rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Renewable energy is also the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources. As the cost of renewable power falls, the scope of economically viable applications increases. Renewable technologies are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity. Where "oil-fired generation is the predominant power generation source (e.g. on islands, off-grid and in some countries) a lower-cost renewable solution almost always exists today". As of 2012, renewable power generation technologies accounted for around half of all new power generation capacity additions globally. In 2011, additions included 41 gigawatt (GW) of new wind power capacity, 30 GW of PV, 25 GW of hydro-electricity, 6 GW of biomass, 0.5 GW of CSP, and 0.1 GW of geothermal power.

Question: What is the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources?
Answer: Renewable energy

Question: What happens as the scope of economically viable applications increases?
Answer: the cost of renewable power falls

Question: What are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity?
Answer: Renewable technologies
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Biomass for heat and power is a fully mature technology which offers a ready disposal mechanism for municipal, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes. However, the industry has remained relatively stagnant over the decade to 2007, even though demand for biomass (mostly wood) continues to grow in many developing countries. One of the problems of biomass is that material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants, leading to severe health and environmental consequences, although improved cook stove programmes are alleviating some of these effects. First-generation biomass technologies can be economically competitive, but may still require deployment support to overcome public acceptance and small-scale issues.

Question: What is one problem with biomass?
Answer: material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants

Question: What can be economically competetive but may still require deployment support?
Answer: First-generation biomass technologies

Question: What is a fully maturing technology which offer a ready disposal mechanismm?
Answer: Biomass for heat and power
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010, and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years. Hydroelectric plants have the advantage of being long-lived and many existing plants have operated for more than 100 years.

Question: What is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower?
Answer: Hydroelectricity

Question: What is the most widely used form of renewable energy?
Answer: Hydroelectricity

Question: Hydroelectricity accounts for what percentage of global electricity generation?
Answer: Hydroelectricity

Question: Electricity production is expected to increase by what percentage each year for the next 25 years?
Answer: 3.1%
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam in Venezuela. The cost of hydroelectricity is low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour.

Question: Hydropower is produced in how many countries?
Answer: 150

Question: Which country is the largest hydroelectricity producer?
Answer: China

Question: What is the average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts?
Answer: 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour

Question: How many hydroelectricity plants are larger than 10 GW?
Answer: three
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Geothermal power capacity grew from around 1 GW in 1975 to almost 10 GW in 2008. The United States is the world leader in terms of installed capacity, representing 3.1 GW. Other countries with significant installed capacity include the Philippines (1.9 GW), Indonesia (1.2 GW), Mexico (1.0 GW), Italy (0.8 GW), Iceland (0.6 GW), Japan (0.5 GW), and New Zealand (0.5 GW). In some countries, geothermal power accounts for a significant share of the total electricity supply, such as in the Philippines, where geothermal represented 17 percent of the total power mix at the end of 2008.

Question: What was the geothermal capacity in 1975?
Answer: 1 GW

Question: What was the geothermal capacity in 2008?
Answer: 10 GW

Question: In the Phillipines, geothermal represented what percentage of the total power mix at the end of 2008?
Answer: 17 percent
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built, mainly in Europe. As of July 2012, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are the Agua Caliente Solar Project (USA, 247 MW), Charanka Solar Park (India, 214 MW), Golmud Solar Park (China, 200 MW), Perovo Solar Park (Russia 100 MW), Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant (Canada, 97 MW), Brandenburg-Briest Solarpark (Germany 91 MW), Solarpark Finow Tower (Germany 84.7 MW), Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station (Italy, 84.2 MW), Eggebek Solar Park (Germany 83.6 MW), Senftenberg Solarpark (Germany 82 MW), Finsterwalde Solar Park (Germany, 80.7 MW), Okhotnykovo Solar Park (Russia, 80 MW), Lopburi Solar Farm (Thailand 73.16 MW), Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant (Italy, 72 MW), and the Lieberose Photovoltaic Park (Germany, 71.8 MW).

Question: Where have the majority of photovoltaic power stations been built?
Answer: Europe

Question: Where is Charanka Solar Park?
Answer: India

Question: Where is the Agua Caliente Solar Project located?
Answer: USA
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

There are also many large plants under construction. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm under construction in Riverside County, California and Topaz Solar Farm being built in San Luis Obispo County, California are both 550 MW solar parks that will use thin-film solar photovoltaic modules made by First Solar. The Blythe Solar Power Project is a 500 MW photovoltaic station under construction in Riverside County, California. The California Valley Solar Ranch (CVSR) is a 250 megawatt (MW) solar photovoltaic power plant, which is being built by SunPower in the Carrizo Plain, northeast of California Valley. The 230 MW Antelope Valley Solar Ranch is a First Solar photovoltaic project which is under construction in the Antelope Valley area of the Western Mojave Desert, and due to be completed in 2013. The Mesquite Solar project is a photovoltaic solar power plant being built in Arlington, Maricopa County, Arizona, owned by Sempra Generation. Phase 1 will have a nameplate capacity of 150 megawatts.

Question: Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm currently under construction?
Answer: Riverside County, California

Question: Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm?
Answer: San Luis Obispo County, California

Question: Who is building The Califoria Valley Solar Ranch?
Answer: SunPower
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Some of the second-generation renewables, such as wind power, have high potential and have already realised relatively low production costs. Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010, bringing total installed capacity up to 194,400 MW, a 22.5% increase on the 158,700 MW installed at the end of 2009. The increase for 2010 represents investments totalling €47.3 billion (US$65 billion) and for the first time more than half of all new wind power was added outside of the traditional markets of Europe and North America, mainly driven, by the continuing boom in China which accounted for nearly half of all of the installations at 16,500 MW. China now has 42,300 MW of wind power installed. Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity generated in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland. In Australian state of South Australia wind power, championed by Premier Mike Rann (2002–2011), now comprises 26% of the state's electricity generation, edging out coal fired power. At the end of 2011 South Australia, with 7.2% of Australia's population, had 54%of the nation's installed wind power capacity. Wind power's share of worldwide electricity usage at the end of 2014 was 3.1%. These are some of the largest wind farms in the world:

Question: Global wind power installations increased by how much in 2010?
Answer: 35,800 MW

Question: China has how much wind power installed?
Answer: 42,300 MW

Question: In Denmark, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?
Answer: 19%

Question: In Spain, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?
Answer: 9%

Question: In Germany, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?
Answer: 6%
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

As of 2014, the wind industry in the USA is able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades, capturing the faster winds at higher elevations. This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground can now compete with conventional fossil fuels like coal. Prices have fallen to about 4 cents per kilowatt-hour in some cases and utilities have been increasing the amount of wind energy in their portfolio, saying it is their cheapest option.

Question: How is the wind industry in the USA able to produce more power at lower cost?
Answer: by using taller wind turbines with longer blades

Question: How tall are new wind turbines that are being built in Indiana, Michigan and Ohio?
Answer: 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground

Question: Wind turbines in the USA can now compete with what type of fuel?
Answer: conventional fossil fuels like coal

Question: Prices have fallen as low as what price?
Answer: 4 cents per kilowatt-hour
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW). The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction. Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA. In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved.

Question: Where is the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located?
Answer: California's Mojave Desert

Question: What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction?
Answer: Ivanpah Solar Power Facility

Question: Where is the PS20 solar power tower located?
Answer: Spain
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Nearly all the gasoline sold in the United States today is mixed with 10 percent ethanol, a mix known as E10, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and GM are among the automobile companies that sell flexible-fuel cars, trucks, and minivans that can use gasoline and ethanol blends ranging from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol (E85). The challenge is to expand the market for biofuels beyond the farm states where they have been most popular to date. The Energy Policy Act of 2005, which calls for 7.5 billion US gallons (28,000,000 m3) of biofuels to be used annually by 2012, will also help to expand the market.

Question: Nearly all gasoline sold in the U.S. is mixed with what percentage of ethanol?
Answer: 10 percent

Question: What act calls for 7.5 billion US gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012?
Answer: The Energy Policy Act of 2005

Question: Name one company that sells flexible-fuel cars?
Answer: GM
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

According to the International Energy Agency, cellulosic ethanol biorefineries could allow biofuels to play a much bigger role in the future than organizations such as the IEA previously thought. Cellulosic ethanol can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose fibers that form the stems and branches of most plants. Crop residues (such as corn stalks, wheat straw and rice straw), wood waste, and municipal solid waste are potential sources of cellulosic biomass. Dedicated energy crops, such as switchgrass, are also promising cellulose sources that can be sustainably produced in many regions.

Question: What can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible celllose fibers thta form the stems and branches of most plants?
Answer: Cellulosic ethanol

Question: What are potential sources of cellulosic biomass?
Answer: Crop residues

Question: What is a promising cellulose source that can be sustainably produced in many regions?
Answer: Dedicated energy crops
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

As of 2008[update], geothermal power development was under way in more than 40 countries, partially attributable to the development of new technologies, such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems. The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable enhanced geothermal systems over a much greater geographical range than "traditional" Geothermal systems. Demonstration EGS projects are operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France, and The United Kingdom.

Question: As of 2008, geothermal power development was underway in more than how many countries?
Answer: 40

Question: What is one new technology attributed to the growth of geothermal power?
Answer: Enhanced Geothermal Systems

Question: What is operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France and The United Kingdom?
Answer: Demonstration EGS projects
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since 2008. In late 2011, factory-gate prices for crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules dropped below the $1.00/W mark. The $1.00/W installed cost, is often regarded in the PV industry as marking the achievement of grid parity for PV. These reductions have taken many stakeholders, including industry analysts, by surprise, and perceptions of current solar power economics often lags behind reality. Some stakeholders still have the perspective that solar PV remains too costly on an unsubsidized basis to compete with conventional generation options. Yet technological advancements, manufacturing process improvements, and industry re-structuring, mean that further price reductions are likely in coming years.

Question: The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since what year?
Answer: 2008

Question: What is a sign that further price reductions are likely in coming years?
Answer: technological advancements

Question: What cost is often regarded as marking the achievment of grid parity for PV?
Answer: $1.00/W installed cost
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Many energy markets, institutions, and policies have been developed to support the production and use of fossil fuels. Newer and cleaner technologies may offer social and environmental benefits, but utility operators often reject renewable resources because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants. Consumers often ignore renewable power systems because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption. Intentional market distortions (such as subsidies), and unintentional market distortions (such as split incentives) may work against renewables. Benjamin K. Sovacool has argued that "some of the most surreptitious, yet powerful, impediments facing renewable energy and energy efficiency in the United States are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science".

Question: Why do utility operators often reject renewable resources?
Answer: because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants

Question: Why do consumers often ignore renewable power systems?
Answer: because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption

Question: Who argued that some of the problems facing renewable energy are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science?
Answer: Benjamin K. Sovacool
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Lester Brown states that the market "does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems". It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby showing limited concern for future generations. Tax and subsidy shifting can help overcome these problems, though is also problematic to combine different international normative regimes regulating this issue.

Question: Lester Brown states that the market does not incorporate what?
Answer: the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices

Question: Who believes that the market does not value nature's service adequately?
Answer: Lester Brown

Question: What can help over come the problems with the market?
Answer: Tax and subsidy shifting
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Tax shifting has been widely discussed and endorsed by economists. It involves lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities, in order to create a more responsive market. For example, a tax on coal that included the increased health care costs associated with breathing polluted air, the costs of acid rain damage, and the costs of climate disruption would encourage investment in renewable technologies. Several Western European countries are already shifting taxes in a process known there as environmental tax reform.

Question: What involves lowering income taxes while raising levies?
Answer: Tax shifting

Question: Several Western European companies are shifting taxes in a process known as what?
Answer: environmental tax reform

Question: What is the purpose of tax shifting?
Answer: to create a more responsive market
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. Subsidies are not an inherently bad thing as many technologies and industries emerged through government subsidy schemes. The Stern Review explains that of 20 key innovations from the past 30 years, only one of the 14 was funded entirely by the private sector and nine were totally publicly funded. In terms of specific examples, the Internet was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government laboratories and research institutes. And the combination of the federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California helped to create the modern wind power industry.

Question: Besides tax shifting, what is another need?
Answer: subsidy shifting

Question: What was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government labs and reserach institutes?
Answer: the Internet

Question: What helped create the modern wind power industry?
Answer: federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time; they include solar heating, photovoltaics, wind power, solar thermal power stations, and modern forms of bioenergy. Third-generation technologies require continued R&D efforts in order to make large contributions on a global scale and include advanced biomass gasification, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy. As of 2012, renewable energy accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity installed and costs are continuing to fall.

Question: As of 2012, what accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity?
Answer: renewable energy

Question: What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years?
Answer: Renewable energy commercialization

Question: Name one second-generation technology that is market ready.
Answer: wind power
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Lester Brown has argued that "a world facing the prospect of economically disruptive climate change can no longer justify subsidies to expand the burning of coal and oil. Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate." The International Solar Energy Society advocates "leveling the playing field" by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D, in which the fossil fuel and nuclear power receive the largest share of financial support.

Question: What group advocates leveling the playing field?
Answer: International Solar Energy Society

Question: How does the International Solar Energy Society propse to level the playing field?
Answer: by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D

Question: What is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate?
Answer: development of climate-benign energy sources
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Some countries are eliminating or reducing climate disrupting subsidies and Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany is reducing its coal subsidy. The subsidy dropped from $5.4 billion in 1989 to $2.8 billion in 2002, and in the process Germany lowered its coal use by 46 percent. China cut its coal subsidy from $750 million in 1993 to $240 million in 1995 and more recently has imposed a high-sulfur coal tax. However, the United States has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries.

Question: What country is reducing its coal subsidy?
Answer: Germany

Question: What country has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries?
Answer: United States

Question: Some countries have phased out all subsidies for what substance?
Answer: coal
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of a renewable energy policy and these targets are usually defined as a percentage of the primary energy and/or electricity generation mix. For example, the European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of 12 per cent of the total EU energy mix and 22 per cent of electricity consumption by 2010. National targets for individual EU Member States have also been set to meet the overall target. Other developed countries with defined national or regional targets include Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, and some US States.

Question: Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of what?
Answer: renewable energy policy

Question: The European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of what percent?
Answer: 12 per cent of the total EU energy mix

Question: Name one outher country with defined national or regional target?
Answer: Australia