rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis

Another group of residences, known as the Village, is located in the northwest corner of Danforth Campus. Only open to upperclassmen and January Scholars, the North Side consists of Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments, and all fraternity houses except the Zeta Beta Tau house, which is off campus and located just northwest of the South 40. Sororities at Washington University do not have houses by their own accord. The Village is a group of residences where students who have similar interests or academic goals apply as small groups of 4 to 24, known as BLOCs, to live together in clustered suites along with non-BLOCs. Like the South 40, the residences around the Village also surround a recreational lawn.

Question: Where is the Village located at Washington University?
Answer: the northwest corner of Danforth Campus

Question: What students are allowed in the North Side residences at Washington University?
Answer: upperclassmen and January Scholars

Question: How many students are composed in Blocs?
Answer: groups of 4 to 24

Question: What residences comprise the North Side of Washington University?
Answer: Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments

Question: How are students grouped in BLOCS at  the Village residences?
Answer: students who have similar interests or academic goals
Title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis

Washington University supports four major student-run media outlets. The university's student newspaper, Student Life, is available for students. KWUR (90.3 FM) serves as the students' official radio station; the station also attracts an audience in the immediately surrounding community due to its eclectic and free-form musical programming. WUTV is the university's closed-circuit television channel. The university's main student-run political publication is the Washington University Political Review (nicknamed "WUPR"), a self-described "multipartisan" monthly magazine. Washington University undergraduates publish two literary and art journals, The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine. A variety of other publications also serve the university community, ranging from in-house academic journals to glossy alumni magazines to WUnderground, campus' student-run satirical newspaper.

Question: How many media outlets does Washington University support?
Answer: four

Question: What is the official student radio station at Washington University?
Answer: KWUR (90.3 FM)

Question: What is the name of Washington University's political publication?
Answer: Washington University Political Review

Question: What is Washington University's closed circuit television network? 
Answer: WUTV

Question: What are the names of the art journals published by Washington University?
Answer: The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine
Title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis

Washington University's sports teams are called the Bears. They are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and participate in the University Athletic Association at the Division III level. The Bears have won 19 NCAA Division III Championships— one in women's cross country (2011), one in men's tennis (2008), two in men's basketball (2008, 2009), five in women's basketball (1998–2001, 2010), and ten in women's volleyball (1989, 1991–1996, 2003, 2007, 2009) – and 144 UAA titles in 15 different sports. The Athletic Department is headed by John Schael who has served as director of athletics since 1978. The 2000 Division III Central Region winner of the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics/Continental Airlines Athletics Director of the Year award, Schael has helped orchestrate the Bears athletics transformation into one of the top departments in Division III.

Question: What is the name of the Washington University sports teams?
Answer: the Bears

Question: At what division level does the Washington University sports teams compete?
Answer: Division III

Question: How many NCAA division championships have the Washington University sports teams won?
Answer: 19

Question: In what years did the Washington University men's basketball teams win division championships?
Answer: 2008, 2009

Question: Who is the head of the Washington University Athletic Department?
Answer: John Schael
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is a domestic security service, CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on overseas intelligence gathering, with only limited domestic collection. Though it is not the only U.S. government agency specializing in HUMINT, CIA serves as the national manager for coordination and deconfliction of HUMINT activities across the entire intelligence community. Moreover, CIA is the only agency authorized by law to carry out and oversee covert action on behalf of the President, unless the President determines that another agency is better suited for carrying out such action. It can, for example, exert foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Special Activities Division.

Question: What is the CIA's main focus?
Answer: overseas intelligence gathering

Question: What does FBI stand for?
Answer: Federal Bureau of Investigation

Question: What is the only agency that is authorized to carry out action on behalf of the president?
Answer: CIA
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

The Executive Office also supports the U.S. military by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities. The Executive Director is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA, and each branch of the service has its own Director. The Associate Director of military affairs, a senior military officer, manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands, who produce regional/operational intelligence and consume national intelligence.

Question: What is the title of the person who manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands?
Answer: The Associate Director of military affairs

Question: What three ways does the Executive office support the U.S. military?
Answer: providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities

Question: Who is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA?
Answer: The Executive Director
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

The Directorate of Analysis produces all-source intelligence investigation on key foreign and intercontinental issues relating to powerful and sometimes anti-government sensitive topics. It has four regional analytic groups, six groups for transnational issues, and three focus on policy, collection, and staff support. There is an office dedicated to Iraq, and regional analytical Offices covering the Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis, the Office of Russian and European Analysis, and the Office of Asian Pacific, Asian Pacific, Latin American, and African Analysis and African Analysis.

Question: How many regional analytic groups does the Directorate of Analysis have?
Answer: four

Question: Who produces all source intelligence investigations?
Answer: The Directorate of Analysis

Question: How many groups of the Directorate of Analysis focus on policy, collection and staff support?
Answer: three

Question: How many groups does the Directorate of Analysis have for transnational issues?
Answer: six

Question: The Directorate of Analysis has an office dedicated to what country?
Answer: Iraq
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, mainly from clandestine HUMINT sources, and covert action. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of human intelligence activities among other elements of the wider U.S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy and budget between the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and the CIA. In spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service (DCS), under the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).

Question: What office is in charge of collecting foreign intelligence?
Answer: The Directorate of Operations

Question: What is the main reason the Directorate of Operations was created?
Answer: to end years of rivalry

Question: What intelligence service did the Department of Defense recently create?
Answer: the Defense Clandestine Service

Question: What does DIA stand for?
Answer: Defense Intelligence Agency

Question: What is DOD short for?
Answer: Department of Defense
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the Cold War, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on employee retention. In response, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002. CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff. The facility works in partnership with the National Intelligence University, and includes the Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis, the Directorate of Analysis' component of the university.

Question: In what year did the CIA establish its first training facility?
Answer: 1950

Question: What was the name of the first training facility that was established by the CIA?
Answer: the Office of Training and Education

Question: What event decreased the CIA's training budget?
Answer: the Cold War

Question: How many annual courses does the CIA University have?
Answer: between 200 and 300

Question: Who was the Director of Central Intelligence in 2002?
Answer: George Tenet
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified. Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend "un-vouchered" government money. The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelligence spending since 2007; the fiscal 2013 figure is $52.6 billion. According to the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, the CIA's fiscal 2013 budget is $14.7 billion, 28% of the total and almost 50% more than the budget of the National Security Agency. CIA's HUMINT budget is $2.3 billion, the SIGINT budget is $1.7 billion, and spending for security and logistics of CIA missions is $2.5 billion. "Covert action programs", including a variety of activities such as the CIA's drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities, accounts for $2.6 billion.

Question: What year was the Central Intelligence Agency Act created?
Answer: 1949

Question: How much money was spent on non-military intelligence in 2013?
Answer: $52.6 billion

Question: Who is the only federal employee that can spend un-vouched for money?
Answer: the Director of Central Intelligence

Question: What was the 2013 annual budget for the CIA's HUMINT?
Answer: $2.3 billion

Question: What two major things does the CIA's "Covert action programs" include?
Answer: drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

There were numerous previous attempts to obtain general information about the budget. As a result, it was revealed that CIA's annual budget in Fiscal Year 1963 was US $550 million (inflation-adjusted US$ 4.3 billion in 2016), and the overall intelligence budget in FY 1997 was US $26.6 billion (inflation-adjusted US$ 39.2 billion in 2016). There have been accidental disclosures; for instance, Mary Margaret Graham, a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005, said that the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion, and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $43.4 billion (in 2012 dollars) in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program, including $4.8 billion for the CIA. After the Marshall Plan was approved, appropriating $13.7 billion over five years, 5% of those funds or $685 million were made available to the CIA.

Question: What was the first year the CIA's budget was disclosed?
Answer: 1963

Question: Who disclosed the CIA's budget for 2005?
Answer: Mary Margaret Graham

Question: What group accidentally published the non CIA budget in 1994?
Answer: Congress

Question: What plan appropriated $13.7 billion over five years?
Answer: the Marshall Plan

Question: What percent of the $13.7 billion did the CIA receive?
Answer: 5%
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) (SVR), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) and Israel's Mossad. While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]

Question: What is the UK's equivalent to the CIA?
Answer: Secret Intelligence Service

Question: What does ASIS stand for?
Answer: Australian Secret Intelligence Service

Question: What is the name of Israel's intelligence agency?
Answer: Mossad

Question: What is the acronym for India's Research and Analysis Wing?
Answer: RAW

Question: What is the acronym for French's intelligence service?
Answer: DGSE
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

The closest links of the U.S. IC to other foreign intelligence agencies are to Anglophone countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. There is a special communications marking that signals that intelligence-related messages can be shared with these four countries. An indication of the United States' close operational cooperation is the creation of a new message distribution label within the main U.S. military communications network. Previously, the marking of NOFORN (i.e., No Foreign Nationals) required the originator to specify which, if any, non-U.S. countries could receive the information. A new handling caveat, USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes, used primarily on intelligence messages, gives an easier way to indicate that the material can be shared with Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and New Zealand.

Question: Which four countries can share communications with the U.S. IC?
Answer: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom

Question: What does NOFORN stand for?
Answer: No Foreign Nationals

Question: What is the special marking that shows messages can be shared with these other five countries?
Answer: USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS, and by October 1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State and War. The division lasted only a few months. The first public mention of the "Central Intelligence Agency" appeared on a command-restructuring proposal presented by Jim Forrestal and Arthur Radford to the U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945. Despite opposition from the military establishment, the United States Department of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Truman established the National Intelligence Authority in January 1946, which was the direct predecessor of the CIA. Its operational extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG)

Question: What president authorized the creation of the intelligence service?
Answer: Franklin D. Roosevelt

Question: Who's secret intelligence service was the US's modeled after?
Answer: British

Question: What does OSS stand for?
Answer: Office of Strategic Services

Question: Who signed the order to get rid of the OSS?
Answer: Harry S. Truman

Question: In what year was the OSS dissolved?
Answer: 1945
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the SSU, CIG, and, later CIA, was a principle draftsman of the National Security Act of 1947 which dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1949, Houston would help draft the Central Intelligence Agency Act, (Public law 81-110) which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempted it from most limitations on the use of Federal funds. It also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed." It created the program "PL-110", to handle defectors and other "essential aliens" who fell outside normal immigration procedures.

Question: Which act got rid of the NIA and the CIG?
Answer: National Security Act

Question: What program handled "essential aliens" that did not fall under normal immigration policies?
Answer: PL-110

Question: Lawrence Houston helped to draft what act in 1949?
Answer: Central Intelligence Agency Act
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

At the outset of the Korean War the CIA still only had a few thousand employees, a thousand of whom worked in analysis. Intelligence primarily came from the Office of Reports and Estimates, which drew its reports from a daily take of State Department telegrams, military dispatches, and other public documents. The CIA still lacked its own intelligence gathering abilities. On 21 August 1950, shortly after the invasion of South Korea, Truman announced Walter Bedell Smith as the new Director of the CIA to correct what was seen as a grave failure of Intelligence.[clarification needed]

Question: Who was appointed to be the new Director of the CIA in 1950?
Answer: Walter Bedell Smith

Question: What president announced the new CIA director?
Answer: Truman

Question: Where was most of the CIA's intelligence coming from before 1950?
Answer: the Office of Reports and Estimates
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

The CIA had different demands placed on it by the different bodies overseeing it. Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him, the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action, and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the US. Thus the two areas of responsibility for the CIA were covert action and covert intelligence. One of the main targets for intelligence gathering was the Soviet Union, which had also been a priority of the CIA's predecessors.

Question: Who wanted the CIA to have a central group that organized information for him?
Answer: Truman

Question: What did the Department of defense want from the CIA?
Answer: military intelligence and covert action

Question: What was the State Department hoping for the CIA to do?
Answer: create global political change favorable to the US

Question: What was one of the main targets of intelligence gathering?
Answer: the Soviet Union
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

US army general Hoyt Vandenberg, the CIG's second director, created the Office of Special Operations (OSO), as well as the Office of Reports and Estimates (ORE). Initially the OSO was tasked with spying and subversion overseas with a budget of $15 million, the largesse of a small number of patrons in congress. Vandenberg's goals were much like the ones set out by his predecessor; finding out "everything about the Soviet forces in Eastern and Central Europe - their movements, their capabilities, and their intentions." This task fell to the 228 overseas personnel covering Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.

Question: Who created the Office of Special Operations?
Answer: Hoyt Vandenberg

Question: What does ORE stand for?
Answer: Office of Reports and Estimates

Question: What was the Office of Special Operations initial budget?
Answer: $15 million

Question: Who was the OSO trying to track and gain intelligence on?
Answer: the Soviet forces
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

On 18 June 1948, the National Security Council issued Directive 10/2 calling for covert action against the USSR, and granting the authority to carry out covert operations against "hostile foreign states or groups" that could, if needed, be denied by the U.S. government. To this end, the Office of Policy Coordination was created inside the new CIA. The OPC was quite unique; Frank Wisner, the head of the OPC, answered not to the CIA Director, but to the secretaries of defense, state, and the NSC, and the OPC's actions were a secret even from the head of the CIA. Most CIA stations had two station chiefs, one working for the OSO, and one working for the OPC.

Question: In what year was directive 10/2 issued?
Answer: 1948

Question: Who was the head of the OPC?
Answer: Frank Wisner

Question: Most CIA stations had how many chiefs?
Answer: two

Question: Directive 10/2 called for actions against who?
Answer: the USSR
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

The early track record of the CIA was poor, with the agency unable to provide sufficient intelligence about the Soviet takeovers of Romania and Czechoslovakia, the Soviet blockade of Berlin, and the Soviet atomic bomb project. In particular, the agency failed to predict the Chinese entry into the Korean War with 300,000 troops. The famous double agent Kim Philby was the British liaison to American Central Intelligence. Through him the CIA coordinated hundreds of airdrops inside the iron curtain, all compromised by Philby. Arlington Hall, the nerve center of CIA cryptanalysisl was compromised by Bill Weisband, a Russian translator and Soviet spy. The CIA would reuse the tactic of dropping plant agents behind enemy lines by parachute again on China, and North Korea. This too would be fruitless.

Question: How many troops did the Chinese enter into the Korean War?
Answer: 300,000

Question: Who compromised hundreds of airdrops?
Answer: Kim Philby

Question: Who was a Russian translator and Soviet Spy?
Answer: Bill Weisband
Title: Pain

Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition states: "Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." In medical diagnosis, pain is a symptom.

Question: What type of stimuli causes pain?
Answer: intense or damaging

Question: What type of feeling is pain?
Answer: distressing

Question: Why has defining pain been a challenge?
Answer: complex, subjective phenomenon

Question: What organization's definition is widely used?
Answer: The International Association for the Study of Pain

Question: In medical diagnosis, what is pain considered?
Answer: a symptom