rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Political_corruption

In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.

Question: What does corruption undermine in politics?
Answer: democracy

Question: What does corruption disregard in politics?
Answer: formal processes

Question: Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?
Answer: accountability

Question: Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?
Answer: judiciary

Question: Corruption in what creates weak provision of services?
Answer: public administration
Title: Political_corruption

More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary significantly depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers. Evidence from fragile states also shows that corruption and bribery can adversely impact trust in institutions.

Question: What two democratic values are soiled due to corruption?
Answer: trust and tolerance

Question: Corruption disintegrates government capacity when public offices are what?
Answer: bought and sold

Question: The level of corruption can vary in richer democracies in regards to the what of those officials making decisions?
Answer: accountability
Title: Political_corruption

In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms.

Question: Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector?
Answer: private

Question: Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what?
Answer: bureaucracy

Question: What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place?
Answer: Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations

Question: Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what?
Answer: competition
Title: Political_corruption

Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government.

Question: Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects?
Answer: public investment

Question: What is more plentiful in capital projects?
Answer: bribes and kickbacks

Question: Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations?
Answer: compliance
Title: Political_corruption

Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home (hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts). In Nigeria, for example, more than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.

Question: African dictators often have what kind of bank accounts?
Answer: Swiss

Question: What form has corruption taken in Africa?
Answer: rent extraction

Question: In Africa, the finances are often moved where?
Answer: overseas
Title: Political_corruption

University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets. This encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suharto's New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through infrastructure investment, law and order, etc.

Question: Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996?
Answer: University of Massachusetts Amherst

Question: The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries?
Answer: external debts

Question: What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa?
Answer: political instability
Title: Political_corruption

Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.

Question: Where is corruption most noticeable?
Answer: countries with the smallest per capita incomes

Question: These countries rely on foreign aid for what?
Answer: health services

Question: In Sub-Saharan African countries, what level of government is corruption especially prevalent at?
Answer: Local

Question: Which report described this corruption? 
Answer: the 2006 World Bank Report

Question: How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention?
Answer: about half
Title: Political_corruption

Instead, the donated money was expended through "counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resource they require.

Question: What kind of employees received payments?
Answer: ghost employees

Question: Where were drugs siphoned off to?
Answer: the black market

Question: In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs, what other way was money expended?
Answer: counterfeit drugs

Question: If local corruption did not exist, there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help?
Answer: money
Title: Political_corruption

Corruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation of these laws rights enables corrupt countries to gain illegitimate economic advantage in the international market.

Question: Corruption aids what as far as the environment is concerned?
Answer: environmental destruction

Question: Formal legislation cannot be regulated when officials are what?
Answer: bribed

Question: Bribes also halt unions, the protection of children in labor, and what?
Answer: social rights worker protection

Question: When these laws are broken, corrupt countries gain what in the international market?
Answer: illegitimate economic advantage
Title: Political_corruption

The Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has observed that "there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem." While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur.

Question: Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist?
Answer: Amartya Sen

Question: What can trigger famine conditions?
Answer: drought

Question: While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it?
Answer: government action or inaction
Title: Political_corruption

Governments with strong tendencies towards kleptocracy can undermine food security even when harvests are good. Officials often steal state property. In Bihar, India, more than 80% of the subsidized food aid to poor is stolen by corrupt officials. Similarly, food aid is often robbed at gunpoint by governments, criminals, and warlords alike, and sold for a profit. The 20th century is full of many examples of governments undermining the food security of their own nations – sometimes intentionally.

Question: Even if a harvest is good, food security can be crippled when a government has tendencies toward what?
Answer: kleptocracy
Title: Political_corruption

The scale of humanitarian aid to the poor and unstable regions of the world grows, but it is highly vulnerable to corruption, with food aid, construction and other highly valued assistance as the most at risk. Food aid can be directly and physically diverted from its intended destination, or indirectly through the manipulation of assessments, targeting, registration and distributions to favor certain groups or individuals.

Question: Along with food aid, what is most at risk in these countries?
Answer: construction

Question: How is food aid usually directly redirected from the people it should go to?
Answer: physically diverted

Question: Food aid can also be indirectly diverted from its intended recipients through the manipulation of what?
Answer: assessments
Title: Political_corruption

In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion. Access to aid may be limited to those with connections, to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favors. Equally, those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number of beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance.

Question: Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field?
Answer: workmanship

Question: What happens with contracts to aid corruption?
Answer: kickbacks

Question: Recipients of aid are concerned about what?
Answer: exclusion

Question: Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what?
Answer: forced to give sexual favors

Question: Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance?
Answer: statistics
Title: Political_corruption

Corruption is not specific to poor, developing, or transition countries. In western countries, cases of bribery and other forms of corruption in all possible fields exist: under-the-table payments made to reputed surgeons by patients attempting to be on top of the list of forthcoming surgeries, bribes paid by suppliers to the automotive industry in order to sell low-quality connectors used for instance in safety equipment such as airbags, bribes paid by suppliers to manufacturers of defibrillators (to sell low-quality capacitors), contributions paid by wealthy parents to the "social and culture fund" of a prestigious university in exchange for it to accept their children, bribes paid to obtain diplomas, financial and other advantages granted to unionists by members of the executive board of a car manufacturer in exchange for employer-friendly positions and votes, etc. Examples are endless. These various manifestations of corruption can ultimately present a danger for the public health; they can discredit specific, essential institutions or social relationships.

Question: These types of corruption can harm what?
Answer: the public health

Question: Along with institutions, this type of corruption can discredit what?
Answer: social relationships
Title: Political_corruption

Corruption can also affect the various components of sports activities (referees, players, medical and laboratory staff involved in anti-doping controls, members of national sport federation and international committees deciding about the allocation of contracts and competition places).

Question: Corruption can determine certain things in what kind of activities?
Answer: sports

Question: Medical staff can affect what aspect of sports?
Answer: anti-doping controls
Title: Political_corruption

Ultimately, the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial, and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments.

Question: The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what?
Answer: artificial

Question: What needs to stay away from loopholes?
Answer: national anti-corruption initiatives
Title: Political_corruption

In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let through allowed (or disallowed) goods, or a smuggler might offer bribes to gain passage. In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes. Bribes may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. They may also be demanded in order to bypass laws and regulations. In addition to their role in private financial gain, bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another (i.e. no financial incentive).[citation needed] In some developing nations, up to half of the population has paid bribes during the past 12 months.

Question: What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office?
Answer: a bribe

Question: What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe?
Answer: two

Question: What is it called when corruption is part of all public life?
Answer: culture of corruption

Question: Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others?
Answer: harm
Title: Political_corruption

In recent years,[when?] the international community has made efforts to encourage countries to dissociate active and passive bribery and to incriminate them as separate offences.[citation needed]

Question: What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate?
Answer: active and passive bribery
Title: Political_corruption

This dissociation aims to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. In addition, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision. A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage or the prospect thereof.

Question: In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?
Answer: mutual understanding

Question: A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?
Answer: accepting

Question: Bribes can be direct or what?
Answer: indirect
Title: Political_corruption

Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to benefit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the influence) does not really matter although he/she can be an accessory in some instances. It can be difficult to make a distinction between this form of corruption and some forms of extreme and loosely regulated lobbying where for instance law- or decision-makers can freely "sell" their vote, decision power or influence to those lobbyists who offer the highest compensation, including where for instance the latter act on behalf of powerful clients such as industrial groups who want to avoid the passing of specific environmental, social, or other regulations perceived as too stringent, etc. Where lobbying is (sufficiently) regulated, it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of "improper influence", as in article 12 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) of the Council of Europe.

Question: Selling or trading government position influence is called what?
Answer: influence peddling

Question: Selling influence can involve third-parties and this is called what type of relation?
Answer: tri-lateral

Question: In some situations the third-party in an influence peddling crime may be not involved or may be what?
Answer: an accessory

Question: Where lobbying is controlled, what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing?
Answer: distinctive criteria

Question: What article of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption contains distinctive criteria to determine improper influence?
Answer: article 12
Title: Political_corruption

Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy. It can be seen as corruption if this means that incompetent persons, as a payment for supporting the regime, are selected before more able ones. In nondemocracies many government officials are often selected for loyalty rather than ability. They may be almost exclusively selected from a particular group (for example, Sunni Arabs in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the nomenklatura in the Soviet Union, or the Junkers in Imperial Germany) that support the regime in return for such favors. A similar problem can also be seen in Eastern Europe, for example in Romania, where the government is often accused of patronage (when a new government comes to power it rapidly changes most of the officials in the public sector).

Question: Giving government jobs to supporters is called what?
Answer: Patronage

Question: What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power?
Answer: Romania
Title: Political_corruption

Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may be combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire state is inherited, as in North Korea or Syria. A lesser form might be in the Southern United States with Good ol' boys, where women and minorities are excluded. A milder form of cronyism is an "old boy network", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network – such as the alumni of particular universities – instead of appointing the most competent candidate.

Question: What is it called when relatives are favored over other people?
Answer: nepotism

Question: What is it called when friends are favored over other people?
Answer: cronyism

Question: Cronyism is also when people are selected from a closed and exclusive social network, which is called what?
Answer: old boy network
Title: Political_corruption

Seeking to harm enemies becomes corruption when official powers are illegitimately used as means to this end. For example, trumped-up charges are often brought up against journalists or writers who bring up politically sensitive issues, such as a politician's acceptance of bribes.

Question: Corruption also occurs when an official wants to cause some form of harm to who?
Answer: enemies

Question: False charges can be brought against a journalist who writes about what?
Answer: politically sensitive issues
Title: Political_corruption

Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland, such as the Irish Banking crisis, which found evidence of bribery, cronyism and collusion, where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with.

Question: What is it called when a person is dishonest or corrupt for his own gain?
Answer: Gombeenism

Question: Parish pump politics is also called what?
Answer: parochialism

Question: Which crisis in Ireland involved bribery, cronyism and collusion?
Answer: Irish Banking crisis

Question: Politicians who were at the end of their political careers were offered what kind of position with companies they were involved with politically?
Answer: senior management or committee position
Title: Political_corruption

Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both. Also called voter fraud, the mechanisms involved include illegal voter registration, intimidation at polls, and improper vote counting.

Question: Illegal interference with an election is called what?
Answer: Electoral fraud

Question: Another term for electoral fraud is what?
Answer: voter fraud

Question: Illegal voter registration, the miscounting of votes, and what at polls is considered voter fraud?
Answer: intimidation