rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Egypt

Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western elements. It has been an integral part of Egyptian culture since antiquity. The ancient Egyptians credited one of their gods Hathor with the invention of music, which Osiris in turn used as part of his effort to civilise the world. Egyptians used music instruments since then. Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of people such as Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez whose age is considered the golden age of music in Egypt and the whole Middle East and North-Africa. Prominent contemporary Egyptian pop singers include Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir.

Question: What elements mix for Egyptian music?
Answer: indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western

Question: Who is credited with invention of music by ancient Egyptians?
Answer: Hathor

Question: What artist are considered the golden age of Egyptian music?
Answer: Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez

Question: What is more contemporary Egyptian Pop Singer?
Answer: Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir
Title: Egypt

Egypt has one of the oldest civilisations in the world. It has been in contact with many other civilisations and nations and has been through so many eras, starting from prehistoric age to the modern age, passing through so many ages such as; Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic and many other ages. Because of this wide variation of ages, the continuous contact with other nations and the big number of conflicts Egypt had been through, at least 60 museums may be found in Egypt, mainly covering a wide area of these ages and conflicts.

Question: What is the oldest era in Egypt?
Answer: prehistoric

Question: How many museums are found in Egypt?
Answer: at least 60

Question: What are some examples of Ages in Egypt?
Answer: Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic
Title: Egypt

Some consider koshari (a mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni) to be the national dish. Fried onions can be also added to koshari. In addition, ful medames (mashed fava beans) is one of the most popular dishes. Fava bean is also used in making falafel (also known as "ta'meyya"), which may have originated in Egypt and spread to other parts of the Middle East. Garlic fried with coriander is added to mulukhiyya, a popular green soup made from finely chopped jute leaves, sometimes with chicken or rabbit.

Question: What is koshari?
Answer: mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni

Question: What can be added to koshari?
Answer: Fried onions

Question: What is a polular green soup of Egypt?
Answer: mulukhiyya

Question: What beans are used to make falafel?
Answer: Fava bean
Title: Egypt

Football is the most popular national sport of Egypt. The Cairo Derby is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa, and the BBC picked it as one of the 7 toughest derbies in the world. Al Ahly is the most successful club of the 20th century in the African continent according to CAF, closely followed by their rivals Zamalek SC. Al Ahly was named in 2000 by the Confederation of African Football as the "African Club of the Century". With twenty titles, Al Ahly is currently the world's most successful club in terms of international trophies, surpassing Italy's A.C. Milan and Argentina's Boca Juniors, both having eighteen.

Question: What is the most popular sport in Egypt?
Answer: Football

Question: What is one of the toughest derbies in the world, run in Egypt?
Answer: The Cairo Derby

Question: In terms of international trophies, whos is the most successful club?
Answer: Al Ahly
Title: Egypt

Egypt has hosted several international competitions. the last one was 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup which took place between 24 September - 16 October 2009. On Friday 19 September of the year 2014, Guinness World Records has announced that Egyptian scuba diver Ahmed Gabr is the new title holder for deepest salt water scuba dive, at 332.35 metres. Ahmed set a new world record Friday when he reached a depth of more than 1,000 feet. The 14-hour feat took Gabr 1,066 feet down into the abyss near the Egyptian town of Dahab in ther Red Sea, where he works as a diving instructor.

Question: What was the last international competition Egypt hosted?
Answer: 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup

Question: Who holds Guiness record for Deepest salt water scuba dive?
Answer: Ahmed Gabr

Question: How deep did Gabr dive?
Answer: 1,066 feet down

Question: In what body of water did Gabr dive?
Answer: Red Sea
Title: Mosaic

Mosaic has a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted by the Norman kingdom in Sicily in the 12th century, by eastern-influenced Venice, and among the Rus in Ukraine. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance, though artists like Raphael continued to practise the old technique. Roman and Byzantine influence led Jews to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics.

Question: What millennium did Mosaic start?
Answer: the 3rd millennium BC

Question: What kind of mosaic were made in Tiryns?
Answer: Pebble mosaics

Question: Who besides the Romans did the Jewish people get influenced by?
Answer: Byzantine

Question: When did mosaic fall out of fashion?
Answer: the Renaissance

Question: The Norman kingdomwas in what italian city state?
Answer: Sicily
Title: Mosaic

Bronze age pebble mosaics have been found at Tiryns; mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and the 4th-century BC mosaic of The Beauty of Durrës discovered in Durrës, Albania in 1916, is an early figural example; the Greek figural style was mostly formed in the 3rd century BC. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were popular as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders. Pliny the Elder mentions the artist Sosus of Pergamon by name, describing his mosaics of the food left on a floor after a feast and of a group of doves drinking from a bowl. Both of these themes were widely copied.

Question: The pebble mosaics found at Tiyns are from what age?
Answer: Bronze age

Question: The Beauty of Durres is in what country?
Answer: Albania

Question: The famous artists Sosus was from what area?
Answer: Pergamon

Question: When was the Greek figure style mostly formed?
Answer: the 3rd century BC

Question: When was the famous mosaic "The Beauty of Durres" created?
Answer: the 4th-century BC
Title: Mosaic

Greek figural mosaics could have been copied or adapted paintings, a far more prestigious artform, and the style was enthusiastically adopted by the Romans so that large floor mosaics enriched the floors of Hellenistic villas and Roman dwellings from Britain to Dura-Europos. Most recorded names of Roman mosaic workers are Greek, suggesting they dominated high quality work across the empire; no doubt most ordinary craftsmen were slaves. Splendid mosaic floors are found in Roman villas across North Africa, in places such as Carthage, and can still be seen in the extensive collection in Bardo Museum in Tunis, Tunisia.

Question: What common artform is far more prestigious than mosaic?
Answer: paintings

Question: Which culture adapted the use of mosaics for large ground coverings in their villas?
Answer: the Romans

Question: Most names of Roman mosaic workers are what nationality?
Answer: Greek

Question: Often regular everyday craftsman were most likely what?
Answer: slaves

Question: Carthage and Tunisia are in what general area?
Answer: North Africa
Title: Mosaic

There were two main techniques in Greco-Roman mosaic: opus vermiculatum used tiny tesserae, typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less, and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support. The tiny tesserae allowed very fine detail, and an approach to the illusionism of painting. Often small panels called emblemata were inserted into walls or as the highlights of larger floor-mosaics in coarser work. The normal technique was opus tessellatum, using larger tesserae, which was laid on site. There was a distinct native Italian style using black on a white background, which was no doubt cheaper than fully coloured work.

Question: What type of mosaic uses small tesserae?
Answer: opus vermiculatum

Question: What were small panel mosaics known as?
Answer: emblemata

Question: What was the name of the mosaic technique that used larger tesserae?
Answer: opus tessellatum

Question: What was the benefit of using small pieces to create a mosaic?
Answer: very fine detail

Question: Why were black and white pieces used in most italian mosaics?
Answer: cheaper than fully coloured work
Title: Mosaic

In Rome, Nero and his architects used mosaics to cover some surfaces of walls and ceilings in the Domus Aurea, built 64 AD, and wall mosaics are also found at Pompeii and neighbouring sites. However it seems that it was not until the Christian era that figural wall mosaics became a major form of artistic expression. The Roman church of Santa Costanza, which served as a mausoleum for one or more of the Imperial family, has both religious mosaic and decorative secular ceiling mosaics on a round vault, which probably represent the style of contemporary palace decoration.

Question: Which caesar hired builders to construct the Domus Aurea?
Answer: Nero

Question: When did figure wall mosaics become the highest form of artistic expression?
Answer: the Christian era

Question: The church of Santa Costanza is in what country?
Answer: Rome

Question: When was the Domus Aurea constructed?
Answer: 64 AD

Question: The imperial family of Rome used the church of Santa Costanza as what?
Answer: a mausoleum
Title: Mosaic

The mosaics of the Villa Romana del Casale near Piazza Armerina in Sicily are the largest collection of late Roman mosaics in situ in the world, and are protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The large villa rustica, which was probably owned by Emperor Maximian, was built largely in the early 4th century. The mosaics were covered and protected for 700 years by a landslide that occurred in the 12th Century. The most important pieces are the Circus Scene, the 64m long Great Hunting Scene, the Little Hunt, the Labours of Hercules and the famous Bikini Girls, showing women undertaking a range of sporting activities in garments that resemble 20th Century bikinis. The peristyle, the imperial apartments and the thermae were also decorated with ornamental and mythological mosaics. Other important examples of Roman mosaic art in Sicily were unearthed on the Piazza Vittoria in Palermo where two houses were discovered. The most important scenes there depicted Orpheus, Alexander the Great's Hunt and the Four Seasons.

Question: In what area of Italy is the largest collection of mosaics in the world?
Answer: Sicily

Question: Who most likely lived in the large villa rustica?
Answer: Emperor Maximian

Question: What caused the mosaics at the villa rustica to be protected for centuries? 
Answer: a landslide

Question: How long is the hunting scene at the villa rustica?
Answer: 64m

Question: Where in Sicily were the "Orpheus," and the "Four Seasons" discovered?
Answer: Piazza Vittoria in Palermo
Title: Mosaic

In 1913 the Zliten mosaic, a Roman mosaic famous for its many scenes from gladiatorial contests, hunting and everyday life, was discovered in the Libyan town of Zliten. In 2000 archaeologists working in Leptis Magna, Libya, uncovered a 30 ft length of five colorful mosaics created during the 1st or 2nd century AD. The mosaics show a warrior in combat with a deer, four young men wrestling a wild bull to the ground, and a gladiator resting in a state of fatigue, staring at his slain opponent. The mosaics decorated the walls of a cold plunge pool in a bath house within a Roman villa. The gladiator mosaic is noted by scholars as one of the finest examples of mosaic art ever seen — a "masterpiece comparable in quality with the Alexander Mosaic in Pompeii."

Question: What scenes are depicted on the Zliten mosaic?
Answer: gladiatorial contests

Question: When was the Zliten mosaic discovered?
Answer: 1913

Question: How long was the mural discovered in Libya?
Answer: 30 ft

Question: The mosaics uncovered in Libya were from which century?
Answer: 1st or 2nd century AD

Question: The gladiator mosaic is on par with the Alexander mosaic in which city?
Answer: Pompeii
Title: Mosaic

With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulatory of Santa Constanza still follow the classical tradition in that they represent the feast of Bacchus, which symbolizes transformation or change, and are thus appropriate for a mausoleum, the original function of this building. In another great Constantinian basilica, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem the original mosaic floor with typical Roman geometric motifs is partially preserved. The so-called Tomb of the Julii, near the crypt beneath St Peter's Basilica, is a 4th-century vaulted tomb with wall and ceiling mosaics that are given Christian interpretations. The Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki, converted into a Christian church during the course of the 4th century, was embellished with very high artistic quality mosaics. Only fragments survive of the original decoration, especially a band depicting saints with hands raised in prayer, in front of complex architectural fantasies.

Question: Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches?
Answer: the late 4th century

Question: What Christian church besides the Santa Costanza was built in the 4th century?
Answer: Santa Pudenziana

Question: What was the original function of the Santa Costanza church?
Answer: a mausoleum

Question: In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii?
Answer: St Peter's Basilica

Question: Under what period were the 4th century churches built?
Answer: Constantinian
Title: Mosaic

In the following century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art (see details in Ravenna section). Milan also served as the capital of the western empire in the 4th century. In the St Aquilinus Chapel of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, mosaics executed in the late 4th and early 5th centuries depict Christ with the Apostles and the Abduction of Elijah; these mosaics are outstanding for their bright colors, naturalism and adherence to the classical canons of order and proportion. The surviving apse mosaic of the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, which shows Christ enthroned between Saint Gervasius and Saint Protasius and angels before a golden background date back to the 5th and to the 8th century, although it was restored many times later. The baptistery of the basilica, which was demolished in the 15th century, had a vault covered with gold-leaf tesserae, large quantities of which were found when the site was excavated. In the small shrine of San Vittore in ciel d'oro, now a chapel of Sant'Ambrogio, every surface is covered with mosaics from the second half of the 5th century. Saint Victor is depicted in the center of the golden dome, while figures of saints are shown on the walls before a blue background. The low spandrels give space for the symbols of the four Evangelists.

Question: Which city besides Ravenna served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire?
Answer: Milan

Question: What is the name of the mosaic in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio?
Answer: apse

Question: The shrine of San Vittore in ciel d'oro had mosaics from which century?
Answer: the 5th century

Question: Who do the mosaics at the the basilica of San Lorenzo depict as being abducted?
Answer: Elijah

Question: When was the baptistry at the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio demolished?
Answer: the 15th century
Title: Mosaic

In the 5th-century Ravenna, the capital of the Western Roman Empire, became the center of late Roman mosaic art. The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia was decorated with mosaics of high artistic quality in 425–430. The vaults of the small, cross-shaped structure are clad with mosaics on blue background. The central motif above the crossing is a golden cross in the middle of the starry sky. Another great building established by Galla Placidia was the church of San Giovanni Evangelista. She erected it in fulfillment of a vow that she made having escaped from a deadly storm in 425 on the sea voyage from Constantinople to Ravenna. The mosaics depicted the storm, portraits of members of the western and eastern imperial family and the bishop of Ravenna, Peter Chrysologus. They are known only from Renaissance sources because almost all were destroyed in 1747.

Question: In the 5th century what was the capital of the Western Roman Empire?
Answer: Ravenna

Question: What years was the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia decorated with mosaics?
Answer: 425–430

Question: What other famous landmark in Ravenna was established by Galla Placidia? 
Answer: the church of San Giovanni Evangelista

Question: Why did Galla Placidia erect the church of San Giovanni Evangelista?
Answer: fulfillment of a vow

Question: When were most of the mosaics at the church of San Giovanni Evangelista destroyed?
Answer: 1747
Title: Mosaic

After 539 Ravenna was reconquered by the Romans in the form of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and became the seat of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The greatest development of Christian mosaics unfolded in the second half of the 6th century. Outstanding examples of Byzantine mosaic art are the later phase mosaics in the Basilica of San Vitale and Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo. The mosaic depicting Emperor Saint Justinian I and Empress Theodora in the Basilica of San Vitale were executed shortly after the Byzantine conquest. The mosaics of the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe were made around 549. The anti-Arian theme is obvious in the apse mosaic of San Michele in Affricisco, executed in 545–547 (largely destroyed; the remains in Berlin).

Question: When was Ravenna conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire?
Answer: After 539

Question: When did the biggest achievement in Christian mosaics take place?
Answer: the second half of the 6th century

Question: What event led up to the creation of the amazing mosaics in in the Basilica of San Vitale?
Answer: the Byzantine conquest

Question: When were the mosaics at the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare created?
Answer: 549

Question: Where are the remains of the apse mosaic of San Michele?
Answer: Berlin
Title: Mosaic

The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, trees and abstracts – designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God’s creation. Superimposed on this scheme are two large tablets, tabulae ansatae, carrying inscriptions. A variety of fish, a crab, a lobster, shrimps, mushrooms, flowers, a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions, which reads: In fulfilment of the vow (prayer) of those whose names God knows. This anonymous dedicatory inscription is a public demonstration of the benefactors’ humility and an acknowledgement of God’s omniscience.

Question: The floor mosaic in Butrint is how much older than that of the Baptistry?
Answer: almost a generation

Question: In what country is Butrint?
Answer: Albania

Question: What type of message was left on the mosaics at Butrint?
Answer: prayer

Question: The Vrina Plain basilica is in which city?
Answer: Butrint

Question: What was the mosaic at Butrint designed to portray?
Answer: a terrestrial paradise
Title: Mosaic

The abundant variety of natural life depicted in the Butrint mosaics celebrates the richness of God’s creation; some elements also have specific connotations. The kantharos vase and vine refer to the eucharist, the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ leading to salvation. Peacocks are symbols of paradise and resurrection; shown eating or drinking from the vase they indicate the route to eternal life. Deer or stags were commonly used as images of the faithful aspiring to Christ: "As a heart desireth the water brook, so my souls longs for thee, O God." Water-birds and fish and other sea-creatures can indicate baptism as well as the members of the Church who are christened.

Question: What was depicted on the Butrint mosaics in abundance?
Answer: natural life

Question: What do the katharos vase and vine refer to?
Answer: the eucharist

Question: What do peacocks represent in Christian symbolism?
Answer: paradise and resurrection

Question: What do most sea-creatures represent in Christina symbolism?
Answer: baptism

Question: What did deers or stags represent in Christian Symbolism?
Answer: the faithful aspiring to Christ
Title: Mosaic

Christian mosaic art also flourished in Rome, gradually declining as conditions became more difficult in the Early Middle Ages. 5th century mosaics can be found over the triumphal arch and in the nave of the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. The 27 surviving panels of the nave are the most important mosaic cycle in Rome of this period. Two other important 5th century mosaics are lost but we know them from 17th-century drawings. In the apse mosaic of Sant'Agata dei Goti (462–472, destroyed in 1589) Christ was seated on a globe with the twelve Apostles flanking him, six on either side. At Sant'Andrea in Catabarbara (468–483, destroyed in 1686) Christ appeared in the center, flanked on either side by three Apostles. Four streams flowed from the little mountain supporting Christ. The original 5th-century apse mosaic of the Santa Sabina was replaced by a very similar fresco by Taddeo Zuccari in 1559. The composition probably remained unchanged: Christ flanked by male and female saints, seated on a hill while lambs drinking from a stream at its feet. All three mosaics had a similar iconography.

Question: When did conditions become difficult for mosaic art in Rome?
Answer: the Early Middle Ages

Question: When was the mosaic of Sant'Agata dei Goti destroyed?
Answer: 1589

Question: What was similar between the three most important 5th century mosaics?
Answer: iconography

Question: When was the mosaic at Santa Sabina replaced with a fresco?
Answer: 1559

Question: Who was the artist that painted the fresco that replaced the mosaic at Santa Sobina?
Answer: Taddeo Zuccari