscs involve?
Answer: the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness

Question: How many people can be in a routine?
Answer: individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people

Question: What is the size of the mat?
Answer: 7x7m

Question: How long do the routines last?
Answer: Routines generally last 60–90 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category
Title: Gymnastics

General gymnastics enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more than 150 athletes. They perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may consist of both genders and are not separated into age divisions. The largest general gymnastics exhibition is the quadrennial World Gymnaestrada which was first held in 1939. In 1984 Gymnastics for All was officially recognized first as a Sport Program by the FIG (International Gymnastic Federation), and subsequently by national gymnastic federations worldwide with participants that now number 30 million.

Question: What kind of routines do general gymnastic groups perform?
Answer: synchronized, choreographed routines

Question: What do the troupes consist of?
Answer: of both genders and are not separated into age divisions

Question: When was the first World Gymnaestrada held?
Answer: 1939

Question: What was the first Sport Program recongized by FIG?
Answer: Gymnastics for All

Question: How many participants are there?
Answer: 30 million
Title: Gymnastics

Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring strength, flexibility, balance and control. Internationally, all events are governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG). Each country has its own national governing body (BIW) affiliated to FIG. Competitive artistic gymnastics is the best known of the gymnastic events. It typically involves the women's events of vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise. Men's events are floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault, parallel bars, and the high bar. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills.

Question: What is gymnastics?
Answer: Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring strength, flexibility, balance and control

Question: Who governs all events in gymnastics?
Answer: Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG)

Question: What does each country have?
Answer: Each country has its own national governing body (BIW) affiliated to FIG

Question: What are the best known gymnastic events?
Answer: Competitive artistic gymnastics

Question: What events does this normally consist of for women?
Answer: vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise.
Title: Gymnastics

In the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Germany, three pioneer physical educators – Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852) – created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano, was born on February 19, 1770 in Valence and died on August 8, 1848 in Paris. He was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in France. Jahn promoted the use of parallel bars, rings and high bar in international competition.

Question: What two Germans were known for creating exercises on apparauses?
Answer: Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852)

Question: What did the exercises lead to?
Answer: to what is considered modern gymnastics

Question: Who introduced educative gymnastics in France?
Answer: Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano

Question: What did Jahn promote the use of?
Answer: parallel bars, rings and high bar
Title: Gymnastics

In 2006, FIG introduced a new points system for Artistic gymnastics in which scores are no longer limited to 10 points. The system is used in the US for elite level competition. Unlike the old code of points, there are two separate scores, an execution score and a difficulty score. In the previous system, the "execution score" was the only score. It was and still is out of 10.00. During the gymnast's performance, the judges deduct this score only. A fall, on or off the event, is a 1.00 deduction, in elite level gymnastics. The introduction of the difficulty score is a significant change. The gymnast's difficulty score is based on what elements they perform and is subject to change if they do not perform or complete all the skills, or they do not connect a skill meant to be connected to another. Connection bonuses are the most common deduction from a difficulty score, as it can be difficult to connect multiple flight elements. It is very hard to connect skills if the first skill is not performed correctly. The new code of points allows the gymnasts to gain higher scores based on the difficulty of the skills they perform as well as their execution. There is no maximum score for difficulty, as it can keep increasing as the difficulty of the skills increase.

Question: When did FIG decide that scores are no longer limited to 10 points?
Answer: 2006

Question: What are the two different scores?
Answer: an execution score and a difficulty score

Question: What score was added?
Answer: difficulty score

Question: How much is a fall deduction?
Answer: 1.00 deduction

Question: What is a gymnast's difficulty score based on?
Answer: what elements they perform
Title: Gymnastics

In the past, the floor exercise event was executed on the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats. Today, the floor event occurs on a carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood, which is supported by springs or foam blocks generally called a "spring" floor. This provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve greater height and a softer landing after the composed skill. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine up to 90 seconds in the floor exercise event; Depending on the level, they may choose their own, or, if known as a "compulsory gymnast," default music must be played. In some gymnastic associations such as United States Association of Gymnastic Clubs (USAIGC), gymnasts are allowed to have vocals in their music but at USA Gymnastics competitions a large deduction is taken from the score for having vocals in the music. The routine should consist of tumbling lines, series of jumps, leaps, dance elements, acrobatic skills, and turns, or piviots, on one foot. A gymnast can perform up to four tumbling lines that usually includes at least one flight element without hand support. Each level of gymnastics requires the athlete to perform a different number of tumbling passes. In level 7 in the United States, a gymnast is required to do 2–3, and in levels 8–10, at least 3–4 tumbling passes are required.

Question: What is the floor exercise events performed on now?
Answer: a carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood

Question: What was the floor exercise even on before?
Answer: the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats

Question: Why helps add an extra bounce to the floor?
Answer: springs or foam blocks generally called a "spring" floor

Question: What is the maximum for floor events?
Answer: up to 90 seconds
Title: Gymnastics

In tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of the events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics, and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games. From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline World Championships. Since the recognition of Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics as FIG disciplines in 1999, official Tumbling competitions are only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets.

Question: What do athletes perform for tumbling?
Answer: an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track

Question: When was tumbling orginally contested at the Olympics?
Answer: 1932

Question: Where are offical tumbling competitions allowed?
Answer: only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets

Question: What year did FIG reconginze Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics?
Answer: 1999
Title: Gymnastics

Men's rhythmic gymnastics is related to both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts. It emerged in Japan from stick gymnastics. Stick gymnastics has been taught and performed for many years with the aim of improving physical strength and health. Male athletes are judged on some of the same physical abilities and skills as their female counterparts, such as hand/body-eye co-ordination, but tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus, as opposed to flexibility and dance in women's rhythmic gymnastics. There are a growing number of participants, competing alone and on a team; it is most popular in Asia, especially in Japan where high school and university teams compete fiercely. As of 2002[update], there were 1000 men's rhythmic gymnasts in Japan.[citation needed]

Question: What are mens' rhythmic gymnastics related to?
Answer: both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts

Question: Where did mens' rhythmic gymnastics develop from?
Answer: stick gymnastics

Question: What is the aim of stick gymnastics?
Answer: improving physical strength and health

Question: What are the main focus?
Answer: tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus

Question: How many mens' rhythmic gymnasts were in Japan in 2002?
Answer: 1000
Title: Hanover

In 1636 George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruler of the Brunswick-Lüneburg principality of Calenberg, moved his residence to Hanover. The Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg were elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor to the rank of Prince-Elector in 1692, and this elevation was confirmed by the Imperial Diet in 1708. Thus the principality was upgraded to the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg, colloquially known as the Electorate of Hanover after Calenberg's capital (see also: House of Hanover). Its electors would later become monarchs of Great Britain (and from 1801, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland). The first of these was George I Louis, who acceded to the British throne in 1714. The last British monarch who ruled in Hanover was William IV. Semi-Salic law, which required succession by the male line if possible, forbade the accession of Queen Victoria in Hanover. As a male-line descendant of George I, Queen Victoria was herself a member of the House of Hanover. Her descendants, however, bore her husband's titular name of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Three kings of Great Britain, or the United Kingdom, were concurrently also Electoral Princes of Hanover.

Question: Where did the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg move his residence to?
Answer: Hanover

Question: Who elevated the status of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg?
Answer: Holy Roman Emperor

Question: Who confirmed the elevation of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1708?
Answer: Imperial Diet

Question: Which other nation would the electors of Hanover become monarchs of?
Answer: Great Britain

Question: Who was the first elector from Hanover to sit on the British throne?
Answer: George I Louis
Title: Hanover

As an important railroad and road junction and production center, Hanover was a major target for strategic bombing during World War II, including the Oil Campaign. Targets included the AFA (Stöcken), the Deurag-Nerag refinery (Misburg), the Continental plants (Vahrenwald and Limmer), the United light metal works (VLW) in Ricklingen and Laatzen (today Hanover fairground), the Hanover/Limmer rubber reclamation plant, the Hanomag factory (Linden) and the tank factory M.N.H. Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen (Badenstedt). Forced labourers were sometimes used from the Hannover-Misburg subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp. Residential areas were also targeted, and more than 6,000 civilians were killed by the Allied bombing raids. More than 90% of the city center was destroyed in a total of 88 bombing raids. After the war, the Aegidienkirche was not rebuilt and its ruins were left as a war memorial.

Question: Other than for railroads and road junction, what did Hanover have that made it a major target?
Answer: production center

Question: Which campaign specifically was Hanover a target for in World War II?
Answer: Oil Campaign

Question: What does VLW stand for?
Answer: United light metal works

Question: How many civilians were killed in the Allied bombing raids in World War II?
Answer: more than 6,000

Question: How many bombing raids were there during World War II?
Answer: 88
Title: Hanover

The Hanover Zoo is one of the most spectacular and best zoos in Europe. The zoo received the Park Scout Award for the fourth year running in 2009/10, placing it among the best zoos in Germany. The zoo consists of several theme areas: Sambesi, Meyers Farm, Gorilla-Mountain, Jungle-Palace, and Mullewapp. Some smaller areas are Australia, the wooded area for wolves, and the so-called swimming area with many seabirds. There is also a tropical house, a jungle house, and a show arena. The new Canadian-themed area, Yukon Bay, opened in 2010. In 2010 the Hanover Zoo had over 1.6 million visitors.

Question: Which zoo is one of the best in Europe?
Answer: Hanover Zoo

Question: What award did the Hanover Zoo receive four years in a row?
Answer: Park Scout Award

Question: Which animal does the so-called swimming area have?
Answer: seabirds

Question: When did the Canadian-theme area in the Hanover Zoo open?
Answer: 2010

Question: How many people visited the Hanover Zoo in 2010?
Answer: 1.6 million
Title: Hanover

Hanover's leading cabaret-stage is the GOP Variety theatre which is located in the Georgs Palace. Some other famous cabaret-stages are the Variety Marlene, the Uhu-Theatre. the theatre Die Hinterbühne, the Rampenlich Variety and the revue-stage TAK. The most important Cabaret-Event is the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten (Little Festival in the Great Garden) which is the most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany. It features artists from around the world. Some other important events are the Calenberger Cabaret Weeks, the Hanover Cabaret Festival and the Wintervariety.

Question: What famous theatre is located in Georgs Palace?
Answer: GOP Variety theatre

Question: What is the most important Cabaret-Event?
Answer: Kleines Fest im Großen Garten

Question: Where do artists who feature in the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten come from?
Answer: around the world

Question: What is another important event other than the Calenberger Cabaret Weeks or the Hanover Cabaret Festival?
Answer: Wintervariety

Question: What is a notable achievement about the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten?
Answer: most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany
Title: Hanover

"Hanover" is the traditional English spelling. The German spelling (with a double n) is becoming more popular in English; recent editions of encyclopedias prefer the German spelling, and the local government uses the German spelling on English websites. The English pronunciation /ˈhænəvər/, with stress on the first syllable and a reduced second syllable, is applied to both the German and English spellings, which is different from German pronunciation [haˈnoːfɐ], with stress on the second syllable and a long second vowel. The traditional English spelling is still used in historical contexts, especially when referring to the British House of Hanover.

Question: What does the German spelling of Hanover have that English does not?
Answer: a double n

Question: Which version of the spelling of Hanover does the local Government use on English websites?
Answer: German

Question: Which syllable does the English spoken version of Hanover stress?
Answer: first

Question: Which syllable does the German pronunciation of Hanover stress?
Answer: second

Question: Which spelling of Hanover is used in historical contexts?
Answer: traditional English spelling