rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Airport

Airports are divided into landside and airside areas. Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads. Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons. Access from landside areas to airside areas is tightly controlled at most airports. Passengers on commercial flights access airside areas through terminals, where they can purchase tickets, clear security check, or claim luggage and board aircraft through gates. The waiting areas which provide passenger access to aircraft are typically called concourses, although this term is often used interchangeably with terminal.

Question: What do landside areas include?
Answer: parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads

Question: Airports are divided into what two areas?
Answer: landside and airside

Question: What do airside areas include?
Answer: all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons

Question: Where can passengers purchase tickets?
Answer: terminals

Question: What is the waiting area which provide passengers access to aircraft?
Answer: concourses
Title: Airport

Most major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services. Most of these companies, many of which are internationally known brands, are located within the departure areas. These include clothing boutiques and restaurants. Prices charged for items sold at these outlets are generally higher than those outside the airport. However, some airports now regulate costs to keep them comparable to "street prices". This term is misleading as prices often match the manufacturers' suggested retail price (MSRP) but are almost never discounted.[citation needed]

Question: Most major airports provide commercial outlets for what?
Answer: products and services

Question: Where are most of these companies located in an airport?
Answer: within the departure areas

Question: Some of these companies include what type of businesses?
Answer: clothing boutiques and restaurants

Question: Are prices at these outlets generally higher or lower than street prices?
Answer: higher
Title: Airport

Airports may also contain premium and VIP services. The premium and VIP services may include express check-in and dedicated check-in counters. These services are usually reserved for First and Business class passengers, premium frequent flyers, and members of the airline's clubs. Premium services may sometimes be open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program. This can sometimes be part of a reciprocal deal, as when multiple airlines are part of the same alliance, or as a ploy to attract premium customers away from rival airlines.

Question: What are some services that are offered by VIP services?
Answer: express check-in and dedicated check-in counters

Question: These services are usually reserved for what class of passengers?
Answer: First and Business class

Question: What type of services are sometimes open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program?
Answer: Premium services
Title: Airport

Many large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of multimodal transport, for instance Frankfurt Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, London Heathrow Airport, London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems. Some examples of this would include the AirTrain JFK at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, Link Light Rail that runs from the heart of downtown Seattle to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, and the Silver Line T at Boston's Logan International Airport by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). Such a connection lowers risk of missed flights due to traffic congestion. Large airports usually have access also through controlled-access highways ('freeways' or 'motorways') from which motor vehicles enter either the departure loop or the arrival loop.

Question: For seamless connection of multimodal transport, where are many large airports located?
Answer: near railway trunk routes

Question: What does MBTA stand for?
Answer: Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority

Question: It is also common to connect an airport and a city with what?
Answer: rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems
Title: Airport

The distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and buses. The Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim. Major airports with more than one terminal offer inter-terminal transportation, such as Mexico City International Airport, where the domestic building of Terminal 1 is connected by Aerotrén to Terminal 2, on the other side of the airport.

Question: It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and what?
Answer: buses

Question: What airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim?
Answer: Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport

Question: Name one airport that offers inter-terminal transportation.
Answer: Mexico City International Airport
Title: Airport

The title of "world's oldest airport" is disputed, but College Park Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield, although it serves only general aviation traffic. Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Arizona was declared "the first international airport of the Americas" by US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1943. Pearson Field Airport in Vancouver, Washington had a dirigible land in 1905 and planes in 1911 and is still in use. Bremen Airport opened in 1913 and remains in use, although it served as an American military field between 1945 and 1949. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol opened on September 16, 1916 as a military airfield, but only accepted civil aircraft from December 17, 1920, allowing Sydney Airport in Sydney, Australia—which started operations in January 1920—to claim to be one of the world's oldest continually operating commercial airports. Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, opened in 1920 and has been in continuous commercial service since. It serves about 35,000,000 passengers each year and continues to expand, recently opening a new 11,000 foot (3,355 meter) runway. Of the airports constructed during this early period in aviation, it is one of the largest and busiest that is still currently operating. Rome Ciampino Airport, opened 1916, is also a contender, as well as the Don Mueang International Airport near Bangkok,Thailand, which opened in 1914. Increased aircraft traffic during World War I led to the construction of landing fields. Aircraft had to approach these from certain directions and this led to the development of aids for directing the approach and landing slope.

Question: What is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield?
Answer: College Park Airport

Question: In what year was the College Park Airport established?
Answer: 1909

Question: Who established the College Park Airport?
Answer: Wilbur Wright

Question: How many passengers does the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport serve each year?
Answer: 35,000,000

Question: In what year did Rome Ciampino Airport open?
Answer: 1916
Title: Airport

Following the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris – Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in August 1919, but it was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920. In 1922, the first permanent airport and commercial terminal solely for commercial aviation was opened at Flughafen Devau near what was then Königsberg, East Prussia. The airports of this era used a paved "apron", which permitted night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft.

Question: Following the war, why did some military airfields add civil facilities?
Answer: for handling passenger traffic

Question: Which airport near Paris was one of the first to add civil facilities for handling passenger traffic?
Answer: Le Bourget Airport

Question: What was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services?
Answer: Hounslow Heath Aerodrome

Question: When did the Hounslow Heath Aerodrome begin to operate scheduled international commercial services?
Answer: August 1919

Question: What did airports use to permit night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft?
Answer: a paved "apron"
Title: Airport

The first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use. These indicated the proper direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In the 1940s, the slope-line approach system was introduced. This consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel indicating an aircraft's position on the glideslope. Additional lights indicated incorrect altitude and direction.

Question: When was the first lighting used on an airport?
Answer: latter part of the 1920s

Question: When did approach lighting come into use?
Answer: 1930s

Question: When was the slope-line approach system introduced?
Answer: 1940s

Question: What indicated the proper direction and angle of descent?
Answer: approach lighting

Question: What consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel, indicating an aircraft's position on the glidescope?
Answer: slope-line approach system
Title: Airport

Airport construction boomed during the 1960s with the increase in jet aircraft traffic. Runways were extended out to 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The fields were constructed out of reinforced concrete using a slip-form machine that produces a continual slab with no disruptions along the length. The early 1960s also saw the introduction of jet bridge systems to modern airport terminals, an innovation which eliminated outdoor passenger boarding. These systems became commonplace in the United States by the 1970s.

Question: Why did airport construction boom during the 1960s?
Answer: increase in jet aircraft traffic

Question: How far were runways extended out?
Answer: 9,800 ft

Question: What was constructed out of reinforced concrete?
Answer: The fields

Question: When were jet bridge systems introduced to modern airport terminals?
Answer: early 1960s
Title: Airport

The majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. However, at particularly busy airports, or airports with other special requirements, there is an air traffic control (ATC) system whereby controllers (usually ground-based) direct aircraft movements via radio or other communications links. This coordinated oversight facilitates safety and speed in complex operations where traffic moves in all three dimensions. Air traffic control responsibilities at airports are usually divided into at least two main areas: ground and tower, though a single controller may work both stations. The busiest airports also have clearance delivery, apron control, and other specialized ATC stations.

Question: What does ATC stand for?
Answer: air traffic control

Question: ATC responsibilities are usually divided into how many main areas?
Answer: two
Title: Airport

Ground Control is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated "movement areas", except the traffic on runways. This includes planes, baggage trains, snowplows, grass cutters, fuel trucks, stair trucks, airline food trucks, conveyor belt vehicles and other vehicles. Ground Control will instruct these vehicles on which taxiways to use, which runway they will use (in the case of planes), where they will park, and when it is safe to cross runways. When a plane is ready to takeoff it will stop short of the runway, at which point it will be turned over to Tower Control. After a plane has landed, it will depart the runway and be returned to Ground Control.

Question: What is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated areas?
Answer: Ground Control

Question: Who instructs vehicles on which taxiways to use?
Answer: Ground Control

Question: When a plane is ready to take off, who takes over the direction of a plane?
Answer: Tower Control

Question: When is control turned back over to ground control?
Answer: After a plane has landed
Title: Airport

Tower Control controls aircraft on the runway and in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport. Tower controllers may use radar to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space, or they may rely on pilot position reports and visual observation. They coordinate the sequencing of aircraft in the traffic pattern and direct aircraft on how to safely join and leave the circuit. Aircraft which are only passing through the airspace must also contact Tower Control in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic.

Question: Who controls aircraft on the runway?
Answer: Tower Control

Question: Tower controllers use what to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space?
Answer: radar

Question: Who controls aircraft in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport?
Answer: Tower Control

Question: Why should aircraft that is only passing through an airspace contact Tower Control?
Answer: in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic
Title: Airport

At all airports the use of a traffic pattern (often called a traffic circuit outside the U.S.) is possible. They may help to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There is no technical need within modern aviation for performing this pattern, provided there is no queue. And due to the so-called SLOT-times, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided. If for instance an aircraft approaches runway 17 (which has a heading of approx. 170 degrees) from the north (coming from 360/0 degrees heading towards 180 degrees), the aircraft will land as fast as possible by just turning 10 degrees and follow the glidepath, without orbit the runway for visual reasons, whenever this is possible. For smaller piston engined airplanes at smaller airfields without ILS equipment, things are very differently though.

Question: What is a traffic pattern often called outside of the U.S.?
Answer: traffic pattern

Question: What assures smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?
Answer: traffic pattern

Question: Due to this, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided.
Answer: so-called SLOT-times
Title: Airport

Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five "legs" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to join and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude, usually 800 or 1,000 ft (244 or 305 m) above ground level (AGL). Standard traffic patterns are left-handed, meaning all turns are made to the left. One of the main reason for this is that pilots sit on the left side of the airplane, and a Left-hand patterns improves their visibility of the airport and pattern. Right-handed patterns do exist, usually because of obstacles such as a mountain, or to reduce noise for local residents. The predetermined circuit helps traffic flow smoothly because all pilots know what to expect, and helps reduce the chance of a mid-air collision.

Question: Traffic patterns are usually flown at what altitude above ground level?
Answer: 800 or 1,000 ft

Question: Are standard traffic patterns right-handed or left-handed?
Answer: left-handed

Question: What does AGL stand for?
Answer: above ground level

Question: What is one of the main reasons pilots sit on the left side of the airplane?
Answer: Standard traffic patterns are left-handed
Title: Airport

At extremely large airports, a circuit is in place but not usually used. Rather, aircraft (usually only commercial with long routes) request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport, often before they even take off from their departure point. Large airports have a frequency called Clearance Delivery which is used by departing aircraft specifically for this purpose. This then allows aircraft to take the most direct approach path to the runway and land without worrying about interference from other aircraft. While this system keeps the airspace free and is simpler for pilots, it requires detailed knowledge of how aircraft are planning to use the airport ahead of time and is therefore only possible with large commercial airliners on pre-scheduled flights. The system has recently become so advanced that controllers can predict whether an aircraft will be delayed on landing before it even takes off; that aircraft can then be delayed on the ground, rather than wasting expensive fuel waiting in the air.

Question: At an extremely large airport, what is in place but not usually used?
Answer: a circuit

Question: What is the frequency called that is used by departing aircraft for the purpose of requesting approach clearance?
Answer: Clearance Delivery

Question: Which aircraft request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport?
Answer: commercial with long routes
Title: Airport

There are a number of aids available to pilots, though not all airports are equipped with them. A visual approach slope indicator (VASI) helps pilots fly the approach for landing. Some airports are equipped with a VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) to help pilots find the direction to the airport. VORs are often accompanied by a distance measuring equipment (DME) to determine the distance to the VOR. VORs are also located off airports, where they serve to provide airways for aircraft to navigate upon. In poor weather, pilots will use an instrument landing system (ILS) to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground. The number of instrument approaches based on the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) is rapidly increasing and may eventually be the primary means for instrument landings.

Question: What helps pilots fly the approach for landing?
Answer: visual approach slope indicator

Question: What does VASI stand for?
Answer: visual approach slope indicator

Question: What does VOR stand for?
Answer: VHF omnidirectional range

Question: What helps pilots find the direction to the airport?
Answer: VHF omnidirectional range

Question: What instruments do pilots use to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground?
Answer: instrument landing system
Title: Airport

On runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing, while red lights indicate the end of the runway. Runway edge lighting consists of white lights spaced out on both sides of the runway, indicating the edge. Some airports have more complicated lighting on the runways including lights that run down the centerline of the runway and lights that help indicate the approach (an approach lighting system, or ALS). Low-traffic airports may use pilot controlled lighting to save electricity and staffing costs.

Question: On runways, what indicate the beginning of the runway for landing?
Answer: green lights

Question: On runways, what indicate the end of the runway?
Answer: red lights

Question: What indicates the edge of a runway?
Answer: white lights

Question: What may low-traffic airports use to save electricity and staffing costs?
Answer: pilot controlled lighting

Question: What does ALS stand for?
Answer: approach lighting system
Title: Airport

Hazards to aircraft include debris, nesting birds, and reduced friction levels due to environmental conditions such as ice, snow, or rain. Part of runway maintenance is airfield rubber removal which helps maintain friction levels. The fields must be kept clear of debris using cleaning equipment so that loose material does not become a projectile and enter an engine duct (see foreign object damage). In adverse weather conditions, ice and snow clearing equipment can be used to improve traction on the landing strip. For waiting aircraft, equipment is used to spray special deicing fluids on the wings.

Question: What includes debris and nesting birds?
Answer: Hazards to aircraft

Question: In adverse weather conditions, what can be used to improve traction on the landing strip?
Answer: ice and snow clearing equipment

Question: What is one part of runway maintenance that helps maintain friction levels?
Answer: airfield rubber removal
Title: Airport

Many ground crew at the airport work at the aircraft. A tow tractor pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges, The ground power unit is plugged in. It keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal. The engines are not working, therefore they do not generate the electricity, as they do in flight. The passengers disembark using the airbridge. Mobile stairs can give the ground crew more access to the aircraft's cabin. There is a cleaning service to clean the aircraft after the aircraft lands. Flight catering provides the food and drinks on flights. A toilet waste truck removes the human waste from the tank which holds the waste from the toilets in the aircraft. A water truck fills the water tanks of the aircraft. A fuel transfer vehicle transfers aviation fuel from fuel tanks underground, to the aircraft tanks. A tractor and its dollies bring in luggage from the terminal to the aircraft. They also carry luggage to the terminal if the aircraft has landed, and is being unloaded. Hi-loaders lift the heavy luggage containers to the gate of the cargo hold. The ground crew push the luggage containers into the hold. If it has landed, they rise, the ground crew push the luggage container on the hi-loader, which carries it down. The luggage container is then pushed on one of the tractors dollies. The conveyor, which is a conveyor belt on a truck, brings in the awkwardly shaped, or late luggage. The airbridge is used again by the new passengers to embark the aircraft. The tow tractor pushes the aircraft away from the terminal to a taxi area. The aircraft should be off of the airport and in the air in 90 minutes. The airport charges the airline for the time the aircraft spends at the airport.

Question: What pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges?
Answer: tow tractor

Question: What keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal?
Answer: ground power unit

Question: The passengers disembark using what?
Answer: airbridge

Question: What can give the ground crew more clearance after the aircraft lands?
Answer: Mobile stairs

Question: How long should it take for an aircraft to be off the airport and in the air?
Answer: 90 minutes
Title: Airport

An airbase, sometimes referred to as an air station or airfield, provides basing and support of military aircraft. Some airbases, known as military airports, provide facilities similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, RAF Brize Norton in the UK has a terminal which caters to passengers for the Royal Air Force's scheduled TriStar flights to the Falkland Islands. Some airbases are co-located with civilian airports, sharing the same ATC facilities, runways, taxiways and emergency services, but with separate terminals, parking areas and hangars. Bardufoss Airport , Bardufoss Air Station in Norway and Pune Airport in India are examples of this.

Question: An airfield is also referred to as what?
Answer: airbase

Question: What provides basing and support of military aircraft?
Answer: airbase

Question: Where is RAF Brize Norton located?
Answer: the UK

Question: Where is Bardufoss Air Station located?
Answer: Norway

Question: Where is Pune Airport located?
Answer: India