rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Buddhism

This view is supported by a study of the region where these notions originated. Buddhism arose in Greater Magadha, which stretched from Sravasti, the capital of Kosala in the north-west, to Rajagrha in the south east. This land, to the east of aryavarta, the land of the Aryas, was recognized as non-Vedic. Other Vedic texts reveal a dislike of the people of Magadha, in all probability because the Magadhas at this time were not Brahmanised.[page needed] It was not until the 2nd or 3rd centuries BCE that the eastward spread of Brahmanism into Greater Magadha became significant. Ideas that developed in Greater Magadha prior to this were not subject to Vedic influence. These include rebirth and karmic retribution that appear in a number of movements in Greater Magadha, including Buddhism. These movements inherited notions of rebirth and karmic retribution from an earlier culture[page needed]

Question: Buddhism arose in what area?
Answer: Greater Magadha

Question: Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east?
Answer: Rajagrha

Question: What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start?
Answer: 2nd or 3rd centuries
Title: Buddhism

At the same time, these movements were influenced by, and in some respects continued, philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition as reflected e.g. in the Upanishads. These movements included, besides Buddhism, various skeptics (such as Sanjaya Belatthiputta), atomists (such as Pakudha Kaccayana), materialists (such as Ajita Kesakambali), antinomians (such as Purana Kassapa); the most important ones in the 5th century BCE were the Ajivikas, who emphasized the rule of fate, the Lokayata (materialists), the Ajnanas (agnostics) and the Jains, who stressed that the soul must be freed from matter. Many of these new movements shared the same conceptual vocabulary—atman ("Self"), buddha ("awakened one"), dhamma ("rule" or "law"), karma ("action"), nirvana ("extinguishing"), samsara ("eternal recurrence") and yoga ("spiritual practice").[note 24] The shramanas rejected the Veda, and the authority of the brahmans, who claimed they possessed revealed truths not knowable by any ordinary human means. Moreover, they declared that the entire Brahmanical system was fraudulent: a conspiracy of the brahmans to enrich themselves by charging exorbitant fees to perform bogus rites and give useless advice.

Question: Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what?
Answer: in the Upanishads

Question: The movement included atomists such as what?
Answer: Pakudha Kaccayana

Question: What is the term for agnostics?
Answer: Ajnanas

Question: What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter?
Answer: Jains
Title: Buddhism

A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes. He names the Vedic rishis, and declared that the original Veda of the rishis[note 25] was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. The Buddha says that it was on this alteration of the true Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. However, he did not denounce the union with Brahman,[note 26] or the idea of the self uniting with the Self. At the same time, the traditional Hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes, transforming it into what is recognized as early Hinduism.

Question: A criticism the Buddha gave dealing with animals was?
Answer: Vedic animal sacrifice

Question: The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic?
Answer: hymn of the cosmic man

Question: The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what?
Answer: animal sacrifices

Question: The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice?
Answer: Vedas
Title: Buddhism

Information of the oldest teachings may be obtained by analysis of the oldest texts. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pali Canon and other texts.[note 27] The reliability of these sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute.[page needed][page needed][page needed][page needed] According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies.[note 28]

Question: What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings?
Answer: The reliability
Title: Buddhism

A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between dhyana and insight. Schmithausen, in his often-cited article On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.[page needed]

Question: A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else?
Answer: insight

Question: Liberating insight is attained after mastering what?
Answer: Rupa Jhanas

Question: Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas?
Answer: Majjhima Nikaya
Title: Buddhism

Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism.[page needed][note 32] According to Vetter, "the Buddha at first sought "the deathless" (amata/amrta), which is concerned with the here and now. According to Vetter, only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth." Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha "introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time." According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire.

Question: According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what?
Answer: rebirth

Question: Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day?
Answer: karma
Title: Buddhism

According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhyāna. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention, whereas Norman notes that "the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices." Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development.

Question: What was the earliest Buddhism type?
Answer: dhyana

Question: Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices? 
Answer: meditative
Title: Buddhism

According to the Mahāsaccakasutta,[note 33] from the fourth jhana the Buddha gained bodhi. Yet, it is not clear what he was awakened to.[page needed] "Liberating insight" is a later addition to this text, and reflects a later development and understanding in early Buddhism.[page needed][page needed] The mentioning of the four truths as constituting "liberating insight" introduces a logical problem, since the four truths depict a linear path of practice, the knowledge of which is in itself not depicted as being liberating.[note 34]

Question: From which jhana did Buddha gain bodhi?
Answer: fourth

Question: A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what?
Answer: liberating insight

Question: The four truths depict what type of path of practice?
Answer: linear
Title: Buddhism

Although "Nibbāna" (Sanskrit: Nirvāna) is the common term for the desired goal of this practice, many other terms can be found throughout the Nikayas, which are not specified.[note 35]

Question: What is the Sanskrit form of Nibbana?
Answer: Nirvāna

Question: Many terms for Nibbana can be found throughout the what?
Answer: Nikayas

Question: The desired goal for buddhism is what?
Answer: Nirvāna
Title: Buddhism

According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path.

Question: A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term?
Answer: the middle way

Question: The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path?
Answer: eightfold
Title: Buddhism

According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the four truths became a substitution for prajna, or "liberating insight", in the suttas in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas. According to Bronkhorst, the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight". Gotama's teachings may have been personal, "adjusted to the need of each person."

Question: Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what?
Answer: prajna

Question: What is prajna called in english?
Answer: liberating insight

Question: Gotamas teachings may have been personal and adjusted to the need of each what?
Answer: person
Title: Buddhism

The three marks of existence may reflect Upanishadic or other influences. K.R. Norman supposes that the these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiair to his hearers.

Question: How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences?
Answer: three
Title: Buddhism

The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism (also called Vajrayana Buddhism).

Question: The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods?
Answer: five

Question: What is the first period of Buddhism called?
Answer: Early Buddhism

Question: What is another name for Nikaya buddhism?
Answer: Sectarian

Question: What is the last period of Buddhism?
Answer: Esoteric Buddhism

Question: What is Esoteric Buddhism also called?
Answer: Vajrayana
Title: Buddhism

Pre-sectarian Buddhism is the earliest phase of Buddhism, recognized by nearly all scholars. Its main scriptures are the Vinaya Pitaka and the four principal Nikayas or Agamas. Certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, so most scholars conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the Three marks of existence, the Five Aggregates, dependent origination, karma and rebirth, the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and nirvana. Some scholars disagree, and have proposed many other theories.

Question: Was is the earliest phase of buddhism?
Answer: Pre-sectarian

Question: Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what?
Answer: rebirth

Question: Gautama buddha taught what Path concept?
Answer: Noble Eightfold
Title: Buddhism

According to the scriptures, soon after the parinirvāṇa (from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held. As with any ancient Indian tradition, transmission of teaching was done orally. The primary purpose of the assembly was to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. In the first council, Ānanda, a cousin of the Buddha and his personal attendant, was called upon to recite the discourses (sūtras, Pāli suttas) of the Buddha, and, according to some sources, the abhidhamma. Upāli, another disciple, recited the monastic rules (vinaya). Most scholars regard the traditional accounts of the council as greatly exaggerated if not entirely fictitious.[note 36]Richard Gombrich noted Sariputta led communal recitations of the Buddha's teaching for preservation in the Buddha's lifetime in Sangiti Sutta (Digha Nikaya #33), and something similar to the First Council must have taken place to compose Buddhist scriptures.

Question: Soon after the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, what type of council was held?
Answer: Buddhist

Question: Who was cousin of the Buddha?
Answer: Ānanda

Question: What are the discourses of the Buddha called?
Answer: sūtras

Question: Some sources say that discourse of who else were recited along with Buddha's?
Answer: abhidhamma
Title: Buddhism

According to most scholars, at some period after the Second Council the Sangha began to break into separate factions.[note 37] The various accounts differ as to when the actual schisms occurred. According to the Dipavamsa of the Pāli tradition, they started immediately after the Second Council, the Puggalavada tradition places it in 137 AN, the Sarvastivada tradition of Vasumitra says it was in the time of Ashoka and the Mahasanghika tradition places it much later, nearly 100 BCE.

Question: The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council?
Answer: the Second

Question: According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council?
Answer: the Second Council

Question: The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time?
Answer: 100 BCE
Title: Buddhism

The root schism was between the Sthaviras and the Mahāsāṅghikas. The fortunate survival of accounts from both sides of the dispute reveals disparate traditions. The Sthavira group offers two quite distinct reasons for the schism. The Dipavamsa of the Theravāda says that the losing party in the Second Council dispute broke away in protest and formed the Mahasanghika. This contradicts the Mahasanghikas' own vinaya, which shows them as on the same, winning side. The Mahāsāṅghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand the vinaya and may also have challenged what they perceived were excessive claims or inhumanly high criteria for arhatship. Both parties, therefore, appealed to tradition.

Question: The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group?
Answer: Mahasanghikas

Question: The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what?
Answer: Mahasanghika

Question: The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what?
Answer: the vinaya
Title: Buddhism

The Sthaviras gave rise to several schools, one of which was the Theravāda school. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too.

Question: Who gave rise to the Theravada school?
Answer: Sthaviras

Question: Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what?
Answer: monasteries

Question: By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements?
Answer: doctrinal
Title: Buddhism

Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38]

Question: What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called?
Answer: Abhidharma

Question: The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises, but what?
Answer: summaries or numerical lists

Question: The Abhidharma texts are from what time?
Answer: 3rd century BCE

Question: There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it?
Answer: Mahasanghika
Title: Buddhism

Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, which are among the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras, developed among the Mahāsāṃghika along the Kṛṣṇa River in the Āndhra region of South India.

Question: Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras?
Answer: Prajñāpāramitā

Question: The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India?
Answer: Āndhra
Title: Buddhism

The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India, in the Āndhra country, on the Kṛṣṇa River." A.K. Warder believes that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Āndhra country."

Question: The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre?
Answer: Prajñāpāramitā

Question: Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century?
Answer: 1st century BCE

Question: Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area?
Answer: Āndhra
Title: Buddhism

Anthony Barber and Sree Padma note that "historians of Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Nāgārjuna, Dignaga, Candrakīrti, Āryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Āndhra." They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Kṛṣṇa Valley, including Amaravati, Nāgārjunakoṇḍā and Jaggayyapeṭa "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier." Akira Hirakawa notes the "evidence suggests that many Early Mahayana scriptures originated in South India."

Question: The ancient buddhist site  in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE?
Answer: third

Question: Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India?
Answer: South
Title: Buddhism

There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.

Question: There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate school of what?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: The mahayana never tried to have separte what?
Answer: Vinaya

Question: We know that both Mahayana and non Mahayana monks live in the same what?
Answer: monasteries
Title: Buddhism

Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts. These Mahāyāna teachings were first propagated into China by Lokakṣema, the first translator of Mahāyāna sūtras into Chinese during the 2nd century CE.[note 39] Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā series, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.[note 40]

Question: Most of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mhayana comes from what type of translations?
Answer: Chinese

Question: The Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by who?
Answer: Lokakṣema

Question: The earliest Mahayana sutras included the very first versions of what series?
Answer: Prajñāpāramitā

Question: Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were probably composed in what century BCE?
Answer: 1st
Title: Buddhism

During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yogacara have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. There were no great Indian teachers associated with tathagatagarbha thought.

Question: What four types of thought developed during the period of late mahayna buddhism?
Answer: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic

Question: What was the latest thought type?
Answer: Buddhist Logic

Question: In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else?
Answer: Yogacara
Title: Buddhism

Buddhism may have spread only slowly in India until the time of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more stūpas (Buddhist religious memorials) and to efforts to spread Buddhism throughout the enlarged Maurya empire and even into neighboring lands—particularly to the Iranian-speaking regions of Afghanistan and Central Asia, beyond the Mauryas' northwest border, and to the island of Sri Lanka south of India. These two missions, in opposite directions, would ultimately lead, in the first case to the spread of Buddhism into China, and in the second case, to the emergence of Theravāda Buddhism and its spread from Sri Lanka to the coastal lands of Southeast Asia.

Question: Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor?
Answer: Ashoka

Question: The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more?
Answer: stūpas

Question: What does stupas mean in English?
Answer: Buddhist religious memorials
Title: Buddhism

This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries.

Question: Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India?
Answer: west

Question: Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what?
Answer: missionaries

Question: What were the emissaries used for?
Answer: to spread Buddhism
Title: Buddhism

The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon.

Question: The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization?
Answer: Persian and Greek

Question: Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon?
Answer: Menander