rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: History_of_India

The Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE) was the first empire to unify India into one state, and was the largest on the Indian subcontinent. At its greatest extent, the Mauryan Empire stretched to the north up to the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and to the east into what is now Assam. To the west, it reached beyond modern Pakistan, to the Hindu Kush mountains in what is now Afghanistan. The empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha (in modern Bihar) when he overthrew the Nanda Dynasty. Chandragupta's son Bindusara succeeded to the throne around 297 BC. By the time he died in c. 272 BC, a large part of the subcontinent was under Mauryan suzerainty. However, the region of Kalinga (around modern day Odisha) remained outside Mauryan control, perhaps interfering with their trade with the south.

Question: What was the first empire to unify India?
Answer: Maurya Empire

Question: What was the time span of the Mauryan Empire?
Answer: 322–185 BCE

Question: Who formed the Maurya Empire in Magadha?
Answer: Chandragupta Maurya

Question: What dynasty did Chandragupta Maurya defeat?
Answer: Nanda Dynasty

Question: In what year did Chandraguta's son come to the throne?
Answer: 297 BC
Title: History_of_India

The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary written records of the Mauryan times. Archaeologically, this period falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). The Mauryan Empire was based on a modern and efficient economy and society. However, the sale of merchandise was closely regulated by the government. Although there was no banking in the Mauryan society, usury was customary. A significant amount of written records on slavery are found, suggesting a prevalence thereof. During this period, a high quality steel called Wootz steel was developed in south India and was later exported to China and Arabia.

Question: What are the basic written records of the Mauryans?
Answer: Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka

Question: What is the archaeological period of the Mauryan Empire?
Answer: Northern Black Polished Ware

Question: What metal was developed in south India during the time of the Mauryan Empire?
Answer: Wootz steel

Question: To where was wootz steel exported?
Answer: China and Arabia

Question: What organization closely monitored business dealings in the Mauryan Empire? 
Answer: government
Title: History_of_India

During the Sangam period Tamil literateure flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. During this period the 3 Tamil Dynasties Chera dynasty, Chola dynasty and the Pandyan Dynasty ruled parts of southern India. The Sangam literature deals with the history, politics, wars and culture of the Tamil people of this period. The scholars of the Sangam period rose from among the common people who sought the patronage of the Tamil Kings but who mainly wrote about the common people and their concerns. Unlike Sanskrit writers who were mostly Brahmins, Sangam writers came from diverse classes and social backgrounds and were mostly non-Brahmins. They belonged to different faiths and professions like farmers, artisans, merchants, monks, priests and even princes and quite few of them were even women.

Question: During what period did Tamil literature thrive?
Answer: Sangam period

Question: How many Tamil dynasties ruled during the Sangam period?
Answer: 3

Question: What was the extent of the Sangam period?
Answer: 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE

Question: In what part of India did the Tamil dynasties rule?
Answer: southern India

Question: How were Tamil writers different from earlier Sanskrit writers?
Answer: non-Brahmins
Title: History_of_India

The Śātavāhana Empire was a royal Indian dynasty based from Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of India from 230 BCE onward. Sātavāhanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, but declared independence with its decline. They are known for their patronage of Hinduism and Buddhism which resulted in Buddhist monuments from Ellora (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) to Amaravati. The Sātavāhanas were one of the first Indian states to issue coins struck with their rulers embossed. They formed a cultural bridge and played a vital role in trade as well as the transfer of ideas and culture to and from the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the southern tip of India. They had to compete with the Shunga Empire and then the Kanva dynasty of Magadha to establish their rule. Later, they played a crucial role to protect a huge part of India against foreign invaders like the Sakas, Yavanas and Pahlavas. In particular their struggles with the Western Kshatrapas went on for a long time. The notable rulers of the Satavahana Dynasty Gautamiputra Satakarni and Sri Yajna Sātakarni were able to defeat the foreign invaders like the Western Kshatrapas and to stop their expansion. In the 3rd century CE the empire was split into smaller states.

Question: What empire covered most of India from 230 BCE?
Answer: Śātavāhana Empire

Question: Of what were the Satavahanas patrons?
Answer: Hinduism and Buddhism

Question: What did the Satavahanas issue embossed with their king's head?
Answer: coins

Question: When was the Satavahana Empire divided into smaller states?
Answer: 3rd century CE

Question: From what did the Satavahana Empire protect much of India?
Answer: foreign invaders
Title: History_of_India

The Shunga Empire or Shunga Empire was an ancient Indian dynasty from Magadha that controlled vast areas of the Indian subcontinent from around 187 to 78 BCE. The dynasty was established by Pushyamitra Shunga, after the fall of the Maurya Empire. Its capital was Pataliputra, but later emperors such as Bhagabhadra also held court at Besnagar, modern Vidisha in Eastern Malwa. Pushyamitra Shunga ruled for 36 years and was succeeded by his son Agnimitra. There were ten Shunga rulers. The empire is noted for its numerous wars with both foreign and indigenous powers. They fought battles with the Kalingas, Satavahanas, the Indo-Greeks, and possibly the Panchalas and Mathuras. Art, education, philosophy, and other forms of learning flowered during this period including small terracotta images, larger stone sculptures, and architectural monuments such as the Stupa at Bharhut, and the renowned Great Stupa at Sanchi. The Shunga rulers helped to establish the tradition of royal sponsorship of learning and art. The script used by the empire was a variant of Brahmi and was used to write the Sanskrit language. The Shunga Empire played an imperative role in patronizing Indian culture at a time when some of the most important developments in Hindu thought were taking place.

Question: What was the time span of the Shunga Empire?
Answer: 187 to 78 BCE

Question: Who founded the Shuga empire after the fall of the Maurya empire?
Answer: Pushyamitra Shunga

Question: How long did Pushyamitra Shunga rule?
Answer: 36 years

Question: What script variant was used to write the Sanskrit language?
Answer: Brahmi

Question: What tradition did Shunga rulers help begin?
Answer: sponsorship of learning and art
Title: History_of_India

During the reign of Khārabēḷa, the Chedi dynasty of Kaḷinga ascended to eminence and restored the lost power and glory of Kaḷinga, which had been subdued since the devastating war with Ashoka. Kaḷingan military might was reinstated by Khārabēḷa: under Khārabēḷa's generalship, the Kaḷinga state had a formidable maritime reach with trade routes linking it to the then-Simhala (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Vietnam, Kamboja (Cambodia), Malaysia, Borneo, Bali, Samudra (Sumatra) and Jabadwipa (Java). Khārabēḷa led many successful campaigns against the states of Magadha, Anga, Satavahanas till the southern most regions of Pandyan Empire (modern Tamil Nadu).

Question: What Kalingan ruler brought the Chedi dynasty back into power?
Answer: Khārabēḷa

Question: What power had previously defeated the Kalingans? 
Answer: Ashoka

Question: In what arena was Kalinga a formidable power?
Answer: maritime

Question: What maritime advantage did the Kalingans have?
Answer: trade routes

Question: What militaristic leader restored might to the Kalinga empire?
Answer: Khārabēḷa
Title: History_of_India

The Kushan Empire expanded out of what is now Afghanistan into the northwest of the subcontinent under the leadership of their first emperor, Kujula Kadphises, about the middle of the 1st century CE. They came of an Indo-European language speaking Central Asian tribe called the Yuezhi, a branch of which was known as the Kushans. By the time of his grandson, Kanishka, they had conquered most of northern India, at least as far as Saketa and Pataliputra, in the middle Ganges Valley, and probably as far as the Bay of Bengal.

Question: From what area did the Kushan Empire come?
Answer: Afghanistan

Question: Who was the first ruler of the Kushan empire?
Answer: Kujula Kadphises

Question: In the middle o what century did the Kushan empire begin?
Answer: 1st century CE

Question: What was the language base of the Kushans?
Answer: Indo-European

Question: What had the Kushans conquered much of by the time of Kanishka
Answer: northern India
Title: History_of_India

Classical India refers to the period when much of the Indian subcontinent was reunited under the Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 CE). This period has been called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive achievements in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture. The Hindu-Arabic numerals, a positional numeral system, originated in India and was later transmitted to the West through the Arabs. Early Hindu numerals had only nine symbols, until 600 to 800 CE, when a symbol for zero was developed for the numeral system. The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors in India.

Question: By what is India under the Gupta Empire referered?
Answer: Classical India

Question: What was the time span of the Gupta Empire?
Answer: c. 320–550 CE

Question: What is the period of the Gupta Empire called?
Answer: Golden Age of India

Question: What philosophy  formed at the time of the Gupta Empire?
Answer: Hindu culture

Question: What numeral system originated in India?
Answer: Hindu-Arabic
Title: History_of_India

The high points of this cultural creativity are magnificent architecture, sculpture, and painting. The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma, and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields. The Gupta period marked a watershed of Indian culture: the Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule, but they also patronized Buddhism, which continued to provide an alternative to Brahmanical orthodoxy. The military exploits of the first three rulers – Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II - brought much of India under their leadership. Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era. Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established it as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, Maritime Southeast Asia, and Indochina. For these reasons, historian Dr.Barnett remarked:

Question: What did the Guptas promote in their reigns?
Answer: Indian culture

Question: Besides the Vedic practices, what other religion did the Guptas patronize?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: What Guptas brought much of India under Gupta rule?
Answer: first three rulers

Question: What business activity made the Gupta Empire prominent in India?
Answer: Strong trade ties

Question: What did the Gupta Empires trade ties influence?
Answer: nearby kingdoms
Title: History_of_India

Kadamba (345 – 525 CE) was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka, India that ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in present-day Uttara Kannada district. At the peak of their power under King Kakushtavarma, the Kadambas of Banavasi ruled large parts of modern Karnataka state. The dynasty was founded by Mayurasharma in 345 CE which at later times showed the potential of developing into imperial proportions, an indication to which is provided by the titles and epithets assumed by its rulers. King Mayurasharma defeated the armies of Pallavas of Kanchi possibly with help of some native tribes. The Kadamba fame reached its peak during the rule of Kakusthavarma, a notable ruler with whom even the kings of Gupta Dynasty of northern India cultivated marital alliances. The Kadambas were contemporaries of the Western Ganga Dynasty and together they formed the earliest native kingdoms to rule the land with absolute autonomy. The dynasty later continued to rule as a feudatory of larger Kannada empires, the Chalukya and the Rashtrakuta empires, for over five hundred years during which time they branched into minor dynasties known as the Kadambas of Goa, Kadambas of Halasi and Kadambas of Hangal.

Question: During what time did Kadamba rule northern Karnataka?
Answer: 345 – 525 CE

Question: Where did the Kadamba dynasty originate?
Answer: Karnataka, India

Question: What ruler ruled at the peak of Kadamba power?
Answer: King Kakushtavarma

Question: Who founded the Kamdamba dynasty?
Answer: Mayurasharma

Question: What dynasty made military alliances with the Kamdamba?
Answer: Gupta Dynasty
Title: History_of_India

The Hephthalites (or Ephthalites), also known as the White Huns, were a nomadic confederation in Central Asia during the late antiquity period. The White Huns established themselves in modern-day Afghanistan by the first half of the 5th century. Led by the Hun military leader Toramana, they overran the northern region of Pakistan and North India. Toramana's son Mihirakula, a Saivite Hindu, moved up to near Pataliputra to the east and Gwalior to the central India. Hiuen Tsiang narrates Mihirakula's merciless persecution of Buddhists and destruction of monasteries, though the description is disputed as far as the authenticity is concerned. The Huns were defeated by the Indian kings Yasodharman of Malwa and Narasimhagupta in the 6th century. Some of them were driven out of India and others were assimilated in the Indian society.

Question: What type of trib were the Hephthalites?
Answer: nomadic confederation

Question: Where did the White Huns roam?
Answer: Central Asia

Question: In what country did the White Huns settle?
Answer: Afghanistan

Question: What lands did the White Huns take in the 5th century? 
Answer: Pakistan and North India
Title: History_of_India

After the downfall of the prior Gupta Empire in the middle of the 6th century, North India reverted to small republics and small monarchical states ruled by Gupta rulers. Harsha was a convert to Buddhism. He united the small republics from Punjab to central India, and their representatives crowned Harsha king at an assembly in April 606 giving him the title of Maharaja when he was merely 16 years old. Harsha belonged to Kanojia. He brought all of northern India under his control. The peace and prosperity that prevailed made his court a center of cosmopolitanism, attracting scholars, artists and religious visitors from far and wide. The Chinese traveler Xuan Zang visited the court of Harsha and wrote a very favorable account of him, praising his justice and generosity.

Question: In which century did the Gupta Empire fall?
Answer: middle of the 6th century

Question: To what type of states did the former Gupta Empire revert?
Answer: small

Question: After uniting the area, what title was Harsha given?
Answer: Maharaja

Question: When was Harsha crowned by the states he united?
Answer: April 606

Question: To what religion had Harsha been converted?
Answer: Buddhism
Title: History_of_India

From the fifth century to the thirteenth, Śrauta sacrifices declined, and initiatory traditions of Buddhism, Jainism or more commonly Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism expanded in royal courts. This period produced some of India's finest art, considered the epitome of classical development, and the development of the main spiritual and philosophical systems which continued to be in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Emperor Harsha of Kannauj succeeded in reuniting northern India during his reign in the 7th century, after the collapse of the Gupta dynasty. His empire collapsed after his death.

Question: What declined from the 5th to the 13th centuries
Answer: Śrauta sacrifices

Question: What philosophical traditions developed during the period of the 5th to the 13th centuries?
Answer: Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism

Question: In what century was Harsha's rule? 
Answer: 7th century

Question: What happened to Harsha's empire after his death?
Answer: collapsed

Question: What area did Harsha unite during his reign?
Answer: northern India
Title: History_of_India

Ronald Inden writes that by the 8th century CE symbols of Hindu gods "replaced the Buddha at the imperial centre and pinnacle of the cosmo-political system, the image or symbol of the Hindu god comes to be housed in a monumental temple and given increasingly elaborate imperial-style puja worship". Although Buddhism did not disappear from India for several centuries after the eighth, royal proclivities for the cults of Vishnu and Shiva weakened Buddhism's position within the sociopolitical context and helped make possible its decline.

Question: What cults weakened Buddhism in India?
Answer: Vishnu and Shiva

Question: What replaced Buddha in ruling centers?
Answer: Hindu gods

Question: What kind of temples were built for Hindu Gods?
Answer: monumental

Question: What was the style of worship of Hindu Gods?
Answer: elaborate

Question: By what dentury did Buddhism disappear form much of India?
Answer: eighth
Title: History_of_India

From the 8th to the 10th century, three dynasties contested for control of northern India: the Gurjara Pratiharas of Malwa, the Palas of Bengal, and the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan. The Sena dynasty would later assume control of the Pala Empire, and the Gurjara Pratiharas fragmented into various states. These were the first of the Rajput states. The first recorded Rajput kingdoms emerged in Rajasthan in the 6th century, and small Rajput dynasties later ruled much of northern India. One Gurjar Rajput of the Chauhan clan, Prithvi Raj Chauhan, was known for bloody conflicts against the advancing Turkic sultanates. The Chola empire emerged as a major power during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I who successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka in the 11th century. Lalitaditya Muktapida (r. 724 CE–760 CE) was an emperor of the Kashmiri Karkoṭa dynasty, which exercised influence in northwestern India from 625 CE until 1003, and was followed by Lohara dynasty. He is known primarily for his successful battles against the Muslim and Tibetan advances into Kashmiri-dominated regions. Kalhana in his Rajatarangini credits king Lalitaditya with leading an aggressive military campaign in Northern India and Central Asia. He broke into the Uttarapatha and defeated the rebellious tribes of the Kambojas, Tukharas (Turks in Turkmenistan and Tocharians in Badakhshan), Bhautas (Tibetans in Baltistan and Tibet) and Daradas (Dards). His campaign then led him to subjugate the kingdoms of Pragjyotisha, Strirajya and the Uttarakurus. The Shahi dynasty ruled portions of eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and Kashmir from the mid-7th century to the early 11th century.

Question: How many dynasties fought for control from the 8th to the 10th century?
Answer: three

Question: When did the first Rajput kingdoms emerge in India?
Answer: 6th century

Question: What Rajput ruler was known for his conflicts with the Turkic sultanates?
Answer: Prithvi Raj Chauhan

Question: In what century did the Chola Empire emerge?
Answer: 11th century

Question: Who was emperor of the Kashmiri  Karkota dynasty?
Answer: Lalitaditya Muktapida
Title: History_of_India

The Chalukya Empire (Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು [tʃaːɭukjə]) was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty, known as the "Badami Chalukyas", ruled from Vatapi (modern Badami) from the middle of the 6th century. The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the Kadamba kingdom of Banavasi and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of Pulakeshin II. The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of South India and a golden age in the history of Karnataka. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas. A Southern India-based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the Kaveri and the Narmada rivers. The rise of this empire saw the birth of efficient administration, overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called "Chalukyan architecture". The Chalukya dynasty ruled parts of southern and central India from Badami in Karnataka between 550 and 750, and then again from Kalyani between 970 and 1190.

Question: When did the Chalukya Empire rule?
Answer: 6th and the 12th centuries

Question: What portion of India did the Chalukya Empire rule?
Answer: southern and central

Question: What style of architecture developed during the Chaluka reigns? 
Answer: Chalukyan architecture

Question: When did the Chalukyans rule from Badami?
Answer: 550 and 750

Question: When was the second reign of Chalukyans?
Answer: 970 and 1190
Title: History_of_India

Founded by Dantidurga around 753, the Rashtrakuta Empire ruled from its capital at Manyakheta for almost two centuries. At its peak, the Rashtrakutas ruled from the Ganges River and Yamuna River doab in the north to Cape Comorin in the south, a fruitful time of political expansion, architectural achievements and famous literary contributions.[citation needed] The early kings of this dynasty were Hindu but the later kings were strongly influenced by Jainism. Govinda III and Amoghavarsha were the most famous of the long line of able administrators produced by the dynasty. Amoghavarsha, who ruled for 64 years, was also an author and wrote Kavirajamarga, the earliest known Kannada work on poetics. Architecture reached a milestone in the Dravidian style, the finest example of which is seen in the Kailasanath Temple at Ellora. Other important contributions are the sculptures of Elephanta Caves in modern Maharashtra as well as the Kashivishvanatha temple and the Jain Narayana temple at Pattadakal in modern Karnataka, all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Arab traveler Suleiman described the Rashtrakuta Empire as one of the four great Empires of the world. The Rashtrakuta period marked the beginning of the golden age of southern Indian mathematics. The great south Indian mathematician Mahāvīra (mathematician) lived in the Rashtrakuta Empire and his text had a huge impact on the medieval south Indian mathematicians who lived after him. The Rashtrakuta rulers also patronised men of letters, who wrote in a variety of languages from Sanskrit to the Apabhraṃśas.

Question: When was the Rastrakuta Empire started?
Answer: 753

Question: In what location was the capital of the Rashtrakuta Empire?
Answer: Manyakheta

Question: What was the faith of the early rulers of the Rastrakuta Empire?
Answer: Hindu

Question: By what were the later kings of the Rastrakuta Empire influenced?
Answer: Jainism

Question: What Rastrakuta king ruler for 64 years?
Answer: Amoghavarsha