rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Grape

There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka, all being cultivars of Vitis vinifera. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern Ontario.

Question: How many seedless grape sources are there for commercial cultivators? 
Answer: three

Question: How many varieties of seedless grapes are there? 
Answer: more than a dozen

Question: What species of grape are grown by Thompson Seedless? 
Answer: Vitis vinifera

Question: What type of climate are Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes specifically cultivated for? 
Answer: cold

Question: What species of grape are grown by Black Monukka?
Answer: Vitis vinifera
Title: Grape

Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes whereas flavan-3-ols (i.e. catechins) are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties. Total phenolic content, a laboratory index of antioxidant strength, is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin. It is these anthocyanins that are attracting the efforts of scientists to define their properties for human health. Phenolic content of grape skin varies with cultivar, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.

Question: What are the most abundant polyphenolics in purple grapes?
Answer: Anthocyanins

Question: What is the laboratory index of antioxidant strength in grapes known as? 
Answer: Total phenolic content

Question: What content of a grapes skin can be affected by soil composition, climate, and cultivation practices? 
Answer: Phenolic content

Question: Why causes antioxidant strength to be higher in purple grapes?
Answer: anthocyanins

Question: What is the main phenolic in white grapes?
Answer: flavan-3-ols
Title: Grape

The Catholic Church uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as transubstantiation. Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the tradition set by the early Christian Church. The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church (1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt. In some circumstances, a priest may obtain special permission to use grape juice for the consecration, however this is extremely rare and typically requires sufficient impetus to warrant such a dispensation, such as personal health of the priest.

Question: What church uses wine to celebrate the Eucharist?
Answer: The Catholic Church

Question: When was Jesus Christ known to have used wine in celebration? 
Answer: the Last Supper

Question: Where in the Code of Canon Law does it say that wine must be natural and not corrupt?
Answer: Canon 924

Question: What may a priest use in place of wine for consecration for health reasons?
Answer: grape juice

Question: What is the Catholic dogma known as that believes that consecrated bread and wine from the Last Supper literally became the body and blood of Jesus Christ?
Answer: transubstantiation
Title: Computer_security

Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection, and due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked into deviating from secure procedures.

Question: What must an operator deviate from to harm the computer?
Answer: secure procedures

Question: What is computer security also known as?
Answer: cybersecurity or IT security

Question: What is the protection of information systems?
Answer: Computer security

Question: What are the ways an operator can malpractice?
Answer: intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked

Question: What is the practice that includes controlling physical access to hardware?
Answer: Computer security
Title: Computer_security

Denial of service attacks are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Attackers can deny service to individual victims, such as by deliberately entering a wrong password enough consecutive times to cause the victim account to be locked, or they may overload the capabilities of a machine or network and block all users at once. While a network attack from a single IP address can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule, many forms of Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are possible, where the attack comes from a large number of points – and defending is much more difficult. Such attacks can originate from the zombie computers of a botnet, but a range of other techniques are possible including reflection and amplification attacks, where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victim.

Question: What are attacks designed to make a machine or network unavailable to its intended users?
Answer: Denial of service attacks

Question: What does deliberately entering the wrong password enough consecutive times cause?
Answer: the victim account to be locked

Question: What are attacks where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victom called?
Answer: reflection and amplification attacks

Question: What does DDoS stand for?
Answer: Distributed denial of service

Question: How can a network attack from a single IP address be blocked?
Answer: by adding a new firewall rule
Title: Computer_security

If access is gained to a car's internal controller area network, it is possible to disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel. Computerized engine timing, cruise control, anti-lock brakes, seat belt tensioners, door locks, airbags and advanced driver assistance systems make these disruptions possible, and self-driving cars go even further. Connected cars may use wifi and bluetooth to communicate with onboard consumer devices, and the cell phone network to contact concierge and emergency assistance services or get navigational or entertainment information; each of these networks is a potential entry point for malware or an attacker. Researchers in 2011 were even able to use a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system as a successful attack vector, and cars with built-in voice recognition or remote assistance features have onboard microphones which could be used for eavesdropping.

Question: What were researchers in 2011 able to use as a successful attack vector?
Answer: a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system

Question: In cars with built-in voice recognition features, what can the onboard microphones be used for?
Answer: eavesdropping

Question: Wifi, bluetooth, and cell phone networks are examples of what?
Answer: a potential entry point for malware or an attacker

Question: Assuming access has been gained to the car's internal controller area network, what is it possible to do?
Answer: disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel

Question: What network is used to contact concierge and emergency assitance services as well as getting navigational and entetainment information?
Answer: the cell phone network
Title: Computer_security

However, relatively few organisations maintain computer systems with effective detection systems, and fewer still have organised response mechanisms in place. As result, as Reuters points out: "Companies for the first time report they are losing more through electronic theft of data than physical stealing of assets". The primary obstacle to effective eradication of cyber crime could be traced to excessive reliance on firewalls and other automated "detection" systems. Yet it is basic evidence gathering by using packet capture appliances that puts criminals behind bars.

Question: How many organisations are estimated to maintain computer systems with effective detection systems?
Answer: relatively few

Question: What is the basic evidence gathered by that puts criminals behind bars?
Answer: packet capture appliances

Question: The primary obstacle to the eradication of cyber crime is the excessive reliance on what?
Answer: firewalls and other automated "detection" systems

Question: What is the source of the quote?
Answer: Reuters

Question: Electronic theft of data is causing more loss than what? 
Answer: physical stealing of assets
Title: Computer_security

One use of the term "computer security" refers to technology that is used to implement secure operating systems. In the 1980s the United States Department of Defense (DoD) used the "Orange Book" standards, but the current international standard ISO/IEC 15408, "Common Criteria" defines a number of progressively more stringent Evaluation Assurance Levels. Many common operating systems meet the EAL4 standard of being "Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed", but the formal verification required for the highest levels means that they are uncommon. An example of an EAL6 ("Semiformally Verified Design and Tested") system is Integrity-178B, which is used in the Airbus A380 and several military jets.

Question: Technology that is used to implement secure operating systems is one use of what term?
Answer: computer security

Question: What does EAL stand for?
Answer: Evaluation Assurance Levels

Question: What is the standard of EAL4?
Answer: Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed

Question: What is the standard for EAL6?
Answer: Semiformally Verified Design and Tested

Question: What is an example of a system that meets EAL6?
Answer: Integrity-178B
Title: Computer_security

China's network security and information technology leadership team was established February 27, 2014. The leadership team is tasked with national security and long-term development and co-ordination of major issues related to network security and information technology. Economic, political, cultural, social and military fields as related to network security and information technology strategy, planning and major macroeconomic policy are being researched. The promotion of national network security and information technology law are constantly under study for enhanced national security capabilities.

Question: When was Chine's network security and information technology leadership team established?
Answer: February 27, 2014

Question: What is the reason for studying the promotion of national network security ad information technology law?
Answer: enhanced national security capabilities.

Question: What country has a network security and information technology leadership team??
Answer: China
Title: Computer_security

Eavesdropping is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation, typically between hosts on a network. For instance, programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight have been used by the FBI and NSA to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers. Even machines that operate as a closed system (i.e., with no contact to the outside world) can be eavesdropped upon via monitoring the faint electro-magnetic transmissions generated by the hardware; TEMPEST is a specification by the NSA referring to these attacks.

Question: What is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation?
Answer: Eavesdropping

Question: Conversations that people eavesdrop on are typically between who?
Answer: hosts on a network

Question: Who has used programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers?
Answer: the FBI and NSA

Question: Eavesdropping on a closed system via the faint electro-magnetic trasmissions generated by the hardware has been referred to as what by the NSA?
Answer: TEMPEST

Question: What are machines that operate with no contact to the outside world called?
Answer: a closed system
Title: Computer_security

Desktop computers and laptops are commonly infected with malware either to gather passwords or financial account information, or to construct a botnet to attack another target. Smart phones, tablet computers, smart watches, and other mobile devices such as Quantified Self devices like activity trackers have also become targets and many of these have sensors such as cameras, microphones, GPS receivers, compasses, and accelerometers which could be exploited, and may collect personal information, including sensitive health information. Wifi, Bluetooth, and cell phone network on any of these devices could be used as attack vectors, and sensors might be remotely activated after a successful breach.

Question: What are desktop computers and laptops commonly infected with?
Answer: malware

Question: Constructing a botnet to attack another target is an example of the activity of what?
Answer: malware

Question: Activity trackers are an example of what?
Answer: Quantified Self devices

Question: What could wifi, bluetooth, and cellphone network on devices be used as?
Answer: attack vectors

Question: What could be remotely activated after a sucessful breach?
Answer: sensors
Title: Computer_security

Within computer systems, two of many security models capable of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists (ACLs) and capability-based security. Using ACLs to confine programs has been proven to be insecure in many situations, such as if the host computer can be tricked into indirectly allowing restricted file access, an issue known as the confused deputy problem. It has also been shown that the promise of ACLs of giving access to an object to only one person can never be guaranteed in practice. Both of these problems are resolved by capabilities. This does not mean practical flaws exist in all ACL-based systems, but only that the designers of certain utilities must take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws.[citation needed]

Question: What does ACL stand for?
Answer: access control lists

Question: ACLs and capability based security are two security models capable of what?
Answer: enforcing privilege separation

Question: A host computer tricked into indirectly allowing access to restricted files is known as what?
Answer: the confused deputy problem

Question: What must designers of systems that are ACL based do?
Answer: take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws

Question: The confused deputy problem and the problem of not guaranteeing only one person has access are resolved by what?
Answer: capabilities
Title: Computer_security

In 1994, over a hundred intrusions were made by unidentified crackers into the Rome Laboratory, the US Air Force's main command and research facility. Using trojan horses, hackers were able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems and remove traces of their activities. The intruders were able to obtain classified files, such as air tasking order systems data and furthermore able to penetrate connected networks of National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, some Defense contractors, and other private sector organizations, by posing as a trusted Rome center user.

Question: In what year did over a hundred intrusions made into the Rome Laboraroty?
Answer: 1994

Question: How were hackers able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems?
Answer: Using trojan horses

Question: How were hackers able to penetrate connected networks?
Answer: by posing as a trusted Rome center user

Question: What is the Rome Laboratory?
Answer: the US Air Force's main command and research facility

Question: Who does the Goddard Space Flight Center belong to?
Answer: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Title: Computer_security

In July of 2015, a hacker group known as "The Impact Team" successfully breached the extramarital relationship website Ashley Madison. The group claimed that they had taken not only company data but user data as well. After the breach, The Impact Team dumped emails from the company's CEO, to prove their point, and threatened to dump customer data unless the website was taken down permanently. With this initial data release, the group stated “Avid Life Media has been instructed to take Ashley Madison and Established Men offline permanently in all forms, or we will release all customer records, including profiles with all the customers' secret sexual fantasies and matching credit card transactions, real names and addresses, and employee documents and emails. The other websites may stay online.”  When Avid Life Media, the parent company that created the Ashley Madison website, did not take the site offline, The Impact Group released two more compressed files, one 9.7GB and the second 20GB. After the second data dump, Avid Life Media CEO Noel Biderman resigned, but the website remained functional.

Question: When did The Impact Team successfully breach Ashley Madison?
Answer: July of 2015

Question: What is the name of the parent company that created Ashley Madison?
Answer: Avid Life Media

Question: When did the Avid Life Media CEO resign?
Answer: After the second data dump

Question: What was in the first data dump?
Answer: emails from the company's CEO

Question: What website, in addition to Ashley Madison, was Avid Media instructed to take offline?
Answer: Established Men
Title: Computer_security

The question of whether the government should intervene or not in the regulation of the cyberspace is a very polemical one. Indeed, for as long as it has existed and by definition, the cyberspace is a virtual space free of any government intervention. Where everyone agree that an improvement on cybersecurity is more than vital, is the government the best actor to solve this issue? Many government officials and experts think that the government should step in and that there is a crucial need for regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem. R. Clarke said during a panel discussion at the RSA Security Conference in San Francisco, he believes that the "industry only responds when you threaten regulation. If industry doesn't respond (to the threat), you have to follow through." On the other hand, executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that the government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently.

Question: According to goverment officials, what has the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem created?
Answer: a crucial need for regulation

Question: Where was the RSA Security Conference held?
Answer: San Francisco

Question: Who believes that government intervention would affect innovation?
Answer: executives from the private sector

Question: Who said "industry only responds when you threaten regulation"?
Answer: R. Clarke

Question: What is a virtual space free of any government intervention?
Answer: cyberspace
Title: Computer_security

On October 3, 2010, Public Safety Canada unveiled Canada’s Cyber Security Strategy, following a Speech from the Throne commitment to boost the security of Canadian cyberspace. The aim of the strategy is to strengthen Canada’s "cyber systems and critical infrastructure sectors, support economic growth and protect Canadians as they connect to each other and to the world." Three main pillars define the strategy: securing government systems, partnering to secure vital cyber systems outside the federal government, and helping Canadians to be secure online. The strategy involves multiple departments and agencies across the Government of Canada. The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada outlines these responsibilities, and provides a plan for coordinated response between government and other partners in the event of a cyber incident. The Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy outlines the ongoing implementation of the strategy.

Question: When did Public Safety Canada unveil Canada's Cyber Security Strategy?
Answer: October 3, 2010

Question: What outlines the ongoing implementation of the Cyber Security Strategy?
Answer: The Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy

Question: What outlines the responsibilities and provides a plan for coordination during a cyber incident?
Answer: The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada
Title: Computer_security

Computers control functions at many utilities, including coordination of telecommunications, the power grid, nuclear power plants, and valve opening and closing in water and gas networks. The Internet is a potential attack vector for such machines if connected, but the Stuxnet worm demonstrated that even equipment controlled by computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable to physical damage caused by malicious commands sent to industrial equipment (in that case uranium enrichment centrifuges) which are infected via removable media. In 2014, the Computer Emergency Readiness Team, a division of the Department of Homeland Security, investigated 79 hacking incidents at energy companies.

Question: What is a potential attack vector for utilities such as the power grid?
Answer: The Internet

Question: What demonstrated equipment controlled by computers not connected to the internet can also be vulnerable?
Answer: the Stuxnet worm

Question: When did the Computer Emergency Readiness Team investigate 79 hacking incidents at energy companies?
Answer: 2014

Question: What department does the Computer Emergency Readiness Team belong to?
Answer: the Department of Homeland Security

Question: How did the Stuxnet worm infect industrial equipment?
Answer: via removable media
Title: Computer_security

Today, computer security comprises mainly "preventive" measures, like firewalls or an exit procedure. A firewall can be defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or a network and another network, such as the Internet, and can be implemented as software running on the machine, hooking into the network stack (or, in the case of most UNIX-based operating systems such as Linux, built into the operating system kernel) to provide real time filtering and blocking. Another implementation is a so-called physical firewall which consists of a separate machine filtering network traffic. Firewalls are common amongst machines that are permanently connected to the Internet.

Question: Firewalls and exit procedures are considered what?
Answer: "preventive" measures

Question: What is defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or network and another network?
Answer: A firewall

Question: What does a physical firewall consist of?
Answer: a separate machine filtering network traffic

Question: What type of machines normall have a firewall?
Answer: permanently connected to the Internet

Question: What compromises mainly preventative measures?
Answer: computer security