rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 18 white firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no black firefighters scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. In the subsequent Ricci v. DeStefano decision the court found 5-4 that New Haven's decision to ignore the test results violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. As a result, a district court subsequently ordered the city to promote 14 of the white firefighters.

Question: In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court entertain a lawsuit filed by 18 New Haven firefighters against the city of New Haven?
Answer: 2009

Question: What was the distinguishing issue of the lawsuit over which 18 white firefighters in New Haven sought relief from the U.S. Supreme Court?
Answer: reverse discrimination

Question: What was the name of the case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the city of New Haven had violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by denying any firefighter a promotion? 
Answer: Ricci v. DeStefano

Question: In what year did low scores of black firefighters on a promotion test issued by the New Haven Fire Department ultimately halt promotions for all firefighters of any race in the city?
Answer: 2003

Question: How many of the 18 white firefighters received promotions via district court order to the city of New Haven following the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in favor of the petitioning firefighters?
Answer: 14

Question: What was the decision from the 2009 Supreme Court Case?
Answer: to ignore the test results

Question: The Court case was involve between which two parties?
Answer: firefighters against the city

Question: What did the city do after the fail test scores for promotions?
Answer: no one would be promoted

Question: Out of how many of the white fireman got a promotion afterwards?
Answer: 14 of the white firefighters
Title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

In 2010 and 2011, state and federal funds were awarded to Connecticut (and Massachusetts) to construct the Hartford Line, with a southern terminus at New Haven's Union Station and a northern terminus at Springfield's Union Station. According to the White House, "This corridor [currently] has one train per day connecting communities in Connecticut and Massachusetts to the Northeast Corridor and Vermont. The vision for this corridor is to restore the alignment to its original route via the Knowledge Corridor in western Massachusetts, improving trip time and increasing the population base that can be served." Set for construction in 2013, the "Knowledge Corridor high speed intercity passenger rail" project will cost approximately $1 billion, and the ultimate northern terminus for the project is reported to be Montreal in Canada. Train speeds between will reportedly exceed 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) and increase both cities' rail traffic exponentially.

Question: Funding was awarded to Connecticut in 2010 and 2011 to build what line with a southern terminus in New Haven?
Answer: Hartford Line

Question: At what terminal in New Haven was the Hartford Line slated to originate?
Answer: Union Station

Question: What location provided the northern terminus for the Hartford Line?
Answer: Springfield's Union Station

Question: What is the name of the corridor in western Massachusetts by which federal authorities sought to improve trip times and the amount of the population served in both New Haven and Springfield? 
Answer: Knowledge Corridor

Question: In what year was the "Knowledge corridor high speed intercity passenger rail" slated for construction?
Answer: 2013

Question: What is the name of the train line that connects Connecticut and Massachusetts together?
Answer: Hartford Line

Question: Where is the starting point of the terminus line in New Haven?
Answer: New Haven's Union Station

Question: The purpose of the train line is to connect Connecticut and Massachusetts to what state north?
Answer: Vermont

Question: When does the Knowledge Corridor line begins it's construction?
Answer: in 2013

Question: Generally how fast are these trains?
Answer: 180 km/h
Title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

New Haven's best-known geographic features are its large deep harbor, and two reddish basalt trap rock ridges which rise to the northeast and northwest of the city core. These trap rocks are known respectively as East Rock and West Rock, and both serve as extensive parks. West Rock has been tunneled through to make way for the east-west passage of the Wilbur Cross Parkway (the only highway tunnel through a natural obstacle in Connecticut), and once served as the hideout of the "Regicides" (see: Regicides Trail). Most New Haveners refer to these men as "The Three Judges". East Rock features the prominent Soldiers and Sailors war monument on its peak as well as the "Great/Giant Steps" which run up the rock's cliffside.

Question: In addition to the New Haven Harbor, what additional natural element is a prominent geographic feature of the area, flanking the northeast and northwest boundaries?
Answer: basalt trap rock ridges

Question: Which trap rock ridge was altered to accommodate the east-west portion of the Wilbur Park Crossway?
Answer: West Rock

Question: What was the name of the group that once utilized West Rock as a hideout, known colloquially as "The Three Judges?"
Answer: "Regicides"

Question: What is the name of the war monument located at the peak of East Rock?
Answer: Soldiers and Sailors

Question: What is the name for the popular feature that ascends the cliffside of East Rock?
Answer: "Great/Giant Steps"

Question: What is New Haven best known for in terms of the main landmark and structure?
Answer: large deep harbor

Question: In terms of economy and geographic landscape what is the used for the two trop rocks ridges north nearby the city?
Answer: as extensive parks

Question: The West Rock is also used for what sort of infrastructure?
Answer: highway tunnel

Question: What does the Eastern Rocks offer as a park on the other hand?
Answer: war monument
Title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

The city is drained by three rivers; the West, Mill, and Quinnipiac, named in order from west to east. The West River discharges into West Haven Harbor, while the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge into New Haven Harbor. Both harbors are embayments of Long Island Sound. In addition, several smaller streams flow through the city's neighborhoods, including Wintergreen Brook, the Beaver Ponds Outlet, Wilmot Brook, Belden Brook, and Prospect Creek. Not all of these small streams have continuous flow year-round.

Question: By how many rivers is the city of New Haven drained?
Answer: three

Question: Which New Haven river releases into West Haven Harbor?
Answer: West River

Question: Into what local body of water do the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge? 
Answer: New Haven Harbor

Question: Into what larger waterway do the West Haven Harbor and New Haven Harbor recess as embayments?
Answer: Long Island Sound

Question: What is the name of the western river in the city of New Haven?
Answer: the West

Question: The eastern river bears the name of the Native American Tribes that once live in New Haven, what is the name?
Answer: Quinnipiac

Question: The two eastern rivers meets in which of New Haven Harbor?
Answer: New Haven Harbor

Question: These two harbors are part of what estuary?
Answer: Long Island Sound.

Question: Are all of New Haven's smaller stream active through all four seasons?
Answer: Not all of these small streams
Title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

New Haven lies in the transition between a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa) and humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), but having more characteristics of the former, as is typical of much of the New York metropolitan area. Summers are humid and warm, with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 7–8 days per year. Winters are cold with moderate snowfall interspersed with rainfall and occasionally mixed precipitation. The weather patterns that affect New Haven result from a primarily offshore direction, thus reducing the marine influence of Long Island Sound—although, like other marine areas, differences in temperature between areas right along the coastline and areas a mile or two inland can be large at times.

Question: Though harboring transitive properties, what Koppen climate classification does the New Haven climate more closely characterize?
Answer: Dfa

Question: What season is typically characterized as humid and warm in New Haven?
Answer: Summers

Question: What baseline temperature threshold do temperatures normally exceed throughout the summer in New Haven?
Answer: 90 °F (32 °C)

Question: How heavy is the snowfall typically throughout the winter in New Haven?
Answer: moderate

Question: New Haven's climate is largely analogous to what major adjoining metropolitan area?
Answer: New York

Question: The New Haven's area closesly resemble which type of climate?
Answer: humid continental climate

Question: Does summertime gets weather hotter than 90 degrees?
Answer: 7–8 days per year

Question: Due to being a coastal city, how much snow does the city gets?
Answer: moderate snowfall

Question: What is the main effects  in New Haven's weather due to being a coastal city?
Answer: differences in temperature between areas
Title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

New Haven has a long tradition of urban planning and a purposeful design for the city's layout. The city could be argued to have some of the first preconceived layouts in the country. Upon founding, New Haven was laid out in a grid plan of nine square blocks; the central square was left open, in the tradition of many New England towns, as the city green (a commons area). The city also instituted the first public tree planting program in America. As in other cities, many of the elms that gave New Haven the nickname "Elm City" perished in the mid-20th century due to Dutch Elm disease, although many have since been replanted. The New Haven Green is currently home to three separate historic churches which speak to the original theocratic nature of the city. The Green remains the social center of the city today. It was named a National Historic Landmark in 1970.

Question: On what type of city plan was New Haven laid out upon the founding of the area?
Answer: grid plan of nine square blocks

Question: For what environmental initiative is the city of New Haven known, primarily for instituting the first of its kind in America?
Answer: public tree planting program

Question: What was the nickname given to the city of New Haven due to an indigenous tree which largely perished in the mid-20th century?
Answer: "Elm City"

Question: What was the cause of the sudden extinction of many of the elms in New Haven?
Answer: Dutch Elm disease

Question: What public area in New Haven was named a National Historic Landmark in 1970?
Answer: New Haven Green

Question: What was New Haven's nickname?
Answer: Elm City"

Question: Due to the replanting of trees the center of the city is called what?
Answer: New Haven Green

Question: In what year did it became recognize as a landmark?
Answer: 1970

Question: In the original plans of the city, how many city block were designed?
Answer: nine square blocks

Question: Because of it's trees New Haven is known for being first to implemented what in the US?
Answer: public tree planting program
Title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

Downtown New Haven, occupied by nearly 7,000 residents, has a more residential character than most downtowns. The downtown area provides about half of the city's jobs and half of its tax base and in recent years has become filled with dozens of new upscale restaurants, several of which have garnered national praise (such as Ibiza, recognized by Esquire and Wine Spectator magazines as well as the New York Times as the best Spanish food in the country), in addition to shops and thousands of apartments and condominium units which subsequently help overall growth of the city.

Question: Approximately how many residents make up the population of downtown New Haven?
Answer: 7,000

Question: What downtown New Haven restaurant was cited by the New York Times, Esquire and Wine Spectator for its outstanding Spanish cuisine?
Answer: Ibiza

Question: Downtown New Haven contributes approximately what amount of the overall tax base for the area?
Answer: half

Question: Downtown New Haven contributes approximately how many jobs to the city?
Answer: about half

Question: How many people live in downtown New Haven?
Answer: 7,000 residents

Question: In terms of economy the downtown portion is responsible for what?
Answer: half of the city's jobs

Question: Of the downtown area what gets the most positive media coverage?
Answer: new upscale restaurants

Question: What has help the most with the continuous growth within the area?
Answer: thousands of apartments and condominium
Title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

The city has many distinct neighborhoods. In addition to Downtown, centered on the central business district and the Green, are the following neighborhoods: the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill, historic water-front City Point (or Oyster Point), and the harborside district of Long Wharf; the western neighborhoods of Edgewood, West River, Westville, Amity, and West Rock-Westhills; East Rock, Cedar Hill, Prospect Hill, and Newhallville in the northern side of town; the east central neighborhoods of Mill River and Wooster Square, an Italian-American neighborhood; Fair Haven, an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers; Quinnipiac Meadows and Fair Haven Heights across the Quinnipiac River; and facing the eastern side of the harbor, The Annex and East Shore (or Morris Cove).

Question: What area of New Haven comprises the area centered around the business district and New Haven Green?
Answer: Downtown

Question: What is the historic water-front neighborhood located in the southern area of New Haven?
Answer: City Point

Question: What east-central neighborhood in New Haven is home to a large number of Italian-Americans?
Answer: Wooster Square

Question: What is the name of the neighborhood in New Haven that rests between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers, and is comprised primarily of an immigrant community?
Answer: Fair Haven

Question: What is the name of the district nearing the harbor of the city?
Answer: Long Wharf

Question: Though the Green is the popular center of the city, there is another district, what's the name?
Answer: central business district

Question: If you were to go northern part of New Haven, what district would you find?
Answer: Newhallville

Question: Between two of it's rivers lies a district with a heavy immigrant population, the name is?
Answer: Fair Haven

Question: Wooster Square is known for what roots?
Answer: Italian-American
Title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

New Haven's economy originally was based in manufacturing, but the postwar period brought rapid industrial decline; the entire Northeast was affected, and medium-sized cities with large working-class populations, like New Haven, were hit particularly hard. Simultaneously, the growth and expansion of Yale University further affected the economic shift. Today, over half (56%) of the city's economy is now made up of services, in particular education and health care; Yale is the city's largest employer, followed by Yale – New Haven Hospital. Other large employers include St. Raphael Hospital, Smilow Cancer Hospital, Southern Connecticut State University, Assa Abloy Manufacturing, the Knights of Columbus headquarters, Higher One, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Covidien and United Illuminating. Yale and Yale-New Haven are also among the largest employers in the state, and provide more $100,000+-salaried positions than any other employer in Connecticut.[citation needed]

Question: What sector originally provided the largest contribution to New Haven's economy?
Answer: manufacturing

Question: What entity serves as the largest employer in New Haven?
Answer: Yale

Question: What percentage of New Haven's economy is based in services grounded in health care and education?
Answer: 56%

Question: What is the second largest employer in New Haven?
Answer: Yale – New Haven Hospital

Question: What pharmaceutical company serves as a large employment provider for New Haven? 
Answer: Alexion

Question: New Haven relied on what in terms of growth and economy?
Answer: manufacturing

Question: Was the city the only one that suffer a decline within the manufacturing sector?
Answer: entire Northeast was affected

Question: In modern day how much does New Haven depend on blue collar jobs?
Answer: over half (56%)

Question: What institution has largest impact on the city's job market?
Answer: Yale
Title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

The Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization and a Fortune 1000 company, is headquartered in New Haven. Two more Fortune 1000 companies are based in Greater New Haven: the electrical equipment producers Hubbell, based in Orange, and Amphenol, based in Wallingford. Eight Courant 100 companies are based in Greater New Haven, with four headquartered in New Haven proper. New Haven-based companies traded on stock exchanges include NewAlliance Bank, the second largest bank in Connecticut and fourth-largest in New England (NYSE: NAL), Higher One Holdings (NYSE: ONE), a financial services firm United Illuminating, the electricity distributor for southern Connecticut (NYSE: UIL), Achillion Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: ACHN), Alexion Pharmaceuticals (NasdaqGS: ALXN), and Transpro Inc. (AMEX: TPR). Vion Pharmaceuticals is traded OTC (OTC BB: VIONQ.OB). Other notable companies based in the city include the Peter Paul Candy Manufacturing Company (the candy-making division of the Hershey Company), the American division of Assa Abloy (one of the world's leading manufacturers of locks), Yale University Press, and the Russell Trust Association (the business arm of the Skull and Bones Society). The Southern New England Telephone Company (SNET) began operations in the city as the District Telephone Company of New Haven in 1878; the company remains headquartered in New Haven as a subsidiary of AT&T Inc., now doing business as AT&T Connecticut, and provides telephone service for all but two municipalities in Connecticut.

Question: What Fortune 1000 company, also the largest Catholic service organization in the world, is based in New Haven?
Answer: The Knights of Columbus

Question: What prominent producer of electrical equipment, also a Fortune 1000 company, is based in Greater New Haven? 
Answer: Hubbell

Question: What publicly traded bank, also the second largest in Connecticut, is based in New Haven?
Answer: NewAlliance

Question: What is the name of the New Haven-based business faction of the infamous Skull and Bones Society?
Answer: Russell Trust Association

Question: In what year did the Southern New England Telephone Company, formerly the District Telephone Company of New Haven, establish operations in the area? 
Answer: 1878

Question: New Haven contains one of largest religious service organization in the world, it's name?
Answer: Knights of Columbus

Question: Within the New Haven metropolitan area contain a Fortune 1000 company located in Orange, the name of the company?
Answer: Hubbell

Question: What is the name of the second largest bank found in Connecticut?
Answer: NewAlliance Bank

Question: As one of the oldest telephone companies, the SNET started in what year?
Answer: 1878

Question: In modern day SNET operates as what in New Haven?
Answer: subsidiary of AT&T
Title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

The U.S. Census Bureau reports a 2010 population of 129,779, with 47,094 households and 25,854 families within the city of New Haven. The population density is 6,859.8 people per square mile (2,648.6/km²). There are 52,941 housing units at an average density of 2,808.5 per square mile (1,084.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city is 42.6% White, 35.4% African American, 0.5% Native American, 4.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 12.9% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 27.4% of the population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 31.8% of the population in 2010, down from 69.6% in 1970. The city's demography is shifting rapidly: New Haven has always been a city of immigrants and currently the Latino population is growing rapidly. Previous influxes among ethnic groups have been African-Americans in the postwar era, and Irish, Italian and (to a lesser degree) Slavic peoples in the prewar period.

Question: How many households are located in New Haven according to the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau report?
Answer: 47,094

Question: What percentage of New Haven's population is comprised by individuals identifying as White?
Answer: 42.6%

Question: What percentage of New Haven's population is comprised by individuals identifying as African American?
Answer: 35.4%

Question: What minority sector of the poulation in New Haven is currently experiencing rapid growth?
Answer: Latino

Question: What is the total population of New Haven as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2010?
Answer: 129,779

Question: In terms of population density, what is the average person per square kilometers in New Haven?
Answer: 2,648.6/km²

Question: In regards to it resident, what is the demographic for Native Americans living in the city? 
Answer: 0.5%

Question: New Haven has a large immigrant population, what seems to be one of the main cause of it throughout the last century?
Answer: postwar

Question: In modern times has the population of White/Caucasian increase or decrease since the 70s?
Answer: down from 69.6% in 1970
Title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

New Haven is a predominantly Roman Catholic city, as the city's Dominican, Irish, Italian, Mexican, Ecuadorian, and Puerto Rican populations are overwhelmingly Catholic. The city is part of the Archdiocese of Hartford. Jews also make up a considerable portion of the population, as do Black Baptists. There is a growing number of (mostly Puerto Rican) Pentecostals as well. There are churches for all major branches of Christianity within the city, multiple store-front churches, ministries (especially in working-class Latino and Black neighborhoods), a mosque, many synagogues (including two yeshivas), and other places of worship; the level of religious diversity in the city is high.

Question: What is the most prominent religion in New Haven?
Answer: Roman Catholic

Question: Under what immediate jurisdiction of the Catholic Church does New Haven fall?
Answer: Archdiocese of Hartford

Question: How many yeshivas are located in New Haven?
Answer: two

Question: With what religious movement do many Puerto Ricans in New Haven associate?
Answer: Pentecostals

Question: In addition to Jews, what other religious community comprises a large share of the non-Catholic population of New Haven?
Answer: Black Baptists

Question: In terms of religious affiliation, what is the most prevalent religion in the city? 
Answer: Roman Catholic

Question: There are several religious group that have seem rise in demographics, one of which is popular among African Americans being?
Answer: Baptists

Question: However Christianity can be found within the city, particularly which neighborhoods?
Answer: working-class