rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

An earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird, titled Go Set a Watchman, was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in To Kill a Mockingbird but is not a continuation of the narrative. This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York to visit her father, Atticus Finch, in Maycomb, Alabama, where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community. The Watchman manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it; although this claim has been widely disputed. Watchman contains early versions of many of the characters from To Kill a Mockingbird. According to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg, Mockingbird was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy: "They discussed publishing Mockingbird first, Watchman last, and a shorter connecting novel between the two." This assertion has been discredited however by the rare books expert James S. Jaffe, who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee's attorney and found them to be only another draft of "To Kill a Mockingbird". The statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler's description of how "Watchman" was seen as just the first draft of "Mockingbird". Instances where many passages overlap between the two books, in some case word for word, also refutes this assertion.

Question: When was Go Set a Watchman introduced to the public?
Answer: July 14, 2015

Question: Go Set a Watchman was finished in what year?
Answer: 1957

Question: How many years after To Kill a Mockingbird is the setting of Go Set A Watchman?
Answer: 20

Question: Who was Harper Lee's lawyer?
Answer: Tonja Carter

Question: What is the earlier draft of the book titled?
Answer: Go Set a Watchman

Question: What year was Watchman completed?
Answer: 1957

Question: How many years after Mockingbird was Watchman set?
Answer: 20
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator's father, Atticus Finch, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. One critic explains the novel's impact by writing, "In the twentieth century, To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its protagonist, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism."

Question: What two serious moral issues are dealt with in the novel?
Answer: rape and racial inequality

Question: Who is the protagonist of the novel?
Answer: Atticus Finch
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

The strongest element of style noted by critics and reviewers is Lee's talent for narration, which in an early review in Time was called "tactile brilliance". Writing a decade later, another scholar noted, "Harper Lee has a remarkable gift of story-telling. Her art is visual, and with cinematographic fluidity and subtlety we see a scene melting into another scene without jolts of transition." Lee combines the narrator's voice of a child observing her surroundings with a grown woman's reflecting on her childhood, using the ambiguity of this voice combined with the narrative technique of flashback to play intricately with perspectives. This narrative method allows Lee to tell a "delightfully deceptive" story that mixes the simplicity of childhood observation with adult situations complicated by hidden motivations and unquestioned tradition. However, at times the blending causes reviewers to question Scout's preternatural vocabulary and depth of understanding. Both Harding LeMay and the novelist and literary critic Granville Hicks expressed doubt that children as sheltered as Scout and Jem could understand the complexities and horrors involved in the trial for Tom Robinson's life.

Question: What is Lee's strongest style of writing?
Answer: narration

Question: What narrative technique does Lee use to combine the adult's perspective with the child's observations??
Answer: flashback
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

Harper Lee has remained famously detached from interpreting the novel since the mid-1960s. However, she gave some insight into her themes when, in a rare letter to the editor, she wrote in response to the passionate reaction her book caused: "Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that To Kill a Mockingbird spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct, Christian in its ethic, that is the heritage of all Southerners."

Question: According to Lee, her book simply expressed a Christian code of honor and conduct inherit to whom?
Answer: all Southerners
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

When the book was released, reviewers noted that it was divided into two parts, and opinion was mixed about Lee's ability to connect them. The first part of the novel concerns the children's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood. Reviewers were generally charmed by Scout and Jem's observations of their quirky neighbors. One writer was so impressed by Lee's detailed explanations of the people of Maycomb that he categorized the book as Southern romantic regionalism. This sentimentalism can be seen in Lee's representation of the Southern caste system to explain almost every character's behavior in the novel. Scout's Aunt Alexandra attributes Maycomb's inhabitants' faults and advantages to genealogy (families that have gambling streaks and drinking streaks), and the narrator sets the action and characters amid a finely detailed background of the Finch family history and the history of Maycomb. This regionalist theme is further reflected in Mayella Ewell's apparent powerlessness to admit her advances toward Tom Robinson, and Scout's definition of "fine folks" being people with good sense who do the best they can with what they have. The South itself, with its traditions and taboos, seems to drive the plot more than the characters.

Question: Besides the children's fascination with Boo, the first part of the book was concerned about their feelings for what?
Answer: the neighborhood

Question: Lee's detailed explanations of the characters' behaviors caused one writer to catagorize the book as what?
Answer: Southern romantic regionalism

Question: Scout defined people doing the best they could with what they had as who?
Answer: fine folks

Question: What drives the plot of the book more than the characters?
Answer: The South itself
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel. However, scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley: "Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun (as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about his history), Scout comes to see him as a 'mockingbird'—that is, as someone with an inner goodness that must be cherished." The last pages of the book illustrate this as Scout relates the moral of a story Atticus has been reading to her, and in allusions to both Boo Radley and Tom Robinson states about a character who was misunderstood, "when they finally saw him, why he hadn't done any of those things ... Atticus, he was real nice," to which he responds, "Most people are, Scout, when you finally see them."

Question: Who is the main example of an innocent destroyed in the novel?
Answer: Tom Robinson

Question: What  does Scout see symbollically as a mockingbird?
Answer: Boo Radley

Question: According to Atticus, most people are how when you truly view them?
Answer: real nice
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

The novel exposes the loss of innocence so frequently that reviewer R. A. Dave claims that because every character has to face, or even suffer defeat, the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy. In exploring how each character deals with his or her own personal defeat, Lee builds a framework to judge whether the characters are heroes or fools. She guides the reader in such judgments, alternating between unabashed adoration and biting irony. Scout's experience with the Missionary Society is an ironic juxtaposition of women who mock her, gossip, and "reflect a smug, colonialist attitude toward other races" while giving the "appearance of gentility, piety, and morality". Conversely, when Atticus loses Tom's case, he is last to leave the courtroom, except for his children and the black spectators in the colored balcony, who rise silently as he walks underneath them, to honor his efforts.

Question: Reviewer R. A. Dave classified the novel how?
Answer: classical tragedy
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

Initial reactions to the novel were varied. The New Yorker declared it "skilled, unpretentious, and totally ingenious", and The Atlantic Monthly's reviewer rated it as "pleasant, undemanding reading", but found the narrative voice—"a six-year-old girl with the prose style of a well-educated adult"—to be implausible. Time magazine's 1960 review of the book states that it "teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about Southern life" and calls Scout Finch "the most appealing child since Carson McCullers' Frankie got left behind at the wedding". The Chicago Sunday Tribune noted the even-handed approach to the narration of the novel's events, writing: "This is in no way a sociological novel. It underlines no cause ... To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel of strong contemporary national significance."

Question: What newspaper wrote that the novel has strong contemporary national significance?
Answer: The Chicago Sunday Tribune
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

Not all reviewers were enthusiastic. Some lamented the use of poor white Southerners, and one-dimensional black victims, and Granville Hicks labeled the book "melodramatic and contrived". When the book was first released, Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented, "I think for a child's book it does all right. It's interesting that all the folks that are buying it don't know they're reading a child's book. Somebody ought to say what it is." Carson McCullers apparently agreed with the Time magazine review, writing to a cousin: "Well, honey, one thing we know is that she's been poaching on my literary preserves."

Question: Which reviewer called the book melodramatic and contrived?
Answer: Granville Hicks

Question: Which Southern writer deemed it a child's book?
Answer: Flannery O'Connor
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

The 50th anniversary of the novel's release was met with celebrations and reflections on its impact. Eric Zorn of the Chicago Tribune praises Lee's "rich use of language" but writes that the central lesson is that "courage isn't always flashy, isn't always enough, but is always in style". Jane Sullivan in the Sydney Morning Herald agrees, stating that the book "still rouses fresh and horrified indignation" as it examines morality, a topic that has recently become unfashionable. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie writing in The Guardian states that Lee, rare among American novelists, writes with "a fiercely progressive ink, in which there is nothing inevitable about racism and its very foundation is open to question", comparing her to William Faulkner, who wrote about racism as an inevitability. Literary critic Rosemary Goring in Scotland's The Herald notes the connections between Lee and Jane Austen, stating the book's central theme, that "one’s moral convictions are worth fighting for, even at the risk of being reviled" is eloquently discussed.

Question: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie vompared Lee to whom?
Answer: William Faulkner

Question: Rosemary  Goring connected Lee to whom?
Answer: Jane Austen
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

Native Alabamian Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in The Wall Street Journal calling Atticus a "repository of cracker-barrel epigrams" and the novel represents a "sugar-coated myth" of Alabama history. Barra writes, "It's time to stop pretending that To Kill a Mockingbird is some kind of timeless classic that ranks with the great works of American literature. Its bloodless liberal humanism is sadly dated". Thomas Mallon in The New Yorker criticizes Atticus' stiff and self-righteous demeanor, and calls Scout "a kind of highly constructed doll" whose speech and actions are improbable. Although acknowledging that the novel works, Mallon blasts Lee's "wildly unstable" narrative voice for developing a story about a content neighborhood until it begins to impart morals in the courtroom drama, following with his observation that "the book has begun to cherish its own goodness" by the time the case is over.[note 2] Defending the book, Akin Ajayi writes that justice "is often complicated, but must always be founded upon the notion of equality and fairness for all." Ajayi states that the book forces readers to question issues about race, class, and society, but that it was not written to resolve them.

Question: Who criticized Lee in The Wall Street Journal?
Answer: Allen Barra

Question: Who wrote that the book forces readers to question issues without resolving them?
Answer: Akin Ajayi
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

Furthermore, despite the novel's thematic focus on racial injustice, its black characters are not fully examined. In its use of racial epithets, stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks, and Calpurnia, who to some critics is an updated version of the "contented slave" motif and to others simply unexplored, the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters. One writer asserts that the use of Scout's narration serves as a convenient mechanism for readers to be innocent and detached from the racial conflict. Scout's voice "functions as the not-me which allows the rest of us—black and white, male and female—to find our relative position in society". A teaching guide for the novel published by The English Journal cautions, "what seems wonderful or powerful to one group of students may seem degrading to another". A Canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students, but that black students found it "demoralizing". Another criticism, articulated by Michael Lind, is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural "white trash".

Question: Which character has some critics deemed a variation of a contented slave?
Answer: Calpurnia

Question: According to one consultant, which group found the book demoralizing?
Answer: black students

Question: Michael Lund criticized the novel for demonizing whom?
Answer: poor rural "white trash"
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

Diane McWhorter, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign, asserts that To Kill a Mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists, and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality. This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised, which for many children is what the novel does. McWhorter writes of Lee, "for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual—by its very existence an act of protest."[note 4] Author James McBride calls Lee brilliant but stops short of calling her brave: "I think by calling Harper Lee brave you kind of absolve yourself of your own racism ... She certainly set the standards in terms of how these issues need to be discussed, but in many ways I feel ... the moral bar's been lowered. And that's really distressing. We need a thousand Atticus Finches." McBride, however, defends the book's sentimentality, and the way Lee approaches the story with "honesty and integrity".

Question: According to Diane McWhorter, every child in the South had to face what?
Answer: the harsh reality of inequality

Question: McWhorter wrote that the existance of the book was what?
Answer: an act of protest
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

According to a National Geographic article, the novel is so revered in Monroeville that people quote lines from it like Scripture; yet Harper Lee herself refused to attend any performances, because "she abhors anything that trades on the book's fame". To underscore this sentiment, Lee demanded that a book of recipes named Calpurnia's Cookbook not be published and sold out of the Monroe County Heritage Museum. David Lister in The Independent states that Lee's refusal to speak to reporters made them desire to interview her all the more, and her silence "makes Bob Dylan look like a media tart". Despite her discouragement, a rising number of tourists made to Monroeville a destination, hoping to see Lee's inspiration for the book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them "Mockingbird groupies", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic "Hell, no!"

Question: How do the citizens of Monroeville quote lines of the book?
Answer: like Scripture

Question: What do the Monroeville townspeople call tourists to their town?
Answer: Mockingbird groupies
Title: Solar_energy

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.

Question: Where does solar energy come from?
Answer: the Sun

Question: What kind of energy consists of the light and heat provided by the Sun?
Answer: Solar energy

Question: What technologies are used to harness solar energy from the sun?
Answer: solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis

Question: What is solar energy?
Answer: radiant light and heat from the Sun
Title: Solar_energy

The Earth receives 174,000 terawatts (TW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day.

Question: How many terawatts of solar radiation does the Earth receive?
Answer: 174,000

Question: What percentage of solar radiation is reflected back by the atmosphere?
Answer: 30%

Question: The areas that people live in typically receive what range of kWh/m2 per day?
Answer: 3.5 to 7.0

Question: How many terrawatts of radiation does the earth receive?
Answer: 174,000

Question: How much of the solar radiation is reflected back into space?
Answer: Approximately 30%

Question: What are the insolation levels of most populated areas?
Answer: 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day

Question: Where is the solar radiation not reflected back to space absorbed?
Answer: clouds, oceans and land masses
Title: Solar_energy

Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans – which cover about 71% of the globe – and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.

Question: The Earth's oceans cover what percentage of the globe?
Answer: 71

Question: What is the average temperature of the Earth's surface in Celsius?
Answer: 14

Question: What is the process by which green plants convert solar energy to stored energy?
Answer: photosynthesis

Question: How much of the earth is covered by oceans?
Answer: about 71%

Question: What is the cause of atmospheric circulation?
Answer: Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises

Question: How does the water vapor that rises in warm air turn into clouds?
Answer: When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds

Question: What creates wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones?
Answer: The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection

Question: What is the process in which plants convert solar energy into stored energy called?
Answer: photosynthesis
Title: Solar_energy

The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined,

Question: Each year the Earth absorbs how much solar energy in exajoules?
Answer: 3,850,000

Question: In 2002, the Sun provided more energy in one hour than humans used in what span of time?
Answer: one year

Question: How much energy in exajoules does photosynthesis capture each year?
Answer: 3,000

Question: Twice the amount of energy obtainable by all the non-renewable sources  on Earth can be provided by the Sun in what span of time?
Answer: one year

Question: What is the amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth?
Answer: approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year

Question: How much solar energy is captured by photosynthesis?
Answer: approximately 3,000 EJ per year

Question: The amount of solar energy per year is twice as much as the energy that will ever be produced from what resources?
Answer: coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined
Title: Solar_energy

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends, all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the Sun in a direct or indirect way.

Question: Where do the majority of renewable energies derive their energy from?
Answer: the Sun

Question: How are solar technologies defined?
Answer: passive or active

Question: What is one way that characterizes solar technologies as passive or active?
Answer: depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight

Question: Which renewable energies do not acquire their energy from the sun?
Answer: geothermal and tidal

Question: How do renewable energies acquire energy from the sun?
Answer: direct or indirect
Title: Solar_energy

Active solar techniques use photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies.

Question: Are supply side solar technologies generally active or passive?
Answer: Active

Question: Are demand side solar technologies generally active or passive?
Answer: Passive

Question: What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?
Answer: solar thermal collectors

Question: What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?
Answer: designing spaces that naturally circulate air

Question: What does an active solar technique do?
Answer: increase the supply of energy

Question: What does a passive solar technique do?
Answer: reduce the need for alternate resources