rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Unsure of his future, he first contemplated returning to London to complete his studies, but decided to return to Boston as a teacher. His father helped him set up his private practice by contacting Gardiner Greene Hubbard, the president of the Clarke School for the Deaf for a recommendation. Teaching his father's system, in October 1872, Alexander Bell opened his "School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech" in Boston, which attracted a large number of deaf pupils, with his first class numbering 30 students. While he was working as a private tutor, one of his most famous pupils was Helen Keller, who came to him as a young child unable to see, hear, or speak. She was later to say that Bell dedicated his life to the penetration of that "inhuman silence which separates and estranges." In 1893, Keller performed the sod-breaking ceremony for the construction of the new Bell's new Volta Bureau, dedicated to "the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf".

Question: What city did Bell decide to return to?
Answer: Boston

Question: In what year did Bell open his own school?
Answer: 1872

Question: How many people were in Bell's first class?
Answer: 30

Question: Which of Bell's students is the most well known?
Answer: Helen Keller
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Several influential people of the time, including Bell, viewed deafness as something that should be eradicated, and also believed that with resources and effort they could teach the deaf to speak and avoid the use of sign language, thus enabling their integration within the wider society from which many were often being excluded. In several schools, children were mistreated, for example by having their hands tied behind their backs so they could not communicate by signing—the only language they knew—in an attempt to force them to attempt oral communication. Owing to his efforts to suppress the teaching of sign language, Bell is often viewed negatively by those embracing Deaf culture.

Question: Bell's goal was to instruct the deaf to speak and not use what?
Answer: sign language

Question: What would happen so some children's hands in schools?
Answer: tied behind their backs

Question: In what light to many pro-deaf people see Bell?
Answer: negative

Question: What was the only language many deaf people had?
Answer: signing
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

In the following year, Bell became professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory. During this period, he alternated between Boston and Brantford, spending summers in his Canadian home. At Boston University, Bell was "swept up" by the excitement engendered by the many scientists and inventors residing in the city. He continued his research in sound and endeavored to find a way to transmit musical notes and articulate speech, but although absorbed by his experiments, he found it difficult to devote enough time to experimentation. While days and evenings were occupied by his teaching and private classes, Bell began to stay awake late into the night, running experiment after experiment in rented facilities at his boarding house. Keeping "night owl" hours, he worried that his work would be discovered and took great pains to lock up his notebooks and laboratory equipment. Bell had a specially made table where he could place his notes and equipment inside a locking cover. Worse still, his health deteriorated as he suffered severe headaches. Returning to Boston in fall 1873, Bell made a fateful decision to concentrate on his experiments in sound.

Question: With what school did Bell get his next teaching job?
Answer: Boston University School of Oratory.

Question: What was Bell's discipline?
Answer: Vocal Physiology and Elocution

Question: What did Bell do late at night?
Answer: experiments

Question: What health condition did Bell start to have?
Answer: headaches

Question: In what year did Bell start to focus on research into sound?
Answer: 1873
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Deciding to give up his lucrative private Boston practice, Bell retained only two students, six-year-old "Georgie" Sanders, deaf from birth, and 15-year-old Mabel Hubbard. Each pupil would play an important role in the next developments. George's father, Thomas Sanders, a wealthy businessman, offered Bell a place to stay in nearby Salem with Georgie's grandmother, complete with a room to "experiment". Although the offer was made by George's mother and followed the year-long arrangement in 1872 where her son and his nurse had moved to quarters next to Bell's boarding house, it was clear that Mr. Sanders was backing the proposal. The arrangement was for teacher and student to continue their work together, with free room and board thrown in. Mabel was a bright, attractive girl who was ten years Bell's junior, but became the object of his affection. Having lost her hearing after a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever close to her fifth birthday,[N 13] she had learned to read lips but her father, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell's benefactor and personal friend, wanted her to work directly with her teacher.

Question: Bell's two remaining students were "Georgie" Sanders and who?
Answer: Mabel Hubbard

Question: What was Georgie's father's name?
Answer: Thomas Sanders

Question: What disease made Mabel deaf?
Answer: scarlet fever

Question: How old was Mabel when she became deaf?
Answer: 15
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

By 1874, Bell's initial work on the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage, with progress made both at his new Boston "laboratory" (a rented facility) and at his family home in Canada a big success.[N 14] While working that summer in Brantford, Bell experimented with a "phonautograph", a pen-like machine that could draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing their vibrations. Bell thought it might be possible to generate undulating electrical currents that corresponded to sound waves. Bell also thought that multiple metal reeds tuned to different frequencies like a harp would be able to convert the undulating currents back into sound. But he had no working model to demonstrate the feasibility of these ideas.

Question: On what material did the phonautograph operate?
Answer: smoked glass

Question: What kind of reed did Bell want to play with?
Answer: metal

Question: What did Bell believe the reeds would turn the signal into?
Answer: sound

Question: What instrument is a phonautograph similar to?
Answer: pen

Question: In what year was Bell really working on his telegraph?
Answer: 1874
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

In 1874, telegraph message traffic was rapidly expanding and in the words of Western Union President William Orton, had become "the nervous system of commerce". Orton had contracted with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on each telegraph line to avoid the great cost of constructing new lines. When Bell mentioned to Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders that he was working on a method of sending multiple tones on a telegraph wire using a multi-reed device, the two wealthy patrons began to financially support Bell's experiments. Patent matters would be handled by Hubbard's patent attorney, Anthony Pollok.

Question: What business was William Orton in charge of?
Answer: Western Union

Question: In 1874 the telegraph was known as the what of commerce?
Answer: nervous system

Question: What was the primary motivation for not building new telegraph lines?
Answer: cost

Question: Thomas Edison and what other scientist were already asked to work on a better telegraph?
Answer: Elisha Gray
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

In March 1875, Bell and Pollok visited the famous scientist Joseph Henry, who was then director of the Smithsonian Institution, and asked Henry's advice on the electrical multi-reed apparatus that Bell hoped would transmit the human voice by telegraph. Henry replied that Bell had "the germ of a great invention". When Bell said that he did not have the necessary knowledge, Henry replied, "Get it!" That declaration greatly encouraged Bell to keep trying, even though he did not have the equipment needed to continue his experiments, nor the ability to create a working model of his ideas. However, a chance meeting in 1874 between Bell and Thomas A. Watson, an experienced electrical designer and mechanic at the electrical machine shop of Charles Williams, changed all that.

Question: Who did Bell go to see in 1875?
Answer: Joseph Henry

Question: Who ran the Smithsonian in 1875?
Answer: Joseph Henry

Question: What was Henry's reply to Bell's statement that he lacked information to complete his telegraph?
Answer: Get it!

Question: Who did Bell meet in 1874?
Answer: Thomas A. Watson

Question: What kind of business did Watson work at?
Answer: electrical machine
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

With financial support from Sanders and Hubbard, Bell hired Thomas Watson as his assistant,[N 15] and the two of them experimented with acoustic telegraphy. On June 2, 1875, Watson accidentally plucked one of the reeds and Bell, at the receiving end of the wire, heard the overtones of the reed; overtones that would be necessary for transmitting speech. That demonstrated to Bell that only one reed or armature was necessary, not multiple reeds. This led to the "gallows" sound-powered telephone, which could transmit indistinct, voice-like sounds, but not clear speech.

Question: Who did Bell take on to work with him?
Answer: Thomas Watson

Question: What month and day did Watson and Bell have a breakthrough?
Answer: June 2

Question: How many reeds did Bell conclude he needed?
Answer: 1

Question: What name was given to the telephone that sort of worked?
Answer: gallows

Question: Who gave money to Bell and Watson?
Answer: Sanders and Hubbard
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

In 1875, Bell developed an acoustic telegraph and drew up a patent application for it. Since he had agreed to share U.S. profits with his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, Bell requested that an associate in Ontario, George Brown, attempt to patent it in Britain, instructing his lawyers to apply for a patent in the U.S. only after they received word from Britain (Britain would issue patents only for discoveries not previously patented elsewhere).

Question: What did Bell promise to split with his financers?
Answer: U.S. profits

Question: In what country other than the U.S. did Bell try to patent his telegraph?
Answer: Britain

Question: Which country did Bell first try to get a patent?
Answer: Britain

Question: Who did Bell ask to get a patent in Britain?
Answer: George Brown

Question: What kind of telegraph did Bell create?
Answer: acoustic
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Meanwhile, Elisha Gray was also experimenting with acoustic telegraphy and thought of a way to transmit speech using a water transmitter. On February 14, 1876, Gray filed a caveat with the U.S. Patent Office for a telephone design that used a water transmitter. That same morning, Bell's lawyer filed Bell's application with the patent office. There is considerable debate about who arrived first and Gray later challenged the primacy of Bell's patent. Bell was in Boston on February 14 and did not arrive in Washington until February 26.

Question: What material did Elisha Gray use to convey sound?
Answer: water

Question: On what date did Gray and Bell both put in for a patent?
Answer: February 14, 1876

Question: On what day did Bell get to Washington?
Answer: February 26

Question: What office in Washington did Bell and Gray visit?
Answer: U.S. Patent Office

Question: What sort of machine did Bell and Gray both try to patent at the same time?
Answer: telephone
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Bell's patent 174,465, was issued to Bell on March 7, 1876, by the U.S. Patent Office. Bell's patent covered "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound" [N 16] Bell returned to Boston the same day and the next day resumed work, drawing in his notebook a diagram similar to that in Gray's patent caveat.

Question: What number is Bell's patent?
Answer: 174,465

Question: On what date did Bell get his patent?
Answer: March 7, 1876

Question: Bell's patent was for the method and what for transmitting vocal and other sounds telegraphically?
Answer: apparatus

Question: On what day did Bell go back to Boston?
Answer: March 7, 1876

Question: Bell sketched a design that looked like the work of who?
Answer: Gray
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

On March 10, 1876, three days after his patent was issued, Bell succeeded in getting his telephone to work, using a liquid transmitter similar to Gray's design. Vibration of the diaphragm caused a needle to vibrate in the water, varying the electrical resistance in the circuit. When Bell spoke the famous sentence "Mr. Watson—Come here—I want to see you" into the liquid transmitter, Watson, listening at the receiving end in an adjoining room, heard the words clearly.

Question: What kind of transmitter did Bell put in his telephone?
Answer: liquid

Question: How did Bell refer to his partner in his well known line?
Answer: Mr. Watson

Question: What did the vibrations cause to change?
Answer: electrical resistance
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Although Bell was, and still is, accused of stealing the telephone from Gray, Bell used Gray's water transmitter design only after Bell's patent had been granted, and only as a proof of concept scientific experiment, to prove to his own satisfaction that intelligible "articulate speech" (Bell's words) could be electrically transmitted. After March 1876, Bell focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone and never used Gray's liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use.

Question: Bell implemented Gray's design as a what?
Answer: proof of concept

Question: Bell stopped using the liquid-based method after what month?
Answer: March

Question: Bell used his own design in all public demonstrations and what?
Answer: commercial use
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

The question of priority for the variable resistance feature of the telephone was raised by the examiner before he approved Bell's patent application. He told Bell that his claim for the variable resistance feature was also described in Gray's caveat. Bell pointed to a variable resistance device in Bell's previous application in which Bell described a cup of mercury, not water. Bell had filed the mercury application at the patent office a year earlier on February 25, 1875, long before Elisha Gray described the water device. In addition, Gray abandoned his caveat, and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had reinvented the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to write down the idea and the first to test it in a telephone.

Question: What part of the telephone was investigated by the patent officer?
Answer: variable resistance

Question: When did Bell put in his prior patent?
Answer: February 25, 1875

Question: What liquid did Bell use in his first application?
Answer: mercury
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

The patent examiner, Zenas Fisk Wilber, later stated in an affidavit that he was an alcoholic who was much in debt to Bell's lawyer, Marcellus Bailey, with whom he had served in the Civil War. He claimed he showed Gray's patent caveat to Bailey. Wilber also claimed (after Bell arrived in Washington D.C. from Boston) that he showed Gray's caveat to Bell and that Bell paid him $100. Bell claimed they discussed the patent only in general terms, although in a letter to Gray, Bell admitted that he learned some of the technical details. Bell denied in an affidavit that he ever gave Wilber any money.

Question: Who declared himself an alcoholic?
Answer: Zenas Fisk Wilber

Question: In what war did Wilber and Bailey fight together?
Answer: Civil War

Question: How much did Wilber say Bell gave him in order to look at Gray's paperwork?
Answer: $100

Question: What did Bell only admit to knowing in a letter?
Answer: technical details
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Continuing his experiments in Brantford, Bell brought home a working model of his telephone. On August 3, 1876, from the telegraph office in Mount Pleasant five miles (eight km) away from Brantford, Bell sent a tentative telegram indicating that he was ready. With curious onlookers packed into the office as witnesses, faint voices were heard replying. The following night, he amazed guests as well as his family when a message was received at the Bell home from Brantford, four miles (six km) distant, along an improvised wire strung up along telegraph lines and fences, and laid through a tunnel. This time, guests at the household distinctly heard people in Brantford reading and singing. These experiments clearly proved that the telephone could work over long distances.

Question: From what city did Bell send his first message?
Answer: Mount Pleasant

Question: Bell sent messages over wires hooked onto telegraph lines and what?
Answer: fences

Question: What did the group at the Bells house hear other people doing?
Answer: reading and singing
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company no longer wanted to sell the patent. Bell's investors would become millionaires, while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.

Question: How much did Bell et al. try to sell his patent for?
Answer: $100,000

Question: Who did Bell et al. try to sell his patent to?
Answer: Western Union

Question: What did the President think the telephone was, such that he refused to buy the patent?
Answer: a toy

Question: How much the the President of Western Union want to pay for the patent later on?
Answer: $25 million
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Bell began a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce the new invention to the scientific community as well as the general public. A short time later, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention. Influential visitors to the exhibition included Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. Later Bell had the opportunity to demonstrate the invention personally to Sir William Thomson (later, Lord Kelvin), a renowned Scottish scientist, as well as to Queen Victoria, who had requested a private audience at Osborne House, her Isle of Wight home. She called the demonstration "most extraordinary". The enthusiasm surrounding Bell's public displays laid the groundwork for universal acceptance of the revolutionary device.

Question: In what city was the 1876 Centennial Exposition?
Answer: Philadelphia

Question: What important person saw the telephone at the Centennial Exposition?
Answer: Emperor Pedro II

Question: Pedro II was the Emperor of what Country?
Answer: Brazil

Question: Which Queen did Bell present his invention to?
Answer: Victoria
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877, and by 1886, more than 150,000 people in the U.S. owned telephones. Bell Company engineers made numerous other improvements to the telephone, which emerged as one of the most successful products ever. In 1879, the Bell company acquired Edison's patents for the carbon microphone from Western Union. This made the telephone practical for longer distances, and it was no longer necessary to shout to be heard at the receiving telephone.

Question: In what year was the Bell Telephone Company founded?
Answer: 1877

Question: How many people in the United States had a telephone by 1886?
Answer: 150,000

Question: In what year did Bell get some of Edison's patents?
Answer: 1879

Question: What addition let people stop yelling into the telephone?
Answer: carbon microphone

Question: What company did Bell acquire the carbon microphone from?
Answer: Western Union
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

In January 1915, Bell made the first ceremonial transcontinental telephone call. Calling from the AT&T head office at 15 Dey Street in New York City, Bell was heard by Thomas Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco. The New York Times reported:

Question: In what month and year did Bell telephone across the country?
Answer: January 1915

Question: What company office did Bell make the original cross country phone call from?
Answer: AT&T

Question: What city did Bell make the first cross country call from?
Answer: New York

Question: What city did Bell make the first cross country call to?
Answer: San Francisco

Question: Who was on the other end of the first cross country phone call?
Answer: Thomas Watson
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

As is sometimes common in scientific discoveries, simultaneous developments can occur, as evidenced by a number of inventors who were at work on the telephone. Over a period of 18 years, the Bell Telephone Company faced 587 court challenges to its patents, including five that went to the U.S. Supreme Court, but none was successful in establishing priority over the original Bell patent and the Bell Telephone Company never lost a case that had proceeded to a final trial stage. Bell's laboratory notes and family letters were the key to establishing a long lineage to his experiments. The Bell company lawyers successfully fought off myriad lawsuits generated initially around the challenges by Elisha Gray and Amos Dolbear. In personal correspondence to Bell, both Gray and Dolbear had acknowledged his prior work, which considerably weakened their later claims.

Question: During how many years did the Bell Company battle lawsuits?
Answer: 18

Question: How many times were Bell's patents contested?
Answer: 587

Question: How many of the court cases wound up at the Supreme Court?
Answer: 5

Question: Elisha Gray and what other man were behind many of the court cases?
Answer: Amos Dolbear
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

On January 13, 1887, the U,S. Government moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. After a series of decisions and reversals, the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court, though a couple of the original claims from the lower court cases were left undecided. By the time that the trial wound its way through nine years of legal battles, the U.S. prosecuting attorney had died and the two Bell patents (No. 174,465 dated March 7, 1876 and No. 186,787 dated January 30, 1877) were no longer in effect, although the presiding judges agreed to continue the proceedings due to the case's importance as a "precedent". With a change in administration and charges of conflict of interest (on both sides) arising from the original trial, the US Attorney General dropped the lawsuit on November 30, 1897 leaving several issues undecided on the merits.

Question: In 1887 the US Government wanted to undo Bell's patent due to fraud and what?
Answer: misrepresentation

Question: The US Government lost the bid to overturn Bell's patent in what court?
Answer: Supreme Court

Question: How many years did Bell and the US Government fight in court?
Answer: 9

Question: What excuse did the judges have for the trial despite the fact that the patents had expired?
Answer: precedent

Question: On what date did the US Government stop legal action?
Answer: November 30, 1897