rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Solar_energy

Geography effects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the solar energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effects the potential of solar energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb. This limits the amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day. Cloud cover can effect the potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells.

Question: Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available?
Answer: areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation

Question: What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas further away from the earth's equator?
Answer: photovoltaics

Question: Why does time have an effect of the amount of available solar energy?
Answer: during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb

Question: What effect does cloud coverage have on the amount of solar energy available?
Answer: clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells
Title: Solar_energy

In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way. Other areas that are suitable for solar cells are lands that are unowned by businesses where solar plants can be established.

Question: Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy?
Answer: solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels

Question: Why are roofs a good place for solar panels?
Answer: many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way
Title: Solar_energy

In 2000, the United Nations Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year that took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. The estimate found that solar energy has a global potential of 1,575–49,837 EJ per year (see table below).

Question: What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in 2000 on solar energy?
Answer: insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans

Question: What was the total potential of solar energy found in the estimate?
Answer: 1,575–49,837 EJ per year
Title: Solar_energy

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.

Question: What is solar power?
Answer: conversion of sunlight into electricity

Question: How is sunlight converted into electricity?
Answer: either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)

Question: What does a concentrated solar power system use?
Answer: lenses or mirrors and tracking systems

Question: What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system?
Answer: focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam

Question: What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity?
Answer: photoelectric effect
Title: Solar_energy

Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth.

Question: What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history?
Answer: Sunlight

Question: Who first utilized solar architecture?
Answer: Greeks and Chinese

Question: In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing?
Answer: toward the south
Title: Solar_energy

A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high.

Question: What is a solar balloon?
Answer: a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air

Question: What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon?
Answer: the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force

Question: What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to?
Answer: the toy market

Question: Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market?
Answer: the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high
Title: Solar_energy

Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum.

Question: Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s?
Answer: driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce

Question: What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century?
Answer: increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum
Title: Solar_energy

In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world’s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. "The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale".

Question: According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy?
Answer: 2060

Question: What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change?
Answer: could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters
Title: Tajikistan

The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire. As a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow.

Question: What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land?
Answer: Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire

Question: What other culutres has ruled the area?
Answer: Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism

Question: What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age?
Answer: city of Sarazm

Question: When did Tajikistan become an independent nation?
Answer: 1991

Question: What years did the civil war take place?
Answer: 1992 to 1997

Question: What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home?
Answer: Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism

Question: What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane?
Answer: the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire

Question: What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation?
Answer: 1991

Question: What years did the war last through?
Answer: 1992 to 1997
Title: Tajikistan

Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%) of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II. Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan. During 1957–58 Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions, education and industry lagged behind the other Soviet Republics. In the 1980s, Tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR, the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups, and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people. By the late 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990. The following year, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence.

Question: When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army?
Answer: 1939

Question: How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII?
Answer: 260,000 Tajik

Question: What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war?
Answer: Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)

Question: What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics?
Answer: living conditions, education and industry
Title: Tajikistan

The nation almost immediately fell into civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics. Emomali Rahmon came to power in 1992, defeating former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote. The elections took place shortly after the end of the war, and Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The estimated dead numbered over 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country. In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties under the guidance of Gerd D. Merrem, Special Representative to the Secretary General, a result widely praised as a successful United Nations peace keeping initiative. The ceasefire guaranteed 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition. Elections were held in 1999, though they were criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair and Rahmon was re-elected with 98% of the vote. Elections in 2006 were again won by Rahmon (with 79% of the vote) and he began his third term in office. Several opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) criticized it, although observers from the Commonwealth of Independent States claimed the elections were legal and transparent. Rahmon's administration came under further criticism from the OSCE in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. The OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers.

Question: How were the different factions distinguished from eachother?
Answer: by clan loyalties

Question: What did the ceasefire guaranteed?
Answer: 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition

Question: Who came into power in 1992?
Answer: Emomali Rahmon

Question: Why did more than half a million people flee?
Answer: because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities
Title: Tajikistan

Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010. It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility, and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe.

Question: Who was stationed along the boarder?
Answer: Russian border troops

Question: Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001?
Answer: at the Dushanbe Airport

Question: Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force?
Answer: t located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe

Question: Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often?
Answer: to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.
Title: Tajikistan

In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September, and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers, followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead. To date the country's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010. However, fighting erupted again in July 2012. In 2015 Russia will send more troops to Tajikistan, as confirmed by a report of STRATFOR (magazine online)

Question: How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped?
Answer: 28 Tajik soldiers

Question: When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan?
Answer: 2015

Question: When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley?
Answer: November 2010

Question: Why was there concerns in 2010?
Answer: that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August
Title: Tajikistan

Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament, operating under a presidential system. It is, however, a dominant-party system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994. The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova.

Question: What type of government does Tajikistan have?
Answer: a republic

Question: Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan?
Answer: Kokhir Rasulzoda

Question: Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers?
Answer: Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova

Question: When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president?
Answer: November 1994

Question: What kind of system is a dominant-party system?
Answer: where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament
Title: Tajikistan

Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media.

Question: Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?
Answer: independent press outlets remain restricted

Question: What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?
Answer: no public criticism of the regime is tolerated

Question: What is not covered by local media?
Answer: all direct protest is severely suppressed

Question: What access is blocked?
Answer: access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru
Title: Tajikistan

Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°). It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley.

Question: What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area?
Answer: Tajikistan

Question: What mountian range runs through Tajikistan?
Answer: the Pamir range

Question: Where is Dushanbe located?
Answer: on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley

Question: Where exactly is Tajikistan?
Answer: between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°)

Question: What area is under sea level?
Answer: in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys
Title: Tajikistan

Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The suffix "-stan" (Persian: ـستان‎‎ -stān) is Persian for "place of" or "country" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word "Tajik" because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."

Question: Where did the word Tajik come from?
Answer: the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe

Question: What does Tajikistan mean?
Answer: "Land of the Tajiks"

Question: What does the suffix -stan mean?
Answer: "place of" or "country"

Question: Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik?
Answer: because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."
Title: Tajikistan

It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650–680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the cultural centers of Iran and the region was known as Khorasan. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999–1211. Their arrival in Transoxania signaled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia, but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region.

Question: When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?
Answer: 650–680

Question: Who took control of the regin in 710?
Answer: Umayyads

Question: Who restored Persian control of the region?
Answer: The Samanid Empire,

Question: What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?
Answer: Khorasan

Question: When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?
Answer: 650–680

Question: Who took control of the regin in 710?
Answer: Umayyads

Question: When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?
Answer: 650–680

Question: Who restored Persian control of the region?
Answer: The Samanid Empire,

Question: Who took control of the regin in 710?
Answer: Umayyads

Question: Who restored Persian control of the region?
Answer: The Samanid Empire,

Question: What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?
Answer: Khorasan

Question: What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?
Answer: Khorasan

Question: When was the land under Tibetan empire and Chinese?
Answer: 650–680

Question: When was Tajikistan under Ymayyads contorl?
Answer: 710

Question: Who conquered Tansaxania?
Answer: The Kara-Khanid Khanate

Question: When did the Samanid Empire rule the land?
Answer: The Samanid Empire
Title: Tajikistan

Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).[citation needed] By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks felt little Russian influence.[citation needed]

Question: When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia?
Answer: during the late 19th century's Imperial Era

Question: Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan?
Answer: the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand

Question: What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for?
Answer: gaining access to a supply of cotton

Question: What did Russia do between 1864-1885?
Answer: Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan

Question: In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area?
Answer: the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara
Title: Tajikistan

During the late 19th Century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian the Russians viewed the movement as a threat.[citation needed] Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913. Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand over the threat of forced conscription during World War I. Despite Russian troops quickly bringing Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in Tajikistan.[citation needed]

Question: What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century?
Answer: an Islamic social movement throughout the region

Question: Who were viewed as a threat by the Jadidists?
Answer: Russians

Question: When was the uprising against the Khanate of Kokand?
Answer: between 1910 and 1913

Question: Why did demonstrators attack Russian soldiers in Khujand?
Answer: the threat of forced conscription during World War I