rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Northwestern_University

The Medill School of Journalism has produced notable journalists and political activists including 38 Pulitzer Prize laureates. National correspondents, reporters and columnists such as The New York Times's Elisabeth Bumiller, David Barstow, Dean Murphy, and Vincent Laforet, USA Today's Gary Levin, Susan Page and Christine Brennan, NBC correspondent Kelly O'Donnell, CBS correspondent Richard Threlkeld, CNN correspondent Nicole Lapin and former CNN and current Al Jazeera America anchor Joie Chen, and ESPN personalities Rachel Nichols, Michael Wilbon, Mike Greenberg, Steve Weissman, J. A. Adande, and Kevin Blackistone. The bestselling author of the A Song of Ice and Fire series, George R. R. Martin, earned a B.S. and M.S. from Medill. Elisabeth Leamy is the recipient of 13 Emmy awards  and 4 Edward R. Murrow Awards.

Question: How many Pulitzer Prize laureates attended the Medill School of Journalism?
Answer: 38

Question: Where did NBC correspondant Kelly O'Donnell attend school?
Answer: The Medill School of Journalism

Question: Where did bestselling author George R. R. Martin earn his B.S. and M.S.?
Answer: The Medill School of Journalism

Question: How many Emmy awards did alumni Elisabeth Leamy receive?
Answer: 13

Question: Which CBS correspondant graduated from The Medill School of Journalism?
Answer: Richard Threlkeld
Title: Northwestern_University

The Feinberg School of Medicine (previously the Northwestern University Medical School) has produced a number of notable graduates, including Mary Harris Thompson, Class of 1870, ad eundem, first female surgeon in Chicago, first female surgeon at Cook County Hospital, and founder of the Mary Thomson Hospital, Roswell Park, Class of 1876, prominent surgeon for whom the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, New York, is named, Daniel Hale Williams, Class of 1883, performed the first successful American open heart surgery; only black charter member of the American College of Surgeons, Charles Horace Mayo, Class of 1888, co-founder of Mayo Clinic, Carlos Montezuma, Class of 1889, one of the first Native Americans to receive a Doctor of Medicine degree from any school, and founder of the Society of American Indians, Howard T. Ricketts, Class of 1897, who discovered bacteria of the genus Rickettsia, and identified the cause and methods of transmission of rocky mountain spotted fever, Allen B. Kanavel, Class of 1899, founder, regent, and president of the American College of Surgeons, internationally recognized as founder of modern hand and peripheral nerve surgery, Robert F. Furchgott, Class of 1940, received a Lasker Award in 1996 and the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his co-discovery of nitric oxide, Thomas E. Starzl, Class of 1952, performed the first successful liver transplant in 1967 and received the National Medal of Science in 2004 and a Lasker Award in 2012, Joseph P. Kerwin, first physician in space, flew on three skylab missions and later served as director of Space and Life Sciences at NASA, C. Richard Schlegel, Class of 1972, developed the dominant patent for a vaccine against human papillomavirus (administered as Gardasil) to prevent cervical cancer, David J. Skorton, Class of 1974, a noted cardiologist became president of Cornell University in 2006, and Andrew E. Senyei, Class of 1979, inventor, venture capitalist, and entrepreneur, founder of biotech and genetics companies, and a university trustee.

Question: Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine was the Roswell Park Cancer Institute named after?
Answer: Mary Harris Thompson

Question: Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine performed the first successful American open heart surgery?
Answer: Daniel Hale Williams

Question: Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine co-founded the Mayo Clinic?
Answer: Charles Horace Mayo

Question: Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine founded the American College of Surgeons?
Answer: Allen B. Kanavel

Question: Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine was the first physician in space?
Answer: Joseph P. Kerwin
Title: Hokkien

Hokkien /hɒˈkiɛn/ (traditional Chinese: 福建話; simplified Chinese: 福建话; pinyin: Fújiànhuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hok-kiàn oē) or Quanzhang (Quanzhou–Zhangzhou / Chinchew–Changchew; BP: Zuánziū–Ziāngziū) is a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken throughout Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and by many other overseas Chinese. Hokkien originated from a dialect in southern Fujian. It is closely related to the Teochew, though mutual comprehension is difficult, and is somewhat more distantly related to Hainanese. Besides Hokkien, there are also other Min and Hakka dialects in Fujian province, most of which are not mutually intelligible with Hokkien.

Question: Where did Hokkien originate?
Answer: southern Fujian.

Question: What dialect is Hokkien closely related to?
Answer: Teochew

Question: What is Hokkien?
Answer: a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken throughout Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and by many other overseas Chinese.

Question: Where is Hokkien spoken?
Answer: Southeast Asia

Question: Where did Hokkien originate?
Answer: southern Fujian

Question: What language is Hokkien closely related to?
Answer: Teochew

Question: What language is Hokkien distantly related to?
Answer: Hainanese

Question: Min and Hakka dialects are found where?
Answer: Fujian province
Title: Hokkien

The term Hokkien (福建; hɔk˥˥kɪɛn˨˩) is itself a term not used in Chinese to refer to the dialect, as it simply means Fujian province. In Chinese linguistics, these dialects are known by their classification under the Quanzhang Division (Chinese: 泉漳片; pinyin: Quánzhāng piàn) of Min Nan, which comes from the first characters of the two main Hokkien urban centers Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. The variety is also known by other terms such as the more general Min Nan (traditional Chinese: 閩南語, 閩南話; simplified Chinese: 闽南语, 闽南话; pinyin: Mǐnnányǔ, Mǐnnánhuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bân-lâm-gí,Bân-lâm-oē) or Southern Min, and Fulaohua (traditional Chinese: 福佬話; simplified Chinese: 福佬话; pinyin: Fúlǎohuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hō-ló-oē). The term Hokkien (Chinese: 福建話; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hok-kiàn oē;Tâi-lô:Hok-kiàn-uē), on the other hand, is used commonly in South East Asia to refer to Min-nan dialects.

Question: What at the main Hokkioen urban centers?
Answer: Quanzhou and Zhangzhou.

Question: What dialects does Hokkien refer to?
Answer: Min-nan dialects.

Question: Where is the term Hokkien mainly used?
Answer: South East Asia

Question: What does Hokkien mean?
Answer: Fujian province

Question: What division of dialects does Hokkien belong to?
Answer: Quanzhang Division (Chinese: 泉漳片; pinyin: Quánzhāng piàn) of Min Nan

Question: In South East Asia, what term is commonly used to refer to Min-nan dialects?
Answer: Hokkien

Question: Where are quanzhou and Zhangzhou located?
Answer: Hokkien
Title: Hokkien

There are many Hokkien speakers among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia as well as in the United States. Many ethnic Han Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian, and brought the language to what is now Burma (Myanmar), Indonesia (the former Dutch East Indies) and present day Malaysia and Singapore (formerly Malaya and the British Straits Settlements). Many of the Hokkien dialects of this region are highly similar to Taiwanese and Amoy. Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5% of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines, among which is known locally as Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē ("Our people’s language"). Hokkien speakers form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia.[citation needed]

Question: What percentage of Chinese Filipino are reportedly native Hokkien speakers?
Answer: 98.5%

Question: What is Hokkien known as locally in the Phillippines?
Answer: Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē ("Our people’s language").

Question: Who form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore?
Answer: Hokkien speakers

Question: Who form the largest group of Chinese in Malaysia?
Answer: Hokkien speakers

Question: Who form the largest group of Chinese in Indonesia?
Answer: Hokkien speakers

Question: Who brought the language Hokkien to Myanmar?
Answer: Han Chinese emigrants

Question: What is the current name for Myanmar?
Answer: Burma

Question: What is the former name for Indonesia?
Answer: Dutch East Indies

Question: What percent of Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines spoeak Hokkien?
Answer: 98.5%

Question: What is the local name for Hokkien in the Philippines?
Answer: Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē
Title: Hokkien

During the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China, there was constant warfare occurring in the Central Plain of China. Northerners began to enter into Fujian region, causing the region to incorporate parts of northern Chinese dialects. However, the massive migration of northern Han Chinese into Fujian region mainly occurred after the Disaster of Yongjia. The Jìn court fled from the north to the south, causing large numbers of northern Han Chinese to move into Fujian region. They brought the old Chinese — spoken in Central Plain of China from prehistoric era to 3rd century — into Fujian. This then gradually evolved into the Quanzhou dialect.

Question: The Three Kings Period was a period of time in what country?
Answer: China

Question: Where was war concentrated during the Three Kings Period?
Answer: the Central Plain of China

Question: What disaster caused a massive migration in the Fujiian region?
Answer: the Disaster of Yongjia

Question: What language was spoken in the central plain of China up until the 3rd century?
Answer: old Chinese

Question: What direction did the jin court flee during the Three Kings period?
Answer: north to the south
Title: Hokkien

In 677 (during the reign of Emperor Gaozong), Chen Zheng (陳政), together with his son Chen Yuanguang (陳元光), led a military expedition to pacify the rebellion in Fujian. They settled in Zhangzhou and brought the Middle Chinese phonology of northern China during the 7th century into Zhangzhou; In 885, (during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang), the two brothers Wang Chao (王潮) and Wang Shenzhi (王審知), led a military expedition force to pacify the Huang Chao rebellion. They brought the Middle Chinese phonology commonly spoken in Northern China into Zhangzhou. These two waves of migrations from the north generally brought the language of northern Middle Chinese into the Fujian region. This then gradually evolved into the Zhangzhou dialect.

Question: Who was the ruler of China in 677?
Answer: Emperor Gaozong

Question: Who led the military expedition in Fujian?
Answer: Chen Zheng

Question: What is the name of the son of Chen Zheng?
Answer: Chen Yuanguang

Question: Who was the ruler of China in 885?
Answer: Emperor Xizong of Tang

Question: What was responsible for bringing the language of North middle China to the Fujian region?
Answer: two waves of migrations from the north
Title: Hokkien

Xiamen dialect, sometimes known as Amoy, is the main dialect spoken in the Chinese city of Xiamen and its surrounding regions of Tong'an and Xiang'an, both of which are now included in the Greater Xiamen area. This dialect developed in the late Ming dynasty when Xiamen was increasingly taking over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in southeastern China. Quanzhou traders began travelling southwards to Xiamen to carry on their businesses while Zhangzhou peasants began traveling northwards to Xiamen in search of job opportunities. It is at this time when a need for a common language arose. The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou varieties are similar in many ways (as can be seen from the common place of Henan Luoyang where they originated), but due to differences in accents, communication can be a problem. Quanzhou businessmen considered their speech to be the prestige accent and considered Zhangzhou's to be a village dialect. Over the centuries, dialect leveling occurred and the two speeches mixed to produce the Amoy dialect.

Question: What is another name for Xiamen dialect?
Answer: Amoy

Question: What is the main dialect spoken in Xiamen?
Answer: Xiamen dialect

Question: During what dynasty did the Xiamen dialect develope?
Answer: late Ming dynasty

Question: What city took over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in SE China?
Answer: Xiamen

Question: Why did peasants from Zhangzhou travel north to Xiamen?
Answer: in search of job opportunities
Title: Hokkien

Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin or Cantonese. Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include the retention of the /t/ initial, which is now /tʂ/ (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 is tik, but zhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties.

Question: What Chinese dialect has more consonants than standard Mandarin or Cantonese?
Answer: Hokkien

Question: How do Hokkien vowels compare to Standard Mandarin vowels?
Answer: similar

Question: What do Hokkein varieties retain that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties?
Answer: many pronunciations

Question: Hokkien has one of the most diverse what, among Chinese varieties?
Answer: phoneme inventories
Title: Hokkien

In general, Hokkien dialects have 5 to 7 phonemic tones. According to the traditional Chinese system, however, there are 7 to 9 "tones",[citation needed] more correctly termed tone classes since two of them are non-phonemic "entering tones" (see the discussion on Chinese tone). Tone sandhi is extensive. There are minor variations between the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou tone systems. Taiwanese tones follow the patterns of Amoy or Quanzhou, depending on the area of Taiwan. Many dialects have an additional phonemic tone ("tone 9" according to the traditional reckoning), used only in special or foreign loan words.

Question: How many phonemic tones do Hokkien dialects have?
Answer: 5 to 7

Question: What is another name for phonemic tones?
Answer: tone classes

Question: What type of variations are there between the Quanznou and Zhangzhou tone system?
Answer: minor

Question: What patterns do Taiwanese tones follow?
Answer: Amoy or Quanzhou

Question: What is the pattern used un Taiwanese tones determined by?
Answer: the area of Taiwan
Title: Hokkien

The Amoy dialect (Xiamen) is a hybrid of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. Taiwanese is also a hybrid of these two dialects. Taiwanese in northern Taiwan tends to be based on the Quanzhou variety, whereas the Taiwanese spoken in southern Taiwan tends to be based on Zhangzhou speech. There are minor variations in pronunciation and vocabulary between Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. The grammar is generally the same. Additionally, extensive contact with the Japanese language has left a legacy of Japanese loanwords in Taiwanese Hokkien. On the other hand, the variants spoken in Singapore and Malaysia have a substantial number of loanwords from Malay and to a lesser extent, from English and other Chinese varieties, such as the closely related Teochew and some Cantonese.

Question: The Amoy dialect is a hybrid of what two dialects?
Answer: Quanzhou and Zhangzhou

Question: Besides Amoy, what is another hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou?
Answer: Taiwanese

Question: What is Taiwanese in Northern Taiwan based on?
Answer: Quanzhou

Question: What is Taiwanese in Southern Taiwan based on?
Answer: Zhangzhou speech

Question: In Singapore, the varient of Hokkien has a significant amount of loanwords from where?
Answer: Malay
Title: Hokkien

Hokkien dialects are analytic; in a sentence, the arrangement of words is important to its meaning. A basic sentence follows the subject–verb–object pattern (i.e. a subject is followed by a verb then by an object), though this order is often violated because Hokkien dialects are topic-prominent. Unlike synthetic languages, seldom do words indicate time, gender and plural by inflection. Instead, these concepts are expressed through adverbs, aspect markers, and grammatical particles, or are deduced from the context. Different particles are added to a sentence to further specify its status or intonation.

Question: In Hokkien dialects, the arrangent of words is important to what?
Answer: meaning

Question: What pattern does a basic Hokkien sentence follow?
Answer: subject–verb–object

Question: Being topic prominant, what basic sentence pattern is often not used?
Answer: subject–verb–object

Question: Unlike synthetic languages, what do Hokkien sentences not indicate?
Answer: time, gender and plural

Question: What is added to sentences to specify status or tone?
Answer: Different particles
Title: Hokkien

The existence of literary and colloquial readings (文白異讀), called tha̍k-im (讀音), is a prominent feature of some Hokkien dialects and indeed in many Sinitic varieties in the south. The bulk of literary readings (文讀, bûn-tha̍k), based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang Dynasty, are mainly used in formal phrases and written language (e.g. philosophical concepts, surnames, and some place names), while the colloquial (or vernacular) ones (白讀, pe̍h-tha̍k) are basically used in spoken language and vulgar phrases. Literary readings are more similar to the pronunciations of the Tang standard of Middle Chinese than their colloquial equivalents.

Question: What are literary and colloquial readings called?
Answer: tha̍k-im

Question: What is another name for colloquial?
Answer: vernacular)

Question: Literary readings are usually used where?
Answer: formal phrases and written language

Question: colloquial reading are usually used where?
Answer: spoken language and vulgar phrases
Title: Hokkien

The pronounced divergence between literary and colloquial pronunciations found in Hokkien dialects is attributed to the presence of several strata in the Min lexicon. The earliest, colloquial stratum is traced to the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE); the second colloquial one comes from the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 - 589 CE); the third stratum of pronunciations (typically literary ones) comes from the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE) and is based on the prestige dialect of Chang'an (modern day Xi'an), its capital.

Question: Colloquial stratum can be traced to several strata in what lexicon?
Answer: Min

Question: The earliest colloquial stratum can be traced to what?
Answer: Han dynasty

Question: When was the Han Dynasty?
Answer: 206 BCE - 220 CE

Question: When were the Southern and Northern Dynasties?
Answer: 420 - 589 CE

Question: When was the Tang Dynasty?
Answer: 618–907 CE
Title: Hokkien

Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu (where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated and which was likely influenced by the Chinese spoken in the state of Chu which itself was not founded by Chinese speakers),[citation needed] and later words from Middle Chinese as well, have retained the original meanings in Hokkien, while many of their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use, have been substituted with other words (some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments), or have developed newer meanings. The same may be said of Hokkien as well, since some lexical meaning evolved in step with Mandarin while others are wholly innovative developments.

Question: Where did the language of Min and Wu dialects originate?
Answer: in the state of Wu

Question: Chinese spoken in Wu was influenced by Chinese spoken where?
Answer: the state of Chu

Question: Many middle chinese words have retained their meanings in Hokkein but not in what?
Answer: Mandarin Chinese
Title: Hokkien

Hokkien originated from Quanzhou. After the Opium War in 1842, Xiamen (Amoy) became one of the major treaty ports to be opened for trade with the outside world. From mid-19th century onwards, Xiamen slowly developed to become the political and economical center of the Hokkien-speaking region in China. This caused Amoy dialect to gradually replace the position of dialect variants from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. From mid-19th century until the end of World War II, western diplomats usually learned Amoy Hokkien as the preferred dialect if they were to communicate with the Hokkien-speaking populace in China or South-East Asia. In the 1940s and 1950s, Taiwan also held Amoy Hokkien as its standard and tended to incline itself towards Amoy dialect.

Question: Where did Hokkein originate?
Answer: Quanzhou

Question: What year was the Opium war?
Answer: 1842

Question: What is another name for Xiamen?
Answer: Amoy

Question: What port became one of the major treaty ports after the Opium War?
Answer: Xiamen

Question: What dialect did western diplomats learn to communicate with the Hokkien speaking people in China?
Answer: Amoy Hokkien
Title: Hokkien

In the 1990s, marked by the liberalization of language development and mother tongue movement in Taiwan, Taiwanese Hokkien had undergone a fast pace in its development. In 1993, Taiwan became the first region in the world to implement the teaching of Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwanese schools. In 2001, the local Taiwanese language program was further extended to all schools in Taiwan, and Taiwanese Hokkien became one of the compulsory local Taiwanese languages to be learned in schools. The mother tongue movement in Taiwan even influenced Xiamen (Amoy) to the point that in 2010, Xiamen also began to implement the teaching of Hokkien dialect in its schools. In 2007, the Ministry of Education in Taiwan also completed the standardization of Chinese characters used for writing Hokkien and developed Tai-lo as the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide. A number of universities in Taiwan also offer Hokkien degree courses for training Hokkien-fluent talents to work for the Hokkien media industry and education. Taiwan also has its own Hokkien literary and cultural circles whereby Hokkien poets and writers compose poetry or literature in Hokkien on a regular basis.

Question: When did Taiwanese Hokkien have a fast change in development?
Answer: In the 1990s

Question: What year did Taiwan begin teaching Hokkien in schools?
Answer: 1993

Question: What year did it become mandatory to teach Hokkien in Taiwan schools?
Answer: 2001

Question: What is the name of the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide?
Answer: Tai-lo

Question: What year did the Ministry of Education develope tai-lo?
Answer: 2007
Title: Hokkien

Hokkien dialects are typically written using Chinese characters (漢字, Hàn-jī). However, the written script was and remains adapted to the literary form, which is based on classical Chinese, not the vernacular and spoken form. Furthermore, the character inventory used for Mandarin (standard written Chinese) does not correspond to Hokkien words, and there are a large number of informal characters (替字, thè-jī or thòe-jī; 'substitute characters') which are unique to Hokkien (as is the case with Cantonese). For instance, about 20 to 25% of Taiwanese morphemes lack an appropriate or standard Chinese character.

Question: Hokkien is usually written using what characters?
Answer: Chinese

Question: Written Hokkein is based on what?
Answer: classical Chinese

Question: What is another name for standard written chinese?
Answer: Mandarin

Question: Approximately what percentage of Chinese morphemes lack a standard chinese character?
Answer: 20 to 25%