rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States, and the organization has funded "Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system of federal financial aid for college students, with a goal of increasing graduation rates. One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster, but that idea has received some pushback from organizations of universities and colleges.

Question: What is 1 foundation goal 
Answer: One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States

Question: One way to increase college graduation by the foundation is 
Answer: One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster

Question: how did they work on college financing 
Answer: Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations
Title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments. Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education, including more than $1.4 million to the Education Writers Association to fund training for journalists who cover education. While some critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage, the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly and does not enforce any rules for content among its grantees, who have editorial independence. Union activists in Chicago have accused Gates Foundation grantee Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs, of "astroturfing".

Question: What has been funded as part of the education initiatives
Answer: As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments

Question: what do the millions in grants given to news agencies do 
Answer: Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education

Question: Critics don't like the foundations use of media why 
Answer: critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage

Question: Where does the foundation list grants 
Answer: the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly

Question: who founded teach plus 
Answer: Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs
Title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

The K-12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by some education professionals, parents, and researchers because they have driven the conversation on education reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences. Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive, but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm. Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance

Question: Why were the gates foundation educational reforms critcized
Answer: they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences

Question: What are several of the gates backed policies 
Answer: Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes

Question: Have the policies been criticized 
Answer: but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm

Question: What does 1 specific study of charter schools show 
Answer: Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance
Title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

In October 2006, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was split into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which "... conducts all operations and grantmaking work, and it is the entity from which all grants are made". Also announced was the decision to "... spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths". This would close the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust and effectively end the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In the same announcement it was reiterated that Warren Buffett "... has stipulated that the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years after his estate has been settled".

Question: What two entities was the foundation split into in october 2016
Answer: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Question: When must the trust resources be spent
Answer: spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths

Question: What does warren Buffet stipulate his berkshire hathaway  shares be used for in the 10 year period after his death 
Answer: the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years
Title: Northwestern_University

Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans, for whom the City of Evanston is named, and eight other lawyers, businessmen and Methodist leaders. Its founding purpose was to serve the Northwest Territory, an area that today includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota. Instruction began in 1855; women were admitted in 1869. Today, the main campus is a 240-acre (97 ha) parcel in Evanston, along the shores of Lake Michigan just 12 miles north of downtown Chicago. The university's law, medical, and professional schools are located on a 25-acre (10 ha) campus in Chicago's Streeterville neighborhood. In 2008, the university opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar with programs in journalism and communication.

Question: Who founded Northwestern University?
Answer: John Evans

Question: What year was Northwestern founded?
Answer: 1851

Question: In what year did Northwestern University began teaching?
Answer: 1855

Question: What year were women allowed to attend Northwestern University?
Answer: 1869

Question: Where did Northwestern University opened an additional campus at in 2008?
Answer: Education City, Doha, Qatar

Question: What was Northwestern's founding purpose in 1851?
Answer: to serve the Northwest Territory

Question: When did instruction begin at Northwestern?
Answer: 1855

Question: When were women first admitted to Northwestern?
Answer: 1869

Question: How many acres is the modern-day Northwestern campus in Evanston?
Answer: 240

Question: What programs are offered at Northwestern's Quatar campus?
Answer: journalism and communication

Question: Which great lake is Northwestern located along?
Answer: Lake Michigan

Question: What is the name of the city located 12 miles north of Northwestern?
Answer: Chicago
Title: Northwestern_University

The foundation of Northwestern University is traceable to a meeting on May 31, 1850 of nine prominent Chicago businessmen, Methodist leaders and attorneys who had formed the idea of establishing a university to serve what had once been known as the Northwest Territory. On January 28, 1851, the Illinois General Assembly granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University, making it the first chartered university in Illinois. The school's nine founders, all of whom were Methodists (three of them ministers), knelt in prayer and worship before launching their first organizational meeting. Although they affiliated the university with the Methodist Episcopal Church, they were committed to non-sectarian admissions, believing that Northwestern should serve all people in the newly developing territory.

Question: How many founders did Northwestern University have?
Answer: nine

Question: What type of church is Northwestern University associated with?
Answer: Methodist Episcopal Church

Question: What was the date that lay down the foundation for Northwestern University?
Answer: May 31, 1850

Question: How many ministers founded Northwestern University?
Answer: three

Question: What denomination did the all of the founders associated with?
Answer: Methodists

Question: In what environment was the foundation for Northwestern University planned on May 31, 1850?
Answer: a meeting

Question: Who granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University in January of 1851?
Answer: the Illinois General Assembly

Question: What was the religious affiliation of all 9 founding members of Northwestern?
Answer: Methodists

Question: How many of Northwestern's 9 founders were ministers?
Answer: three

Question: Which church did the 9 founders of Northwestern affiliate the university with?
Answer: Methodist Episcopal
Title: Northwestern_University

John Evans, for whom Evanston is named, bought 379 acres (153 ha) of land along Lake Michigan in 1853, and Philo Judson developed plans for what would become the city of Evanston, Illinois. The first building, Old College, opened on November 5, 1855. To raise funds for its construction, Northwestern sold $100 "perpetual scholarships" entitling the purchaser and his heirs to free tuition. Another building, University Hall, was built in 1869 of the same Joliet limestone as the Chicago Water Tower, also built in 1869, one of the few buildings in the heart of Chicago to survive the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. In 1873 the Evanston College for Ladies merged with Northwestern, and Frances Willard, who later gained fame as a suffragette and as one of the founders of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), became the school's first dean of women. Willard Residential College (1938) is named in her honor. Northwestern admitted its first women students in 1869, and the first woman was graduated in 1874.

Question: What was the name of the first building opened in 1855?
Answer: Old College

Question: What did Northwestern sell to raise funds for it's first building?
Answer: $100 "perpetual scholarships"

Question: Who received free tuition after buying the $100 perpetual scholarships?
Answer: the purchaser and his heirs

Question: Who did Northwestern merge with in 1873?
Answer: Evanston College for Ladies

Question: Who was Northwestern's first dean of women?
Answer: Frances Willard
Title: Northwestern_University

Northwestern fielded its first intercollegiate football team in 1882, later becoming a founding member of the Big Ten Conference. In the 1870s and 1880s, Northwestern affiliated itself with already existing schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago. The Northwestern University School of Law is the oldest law school in Chicago. As the university increased in wealth and distinction, and enrollments grew, these professional schools were integrated with the undergraduate college in Evanston; the result was a modern research university combining professional, graduate, and undergraduate programs, which gave equal weight to teaching and research. The Association of American Universities invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917.

Question: What sports team did Northwestern field its first of in 1882?
Answer: intercollegiate football

Question: Which already existing schools did Northwestern affiliate itself with in the 1870's and 1880's?
Answer: schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago

Question: What is the oldest law school in Chicago?
Answer: Northwestern University School of Law

Question: What organization invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917?
Answer: The Association of American Universities

Question: What type of member was Northwestern of the Big Ten Conference?
Answer: a founding member
Title: Northwestern_University

Under Walter Dill Scott's presidency from 1920 to 1939, Northwestern began construction of an integrated campus in Chicago designed by James Gamble Rogers to house the professional schools; established the Kellogg School of Management; and built several prominent buildings on the Evanston campus, Dyche Stadium (now named Ryan Field) and Deering Library among others. In 1933, a proposal to merge Northwestern with the University of Chicago was considered but rejected. Northwestern was also one of the first six universities in the country to establish a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) in the 1920s. Northwestern played host to the first-ever NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship game in 1939 in the original Patten Gymnasium, which was later demolished and relocated farther north along with the Dearborn Observatory to make room for the Technological Institute.

Question: What type of campus did Northwestern begin construction of during Walter Dill Scott's presidency?
Answer: integrated

Question: What was the orginal name for Northwestern's Ryan Field?
Answer: Dyche Stadium

Question: What merger was proposed and rejected in 1933?
Answer: Northwestern with the University of Chicago

Question: What was Northwestern one of the first six universities in the U.S. to establish in the 1920's?
Answer: a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC)

Question: What first-ever game did Northwestern host in 1939?
Answer: NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship
Title: Northwestern_University

Like other American research universities, Northwestern was transformed by World War II. Franklyn B. Snyder led the university from 1939 to 1949, when nearly 50,000 military officers and personnel were trained on the Evanston and Chicago campuses. After the war, surging enrollments under the G.I. Bill drove drastic expansion of both campuses. In 1948 prominent anthropologist Melville J. Herskovits founded the Program of African Studies at Northwestern, the first center of its kind at an American academic institution. J. Roscoe Miller's tenure as president from 1949 to 1970 was responsible for the expansion of the Evanston campus, with the construction of the lakefill on Lake Michigan, growth of the faculty and new academic programs, as well as polarizing Vietnam-era student protests. In 1978, the first and second Unabomber attacks occurred at Northwestern University. Relations between Evanston and Northwestern were strained throughout much of the post-war era because of episodes of disruptive student activism, disputes over municipal zoning, building codes, and law enforcement, as well as restrictions on the sale of alcohol near campus until 1972. Northwestern's exemption from state and municipal property tax obligations under its original charter has historically been a source of town and gown tension.

Question: Which war transformed many colleges, including Northwestern?
Answer: World War II

Question: Between 1939 and 1949, how many military officers and personnel were trained on the Evanston and Chicago campuses?
Answer: nearly 50,000

Question: Under what Bill did enrollments surge after the war?
Answer: G.I. Bill

Question: What center was founded by Melville J. Herskovits in 1948?
Answer: Program of African Studies at Northwestern

Question: In 1978, what famous attacks occured at Northwestern?
Answer: first and second Unabomber
Title: Northwestern_University

Though government support for universities declined in the 1970s and 1980s, President Arnold R. Weber was able to stabilize university finances, leading to a revitalization of the campuses. As admissions to colleges and universities grew increasingly competitive in the 1990s and 2000s, President Henry S. Bienen's tenure saw a notable increase in the number and quality of undergraduate applicants, continued expansion of the facilities and faculty, and renewed athletic competitiveness. In 1999, Northwestern student journalists uncovered information exonerating Illinois death row inmate Anthony Porter two days before his scheduled execution, and the Innocence Project has since exonerated 10 more men. On January 11, 2003, in a speech at Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall, then Governor of Illinois George Ryan announced that he would commute the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates.

Question: In 1999, who uncovered information that exonerated death row inmate Anthony Porter only 2 days before his scheduled death?
Answer: Northwestern student journalists

Question: What Northwestern program is responsible for exonerating more than 10 men?
Answer: the Innocence Project

Question: In 2003, where did Governor George Ryan announce that the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates would be commuted?
Answer: Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall

Question: What was President Arnold R. Weber able to do with Northwestern's finances as the government's support of universities declined in the 70's and 80's?
Answer: stabilize
Title: Northwestern_University

The Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal, Quaecumque sunt vera (Whatsoever things are true) is drawn from the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians 4:8, while the Greek phrase inscribed on the pages of an open book is taken from the Gospel of John 1:14: ο λόγος πλήρης χάριτος και αληθείας (The Word full of grace and truth). Purple became Northwestern's official color in 1892, replacing black and gold after a university committee concluded that too many other universities had used these colors. Today, Northwestern's official color is purple, although white is something of an official color as well, being mentioned in both the university's earliest song, Alma Mater (1907) ("Hail to purple, hail to white") and in many university guidelines.

Question: What has been Northwestern's official color since 1892?
Answer: Purple

Question: Why did Northwestern replace it's original official colors of black and gold?
Answer: too many other universities had used these colors

Question: What is the meaning of the Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal?
Answer: Whatsoever things are true

Question: What does the Greek phrase that is inscribed on the pages of an open book on the seal mean?
Answer: The Word full of grace and truth

Question: What color besides purple is often considered an official color of Northwestern?
Answer: white
Title: Northwestern_University

Northwestern's Evanston campus, where the undergraduate schools, the Graduate School, and the Kellogg School of Management are located, runs north-south from Lincoln Avenue to Clark Street west of Lake Michigan along Sheridan Road. North and South Campuses have noticeably different atmospheres, owing to the predominance of Science and Athletics in the one and Humanities and Arts in the other. North Campus is home to the fraternity quads, the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and Norris Aquatics Center and other athletic facilities, the Technological Institute, Dearborn Observatory, and other science-related buildings including Patrick G. and Shirley W. Ryan Hall for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center. South Campus is home to the University's humanities buildings, Pick-Staiger Concert Hall and other music buildings, the Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, and the sorority quads. In the 1960s, the University created an additional 84 acres (34.0 ha) by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan. Among some of the buildings located on these broad new acres are University Library, Norris University Center (the student union), and Pick-Staiger Concert Hall.

Question: How did Northwestern create 84 additional acres in the 1960's?
Answer: by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan

Question: Which campus holds the undergraduate schools, the Graduate school, and the Kellogg school of Management?
Answer: Evanston

Question: What is noticably different between Northwestern's North and South Campuses?
Answer: atmospheres

Question: Which campus is home to the fraternity quads?
Answer: North Campus

Question: Which campus is home to the music and art buildings?
Answer: South Campus
Title: Northwestern_University

The Chicago Transit Authority's elevated train running through Evanston is called the Purple Line, taking its name from Northwestern's school color. The Foster and Davis stations are within walking distance of the southern end of the campus, while the Noyes station is close to the northern end of the campus. The Central station is close to Ryan Field, Northwestern's football stadium. The Evanston Davis Street Metra station serves the Northwestern campus in downtown Evanston and the Evanston Central Street Metra station is near Ryan Field. Pace Suburban Bus Service and the CTA have several bus routes that run through or near the Evanston campus.

Question: What is the name of the Chicago Transit Authority's elevated train through Evanston?
Answer: the Purple Line

Question: What was Chicago's Purple Line train route named after?
Answer: Northwestern's school color

Question: Which train stations are within walking distance of the southern end of campus?
Answer: Foster and Davis

Question: Which train station is close to the northern end of campus?
Answer: Noyes

Question: What is the name of Northwestern's football stadium?
Answer: Ryan Field
Title: Northwestern_University

Founded at various times in the university's history, the professional schools originally were scattered throughout Chicago. In connection with a 1917 master plan for a central Chicago campus and President Walter Dill Scott's capital campaign, 8.5 acres (3.44 ha) of land were purchased at the corner of Chicago Avenue and Lake Shore Drive for $1.5 million in 1920. The architect James Gamble Rogers was commissioned to create a master plan for the principal buildings on the new campus which he designed in collegiate gothic style. In 1923, Mrs. Montgomery Ward donated $8 million to the campaign to finance the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building which would house the medical and dental schools and to create endowments for faculty chairs, research grants, scholarships, and building maintenance. The building would become the first university skyscraper in the United States. In addition to the Ward Building, Rogers designed Wieboldt Hall to house facilities for the School of Commerce and Levy Mayer Hall to house the School of Law. The new campus comprising these three new buildings was dedicated during a two-day ceremony in June 1927. The Chicago campus continued to expand with the addition of Thorne Hall in 1931 and Abbott Hall in 1939. In October 2013, Northwestern began the demolition of the architecturally significant Prentice Women's Hospital. Eric G. Neilson, dean of the medical school, penned an op-ed that equated retaining the building with loss of life.

Question: In 1920, how many acres were purchased for $8 million for a new central Chicago campus?
Answer: 8.5

Question: What style did architect James Gamble Rogers use for the principal buildings on the new Chicago campus?
Answer: collegiate gothic

Question: Who donated $8 million in 1923 for the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building?
Answer: Mrs. Montgomery Ward

Question: What two schools were housed in the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building?
Answer: medical and dental

Question: Which building became the first university skyscraper in the U.S.?
Answer: Montgomery Ward Memorial Building