rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 127.5 square miles (330.2 km2), of which 109.0 square miles (282.2 km2) is land and 18.5 square miles (47.9 km2) is covered by water. The old city is located on a peninsula at the point where, as Charlestonians say, "The Ashley and the Cooper Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean." The entire peninsula is very low, some is landfill material, and as such, frequently floods during heavy rains, storm surges, and unusually high tides. The city limits have expanded across the Ashley River from the peninsula, encompassing the majority of West Ashley as well as James Island and some of Johns Island. The city limits also have expanded across the Cooper River, encompassing Daniel Island and the Cainhoy area. North Charleston blocks any expansion up the peninsula, and Mount Pleasant occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River.

Question: How large is Charleston, South Carolina?
Answer: 127.5 square miles (330.2 km2)

Question: Which city blocks Charleston for expanding up the peninsula? 
Answer: North Charleston

Question: How much of Charleston is covered by water?
Answer: 18.5 square miles (47.9 km2)

Question: How of Charleston's total area is dry land?
Answer: 109.0 square miles (282.2 km2)

Question: What town occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River?
Answer: Mount Pleasant
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

Charleston has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with mild winters, hot, humid summers, and significant rainfall all year long. Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers. Fall remains relatively warm through November. Winter is short and mild, and is characterized by occasional rain. Measurable snow (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) only occurs several times per decade at the most, with the last such event occurring December 26, 2010. However, 6.0 in (15 cm) fell at the airport on December 23, 1989, the largest single-day fall on record, contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in (20 cm) snowfall.

Question: What season is the wettest in Charleston?
Answer: Summer

Question: In what form does half of Charleston's annual rainfall occur?
Answer: thundershowers

Question: What season is characterized as short in Charleston?
Answer: Winter

Question: What is Charleston's seasonal record of snowfall?
Answer: 8.0 in (20 cm)

Question: What season is considered short in Charleston?
Answer: Winter

Question: What is the wettest season in Charleston?
Answer: Summer

Question: Half of Charleston's annual rainfall occurs in what form?
Answer: thundershowers

Question: How much snow did Charleston's Airport recieve on December, 23 1989?
Answer: 6.0 in (15 cm
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F (40 °C), on June 2, 1985, and June 24, 1944, and the lowest was 7 °F (−14 °C) on February 14, 1899, although at the airport, where official records are kept, the historical range is 105 °F (41 °C) on August 1, 1999 down to 6 °F (−14 °C) on January 21, 1985. Hurricanes are a major threat to the area during the summer and early fall, with several severe hurricanes hitting the area – most notably Hurricane Hugo on September 21, 1989 (a category 4 storm). Dewpoint in the summer ranges from 67.8 to 71.4 °F (20 to 22 °C).

Question: What is hottest temperature recorded with Charleston's city limits?
Answer: 104 °F

Question: What hurricane hit Charleston in 1989?
Answer: Hurricane Hugo

Question: What was the lowest temperature ever recorded Charleston's city limit?
Answer: 7 °F (−14 °C)

Question: What type of storm is a major threat to Charleston in the summer and early fall?
Answer: Hurricanes

Question: What day did Charleston's airport hit the coldest day on record?
Answer: January 21, 1985
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

The Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of three counties: Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester. As of the 2013 U.S. Census, the metropolitan statistical area had a total population of 712,239 people. North Charleston is the second-largest city in the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area and ranks as the third-largest city in the state; Mount Pleasant and Summerville are the next-largest cities. These cities combined with other incorporated and unincorporated areas along with the city of Charleston form the Charleston-North Charleston Urban Area with a population of 548,404 as of 2010. The metropolitan statistical area also includes a separate and much smaller urban area within Berkeley County, Moncks Corner (with a 2000 population of 9,123).

Question: How many people lived in the Charleston=North Charleston Urban Area in 2010?
Answer: 548,404

Question: What is the third largest city in South Carolina?
Answer: North Charleston

Question: How many people lived in Moncks Corner in 2000?
Answer: 9,123

Question: Charleston and Berkeley is combined with what other county to form a metropolitan statistical area?
Answer: Dorchester

Question: In which county is Moncks Corner located?
Answer: Berkeley County
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

The traditional parish system persisted until the Reconstruction Era, when counties were imposed.[citation needed] Nevertheless, traditional parishes still exist in various capacities, mainly as public service districts. When the city of Charleston was formed, it was defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Philip and St. Michael, now also includes parts of St. James' Parish, St. George's Parish, St. Andrew's Parish, and St. John's Parish, although the last two are mostly still incorporated rural parishes.

Question: What era brought counties to South Carolina?
Answer: Reconstruction Era

Question: Counties replaced what system in South Carolina?
Answer: traditional parish system

Question: What is the main use of the parish system nowadays?
Answer: public service districts

Question: The city of Charleston is defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Michael and what other parish?
Answer: Parish of St. Philip

Question: What other parish besides St. John's Parish is  mostly an incorporated rural parish? 
Answer: St. Andrew's Parish
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

After Charles II of England (1630–1685) was restored to the English throne in 1660 following Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate, he granted the chartered Province of Carolina to eight of his loyal friends, known as the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663. It took seven years before the group arranged for settlement expeditions. The first of these founded Charles Town, in 1670. Governance, settlement, and development were to follow a visionary plan known as the Grand Model prepared for the Lords Proprietors by John Locke.

Question: What year was Charles Town founded?
Answer: 1670

Question: How long did it take to establish settlement expeditions for the Province of Carolina?
Answer: seven years

Question: What was the plan to settle and develop the Province of Carolina?
Answer: the Grand Model

Question: Who prepared the plan known as "the Grand Model"?
Answer: John Locke

Question: When was Charles II of England restored to the throne?
Answer: 1660
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

The community was established by several shiploads of settlers from Bermuda (which lies due east of South Carolina, although at 1,030 km or 640 mi, it is closest to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina), under the leadership of governor William Sayle, on the west bank of the Ashley River, a few miles northwest of the present-day city center. It was soon predicted by the Earl of Shaftesbury, one of the Lords Proprietors, to become a "great port towne", a destiny the city quickly fulfilled. In 1680, the settlement was moved east of the Ashley River to the peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. Not only was this location more defensible, but it also offered access to a fine natural harbor.

Question: Where did Charleston's original settlers come from?
Answer: Bermuda

Question: Bermuda is located near which North Carolina town?
Answer: Cape Hatteras

Question: Who was the first governor of Charleston?
Answer: William Sayle

Question: Who predicted Charleston would become a 'great port towne'?
Answer: Earl of Shaftesbury

Question: The settlement was relocated east to what river?
Answer: Ashley River
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

The first settlers primarily came from England, its Caribbean colony of Barbados, and its Atlantic colony of Bermuda. Among these were free people of color, born in the West Indies of alliances and marriages between Africans and Englanders, when color lines were looser among the working class in the early colonial years, and some wealthy whites took black consorts or concubines. Charles Town attracted a mixture of ethnic and religious groups. French, Scottish, Irish, and Germans migrated to the developing seacoast town, representing numerous Protestant denominations. Because of the battles between English "royalty" and the Roman Catholic Church, practicing Catholics were not allowed to settle in South Carolina until after the American Revolution. Jews were allowed, and Sephardic Jews migrated to the city in such numbers that by the beginning of the 19th century, the city was home to the largest and wealthiest Jewish community in North America—a status it held until about 1830.

Question: What religious group was not allowed to settle in South Carolina?
Answer: Catholics

Question: About what year did Charleston cease to have the wealthiest Jewish community in America?
Answer: 1830

Question: What European country did many of the first Charleston settlers come from?
Answer: England

Question: After what war did the state ban on Catholics end?
Answer: American Revolution

Question: Along with Bermuda, what other English colony did many settlers come from?
Answer: Barbados
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

The early settlement was often subject to attack from sea and land, including periodic assaults from Spain and France (both of whom contested England's claims to the region), and pirates. These were combined with raids by Native Americans, who tried to protect themselves from so-called European "settlers," who in turn wanted to expand the settlement. The heart of the city was fortified according to a 1704 plan by Governor Johnson. Except those fronting Cooper River, the walls were largely removed during the 1720s.

Question: Which country along with France contested England's claim to the Charleston region?
Answer: Spain

Question: Which group raided the settlement as a means to protect themselves from settlers?
Answer: Native Americans

Question: The majority of the fort walls were removed in what decade?
Answer: 1720s

Question: Whose 1704 plan was used to fortified the city?
Answer: Governor Johnson

Question: Beside European nations and Native Americans, who else attacked the Charleston settlement?
Answer: pirates
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

Africans were brought to Charles Town on the Middle Passage, first as "servants", then as slaves. Ethnic groups transported here included especially Wolof, Yoruba, Fulani, Igbo, Malinke, and other people of the Windward Coast. An estimated 40% of the total 400,000 Africans transported and sold as slaves into North America are estimated to have landed at Sullivan's Island, just off the port of Charles Town; it is described as a "hellish Ellis Island of sorts .... Today nothing commemorates that ugly fact but a simple bench, established by the author Toni Morrison using private funds."

Question: What author paid for the simple bench at Sullivan's Island?
Answer: Toni Morrison

Question: What percentage of those sold as slaves in North America landed at Sullivan's Island?
Answer: 40%

Question: What stage of the slave trade provided slaves to Charles Town?
Answer: Middle Passage

Question: What peoples were brought to Charles Town to be slaves?
Answer: Africans

Question: Which African coast did many slaves that were sold in Charles Town come from?
Answer: Windward Coast
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

Colonial Lowcountry landowners experimented with cash crops ranging from tea to silkworms. African slaves brought knowledge of rice cultivation, which plantation owners cultivated and developed as a successful commodity crop by 1700. With the coerced help of African slaves from the Caribbean, Eliza Lucas, daughter of plantation owner George Lucas, learned how to raise and use indigo in the Lowcountry in 1747. Supported with subsidies from Britain, indigo was a leading export by 1750. Those and naval stores were exported in an extremely profitable shipping industry.

Question: African slaves had great knowledge of the cultivation of what product?
Answer: rice

Question: By what year was indigo was a leading export for the Lowcountry?
Answer: 1750

Question: Which nation subsidized indigo crops from the Lowcountry?
Answer: Britain

Question: By what year was rice a successful commodity crop for the Lowcountry?
Answer: 1700

Question: What products were exported along with indigo from the Lowcountry?
Answer: naval stores
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

By the mid-18th century, Charles Town had become a bustling trade center, the hub of the Atlantic trade for the southern colonies. Charles Towne was also the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia, in part because of the lucrative slave trade. By 1770, it was the fourth-largest port in the colonies, after Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, with a population of 11,000—slightly more than half of them slaves. By 1708, the majority of the colony's population was slaves, and the future state would continue to be a majority of African descent until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century.

Question: What lucrative trade contributed greatly to Charles Town's growth?
Answer: slave trade

Question: When did Charles Town become the fourth largest colonial port?
Answer: 1770

Question: Who made up the majority of Charles Town population in 1708?
Answer: slaves

Question: People of African descent were the majority in Charleston until what mass movement?
Answer: the Great Migration

Question: When did the Great Migration occur?
Answer: the early 20th century
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

Charles Town was a hub of the deerskin trade, the basis of its early economy. Trade alliances with the Cherokee and Creek nations insured a steady supply of deer hides. Between 1699 and 1715, colonists exported an average of 54,000 deer skins annually to Europe through Charles Town. Between 1739 and 1761, the height of the deerskin trade era, an estimated 500,000 to 1,250,000 deer were slaughtered. During the same period, Charles Town records show an export of 5,239,350 pounds of deer skins. Deer skins were used in the production of men's fashionable and practical buckskin pantaloons, gloves, and book bindings.

Question: What other Native American nation supplied Charles Town with deer hides other than the Cherokee nation?
Answer: Creek nations

Question: What is the  estimation of deer slaughtered in Charles Town from 1739 to 1761?
Answer: 500,000 to 1,250,000

Question: Records indicate how many pounds of deer skins were exported from Charles Town during the height of its deerskin trade?
Answer: 5,239,350

Question: What trade was the basis of Charles Town's original economy?
Answer: the deerskin trade

Question: What was the average amount of deer skins  that Charles Town exported to Europe between 1699 to 1715? 
Answer: 54,000
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

As Charles Town grew, so did the community's cultural and social opportunities, especially for the elite merchants and planters. The first theatre building in America was built in 1736 on the site of today's Dock Street Theatre. Benevolent societies were formed by different ethnic groups, from French Huguenots to free people of color to Germans to Jews. The Charles Towne Library Society was established in 1748 by well-born young men who wanted to share the financial cost to keep up with the scientific and philosophical issues of the day. This group also helped establish the College of Charles Towne in 1770, the oldest college in South Carolina. Until its transition to state ownership in 1970, this was the oldest municipally supported college in the United States.

Question: What is the oldest college in South Carolina?
Answer: College of Charles Towne

Question: Charleston supported the College of Charles Towne until what year?
Answer: 1970

Question: What year was the Charles Towne Library Society established?
Answer: 1748

Question: When was the College of Charles Towe founded?
Answer: 1770

Question: What is located where the first theatre building in Charles Town once stood?
Answer: Dock Street Theatre
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

On June 28, 1776, General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina. When the fleet fired cannonballs, they failed to penetrate Fort Sullivan's unfinished, yet thick, palmetto-log walls. No local Loyalists attacked the town from the mainland side, as the British had hoped they would do. Col. Moultrie's men returned fire and inflicted heavy damage on several of the British ships. The British were forced to withdraw their forces, and the Americans renamed the defensive installation as Fort Moultrie in honor of its commander.

Question: Which general tried to seize Charles Town during the American Revolution?
Answer: General Sir Henry Clinton

Question: Who was the commander of the American forces defending South Carolina?
Answer: Col. Moultrie

Question: When did General Clinton attack South Carolina?
Answer: June 28, 1776

Question: What was the British hoping to inspire by their attack on Charles Town?
Answer: a simultaneous Loyalist uprising

Question: Fort Sullivan was renamed  what after the battle?
Answer: Fort Moultrie
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers. American General Benjamin Lincoln was trapped and surrendered his entire 5,400-man force after a long fight, and the Siege of Charles Towne was the greatest American defeat of the war. Several Americans who escaped the carnage joined other militias, including those of Francis Marion, the "Swamp Fox"; and Andrew Pickens. The British retained control of the city until December 1782. After the British left, the city's name was officially changed to Charleston in 1783.

Question: What was the greatest American defeat of the American Revolution?
Answer: Siege of Charles Towne

Question: How many soldiers did General Clinton return with?
Answer: 14,000

Question: In what year did General Clinton return to Charles Towne?
Answer: 1780

Question: Who was the leader of the American forces defending Charles Towne?
Answer: General Benjamin Lincoln

Question: How many soldiers did General Lincoln lead?
Answer: 5,400
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

Although the city lost the status of state capital to Columbia in 1786, Charleston became even more prosperous in the plantation-dominated economy of the post-Revolutionary years. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized the processing of this crop, making short-staple cotton profitable. It was more easily grown in the upland areas, and cotton quickly became South Carolina's major export commodity. The Piedmont region was developed into cotton plantations, to which the sea islands and Lowcountry were already devoted. Slaves were also the primary labor force within the city, working as domestics, artisans, market workers, and laborers.

Question: What city became the state capital of South Carolina?
Answer: Columbia

Question: Charleston was the state capital of South Carolina until what year?
Answer: 1786

Question: In what year was the cotton gin invented?
Answer: 1793

Question: What became South Carolina's major export commodity after 1793?
Answer: cotton

Question: Who made up most of the primary labor force of cotton plantations? 
Answer: Slaves
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

The city also had a large class of free people of color. By 1860, 3,785 free people of color were in Charleston, nearly 18% of the city's black population, and 8% of the total population. Free people of color were far more likely to be of mixed racial background than slaves. Many were educated, practiced skilled crafts, and some even owned substantial property, including slaves. In 1790, they established the Brown Fellowship Society for mutual aid, initially as a burial society. It continued until 1945.

Question: How many free people of color lived in Charleston in 1860?
Answer: 3,785

Question: What percentage of Charleston's population were free people of color?
Answer: 8%

Question: What percentage of Charleston's black population were free people of color?
Answer: 18%

Question: In what year was the Brown Fellowship Society created?
Answer: 1790

Question: In what year did the Brown Fellowship Society end?
Answer: 1945
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

By 1820, Charleston's population had grown to 23,000, maintaining its black (and mostly slave) majority. When a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey, a free black, was revealed in May 1822, whites reacted with intense fear, as they were well aware of the violent retribution of slaves against whites during the Haitian Revolution. Soon after, Vesey was tried and executed, hanged in early July with five slaves. Another 28 slaves were later hanged. Later, the state legislature passed laws requiring individual legislative approval for manumission (the freeing of a slave) and regulating activities of free blacks and slaves.

Question: What was planned by Denmark Vesey?
Answer: slave revolt

Question: When was Vesey's plan for a slave revolt revealed?
Answer: May 1822

Question: How was Vesey executed in 1822?
Answer: hanged

Question: How many slaves were executed with Vesey? 
Answer: five slaves

Question: What revolution made whites fearful of retribution of slaves?
Answer: Haitian Revolution
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

In Charleston, the African American population increased as freedmen moved from rural areas to the major city: from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880. Historian Eric Foner noted that blacks were glad to be relieved of the many regulations of slavery and to operate outside of white surveillance. Among other changes, most blacks quickly left the Southern Baptist Church, setting up their own black Baptist congregations or joining new African Methodist Episcopal Church and AME Zion churches, both independent black denominations first established in the North. Freedmen "acquired dogs, guns, and liquor (all barred to them under slavery), and refused to yield the sidewalks to whites".

Question: Black left which religious denomination is great numbers after slavery?
Answer: Southern Baptist Church

Question: How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1860?
Answer: 17,000

Question: What  barred product ,along with dogs and guns ,  did the Freemen want after slavery ended?
Answer: liquor

Question: How many African American lived in Charleston in 1880?
Answer: 27,000

Question: AME Zion Churches were first established in what part of America?
Answer: the North