rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Four states in the modern era, Nebraska in 2008, New York and Kansas in 2004, and Massachusetts in 1984, had their statutes ruled unconstitutional by state courts. The death rows of New York and Massachusetts were disestablished, and attempts to restore the death penalty were unsuccessful. Kansas successfully appealed State v. Kleypas, the Kansas Supreme Court decision that declared the state's death penalty statute unconstitutional, to the United States Supreme Court. Nebraska's death penalty statute was rendered ineffective on February 8, 2008 when the required method, electrocution, was ruled unconstitutional by the Nebraska Supreme Court. In 2009, Nebraska enacted a bill that changed its method of execution to lethal injection.

Question: In what year was Nebraska's death penalty statute ruled unconstitutional by a state court?
Answer: 2008

Question: What state's court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional in 1984?
Answer: Massachusetts

Question: In what case did the Kansas Supreme Court rule that the death penalty is unconstitutional in Kansas?
Answer: State v. Kleypas

Question: What method of execution did the Nebraska Supreme Court rule unconstitutional?
Answer: electrocution

Question: After electrocution was outlawed, how were Nebraska death row inmates executed?
Answer: lethal injection
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

In the 2010s, American jurisdictions have experienced a shortage of lethal injection drugs, due to anti-death penalty advocacy and low production volume. Hospira, the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental, stopped making the drug in 2011. The European Union has outlawed the export of any product that could be used in an execution; this has prevented executioners from using EU-manufactured anesthetics like propofol which are needed for general medical purposes. Another alternative, pentobarbital, is also only manufactured in the European Union, which has caused the Danish producer to restrict distribution to U.S. government customers.

Question: What death penalty drug ceased to be manufactured in 2011?
Answer: sodium thiopental

Question: Up until 2011, who manufactured sodium thiopental?
Answer: Hospira

Question: What is the nationality of the company that makes pentobarbital?
Answer: Danish

Question: Along with anti-death penalty advocacy, why has there been a shortage in drugs for lethal injections in the United States?
Answer: low production volume

Question: The EU outlawed the export of products that could be used in what activity?
Answer: execution
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

As noted in the introduction to this article, the American public has maintained its position of support for capital punishment for murder. However, when given a choice between the death penalty and life imprisonment without parole, support has traditionally been significantly lower than polling which has only mentioned the death penalty as a punishment. In 2010, for instance, one poll showed 49 percent favoring the death penalty and 46 percent favoring life imprisonment while in another 61% said they preferred another punishment to the death penalty. The highest level of support for the death penalty recorded overall was 80 percent in 1994 (16 percent opposed), and the lowest recorded was 42 percent in 1966 (47 percent opposed). On the question of the death penalty vs. life without parole, the strongest preference for the death penalty was 61 percent in 1997 (29 percent favoring life), and the lowest preference for the death penalty was 47 percent in 2006 (48 percent favoring life).

Question: In what year did the most polled American support capital punishment?
Answer: 1994

Question: What percentage of polled Americans opposed the death penalty in 1966?
Answer: 47

Question: In a 1977 poll, what percentage of respondents preferred life imprisonment to the death penalty?
Answer: 29

Question: In a 2006 poll, what percentage of polled Americans preferred the death penalty to life without parole?
Answer: 47
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Other capital crimes include: the use of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death, espionage, terrorism, certain violations of the Geneva Conventions that result in the death of one or more persons, and treason at the federal level; aggravated rape in Louisiana, Florida, and Oklahoma; extortionate kidnapping in Oklahoma; aggravated kidnapping in Georgia, Idaho, Kentucky and South Carolina; aircraft hijacking in Alabama and Mississippi; assault by an escaping capital felon in Colorado; armed robbery in Georgia; drug trafficking resulting in a person's death in Florida; train wrecking which leads to a person's death, and perjury which leads to a person's death in California, Colorado, Idaho and Nebraska.

Question: What is a notable capital crime in Louisiana?
Answer: aggravated rape

Question: In what state is extortionate kidnapping a capital offense?
Answer: Oklahoma

Question: Along with Alabama, where is hijacking an aircraft a death penalty offense?
Answer: Mississippi

Question: In what state is armed robbery a capital crime?
Answer: Georgia

Question: In what states is perjury leading to death a capital offense?
Answer: California, Colorado, Idaho and Nebraska
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

In a five-to-four decision, the Supreme Court struck down the impositions of the death penalty in each of the consolidated cases as unconstitutional. The five justices in the majority did not produce a common opinion or rationale for their decision, however, and agreed only on a short statement announcing the result. The narrowest opinions, those of Byron White and Potter Stewart, expressed generalized concerns about the inconsistent application of the death penalty across a variety of cases but did not exclude the possibility of a constitutional death penalty law. Stewart and William O. Douglas worried explicitly about racial discrimination in enforcement of the death penalty. Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan, Jr. expressed the opinion that the death penalty was proscribed absolutely by the Eighth Amendment as "cruel and unusual" punishment.

Question: Along with Marshall, who believed that the Eighth Amendment forbade the death penalty?
Answer: William J. Brennan, Jr.

Question: Along with Stewart, what Supreme Court justice was concerned about racial disparity in death penalty enforcement?
Answer: William O. Douglas

Question: Aside from Stewart, what justice believed that the death penalty could be constitutional?
Answer: Byron White
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

In total, 156 prisoners have been either acquitted, or received pardons or commutations on the basis of possible innocence, between 1973 to 2015. Death penalty opponents often argue that this statistic shows how perilously close states have come to undertaking wrongful executions; proponents point out that the statistic refers only to those exonerated in law, and that the truly innocent may be a smaller number. Statistics likely understate the actual problem of wrongful convictions because once an execution has occurred there is often insufficient motivation and finance to keep a case open, and it becomes unlikely at that point that the miscarriage of justice will ever be exposed.

Question: Between 1973 and 2015, how amny prisoners were acquitted or received pardons or commutations of their death sentences due to possible innocence?
Answer: 156
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

The death penalty is sought and applied more often in some jurisdictions, not only between states but within states. A 2004 Cornell University study showed that while 2.5 percent of murderers convicted nationwide were sentenced to the death penalty, in Nevada 6 percent were given the death penalty. Texas gave 2 percent of murderers a death sentence, less than the national average. Texas, however, executed 40 percent of those sentenced, which was about four times higher than the national average. California had executed only 1 percent of those sentenced.

Question: What percentage of murderers in the United States are given a death sentence?
Answer: 2.5

Question: How many murderers in Nevada were given a capital sentence?
Answer: 6

Question: What state notably executes 40% of those given the death penalty?
Answer: Texas

Question: How much higher is the rate of execution in Texas versus the national average?
Answer: four times

Question: What percentage of murderers in California are given the death penalty and subsequently executed?
Answer: 1
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Congress acted defiantly toward the Supreme Court by passing the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 and the Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994 that made roughly fifty crimes punishable by death, including crimes that do not always involve the death of someone. Such non-death capital offenses include treason, espionage (spying for another country), and high-level drug trafficking. Since no one has yet been sentenced to death for such non-death capital offenses, the Supreme Court has not ruled on their constitutionality.

Question: Under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 and Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994, about how many crimes were punishable by death?
Answer: fifty

Question: What body passed the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988?
Answer: Congress

Question: What is another term for the act of spying for another country?
Answer: espionage

Question: Along with treason and espionage, what non-death offense is still a federal capital crime?
Answer: high-level drug trafficking
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Executions resumed on January 17, 1977, when Gary Gilmore went before a firing squad in Utah. But the pace was quite slow due to the use of litigation tactics which involved filing repeated writs of habeas corpus, which succeeded for many in delaying their actual execution for many years. Although hundreds of individuals were sentenced to death in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s, only ten people besides Gilmore (who had waived all of his appeal rights) were actually executed prior to 1984.

Question: Who was executed on January 17, 1977?
Answer: Gary Gilmore

Question: By what method was Gary Gilmore executed?
Answer: firing squad

Question: Aside from Gary Gilmore, how many people were executed in the United States between January 17, 1977 and 1984?
Answer: ten

Question: What tactic did inmates on death row use to delay their executions?
Answer: filing repeated writs of habeas corpus
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

After the September 2011 execution of Troy Davis, believed by many to be innocent, Richard Dieter, the director of the Death Penalty Information Center, said this case was a clear wake-up call to politicians across the United States. He said: "They weren't expecting such passion from people in opposition to the death penalty. There's a widely held perception that all Americans are united in favor of executions, but this message came across loud and clear that many people are not happy with it." Brian Evans of Amnesty International, which led the campaign to spare Davis's life, said that there was a groundswell in America of people "who are tired of a justice system that is inhumane and inflexible and allows executions where there is clear doubts about guilt". He predicted the debate would now be conducted with renewed energy.

Question: In what month and year was Troy Davis executed?
Answer: September 2011

Question: Who was the Death Penalty Information Center director?
Answer: Richard Dieter

Question: What organization did Brian Evans work for?
Answer: Amnesty International
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Various methods have been used in the history of the American colonies and the United States but only five methods are currently used. Historically, burning, crushing, breaking on wheel, and bludgeoning were used for a small number of executions, while hanging was the most common method. The last person burned at the stake was a black slave in South Carolina in August 1825. The last person to be hanged in chains was a murderer named John Marshall in West Virginia on April 4, 1913. Although beheading was a legal method in Utah from 1851 to 1888, it was never used.

Question: How many execution methods are currently used in the United States?
Answer: five

Question: What was the most common historical method of execution in the United States?
Answer: hanging

Question: In what state did the last burning at the stake take place in the US?
Answer: South Carolina

Question: Who was the last person hanged in chains in the Untied States?
Answer: John Marshall

Question: When was execution by beheading ended in Utah?
Answer: 1888
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

African Americans made up 41 percent of death row inmates while making up only 12.6 percent of the general population. (They have made up 34 percent of those actually executed since 1976.) However, that number is lower than that of prison inmates, which is 47 percent. According to the US Department of Justice, African Americans accounted for 52.5% of homicide offenders from 1980 to 2008, with whites 45.3% and Native Americans and Asians 2.2%. This means African Americans are less likely to be executed on a per capita basis. However, according to a 2003 Amnesty International report, blacks and whites were the victims of murder in almost equal numbers, yet 80 percent of the people executed since 1977 were convicted of murders involving white victims. 13.5% of death row inmates are of Hispanic or Latino descent, while they make up 17.4% of the general population.

Question: What percentage of American death row prisoners are African American?
Answer: 41

Question: What percentage of people executed in the United States since 1976 have been African American?
Answer: 34

Question: What percentage of American prison inmates are African American?
Answer: 47

Question: What percentage of homicides were committed by Asians between 1980 and 2008?
Answer: 2.2%

Question: What percentage of the American population is Hispanic?
Answer: 17.4%
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

The legal administration of the death penalty in the United States is complex. Typically, it involves four critical steps: (1) sentencing, (2) direct review, (3) state collateral review, and (4) federal habeas corpus. Recently, a narrow and final fifth level of process – (5) the Section 1983 challenge – has become increasingly important. (Clemency or pardon, through which the Governor or President of the jurisdiction can unilaterally reduce or abrogate a death sentence, is an executive rather than judicial process.) The number of new death sentences handed down peaked in 1995–1996 (309). There were 73 new death sentences handed down in 2014, the lowest number since 1973 (44).

Question: In the United States, how many important steps are usually present in the administration of capital punishment?
Answer: four

Question: Along with the President, what officeholder can issue pardons?
Answer: Governor

Question: How many death sentences were issued in the period 1995-1996?
Answer: 309

Question: How many capital sentences were given in 1973?
Answer: 44

Question: In what year were there 73 death penalty convictions?
Answer: 2014
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

All of the executions which have taken place since the 1936 hanging of Bethea in Owensboro have been conducted within a wall or enclosure. For example, Fred Adams was legally hanged in Kennett, Missouri, on April 2, 1937, within a 10-foot (3 m) wooden stockade. Roscoe "Red" Jackson was hanged within a stockade in Galena, Missouri, on May 26, 1937. Two Kentucky hangings were conducted after Galena in which numerous persons were present within a wooden stockade, that of John "Peter" Montjoy in Covington, Kentucky on December 17, 1937, and that of Harold Van Venison in Covington on June 3, 1938. An estimated 400 witnesses were present for the hanging of Lee Simpson in Ryegate, Montana, on December 30, 1939. The execution of Timothy McVeigh on June 11, 2001 was witnessed by some 300 people, some by closed-circuit television.

Question: On what date was Fred Adams hanged?
Answer: April 2, 1937

Question: Where was Bethea hanged?
Answer: Owensboro

Question: What was Roscoe Jackson's nickname?
Answer: Red

Question: In what state did the hanging of Adams take place?
Answer: Missouri

Question: How many people witnessed Timothy McVeigh's execution?
Answer: 300
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

James Liebman, a professor of law at Columbia Law School, stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was "a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995." Similarly, a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher, finding that between "1976 and 1991, approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted." The different numbers are largely definitional, rather than substantive. Freedam's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed, while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review.

Question: What institution does James Liebman work for?
Answer: Columbia Law School

Question: What does James Liebman teach?
Answer: law

Question: According to Liebman, about what percentage of death penalty habeas corpus petitions were successful between 1978 and 1995?
Answer: 40

Question: According to Tabak, what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1976 and 1991?
Answer: 47

Question: In what year did Liebman announce his findings?
Answer: 1996
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

The last use of the firing squad between 1608 and the moratorium on judicial executions between 1967 and 1977 was when Utah shot James W. Rodgers on March 30, 1960. The last use of the gallows between 1608 and the moratorium was when Kansas hanged George York on June 22, 1965. The last use of the electric chair between the first electrocution on August 6, 1890 and the moratorium was when Oklahoma electrocuted James French on August 10, 1966. The last use of the gas chamber between the first gassing on February 8, 1924 and the moratorium was when Colorado gassed Luis Monge on June 2, 1967.

Question: Who was executed on March 30, 1960?
Answer: James W. Rodgers

Question: What method of execution was used on James W. Rodgers?
Answer: firing squad

Question: In what state was Rodgers executed?
Answer: Utah

Question: On what date was George York executed?
Answer: June 22, 1965

Question: Which state executed James French?
Answer: Oklahoma
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Since 1642 (in the 13 colonies, the United States under the Articles of Confederation, and the current United States) an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the states and the federal government. The earliest known execution of a prisoner for crimes committed as a juvenile was Thomas Graunger in 1642. Twenty-two of the executions occurred after 1976, in seven states. Due to the slow process of appeals, it was highly unusual for a condemned person to be under 18 at the time of execution. The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney, who was electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16, 1944. The last execution of a juvenile may have been Leonard Shockley, who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10, 1959, at the age of 17. No one has been under age 19 at time of execution since at least 1964. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, 22 people have been executed for crimes committed under the age of 18. Twenty-one were 17 at the time of the crime. The last person to be executed for a crime committed as a juvenile was Scott Hain on April 3, 2003 in Oklahoma.

Question: About how many American juveniles have been executed since 1642?
Answer: 364

Question: In what year was Thomas Graunger executed?
Answer: 1642

Question: Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as juveniles?
Answer: Twenty-two

Question: How old was George Stinney when he was executed?
Answer: 14

Question: What method was used to execute Leonard Shockley?
Answer: gas chamber
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.

Question: What state employed Robert Patton in May 2014?
Answer: Oklahoma

Question: As of May 2014, what was Robert Patton's job title?
Answer: Director of Corrections

Question: What race was Clayton Lockett?
Answer: African-American

Question: What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for executions in 2015?
Answer: nitrogen

Question: What was Clayton Lockett's cause of death?
Answer: heart attack
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Opponents argue that the death penalty is not an effective means of deterring crime, risks the execution of the innocent, is unnecessarily barbaric in nature, cheapens human life, and puts a government on the same base moral level as those criminals involved in murder. Furthermore, some opponents argue that the arbitrariness with which it is administered and the systemic influence of racial, socio-economic, geographic, and gender bias on determinations of desert make the current practice of capital punishment immoral and illegitimate.

Question: Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some opponents of the death penalty see in its administration?
Answer: socio-economic

Question: According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty cheapen?
Answer: human life

Question: According to death penalty opponents, on whose moral level does execution place the government?
Answer: criminals involved in murder

Question: What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment isn't effective at doing?
Answer: deterring crime

Question: Who do death penalty opponents believe may sometimes be executed?
Answer: the innocent
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws have not been updated to conform with this decision. In the American legal system, unconstitutional laws do not need to be repealed; instead, they are held to be unenforceable. (See also List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States)

Question: According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the youngest age at which a person might be executed?
Answer: Sixteen

Question: In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma decided?
Answer: 1988

Question: In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons decided?
Answer: March 2005

Question: In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be unconstitutional?
Answer: 5

Question: Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the minimum age to be executed in the United States?
Answer: 18