rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Hydrogen

Hydrogen is highly soluble in many rare earth and transition metals and is soluble in both nanocrystalline and amorphous metals. Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice. These properties may be useful when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks, but the gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the embrittlement of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.

Question: Where is hydrogen highly soluble?
Answer: rare earth and transition metals

Question: Where can you find soluble hydrogen?
Answer: nanocrystalline and amorphous metals

Question: What influences hydrogens solubility in metals?
Answer: local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice

Question: When are these useful?
Answer: when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks

Question: When is it damaging?
Answer: gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the embrittlement of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks
Title: Hydrogen

Apart from its use as a reactant, H
2 has wide applications in physics and engineering. It is used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding. H2 is used as the rotor coolant in electrical generators at power stations, because it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas. Liquid H2 is used in cryogenic research, including superconductivity studies. Because H
2 is lighter than air, having a little more than 1⁄14 of the density of air, it was once widely used as a lifting gas in balloons and airships.

Question: Where else is H2 applied?
Answer: in physics and engineering

Question: How is H2 used in electrical generators at power stations?
Answer: as the rotor coolant

Question: Why is it used as the rotor coolant?
Answer: it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas

Question: What research uses liquid H2?
Answer: cryogenic
Title: Hydrogen

In more recent applications, hydrogen is used pure or mixed with nitrogen (sometimes called forming gas) as a tracer gas for minute leak detection. Applications can be found in the automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications industries. Hydrogen is an authorized food additive (E 949) that allows food package leak testing among other anti-oxidizing properties.

Question: Why would one use hydrogen mixed with nitrogen?
Answer: as a tracer gas for minute leak detection

Question: What industries can you find these applications?
Answer: automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications

Question: How is hydrogen used as a food additive?
Answer: allows food package leak testing
Title: Hydrogen

Hydrogen's rarer isotopes also each have specific applications. Deuterium (hydrogen-2) is used in nuclear fission applications as a moderator to slow neutrons, and in nuclear fusion reactions. Deuterium compounds have applications in chemistry and biology in studies of reaction isotope effects. Tritium (hydrogen-3), produced in nuclear reactors, is used in the production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints.

Question: What isotope is used in nuclear fission?
Answer: Deuterium

Question: Where is tritium produced?
Answer: nuclear reactors

Question: What is tritium used for?
Answer: production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints
Title: Hydrogen

Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators due to a number of favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules. These include low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases.

Question: How is hydrogen used at power stations?
Answer: as a coolant in generators

Question: Why is it used as a coolant?
Answer: favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules

Question: What are these properties?
Answer: low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases
Title: Hydrogen

Hydrogen is not an energy resource, except in the hypothetical context of commercial nuclear fusion power plants using deuterium or tritium, a technology presently far from development. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen, but this process is difficult to achieve controllably on Earth. Elemental hydrogen from solar, biological, or electrical sources require more energy to make it than is obtained by burning it, so in these cases hydrogen functions as an energy carrier, like a battery. Hydrogen may be obtained from fossil sources (such as methane), but these sources are unsustainable.

Question: Is Hydrogen considered an energy resource?
Answer: not

Question: Where does the sun get its energy from?
Answer: nuclear fusion of hydrogen

Question: How does hydrogen function when it s burned?
Answer: energy carrier
Title: Hydrogen

The energy density per unit volume of both liquid hydrogen and compressed hydrogen gas at any practicable pressure is significantly less than that of traditional fuel sources, although the energy density per unit fuel mass is higher. Nevertheless, elemental hydrogen has been widely discussed in the context of energy, as a possible future carrier of energy on an economy-wide scale. For example, CO
2 sequestration followed by carbon capture and storage could be conducted at the point of H
2 production from fossil fuels. Hydrogen used in transportation would burn relatively cleanly, with some NOx emissions, but without carbon emissions. However, the infrastructure costs associated with full conversion to a hydrogen economy would be substantial. Fuel cells can convert hydrogen and oxygen directly to electricity more efficiently than internal combustion engines.

Question: What form of hydrogen has been discussed as a ussage for fuel?
Answer: elemental
Title: Hydrogen

Hydrogen is employed to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties. It is also a potential electron donor in various oxide materials, including ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3.

Question: Why is hydrogen employed?
Answer: to saturate broken ("dangling") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties

Question: How is hydrogen used in oxide materials?
Answer: a potential electron donor

Question: What oxide materials use hydrogen as an electron donor?
Answer: ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3
Title: Hydrogen

H2 is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms, usually via reactions catalyzed by iron- or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases. These enzymes catalyze the reversible redox reaction between H2 and its component two protons and two electrons. Creation of hydrogen gas occurs in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water. The natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms is called the hydrogen cycle.

Question: What enzymes are used to produce H2?
Answer: hydrogenases

Question: When does hydrogen gas occur?
Answer: in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water

Question: What is the natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms called?
Answer: hydrogen cycle
Title: Hydrogen

Water splitting, in which water is decomposed into its component protons, electrons, and oxygen, occurs in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms. Some such organisms, including the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria, have evolved a second step in the dark reactions in which protons and electrons are reduced to form H2 gas by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast. Efforts have been undertaken to genetically modify cyanobacterial hydrogenases to efficiently synthesize H2 gas even in the presence of oxygen. Efforts have also been undertaken with genetically modified alga in a bioreactor.

Question: What is the decomposition of water into its components called?
Answer: Water splitting

Question: Where does water splitting occur?
Answer: in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms

Question: What organisms can form H2 gas?
Answer: alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria

Question: How are these gases formed?
Answer: by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast
Title: Hydrogen

Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form. In addition, liquid hydrogen is a cryogen and presents dangers (such as frostbite) associated with very cold liquids. Hydrogen dissolves in many metals, and, in addition to leaking out, may have adverse effects on them, such as hydrogen embrittlement, leading to cracks and explosions. Hydrogen gas leaking into external air may spontaneously ignite. Moreover, hydrogen fire, while being extremely hot, is almost invisible, and thus can lead to accidental burns.

Question: What threats can hydrogen cause to human saftey?
Answer: potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form

Question: What can hydrogen embrittlement lead to?
Answer: cracks and explosions
Title: Hydrogen

Even interpreting the hydrogen data (including safety data) is confounded by a number of phenomena. Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio (it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is usually given). Hydrogen detonation parameters, such as critical detonation pressure and temperature, strongly depend on the container geometry.

Question: What do physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on?
Answer: the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio

Question: How long can it take to reach the equilibrium ratio?
Answer: days or weeks

Question: What do Hydrogen detonation parameters depend on?
Answer: container geometry
Title: Web_browser

A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources.

Question: What do people typically call a web browser?
Answer: browser

Question: What platform is a browser used on?
Answer: World Wide Web

Question: What does URL mean?
Answer: Uniform Resource Identifier

Question: What allows a person to direct their browser to a resource?
Answer: Hyperlinks
Title: Web_browser

Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems.

Question: The primary function of a browser is to use what?
Answer: the World Wide Web

Question: In addition to accessing the Internet, browsers can also access info that is put there by web servers in what?
Answer: private networks

Question: A browser can also access files where?
Answer: file systems
Title: Web_browser

The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development, and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation. His browser was called WorldWideWeb and later renamed Nexus.

Question: When was the first browser created?
Answer: 1990

Question: Who invented the first browser?
Answer: Sir Tim Berners-Lee

Question: What was Berners-Lee a director of?
Answer: the World Wide Web Consortium

Question: What organization did Berners-Lee create?
Answer: World Wide Web Foundation
Title: Web_browser

In 1993, browser software was further innovated by Marc Andreessen with the release of Mosaic, "the world's first popular browser", which made the World Wide Web system easy to use and more accessible to the average person. Andreesen's browser sparked the internet boom of the 1990s. The introduction of Mosaic in 1993 – one of the first graphical web browsers – led to an explosion in web use. Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team at National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), soon started his own company, named Netscape, and released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994, which quickly became the world's most popular browser, accounting for 90% of all web use at its peak (see usage share of web browsers).

Question: Who released Mosaic?
Answer: Marc Andreessen

Question: When was Mosaic released?
Answer: 1993

Question: When Andreessen left the company he worked for, what new company did he start?
Answer: Netscape

Question: What browser did Andreessen release in 1994?
Answer: Netscape Navigator
Title: Web_browser

Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industry's first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002.

Question: Who released the Internet Explorer browser?
Answer: Microsoft

Question: When did Microsoft release Internet Explorer?
Answer: 1995

Question: The release of Internet Explorer started the first what?
Answer: browser war

Question: What was bundled with Internet Explorer?
Answer: Windows
Title: Web_browser

Opera debuted in 1996; it has never achieved widespread use, having less than 2% browser usage share as of February 2012 according to Net Applications. Its Opera-mini version has an additive share, in April 2011 amounting to 1.1% of overall browser use, but focused on the fast-growing mobile phone web browser market, being preinstalled on over 40 million phones. It is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendo's Wii video game console.

Question: Opera was introduced in what year?
Answer: 1996

Question: What accounted for 1.1% of browser use in April 2011?
Answer: Opera-mini version

Question: Opera focused on which quickly growing market?
Answer: mobile phone web browser

Question: Opera is also available on which video game console?
Answer: Nintendo's Wii
Title: Web_browser

In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model. That browser would eventually evolve into Firefox, which developed a respectable following while still in the beta stage of development; shortly after the release of Firefox 1.0 in late 2004, Firefox (all versions) accounted for 7% of browser use. As of August 2011, Firefox has a 28% usage share.

Question: What did Netscape launch in 1998?
Answer: Mozilla Foundation

Question: Netscape wanted to have a competitive browser using what?
Answer: open source software model

Question: What was the resulting browser for the Mozilla Foundation?
Answer: Firefox

Question: When was Firefox released?
Answer: late 2004
Title: Web_browser

Apple's Safari had its first beta release in January 2003; as of April 2011, it had a dominant share of Apple-based web browsing, accounting for just over 7% of the entire browser market.

Question: When was the first beta release for Safari?
Answer: January 2003

Question: Who created Safari?
Answer: Apple
Title: Web_browser

The most recent major entrant to the browser market is Chrome, first released in September 2008. Chrome's take-up has increased significantly year by year, by doubling its usage share from 8% to 16% by August 2011. This increase seems largely to be at the expense of Internet Explorer, whose share has tended to decrease from month to month. In December 2011, Chrome overtook Internet Explorer 8 as the most widely used web browser but still had lower usage than all versions of Internet Explorer combined. Chrome's user-base continued to grow and in May 2012, Chrome's usage passed the usage of all versions of Internet Explorer combined. By April 2014, Chrome's usage had hit 45%.

Question: Which browser is the newest to enter the field?
Answer: Chrome

Question: When was Chrome released?
Answer: September 2008

Question: As Chrome usage increases, which browser usage has continued to decrease?
Answer: Internet Explorer

Question: When did Chrome become more used than all versions of Internet Explorer?
Answer: May 2012
Title: Web_browser

Internet Explorer, on the other hand, was bundled free with the Windows operating system (and was also downloadable free), and therefore it was funded partly by the sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users. Internet Explorer also used to be available for the Mac. It is likely that releasing IE for the Mac was part of Microsoft's overall strategy to fight threats to its quasi-monopoly platform dominance - threats such as web standards and Java - by making some web developers, or at least their managers, assume that there was "no need" to develop for anything other than Internet Explorer. In this respect, IE may have contributed to Windows and Microsoft applications sales in another way, through "lock-in" to Microsoft's browser.

Question: What was bundled for free with the Windows OS?
Answer: Internet Explorer

Question: Internet Explorer was partially funded in what two ways?
Answer: sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users

Question: What other OS could use Internet Explorer?
Answer: Mac
Title: Web_browser

In January 2009, the European Commission announced it would investigate the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows operating systems from Microsoft, saying "Microsoft's tying of Internet Explorer to the Windows operating system harms competition between web browsers, undermines product innovation and ultimately reduces consumer choice." Microsoft Corp v Commission

Question: Who investigated the bundling of the IE browser with Windows OS?
Answer: the European Commission

Question: When did the European Commission say they would investigate the bundling?
Answer: January 2009

Question: The Commission felt that bundling the browser with Windows computers harmed what?
Answer: competition between web browsers

Question: The Commission felt that the bundling undermined what?
Answer: product innovation
Title: Web_browser

Safari and Mobile Safari were likewise always included with OS X and iOS respectively, so, similarly, they were originally funded by sales of Apple computers and mobile devices, and formed part of the overall Apple experience to customers.

Question: What browser was automatically included with OS X?
Answer: Safari
Title: Web_browser

Today, most commercial web browsers are paid by search engine companies to make their engine default, or to include them as another option. For example, Google pays Mozilla, the maker of Firefox, to make Google Search the default search engine in Firefox. Mozilla makes enough money from this deal that it does not need to charge users for Firefox. In addition, Google Search is also (as one would expect) the default search engine in Google Chrome. Users searching for websites or items on the Internet would be led to Google's search results page, increasing ad revenue and which funds development at Google and of Google Chrome.

Question: Which company pays Firefox to make their search engine the default on their browser?
Answer: Google

Question: What other browser has Google as the default search engine?
Answer: Chrome

Question: The increased revenue funds what, in addition to Google?
Answer: Google Chrome
Title: Web_browser

The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the user ("retrieval" or "fetching"), allowing them to view the information ("display", "rendering"), and then access other information ("navigation", "following links").

Question: What is the main use of a browser?
Answer: to bring information resources to the user
Title: Web_browser

This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for example http://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. The prefix of the URL, the Uniform Resource Identifier or URI, determines how the URL will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Many browsers also support a variety of other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for local files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are often handed off to another application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually passed to the user's default e-mail application, and news: URIs are passed to the user's default newsgroup reader.

Question: What does URL stand for?
Answer: Uniform Resource Locator

Question: What is the determining factor in how a URL will be interpreted?
Answer: The prefix of the URL

Question: What does http stand for?
Answer: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Question: What does ftp stand for?
Answer: File Transfer Protocol

Question: A news: prefix is given to the user's what?
Answer: default newsgroup reader
Title: Web_browser

In the case of http, https, file, and others, once the resource has been retrieved the web browser will display it. HTML and associated content (image files, formatting information such as CSS, etc.) is passed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed from markup to an interactive document, a process known as "rendering". Aside from HTML, web browsers can generally display any kind of content that can be part of a web page. Most browsers can display images, audio, video, and XML files, and often have plug-ins to support Flash applications and Java applets. Upon encountering a file of an unsupported type or a file that is set up to be downloaded rather than displayed, the browser prompts the user to save the file to disk.

Question: What is it called when content is changed from markup to an interactive document?
Answer: rendering

Question: Browsers typically have plug-ins to support what?
Answer: Flash applications and Java applets
Title: Web_browser

Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the user begins again.

Question: What can resources have to connect to other resources?
Answer: hyperlinks
Title: Web_browser

Available web browsers range in features from minimal, text-based user interfaces with bare-bones support for HTML to rich user interfaces supporting a wide variety of file formats and protocols. Browsers which include additional components to support e-mail, Usenet news, and Internet Relay Chat (IRC), are sometimes referred to as "Internet suites" rather than merely "web browsers".

Question: Features on a browser can range from minimal with little support to what?
Answer: rich user interfaces

Question: When a browser includes a lot of extras, it can be referred to as what?
Answer: Internet suites

Question: What does IRC stand for?
Answer: Internet Relay Chat
Title: Web_browser

All major web browsers allow the user to open multiple information resources at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window. Major browsers also include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from "popping up" without the user's consent.

Question: What does not allow windows to pop up without consent?
Answer: pop-up blockers
Title: Web_browser

A browser extension is a computer program that extends the functionality of a web browser. Every major web browser supports the development of browser extensions.

Question: A computer program that continues the functionality of a browser is called what?
Answer: browser extension