rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Montana

Montana has a larger Native American population numerically and percentage-wise than most U.S. states. Although the state ranked 45th in population (according to the 2010 U.S. Census), it ranked 19th in total native people population. Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states. Montana has three counties in which Native Americans are a majority: Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt. Other counties with large Native American populations include Blaine, Cascade, Hill, Missoula, and Yellowstone counties. The state's Native American population grew by 27.9 percent between 1980 and 1990 (at a time when Montana's entire population rose just 1.6 percent), and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010. As of 2009, almost two-thirds of Native Americans in the state live in urban areas. Of Montana's 20 largest cities, Polson (15.7 percent), Havre (13.0 percent), Great Falls (5.0 percent), Billings (4.4 percent), and Anaconda (3.1 percent) had the greatest percentage of Native American residents in 2010. Billings (4,619), Great Falls (2,942), Missoula (1,838), Havre (1,210), and Polson (706) have the most Native Americans living there. The state's seven reservations include more than twelve distinct Native American ethnolinguistic groups.

Question: What percentage of the population in Montana are Native peoples?
Answer: 6.5 percent

Question: What three counties are Native Americans a majority?
Answer: Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt

Question: Between what years did the Native population increase by 27.9%
Answer: 1980 and 1990
Title: Montana

The climate has become warmer in Montana and continues to do so. The glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades. Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana. Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold spells. Previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles which are now attacking the forests of western Montana. The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana. According to a study done for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science, portions of Montana will experience a 200-percent increase in area burned by wildfires, and an 80-percent increase in related air pollution.

Question: In what year did many cities in Montana set heat records?
Answer: 2007

Question: What month was the hottest ever recorded?
Answer: July

Question: What problem has substantially increased in its severity?
Answer: forest fires
Title: Montana

As white settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and the Kootenai people of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859. While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation, trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement, but the tribal nations disputed those provisions. The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891.

Question: What year was the Hellgate treaty formed?
Answer: 1855

Question: Who negotiated the Hellgate treaty?
Answer: Isaac Stevens

Question: What year was the treaty ratified?
Answer: 1859

Question: What did the treaty establish?
Answer: Flathead Indian Reservation
Title: Montana

The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke on the Missouri River in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state. Pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of Montana and surrounding states. Major battles occurred in Montana during Red Cloud's War, the Great Sioux War of 1876, the Nez Perce War and in conflicts with Piegan Blackfeet. The most notable of these were the Marias Massacre (1870), Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), Battle of the Big Hole (1877) and Battle of Bear Paw (1877). The last recorded conflict in Montana between the U.S. Army and Native Americans occurred in 1887 during the Battle of Crow Agency in the Big Horn country. Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations.

Question: What was the name of the first US Army post?
Answer: Camp Cooke

Question: Where was Camp Cooke situated?
Answer: on the Missouri River

Question: What year was the Great Sioux War?
Answer: 1876

Question: What year did the Battle of Bear Paw happen?
Answer: 1877
Title: Montana

English is the official language in the state of Montana, as it is in many U.S. states. English is also the language of the majority. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home. Spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than English. There were about 13,040 Spanish-language speakers in the state (1.4 percent of the population) in 2011. There were also 15,438 (1.7 percent of the state population) speakers of Indo-European languages other than English or Spanish, 10,154 (1.1 percent) speakers of a Native American language, and 4,052 (0.4 percent) speakers of an Asian or Pacific Islander language. Other languages spoken in Montana (as of 2013) include Assiniboine (about 150 speakers in the Montana and Canada), Blackfoot (about 100 speakers), Cheyenne (about 1,700 speakers), Plains Cree (about 100 speakers), Crow (about 3,000 speakers), Dakota (about 18,800 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota), German Hutterite (about 5,600 speakers), Gros Ventre (about 10 speakers), Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille (about 64 speakers), Kutenai (about 6 speakers), and Lakota (about 6,000 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota). The United States Department of Education estimated in 2009 that 5,274 students in Montana spoke a language at home other than English. These included a Native American language (64 percent), German (4 percent), Spanish (3 percent), Russian (1 percent), and Chinese (less than 0.5 percent).

Question: What is the official language of Montana?
Answer: English

Question: What percentage of the population in Montana speak English?
Answer: 94.8 percent

Question: What is the second most common language spoken in Montana?
Answer: Spanish

Question: How about many Spanish speakers are there in the state?
Answer: 13,040

Question: ABout how many people in the state of Montana speak Cheyenne?
Answer: about 1,700
Title: Montana

According to the 2010 Census, 89.4 percent of the population was White (87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White), 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race, 0.6 percent Asian, 0.4 percent Black or African American, 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.6 percent from Some Other Race, and 2.5 percent from two or more races. The largest European ancestry groups in Montana as of 2010 are: German (27.0 percent), Irish (14.8 percent), English (12.6 percent), Norwegian (10.9 percent), French (4.7 percent) and Italian (3.4 percent).

Question: What percent of the state is White?
Answer: 89.4 percent

Question: What percent of the state is Native American Indian?
Answer: 6.3 percent

Question: Hispanics account for what percentage of Monatanas population?
Answer: 2.9
Title: Montana

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The 2010 census put Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010. During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000-2010. The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000-2010.

Question: What was the population of the state in 2015?
Answer: 1,032,949

Question: How much did the population increase since 2010?
Answer: 4.40%

Question: What county saw the largest growth?
Answer: Gallatin County

Question: What city saw the largest growth?
Answer: Kalispell
Title: Montana

In 1940, Jeannette Rankin had once again been elected to Congress, and in 1941, as she did in 1917, she voted against the United States' declaration of war. This time she was the only vote against the war, and in the wake of public outcry over her vote, she required police protection for a time. Other pacifists tended to be those from "peace churches" who generally opposed war. Many individuals from throughout the U.S. who claimed conscientious objector status were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.

Question: What year was Jeannette Rankin vote against war the first time?
Answer: 1917

Question: When did she vote a second time against war?
Answer: 1941

Question: What were conscientious objectors sent to Montana to do?
Answer: smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.
Title: Montana

Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food. By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States.

Question: About how many bison were in Montana in 1870?
Answer: over 13 million

Question: In 1884 about how many bison remained?
Answer: about 325

Question: Who pleaded to Congress for slaughtering bison?
Answer: General Philip Sheridan

Question: What year did General Sheridan approach Congress about killing bison?
Answer: 1875
Title: Montana

Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek.

Question: When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the west?
Answer: 1881

Question: When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the east?
Answer: 1882

Question: What years were the railroad challenged by Chief Sitting Bull?
Answer: 1871, 1872 and 1873

Question: What year was the Great White Sioux War?
Answer: 1876

Question: When was the transcontinental National Pacific Railroad finished?
Answer: 1883
Title: Montana

Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.

Question: When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana?
Answer: 1866

Question: Why was this constitutional convention held?
Answer: bid for statehood

Question: When was the second constitutional convention held?
Answer: 1884

Question: What year was Montana's statehood approved?
Answer: 1889

Question: What other three states were approved in the same year?
Answer: North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington
Title: Montana

The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Miss Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana Pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains.

Question: What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers?
Answer: 1862

Question: How much land did the Homestead Act allow?
Answer: 160 acres

Question: What year was the first homestead claim claimed?
Answer: 1868
Title: Montana

The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acres (2.6 km2) to settlers for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana, many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees. Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers.

Question: When was the Desert Land Act passed?
Answer: 1877

Question: How much land did the Desert Land Act allot?
Answer: 640 acres

Question: How much was the charge per acre at first?
Answer: $.25
Title: Montana

In the early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to 320 acres (0.6 to 1.3 km2) per family and in 1912 reduced the time to "prove up" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation.  This combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders, lured by free land, with World War I bringing particularly high wheat prices. In addition, Montana was going through a temporary period of higher-than-average precipitation. Homesteaders arriving in this period were known as "Honyockers", or "scissorbills." Though the word "honyocker", possibly derived from the ethnic slur "hunyak," was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being "greenhorns", "new at his business" or "unprepared", the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience, though there were also many who did not.

Question: Who promoted settlement in Montana in the early 1900s
Answer: James J. Hill

Question: In what year was the Reclamation Act passed?
Answer: 1902

Question: What year was the Enlarged Homestead Act passed?
Answer: 1909

Question: How much land was alloted in the new Enlarged Homestead Act?
Answer: 320 acres
Title: Montana

In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.

Question: When did Congress pass the Espionage Act?
Answer: 1917

Question: When was the Sedition Act passed?
Answer: 1918

Question: What were these acts make do to laws?
Answer: criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means

Question: How many people were arrested from the Montana Act?
Answer: 200

Question: How many of the 200 arrested in the Montana Act were convicted?
Answer: 78
Title: Montana

When the U.S. entered World War II on December 8, 1941, many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state's total population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montanans died in the war. Montana also was the training ground for the First Special Service Force or "Devil's Brigade," a joint U.S-Canadian commando-style force that trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment. Air bases were built in Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow, some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union. During the war, about 30 Japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in Montana, though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them.

Question: How many Montanans entered the miltary in the first year of the war?
Answer: 40,000-plus

Question: How many Montanans joined the military in the war total?
Answer: over 57,000

Question: About how many Montanans  died in the war?
Answer: At least 1500

Question: Who trained at the military grounds in Montana?
Answer: First Special Service Force or "Devil's Brigade,"

Question: Where were air bases built in Montana?
Answer: Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow
Title: Genocide

The phrase "in whole or in part" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) that Genocide had been committed. In Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Appeals Chamber – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004) paragraphs 8, 9, 10, and 11 addressed the issue of in part and found that "the part must be a substantial part of that group. The aim of the Genocide Convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups, and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole." The Appeals Chamber goes into details of other cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the Genocide Convention to explain how they came to this conclusion.

Question: In the judgement, it is stated that the aim of the Genocide Convention, at its most simplest, is preventing the destruction of which victims?
Answer: entire human groups

Question: In addressing the issue of "in part," the Appeals Chamber found that the part must be a substantial part of what?
Answer: that group

Question: Which phrase is especially contentious within international humanitarian law?
Answer: "in whole or in part"

Question: What 2001 case was declared genocide by the International Criminal Tribune for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)?
Answer: Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic

Question: Who contributed to guiding the Appeals chamber in its conclusion?
Answer: opinions of respected commentators
Title: Genocide

In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide. The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide".

Question: Two bodies of the United Nations agreed with what restricted provision in defining genocide?
Answer: that biological-physical destruction was necessary

Question: A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand genocidal law?
Answer: the type of group destruction

Question: Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of genocide laws?
Answer: Germany

Question: The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of group destruction, despite what factor?
Answer: Convention States municipal laws

Question: In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the ECHR?
Answer: the judgements of several international and municipal courts
Title: Genocide

After the Holocaust, which had been perpetrated by the Nazi Germany and its allies prior to and during World War II, Lemkin successfully campaigned for the universal acceptance of international laws defining and forbidding genocides. In 1946, the first session of the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution that "affirmed" that genocide was a crime under international law, but did not provide a legal definition of the crime. In 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) which defined the crime of genocide for the first time.

Question: In 1948, what general assembly resolution established genocide as a prosecutable act? 
Answer: the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

Question: In which war-era country was the Holocaust immortalized? 
Answer: Nazi Germany

Question: Following World War II, whose bid was successful in establishing the worldwide acceptance and the nascent legal definition of genocide?
Answer: Lemkin

Question: Which group convened officially for the first time in 1946?
Answer: United Nations General Assembly

Question: While recognizing genocide, what did the UN General Assembly fail to do in its resolution?
Answer: provide a legal definition of the crime