rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Crimean_War

Soon after, a Russian cavalry movement was countered by the Heavy Brigade, who charged and fought hand-to-hand until the Russians retreated. This caused a more widespread Russian retreat, including a number of their artillery units. When the local commanders failed to take advantage of the retreat, Lord Raglan sent out orders to move up. The local commanders ignored the demands, leading to the British aide-de-camp personally delivering a quickly written and confusing order to attack the artillery. When the Earl of Cardigan questioned what they referred to, the aide-de-camp pointed to the first Russian battery he could see – the wrong one.

Question: Who countered the Russian cavalry's movement?
Answer: Heavy Brigade

Question: Who failed to take advantage of the retreat?
Answer: local commanders

Question: Who sent the order to have them advance their position?
Answer: Lord Raglan

Question: Who ignored Lord Raglan's advice to advance?
Answer: The local commanders
Title: Crimean_War

Cardigan formed up his unit and charged the length of the Valley of the Balaclava, under fire from Russian batteries in the hills. The charge of the Light Brigade caused 278 casualties of the 700-man unit. The Light Brigade was memorialized in the famous poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson, "The Charge of the Light Brigade." Although traditionally the charge of the Light Brigade was looked upon as a glorious but wasted sacrifice of good men and horses, recent historians say that the charge of the Light Brigade did succeed in at least some of its objectives. The aim of any cavalry charge is to scatter the enemy lines and frighten the enemy off the battlefield. The charge of the Light Brigade had so unnerved the Russian cavalry, which had previously been routed by the Heavy Brigade, that the Russian Cavalry was set to full-scale flight by the subsequent charge of the Light Brigade.:252

Question: Who led the charge on the Valley of Balaclava?
Answer: Cardigan

Question: Who was Cardigan under fire from when advancing on the Valley of Balaclava?
Answer: Russian batteries

Question: How many people did Cardigan lose during the Light Brigade?  
Answer: 278

Question: Who wrote the famous poem about the Light Brigade? 
Answer: Alfred Lord Tennyson

Question: What was the name of the poem that memorialized the Light Brigade?
Answer: The Charge of the Light Brigade
Title: Crimean_War

Winter, and a deteriorating supply situation on both sides of troops and materiel, led to a halt in ground operations. Sevastopol remained invested by the allies, while the allied armies were hemmed in by the Russian army in the interior. On 14 November a storm sank thirty allied transport ships including HMS Prince which was carrying a cargo of winter clothing.:435 The storm and heavy traffic caused the road from the coast to the troops to disintegrate into a quagmire, requiring engineers to devote most of their time to its repair including quarrying stone. A tramroad was ordered. It arrived in January with a civilian engineering crew, however it was March before it was sufficiently advanced to be of any appreciable value.:439 An Electrical telegraph was also ordered, but the frozen ground delayed its installation until March, when communications from the base port of Balaklava to the British HQ was established. The Pipe-and-cable-laying plough failed because of the hard frozen soil, but even so 21 miles of cable were laid.:449

Question: What stopped ground operations during the winter?
Answer: a deteriorating supply situation

Question: What caused the HMS Prince to sink?
Answer: a storm

Question: What was the HMS Prince carrying when it sunk?
Answer: a cargo of winter clothing

Question: What arrived in January with an engineering crew?
Answer: A tramroad

Question: What caused the electrical telegraph to be delayed for some time?
Answer: the frozen ground
Title: Crimean_War

The Allies had had time to consider the problem. The French being brought around to agree that the key to the defence was the Malakoff.:441 Emphasis of the siege at Sevastopol shifted to the British left, against the fortifications on Malakoff hill.:339 In March, there was fighting by the French over a new fort being built by the Russians at Mamelon, located on a hill in front of the Malakoff. Several weeks of fighting saw little change in the front line, and the Mamelon remained in Russian hands.

Question: What did the French believe was instrumental in their defense?
Answer: the Malakoff

Question: Where was the Russians building a new fort?
Answer: Mamelon

Question: Mamelon is found on a hill in front of what suburban commune?
Answer: Malakoff

Question: After fighting for weeks, what did the Russians continue to have control over?
Answer: the Mamelon
Title: Crimean_War

Many more artillery pieces had arrived and been dug into batteries. In June, a third bombardment was followed after two days by a successful attack on the Mamelon, but a follow-up assault on the Malakoff failed with heavy losses. During this time the garrison commander, Admiral Nakhimov fell on 30 June 1855.:378 Raglan having also died on 28 June.:460 In August, the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava, defended by the French, newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops.:461 The resulting battle of Tchernaya was a defeat for the Russians, who suffered heavy casualties.

Question: Who was the garrison commander that died on June 30th 1855?
Answer: Admiral Nakhimov

Question: What figure died on June 28th 1855?
Answer: Raglan

Question: What did the Russians try to attack during the month of August?
Answer: the base at Balaclava

Question: Who defended the base at Balaclava?
Answer: newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops

Question: Who was defeated at the battle of Tchernaya?
Answer: the Russians
Title: Crimean_War

For months each side had been building forward rifle pits and defensive positions, which resulted in many skirmishes. Artillery fire aiming to gain superiority over the enemy guns.:450–462 September saw the final assault. On 5 September, another French bombardment (the sixth) was followed by an assault by the French Army on 8 September resulting in the capture of the Malakoff by the French, and following their failure to retake it, the collapse of the Russian defences. Meanwhile, the British captured the Great Redan, just south of the city of Sevastopol. The Russians retreated to the north, blowing up their magazines and the city fell on 9 September 1855 after a 337-day-long siege.:106

Question: What was being built that caused unpremeditated fighting on each side?
Answer: forward rifle pits and defensive positions

Question: What month did the capture of Malakoff take place?
Answer: September

Question: Who captured Malakoff?
Answer: the French

Question: Who failed to take back Malakoff?
Answer: the Russian defences

Question: Who took control of the Great Redan?
Answer: the British
Title: Crimean_War

In spring 1855, the allied British-French commanders decided to send an Anglo-French naval squadron into the Azov Sea to undermine Russian communications and supplies to besieged Sevastopol. On 12 May 1855, British-French warships entered the Kerch Strait and destroyed the coast battery of the Kamishevaya Bay. On 21 May 1855, the gunboats and armed steamers attacked the seaport of Taganrog, the most important hub near Rostov on Don. The vast amounts of food, especially bread, wheat, barley, and rye that were amassed in the city after the outbreak of war were prevented from being exported.

Question: What did the British-French commanders send to disrupt Russian communications and supplies?
Answer: Anglo-French naval squadron

Question: What sea was the Anglo-French naval squadron sent to?
Answer: Azov Sea

Question: Where did British-French warships enter on May 12th 1855?
Answer: the Kerch Strait

Question: What seaport did the British-French attack with steamers and gunboats?
Answer: the seaport of Taganrog

Question: The seaport of Taganrog is near what port city?
Answer: Rostov on Don
Title: Crimean_War

In July 1855, the allied squadron tried to go past Taganrog to Rostov on Don, entering the Don River through the Mius River. On 12 July 1855 HMS Jasper grounded near Taganrog thanks to a fisherman who moved buoys into shallow water. The Cossacks captured the gunboat with all of its guns and blew it up. The third siege attempt was made 19–31 August 1855, but the city was already fortified and the squadron could not approach close enough for landing operations. The allied fleet left the Gulf of Taganrog on the 2nd September 1855, with minor military operations along the Azov Sea coast continuing until late autumn 1855.

Question: What caused the HMS Jasper to get stuck in shallow water?
Answer: a fisherman who moved buoys

Question: Who blew up the HMS Jasper?
Answer: The Cossacks

Question: During what days did the allied squadron third siege attempt take place?
Answer: 19–31 August

Question: The allied fleet departed the Gulf of Taganrog on what date?
Answer: 2nd September

Question: Why did the third siege attempt fail?
Answer: the city was already fortified
Title: Crimean_War

1853: There were four main events. 1. In the north the Turks captured the border fort of Saint Nicholas in a surprise night attack (27/28 October). They then pushed about 20000 troops across the Cholok River border. Being outnumbered the Russians abandoned Poti and Redut Kale and drew back to Marani. Both sides remained immobile for the next seven months. 2. In the center the Turks moved north from Ardahan to within cannon-shot of Akhaltsike and awaited reinforcements (13 November). The Russians routed them. The claimed losses were 4000 Turks and 400 Russians. 3. In the south about 30000 Turks slowly moved east to the main Russian concentration at Gyumri or Alexandropol (November). They crossed the border and set up artillery south of town. Prince Orbeliani tried to drive them off and found himself trapped. The Turks failed to press their advantage, the remaining Russians rescued Orbeliani and the Turks retired west. Orbeliani lost about 1000 men out of 5000. The Russians now decided to advance, the Turks took up a strong position on the Kars road and attacked. They were defeated in the battle of Başgedikler, losing 6000 men, half their artillery and all their supply train. The Russians lost 1300, including Prince Orbeliani. This was Prince Ellico Orbeliani whose wife was later kidnaped by Shamyl at Tsinandali. 4. At sea the Turks sent a fleet east which was destroyed by Admiral Nakhimov at Sinope.

Question: Who captured the border front of Saint Nicholas during a night attack?
Answer: the Turks

Question: How many troops did the Turks have when crossing the Cholok River?
Answer: 20000 troops

Question: After giving up their position at Poti and Redut Kale, where did the Russians retreat to?
Answer: Marani

Question: How many troops did the Turks send to Gyumri?
Answer: 30000

Question: What were the Turks waiting for when positioned near Akhaltsike?
Answer: reinforcements
Title: Crimean_War

In the north Eristov pushed southwest, fought two battles, forced the Turks back to Batum, retired behind the Cholok River and suspended action for the rest of the year (June). In the far south Wrangel pushed west, fought a battle and occupied Bayazit. In the center the main forces stood at Kars and Gyumri. Both slowly approached along the Kars-Gyumri road and faced each other, neither side choosing to fight (June–July). On 4 August Russian scouts saw a movement which they thought was the start of a withdrawal, the Russians advanced and the Turks attacked first. They were defeated, losing 8000 men to the Russian 3000. 10000 irregulars deserted to their villages. Both sides withdrew to their former positions. About this time the Persians made a semi-secret agreement to remain neutral in exchange for the cancellation of the indemnity from the previous war.

Question: Who make the Turks retreat back to Batum?
Answer: Eristov

Question: Who occupied Bayazit?
Answer: Wrangel

Question: Where did the main forces stand?
Answer: Kars and Gyumri

Question: On August 4th, who thought the other side was withdrawing? 
Answer: the Russians

Question: Who made a secret agreement to remain neutral?
Answer: the Persians
Title: Crimean_War

1855:Kars: In the year up to May 1855 Turkish forces in the east were reduced from 120,000 to 75,000, mostly by disease. The local Armenian population kept Muravyev well-informed about the Turks at Kars and he judged they had about five months of supplies. He therefore decided to control the surrounding area with cavalry and starve them out. He started in May and by June was south and west of the town. A relieving force fell back and there was a possibility of taking Erzerum, but Muravyev chose not to. In late September he learned of the fall of Sevastopol and a Turkish landing at Batum. This led him to reverse policy and try a direct attack. It failed, the Russians losing 8000 men and the Turks 1500 (29 September). The blockade continued and Kars surrendered on 8 November.

Question: What caused the number of Turkish soldiers to decrease?
Answer: disease

Question: How man troops were the Turks forces in the east reduced to? 
Answer: 75,000

Question: Who kept Muravyev informed about the Turks at Kar?
Answer: The local Armenian population

Question: What did Muravyev attend to do to the Turks in order to defeat them?
Answer: starve them out

Question: What city did Muravyev decide not to take control over?
Answer: Erzerum
Title: Crimean_War

1855: Georgian coast: Omar Pasha, the Turkish commander at Crimea had long wanted to land in Georgia, but the western powers vetoed it. When they relented in August most of the campaigning season was lost. In September 8000 Turks landed at Batum, but the main concentration was at Sukhum Kale. This required a 100-mile march south through a country with poor roads. The Russians planned to hold the line of the Ingur River which separates Abkhazia from Georgia proper. Omar crossed the Ingur on 7 November and then wasted a great deal of time, the Russians doing little. By 2 December he had reached the Tskhenis-dzqali, the rainy season had started, his camps were submerged in mud and there was no bread. Learning of the fall of Kars he withdrew to the Ingur. The Russians did nothing and he evacuated to Batum in February of the following year.

Question: Who vetoed Omar Pasha from landing in Georgia?
Answer: the western powers

Question: In September of 1855, how many Turks could be found at Batum?
Answer: 8000

Question: When landing at Batum, what were the Turks primary focus?
Answer: Sukhum Kale

Question: What river divides Abkhazia from Georgia?
Answer: the Ingur River

Question: What did Omar Pasha finally reach on December 2nd 1855?
Answer: the Tskhenis-dzqali
Title: Crimean_War

The Baltic was[when?] a forgotten theatre of the Crimean War. Popularisation of events elsewhere overshadowed the significance of this theatre, which was close to Saint Petersburg, the Russian capital. In April 1854 an Anglo-French fleet entered the Baltic to attack the Russian naval base of Kronstadt and the Russian fleet stationed there. In August 1854 the combined British and French fleet returned to Kronstadt for another attempt. The outnumbered Russian Baltic Fleet confined its movements to the areas around its fortifications. At the same time, the British and French commanders Sir Charles Napier and Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval-Deschenes—although they led the largest fleet assembled since the Napoleonic Wars—considered the Sveaborg fortress too well-defended to engage. Thus, shelling of the Russian batteries was limited to two attempts in the summers of 1854 and 1855, and initially, the attacking fleets limited their actions to blockading Russian trade in the Gulf of Finland. Naval attacks on other ports, such as the ones in the island of Hogland in the Gulf of Finland, proved more successful. Additionally, allies conducted raids on less fortified sections of the Finnish coast. These battles are known in Finland as the Åland war.

Question: What is the Russian capital?
Answer: Saint Petersburg

Question: Which theater was next to Saint Petersburg?
Answer: The Baltic

Question: Which fleet joined the Baltic attack?
Answer: Anglo-French fleet

Question: When did the Anglo-French fleet join the Baltic attack?
Answer: April 1854

Question: Which two fleets returned to Kronstadt?
Answer: British and French fleet
Title: Crimean_War

In August 1855 a Franco-British naval force captured and destroyed the Russian Bomarsund fortress on Åland Islands. In the same month, the Western Allied Baltic Fleet tried to destroy heavily defended Russian dockyards at Sveaborg outside Helsinki. More than 1000 enemy guns tested the strength of the fortress for two days. Despite the shelling, the sailors of the 120-gun ship Rossiya, led by Captain Viktor Poplonsky, defended the entrance to the harbor. The Allies fired over 20,000 shells but failed to defeat the Russian batteries. A massive new fleet of more than 350 gunboats and mortar vessels was prepared[by whom?], but before the attack was launched, the war ended.

Question: When did the French and British capture the Russian Bomarsund fortress?
Answer: August 1855

Question: Where was the Russian Bomarsund fortress at?
Answer: Åland Islands

Question: Who led the ship Rossiya?
Answer: Captain Viktor Poplonsky

Question: What was captain Viktor Poplonsky defending? 
Answer: entrance to the harbor
Title: Crimean_War

Part of the Russian resistance was credited[by whom?] to the deployment of newly invented blockade mines. Perhaps the most influential contributor to the development of naval mining was a Swede resident in Russia, the inventor and civil engineer Immanuel Nobel (the father of Alfred Nobel). Immanuel Nobel helped the Russian war effort by applying his knowledge of industrial explosives, such as nitroglycerin and gunpowder. One account dates modern naval mining from the Crimean War: "Torpedo mines, if I may use this name given by Fulton to self-acting mines underwater, were among the novelties attempted by the Russians in their defences about Cronstadt and Sevastopol", as one American officer put it in 1860.

Question: What greatly benefited the Russian resistance?
Answer: newly invented blockade mines

Question: Who contributed the most to developing naval mining?
Answer: Immanuel Nobel

Question: Immanuel Noble had expensive knowledge in what field?
Answer: industrial explosives

Question: Who named the torpedo mines?
Answer: Fulton

Question: What was Immanuel Nobel son's name?
Answer: Alfred Nobel
Title: Crimean_War

Minor naval skirmishes also occurred in the Far East, where at Petropavlovsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula a British and French Allied squadron including HMS Pique under Rear Admiral David Price and a French force under Counter-Admiral Auguste Febvrier Despointes besieged a smaller Russian force under Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin. In September 1854, an Allied landing force was beaten back with heavy casualties, and the Allies withdrew. The Russians escaped under the cover of snow in early 1855 after Allied reinforcements arrived in the region.

Question: Who was in charge of the HMS Pique?
Answer: Rear Admiral David Price

Question: The Russians escaped under the cover of what in 1855?
Answer: snow

Question: Petropavlovsk is located on what peninsula?
Answer: the Kamchatka Peninsula
Title: Crimean_War

Camillo di Cavour, under orders of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia, sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers, commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora, to side with French and British forces during the war.:111–12 This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French, especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter. The deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya (16 August 1855) and in the siege of Sevastopol, allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war, where it could address the issue of the Risorgimento to other European powers.

Question: Who gave Camillo di Cavour the orders to send soldiers to aid the French and British forces?
Answer: Victor Emmanuel II

Question: Camillo di Cavour sent how many troops to aid the French and British forces?
Answer: 15,000

Question: Who commanded the soldiers sent by Camillo di Cavour?
Answer: General Alfonso La Marmora

Question: The Battle of the Chernaya took place in what year?
Answer: 1855

Question: Where was Victor Emmanuel II from?
Answer: Piedmont-Sardinia
Title: Crimean_War

Greece played a peripheral role in the war. When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1853, King Otto of Greece saw an opportunity to expand North and South into Ottoman areas that had large Greek Christian majorities. However, Greece did not coordinate its plans with Russia, did not declare war, and received no outside military or financial support. Greece, an Orthodox nation, had considerable support in Russia, but the Russian government decided it was too dangerous to help Greece expand its holdings.:32–40 When the Russians invaded the Principalities, the Ottoman forces were tied down so Greece invaded Thessaly and Epirus. To block further Greek moves, the British and French occupied the main Greek port at Piraeus from April 1854 to February 1857, and effectively neutralized the Greek army. Greeks, gambling on a Russian victory, incited the large-scale Epirus Revolt of 1854 as well as uprisings in Crete. The insurrections were failures that were easily crushed by the Ottoman army. Greece was not invited to the peace conference and made no gains out of the war.:139 The frustrated Greek leadership blamed the King for failing to take advantage of the situation; his popularity plunged and he was later forced to abdicate.

Question: When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire who glimpsed an opportunity to advance North and South?
Answer: King Otto of Greece

Question: When the Ottoman forces were busy, who did Greece invade?
Answer: Thessaly and Epirus

Question: From April 1854 to February 1857, what port did the British and French lock down?
Answer: Greek port at Piraeus

Question: In what year did the Epirus Revolt take place?
Answer: 1854

Question: Who stirred up the Epirus Revolt of 1854?
Answer: Greeks
Title: Crimean_War

Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war was growing with the public in the UK and in other countries, aggravated by reports of fiascos, especially the humiliating defeat of the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. On Sunday, 21 January 1855, a "snowball riot" occurred in Trafalgar Square near St. Martin-in-the-Field in which 1,500 people gathered to protest against the war by pelting buses, cabs, and pedestrians with snow balls. When the police intervened, the snowballs were directed at them. The riot was finally put down by troops and police acting with truncheons. In Parliament, Tories demanded an accounting of all soldiers, cavalry and sailors sent to the Crimea and accurate figures as to the number of casualties that had been sustained by all British armed forces in the Crimea; they were especially concerned with the Battle of Balaclava. When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by the vote of 305 to 148, Aberdeen said he had lost a vote of no confidence and resigned as prime minister on 30 January 1855. The veteran former Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston became prime minister. Palmerston took a hard line; he wanted to expand the war, foment unrest inside the Russian Empire, and permanently reduce the Russian threat to Europe. Sweden and Prussia were willing to join the UK and France, and Russia was isolated.:400–402, 406–408

Question: On January 21 1855, where did people protest the war?
Answer: Trafalgar Square

Question: How did troops stop the riot?
Answer: with truncheons

Question: What were the people using during the protest?
Answer: snowballs

Question: Who resigned as Prime Minister on January 30, 1855?
Answer: Aberdeen

Question: What position did Lord Palmerston previously hold before becoming a Prime Minister?
Answer: Foreign Secretary