rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Mammal

Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.

Question: Which sub class are most viviparous mammals in?
Answer: Theria

Question: Viviparous mammals today are in which two main infraclasses?
Answer: marsupial and placental

Question: What is present in all non-placental mammals?
Answer: epipubic bones
Title: Mammal

In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.

Question: Which part is larger relative to the brain in primates?
Answer: cerebrum

Question: Which non-primate has the ability to learn and perform new task?
Answer: Rats

Question: Mammals with smaller brains tend to be in what class in the food chain?
Answer: prey
Title: Mammal

To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive – mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals – this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).

Question: To be able to maintain a constant body temperature, what do mammals need to maintain?
Answer: nutritious and plentiful diet

Question: What does a omnivore imply?
Answer: eats both prey and plants

Question: What do the majority of mammals under 18 oz eat?
Answer: insects

Question: What determines a mammals diet type?
Answer: The size
Title: Mammal

The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.

Question: What is the name given when zones of gradation exits?
Answer: clines

Question: What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?
Answer: liger

Question: What is the marketed name given in the meat industry when you involve a european or indian domestic cattle mixed with an American bison?
Answer: Beefalo

Question: What is the given name of a offspring from two different animals?
Answer: hybrid
Title: East_India_Company

Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean. The permission was granted, and despite the defeat of the English Armada in 1589, on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions. One of them, Edward Bonventure, then sailed around Cape Comorin and on to the Malay Peninsula and subsequently returned to England in 1594.

Question: The Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?
Answer: 1588

Question: What was the first year the London merchants were granted permission to sail the Indina Ocean?
Answer: 1589

Question: Who did the London merchants petition to get permission to sail the Indian Ocean?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth I

Question: how many ships sailed Torbay?
Answer: three

Question: who returned to england after sailing around Cape Comorin?
Answer: Edward Bonventure

Question:  in this paragraph the Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?
Answer: 1588

Question: how many ships sailed  from Torbay?
Answer: three
Title: East_India_Company

This time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen granted a Royal Charter to "George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies. For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603. and in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. General William Keeling, a captain during the second voyage, led the third voyage from 1607 to 1610.

Question: What did the Queen give them for suceeding?
Answer: a Royal Charter

Question: What was the name of the Royal Charter?
Answer: Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies

Question: What did this charter give them?
Answer: a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan

Question: Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?
Answer: Sir James Lancaster

Question: Who led the third voyage?
Answer: General William Keeling

Question: Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?
Answer: Sir James Lancaster

Question: Who commanded the second  voyage in 1604?
Answer: Sir Henry Middleton

Question: What was the rank of the person who commanded the third voyage?
Answer: General

Question: what was the name of the company that traded with East Indies?
Answer: Merchants of London

Question: how many years did the Merchants of London has a monoploy on trade?
Answer: fifteen
Title: East_India_Company

In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period, including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.

Question: Where was the first factory in south India?
Answer: town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal

Question: In 1609 the charter was renewed for what period of time?
Answer: indefinite

Question: what would happen if the trade did not return a profit for at least 3 years?
Answer: charter would cease to be in force

Question: why did King James I licence other trading companies from england?
Answer: high profits

Question: Where was the first factory in south India?
Answer: Machilipatnam

Question: What initially moved King James 1 to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England?
Answer: high profits

Question: While the company was  giving an indefinite period when renewing thier charter what clause did King james use to make sure the company stayed profitable
Answer: the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.

Question: how many years did the Merchants of London have to become profitabl when their charter was renewed by king james?
Answer: three consecutive years
Title: East_India_Company

The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations, eclipsing the Portuguese Estado da Índia, which had established bases in Goa, Chittagong, and Bombay, which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza. The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China, which helped secure their ports in China. The company established trading posts in Surat (1619), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690). By 1647, the company had 23 factories, each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor if so chosen, and 90 employees in India. The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and Bombay Castle.

Question: when was the bombay trading post established?
Answer: 1668

Question: who commanded the factories owned by the East India company?
Answer: factor or master merchant and governor

Question: who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?
Answer: Dutch United East India Company

Question: how many employees were in the factories in India?
Answer: 90

Question: what were the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras and Bombay castle before they were forts?
Answer: major factories

Question: who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?
Answer: Dutch

Question: by 1647 how many factories did the company have?
Answer: 23

Question: the east india company changed how it did business by moving from  focusing on royal patronage to what type of business?
Answer: commercial trading operations

Question: when the east india company move to commercial  trading what  company did they surpass?
Answer: Portuguese Estado da Índia

Question: The top or most important factories had what  physical feature in  common?
Answer: walled forts
Title: East_India_Company

In 1634, the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal, and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for the trade. The company's mainstay businesses were by then cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, and tea. The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Malaccan straits by ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41. With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and Dutch East India Company (VOC) entered a period of intense competition, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Question: Name the wars that was caused by the intense competition between the EIC and Dutch East India Company
Answer: Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries

Question: what caused the Dutch to expand thier spice trade in the malaccan straits?
Answer: ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41

Question: How important were cotton, silk, indigo dye,saltpetre and tea to the company?
Answer: The company's mainstay business

Question: what year did the Mughal emperor completely wave customs duities?
Answer: 1717

Question: who did the Mughal emperor extend hospitality to?
Answer: English traders

Question: what region was made available to english traders by  the Mughal emperor?
Answer: Bengal

Question: in 1717 what made the region of Bengal  so appealing to English traders?
Answer: waived customs duties

Question: why type of  dye was one of the East  India company's main  products?
Answer: indigo dye

Question: Who were the main competitors that  had a monopoly of the spice trade in Malaccan?
Answer: The Dutch

Question: what wars was a result of the competitive nature of the mulitple trading companies in the 17th and 18th centuries?
Answer: Anglo-Dutch Wars
Title: East_India_Company

In September 1695, Captain Henry Every, an English pirate on board the Fancy, reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha. The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai, reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the Fateh Muhammed. They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat. The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later, and meeting little resistance, took some £50,000 to £60,000 worth of treasure.

Question: How much treasure was taken by pirates?
Answer: £50,000 to £60,000

Question: waht was the name of largest ship operating in the Indian ocean?
Answer: Ganj-i-Sawai,

Question: how often did the Indian fleet voyage to Mocha?
Answer: annual

Question: What type of Captain was Henry Every?
Answer: English pirate

Question: What was the name of the Pirate on board the Fancy who later teamed up with five other pirate captiains to attack the Indian Fleet?
Answer: Captain Henry Every

Question: When did  Captain Henry Every attack the Indian Fleet
Answer: 1695

Question: Where was the indian Fleet headed when they were attacked by Captain Every
Answer: Mocha

Question: What was reportly the largest ship in the Mughal Convoy in the Indian Fleet?
Answer: Ganj-i-Sawai
Title: East_India_Company

Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj-i-Sawai, which resisted strongly before eventually striking. Ganj-i-Sawai carried enormous wealth and, according to contemporary East India Company sources, was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal, though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue. The loot from the Ganj-i-Sawai had a total value between £325,000 and £600,000, including 500,000 gold and silver pieces, and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates.

Question: how many gold and silver pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai?
Answer: 500,000

Question: What was the total value of cargo on the Ganj-i-Sawai?
Answer: £325,000 and £600,000

Question: who was on the Ganji-i-Sawai according to the EIC?
Answer: a relative of the Grand Mughal

Question: what is the Ganj-i-Sawai know for?
Answer: richest ship ever taken by pirates

Question: What was reportedly the high value of of loot that the Ganj-i-Sawai had?
Answer: £600,000

Question: as times has past what has become know as the richest ship ever taken by Pirates?
Answer: Ganj-i-Sawai

Question: how many gold and silver pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai?
Answer: 500,000 gold and silver pieces
Title: East_India_Company

When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry. In response, a combined bounty of £1,000 was offered for Every's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company, leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history. The plunder of Aurangzeb's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company. The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company's factories in India and imprison their officers, who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals, blaming them for their countryman's depredations, and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India. To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan, Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace (pardons) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates.

Question: Who caused the first worldwide manhunt?
Answer: Every

Question: What was the total bounty offered for Captian Every after England heard that the Ganj-i-Sawai was  taken
Answer: £1,000

Question: Captian Every was the focus of the first recorded worldwide.... what in history?
Answer: manhunt

Question: What was the name of the  council that offered part of the bounty for Captain Every
Answer: Privy Council

Question: Who took 4 East India ship and arrested their officers as a reaction to the attack on Ganj-i-Sawai
Answer: Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb

Question: Due to the danger the Captian Every put the trading abiliy of East India Company what  Act would he never qualify for that other pirate were later offered?
Answer: Acts of Grace
Title: East_India_Company

This allowed any English firm to trade with India, unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years. By an act that was passed in 1698, a new "parallel" East India Company (officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies) was floated under a state-backed indemnity of £2 million. The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £315,000 in the new concern, and dominated the new body. The two companies wrestled with each other for some time, both in England and in India, for a dominant share of the trade.

Question: enlish firms were allow to trade with  India unless?
Answer: prohibited by act of parliament

Question: what was the name of the  second East india company that ended up runnig parallel to the first?
Answer: English Company Trading to the East Indies

Question: The two parallel East India company  had a power stuggle in both  England and?
Answer: India

Question: In what  year was the Act passed the made a parallel East India company?
Answer: 1698

Question: The stock holder of the Original East India  company rasied how much money  to  try and deal with the parallel East India Company?
Answer: £315,000
Title: East_India_Company

In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament. The company sought a permanent establishment, while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company's profits. In 1712, another act renewed the status of the company, though the debts were repaid. By 1720, 15% of British imports were from India, almost all passing through the company, which reasserted the influence of the company lobby. The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730.

Question: in 1720 what % of  import goods were from India? 
Answer: 15%

Question: Who passed the acts that effected the profits of East india company
Answer: Parliament

Question: Who argued against parliament on the trade issue that involded the East India Company
Answer: company lobby
Title: East_India_Company

At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals. Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783, in return for a further loan of £1 million. Between 1756 and 1763, the Seven Years' War diverted the state's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America.

Question: The British Government agrree to extend the licensed for the company in India until 1793 for how much money
Answer: £1 million

Question: What was the big fear that brought the British government to extend the deadline for the trade license for the company?
Answer: monetary consequences of a war

Question: What was the name of the  war that lasted from 1756 to 1763?
Answer: Seven Years' War

Question: The seven years' war  changed the British state focus from trade to protecting  europe and defending  which colonies?
Answer: colonies in North America

Question: in what year did the Seven years' war
Answer: 1763
Title: East_India_Company

With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The company became the single largest player in the British global market. William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London (1808) that:

Question: what was the type of  Revolution that allowed Britian to move ahead of its European rivals?
Answer: Industrial Revolution

Question: What was the name of William Henry Pyne book from 1808?
Answer: The Microcosm of London

Question: What became the largest player in the British global market according to William Henry Pyne?
Answer: The company

Question: What country was the home to the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: Britain

Question: The industrial revoluntion gave raise to the access to what type of material?
Answer: raw