rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Richard_Feynman

Due to the top secret nature of the work, Los Alamos was isolated. In Feynman's own words, "There wasn't anything to do there." Bored, he indulged his curiosity by learning to pick the combination locks on cabinets and desks used to secure papers. Feynman played many jokes on colleagues. In one case he found the combination to a locked filing cabinet by trying the numbers he thought a physicist would use (it proved to be 27–18–28 after the base of natural logarithms, e = 2.71828...), and found that the three filing cabinets where a colleague kept a set of atomic bomb research notes all had the same combination. He left a series of notes in the cabinets as a prank, which initially spooked his colleague, Frederic de Hoffmann, into thinking a spy or saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets. On several occasions, Feynman drove to Albuquerque to see his ailing wife in a car borrowed from Klaus Fuchs, who was later discovered to be a real spy for the Soviets, transporting nuclear secrets in his car to Santa Fe.

Question: Feynman quickly bored of Los Alamos because the work was all kept __?
Answer: top secret

Question: How did Feynman spook a colleague?
Answer: left a series of notes in the cabinets

Question: What did Frederic de Hoffmann think had happened when he found these notes?
Answer: saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets

Question: Feynman visited his wife in which New Mexico city?
Answer: Albuquerque

Question: Feynman borrowed a car from Klaus Fuchs, who was later found to be a what?
Answer: spy for the Soviets
Title: Richard_Feynman

Feynman alludes to his thoughts on the justification for getting involved in the Manhattan project in The Pleasure of Finding Things Out. He felt the possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies was a compelling reason to help with its development for the U.S. He goes on to say that it was an error on his part not to reconsider the situation once Germany was defeated. In the same publication, Feynman also talks about his worries in the atomic bomb age, feeling for some considerable time that there was a high risk that the bomb would be used again soon, so that it was pointless to build for the future. Later he describes this period as a "depression".

Question: In which book did Feynman talk about the Manhattan project?
Answer: The Pleasure of Finding Things Out

Question: What was his reasoning in helping make the atomic bomb?
Answer: possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies

Question: After feeling guilty for helping make an atomic bomb, Feynman went through what mental disorder?
Answer: depression

Question: What did Feynman think of his part in making the bomb after Germany had been defeated?
Answer: error on his part
Title: Richard_Feynman

Following the completion of his PhD in 1942, Feynman held an appointment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as an assistant professor of physics. The appointment was spent on leave for his involvement in the Manhattan project. In 1945, he received a letter from Dean Mark Ingraham of the College of Letters and Science requesting his return to UW to teach in the coming academic year. His appointment was not extended when he did not commit to return. In a talk given several years later at UW, Feynman quipped, "It's great to be back at the only university that ever had the good sense to fire me."

Question: Where did Feynman receive a job after getting his PhD?
Answer: University of Wisconsin–Madison

Question: Feyman received a letter to return to teaching from whom?
Answer: Dean Mark Ingraham

Question: Which year did Feyman complete his PhD?
Answer: 1942

Question: Where did Feynman spend his time during his contract at UW?
Answer: Manhattan project
Title: Richard_Feynman

After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical physics from 1945 to 1950. During a temporary depression following the destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb produced by the Manhattan Project, he focused on complex physics problems, not for utility, but for self-satisfaction. One of these was analyzing the physics of a twirling, nutating dish as it is moving through the air. His work during this period, which used equations of rotation to express various spinning speeds, proved important to his Nobel Prize–winning work, yet because he felt burned out and had turned his attention to less immediately practical problems, he was surprised by the offers of professorships from other renowned universities.

Question: At which college did Feyman turn down a job?
Answer: Institute for Advanced Study

Question: Where did Feyman accept a job after the war?
Answer: Cornell University

Question: Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell?
Answer: Hans Bethe

Question: His work at Cornell helped contribute to his what?
Answer: Nobel Prize–winning work

Question: Why did Feynman go through a depression?
Answer: destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb
Title: Richard_Feynman

Despite yet another offer from the Institute for Advanced Study, Feynman rejected the Institute on the grounds that there were no teaching duties: Feynman felt that students were a source of inspiration and teaching was a diversion during uncreative spells. Because of this, the Institute for Advanced Study and Princeton University jointly offered him a package whereby he could teach at the university and also be at the institute.[citation needed] Feynman instead accepted an offer from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)—and as he says in his book Surely You're Joking Mr. Feynman!—because a desire to live in a mild climate had firmly fixed itself in his mind while he was installing tire chains on his car in the middle of a snowstorm in Ithaca.

Question: The  Institute of Advanced Study and which other university colluded together to get Feynman a position?
Answer: Princeton University

Question: Why did Feynman decide to turn down an offer from the Institute of Advanced Study?
Answer: no teaching duties

Question: Where did Feynman receive much inspiration?
Answer: students

Question: Ultimately Feynman decided to take a job at which college?
Answer: California Institute of Technology

Question: In which city did Feynman find himself affixing tire chains?
Answer: Ithaca
Title: Richard_Feynman

Feynman has been called the "Great Explainer". He gained a reputation for taking great care when giving explanations to his students and for making it a moral duty to make the topic accessible. His guiding principle was that, if a topic could not be explained in a freshman lecture, it was not yet fully understood. Feynman gained great pleasure from coming up with such a "freshman-level" explanation, for example, of the connection between spin and statistics. What he said was that groups of particles with spin ½ "repel", whereas groups with integer spin "clump". This was a brilliantly simplified way of demonstrating how Fermi–Dirac statistics and Bose–Einstein statistics evolved as a consequence of studying how fermions and bosons behave under a rotation of 360°. This was also a question he pondered in his more advanced lectures, and to which he demonstrated the solution in the 1986 Dirac memorial lecture. In the same lecture, he further explained that antiparticles must exist, for if particles had only positive energies, they would not be restricted to a so-called "light cone".

Question: Which nickname did Feynman receive?
Answer: Great Explainer

Question: Feynman believed that if a topic was not easily accessible to freshmen than it was not yet what?
Answer: fully understood

Question: In a lecture, Feynman said that what had to exist?
Answer: antiparticles

Question: Antiparticles had to exist because if particles only were of positive energy, they would not be in what?
Answer: light cone
Title: Richard_Feynman

He also developed Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime, including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. This device allowed him, and later others, to approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes. Feynman's mental picture for these diagrams started with the hard sphere approximation, and the interactions could be thought of as collisions at first. It was not until decades later that physicists thought of analyzing the nodes of the Feynman diagrams more closely. Feynman painted Feynman diagrams on the exterior of his van.

Question: What did Feynman produce that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time?
Answer: Feynman diagrams

Question: What is the name of the antimatter counterpart of electrons?
Answer: positrons

Question: Where did Feynman paint his diagrams?
Answer: his van

Question: What did Feynman digrams allow him and others to do?
Answer: approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes
Title: Richard_Feynman

From his diagrams of a small number of particles interacting in spacetime, Feynman could then model all of physics in terms of the spins of those particles and the range of coupling of the fundamental forces. Feynman attempted an explanation of the strong interactions governing nucleons scattering called the parton model. The parton model emerged as a complement to the quark model developed by his Caltech colleague Murray Gell-Mann. The relationship between the two models was murky; Gell-Mann referred to Feynman's partons derisively as "put-ons". In the mid-1960s, physicists believed that quarks were just a bookkeeping device for symmetry numbers, not real particles, as the statistics of the Omega-minus particle, if it were interpreted as three identical strange quarks bound together, seemed impossible if quarks were real. The Stanford linear accelerator deep inelastic scattering experiments of the late 1960s showed, analogously to Ernest Rutherford's experiment of scattering alpha particles on gold nuclei in 1911, that nucleons (protons and neutrons) contained point-like particles that scattered electrons. It was natural to identify these with quarks, but Feynman's parton model attempted to interpret the experimental data in a way that did not introduce additional hypotheses. For example, the data showed that some 45% of the energy momentum was carried by electrically-neutral particles in the nucleon. These electrically-neutral particles are now seen to be the gluons that carry the forces between the quarks and carry also the three-valued color quantum number that solves the Omega-minus problem. Feynman did not dispute the quark model; for example, when the fifth quark was discovered in 1977, Feynman immediately pointed out to his students that the discovery implied the existence of a sixth quark, which was discovered in the decade after his death.

Question: What model did Murray Gell-Mann develop?
Answer: quark model

Question: What model did Feynman produce to complement the quark model?
Answer: parton model

Question: Quarks were thought of as what in the 1960s?
Answer: not real particles

Question: Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of gold?
Answer: Ernest Rutherford

Question: After the fifth quark was discovered, Feynman said what had to also exist?
Answer: sixth quark
Title: Richard_Feynman

After the success of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman turned to quantum gravity. By analogy with the photon, which has spin 1, he investigated the consequences of a free massless spin 2 field, and derived the Einstein field equation of general relativity, but little more. The computational device that Feynman discovered then for gravity, "ghosts", which are "particles" in the interior of his diagrams that have the "wrong" connection between spin and statistics, have proved invaluable in explaining the quantum particle behavior of the Yang–Mills theories, for example, QCD and the electro-weak theory.

Question: Where did  Feynman find success before moving to quantum gravity
Answer: quantum electrodynamics

Question: What did Feynman investigate while working on quantum gravity?
Answer: consequences of a free massless spin 2 field

Question: What equation did Feyman derive?
Answer: Einstein field equation of general relativity

Question: Which parts of the Yang-Mills theories did Feynman help explain?
Answer: QCD and the electro-weak theory

Question: What did Feynman's discoveries help explain?
Answer: Yang–Mills theories
Title: Richard_Feynman

Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation.

Question: Which society was Feynman elected to?
Answer: Royal Society

Question: After 3 years at Caltech what lectures did Feynman produce?
Answer: The Feynman Lectures on Physics

Question: Why did publisher change the cover picture on Feynman's book?
Answer: connections to drugs and rock and roll

Question: In his book, Feynman was shown playing what instrument?
Answer: drums

Question: What was the name of the book Feynman wrote over light and matter?
Answer: The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter
Title: Richard_Feynman

In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that."

Question: In which year did Feynman orate the Caltech commencement speech?
Answer: 1974

Question: Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech center around?
Answer: cargo cult science

Question: What did Feyman tell the class that they must not do to themselves?
Answer: fool yourself

Question: What is cargo cult science?
Answer: pseudoscience
Title: Richard_Feynman

In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software.

Question: What did Feynman help develop in the 1980s?
Answer: parallel computer

Question: Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech?
Answer: Stephen Wolfram

Question: Who else worked with Feynman on developing computers?
Answer: His son Carl

Question: What specifically did his son work on?
Answer: software

Question: What did Feyman do while his son worked on software?
Answer: influencing the interconnects
Title: Richard_Feynman

Feynman diagrams are now fundamental for string theory and M-theory, and have even been extended topologically. The world-lines of the diagrams have developed to become tubes to allow better modeling of more complicated objects such as strings and membranes. Shortly before his death, Feynman criticized string theory in an interview: "I don't like that they're not calculating anything," he said. "I don't like that they don't check their ideas. I don't like that for anything that disagrees with an experiment, they cook up an explanation—a fix-up to say, 'Well, it still might be true.'" These words have since been much-quoted by opponents of the string-theoretic direction for particle physics.

Question: What theories do Feynman diagrams help explain?
Answer: string theory and M-theory

Question: The diagrams have been made from lines into what 3 dimensional shape?
Answer: tubes

Question: What angst did Feynman have against string theorists?
Answer: they don't check their ideas

Question: Which quote by Feynman is often used by string theory opponents?
Answer: 'Well, it still might be true.'"
Title: Richard_Feynman

Feynman devoted the latter half of his book What Do You Care What Other People Think? to his experience on the Rogers Commission, straying from his usual convention of brief, light-hearted anecdotes to deliver an extended and sober narrative. Feynman's account reveals a disconnect between NASA's engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. For instance, NASA managers claimed that there was a 1 in 100,000 chance of a catastrophic failure aboard the shuttle, but Feynman discovered that NASA's own engineers estimated the chance of a catastrophe at closer to 1 in 200. He concluded that the space shuttle reliability estimate by NASA management was fantastically unrealistic, and he was particularly angered that NASA used these figures to recruit Christa McAuliffe into the Teacher-in-Space program. He warned in his appendix to the commission's report (which was included only after he threatened not to sign the report), "For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled."

Question: In which way did he write about his experience on the Rogers Commission?
Answer: sober narrative

Question: Feyman's experience on the Rogers Commission was talked about is which of his books?
Answer: What Do You Care What Other People Think?

Question: While the higher-ups said a failure was unlikely, at 1 in 100,000 odds, the scientists felt the odd were what?
Answer: 1 in 200

Question: His writings about the Rogers Commission showed that trouble was brewing between scientists and executives at which prolific institute?
Answer: NASA

Question: Who did NASA recruit by using flawed safety numbers?
Answer: Christa McAuliffe
Title: Richard_Feynman

Although born to and raised by parents who were Ashkenazi, Feynman was not only an atheist, but declined to be labelled Jewish. He routinely refused to be included in lists or books that classified people by race. He asked to not be included in Tina Levitan's The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize, writing, "To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory," and adding "... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'."

Question: Which religious sect did Feynman refuse to be part of?
Answer: Jewish

Question: Which book did Feynman decline to be listed in?
Answer: The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize

Question: What did Feynman believe that the Jewish people were not?
Answer: the chosen people

Question: What religious affiliation did Feynman have?
Answer: atheist

Question: Feynman did not like to be listed in anything that labeled people by what standard?
Answer: race
Title: Richard_Feynman

While pursuing his PhD at Princeton, Feynman married his high school sweetheart, Arline Greenbaum (often misspelled "Arlene"), despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis—an incurable disease at the time. She died in 1945. In 1946, Feynman wrote a letter to her, expressing his deep love and heartbreak, that he kept for the rest of his life. ("Please excuse my not mailing this," the letter concluded, "but I don't know your new address.") This portion of Feynman's life was portrayed in the 1996 film Infinity, which featured Feynman's daughter, Michelle, in a cameo role.

Question: Who was Feynman's wife?
Answer: Arline Greenbaum

Question: Which disease did Arline succumb to?
Answer: tuberculosis

Question: In which year did his wife die?
Answer: 1945

Question: Who played a cameo in a film about Feynman?
Answer: Feynman's daughter, Michelle

Question: What was the name of the film that showed Feynman's life?
Answer: Infinity
Title: Richard_Feynman

Feynman had a great deal of success teaching Carl, using, for example, discussions about ants and Martians as a device for gaining perspective on problems and issues. He was surprised to learn that the same teaching devices were not useful with Michelle. Mathematics was a common interest for father and son; they both entered the computer field as consultants and were involved in advancing a new method of using multiple computers to solve complex problems—later known as parallel computing. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory retained Feynman as a computational consultant during critical missions. One co-worker characterized Feynman as akin to Don Quixote at his desk, rather than at a computer workstation, ready to do battle with the windmills.

Question: What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl?
Answer: ants and Martians

Question: Which subject did Feynman and Carl both enjoy?
Answer: Mathematics

Question: What type of computing did Feynman and his son help develop?
Answer: parallel computing

Question: What fictional character was Feynman compared to by a colleague?
Answer: Don Quixote

Question: What Laboratory employed Feynman for critical missions?
Answer: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Title: Richard_Feynman

Feynman traveled to Brazil, where he gave courses at the BCPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva, a dream that, because of Cold War bureaucratic problems, never became reality. The day after he died, a letter arrived for him from the Soviet government, giving him authorization to travel to Tuva. Later Feynman's daughter Michelle would realize this journey. Out of his enthusiastic interest in reaching Tuva came the phrase "Tuva or Bust" (also the title of a book about his efforts to get there), which was tossed about frequently amongst his circle of friends in hope that they, one day, could see it firsthand. The documentary movie, Genghis Blues, mentions some of his attempts to communicate with Tuva and chronicles the successful journey there by his friends. Responding to Hubert Humphrey's congratulation for his Nobel Prize, Feynman admitted to a long admiration for the then vice president.

Question: Where did Feynman work at in Brazil?
Answer: Brazilian Center for Physics Research

Question: Which place in Russia could Feynman not visit, but wished to do so?
Answer: Tuva

Question: When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva?
Answer: The day after he died

Question: What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman's attempt to get to Tuva?
Answer: Genghis Blues

Question: Who went to Tuva in Feynman's stead?
Answer: Feynman's daughter Michelle