rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: John_von_Neumann

He invited a Roman Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said in explanation that Pascal had a point, referring to Pascal's Wager. Father Strittmatter administered the last sacraments to him. Some of von Neumann's friends (such as Abraham Pais and Oskar Morgenstern) said they had always believed him to be "completely agnostic." "Of this deathbed conversion, Morgenstern told Heims, "He was of course completely agnostic all his life, and then he suddenly turned Catholic—it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy." Father Strittmatter recalled that von Neumann did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death.

Question: Who administered the last sacrament to von Neumann?
Answer: Father Strittmatter

Question: Did the last sacrament ease von Neumann?
Answer: did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death

Question: Was there conflict of faith and beliefs at the end of von NEumann's life?
Answer: he suddenly turned Catholic—it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy

Question: What did Oskar Morgenstern feel about von Neumann's beliefs?
Answer: always believed him to be "completely agnostic."
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

The stated clauses of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact were a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other, and a written commitment that neither party would ally itself to, or aid, an enemy of the other party. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into German and Soviet "spheres of influence", anticipating potential "territorial and political rearrangements" of these countries. Thereafter, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. After the Soviet–Japanese ceasefire agreement took effect on 16 September, Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland on 17 September. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and Salla region in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertza region). Concern about ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians had been proffered as justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland. Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis.

Question: The agreement between the Nazis and the Soviets split what countries up?
Answer: Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland

Question: Who invaded Poland after the Nazi’s?
Answer: Soviet

Question: Which countries were taken over by the Soviets?
Answer: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania

Question: Who broke the agreement with the invasion of Bukovina?
Answer: Stalin

Question: Salla is located in what country?
Answer: Finland
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Białystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemyśl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939–40, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine.

Question: The regions of Białystok, Galicia and Przemyśl were returned to what country after world war II?
Answer: Polish state

Question: What regions remained part of the Soviet Union?
Answer: (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation

Question: After World War II, what regions remain part of Ukraine?
Answer: Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

The outcome of the First World War was disastrous for both the German Reich and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the war, the Bolsheviks struggled for survival, and Vladimir Lenin recognised the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Moreover, facing a German military advance, Lenin and Trotsky were forced to enter into the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ceded massive western Russian territories to the German Empire. After Germany's collapse, a multinational Allied-led army intervened in the Russian Civil War (1917–22).

Question: Lenin acknowledged the independence of which countries?
Answer: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.

Question: What agreement gave Germany many regions of Russia in the first world war?
Answer: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Question: When did the russian civil war take place?
Answer: 1917–22
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

At the beginning of the 1930s, the Nazi Party's rise to power increased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union along with other countries with ethnic Slavs, who were considered "Untermenschen" (inferior) according to Nazi racial ideology. Moreover, the anti-Semitic Nazis associated ethnic Jews with both communism and financial capitalism, both of which they opposed. Consequently, Nazi theory held that Slavs in the Soviet Union were being ruled by "Jewish Bolshevik" masters. In 1934, Hitler himself had spoken of an inescapable battle against both Pan-Slavism and Neo-Slavism, the victory in which would lead to "permanent mastery of the world", though he stated that they would "walk part of the road with the Russians, if that will help us." The resulting manifestation of German anti-Bolshevism and an increase in Soviet foreign debts caused German–Soviet trade to dramatically decline.[b] Imports of Soviet goods to Germany fell to 223 million Reichsmarks in 1934 as the more isolationist Stalinist regime asserted power and the abandonment of post–World War I Treaty of Versailles military controls decreased Germany's reliance on Soviet imports.[clarification needed]

Question: Who was to blame for communism and capitalism?
Answer: ethnic Jews

Question: What reduced Germany’s need for Soviet goods?
Answer: Treaty of Versailles

Question: Which political group created problems between the Soviet and German governments?
Answer: Nazi Party
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

Hitler's fierce anti-Soviet rhetoric was one of the reasons why the UK and France decided that Soviet participation in the 1938 Munich Conference regarding Czechoslovakia would be both dangerous and useless. The Munich Agreement that followed marked a partial German annexation of Czechoslovakia in late 1938 followed by its complete dissolution in March 1939, which as part of the appeasement of Germany conducted by Chamberlain's and Daladier's cabinets. This policy immediately raised the question of whether the Soviet Union could avoid being next on Hitler's list. The Soviet leadership believed that the West wanted to encourage German aggression in the East and that France and Britain might stay neutral in a war initiated by Germany, hoping that the warring states would wear each other out and put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.

Question: What countries prevented the Soviets from joining the Munich Conference?
Answer: UK and France

Question: Who was the English politician who appeased Germany with the take over of Czechoslovakia
Answer: Chamberlain

Question: The soviets suspected that Nazi-Soviet conflicts would result in what?
Answer: put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

For Germany, because an autarkic economic approach or an alliance with Britain were impossible, closer relations with the Soviet Union to obtain raw materials became necessary, if not just for economic reasons alone. Moreover, an expected British blockade in the event of war would create massive shortages for Germany in a number of key raw materials. After the Munich agreement, the resulting increase in German military supply needs and Soviet demands for military machinery, talks between the two countries occurred from late 1938 to March 1939. The third Soviet Five Year Plan required new infusions of technology and industrial equipment.[clarification needed] German war planners had estimated serious shortfalls of raw materials if Germany entered a war without Soviet supply.

Question: During conflict, what would prevent transport of materials?
Answer: British blockade

Question: Between german and the soviet union which country needed military machinery? 
Answer: military machinery

Question: Who believed they needed a supply line from the Soviet Union to sustain another war? 
Answer: Germany
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

The Soviet Union, which feared Western powers and the possibility of "capitalist encirclements", had little faith either that war could be avoided, or faith in the Polish army, and wanted nothing less than an ironclad military alliance with France and Britain that would provide a guaranteed support for a two-pronged attack on Germany; thus, Stalin's adherence to the collective security line was purely conditional. Britain and France believed that war could still be avoided, and that the Soviet Union, weakened by the Great Purge, could not be a main military participant, a point that many military sources were at variance with, especially Soviet victories over the Japanese Kwantung army on the Manchurian frontier. France was more anxious to find an agreement with the USSR than was Britain; as a continental power, it was more willing to make concessions, more fearful of the dangers of an agreement between the USSR and Germany. These contrasting attitudes partly explain why the USSR has often been charged with playing a double game in 1939: carrying on open negotiations for an alliance with Britain and France while secretly considering propositions from Germany.

Question: Why did the Soviet government fear the governments of France and Britain?
Answer: capitalist encirclements

Question: Why did western power believe that the soviet government wouldn’t partake in another world war?
Answer: Great Purge

Question: What country was at war with Japan in China prior to World War II?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: Who was afraid of a pact between Germany and the Soviet governments?
Answer: France
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

By the end of May, drafts were formally presented. In mid-June, the main Tripartite negotiations started. The discussion was focused on potential guarantees to central and east European countries should a German aggression arise. The USSR proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the Baltic states would constitute an "indirect aggression" towards the Soviet Union. Britain opposed such proposals, because they feared the Soviets' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states, or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany. The discussion about a definition of "indirect aggression" became one of the sticking points between the parties, and by mid-July, the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled, while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement, which the Soviets insisted must be entered into simultaneously with any political agreement.

Question: Who predicted soviet aggression in the Baltic region?
Answer: Britain

Question: What month did the Tripartite discussions begin between Britain, USSR and France?
Answer: mid-June

Question: Which country is blamed for the Tripartite discussion to stagnate and fail?
Answer: the Soviets
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

From April–July, Soviet and German officials made statements regarding the potential for the beginning of political negotiations, while no actual negotiations took place during that time period. The ensuing discussion of a potential political deal between Germany and the Soviet Union had to be channeled into the framework of economic negotiations between the two countries, because close military and diplomatic connections, as was the case before the mid-1930s, had afterward been largely severed. In May, Stalin replaced his Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, who was regarded as pro-western and who was also Jewish, with Vyacheslav Molotov, allowing the Soviet Union more latitude in discussions with more parties, not only with Britain and France.

Question: Which Soviet Foreign Minister lost his job because of his favorable attitude towards the west?
Answer: Maxim Litvinov

Question: Which two countries positioned themselves to broker a deal returning to a pre-1930’s treaty with each other?
Answer: Soviet and German

Question: Which two countries positioned themselves to broker an new trade agreement?
Answer: Germany and the Soviet Union
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

At the same time, British, French, and Soviet negotiators scheduled three-party talks on military matters to occur in Moscow in August 1939, aiming to define what the agreement would specify should be the reaction of the three powers to a German attack. The tripartite military talks, started in mid-August, hit a sticking point regarding the passage of Soviet troops through Poland if Germans attacked, and the parties waited as British and French officials overseas pressured Polish officials to agree to such terms. Polish officials refused to allow Soviet troops into Polish territory if Germany attacked; as Polish foreign minister Józef Beck pointed out, they feared that once the Red Army entered their territories, it might never leave.

Question: In what city did the tripartite military talks occur during the month of August?
Answer: Moscow

Question: Why did Poland deny the proposal of the Soviet Union protecting them from a German Attack?
Answer: once the Red Army entered their territories, it might never leave.

Question: Who did not want their country protected by the Soviet military?
Answer: Poland
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

On August 19, the 1939 German–Soviet Commercial Agreement was finally signed. On 21 August, the Soviets suspended Tripartite military talks, citing other reasons. That same day, Stalin received assurance that Germany would approve secret protocols to the proposed non-aggression pact that would place half of Poland (border along the Vistula river), Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia in the Soviets' sphere of influence. That night, Stalin replied that the Soviets were willing to sign the pact and that he would receive Ribbentrop on 23 August.

Question: What was the German-Soviet dividing line in regards to annexing Poland?
Answer: Vistula river

Question: How many days after the German-Soviet agreement were the Tripartite discussions ceased?
Answer: 2

Question: What other countries did the Soviet government agree to annex through the agreement with Germany?
Answer: Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

On 22 August, one day after the talks broke down with France and Britain, Moscow revealed that Ribbentrop would visit Stalin the next day. This happened while the Soviets were still negotiating with the British and French missions in Moscow. With the Western nations unwilling to accede to Soviet demands, Stalin instead entered a secret Nazi–Soviet pact. On 24 August a 10-year non-aggression pact was signed with provisions that included: consultation, arbitration if either party disagreed, neutrality if either went to war against a third power, no membership of a group "which is directly or indirectly aimed at the other".

Question: Which Foreign Minister would agree to meet with Stalin on to sign a secret agreement? 
Answer: Ribbentrop

Question: How long was the secret agreement between Germany and the Soviets?
Answer: 10-year

Question: Part of the secret agreement between the Germans and the Soviets included a neutral diplomatic approach when?
Answer: either went to war against a third power
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

Most notably, there was also a secret protocol to the pact, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, although hints about its provisions were leaked much earlier, e.g., to influence Lithuania. According to said protocol Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were divided into German and Soviet "spheres of influence". In the north, Finland, Estonia and Latvia were assigned to the Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement"—the areas east of the Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Lithuania, adjacent to East Prussia, would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed to in September 1939 reassigned the majority of Lithuania to the USSR. According to the secret protocol, Lithuania would be granted the city of Vilnius – its historical capital, which was under Polish control during the inter-war period. Another clause of the treaty was that Germany would not interfere with the Soviet Union's actions towards Bessarabia, then part of Romania; as the result, Bessarabia was joined to the Moldovan ASSR, and become the Moldovan SSR under control of Moscow.

Question: What country held the city Vilnius prior to the inter-war period? 
Answer: Lithuania

Question: What country would reclaim the city of Vilnius?
Answer: Lithuania

Question: What rivers would the soviet union claim as their own during the invasion of poland?
Answer: Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers

Question: Who would claim Lithuania under their political umbrella?
Answer: German

Question: Bessarabia eventually became under the control of which country?
Answer: Soviet Union
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

On 24 August, Pravda and Izvestia carried news of the non-secret portions of the Pact, complete with the now infamous front-page picture of Molotov signing the treaty, with a smiling Stalin looking on. The news was met with utter shock and surprise by government leaders and media worldwide, most of whom were aware only of the British–French–Soviet negotiations that had taken place for months. The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was received with shock by Nazi Germany's allies, notably Japan, by the Comintern and foreign communist parties, and by Jewish communities all around the world. So, that day, German diplomat Hans von Herwarth, whose grandmother was Jewish, informed Guido Relli, an Italian diplomat, and American chargé d'affaires Charles Bohlen on the secret protocol regarding vital interests in the countries' allotted "spheres of influence", without revealing the annexation rights for "territorial and political rearrangement".

Question: Which diplomat leaked information about the secret agreements?
Answer: Hans von Herwarth

Question: Which ally of Germany was most surprised by the signing of the agreement?
Answer: Japan

Question: How long had the tripartite discussions been taking place?
Answer: place for months
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

Soviet propaganda and representatives went to great lengths to minimize the importance of the fact that they had opposed and fought against the Nazis in various ways for a decade prior to signing the Pact. Upon signing the pact, Molotov tried to reassure the Germans of his good intentions by commenting to journalists that "fascism is a matter of taste". For its part, Nazi Germany also did a public volte-face regarding its virulent opposition to the Soviet Union, though Hitler still viewed an attack on the Soviet Union as "inevitable".[citation needed]

Question: Who downplayed the contrast and recent past history between German and the Soviets?
Answer: Molotov

Question: How long did the anti-Nazi propaganda machine run before the pact-signing?
Answer: a decade

Question: A war with the USSR was considered certain according to whom?
Answer: Hitler
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

The day after the Pact was signed, the French and British military negotiation delegation urgently requested a meeting with Soviet military negotiator Kliment Voroshilov. On August 25, Voroshilov told them "[i]n view of the changed political situation, no useful purpose can be served in continuing the conversation." That day, Hitler told the British ambassador to Berlin that the pact with the Soviets prevented Germany from facing a two front war, changing the strategic situation from that in World War I, and that Britain should accept his demands regarding Poland.

Question: What was the response of  Kliment Voroshilov in regards to further conversations with Britain and France?
Answer: no useful purpose

Question: Who should accept the annexation of Poland?
Answer: Britain

Question: By accepting the deal with the USSR, Hitler admitted that it prevented what?
Answer: facing a two front war
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

On 1 September, Germany invaded Poland from the west. Within the first few days of the invasion, Germany began conducting massacres of Polish and Jewish civilians and POWs. These executions took place in over 30 towns and villages in the first month of German occupation. The Luftwaffe also took part by strafing fleeing civilian refugees on roads and carrying out a bombing campaign. The Soviet Union assisted German air forces by allowing them to use signals broadcast by the Soviet radio station at Minsk allegedly "for urgent aeronautical experiments".

Question: How did the Russians communicate to the Germans in regards to bombing civilians trying to flee cities?
Answer: signals broadcast by the Soviet radio

Question: What day did German invade Poland?
Answer: 1 September

Question: How long did the Germans massacre Polish and Jewish civilians? 
Answer: month
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

On 21 September, the Soviets and Germans signed a formal agreement coordinating military movements in Poland, including the "purging" of saboteurs. A joint German–Soviet parade was held in Lvov and Brest-Litovsk, while the countries commanders met in the latter location. Stalin had decided in August that he was going to liquidate the Polish state, and a German–Soviet meeting in September addressed the future structure of the "Polish region". Soviet authorities immediately started a campaign of Sovietization of the newly acquired areas. The Soviets organized staged elections, the result of which was to become a legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland.

Question: Why did Soviets create fake elections in Poland?
Answer: legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland

Question: Where did the Nazi and Russian leaders meet to discuss what to do with Poland?
Answer: Brest-Litovsk

Question: Where were cooperative military parades held?
Answer: Lvov and Brest-Litovsk
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

Eleven days after the Soviet invasion of the Polish Kresy, the secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was modified by the German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation,) allotting Germany a larger part of Poland and transferring Lithuania's territory (with the exception of left bank of river Scheschupe, the "Lithuanian Strip") from the envisioned German sphere to the Soviets. On 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union and German Reich issued a joint declaration in which they declared:

Question: After amending the joint agreement, who received the larger portion of Lithuania?
Answer: Germany

Question: What was the amended joint agreement called?
Answer: German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation

Question: How long after the annexation of Kresy was the amendment made?
Answer: Eleven days