rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Classical_music

European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music  styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity.

Question: How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music?
Answer: its system of staff notation

Question: What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music?
Answer: Western staff notation

Question: What popular styles practice improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation?
Answer: jazz and blues

Question: Since it is written down, classical music can attain a high level of what? 
Answer: complexity

Question: How is European art music distinguished from many other musical forms?
Answer: its system of staff notation

Question: How long has the system of staff notation been in use?
Answer: since about the 16th century

Question: Jazz and blues use ad libitum and what other ornamentation? 
Answer: improvisation

Question: Classic music can a attain a high level of what?
Answer: complexity
Title: Classical_music

The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836.

Question: When did the term "classical music" appear? 
Answer: the early 19th century

Question: What period is referred to as a "golden age"?
Answer: the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven

Question: What year is the earliest reference to 'classical music'?
Answer: 1836

Question: What book holds the earliest reference to 'classical music'?
Answer: Oxford English Dictionary

Question: What term did not appear until the early 19th century?
Answer: classical music

Question: What 'age' is the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven referred to as?
Answer: golden age

Question: What year was the earliest reference to classical music?
Answer: 1836

Question: In what book was the earliest reference to classical music?
Answer: Oxford English Dictionary
Title: Classical_music

Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type. However, there are characteristics that classical music contains that few or no other genres of music contain, such as the use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works (e.g., the fugue). As well, although the symphony did not exist through the entire classical music period, from the mid-1700s to the 2000s the symphony ensemble—and the works written for it—have become a defining feature of classical music.

Question: Who sang Medieval plainchant?
Answer: monks

Question: Avant-garde atonal compositions were written for what instrument?
Answer: solo piano

Question: What two characteristics of classical music can not be attributed to other genres?
Answer: use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works

Question: Through what period did the symphony not exist?
Answer: the entire classical music period

Question: What has become a defining feature of classical music?
Answer: the symphony ensemble

Question: What did not exist through the entire classical music period?
Answer: the symphony

Question: The use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works are characteristics of what?
Answer: classical music

Question: Who sang medieval plainchant?
Answer: monks
Title: Classical_music

The key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrumentalists) are involved, how the various parts are coordinated. The written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them: J.S. Bach's fugues, for instance, achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines weaving in counterpoint yet creating a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible in the heat of live improvisation. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works and enables Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago. Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music (the melodies, lyrics, forms, and rhythms) being reproduced.

Question: J.S. Bach's fugues create a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible for what other style of music?
Answer: live improvisation

Question: The score determines how various parts are coordinated, pitch, and what other detail?
Answer: rhythm

Question: What has allowed Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago?
Answer: written notation

Question: Who's fugues achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines?
Answer: J.S. Bach's
Title: Classical_music

That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were designed for basso continuo accompaniment do not specify which instruments should play the accompaniment or exactly how the chordal instrument (harpsichord, lute, etc.) should play the chords, which are not notated in the part (only a figured bass symbol beneath the bass part is used to guide the chord-playing performer). The performer and/or the conductor have a range of options for musical expression and interpretation of a scored piece, including the phrasing of melodies, the time taken during fermatas (held notes) or pauses, and the use (or choice not to use) of effects such as vibrato or glissando (these effects are possible on various stringed, brass and woodwind instruments and with the human voice).

Question: The score does not provide complete and exact instruction on how to do what?
Answer: perform a historical work

Question: In what era were many works designed for basso continuo accompaniment? 
Answer: the Baroque era

Question: Vibrato and glissando are possible on stringed, brass, woodwind and what other style instrument?
Answer: the human voice

Question: What are fermatas?
Answer: held notes
Title: Classical_music

Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard performers playing harpsichord would improvise chords from the figured bass symbols beneath the bass notes of the basso continuo part and both vocal and instrumental performers would improvise musical ornaments. J.S. Bach was particularly noted for his complex improvisations. During the Classical era, the composer-performer Mozart was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles. During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the cadenza sections of a concerto. During the Romantic era, Beethoven would improvise at the piano. For more information, see Improvisation.

Question: Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical what?
Answer: improvisation

Question: In the Baroque era, who would improvise preludes?
Answer: organ performers

Question: Who would improvise musical ornaments in the Baroque era?
Answer: instrumental performers

Question: Who was noted for his complex improvisations?
Answer: J.S. Bach

Question: What was Mozart noted for?
Answer: his ability to improvise melodies in different styles
Title: Classical_music

The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsichord, and organ). The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for classical music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass, and percussion families of instruments. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families. It generally has a larger variety and amount of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many concert bands use a double bass. The vocal practices changed a great deal over the classical period, from the single line monophonic Gregorian chant done by monks in the Medieval period to the complex, polyphonic choral works of the Renaissance and subsequent periods, which used multiple independent vocal melodies at the same time.

Question: Instrument currently used in most classical music where invented before what period?
Answer: the mid-19th century

Question: What is the most widely known medium for classical music?
Answer: The symphony orchestra

Question: A symphony orchestra includes members of the string, woodwind, percussion and what other family of instruments?
Answer: brass

Question: What does a symphony orchestra have that is missing from a concert band?
Answer: a string section

Question: What practice has changed a great deal over the classical period?
Answer: vocal
Title: Classical_music

Many of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or vielle), and trombone (called the sackbut) existed. Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut (loud, shrill, outdoor instruments) and bas (quieter, more intimate instruments).

Question: What was the medieval flute made from?
Answer: wood

Question: What was an early version of the fiddle called?
Answer: vielle

Question: What was an early version of the trombone called? 
Answer: sackbut

Question: Medieval instrument in Europe were commonly used how?
Answer: singly

Question: Loud, shrill, and outdoor instruments were referred to as 'haut', while quieter, more intimate instruments were referred to as what?
Answer: bas
Title: Classical_music

During the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the high medieval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th and early 14th century.

Question: What genre was predominately Gregorian chant during the earlier medieval period?
Answer: liturgical

Question: What genre uses multiple independent vocal melodies?
Answer: Polyphonic vocal genres

Question: When did the Polyphonic vocal genre begin to develop?
Answer: during the high medieval era

Question: What word means using a single unaccompanied vocal melody line?
Answer: monophonic
Title: Classical_music

Many instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments. As in the modern day, instruments may be classified as brass, strings, percussion, and woodwind.

Question: Many instruments originated during what era?
Answer: the Renaissance

Question: What has disappeared, then been recreated in order to perform music of the period?
Answer: authentic instruments

Question: Modern day instrument may be classified as brass, string, woodwind and what other classification?
Answer: percussion
Title: Classical_music

Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and the lute. Keyboard instruments with strings included the harpsichord and the virginal. Percussion instruments include the triangle, the Jew's harp, the tambourine, the bells, the rumble-pot, and various kinds of drums. Woodwind instruments included the double reed shawm, the reed pipe, the bagpipe, the transverse flute and the recorder.

Question: Brass instruments were traditionally played by profession guild members during what era?
Answer: the Renaissance

Question: Stringed instruments during the Renaissance included the viol, the lyre, the cittern, the lute and what other instrument?
Answer: the hurdy-gurdy

Question: The virginal is what type of instrument?
Answer: Keyboard instruments with strings

Question: The tambourine, bells and rumble-pot are all what type of instrument?
Answer: Percussion

Question: The reed pipe and recorder are what type of instrument?
Answer: Woodwind
Title: Classical_music

Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate polyphonic style. The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt secular forms (such as the madrigal) for their own designs. Towards the end of the period, the early dramatic precursors of opera such as monody, the madrigal comedy, and the intermedio are seen.

Question: Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for an increasingly elaborate what?
Answer: polyphonic style

Question: What liturgical form besides motets endured throughout the entire Renaissance period?
Answer: masses

Question: Monody, the madrigal comedy, and intermedio are all precursors to what?
Answer: opera
Title: Classical_music

Baroque instruments included some instruments from the earlier periods (e.g., the hurdy-gurdy and recorder) and a number of new instruments (e.g, the cello, contrabass and fortepiano). Some instruments from previous eras fell into disuse, such as the shawm and the wooden cornet. The key Baroque instruments for strings included the violin, viol, viola, viola d'amore, cello, contrabass, lute, theorbo (which often played the basso continuo parts), mandolin, cittern, Baroque guitar, harp and hurdy-gurdy. Woodwinds included the Baroque flute, Baroque oboe, rackett, recorder and the bassoon. Brass instruments included the cornett, natural horn, Baroque trumpet, serpent and the trombone. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord, tangent piano, the fortepiano (an early version of the piano), the harpsichord and the pipe organ. Percussion instruments included the timpani, snare drum, tambourine and the castanets.

Question: The cello, contrabrass and fortepiano were new instruments during what period?
Answer: Baroque

Question: What happened to the shawn and the wooden cornet during the Baroque period?
Answer: fell into disuse

Question: The timpani ans castanets are what type of instrument?
Answer: Percussion

Question: The serpent is what type of instrument?
Answer: Brass

Question: Which string instrument often played the basso continuo parts?
Answer: theorbo
Title: Classical_music

One major difference between Baroque music and the classical era that followed it is that the types of instruments used in ensembles were much less standardized. Whereas a classical era string quartet consists almost exclusively of two violins, a viola and a cello, a Baroque group accompanying a soloist or opera could include one of several different types of keyboard instruments (e.g., pipe organ, harpsichord, or clavichord), additional stringed chordal instruments (e.g., a lute) and an unspecified number of bass instruments performing the basso continuo bassline, including bowed strings, woodwinds and brass instruments (e.g., a cello, contrabass, viol, bassoon, serpent, etc.).

Question: What was less standardized during the Baroque era?
Answer: the types of instruments used in ensembles

Question: Two violins, a viola, and a cello make up what type of group?
Answer: a classical era string quartet

Question: Keyboard instruments included the pip organ, harpsichord and what other instrument?
Answer: clavichord

Question: What is an example of a stringed chordal instrument during the Baroque period?
Answer: a lute
Title: Classical_music

The term "classical music" has two meanings: the broader meaning includes all Western art music from the Medieval era to today, and the specific meaning refers to the music from the 1750s to the early 1830s—the era of Mozart and Haydn. This section is about the more specific meaning.

Question: From the 1750's to the early 1830's is the era of Mozart and what other composer?
Answer: Haydn

Question: Classical music can mean all Western art music or more specifically from the 1750's to when?
Answer: the early 1830s

Question: The broad meaning of classical music stretches back from today to what era?
Answer: the Medieval era
Title: Classical_music

Classical musicians continued to use many of instruments from the Baroque era, such as the cello, contrabass, recorder, trombone, timpani, fortepiano and organ. While some Baroque instruments fell into disuse (e.g., the theorbo and rackett), many Baroque instruments were changed into the versions that are still in use today, such as the Baroque violin (which became the violin), the Baroque oboe (which became the oboe) and the Baroque trumpet, which transitioned to the regular valved trumpet.

Question: Classical musicians continued to use many instruments from what era?
Answer: Baroque

Question: The theorbo and what other Baroque instrument fell into disuse?
Answer: rackett

Question: The Baroque violin became what modern instrument?
Answer: the violin

Question: What did the Baroque trumpet become?
Answer: the regular valved trumpet
Title: Classical_music

The Classical era stringed instruments were the four instruments which form the string section of the orchestra: the violin, viola, cello and contrabass. Woodwinds included the basset clarinet, basset horn, clarinette d'amour, the Classical clarinet, the chalumeau, the flute, oboe and bassoon. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord and the fortepiano. While the harpsichord was still used in basso continuo accompaniment in the 1750s and 1760s, it fell out of use in the end of the century. Brass instruments included the buccin, the ophicleide (a serpent replacement which was the precursor of tuba) and the natural horn.

Question: The violin, cello, contrabass and what other instrument form the string section of the orchestra?
Answer: viola

Question: The flute, oboe and bassoon are all what type of instrument?
Answer: Woodwinds

Question: What instrument fell out of use after the 1760s?
Answer: the harpsichord

Question: What instrument was the precursor of the tuba?
Answer: the ophicleide
Title: Classical_music

The "standard complement" of double winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to Beethoven. The exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No. 4, which each specify a single flute. The composer's instrumentation usually included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns and trumpets. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral "palette" in Symphonies 3, 5, 6, and 9 for an innovative effect. The third horn in the "Eroica" Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility, but also the effect of "choral" brass in the Trio. Piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finale of his Symphony No. 5. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver "storm" and "sunshine" in the Sixth. The Ninth asks for a second pair of horns, for reasons similar to the "Eroica" (four horns has since become standard); Beethoven's use of piccolo, contrabassoon, trombones, and untuned percussion—plus chorus and vocal soloists—in his finale, are his earliest suggestion that the timbral boundaries of symphony should be expanded. For several decades after he died, symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethoven's well-established model, with few exceptions.

Question: To whom is the "standard complement" attributed to?
Answer: Beethoven

Question: PIccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finales of what piece by Beethoven?
Answer: Symphony No. 5

Question: How long was symphonic instrumentation faithful to Beethoven's after he died?
Answer: several decades

Question: What did Beethoven expand in his Symphonies, 3, 5, 6 and 9?
Answer: timbral "palette"

Question: A Piccolo and trombones provides the illusion of storm and what in Beethoven's Sixth Symphony?
Answer: sunshine
Title: Classical_music

In the Romantic era, the modern piano, with a more powerful, sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano. In the orchestra, the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained (string section, woodwinds, brass and percussion), but these sections were typically expanded to make a fuller, bigger sound. For example, while a Baroque orchestra may have had two double bass players, a Romantic orchestra could have as many as ten. "As music grew more expressive, the standard orchestral palette just wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers."  New woodwind instruments were added, such as the contrabassoon, bass clarinet and piccolo and new percussion instruments were added, including xylophones, drums, celestes (a bell-like keyboard instrument), large orchestral harps, bells, and triangles  and even wind machines for sound effects.

Question: What instrument did the modern piano take over for in the Romantic era?
Answer: fortepiano

Question: How many double bass players were typically used in the Baroque orchestra?
Answer: two

Question: What wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers?
Answer: the standard orchestral palette

Question: Classical sections were expanded in the Romantic era for a fuller and bigger what?
Answer: sound

Question: What is a celestes?
Answer: a bell-like keyboard instrument