rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

On July 25, 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket. The Expedition-1 is an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits.

Question: When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched?
Answer: July 25, 2015

Question: Where were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched from?
Answer: the Xichang Satellite Launch Center

Question: What were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched with?
Answer: Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket

Question: What is the Expedition-1?
Answer: an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits
Title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

The three latest satellites will jointly undergo testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links, and start providing navigation services when ready.

Question: What will the three latest satellites provide after testing?
Answer: navigation services

Question: What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites?
Answer: testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links

Question: How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling?
Answer: three
Title: Canon_law

Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

Question: What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church?
Answer: Canon law

Question: In what type of religion are canon laws applicable?
Answer: Christian

Question: Which institutions make up the Catholic Church?
Answer: Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches

Question: What body was first responsible for creating canon?
Answer: church council

Question: What does canon law consist of?
Answer: canons
Title: Canon_law

Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").

Question: What is the Greek term for canon?
Answer: kanon

Question: What is the Hebrew term for canon?
Answer: kaneh

Question: What is the Arabic term meaning canon?
Answer: Qanun

Question: What is the common definition of the word canon as it appears in Greek, Arabic and Hebrew?
Answer: reed

Question: Which English term is derived from the same root as the Greek, Arabic and Hebrew words for canon?
Answer: cane
Title: Canon_law

The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.

Question: How many ancient canons exist in the Eastern Church?
Answer: eighty-five

Question: How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church?
Answer: fifty

Question: What is another term for Apostolic Canons?
Answer: Ecclesiastical Canons

Question: When was the First Council of Nicaea held?
Answer: 325

Question: What is the Greek definition of κανὠν?
Answer: a rule
Title: Canon_law

In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.

Question: Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?
Answer: the Church's hierarchical authorities

Question: What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?
Answer: canon law

Question: What does management of canon law aim to regulate?
Answer: external organization and government

Question: What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?
Answer: order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church
Title: Canon_law

The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:

Question: What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?
Answer: rites

Question: How many major rites exist?
Answer: five

Question: Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?
Answer: the Supreme Pontiff

Question: What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?
Answer: full union

Question: Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?
Answer: Roman Catholic
Title: Canon_law

In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.

Question: What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?
Answer: immutable divine and natural law

Question: What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?
Answer: changeable circumstantial and merely positive law

Question: What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?
Answer: formal authority and promulgation

Question: What is the pope's official title?
Answer: Supreme Pontiff

Question: What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?
Answer: legislative, executive, and judicial
Title: Canon_law

The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.

Question: What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe?
Answer: The Catholic Church

Question: What is a legal system older than Catholic law?
Answer: Roman law

Question: What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem?
Answer: canons

Question: When was the Council of Jerusalem held?
Answer: first century

Question: Apart from the Old and New Testaments, which other cultures influenced canon?
Answer: Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic
Title: Canon_law

The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law. In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis).

Question: Which period followed the jus antiquum?
Answer: the jus novum

Question: What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?
Answer: the Code of Canon Law

Question: What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?
Answer: the jus vetus
Title: Canon_law

The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II.

Question: In what ways did the Eastern Catholic Churches's legal systems vary from those of the west?
Answer: different disciplines and practices

Question: What led to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches?
Answer: process of codification

Question: When was the law of the Eastern Catholic Churches promoted?
Answer: 1990

Question: Who sponsored the promulgation of Eastern Catholic Church laws?
Answer: Pope John Paul II

Question: What was the name of the formal version of laws ruling the Eastern Catholic Churches?
Answer: the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
Title: Canon_law

It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (Juris Canonici Licentiatus, Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (Juris Canonici Doctor, Doctor of Canon Law). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law.

Question: What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ?
Answer: lawyers, judges

Question: What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law?
Answer: civilly-binding force

Question: What does J.C.B. stand for?
Answer: Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus

Question: What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.?
Answer: Bachelor of Canon Law

Question: What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?
Answer: Juris Canonici Licentiatus
Title: Canon_law

Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called "inquisitorial", from the Latin "inquirere", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges.

Question: What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics?
Answer: Roman Law Code of Justinian

Question: What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts?
Answer: adversarial

Question: What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts?
Answer: inquisitorial

Question: What is the English meaning of inquirere?
Answer: to enquire
Title: Canon_law

The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law (legal system) bear the influences of canon law. Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in canon law, says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society.

Question: What continent's laws developed alongside those of the Church?
Answer: Europe

Question: In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen?
Answer: modern civil law and common law

Question: Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions?
Answer: Edson Luiz Sampel

Question: What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law?
Answer: Europe and Latin American

Question: What does Sampel claim had a great impact on?
Answer: contemporary society
Title: Canon_law

Canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy. While the term "law" is never explicitly defined in the Code, the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as "...an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community" and reformulates it as "...a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good."

Question: What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory?
Answer: Aristotelian-Thomistic

Question: Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism?
Answer: Aquinas

Question: What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church?
Answer: law

Question: What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working?
Answer: the common good

Question: What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism?
Answer: a rule of conduct
Title: Canon_law

The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church. The publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later.

Question: Prior to 1917, what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system?
Answer: the Latin or Western Church

Question: What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western?
Answer: more diversity in legislation

Question: What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws?
Answer: custom

Question: When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches?
Answer: 1929

Question: During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?
Answer: 1949 through 1958
Title: Canon_law

The first Code of Canon Law, 1917, was mostly for the Roman Rite, with limited application to the Eastern Churches. After the Second Vatican Council, (1962 - 1965), another edition was published specifically for the Roman Rite in 1983. Most recently, 1990, the Vatican produced the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches which became the 1st code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law.

Question: When was the original Code of Canon Law published?
Answer: 1917

Question: For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published?
Answer: the Roman Rite

Question: During what years was the Second Vatican Council held?
Answer: 1962 - 1965

Question: For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983?
Answer: the Roman Rite

Question: When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?
Answer: 1990
Title: Canon_law

The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the Pēdálion (Greek: Πηδάλιον, "Rudder"), so named because it is meant to "steer" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them nómoi/νόμοι (laws) rather than kanónes/κανόνες (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity.

Question: What language is used by members of the Orthodox denomination?
Answer: Greek

Question: What are the constituents of the Pēdálion?
Answer: canons and commentaries upon them

Question: What does Pēdálion mean in English?
Answer: Rudder

Question: Which Orthodox leaders are free to adapt canon as required?
Answer: bishops

Question: Which groups do Orthodox scholars point to when defending their way of interpreting canon?
Answer: the Ecumenical Councils
Title: Canon_law

In the Church of England, the ecclesiastical courts that formerly decided many matters such as disputes relating to marriage, divorce, wills, and defamation, still have jurisdiction of certain church-related matters (e.g. discipline of clergy, alteration of church property, and issues related to churchyards). Their separate status dates back to the 12th century when the Normans split them off from the mixed secular/religious county and local courts used by the Saxons. In contrast to the other courts of England the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system, not common law, although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes. Since the Reformation, ecclesiastical courts in England have been royal courts. The teaching of canon law at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was abrogated by Henry VIII; thereafter practitioners in the ecclesiastical courts were trained in civil law, receiving a Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree from Oxford, or a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Cambridge. Such lawyers (called "doctors" and "civilians") were centered at "Doctors Commons", a few streets south of St Paul's Cathedral in London, where they monopolized probate, matrimonial, and admiralty cases until their jurisdiction was removed to the common law courts in the mid-19th century.

Question: In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society?
Answer: the Church of England

Question: In what century did Saxons and Normans separate?
Answer: 12th

Question: What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day?
Answer: common law

Question: At which universities were canon law degrees abolished?
Answer: Oxford and Cambridge

Question: Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge?
Answer: Henry VIII
Title: Canon_law

Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world (e.g., the Episcopal Church in the United States, and the Anglican Church of Canada) still function under their own private systems of canon law.

Question: What is a term for the Church of England and churches that align with it?
Answer: the Anglican Communion

Question: What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in America?
Answer: the Episcopal Church

Question: What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in Canada?
Answer: the Anglican Church of Canada

Question: What do extant churches of the Anglican Communion still operate with?
Answer: their own private systems of canon law
Title: Canon_law

Currently, (2004), there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion; their existence can be factually established; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion; these principles have a strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the churches of the Communion; these principles have a living force, and contain in themselves the possibility of further development; and the existence of these principles both demonstrates unity and promotes unity within the Anglican Communion.

Question: As of 2004, what do all Anglican Communion Churches share?
Answer: principles of canon law

Question: What term characterizes the way in which the existence of canon principles can be shown?
Answer: factually

Question: Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law? 
Answer: its own legal system

Question: What kind of force could the canonical principles be said to have within the Communion?
Answer: living

Question: What does having common principles show and support for churches int he Communion?
Answer: unity
Title: Canon_law

In Presbyterian and Reformed churches, canon law is known as "practice and procedure" or "church order", and includes the church's laws respecting its government, discipline, legal practice and worship.

Question: What are two other possible terms for canon law among some denominations?
Answer: "practice and procedure" or "church order"

Question: In what types of institutions are canon rules called "practice and procedure"?
Answer: Presbyterian and Reformed churches

Question: What aspect of management is covered by church order?
Answer: government

Question: What aspect of decorum is covered by practice and procedure?
Answer: discipline

Question: What aspect of faith is covered by canon law?
Answer: worship
Title: Canon_law

Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years.

Question: What group took issue with the Roman canons?
Answer: the Presbyterians

Question: In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?
Answer: 1572

Question: To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?
Answer: Parliament

Question: For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?
Answer: 1500 years

Question: Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?
Answer: bishops
Title: Canon_law

The Book of Concord is the historic doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century. However, the Book of Concord is a confessional document (stating orthodox belief) rather than a book of ecclesiastical rules or discipline, like canon law. Each Lutheran national church establishes its own system of church order and discipline, though these are referred to as "canons."

Question: What is a fundamental collection of documents of the Lutherans?
Answer: The Book of Concord

Question: Beginning in what century was the Book of Concord a central part of the Lutheran Church?
Answer: 16th

Question: What kind of statement is the Book of Concord?
Answer: confessional

Question: What are the legislative systems of various Lutheran institutions called?
Answer: canons

Question: What kind of belief is the subject of the Book of Concord?
Answer: orthodox