rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: History_of_India

During the British Raj, famines in India, often attributed to failed government policies, were some of the worst ever recorded, including the Great Famine of 1876–78 in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 1899–1900 in which 1.25 to 10 million people died. The Third Plague Pandemic in the mid-19th century killed 10 million people in India. Despite persistent diseases and famines, the population of the Indian subcontinent, which stood at about 125 million in 1750, had reached 389 million by 1941.

Question: What were said to have been caused by government policy failures?
Answer: famines

Question: How many people were said to have died in the Great Famine?
Answer: 6.1 million to 10.3 million

Question: When did the Great Famine happen?
Answer: 1876–78

Question: How many people died in the Indian Famine of 1899-1900?
Answer: 1.25 to 10 million

Question: What killed 10 million people in India?
Answer: Third Plague Pandemic
Title: History_of_India

One of the most important events of the 19th century was the rise of Indian nationalism, leading Indians to seek first "self-rule" and later "complete independence". However, historians are divided over the causes of its rise. Probable reasons include a "clash of interests of the Indian people with British interests", "racial discriminations", "the revelation of India's past", "inter-linking of the new social groups in different regions", and Indians coming in close contact with "European education".

Question: What movement rose in the 19th century?
Answer: Indian nationalism

Question: What did Indian first want as government?
Answer: self-rule

Question: What did Indians finally begin to demand?
Answer: complete independence

Question: What feature of the nationalism movement is unknown?
Answer: causes

Question: What can only be listed without absolute firmness in the nationalism movement?
Answer: Probable reasons
Title: History_of_India

The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909. Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up. The councillors' participation was subsequently widened into legislative councils. The British built a large British Indian Army, with the senior officers all British and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs. The civil service was increasingly filled with natives at the lower levels, with the British holding the more senior positions.

Question: What appointments were  the first step in Indian self-rule?
Answer: councillors

Question: When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor?
Answer: 1909

Question: What more local councils were set up?
Answer: Provincial Councils

Question: Of what nationality were the officers in the Indian Army?
Answer: British

Question: What were the troops in the British Indian Army?
Answer: minority groups
Title: History_of_India

Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an Indian nationalist leader, declared Swaraj as the destiny of the nation. His popular sentence "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it" became the source of inspiration for Indians. Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, who held the same point of view. Under them, India's three big provinces – Maharashtra, Bengal and Punjab, India shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism. In 1907, the Congress was split into two factions: The radicals, led by Tilak, advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all things British. The moderates, led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, on the other hand wanted reform within the framework of British rule.

Question: What Indian leader said that Swaraj was his birthright?
Answer: Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Question: What parts of India shaped the demands of the people for nationalism?
Answer: three big provinces

Question: How was the Congress split in 1907?
Answer: two factions

Question: Which faction of the Congress did Tilak lead?
Answer: The radicals

Question: Which faction wanted reform within British rule?
Answer: The moderates
Title: History_of_India

From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods. The Gandhi-led independence movement opposed the British rule using non-violent methods like non-cooperation, civil disobedience and economic resistance. However, revolutionary activities against the British rule took place throughout the Indian subcontinent and some others adopted a militant approach like the Indian National Army that sought to overthrow British rule by armed struggle. The Government of India Act 1935 was a major success in this regard. All these movements succeeded in bringing independence to the new dominions of India and Pakistan on 15 August 1947.

Question: What leader started a mass movement against British rule?
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi

Question: What means did Gandhi espouse to gain self-rule?
Answer: peaceful

Question: What group wanted to use violent means to over throw the British rule?
Answer: Indian National Army

Question: On what date did India gain its independence?
Answer: 15 August 1947

Question: What action did the movements combine to produce?
Answer: Government of India Act 1935
Title: History_of_India

Along with the desire for independence, tensions between Hindus and Muslims had also been developing over the years. The Muslims had always been a minority within the subcontinent, and the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government made them wary of independence; they were as inclined to mistrust Hindu rule as they were to resist the foreign Raj, although Gandhi called for unity between the two groups in an astonishing display of leadership. The British, extremely weakened by the Second World War, promised that they would leave and participated in the formation of an interim government. The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947, after being partitioned into the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. Following the controversial division of pre-partition Punjab and Bengal, rioting broke out between Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims in these provinces and spread to several other parts of India, leaving some 500,000 dead. Also, this period saw one of the largest mass migrations ever recorded in modern history, with a total of 12 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan (which gained independence on 15 and 14 August 1947 respectively). In 1971, Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan and East Bengal, seceded from Pakistan.

Question: What position did Muslims have in the Indian population?
Answer: minority

Question: What effect of independence did Muslims distrust?
Answer: Hindu rule

Question: What did the British form in preparation to leaving India?
Answer: interim government

Question: How many people died in the rioting over divisions of Bengal and Punjab?
Answer: 500,000

Question: How many people migrated between the newly created countries of India and Pakistan?
Answer: 12 million
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر حسين‎, IPA: [ɡæˈmæːl ʕæbdenˈnɑːsˤeɾ ħeˈseːn]; 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member acting on his own, he cracked down on the organization, put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest, and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956.

Question: What number president of Egypt was Nasser?
Answer: second

Question: What organization attempted to assassinate Nasser?
Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: In what year did Nasser become president?
Answer: 1956

Question: In what year did Nasser die?
Answer: 1970

Question: What type of government did Nasser overthrow?
Answer: monarchy
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal and his emergence as the political victor from the subsequent Suez Crisis substantially elevated his popularity in Egypt and the Arab world. Calls for pan-Arab unity under his leadership increased, culminating with the formation of the United Arab Republic with Syria (1958–1961). In 1962, Nasser began a series of major socialist measures and modernization reforms in Egypt. Despite setbacks to his pan-Arabist cause, by 1963 Nasser's supporters gained power in several Arab countries and he became embroiled in the North Yemen Civil War. He began his second presidential term in March 1965 after his political opponents were banned from running. Following Egypt's defeat by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, Nasser resigned, but he returned to office after popular demonstrations called for his reinstatement. By 1968, Nasser had appointed himself prime minister, launched the War of Attrition to regain lost territory, began a process of depoliticizing the military, and issued a set of political liberalization reforms. After the conclusion of the 1970 Arab League summit, Nasser suffered a heart attack and died. His funeral in Cairo drew five million mourners and an outpouring of grief across the Arab world.

Question: How many mourners attended Nasser's funeral?
Answer: five million

Question: What landmark water route did Nasser nationalize?
Answer: Suez Canal

Question: What organization did Nasser create with Syria?
Answer: United Arab Republic

Question: What civil war did Nasser become entangled in?
Answer: North Yemen Civil War

Question: In what year did Nasser start his second term as President?
Answer: 1965
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser remains an iconic figure in the Arab world, particularly for his strides towards social justice and Arab unity, modernization policies, and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom, and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and Helwan City. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, his government's human rights violations, his populist relationship with the citizenry, and his failure to establish civil institutions, blaming his legacy for future dictatorial governance in Egypt. Historians describe Nasser as a towering political figure of the Middle East in the 20th century.

Question: Name two infrastructure projects Nasser spearheaded.
Answer: Aswan Dam and Helwan City

Question: What century did Nasser rule in?
Answer: 20th

Question: What was nasser's position toward imperialism?
Answer: anti-imperialist

Question: How did Nasser's government deal with human rights?
Answer: human rights violations
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917, and later had two more boys, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi. Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the "Arab notion of glory", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to "Glory of the Arabs"—a rare name in Egypt.

Question: What was Nasser's father's occupation?
Answer: postal worker

Question: In what city was Nasser raised?
Answer: Alexandria

Question: What year was Nasser born?
Answer: 1918

Question: What does Nasser's brother's name translate to?
Answer: Glory of the Arabs

Question: What siblings did Nasser have?
Answer: two more boys
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In 1928, Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city's Attarin elementary school. He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan, and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father, who was working for the city's postal service. It was in Alexandria that Nasser became involved in political activism. After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square, he joined the demonstration without being aware of its purpose. The protest, organized by the ultranationalist Young Egypt Society, called for the end of colonialism in Egypt in the wake of the 1923 Egyptian constitution's annulment by Prime Minister Isma'il Sidqi. Nasser was arrested and detained for a night before his father bailed him out.

Question: What elementary school did Nasser attend?
Answer: Attarin

Question: Where did Nasser go to boarding school?
Answer: Helwan

Question: What secondary school did Nasser attend?
Answer: Ras el-Tin

Question: Where did young Nasser witness demonstrations?
Answer: Manshia Square

Question: What organization organized the protests Nasser witnessed?
Answer: Young Egypt Society
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933, Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school. He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school's paper, including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled "Voltaire, the Man of Freedom". On 13 November 1935, Nasser led a student demonstration against British rule, protesting against a statement made four days prior by UK foreign minister Samuel Hoare that rejected prospects for the 1923 Constitution's restoration. Two protesters were killed and Nasser received a graze to the head from a policeman's bullet. The incident garnered his first mention in the press: the nationalist newspaper Al Gihad reported that Nasser led the protest and was among the wounded. On 12 December, the new king, Farouk, issued a decree restoring the constitution.

Question: What school did Nasser attend in Cairo?
Answer: al-Nahda al-Masria

Question: What was the title of the article Nasser wrote for his school paper?
Answer: Voltaire, the Man of Freedom

Question: What was the issue Nasser led a protest against?
Answer: British rule

Question: How many protestors were killed in the demonstration?
Answer: Two

Question: What did King Farouk restore after the demonstrations?
Answer: constitution
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser's involvement in political activity increased throughout his school years, such that he only attended 45 days of classes during his last year of secondary school. Despite it having the almost unanimous backing of Egypt's political forces, Nasser strongly objected to the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty because it stipulated the continued presence of British military bases in the country. Nonetheless, political unrest in Egypt declined significantly and Nasser resumed his studies at al-Nahda, where he received his leaving certificate later that year.

Question: How many days did Nasser attend classes in his senior year?
Answer: 45

Question: What treaty did Nasser object to?
Answer: Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

Question: What did Nasser not want to have in Egypt?
Answer: British military bases

Question: What was the trajectory of political unrest after the treaty?
Answer: declined significantly

Question: From where did Nasser graduate?
Answer: al-Nahda
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Aburish asserts that Nasser was not distressed by his frequent relocations, which broadened his horizons and showed him Egyptian society's class divisions. His own social status was well below the wealthy Egyptian elite, and his discontent with those born into wealth and power grew throughout his lifetime. Nasser spent most of his spare time reading, particularly in 1933 when he lived near the National Library of Egypt. He read the Qur'an, the sayings of Muhammad, the lives of the Sahaba (Muhammad's companions), and the biographies of nationalist leaders Napoleon, Ataturk, Otto von Bismarck, and Garibaldi and the autobiography of Winston Churchill.

Question: What did Nasser do in his spare time?
Answer: reading

Question: What institution did Nasser live close to in 1933?
Answer: National Library of Egypt

Question: What did Nasser observe from moving around frequently as a youth?
Answer: Egyptian society's class divisions

Question: What was Nasser's position in Egypt's society?
Answer: well below the wealthy Egyptian elite

Question: What kind of biographies did Nasser read?
Answer: nationalist leaders
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism, as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel, poet Ahmed Shawqi, and his anti-colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy, Aziz al-Masri, to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview. He was especially influenced by Egyptian writer Tawfiq al-Hakim's novel Return of the Spirit, in which al-Hakim wrote that the Egyptian people were only in need of a "man in whom all their feelings and desires will be represented, and who will be for them a symbol of their objective". Nasser later credited the novel as his inspiration to launch the 1952 revolution.

Question: What political theory fascinated Nasser?
Answer: Egyptian nationalism

Question: What politician did Nasser admire?
Answer: Mustafa Kamel

Question: What poet did Nasser read?
Answer: Ahmed Shawqi

Question: What novel influenced Nasser greatly?
Answer: Return of the Spirit

Question: Where did Nasser meet his anti-colonialist teacher?
Answer: Royal Military Academy
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In 1937, Nasser applied to the Royal Military Academy for army officer training, but his police record of anti-government protest initially blocked his entry. Disappointed, he enrolled in the law school at King Fuad University, but quit after one semester to reapply to the Military Academy. From his readings, Nasser, who frequently spoke of "dignity, glory, and freedom" in his youth, became enchanted with the stories of national liberators and heroic conquerors; a military career became his chief priority.

Question: What was Nasser's goal?
Answer: a military career

Question: Where did Nasser apply in 1937?
Answer: Royal Military Academy

Question: Why was Nasser rejected from the Academy?
Answer: record of anti-government protest

Question: Where did Nasser attend law school?
Answer: King Fuad University

Question: How long did Nasser attend law school?
Answer: one semester
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Convinced that he needed a wasta, or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, the person responsible for the academy's selection board, and requested his help. Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser's second application, which was accepted in late 1937. Nasser focused on his military career from then on, and had little contact with his family. At the academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, both of whom became important aides during his presidency. After graduating from the academy in July 1938, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry, and posted to Mankabad. It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades, including Sadat and Amer, first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy. Sadat would later write that because of his "energy, clear-thinking, and balanced judgement", Nasser emerged as the group's natural leader.

Question: What's another term for influential intermediary?
Answer: wasta

Question: Who sponsored Nasser's second application to the Military Academy?
Answer: Khairy Pasha

Question: What allies did Nasser meet at the Academy?
Answer: Sadat and Amer

Question: What were the students dissatisfied by in Egypt?
Answer: widespread corruption

Question: What Egyptian institution did Nasser and his friends want to end?
Answer: monarchy
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In 1941, Nasser was posted to Khartoum, Sudan, which was part of Egypt at the time. Nasser returned to Sudan in September 1942 after a brief stay in Egypt, then secured a position as an instructor in the Cairo Royal Military Academy in May 1943. In 1942, the British Ambassador Miles Lampson marched into King Farouk's palace and ordered him to dismiss Prime Minister Hussein Sirri Pasha for having pro-Axis sympathies. Nasser saw the incident as a blatant violation of Egyptian sovereignty and wrote, "I am ashamed that our army has not reacted against this attack", and wished for "calamity" to overtake the British. Nasser was accepted into the General Staff College later that year. He began to form a group of young military officers with strong nationalist sentiments who supported some form of revolution. Nasser stayed in touch with the group's members primarily through Amer, who continued to seek out interested officers within the Egyptian Armed Force's various branches and presented Nasser with a complete file on each of them.

Question: In what year was Nasser posted to Sudan?
Answer: 1941

Question: Whas was Nasser's position at the military academy in 1943?
Answer: instructor

Question: Who ordered the King to dismiss the Prime Minister?
Answer: British Ambassador Miles Lampson

Question: What political group was Nasser associated with?
Answer: nationalist

Question: Who was Nasser's contact in the armed forces, giving Nasser dossiers?
Answer: Amer
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In May 1948, following the British withdrawal, King Farouk sent the Egyptian army into Palestine, with Nasser serving in the 6th Infantry Battalion. During the war, he wrote of the Egyptian army's unpreparedness, saying "our soldiers were dashed against fortifications". Nasser was deputy commander of the Egyptian forces that secured the Faluja pocket. On 12 July, he was lightly wounded in the fighting. By August, his brigade was surrounded by the Israeli Army. Appeals for help from Jordan's Arab Legion went unheeded, but the brigade refused to surrender. Negotiations between Israel and Egypt finally resulted in the ceding of Faluja to Israel. According to veteran journalist Eric Margolis, the defenders of Faluja, "including young army officer Gamal Abdel Nasser, became national heroes" for enduring Israeli bombardment while isolated from their command.

Question: Where was the Egyptian army sent in 1948?
Answer: Palestine

Question: In what unit did Nasser serve?
Answer: 6th Infantry Battalion

Question: How badly was Nasser wounded?
Answer: lightly

Question: What army surrounded Nasser's brigade?
Answer: Israeli

Question: What territory was given to Israel?
Answer: Faluja
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

The Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum hosted a public celebration for the officers' return despite reservations from the royal government, which had been pressured by the British to prevent the reception. The apparent difference in attitude between the government and the general public increased Nasser's determination to topple the monarchy. Nasser had also felt bitter that his brigade had not been relieved despite the resilience it displayed. He started writing his book Philosophy of the Revolution during the siege.

Question: What Egyptian singer performed at the return of Nasser's brigade?
Answer: Umm Kulthum

Question: What book did Nasser start writing?
Answer: Philosophy of the Revolution

Question: What group opposed the celebration of Nasser's brigade's return?
Answer: royal government

Question: Who has pressured the government to cancel the reception?
Answer: British

Question: What was Nasser increasingly convinced he should topple?
Answer: monarchy