rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

The U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported its findings in January 2011. It concluded that "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation, including the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street that put the financial system on a collision course with crisis; key policy makers ill prepared for the crisis, lacking a full understanding of the financial system they oversaw; and systemic breaches in accountability and ethics at all levels".

Question: When did the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission report its findings?
Answer: January 2011

Question: What was one of  the conclusions of the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding the financial crisis of 2007?
Answer: the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation

Question: What agency failed to stem the tide of toxic mortgages contributing to the financial crisis of 2007?
Answer: Federal Reserve

Question: Who was not prepared for the financial crisis in 2007 by lacking a full understanding of the financial system?
Answer: key policy makers

Question: Which business sector contributed to the financial crisis by acting recklessly and taking on too much risk?
Answer: financial firms
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

During a period of tough competition between mortgage lenders for revenue and market share, and when the supply of creditworthy borrowers was limited, mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards and originated riskier mortgages to less creditworthy borrowers. In the view of some analysts, the relatively conservative government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high underwriting standards prior to 2003. However, as market power shifted from securitizers to originators and as intense competition from private securitizers undermined GSE power, mortgage standards declined and risky loans proliferated. The worst loans were originated in 2004–2007, the years of the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for the GSEs.

Question: What caused mortgage lenders to relax underwriting standards and approve riskier mortgages?
Answer: tough competition

Question: In what year were high underwriting standards relaxed?
Answer: 2003

Question: What years were the worst mortgage loans originated?
Answer: 2004–2007

Question: What years had the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for GSEs?
Answer: 2004–2007

Question: Who policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high standards prior to 2003?
Answer: government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs)
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

The majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, written by the six Democratic appointees, the minority report, written by 3 of the 4 Republican appointees, studies by Federal Reserve economists, and the work of several independent scholars generally contend that government affordable housing policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis. Although they concede that governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis, they contend that GSE loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks, and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios. Paul Krugman has even claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans – a claim that is widely disputed.

Question: How many Democratic appointees wrote the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?
Answer: six

Question: Who claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans - a claim that is widely disputed?
Answer: Paul Krugman

Question: Several reports written by various agencies  concluded that which policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis?
Answer: government affordable housing policy

Question: According to reports, which loans performed better than some loans securitized by private investment banks?
Answer: GSE loans

Question: How many Republican appointees wrote the minority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?
Answer: 4
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Later, based upon information in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie, Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto estimated that, in 2008, Fannie and Freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $2 trillion.

Question: How many estimated substandard loans did Fannie and Freddie have in 2008? 
Answer: 13 million

Question: What was the value of the estimated 13 million substandard loans held by Fannie and Freddie in 2008?
Answer: over $2 trillion

Question: Which government-sponsored entities had massive risky loan purchases?
Answer: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac

Question: Peter J. Wallison believes that the one of the roots of the financial crisis can be traced to affordable housing policies by which agency in the 1990s?
Answer: HUD

Question: How many ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie were named in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case?
Answer: 6
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

In the early and mid-2000s, the Bush administration called numerous times for investigation into the safety and soundness of the GSEs and their swelling portfolio of subprime mortgages. On September 10, 2003, the House Financial Services Committee held a hearing at the urging of the administration to assess safety and soundness issues and to review a recent report by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) that had uncovered accounting discrepancies within the two entities. The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, as many of the committee members refused to accept the report and instead rebuked OFHEO for their attempt at regulation. Some believe this was an early warning to the systemic risk that the growing market in subprime mortgages posed to the U.S. financial system that went unheeded.

Question: Who uncovered accounting discrepancies in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?
Answer: Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO)

Question: Which administration called for investigation into the soundness of GSEs in the early and mid-2000s?
Answer: Bush administration

Question: On what date did the House Financial Services Committee hold a hearing to assess safety and soundness issues regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?
Answer: September 10, 2003

Question: What was the result of the House Financial Services Committee on September 10, 2003 regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?
Answer: The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation

Question: Who rebuked OFHEO in 2003 for their attempt at regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?
Answer: House Financial Services Committee
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

A 2000 United States Department of the Treasury study of lending trends for 305 cities from 1993 to 1998 showed that $467 billion of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)-covered lenders into low and mid level income (LMI) borrowers and neighborhoods, representing 10% of all U.S. mortgage lending during the period. The majority of these were prime loans. Sub-prime loans made by CRA-covered institutions constituted a 3% market share of LMI loans in 1998, but in the run-up to the crisis, fully 25% of all sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions and another 25% of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA. In addition, an analysis by the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas in 2009, however, concluded that the CRA was not responsible for the mortgage loan crisis, pointing out that CRA rules have been in place since 1995 whereas the poor lending emerged only a decade later. Furthermore, most sub-prime loans were not made to the LMI borrowers targeted by the CRA, especially in the years 2005–2006 leading up to the crisis. Nor did it find any evidence that lending under the CRA rules increased delinquency rates or that the CRA indirectly influenced independent mortgage lenders to ramp up sub-prime lending.

Question: What was the value of mortgage lending made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders to low and mid level income borrowers and neighborhoods from 1993-1998?
Answer: $467 billion

Question: What percent of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders from 1993 to 1998?
Answer: 10%

Question: What does CRA stand for?
Answer: Community Reinvestment Act

Question: What percent of sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions in the run-up to the financial crisis?
Answer: 25%

Question: What percent of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA in the run-up to the financial crisis?
Answer: 25%
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

To other analysts the delay between CRA rule changes (in 1995) and the explosion of subprime lending is not surprising, and does not exonerate the CRA. They contend that there were two, connected causes to the crisis: the relaxation of underwriting standards in 1995 and the ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. Both causes had to be in place before the crisis could take place. Critics also point out that publicly announced CRA loan commitments were massive, totaling $4.5 trillion in the years between 1994 and 2007. They also argue that the Federal Reserve’s classification of CRA loans as “prime” is based on the faulty and self-serving assumption that high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) equal “subprime” loans.

Question: When did CRA make rule changes to relax underwriting standards?
Answer: 1995

Question: How much were CRA loan commitments between 1994 and 2007?
Answer: $4.5 trillion

Question: What was the Federal Reserve's assumption regarding what makes a loan subprime?
Answer: high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average)

Question: How did the Federal Reserve classify CRA loans?
Answer: prime

Question: When were ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve?
Answer: after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

Others have pointed out that there were not enough of these loans made to cause a crisis of this magnitude. In an article in Portfolio Magazine, Michael Lewis spoke with one trader who noted that "There weren’t enough Americans with [bad] credit taking out [bad loans] to satisfy investors' appetite for the end product." Essentially, investment banks and hedge funds used financial innovation to enable large wagers to be made, far beyond the actual value of the underlying mortgage loans, using derivatives called credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.

Question: What financial innovation enabled investment banks and hedge funds to make large wagers?
Answer: credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs.

Question: Credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and CDOS are all types of what?
Answer: derivatives

Question: Which magazine had an article where Michael Lewis spoke with a trader about bad loans?
Answer: Portfolio Magazine

Question: What financial innovation allows investment banks and hedge banks to make large wagers?
Answer: derivatives

Question: What are some names of derivatives?
Answer: credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

Countering Krugman, Peter J. Wallison wrote: "It is not true that every bubble—even a large bubble—has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates." Wallison notes that other developed countries had "large bubbles during the 1997–2007 period" but "the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the United States when the 1997–2007 [bubble] deflated." According to Wallison, the reason the U.S. residential housing bubble (as opposed to other types of bubbles) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments.

Question: Peter J. Wallison believes that the huge number of these loans led to the financial crisis?
Answer: substandard

Question: What type downpayments do substandard loans generally have?
Answer: low or no downpayments

Question: According to Peter J. Wallison, why did the U.S. residential housing bubble led to financial crisis?
Answer: it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans

Question: Other countries had large residential housing bubbles that deflated during what years?
Answer: 1997–2007

Question: Peter J. Wallison's conclusions regarding the financial crisis are not in agreement with this economist's views?
Answer: Krugman
Title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

Located approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Puerto Rico and the nearer Virgin Islands, St. Barthélemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla. It is one of the Renaissance Islands. St. Barthélemy is separated from Saint Martin by the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. It lies northeast of Saba and St Eustatius, and north of St Kitts. Some small satellite islets belong to St. Barthélemy including Île Chevreau (Île Bonhomme), Île Frégate, Île Toc Vers, Île Tortue and Gros Îlets (Îlots Syndare). A much bigger islet, Île Fourchue, lies on the north of the island, in the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. Other rocky islets which include Coco, the Roques (or little Turtle rocks), the Goat, and the Sugarloaf.

Question: How many Miles East of Puerto Rico is St. Barts?
Answer: 160

Question: What lies between St. Barts and Saint Martin island?
Answer: the Saint-Barthélemy Channel

Question: What does "Roques" mean in English?
Answer: little Turtle rocks

Question: St. Barts is one of the what group of islands?
Answer: the Renaissance

Question: What is Île Frégate in relation to St Barts?
Answer: satellite islets
Title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

Residents of Saint-Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemoise people) are French citizens and work at establishments on the island. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and restaurants, and a small population of Anglophones have been resident in Gustavia for many years. The St. Barthélemy French patois is spoken by some 500–700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to Quebec French, whereas Créole French is limited to the windward side. Unlike other populations in the Caribbean, language preference between the Créole and Patois is geographically, and not racially, determined.[page needed]

Question: What are the people of St. Barts called?
Answer: Saint-Barthélemoise

Question: What is the native language of St. Barts?
Answer: French

Question: About how many people speak Patois French in St. Barts?
Answer: 500–700

Question: Of what nation do the people of St. Barts claim citizenship?
Answer: French

Question: How does the determination between Patois and Creole French usually determined?
Answer: racially
Title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

On 7 February 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both St. Barthélemy and (separately) to the neighbouring Saint Martin. The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, when the first territorial council was elected, according to the law. The island has a president (elected every five years), a unicameral Territorial Council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five-year terms, and an executive council of seven members. Elections to these councils were first held on 1 July 2007 with the last election in March 2012.

Question: What island besides St. Barts was granted COM status by France in 2007?
Answer: Saint Martin

Question: How many years does a president have in office in St. Barts?
Answer: five

Question: When was the last election held for the executive council positions?
Answer: in March 2012

Question: When did the COM status for St. Barts take effect?
Answer: 15 July 2007

Question: How many people are on the Territorial Council?
Answer: nineteen
Title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

One senator represents the island in the French Senate. The first election was held on 21 September 2008 with the last election in September 2014. St. Barthélemy became an overseas territory of the European Union on 1 January 2012, but the island's inhabitants remain French citizens with EU status holding EU passports. France is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes (posted on two-year term).

Question: When was the last senate election in St. Barts?
Answer: September 2014

Question: What organization did St. Barts become a part of in 2012?
Answer: the European Union

Question: How many senators represent St. Barts in France?
Answer: One

Question: What year was the first senate election held for the St. Barts?
Answer: 2008

Question: How many policemen does the French government pay for on St. Barts?
Answer: thirteen
Title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

Agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain, but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing. Sweet potato is also grown in patches. The islanders developed commerce through the port of Gustavia. Duty-free port attractions, retail trade, high-end tourism (mostly from North America) and its luxury hotels and villas have increased the island's prosperity, reflected in the high standard of living of its citizens.

Question: What is often difficult on the island?
Answer: Agricultural production

Question: What is grown in patches on the island?
Answer: Sweet potato

Question: What seasoning is found naturally on the island?
Answer: salt

Question: What type of activity did early settlers use to get food that didn't involve farming?
Answer: fishing

Question: What is the name of the main commercial port in St. Barts?
Answer: Gustavia
Title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

International investment and the wealth generated by wealthy tourists explain the high standard of living on the island. St. Barthélemy is considered a playground of the rich and famous,[citation needed] especially as a winter haven, and is known for its beaches, gourmet dining and high-end designers. Most of the food is imported by airplane or boat from the US or France. Tourism attracts about 200,000 visitors every year. As a result, there is a boom in house building activity catering to the tourists and also to the permanent residents of the island, with prices as high as €61,200,000 for a beachfront villa.

Question: St. Barts is considered a playground for whom?
Answer: the rich and famous

Question: How many tourists visit St. Barts each year?
Answer: 200,000

Question: What is the highest propoerty value recorded in St. Barts?
Answer: €61,200,000

Question: What besides investment is responsible for the high standard of living on the island?
Answer: wealth generated by wealthy tourists

Question: Besides boats how does St. Barts import most of its food?
Answer: by airplane
Title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

St. Barthélemy has about 25 hotels, most of them with 15 rooms or fewer. The largest has 58 rooms. Hotels are classified in the traditional French manner; 3 Star, 4 Star and 4 Star Luxe. Of particular note are Eden Rock and Cheval Blanc. Hotel Le Toiny, the most expensive hotel on the island, has 12 rooms. Most places of accommodation are in the form of private villas, of which there are some 400 available to rent on the island. The island's tourism industry, though expensive, attracts 70,000 visitors every year to its luxury hotels and villas and another 130,000 people arrive by luxury boats. It also attracts a labour force from Brazil and Portugal to meet the industry needs.

Question: About how many hotels does St. Barts have?
Answer: 25

Question: How many rooms does the largest hotel in St. Barts have?
Answer: 58

Question: Which country besides Brazil does St. Barts import its labor force from?
Answer: Portugal

Question: How many rooms does the most expensive hotel on the island have?
Answer: 12

Question: About how many villas are available for rent in St. Barts?
Answer: 400
Title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

As the terrain is generally arid, the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants. During the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass. The eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall. A 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety. Sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps. Coconut palm was brought to the island from the Pacific islands. Important plants noted on the island are:

Question: What types of plants are usually found at St. Barts?
Answer: succulent

Question: Which half of the island is usually greener due to more rainfall?
Answer: The eastern part

Question: A 1994 found how many different species of plants native to the island?
Answer: several hundred

Question: What besides palm trees is a common plant to see in St. Barts?
Answer: Sea grapes

Question: Where was the coconut palm brought to St. Barts from?
Answer: the Pacific islands
Title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

Other trees of note include the royal palm, sea grape trees in the form of shrubs on the beaches and as 5 to 7 m trees in the interior areas of the island, aloe or aloe vera (brought from the Mediterranean), the night blooming cereus, mamillaria nivosa, yellow prickly pear or barbary fig which was planted as barbed wire defences against invading British army in 1773, Mexican cactus, stapelia gigantea, golden trumpet or yellow bell which was originally from South America, bougainvillea and others.

Question: What plant was brought to St. Barts from the Mediterranean?
Answer: aloe or aloe vera

Question: What is the name of the night blooming flower on St. Barts?
Answer: cereus

Question: Where was the plant yellow bell brought from?
Answer: South America

Question: When did the british army invade the island?
Answer: 1773

Question: What type of fig grows on the island?
Answer: barbary