rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Dutch_language

In Suriname today, Dutch is the sole official language, and over 60 percent of the population speaks it as a mother tongue. Dutch is the obligatory medium of instruction in schools in Suriname, even for non-native speakers. A further twenty-four percent of the population speaks Dutch as a second language. Suriname gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1975 and has been an associate member of the Dutch Language Union since 2004. The lingua franca of Suriname, however, is Sranan Tongo, spoken natively by about a fifth of the population.

Question: About what percentage of residents of Suriname speak Dutch?
Answer: 60

Question: What language would you hear teachers speak if you attended school in Suriname?
Answer: Dutch

Question: When did Suriname officially become independent from the Netherlands?
Answer: 1975

Question: What year did Suriname join the Dutch Language Union?
Answer: 2004

Question: What's the common language that around 20% of Suriname's people speak?
Answer: Sranan Tongo
Title: Dutch_language

In the United States, an almost extinct dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch, spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was still spoken as late as 1921. Other Dutch-based creole languages once spoken in the Americas include Mohawk Dutch (in Albany, New York), Berbice (in Guyana), Skepi (in Essequibo, Guyana) and Negerhollands (in the United States Virgin Islands). Pennsylvania Dutch is not a member of the set of Dutch dialects and is less misleadingly called Pennsylvania German.

Question: What's the year that Jersey Dutch was last spoken, according to records?
Answer: 1921

Question: What Dutch-based language popped up in the area of Albany, New York?
Answer: Mohawk Dutch

Question: What's a more accurate name for Pennsylvania Dutch since it's not a Dutch dialect?
Answer: Pennsylvania German

Question: Which Dutch dialect was once spoken in the U.S. Virgin Islands?
Answer: Negerhollands

Question: In what country were the Berbice and Skepi dialects spoken?
Answer: Guyana
Title: Dutch_language

European Dutch remained the literary language until the start of the 1920s, when under pressure of Afrikaner nationalism the local "African" Dutch was preferred over the written, European-based standard. In 1925, section 137 of the 1909 constitution of the Union of South Africa was amended by Act 8 of 1925, stating "the word Dutch in article 137 [...] is hereby declared to include Afrikaans". The constitution of 1983 only listed English and Afrikaans as official languages. It is estimated that between 90% to 95% of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin.

Question: In what decade did European Dutch yield to the local dialect in South Africa?
Answer: 1920s

Question: At the high end, what percentage of Afrikaans words come from Dutch?
Answer: 95%

Question: What South African document from 1983 doesn't list Dutch as an official language?
Answer: constitution

Question: What section of the constitution was changed by Act 8 of 1925 to include Afrikaans with Dutch?
Answer: 137

Question: What pressure influenced the shift in South Africa from the use of European Dutch in the 1920s?
Answer: Afrikaner nationalism
Title: Dutch_language

Both languages are still largely mutually intelligible, although this relation can in some fields (such as lexicon, spelling and grammar) be asymmetric, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand written Afrikaans than it is for Afrikaans speakers to understand written Dutch. Afrikaans is grammatically far less complex than Dutch, and vocabulary items are generally altered in a clearly patterned manner, e.g. vogel becomes voël ("bird") and regen becomes reën ("rain"). In South Africa, the number of students following Dutch at university, is difficult to estimate, since the academic study of Afrikaans inevitably includes the study of Dutch. Elsewhere in the world, the number of people learning Dutch is relatively small.

Question: Who has a more difficult time understanding the other's language: Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers?
Answer: Afrikaans speakers

Question: Is Afrikaans more or less complex compared to Dutch?
Answer: less complex

Question: What's the Dutch word for "bird"?
Answer: vogel

Question: What is the Afrikaans word for "rain"?
Answer: reën

Question: Is it difficult or easy to estimate the number of students in South Africa who study Dutch?
Answer: difficult
Title: Dutch_language

It is the third language of South Africa in terms of native speakers (~13.5%), of whom 53 percent are Coloureds and 42.4 percent Whites. In 1996, 40 percent of South Africans reported to know Afrikaans at least at a very basic level of communication. It is the lingua franca in Namibia, where it is spoken natively in 11 percent of households. In total, Afrikaans is the first language in South Africa alone of about 6.8 million people and is estimated to be a second language for at least 10 million people worldwide, compared to over 23 million and 5 million respectively, for Dutch.

Question: Approximately what percentage of South Africans are native Afrikaans speakers?
Answer: 13.5%

Question: Which country has 11% of households who speak Afrikaans?
Answer: Namibia

Question: How many of the South Africans surveyed in 1996 said they speak at least a little Afrikaans?
Answer: 40 percent

Question: About how many South Africans speak Afrikaans as their primary language?
Answer: 6.8 million

Question: Approximately how many people in the world speak Dutch as a second language?
Answer: 5 million
Title: Dutch_language

Unlike other Germanic languages, Dutch doesn't have phonological aspiration of consonants. Like English, Dutch did not participate in the second consonant shift. Like most Germanic languages, the Dutch consonant system did not undergo the High German consonant shift and has a syllable structure that allows fairly complex consonant clusters. Dutch also retains full use of the velar fricatives that were present in Proto-Germanic, but lost or modified in many other Germanic languages. Dutch has final-obstruent devoicing: at the end of a word, voicing distinction is neutralised and all obstruents are pronounced voiceless. For example, goede ("good") is /ˈɣudə/ but the related form goed is /ɣut/. Dutch shares with German Final-obstruent devoicing (Du brood [broːt] and German Brot vs Eng bread).

Question: What sound does Dutch still use from Proto-Germanic that was phased out in other Germanic languages?
Answer: velar fricatives

Question: Along with English, what pronunciation shift did Dutch not undergo?
Answer: the second consonant shift

Question: How are obstruents pronounced at the end of Dutch words?
Answer: voiceless

Question: How would you say "good" in Dutch?
Answer: goede

Question: What language other than Dutch also employs final-obstruent devoicing?
Answer: German
Title: Dutch_language

Voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives occurs, although less in Dutch than in German (Du zeven, Germ sieben [z] vs. Eng seven and LG seven [s]), and also the shift in /θ/ > /d/. Dutch shares only with Low German the development of /xs/ > /ss/ (Du vossen, ossen and LG Vösse, Ossen vs. Germ Füchse, Ochsen and Eng foxes, oxen), and also the development of /ft/ → /xt/ though it is far more common in Dutch (Du zacht and LG sacht vs. Germ sanft and Eng soft, but Du kracht vs. LG/Germ kraft and Eng cognate craft).

Question: Is the voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives more common in Dutch or German?
Answer: German

Question: Does the development of /ft/ to /xt/ occur more in Low German or Dutch?
Answer: Dutch

Question: What number word is spelled the same in English and Low German?
Answer: seven

Question: What's the German word for "seven"?
Answer: sieben

Question: Although spelled differently, the first consonant of what Dutch word for "seven" is pronounced the same as its German counterpart?
Answer: zeven
Title: Dutch_language

Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology, because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of tenseness. However, even if not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonetically longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in some there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. And while it is true that older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare zonne(n) [ˈzɔnə] ("suns") versus zone [ˈzɔːnə] ("zone") versus zonen [ˈzoːnə(n)] ("sons"), or kroes [krus] ("mug") versus cruise [kruːs] ("cruise").

Question: What quality of Dutch vowels isn't usually recognized as distinctive?
Answer: length

Question: Is it true or false that older Dutch words combine changes in vowel length and vowel quality?
Answer: true

Question: How would you say "sons" in Dutch?
Answer: zonen

Question: Since vowel quality changes might be very slight between dialects, what's the main vowel feature used to differentiate them?
Answer: length

Question: What does the Dutch word "kroes" mean in English?
Answer: mug
Title: Dutch_language

Unique to the development of Dutch is the collaps of older ol/ul/al + dental into ol + dental, followed by vocalisation of pre-consonantal /l/ and after a short vowel, creating the diphthong /ɑu/ e.g., Dutch goud, zout and bout corresponds with Low German Gold, Solt, Bolt; German Gold, Salz, Balt and English gold, salt, bold. This is the most common diphthong along with /ɛi œy/. All three are commonly the only ones considered unique phonemes in Dutch. The tendency for native English speakers is to pronounce Dutch names with /ɛi/ (written as ij or ei) as /aɪ/, (like the English vowel y) which does not normally lead to confusion among native listeners, since in a number of dialects (e.g. in Amsterdam) the same pronunciation is heard.

Question: What letter represents the sound native English speakers often use for Dutch names with "ij" or "ei" in them?
Answer: y

Question: How many unique phenomes are usually attributed to Dutch?
Answer: three

Question: What's the term we use for the type of sound made for two vowels in words like the Dutch "goud" or "zout"?
Answer: diphthong

Question: What pronunciation did the older Dutch ol/ul/al + dental evolve into?
Answer: ol + dental
Title: Dutch_language

This change is interesting from a sociolinguistic point of view because it has apparently happened relatively recently, in the 1970s, and was pioneered by older well-educated women from the upper middle classes. The lowering of the diphthongs has long been current in many Dutch dialects, and is comparable to the English Great Vowel Shift, and the diphthongisation of long high vowels in Modern High German, which centuries earlier reached the state now found in Polder Dutch. Stroop theorizes that the lowering of open-mid to open diphthongs is a phonetically "natural" and inevitable development and that Dutch, after having diphthongised the long high vowels like German and English, "should" have lowered the diphthongs like German and English as well.

Question: What linguistic event in English could we parallel with the Dutch lowering of diphthongs?
Answer: English Great Vowel Shift

Question: In what decade did the Dutch diphthong lowering occur?
Answer: 1970s

Question: The lowering of diphthongs is intriguing partly because it's associated with what single gender?
Answer: women

Question: What researcher posited that the lowering of diphthongs is "natural"?
Answer: Stroop

Question: Which language, in addition to German, did Stroop use to compare Dutch with when stating that the diphthongs "should" have lowered?
Answer: English
Title: Dutch_language

Instead, he argues, this development has been artificially frozen in an "intermediate" state by the standardisation of Dutch pronunciation in the 16th century, where lowered diphthongs found in rural dialects were perceived as ugly by the educated classes and accordingly declared substandard. Now, however, in his opinion, the newly affluent and independent women can afford to let that natural development take place in their speech. Stroop compares the role of Polder Dutch with the urban variety of British English pronunciation called Estuary English.

Question: What word did Stroop use to describe the static stage of diphthong pronunciation?
Answer: "intermediate"

Question: What classes in the 16th century sneered at the pronunciation of Dutch by rural people?
Answer: educated classes

Question: What distinct kind of British English does Stroop say has a similar function to Polder Dutch?
Answer: Estuary English

Question: What phenomenon of Dutch pronunciation was brought about by the attitudes of the elite in the 16th century?
Answer: standardisation

Question: What specific type of diphthongs were the less educated Dutch speakers in the countryside using in the 16th century?
Answer: lowered diphthongs
Title: Dutch_language

Standard Dutch uses three genders to differentiate between natural gender and three when discerning grammatical gender. But for most non-Belgian speakers, the masculine and feminine genders have merged to form the common gender (de), while the neuter (het) remains distinct as before. This gender system is similar to those of most Continental Scandinavian languages. As in English, but to a lesser degree, the inflectional grammar of the language (e.g., adjective and noun endings) has simplified over time.

Question: How many genders does standard Dutch use for both natural and grammatical gender?
Answer: three

Question: What gender does the majority of non-Belgian Dutch speakers use instead of the masculine and feminine?
Answer: the common gender

Question: Apart from the common gender in non-Belgian Dutch, what other gender do speakers use?
Answer: neuter

Question: The common/neuter system used in Dutch is a lot like the system used in what other language category?
Answer: Continental Scandinavian languages

Question: In its simplified inflectional grammar, what language is Dutch similar to?
Answer: English
Title: Dutch_language

The Dutch written grammar has simplified over the past 100 years: cases are now mainly used for the pronouns, such as ik (I), mij, me (me), mijn (my), wie (who), wiens (whose: masculine or neuter singular), wier (whose: feminine singular; masculine, feminine or neuter plural). Nouns and adjectives are not case inflected (except for the genitive of proper nouns (names): -s, -'s or -'). In the spoken language cases and case inflections had already gradually disappeared from a much earlier date on (probably the 15th century) as in many continental West Germanic dialects.

Question: What's the Dutch word for "my"?
Answer: mijn

Question: Over what span of time have the rules for written Dutch become less complicated?
Answer: 100 years

Question: What part of speech does Dutch mostly use cases for?
Answer: pronouns

Question: Which parts of speech aren't normally case-specific in Dutch?
Answer: Nouns and adjectives

Question: In what century long before Dutch did most West Germanic dialects probably lose case inflection?
Answer: 15th
Title: Dutch_language

More complex inflection is still found in certain lexicalized expressions like de heer des huizes (literally, the man of the house), etc. These are usually remnants of cases (in this instance, the genitive case which is still used in German, cf. Der Herr des Hauses) and other inflections no longer in general use today. In such lexicalized expressions remnants of strong and weak nouns can be found too, e.g. in het jaar des Heren (Anno Domini), where "-en" is actually the genitive ending of the weak noun. Also in this case, German retains this feature. Though the genitive is widely avoided in speech.

Question: What case no longer used in Dutch is still present in German phrases like "Der Herr des Hauses"?
Answer: genitive

Question: How would you say "the man of the house" in Dutch?
Answer: de heer des huizes

Question: What word described standalone expressions that retain some outdated convention as an exception?
Answer: lexicalized

Question: Which word in the phrase "het jaar des Heren" is a weak noun with a genitive ending added?
Answer: Heren
Title: Dutch_language

In an interrogative main clause the usual word order is: conjugated verb followed by subject; other verbs in final position: "Kun jij je pen niet vinden?" (literally "Can you your pen not find?") "Can't you find your pen?"
In the Dutch equivalent of a wh-question the word order is: interrogative pronoun (or expression) + conjugated verb + subject; other verbs in final position: "Waarom kun jij je pen niet vinden?" ("Why can you your pen not find?") "Why can't you find your pen?""
In a tag question the word order is the same as in a declarative clause: "Jij kunt je pen niet vinden?" ("You can your pen not find?") "You can't find your pen?""
A subordinate clause does not change its word order: "Kun jij je pen niet vinden omdat het veel te donker is?" ("Can you your pen not find because it far too dark is?") "Can you not find your pen because it's too dark?""

Question: In what type of Dutch clause does the subject usually follow the conjugated verb?
Answer: interrogative main clause

Question: What's the English type equivalent for the Dutch word order that is an interrogative pronoun/expression, then a verb followed by a subject?
Answer: a wh-question

Question: What type of clause has the same word order in Dutch as a tag question?
Answer: declarative clause

Question: What never changes in a subordinate clause in Dutch?
Answer: word order

Question: What is the literal translation of the Dutch phrase, "Kun jij je pen niet vinden?"
Answer: "Can you your pen not find?"
Title: Dutch_language

In Dutch, the diminutive is not merely restricted to nouns and exist in numerals (met z'n tweetjes, "the two of us"), pronouns (onderonsje, "tête-à-tête"), verbal particles (moetje, "shotgun marriage"), and even prepositions (toetje, "dessert"). Most notable however, are the diminutive forms of adjectives and adverbs. The former take an diminutive ending and thus functions as a noun, the latter remain adverbs and have always the diminutive with the -s appended, e.g. adjective: groen ("green") → noun: groentje ("rookie"); adverb: even ("just") → adverb: eventjes ("just a minute").

Question: What word do Dutch speakers use for what we call a "shotgun marriage"?
Answer: moetje

Question: In Dutch, what part of speech does an adjective with a diminutive ending become?
Answer: noun

Question: When the diminutive ending "-tjes" is added to the adverb "even," as what part of speech does it function?
Answer: adverb

Question: What's the Dutch word for "green"?
Answer: groen

Question: With the diminutive ending "-tje" added to the Dutch word for "green," what does the new formation translate to in English?
Answer: rookie
Title: Dutch_language

Some nouns have two different diminutives, each with a different meaning: bloem (flower) → bloempje (lit. "small flower"), but bloemetje (lit. also "small flower", meaning bouquet). A few nouns exist solely in a diminutive form, e.g. zeepaardje (seahorse), while many, e.g. meisje (girl), originally a diminutive of meid (maid), have acquired a meaning independent of their non-diminutive forms. A diminutive can sometimes be added to an uncountable noun to refer to a single portion: ijs (ice, ice cream) → ijsje (ice cream treat, cone of ice cream), bier (beer) → biertje. Some diminutive forms only exist in plural, e.g. kleertjes (clothing).

Question: Which diminutive of "bloem" means a "bouquet"?
Answer: bloemetje

Question: What's the Dutch word for "seahorse" that has no non-diminutive form?
Answer: zeepaardje

Question: What Dutch word did their word for "girl" come from that has a totally different meaning?
Answer: meid

Question: What's the Dutch word for the items like shirts and pants that you wear that only exists in a plural form?
Answer: kleertjes

Question: Sometimes uncountable nouns in Dutch get a diminutive ending to make them refer to what, like an ice cream cone?
Answer: a single portion
Title: Dutch_language

Like in English, Dutch has generalised the dative over the accusative case for all pronouns, e.g. Du me, je, Eng me, you, vs. Germ mich/mir dich/dir. There is one exception: the standard language prescribes that in the third person plural, hen is to be used for the direct object, and hun for the indirect object. This distinction was artificially introduced in the 17th century by grammarians, and is largely ignored in spoken language and not well understood by Dutch speakers. Consequently, the third person plural forms hun and hen are interchangeable in normal usage, with hun being more common. The shared unstressed form ze is also often used as both direct and indirect objects and is a useful avoidance strategy when people are unsure which form to use.

Question: What language besides Dutch uses the dative case instead of the accusative for pronouns?
Answer: English

Question: In the lone exception to the dative case, which pronoun is prescribed for the third person plural direct object?
Answer: hen

Question: When did the grammarians first draw the line between third person plural pronouns for Dutch?
Answer: 17th century

Question: Since most Dutch speakers don't bother with the hen/hun rule, which of the two most often gets used?
Answer: hun

Question: When speakers get confused about whether to use hen or hun, what interchangeable unstressed form would they probably use?
Answer: ze
Title: Dutch_language

Like most Germanic languages, Dutch forms noun compounds, where the first noun modifies the category given by the second (hondenhok = doghouse). Unlike English, where newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written in open form with separating spaces, Dutch (like the other Germanic languages) either uses the closed form without spaces (boomhuis = tree house) or inserts a hyphen (VVD-coryfee = outstanding member of the VVD, a political party). Like German, Dutch allows arbitrarily long compounds, but the longer they get, the less frequent they tend to be.

Question: How would a Dutch speaker say "doghouse"?
Answer: hondenhok

Question: Is Dutch like or unlike English in its treatment of compound nouns?
Answer: Unlike

Question: "Tree house," which is two words in English, would be what single word in Dutch?
Answer: boomhuis

Question: What language is like Dutch in allowing compounds to be any length?
Answer: German

Question: In English, what usually separates newer compound nouns written in open form?
Answer: spaces