rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Protestantism

The Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped the Church of Scotland. The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation. The Scottish Reformation Parliament of 1560 repudiated the pope's authority by the Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560, forbade the celebration of the Mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith. It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent daughter.

Question: When was the Scottish Reformation?
Answer: 1560

Question: The Scottish Reformation decreased what country's influence?
Answer: France

Question: Who was the leader of the Scottish Reformation?
Answer: John Knox

Question: Whose regime made possible the Scottish Reformation?
Answer: Mary of Guise

Question: When was the Papal Jurisdiction Act passed?
Answer: 1560
Title: Protestantism

In the course of this religious upheaval, the German Peasants' War of 1524–25 swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities. After the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countries and the French Wars of Religion, the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648. It devastated much of Germany, killing between 25% and 40% of its population. The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were:

Question: When was the German Peasants' War?
Answer: 1524–25

Question: What war was waged from 1618 to 1648?
Answer: the Thirty Years' War

Question: How much was the German population reduced during the Thirty Years' War?
Answer: between 25% and 40%

Question: What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?
Answer: the Peace of Westphalia

Question: Where was the German Peasants' War?
Answer: the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities
Title: Protestantism

The First Great Awakening was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and British America, especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American Protestantism. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. Pulling away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism and hierarchy, it made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality.

Question: What movement occurred during the 1730's and 1740's?
Answer: The First Great Awakening

Question: What movement made a permanent mark on Protestantism in the U.S.?
Answer: The First Great Awakening
Title: Protestantism

The Second Great Awakening began around 1790. It gained momentum by 1800. After 1820, membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations, whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the late 1840s. It has been described as a reaction against skepticism, deism, and rationalism, although why those forces became pressing enough at the time to spark revivals is not fully understood. It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations.

Question: When did the Second Great Awakening start?
Answer: around 1790

Question: Which congregations joined the Second Great Awakening the most after 1820?
Answer: Baptist and Methodist

Question: When did the Second Great Awakening lose momentum?
Answer: by the late 1840s

Question: What did the Second Great Awakening create?
Answer: the formation of new denominations

Question: What was the Second Great Awakening a reaction against?
Answer: skepticism, deism, and rationalism
Title: Protestantism

The Third Great Awakening refers to a hypothetical historical period that was marked by religious activism in American history and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century. It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism. It gathered strength from the postmillennial belief that the Second Coming of Christ would occur after mankind had reformed the entire earth. It was affiliated with the Social Gospel Movement, which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening, as did the worldwide missionary movement. New groupings emerged, such as the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements.

Question: When was the Third Great Awakening?
Answer: the late 1850s to the early 20th century

Question: What denominations did the Third Great Awakening affect?
Answer: pietistic Protestant denominations

Question: What other movement gained its force from the Third Great Awakening?
Answer: the worldwide missionary movement

Question: What movement was affiliated with the Third Great Awakening?
Answer: the Social Gospel Movement

Question: What new groups were formed as a result of the Third Great Awakening?
Answer: the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements
Title: Protestantism

A noteworthy development in 20th-century Protestant Christianity was the rise of the modern Pentecostal movement. Sprung from Methodist and Wesleyan roots, it arose out of meetings at an urban mission on Azusa Street in Los Angeles. From there it spread around the world, carried by those who experienced what they believed to be miraculous moves of God there. These Pentecost-like manifestations have steadily been in evidence throughout the history, such as seen in the two Great Awakenings. Pentecostalism, which in turn birthed the Charismatic movement within already established denominations, continues to be an important force in Western Christianity.

Question: What modern movement began in the 20th century?
Answer: the modern Pentecostal movement

Question: What were the roots of the modern Pentecostal movement?
Answer: Methodist and Wesleyan

Question: What movement did Pentecostalism create?
Answer: the Charismatic movement

Question: In what city did the modern Pentecostal movement begin?
Answer: Los Angeles

Question: What type of mission was the birthplace of the modern Pentecostal movement?
Answer: urban
Title: Protestantism

In the United States and elsewhere in the world, there has been a marked rise in the evangelical wing of Protestant denominations, especially those that are more exclusively evangelical, and a corresponding decline in the mainstream liberal churches. In the post–World War I era, Liberal Christianity was on the rise, and a considerable number of seminaries held and taught from a liberal perspective as well. In the post–World War II era, the trend began to swing back towards the conservative camp in America's seminaries and church structures.

Question: Where has there been a rise in evangelical Protestantism?
Answer: In the United States and elsewhere in the world

Question: What type of churches have declined?
Answer: mainstream liberal churches

Question: When did Liberal Christianity increase?
Answer: In the post–World War I era

Question: When did conservative churches start to increase?
Answer: In the post–World War II era

Question: What type of evangelical churches are the most popular?
Answer: those that are more exclusively evangelical
Title: Protestantism

In Europe, there has been a general move away from religious observance and belief in Christian teachings and a move towards secularism. The Enlightenment is largely responsible for the spread of secularism. Several scholars have argued for a link between the rise of secularism and Protestantism, attributing it to the wide-ranging freedom in the Protestant countries. In North America, South America and Australia Christian religious observance is much higher than in Europe. United States remains particularly religious in comparison to other developed countries. South America, historically Roman Catholic, has experienced a large Evangelical and Pentecostal infusion in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Question: What direction has Europe moved towards?
Answer: secularism

Question: What caused the spread of secularism?
Answer: The Enlightenment

Question: What areas have a higher rate of Christian observance?
Answer: North America, South America and Australia

Question: When did South America show an increase in Evangelicals?
Answer: the 20th and 21st centuries

Question: What country is more religious than other developed nations?
Answer: United States
Title: Protestantism

In the view of many associated with the Radical Reformation, the Magisterial Reformation had not gone far enough. Radical Reformer, Andreas von Bodenstein Karlstadt, for example, referred to the Lutheran theologians at Wittenberg as the "new papists". Since the term "magister" also means "teacher", the Magisterial Reformation is also characterized by an emphasis on the authority of a teacher. This is made evident in the prominence of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli as leaders of the reform movements in their respective areas of ministry. Because of their authority, they were often criticized by Radical Reformers as being too much like the Roman Popes. A more political side of the Radical Reformation can be seen in the thought and practice of Hans Hut, although typically Anabaptism has been associated with pacifism.

Question: Which reformation was seen as not being effective enough?
Answer: the Magisterial Reformation

Question: What did Karlstadt call Lutheran theologians?
Answer: new papists

Question: What were reform movement leaders compared to?
Answer: Roman Popes

Question: What is another name for magister?
Answer: teacher

Question: What has been linked with pacifism?
Answer: Anabaptism
Title: Protestantism

Protestants reject the Roman Catholic Church's doctrine that it is the one true church, believing in the invisible church, which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ. Some Protestant denominations are less accepting of other denominations, and the basic orthodoxy of some is questioned by most of the others. Individual denominations also have formed over very subtle theological differences. Other denominations are simply regional or ethnic expressions of the same beliefs. Because the five solas are the main tenets of the Protestant faith, non-denominational groups and organizations are also considered Protestant.

Question: What type of church do Protestants believe in?
Answer: the invisible church

Question: Who comprises the invisible church?
Answer: all who profess faith in Jesus Christ

Question: What is the name of the main principles of Protestantism?
Answer: the five solas

Question: What other entities are also considered to be Protestant?
Answer: non-denominational groups and organizations

Question: What Catholic doctrine do Protestants not believe in?
Answer: it is the one true church
Title: Protestantism

Various ecumenical movements have attempted cooperation or reorganization of the various divided Protestant denominations, according to various models of union, but divisions continue to outpace unions, as there is no overarching authority to which any of the churches owe allegiance, which can authoritatively define the faith. Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines, although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief.

Question: What type of movements have tried to unite Protestant denominations?
Answer: Various ecumenical

Question: Which is larger, divisions or unions of Protestantism?
Answer: divisions

Question: What beliefs do most denominations agree on?
Answer: common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith

Question: What types of doctrines do denominations not agree on?
Answer: secondary

Question: What type of belief defines what is a major or minor doctrine?
Answer: idiosyncratic
Title: Protestantism

Several countries have established their national churches, linking the ecclesiastical structure with the state. Jurisdictions where a Protestant denomination has been established as a state religion include several Nordic countries; Denmark (including Greenland), the Faroe Islands (its church being independent since 2007), Iceland and Norway have established Evangelical Lutheran churches. Tuvalu has the only established church in Reformed tradition in the world, while Tonga—in the Methodist tradition. The Church of England is the officially established religious institution in England, and also the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion.

Question: What do national churches bring together?
Answer: the ecclesiastical structure with the state

Question: How long has the Faroe Islands church been independent?
Answer: since 2007

Question: Who has the only Reformed church?
Answer: Tuvalu

Question: Who is the head church of the Anglican Communion?
Answer: The Church of England

Question: What type of church does Tonga have?
Answer: Methodist
Title: Protestantism

Protestants can be differentiated according to how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation, today regarded as branches. Some of these movements have a common lineage, sometimes directly spawning individual denominations. Due to the earlier stated multitude of denominations, this section discusses only the largest denominational families, or branches, widely considered to be a part of Protestantism. These are, in alphabetical order: Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal. A small but historically significant Anabaptist branch is also discussed.

Question: What is another name for denominational families?
Answer: branches

Question: What are the major branches of Protestantism?
Answer: Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal

Question: What created the differentiation of Protestant branches?
Answer: how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation

Question: What small branch of Protestantism will also be discussed?
Answer: Anabaptist

Question: What do some branches share in common?
Answer: lineage
Title: Protestantism

Although the Adventist churches hold much in common, their theologies differ on whether the intermediate state is unconscious sleep or consciousness, whether the ultimate punishment of the wicked is annihilation or eternal torment, the nature of immortality, whether or not the wicked are resurrected after the millennium, and whether the sanctuary of Daniel 8 refers to the one in heaven or one on earth. The movement has encouraged the examination of the whole Bible, leading Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups to observe the Sabbath. The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists has compiled that church's core beliefs in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs (1980 and 2005), which use Biblical references as justification.

Question: The Adventist movement has encouraged examining what in full?
Answer: the whole Bible

Question: What Adventist groups observe the Sabbath?
Answer: Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups

Question: What is the name of the Seventh-day Adventist's core beliefs?
Answer: the 28 Fundamental Beliefs

Question: What is used for justification of the 28 Fundamental Beliefs?
Answer: Biblical references

Question: What belief about ultimate punishment do Adventists disagree on?
Answer: annihilation or eternal torment
Title: Protestantism

The name Anabaptist, meaning "one who baptizes again", was given them by their persecutors in reference to the practice of re-baptizing converts who already had been baptized as infants. Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates be able to make their own confessions of faith and so rejected baptism of infants. The early members of this movement did not accept the name Anabaptist, claiming that since infant baptism was unscriptural and null and void, the baptizing of believers was not a re-baptism but in fact their first real baptism. As a result of their views on the nature of baptism and other issues, Anabaptists were heavily persecuted during the 16th century and into the 17th by both Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics.[aa] While most Anabaptists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount, which precluded taking oaths, participating in military actions, and participating in civil government, some who practiced re-baptism felt otherwise.[ab] They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative Amish, Mennonites, and Hutterites and some historians tend to consider them as outside of true Anabaptism. Anabaptist reformers of the Radical Reformation are diveded into Radical and the so-called Second Front. Some important Radical Reformation theologians were John of Leiden, Thomas Müntzer, Kaspar Schwenkfeld, Sebastian Franck, Menno Simons. Second Front Reformers included Hans Denck, Conrad Grebel, Balthasar Hubmaier and Felix Manz.

Question: What does the word Anabaptist describe?
Answer: one who baptizes again

Question: Who named the Anabaptists?
Answer: their persecutors

Question: What baptism do Anabaptists reject?
Answer: baptism of infants

Question: Who persecuted the Anabaptists in the 16th century?
Answer: Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics

Question: Hans Denck was considered what type of reformer?
Answer: Second Front Reformers
Title: Protestantism

Anglicanism comprises the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures. The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church. There is no single "Anglican Church" with universal juridical authority, since each national or regional church has full autonomy. As the name suggests, the communion is an association of churches in full communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international Anglican Communion, which has 80 million adherents.

Question: What does Anglican mean?
Answer: the English Church

Question: When did the word Anglican begin?
Answer: 1246

Question: Who do the Anglican churches have communion with?
Answer: the Archbishop of Canterbury

Question: How many Anglican Communion members are there in the world?
Answer: 80 million

Question: What power does each national or regional church possess?
Answer: full autonomy
Title: Protestantism

The Church of England declared its independence from the Catholic Church at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Reformed tradition. These reforms were understood by one of those most responsible for them, the then Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer, as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions, namely Lutheranism and Calvinism. By the end of the century, the retention in Anglicanism of many traditional liturgical forms and of the episcopate was already seen as unacceptable by those promoting the most developed Protestant principles.

Question: Who did the Church of England split from?
Answer: the Catholic Church

Question: At what time did the Church of England become independent?
Answer: the Elizabethan Religious Settlement

Question: Who headed the Anglican reforms in the middle of the 16th century?
Answer: Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer

Question: The Church of England's reforms put it in the middle of what two traditions?
Answer: Lutheranism and Calvinism

Question: What liturgical forms in Anglicanism were considered unacceptable by many progressive Protestants?
Answer: traditional
Title: Protestantism

Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, pastors and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.

Question: According to Baptists, who should have baptisms?
Answer: professing believers

Question: What type of churches are most Baptists churches considered to be?
Answer: Protestant

Question: What two offices do Baptists have?
Answer: pastors and deacons

Question: What type of baptism do Baptists conduct?
Answer: complete immersion

Question: What is another term for soul competency?
Answer: liberty
Title: Protestantism

Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.

Question: Where was the earliest Baptist church founded?
Answer: Amsterdam

Question: Who was the pastor of the first Baptist church?
Answer: John Smyth

Question: Who believed that Christ's atonement was for everyone?
Answer: General Baptists

Question: Who founded the first Baptist group in what is now the United States?
Answer: Roger Williams

Question: Who has spread the teachings of the Baptists to each continent?
Answer: Baptist missionaries
Title: Protestantism

Today, this term also refers to the doctrines and practices of the Reformed churches of which Calvin was an early leader. Less commonly, it can refer to the individual teaching of Calvin himself. The particulars of Calvinist theology may be stated in a number of ways. Perhaps the best known summary is contained in the five points of Calvinism, though these points identify the Calvinist view on soteriology rather than summarizing the system as a whole. Broadly speaking, Calvinism stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things — in salvation but also in all of life. This concept is seen clearly in the doctrines of predestination and total depravity.

Question: What is the most well-known summary of Calvin's teachings?
Answer: the five points of Calvinism

Question: What area does the five points of Calvinism focus on?
Answer: the Calvinist view on soteriology

Question: What is a brief description of Calvinism?
Answer: the sovereignty or rule of God in all things

Question: What Calvinism doctrines are examples of the concept of the sovereignty of God?
Answer: predestination and total depravity

Question: Who was an early leader in the Reformed churches?
Answer: Calvin