rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Westminster_Abbey

The abbey became the coronation site of Norman kings. None were buried there until Henry III, intensely devoted to the cult of the Confessor, rebuilt the abbey in Anglo-French Gothic style as a shrine to venerate King Edward the Confessor and as a suitably regal setting for Henry's own tomb, under the highest Gothic nave in England. The Confessor's shrine subsequently played a great part in his canonisation. The work continued between 1245 and 1517 and was largely finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of Richard II. Henry III also commissioned unique Cosmati pavement in front of the High Altar (the pavement has recently undergone a major cleaning and conservation programme and was re-dedicated by the Dean at a service on 21 May 2010).

Question: What was the abbey to Norman kings?
Answer: coronation site

Question: What architect continued work on the abbey?
Answer: Henry Yevele

Question: Who was reigning when Henry Yevele finished his work on the abbey?
Answer: Richard II

Question: What kind of pavement was commissioned for in front of the High Altar?
Answer: Cosmati

Question: What played a large role in King Edward the Confessor's canonisation?
Answer: The Confessor's shrine
Title: Westminster_Abbey

Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503 (known as the Henry VII Chapel or the "Lady Chapel"). Much of the stone came from Caen, in France (Caen stone), the Isle of Portland (Portland stone) and the Loire Valley region of France (tuffeau limestone).[citation needed]

Question: Who added a Perpendicular style chapel?
Answer: Henry VII

Question: Who was the Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to?
Answer: Blessed Virgin Mary

Question: What part of France did the Caen stone come from?
Answer: Caen

Question: Where did the Portland stone come from?
Answer: Isle of Portland

Question: When was the Lady Chapel added?
Answer: 1503
Title: Westminster_Abbey

In 1535, the abbey's annual income of £2400–2800[citation needed] (£1,310,000 to £1,530,000 as of 2016), during the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries rendered it second in wealth only to Glastonbury Abbey.

Question: When was the abbey's annual income £2400–2800?
Answer: 1535

Question: What was the abbey's annual income as of 2016?
Answer: £1,310,000 to £1,530,000

Question: To which other abbey was Westminster Abbey second in wealth?
Answer: Glastonbury Abbey

Question: During what was the abbey made second in wealth?
Answer: the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries
Title: Westminster_Abbey

Henry VIII assumed direct royal control in 1539 and granted the abbey the status of a cathedral by charter in 1540, simultaneously issuing letters patent establishing the Diocese of Westminster. By granting the abbey cathedral status Henry VIII gained an excuse to spare it from the destruction or dissolution which he inflicted on most English abbeys during this period.

Question: When did Henry VIII take direct royal control?
Answer: 1539

Question: Who gave the abbey status of a cathedral in 1540?
Answer: Henry VIII

Question: What did the cathedral status save the abbey from?
Answer: destruction

Question: What did changing the status of the abbey create?
Answer: the Diocese of Westminster
Title: Westminster_Abbey

Westminster diocese was dissolved in 1550, but the abbey was recognised (in 1552, retroactively to 1550) as a second cathedral of the Diocese of London until 1556. The already-old expression "robbing Peter to pay Paul" may have been given a new lease of life when money meant for the abbey, which is dedicated to Saint Peter, was diverted to the treasury of St Paul's Cathedral.

Question: When was Westminster Diocese dissolved?
Answer: 1550

Question: The abbey was recognised as what until 1556?
Answer: a second cathedral of the Diocese of London

Question: Who is the abbey dedicated to?
Answer: Saint Peter
Title: Westminster_Abbey

The abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic Mary I of England, but they were again ejected under Elizabeth I in 1559. In 1560, Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a "Royal Peculiar" – a church of the Church of England responsible directly to the Sovereign, rather than to a diocesan bishop – and made it the Collegiate Church of St Peter (that is, a non-cathedral church with an attached chapter of canons, headed by a dean.) The last of Mary's abbots was made the first dean.

Question: The abbey was regiven to the Benedictines under whom?
Answer: Mary I of England

Question: Who ejected the Benedictines again in 1559?
Answer: Elizabeth I

Question: What was the new name of the abbey when Elizabeth I reestablished it?
Answer: Collegiate Church of St Peter

Question: Who was made the first dean of the new church?
Answer: The last of Mary's abbots
Title: Westminster_Abbey

It suffered damage during the turbulent 1640s, when it was attacked by Puritan iconoclasts, but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period. Oliver Cromwell was given an elaborate funeral there in 1658, only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a gibbet at Tyburn.

Question: When did the abbey suffer damage?
Answer: 1640s

Question: Who attacked the abbey?
Answer: Puritan iconoclasts

Question: What protected the abbey?
Answer: ties to the state during the Commonwealth

Question: Who had a fancy funeral at the abbey in 1658?
Answer: Oliver Cromwell

Question: When was Oliver Cromwell disinterred?
Answer: January 1661
Title: Westminster_Abbey

The abbey's two western towers were built between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor, constructed from Portland stone to an early example of a Gothic Revival design. Purbeck marble was used for the walls and the floors of Westminster Abbey, even though the various tombstones are made of different types of marble. Further rebuilding and restoration occurred in the 19th century under Sir George Gilbert Scott.

Question: When were the western towers built?
Answer: between 1722 and 1745

Question: Who built the western towers of the abbey?
Answer: Nicholas Hawksmoor

Question: What kind of marble was used for the walls and floors of the abbey?
Answer: Purbeck

Question: Under whom did the 19th century rebulding occur?
Answer: Sir George Gilbert Scott

Question: What were the two western towers built from?
Answer: Portland stone
Title: Westminster_Abbey

A narthex (a portico or entrance hall) for the west front was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in the mid-20th century but was not built. Images of the abbey prior to the construction of the towers are scarce, though the abbey's official website states that the building was without towers following Yevele's renovation, with just the lower segments beneath the roof level of the Nave completed.

Question: What was designed for the west front of the abbey but not built?
Answer: A narthex

Question: When was the narthex designed?
Answer: mid-20th century

Question: The abbey was without towers following the renovation by whom?
Answer: Yevele
Title: Westminster_Abbey

Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century. Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940.

Question: Westminster Abbey was the third highest place of learning after which two places?
Answer: Oxford and Cambridge

Question: The first third of what was translated at the abbey?
Answer: King James Bible Old Testament

Question: The last half of what was also translated at the abbey?
Answer: New Testament

Question: The New English Bible was composed at the abbey during what time?
Answer: 20th century

Question: Westminster Abbey suffered damage during what on 15 November 1940?
Answer: the Blitz
Title: Westminster_Abbey

In the 1990s two icons by the Russian icon painter Sergei Fyodorov were hung in the abbey. On 6 September 1997 the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held at the Abbey. On 17 September 2010 Pope Benedict XVI became the first pope to set foot in the abbey.

Question: Who painted the icons hung in the abbey in the 1990s?
Answer: Sergei Fyodorov

Question: What was held at the abbey on 6 September 1997?
Answer: funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales

Question: Who was the first pope to set foot in the abbey?
Answer: Pope Benedict XVI

Question: On what date did the first pope set foot in the abbey?
Answer: 17 September 2010

Question: What nationality was Sergei Fyodorov?
Answer: Russian
Title: Westminster_Abbey

Since the coronations in 1066 of both King Harold and William the Conqueror, coronations of English and British monarchs were held in the abbey. In 1216, Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne, because the French prince Louis had taken control of the city, and so the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral. This coronation was deemed by the Pope to be improper, and a further coronation was held in the abbey on 17 May 1220. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]

Question: Where was Henry III crowned?
Answer: Gloucester Cathedral

Question: When was Henry III crowned?
Answer: 1216

Question: Who had taken control of London when Henry III was to be crowned?
Answer: French prince Louis

Question: Who deemed Henry III's coronation to be improper?
Answer: the Pope

Question: Who is the usual cleric for coronation ceremonies?
Answer: The Archbishop of Canterbury
Title: Westminster_Abbey

King Edward's Chair (or St Edward's Chair), the throne on which English and British sovereigns have been seated at the moment of coronation, is housed within the abbey and has been used at every coronation since 1308. From 1301 to 1996 (except for a short time in 1950 when it was temporarily stolen by Scottish nationalists), the chair also housed the Stone of Scone upon which the kings of Scots are crowned. Although the Stone is now kept in Scotland, in Edinburgh Castle, at future coronations it is intended that the Stone will be returned to St Edward's Chair for use during the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]

Question: What is the name of the throne used for coronation?
Answer: King Edward's Chair

Question: What is another name for King Edward's Chair?
Answer: St Edward's Chair

Question: Upon what are kings of Scots coronated?
Answer: the Stone of Scone

Question: Who had stolen the Stone of Scone?
Answer: Scottish nationalists
Title: Westminster_Abbey

Westminster Abbey is a collegiate church governed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, as established by Royal charter of Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, which created it as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster and a Royal Peculiar under the personal jurisdiction of the Sovereign. The members of the Chapter are the Dean and four canons residentiary, assisted by the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk. One of the canons is also Rector of St Margaret's Church, Westminster, and often holds also the post of Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons.

Question: What kind of church is Westminster Abbey?
Answer: collegiate church

Question: Who created Westminster Abbey as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth I

Question: Who governs the church?
Answer: the Dean and Chapter of Westminster

Question: Who are the members of the chapter of Westminster?
Answer: the Dean and four canons residentiary

Question: Who assist the chapter of Westminster?
Answer: the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk
Title: Westminster_Abbey

In addition to the Dean and canons, there are at present two full-time minor canons, one is precentor, and the other is sacrist. The office of Priest Vicar was created in the 1970s for those who assist the minor canons. Together with the clergy and Receiver General and Chapter Clerk, various lay officers constitute the college, including the Organist and Master of the Choristers, the Registrar, the Auditor, the Legal Secretary, the Surveyor of the Fabric, the Head Master of the choir school, the Keeper of the Muniments and the Clerk of the Works, as well as 12 lay vicars, 10 choristers and the High Steward and High Bailiff.

Question: How many lay vicars are there?
Answer: 12

Question: How many choristers are there at the abbey?
Answer: 10

Question: When was the office of Priest Vicar created?
Answer: 1970s
Title: Westminster_Abbey

Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of a royal saint, Edward the Confessor, whose relics were placed in a shrine in the sanctuary. Henry III himself was interred nearby, as were many of the Plantagenet kings of England, their wives and other relatives. Until the death of George II of Great Britain in 1760, most kings and queens were buried in the abbey, some notable exceptions being Henry VI, Edward IV, Henry VIII and Charles I who are buried in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. Other exceptions include Richard III, now buried at Leicester Cathedral, and the de facto queen Lady Jane Grey, buried in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London. Most monarchs and royals who died after 1760 are buried either in St George's Chapel or at Frogmore to the east of Windsor Castle.[citation needed]

Question: Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of whom?
Answer: Edward the Confessor

Question: When did George II of Great Britain die?
Answer: 1760

Question: Who was Edward the Confessor?
Answer: a royal saint

Question: Where was Henry VI buried?
Answer: St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle

Question: Where was Richard III buried?
Answer: Leicester Cathedral
Title: Westminster_Abbey

From the Middle Ages, aristocrats were buried inside chapels, while monks and other people associated with the abbey were buried in the cloisters and other areas. One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer, who was buried here as he had apartments in the abbey where he was employed as master of the King's Works. Other poets, writers and musicians were buried or memorialised around Chaucer in what became known as Poets' Corner. Abbey musicians such as Henry Purcell were also buried in their place of work.[citation needed]

Question: Where were aristocrats buried from the Middle Ages?
Answer: inside chapels

Question: Geoffrey Chaucer was employed as what?
Answer: master of the King's Works

Question: Henry Purcell was buried where?
Answer: in the abbey
Title: Westminster_Abbey

Subsequently, it became one of Britain's most significant honours to be buried or commemorated in the abbey. The practice of burying national figures in the abbey began under Oliver Cromwell with the burial of Admiral Robert Blake in 1657. The practice spread to include generals, admirals, politicians, doctors and scientists such as Isaac Newton, buried on 4 April 1727, and Charles Darwin, buried 26 April 1882. Another was William Wilberforce who led the movement to abolish slavery in the United Kingdom and the Plantations, buried on 3 August 1833. Wilberforce was buried in the north transept, close to his friend, the former Prime Minister, William Pitt.[citation needed]

Question: Oliver Cromwell began buring national figures in the abbey starting with whom?
Answer: Admiral Robert Blake

Question: Who was buried in the abbey on 4 April 1727?
Answer: Isaac Newton

Question: Who was buried in the abbey on 26 April 1882?
Answer: Charles Darwin

Question: Who was buried in the abbey on 3 August 1833?
Answer: William Wilberforce

Question: Who was buried next to William Wilberforce?
Answer: William Pitt
Title: Westminster_Abbey

During the early 20th century it became increasingly common to bury cremated remains rather than coffins in the abbey. In 1905 the actor Sir Henry Irving was cremated and his ashes buried in Westminster Abbey, thereby becoming the first person ever to be cremated prior to interment at the abbey. The majority of interments at the Abbey are of cremated remains, but some burials still take place - Frances Challen, wife of the Rev Sebastian Charles, Canon of Westminster, was buried alongside her husband in the south choir aisle in 2014. Members of the Percy Family have a family vault, The Northumberland Vault, in St Nicholas's chapel within the abbey.

Question: In the early 20th century it became more common to bury what kind of remains?
Answer: cremated

Question: In what year was Sir Henry Irving cremated?
Answer: 1905

Question: Who was buried in the south choir aisle in 2014?
Answer: Frances Challen

Question: What family has the Northumberland Vault?
Answer: Percy Family
Title: Westminster_Abbey

In the floor, just inside the great west door, in the centre of the nave, is the tomb of The Unknown Warrior, an unidentified British soldier killed on a European battlefield during the First World War. He was buried in the abbey on 11 November 1920. This grave is the only one in the abbey on which it is forbidden to walk.[citation needed]

Question: When was The Unknown Warrior buried?
Answer: 11 November 1920
Title: Westminster_Abbey

At the east end of the Lady Chapel is a memorial chapel to the airmen of the RAF who were killed in the Second World War. It incorporates a memorial window to the Battle of Britain, which replaces an earlier Tudor stained glass window destroyed in the war.

Question: Where is the memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF?
Answer: At the east end of the Lady Chapel

Question: The memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF has a window for what?
Answer: the Battle of Britain

Question: The window for the Battle of Britain replaced what that was destroyed?
Answer: Tudor stained glass window
Title: Westminster_Abbey

On Saturday September 6, 1997 the formal, though not "state" Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held. It was a royal ceremonial funeral including royal pageantry and Anglican funeral liturgy. A Second Public service was held on Sunday at the demand of the people. The burial occurred privately later the same day. Diana's former husband, sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads was placed in her hands, a gift she had received from Mother Teresa. Her grave is on the grounds of her family estate, Althorp, on a private island.[citation needed]

Question: When was the formal funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales?
Answer: Saturday September 6, 1997

Question: When was a second public service held for Princess Diana?
Answer: Sunday

Question: Who designed Diana's dress?
Answer: Catherine Walker

Question: Who gave Diana the rosary beads?
Answer: Mother Teresa
Title: Westminster_Abbey

Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179. The Choir School educates and trains the choirboys who sing for services in the Abbey.

Question: What are also in the precincts of Westminster Abbey?
Answer: Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School

Question: Who required the Benedictine monks to maintain a charity school?
Answer: the Pope

Question: When were the Benedictine monks required to maintain a charity school?
Answer: 1179

Question: The choirboys of the abbey are trained where?
Answer: Westminster Abbey Choir School
Title: Westminster_Abbey

The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959.

Question: Who built the organ?
Answer: Harrison & Harrison

Question: When was the organ built? 
Answer: 1937

Question: When was the organ first used?
Answer: the coronation of King George VI

Question: What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1848?
Answer: pipework

Question: Who designed the two organ cases?
Answer: John Loughborough Pearson
Title: Westminster_Abbey

In 1982 and 1987, Harrison and Harrison enlarged the organ under the direction of the then abbey organist Simon Preston to include an additional Lower Choir Organ and a Bombarde Organ: the current instrument now has five manuals and 109 speaking stops. In 2006, the console of the organ was refurbished by Harrison and Harrison, and space was prepared for two additional 16 ft stops on the Lower Choir Organ and the Bombarde Organ. One part of the instrument, the Celestial Organ, is currently not connected or playable.

Question: What part of the organ is not connected or playable?
Answer: the Celestial Organ
Title: Westminster_Abbey

The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or 1544 kg).

Question: When were the bells overhauled?
Answer: 1971

Question: How many bells make up the abbey ring?
Answer: Ten

Question: When were the ten bells cast?
Answer: 1971

Question: Who cast the abbey bells?
Answer: Whitechapel Bell Foundry
Title: Westminster_Abbey

In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a fourth small silver "dish bell", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England.

Question: Who cast the two service bells?
Answer: Robert Mot

Question: When were the two service bells cast?
Answer: 1585 and 1598

Question: When was the Sanctus bell cast?
Answer: 1738

Question: Who cast the Sanctus bell?
Answer: Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester

Question: Where is the "dish bell" kept?
Answer: in the refectory
Title: Westminster_Abbey

The chapter house was built concurrently with the east parts of the abbey under Henry III, between about 1245 and 1253. It was restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1872. The entrance is approached from the east cloister walk and includes a double doorway with a large tympanum above.

Question: Under whom was the chapter house built?
Answer: Henry III

Question: Who restored the chapter house in 1872?
Answer: Sir George Gilbert Scott
Title: Westminster_Abbey

Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows. These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris.

Question: What style is the octagonal chapter house?
Answer: Geometrical Gothic style

Question: There is an octagonal what below the chapter house?
Answer: crypt

Question: What kind of ceiling is in the chapter house?
Answer: vaulted

Question: What kind of windows are in the chapter house?
Answer: 4-light quatre-foiled windows

Question: The architecture of the chapter house is contemporary with what?
Answer: the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris