rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Pesticide

In order to reduce negative impacts, it is desirable that pesticides be degradable or at least quickly deactivated in the environment. Such loss of activity or toxicity of pesticides is due to both innate chemical properties of the compounds and environmental processes or conditions. For example, the presence of halogens within a chemical structure often slows down degradation in an aerobic environment. Adsorption to soil may retard pesticide movement, but also may reduce bioavailability to microbial degraders.

Question: What feature is wanted to assist with reducing negative impacts of pesticides?
Answer: that pesticides be degradable

Question: How else can negative impacts of pesticides be reduced?
Answer: quickly deactivated in the environment

Question: What is one way by which pesticides lose their efficacy?
Answer: presence of halogens

Question: What may slow pesticide movement?
Answer: Adsorption to soil
Title: Pesticide

Alternatives to pesticides are available and include methods of cultivation, use of biological pest controls (such as pheromones and microbial pesticides), genetic engineering, and methods of interfering with insect breeding. Application of composted yard waste has also been used as a way of controlling pests. These methods are becoming increasingly popular and often are safer than traditional chemical pesticides. In addition, EPA is registering reduced-risk conventional pesticides in increasing numbers.

Question: What is one thing that can be used in place of pesticides?
Answer: methods of cultivation

Question: What natural product can be used to control pests?
Answer: composted yard waste

Question: Why are alternative methods of pest control gaining popularity?
Answer: safer than traditional chemical pesticides

Question: What agency has offered acceptance of safer pesticides?
Answer: EPA

Question: What is one non chemical way of dealing with pests?
Answer: interfering with insect breeding
Title: Pesticide

The term "push-pull" was established in 1987 as an approach for integrated pest management (IPM). This strategy uses a mixture of behavior-modifying stimuli to manipulate the distribution and abundance of insects. "Push" means the insects are repelled or deterred away from whatever resource that is being protected. "Pull" means that certain stimuli (semiochemical stimuli, pheromones, food additives, visual stimuli, genetically altered plants, etc.) are used to attract pests to trap crops where they will be killed. There are numerous different components involved in order to implement a Push-Pull Strategy in IPM.

Question: What does IPM stand for?
Answer: integrated pest management

Question: How can the location and amount of insects be changed?
Answer: behavior-modifying stimuli

Question: What is one thing that can be used to pull pests?
Answer: food additives

Question: What is the name of the process by which pests are attracted and repelled using IPM. 
Answer: Push-Pull
Title: Pesticide

Some evidence shows that alternatives to pesticides can be equally effective as the use of chemicals. For example, Sweden has halved its use of pesticides with hardly any reduction in crops.[unreliable source?] In Indonesia, farmers have reduced pesticide use on rice fields by 65% and experienced a 15% crop increase.[unreliable source?] A study of Maize fields in northern Florida found that the application of composted yard waste with high carbon to nitrogen ratio to agricultural fields was highly effective at reducing the population of plant-parasitic nematodes and increasing crop yield, with yield increases ranging from 10% to 212%; the observed effects were long-term, often not appearing until the third season of the study.

Question: How much was Sweden able to lower thier pesticide usage?
Answer: halved its use

Question: What other country has reduced its pesticide usage?
Answer: Indonesia

Question: What natural substance has been found to effectively increase crop yields
Answer: carbon to nitrogen

Question: What amount of gain in crops can be contributed to application of composted yard waste?
Answer: 10% to 212%
Title: Pesticide

Pesticides are often referred to according to the type of pest they control. Pesticides can also be considered as either biodegradable pesticides, which will be broken down by microbes and other living beings into harmless compounds, or persistent pesticides, which may take months or years before they are broken down: it was the persistence of DDT, for example, which led to its accumulation in the food chain and its killing of birds of prey at the top of the food chain. Another way to think about pesticides is to consider those that are chemical pesticides or are derived from a common source or production method.

Question: What is one type of pesticide?
Answer: biodegradable

Question: How long may it take for persistent pesticides to be broken down?
Answer: months or years

Question: What quality caused DDT to build up in various organisms?
Answer: persistence

Question: What is one way to classify pesticides?
Answer: type of pest they control
Title: Pesticide

The following sulfonylureas have been commercialized for weed control: amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium, halosulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron-methyl Sulfosulfuron, terbacil, bispyribac-sodium, cyclosulfamuron, and pyrithiobac-sodium. Nicosulfuron, triflusulfuron methyl, and chlorsulfuron are broad-spectrum herbicides that kill plants by inhibiting the enzyme acetolactate synthase. In the 1960s, more than 1 kg/ha (0.89 lb/acre) crop protection chemical was typically applied, while sulfonylureates allow as little as 1% as much material to achieve the same effect.

Question: What are sulfonyureas commonly used for?
Answer: weed control

Question: Nicosulfuron, triflusulfuron methyl and chlorsulfuron can be classified as what type of pesticides?
Answer: broad-spectrum herbicides

Question: The restriction of what enzyme allows broad-spectrum herbicides to kill plants?
Answer: acetolactate synthase

Question: The amount of material used as a crop protection measure decreased from 1kg/ha in what year to its current 1%?
Answer: 1960s
Title: Pesticide

Though pesticide regulations differ from country to country, pesticides, and products on which they were used are traded across international borders. To deal with inconsistencies in regulations among countries, delegates to a conference of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization adopted an International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides in 1985 to create voluntary standards of pesticide regulation for different countries. The Code was updated in 1998 and 2002. The FAO claims that the code has raised awareness about pesticide hazards and decreased the number of countries without restrictions on pesticide use.

Question: Is the trade of pesticides and pesticide treated goods limited to the United States?
Answer: traded across international borders

Question: What commitee deals with differences in rules governing the use of pesticides among different countries?
Answer: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization

Question: When was the international code which governs the distribution and use of pesticides established?
Answer: 1985

Question: How recently were voluntary standards of pesticide regulation updated?
Answer: 2002
Title: Pesticide

Three other efforts to improve regulation of international pesticide trade are the United Nations London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade and the United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission.[citation needed] The former seeks to implement procedures for ensuring that prior informed consent exists between countries buying and selling pesticides, while the latter seeks to create uniform standards for maximum levels of pesticide residues among participating countries. Both initiatives operate on a voluntary basis.

Question: What country has attempted to better the controls of pesticide exchanges?
Answer: London

Question: What is one agency who is trying to help make the trade of pesticides safer?
Answer: United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission

Question: What is one important thing that should be present when countries are trading with pesticides?
Answer: prior informed consent

Question: Are these agencies a requirement in the countries where they exist?
Answer: initiatives operate on a voluntary basis
Title: Pesticide

Pesticides safety education and pesticide applicator regulation are designed to protect the public from pesticide misuse, but do not eliminate all misuse. Reducing the use of pesticides and choosing less toxic pesticides may reduce risks placed on society and the environment from pesticide use. Integrated pest management, the use of multiple approaches to control pests, is becoming widespread and has been used with success in countries such as Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, the U.S., Australia, and Mexico. IPM attempts to recognize the more widespread impacts of an action on an ecosystem, so that natural balances are not upset. New pesticides are being developed, including biological and botanical derivatives and alternatives that are thought to reduce health and environmental risks. In addition, applicators are being encouraged to consider alternative controls and adopt methods that reduce the use of chemical pesticides.

Question: What is one measure taken to keep society safe from improper pesticide use?
Answer: pesticide applicator regulation

Question: What is a choice that users of pesticides can make that will lower risks?
Answer: choosing less toxic pesticides

Question: What is one country that has sucessfully used IPM?
Answer: Australia

Question: Biological and botanical derivatives have what positive effects?
Answer: reduce health and environmental risks

Question: Who has the ability to make the choice of using less harmful pesticides?
Answer: applicators
Title: Pesticide

In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for regulating pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). Studies must be conducted to establish the conditions in which the material is safe to use and the effectiveness against the intended pest(s). The EPA regulates pesticides to ensure that these products do not pose adverse effects to humans or the environment. Pesticides produced before November 1984 continue to be reassessed in order to meet the current scientific and regulatory standards. All registered pesticides are reviewed every 15 years to ensure they meet the proper standards. During the registration process, a label is created. The label contains directions for proper use of the material in addition to safety restrictions. Based on acute toxicity, pesticides are assigned to a Toxicity Class.

Question: What is a measure of pesticides determined in EPA studies?
Answer: material is safe to use and the effectiveness

Question: Who is protected by EPA regulations?
Answer: humans or the environment

Question: Pesticides are inspected often to make sure they meet up to date safety regulations from what period of time.
Answer: before November 1984

Question: How often are pesticides produced more recently evaluated for safety?
Answer: every 15 years

Question: How could someone learn more about how to safely use and handle an unknow pesticide?
Answer: label
Title: Pesticide

Some pesticides are considered too hazardous for sale to the general public and are designated restricted use pesticides. Only certified applicators, who have passed an exam, may purchase or supervise the application of restricted use pesticides. Records of sales and use are required to be maintained and may be audited by government agencies charged with the enforcement of pesticide regulations. These records must be made available to employees and state or territorial environmental regulatory agencies.

Question: What are pesticides that are thought to be extremely dangerous called?
Answer: restricted use pesticides

Question: What would qualify someone to use restricted use pesticides?
Answer: an exam

Question:  The EPA or other groups who govern pesticide use may inspect what?
Answer: Records of sales and use

Question: Agencies who regulate the environment exists in what regional capacities?
Answer: state or territorial
Title: Pesticide

Since before 2000 BC, humans have utilized pesticides to protect their crops. The first known pesticide was elemental sulfur dusting used in ancient Sumer about 4,500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. The Rig Veda, which is about 4,000 years old, mentions the use of poisonous plants for pest control. By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury, and lead were being applied to crops to kill pests. In the 17th century, nicotine sulfate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide. The 19th century saw the introduction of two more natural pesticides, pyrethrum, which is derived from chrysanthemums, and rotenone, which is derived from the roots of tropical vegetables. Until the 1950s, arsenic-based pesticides were dominant. Paul Müller discovered that DDT was a very effective insecticide. Organochlorines such as DDT were dominant, but they were replaced in the U.S. by organophosphates and carbamates by 1975. Since then, pyrethrin compounds have become the dominant insecticide. Herbicides became common in the 1960s, led by "triazine and other nitrogen-based compounds, carboxylic acids such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate".

Question: What is the earliest records of humans using pesticides?
Answer: before 2000 BC

Question: What was used as a insecticide in the 17th century?
Answer: nicotine sulfate

Question: What decade did herbicides become common?
Answer: 1960s

Question: Who can be credited with finding out DDT is useful as an insecticide?
Answer: Paul Müller

Question: What is the source used to exact nicotine sulfate?
Answer: tobacco leaves
Title: Pesticide

The first legislation providing federal authority for regulating pesticides was enacted in 1910; however, decades later during the 1940s manufacturers began to produce large amounts of synthetic pesticides and their use became widespread. Some sources consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the "pesticide era." Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 and amendments to the pesticide law in 1972, pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes (2.5 million short tons) of industrial pesticides are now[when?] used each year. Seventy-five percent of all pesticides in the world are used in developed countries, but use in developing countries is increasing. A study of USA pesticide use trends through 1997 was published in 2003 by the National Science Foundation's Center for Integrated Pest Management.

Question: When were laws first created to regulate pesticides?
Answer: 1910

Question: What might someone knowledgable about the history of pesticides call ther period of the 1940s and 1950s?
Answer: pesticide era

Question: When did America establish the Environmental Protection Agency?
Answer: 1970

Question: Countries which are established use what amount of pesticides?
Answer: Seventy-five percent

Question: Trends about use of pesticides have been published from which country?
Answer: USA
Title: Somerset

Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels. There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. The county played a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion. The city of Bath is famous for its substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Question: What type of region is somerset
Answer: Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills

Question: What are some areas of Somerset county
Answer: Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels

Question: How far back was the county populated 
Answer: There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods

Question: What Kings rise did the county play part in 
Answer: a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion

Question: What is the city of Bath famous for 
Answer: substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Title: Somerset

The people of Somerset are mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845, in the inflected form "Sumursætum", and the county is recorded in the entry for 1015 using the same name. The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878. Although "Somersetshire" was in common use as an alternative name for the county, it went out of fashion in the late 19th century, and is no longer used possibly due to the adoption of "Somerset" as the county's official name after the establishment of the county council in 1889. As with other counties not ending in "shire," the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town within it.

Question: What are the people of somerset mentioned in 
Answer: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845

Question: What archaic name was mentioned in 878 
Answer: The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878

Question: When did the county stop using Somersetshire 
Answer: it went out of fashion in the late 19th century

Question: What was superfluous 
Answer: As with other counties not ending in "shire," the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town
Title: Somerset

After the Romans left, Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples. By AD 600 they had established control over much of what is now England, but Somerset was still in native British hands. The British held back Saxon advance into the south-west for some time longer, but by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset. The Saxon royal palace in Cheddar was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot. After the Norman Conquest, the county was divided into 700 fiefs, and large areas were owned by the crown, with fortifications such as Dunster Castle used for control and defence. Somerset contains HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610. In the English Civil War Somerset was largely Parliamentarian, with key engagements being the Sieges of Taunton and the Battle of Langport. In 1685 the Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset. The rebels landed at Lyme Regis and travelled north, hoping to capture Bristol and Bath, but they were defeated in the Battle of Sedgemoor at Westonzoyland, the last pitched battle fought in England. Arthur Wellesley took his title, Duke of Wellington from the town of Wellington; he is commemorated on a nearby hill by a large, spotlit obelisk, known as the Wellington Monument.

Question: Who invaded Britain when the Romans Left 
Answer: Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples

Question: It took how long for the Anglo Saxons to control  the Somerset area 
Answer: by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset

Question: What was the Saxon Royal Palace used for 
Answer: was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot

Question: What prison does somerset county contain 
Answer: HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610

Question: What rebellion took place in Somerset in 1685 
Answer: Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset
Title: Somerset

The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries. Farming continued to flourish, however, and the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures and Commerce was founded in 1777 to improve farming methods. Despite this, 20 years later John Billingsley conducted a survey of the county's agriculture in 1795 and found that agricultural methods could still be improved. Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset during the 18th and 19th centuries, and by 1800 it was prominent in Radstock. The Somerset Coalfield reached its peak production by the 1920s, but all the pits have now been closed, the last in 1973. Most of the surface buildings have been removed, and apart from a winding wheel outside Radstock Museum, little evidence of their former existence remains. Further west, the Brendon Hills were mined for iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale.

Question: What ended Somersets cottage industry 
Answer: The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries

Question: What flourished in Somerset after the Industrial revelotuion
Answer: Farming continued to flourish

Question: What Industry was important in the late 18th and 19th century of North Somerset
Answer: Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset

Question: What did the west somerset mineral way transport 
Answer: iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale
Title: Somerset

Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties. War memorials were put up in most of the county's towns and villages; only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed. During the Second World War the county was a base for troops preparing for the D-Day landings. Some of the hospitals which were built for the casualties of the war remain in use. The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion. The remains of its pill boxes can still be seen along the coast, and south through Ilminster and Chard.

Question: How many Somerset soldiers were killed in WW1
Answer: Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties

Question: How many counties had no casualties in WW1 
Answer: only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed

Question: The county was base for what in WW2
Answer: for troops preparing for the D-Day landings

Question: What is the Tauton stop line 
Answer: The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion