rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Hokkien

While most Hokkien morphemes have standard designated characters, they are not always etymological or phono-semantic. Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters are commonly borrowed or substituted to represent a particular morpheme. Examples include "beautiful" (美 bí is the literary form), whose vernacular morpheme suí is represented by characters like 媠 (an obsolete character), 婎 (a vernacular reading of this character) and even 水 (transliteration of the sound suí), or "tall" (高 ko is the literary form), whose morpheme kôan is 懸. Common grammatical particles are not exempt; the negation particle m̄ (not) is variously represented by 毋, 呣 or 唔, among others. In other cases, characters are invented to represent a particular morpheme (a common example is the character 𪜶 in, which represents the personal pronoun "they"). In addition, some characters have multiple and unrelated pronunciations, adapted to represent Hokkien words. For example, the Hokkien word bah ("meat") has been reduced to the character 肉, which has etymologically unrelated colloquial and literary readings (he̍k and jio̍k, respectively). Another case is the word 'to eat,' chia̍h, which is often transcribed in Taiwanese newspapers and media as 呷 (a Mandarin transliteration, xiā, to approximate the Hokkien term), even though its recommended character in dictionaries is 食.

Question: Most Hokkein morphemes have what type of characters?
Answer: standard designated

Question: In some cases, charcters are invented to represent what?
Answer: a particular morpheme

Question: Hokkien morphemes are not always what?
Answer: etymological or phono-semantic

Question: What are often borrowed to represent a particular morpheme?
Answer: Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters
Title: Hokkien

Hokkien, especially Taiwanese, is sometimes written in the Latin script using one of several alphabets. Of these the most popular is Pe̍h-ōe-jī (traditional Chinese: 白話字; simplified Chinese: 白话字; pinyin: Báihuàzì). POJ was developed first by Presbyterian missionaries in China and later by the indigenous Presbyterian Church in Taiwan; use of this alphabet has been actively promoted since the late 19th century. The use of a mixed script of Han characters and Latin letters is also seen, though remains uncommon. Other Latin-based alphabets also exist.

Question: Hokkien is sometimes written in what script?
Answer: Latin

Question: What is the name of the traditional Chinese alphabet?
Answer: Pe̍h-ōe-jī

Question: What is another name for POJ?
Answer: Pe̍h-ōe-jī

Question: Who developed POJ?
Answer: Presbyterian missionaries in China

Question: POJ alphabet has been used since late in what century?
Answer: 19th
Title: Hokkien

Min Nan texts, all Hokkien, can be dated back to the 16th century. One example is the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china, presumably written after 1587 by the Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines. Another is a Ming Dynasty script of a play called Romance of the Lychee Mirror (1566), supposedly the earliest Southern Min colloquial text. Xiamen University has also developed an alphabet based on Pinyin, which has been published in a dictionary called the Minnan Fangyan-Putonghua Cidian (閩南方言普通話詞典) and a language teaching book, which is used to teach the language to foreigners and Chinese non-speakers. It is known as Pumindian.

Question: When can Min Nan texts be dated back to?
Answer: the 16th century

Question: What is an example of the Min Nan Texts?
Answer: Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china

Question: What year was Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china written?
Answer: after 1587

Question: Who wrote Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china?
Answer: Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines

Question: What is the name of the earliest Southern Min colloquial text?
Answer: Romance of the Lychee Mirror
Title: Hokkien

All Latin characters required by Pe̍h-ōe-jī can be represented using Unicode (or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set), using precomposed or combining (diacritics) characters. Prior to June 2004, the vowel akin to but more open than o, written with a dot above right, was not encoded. The usual workaround was to use the (stand-alone; spacing) character Interpunct (U+00B7, ·) or less commonly the combining character dot above (U+0307). As these are far from ideal, since 1997 proposals have been submitted to the ISO/IEC working group in charge of ISO/IEC 10646—namely, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2—to encode a new combining character dot above right. This is now officially assigned to U+0358 (see documents N1593, N2507, N2628, N2699, and N2713). Font support is expected to follow.

Question: What is another name for unicode?
Answer: the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set

Question: Using precomposed or combining characters is called what?
Answer: diacritics

Question: All LAtin characters required by POJ can be represented by what?
Answer: Unicode
Title: Hokkien

In 2002, the Taiwan Solidarity Union, a party with about 10% of the Legislative Yuan seats at the time, suggested making Taiwanese a second official language. This proposal encountered strong opposition not only from Mainlander groups but also from Hakka and Taiwanese aboriginal groups who felt that it would slight their home languages, as well as others including Hoklo who objected to the proposal on logistical grounds and on the grounds that it would increase ethnic tensions. Because of these objections, support for this measure was lukewarm among moderate Taiwan independence supporters, and the proposal did not pass.

Question: How was the proposal taken from mainland and aboriginal groups?
Answer: This proposal encountered strong opposition

Question: What was the fate of the proposal to make Taiwanese the second official language?
Answer: the proposal did not pass

Question: What year was it proposed to make Taiwanese the second official language?
Answer: 2002

Question: Hoklo objected to the proposal because it would increase what tensions?
Answer: ethnic

Question: What party wanted to make Taiwanese a second official language?
Answer: Taiwan Solidarity Union
Title: Montevideo

It is classified as a Beta World City, ranking seventh in Latin America and 73rd in the world. Described as a "vibrant, eclectic place with a rich cultural life", and "a thriving tech center and entrepreneurial culture", Montevideo ranks 8th in Latin America on the 2013 MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index. By 2014, is also regarded as the fifth most gay-friendly major city in the world, first in Latin America. It is the hub of commerce and higher education in Uruguay as well as its chief port. The city is also the financial and cultural hub of a larger metropolitan area, with a population of around 2 million.

Question: What is Montevideo classified as?
Answer: a Beta World City

Question: What rank did Montevideo hold in Latin America during 2013?
Answer: 8th

Question: Montevideo is the hub of commerce and higher education in what area?
Answer: Uruguay

Question: Montevideo is the chief port of what area?
Answer: Uruguay

Question: What is the population of Montevideo?
Answer: around 2 million
Title: Montevideo

A Spanish expedition was sent from Buenos Aires, organized by the Spanish governor of that city, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala. On 22 January 1724, the Spanish forced the Portuguese to abandon the location and started populating the city, initially with six families moving in from Buenos Aires and soon thereafter by families arriving from the Canary Islands who were called by the locals "guanches", "guanchos" or "canarios". There was also one significant early Italian resident by the name of Jorge Burgues.

Question: Who organized the Spanish expedition?
Answer: Bruno Mauricio de Zabala

Question: What date did the Spanish force the Portuguese to abandon the location?
Answer: 22 January 1724

Question: Who was one significant early italian resident? 
Answer: Jorge Burgues
Title: Montevideo

A few years after its foundation, Montevideo became the main city of the region north of the Río de la Plata and east of the Uruguay River, competing with Buenos Aires for dominance in maritime commerce. The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata brought it in confrontations with the city of Buenos Aires in various occasions, including several times when it was taken over to be used as a base to defend the eastern province of the Viceroyalty from Portuguese incursions.

Question: What became the main city of the region north of the Rio de la Plata?
Answer: Montevideo

Question: What were Buenos Aires and Montevideo fighting for dominance over?
Answer: maritime commerce

Question: The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata brought confrontations with what city?
Answer: Buenos Aires
Title: Montevideo

On 3 February 1807, British troops under the command of General Samuel Auchmuty and Admiral Charles Stirling occupied the city during the Battle of Montevideo (1807), but it was recaptured by the Spanish in the same year on 2 September when John Whitelocke was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental—roughly the same area as modern Uruguay—and of Buenos Aires. After this conflict, the governor of Montevideo Francisco Javier de Elío opposed the new viceroy Santiago de Liniers, and created a government Junta when the Peninsular War started in Spain, in defiance of Liniers. Elío disestablished the Junta when Liniers was replaced by Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros.

Question: When did British troops occupy the city of Montevideo?
Answer: 3 February 1807

Question: When did the Spanish recapture the city of Montevideo?
Answer: 2 September

Question: Who was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental? 
Answer: John Whitelocke

Question: Who replaced Liniers?
Answer: Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros
Title: Montevideo

During the May Revolution of 1810 and the subsequent uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata, the Spanish colonial government moved to Montevideo. During that year and the next, Uruguayan revolutionary José Gervasio Artigas united with others from Buenos Aires against Spain. In 1811, the forces deployed by the Junta Grande of Buenos Aires and the gaucho forces led by Artigas started a siege of Montevideo, which had refused to obey the directives of the new authorities of the May Revolution. The siege was lifted at the end of that year, when the military situation started deteriorating in the Upper Peru region.

Question: After the Revolution of 1810 there was a subsequent uprising of what provinces? 
Answer: Rio de la Plata

Question: Where did the spanish colonial government move to after the uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata?
Answer: Montevideo

Question: Who was the Uruguayan revolutionary that united with others from Buenos Aires?
Answer: José Gervasio Artigas
Title: Montevideo

The Spanish governor was expelled in 1814. In 1816, Portugal invaded the recently liberated territory and in 1821, it was annexed to the Banda Oriental of Brazil. Juan Antonio Lavalleja and his band called the Treinta y Tres Orientales ("Thirty-Three Orientals") re-established the independence of the region in 1825. Uruguay was consolidated as an independent state in 1828, with Montevideo as the nation's capital. In 1829, the demolition of the city's fortifications began and plans were made for an extension beyond the Ciudad Vieja, referred to as the "Ciudad Nueva" ("new city"). Urban expansion, however, moved very slowly because of the events that followed.

Question: What year was the Spanish governor expelled?
Answer: 1814

Question: What year did Portugal invade the recently liberated territory?
Answer: 1816

Question: What was Juan Antonio Lavalleja's band caled? 
Answer: Treinta y Tres Orientales

Question: What year was Uruguay consolidated as an independent state?
Answer: 1828
Title: Montevideo

Uruguay's 1830s were dominated by the confrontation between Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera, the two revolutionary leaders who had fought against the Empire of Brazil under the command of Lavalleja, each of whom had become the caudillo of their respective faction. Politics were divided between Oribe's Blancos ("whites"), represented by the National Party, and Rivera's Colorados ("reds"), represented by the Colorado Party, with each party's name taken from the colour of its emblems. In 1838, Oribe was forced to resign the presidency; he established a rebel army and began a long civil war, the Guerra Grande, which lasted until 1851.

Question: Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought against what empire?
Answer: Empire of Brazil

Question: Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought under whose command?
Answer: Lavalleja

Question: Who represented Oribe's Blancos?
Answer: National Party

Question: Who represented Rivera's Colorados?
Answer: Colorado Party
Title: Montevideo

The city of Montevideo suffered a siege of eight years between 1843 and 1851, during which it was supplied by sea with British and French support. Oribe, with the support of the then conservative Governor of Buenos Aires Province Juan Manuel de Rosas, besieged the Colorados in Montevideo, where the latter were supported by the French Legion, the Italian Legion, the Basque Legion and battalions from Brazil. Finally, in 1851, with the additional support of Argentine rebels who opposed Rosas, the Colorados defeated Oribe. The fighting, however, resumed in 1855, when the Blancos came to power, which they maintained until 1865. Thereafter, the Colorado Party regained power, which they retained until past the middle of the 20th century.

Question: What did Montevideo suffer between 1843 and 1851?
Answer: a siege

Question: How did the British and French supply the city of Montevideo??
Answer: by sea

Question: What year did the Colorados defeat Oribe?
Answer: 1851
Title: Montevideo

After the end of hostilities, a period of growth and expansion started for the city. In 1853 a stagecoach bus line was established joining Montevideo with the newly formed settlement of Unión and the first natural gas street lights were inaugurated.[citation needed] From 1854 to 1861 the first public sanitation facilities were constructed. In 1856 the Teatro Solís was inaugurated, 15 years after the beginning of its construction. By Decree, on December 1861 the areas of Aguada and Cordón were incorporated to the growing Ciudad Nueva (New City). In 1866, an underwater telegraph line connected the city with Buenos Aires. The statue of Peace, La Paz, was erected on a column in Plaza Cagancha and the building of the Postal Service as well as the bridge of Paso Molino were inaugurated in 1867.

Question: What year was a stagecoach bus line established in Montevideo?
Answer: 1853

Question: Between what years were the first natural gas street lights constructed?
Answer: 1854 to 1861

Question: What year was the Teatro Solis inaugurated? 
Answer: 1856

Question: What year was an underwater telegraph line made that connected Montevideo with Buenos Aires?
Answer: 1866
Title: Montevideo

In 1868, the horse-drawn tram company Compañía de Tranvías al Paso del Molino y Cerro created the first lines connecting Montevideo with Unión, the beach resort of Capurro and the industrialized and economically independent Villa del Cerro, at the time called Cosmopolis. In the same year, the Mercado del Puerto was inaugurated. In 1869, the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay was inaugurated connecting Bella Vista with the town of Las Piedras. During the same year and the next, the neighbourhoods Colón, Nuevo París and La Comercial were founded. The famous to our days Sunday market of Tristán Narvaja Street was established in Cordón in 1870. Public water supply was established in 1871. In 1878, Bulevar Circunvalación was constructed, a boulevard starting from Punta Carretas, going up to the north end of the city and then turning west to end at the beach of Capurro. It was renamed to Artigas Boulevard (its current name) in 1885. By Decree, on 8 January 1881, the area Los Pocitos was incorporated to the Novísima Ciudad (Most New City).

Question: What year did Compania de Tranvias al Paso del Molino y Cerro creat the first lines connecting Montevideo with Union?
Answer: 1868

Question: What year was Mercado del Puerto inaugurated? 
Answer: 1868

Question: What year was the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay inaugurated? 
Answer: 1869

Question: What year was Bulevar Circunvalcion constructed? 
Answer: 1878
Title: Montevideo

The first telephone lines were installed in 1882 and electric street lights took the place of the gas operated ones in 1886. The Hipódromo de Maroñas started operating in 1888, and the neighbourhoods of Reus del Sur, Reus del Norte and Conciliación were inaugurated in 1889. The new building of the School of Arts and Trades, as well as Zabala Square in Ciudad Vieja were inaugurated in 1890, followed by the Italian Hospital in 1891. In the same year, the village of Peñarol was founded. Other neighbourhoods that were founded were Belgrano and Belvedere in 1892, Jacinto Vera in 1895 and Trouville in 1897. In 1894 the new port was constructed, and in 1897, the Central Railway Station of Montevideo was inaugurated.

Question: When were the first telephone lines installed?
Answer: 1882

Question: When did electric street lights replace the gas operated lights?
Answer: 1886

Question: When did the Hipodromo de Maronas start operating?
Answer: 1888

Question: When was the Central Railway Station of Montevideo inaugurated? 
Answer: 1897
Title: Montevideo

In the early 20th century, many Europeans (particularly Spaniards and Italians but also thousands from Central Europe) immigrated to the city. In 1908, 30% of the city's population of 300,000 was foreign-born. In that decade the city expanded quickly: new neighbourhoods were created and many separate settlements were annexed to the city, among which were the Villa del Cerro, Pocitos, the Prado and Villa Colón. The Rodó Park and the Estadio Gran Parque Central were also established, which served as poles of urban development.

Question: What century did many Europeans immigrate to the city of Montevideo?
Answer: early 20th century

Question: In 1908 what percent of the city's population was foreign-born?
Answer: 30%

Question: The Rodo Park and the Estadio Gran Parque Central serves as poles of what?
Answer: urban development
Title: Montevideo

During World War II, a famous incident involving the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee took place in Punta del Este, 200 kilometers (120 mi) from Montevideo. After the Battle of the River Plate with the Royal Navy and Royal New Zealand Navy on 13 December 1939, the Graf Spee retreated to Montevideo's port, which was considered neutral at the time. To avoid risking the crew in what he thought would be a losing battle, Captain Hans Langsdorff scuttled the ship on 17 December. Langsdorff committed suicide two days later.[citation needed] The eagle figurehead of the Graf Spee was salvaged on 10 February 2006; to protect the feelings of those still sensitive to Nazi Germany, the swastika on the figurehead was covered as it was pulled from the water.

Question: Who was the Admiral of the German pocket ship?
Answer: Admiral Graf Spee

Question: Where did the famous incident involving the German pocket battleship take place in?
Answer: Punta del Este

Question: When year did the Battle of the River Plate take place?
Answer: 13 December 1939
Title: Montevideo

Montevideo is situated on the north shore of the Río de la Plata, the arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the south coast of Uruguay from the north coast of Argentina; Buenos Aires lies 230 kilometres (140 mi) west on the Argentine side. The Santa Lucía River forms a natural border between Montevideo and San José Department to its west. To the city's north and east is Canelones Department, with the stream of Carrasco forming the eastern natural border. The coastline forming the city's southern border is interspersed with rocky protrusions and sandy beaches. The Bay of Montevideo forms a natural harbour, the nation's largest and one of the largest in the Southern Cone, and the finest natural port in the region, functioning as a crucial component of the Uruguayan economy and foreign trade. Various streams criss-cross the town and empty into the Bay of Montevideo. The coastline and rivers are heavily polluted and of high salinity.

Question: Montevideo is situated on the north shore of what?
Answer: the Río de la Plata

Question: What river forms a natural border between Montevideo and San Jose Department?
Answer: Santa Lucía River

Question: What does the Bay of Montevideo form?
Answer: a natural harbour
Title: Montevideo

The city has an average elevation of 43 metres (141 ft). Its highest elevations are two hills: the Cerro de Montevideo and the Cerro de la Victoria, with the highest point, the peak of Cerro de Montevideo, crowned by a fortress, the Fortaleza del Cerro at a height of 134 metres (440 ft). Closest cities by road are Las Piedras to the north and the so-called Ciudad de la Costa (a conglomeration of coastal towns) to the east, both in the range of 20 to 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the city center. The approximate distances to the neighbouring department capitals by road are, 90 kilometres (56 mi) to San Jose de Mayo (San Jose Department) and 46 kilometres (29 mi) to Canelones (Canelones Department).

Question: The city of Montevideo has an average elevation of what?
Answer: 43 metres

Question: How far is to the neighboring capitol of San Jose de Mayo?
Answer: 90 kilometres

Question: How far is to the neighboring capitol of Canelones?
Answer: 46 kilometres
Title: Montevideo

The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of 18 December 1908. The municipality's first mayor (1909–1911) was Daniel Muñoz. Municipalities were abolished by the Uruguayan Constitution of 1918, effectively restored during the 1933 military coup of Gabriel Terra, and formally restored by the 1934 Constitution. The 1952 Constitution again decided to abolish the municipalities; it came into effect in February 1955. Municipalities were replaced by departmental councils, which consisted of a collegiate executive board with 7 members from Montevideo and 5 from the interior region. However, municipalities were revived under the 1967 Constitution and have operated continuously since that time.

Question: The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of what?
Answer: 18 December 1908

Question: Who was the municipality's first mayor?
Answer: Daniel Muñoz

Question: Municipalities were abolished by what?
Answer: Uruguayan Constitution of 1918
Title: Montevideo

As of 2010[update], the city of Montevideo has been divided into 8 political municipalities (Municipios), referred to with the letters from A to G, including CH, each presided over by a mayor elected by the citizens registered in the constituency. This division, according to the Municipality of Montevideo, "aims to advance political and administrative decentralization in the department of Montevideo, with the aim of deepening the democratic participation of citizens in governance." The head of each Municipio is called an alcalde or (if female) alcaldesa.

Question: How many political municipalities has the city of Montevideo been divided into as of 2010?
Answer: 8

Question: What is the head of each Municipio called?
Answer: an alcalde

Question: Who elects the mayor of the political municipalities? 
Answer: the citizens registered in the constituency