rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Botany

The bodies of vascular plants including clubmosses, ferns and seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) generally have aerial and subterranean subsystems. The shoots consist of stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves and reproductive structures. The underground vascularised roots bear root hairs at their tips and generally lack chlorophyll. Non-vascular plants, the liverworts, hornworts and mosses do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots and most of the plant participates in photosynthesis. The sporophyte generation is nonphotosynthetic in liverworts but may be able to contribute part of its energy needs by photosynthesis in mosses and hornworts.

Question: What makes up the bodies of vascular plants?
Answer: stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves

Question: Do roots contain chlorophyll?
Answer: generally lack chlorophyll

Question: What makes a plant non-vascular?
Answer: do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots

Question: How much of a non-vascular plant is involved in photosynthesis?
Answer: most of the plant

Question: How are sporophytes generated in liverworts?
Answer: nonphotosynthetic
Title: Botany

The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventitious shoots or roots. Stolons and tubers are examples of shoots that can grow roots. Roots that spread out close to the surface, such as those of willows, can produce shoots and ultimately new plants. In the event that one of the systems is lost, the other can often regrow it. In fact it is possible to grow an entire plant from a single leaf, as is the case with Saintpaulia, or even a single cell – which can dedifferentiate into a callus (a mass of unspecialised cells) that can grow into a new plant. In vascular plants, the xylem and phloem are the conductive tissues that transport resources between shoots and roots. Roots are often adapted to store food such as sugars or starch, as in sugar beets and carrots.

Question: Do the roots and shoots need each other?
Answer: interdependent

Question: What do the roots get from the shoots?
Answer: food

Question: What are roots used for in beets and carrots?
Answer: to store food

Question: What happens if a plant looses roots or its shoots?
Answer: can often regrow it

Question: What do the shoots get from the roots?
Answer: water and minerals
Title: Botany

Stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti, food as in potato tubers, or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering. Leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis. Large, flat, flexible, green leaves are called foliage leaves. Gymnosperms, such as conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes are seed-producing plants with open seeds. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds. Woody plants, such as azaleas and oaks, undergo a secondary growth phase resulting in two additional types of tissues: wood (secondary xylem) and bark (secondary phloem and cork). All gymnosperms and many angiosperms are woody plants. Some plants reproduce sexually, some asexually, and some via both means.

Question: What are the stems used for in cacti?
Answer: store water

Question: For what are leaves used?
Answer: gather sunlight

Question: What are angiosperms?
Answer: plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds

Question: What kind of plants are gymnosperms?
Answer: woody plants

Question: What kind of leaves are large and flat?
Answer: foliage leaves
Title: Botany

Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is the method by which botanists group organisms into categories such as genera or species. Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy. Modern taxonomy is rooted in the work of Carl Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have since been revised to align better with the Darwinian principle of common descent – grouping organisms by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics. While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms, molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions along evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so. The dominant classification system is called Linnaean taxonomy. It includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. The nomenclature of botanical organisms is codified in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and administered by the International Botanical Congress.

Question: How did Linnaeus group organisms?
Answer: shared physical characteristics

Question: How did Darwin change the grouping pioneered by Linnaeus?
Answer: by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics

Question: How are grouping determined currently?
Answer: DNA sequences

Question: Who maintains a standard of grouping for naming purposes?
Answer: International Botanical Congress.
Title: Botany

Kingdom Plantae belongs to Domain Eukarya and is broken down recursively until each species is separately classified. The order is: Kingdom; Phylum (or Division); Class; Order; Family; Genus (plural genera); Species. The scientific name of a plant represents its genus and its species within the genus, resulting in a single world-wide name for each organism. For example, the tiger lily is Lilium columbianum. Lilium is the genus, and columbianum the specific epithet. The combination is the name of the species. When writing the scientific name of an organism, it is proper to capitalise the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase. Additionally, the entire term is ordinarily italicised (or underlined when italics are not available).

Question: What is the main grouping of a plant know as?
Answer: Kingdom

Question: What is the most narrow grouping of a plant?
Answer: Species

Question: Do different countries refer to plants by different names?
Answer: single world-wide name

Question: What part of the name is always capitalized?
Answer: the genus

Question: How is the entire name usually presented in scientific texts?
Answer: italicised
Title: Botany

The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its phylogeny. Phylogenetic studies attempt to discover phylogenies. The basic approach is to use similarities based on shared inheritance to determine relationships. As an example, species of Pereskia are trees or bushes with prominent leaves. They do not obviously resemble a typical leafless cactus such as an Echinocactus. However, both Pereskia and Echinocactus have spines produced from areoles (highly specialised pad-like structures) suggesting that the two genera are indeed related.

Question: What does the phylogeny of a group represent?
Answer: relationships and heredity

Question: How are the relationships within the group determined?
Answer: shared inheritance

Question: What would be an indication of a shared inheritance in two cacti?
Answer: spines produced from areoles

Question: What are areoles?
Answer: pad-like structures
Title: Botany

Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently. Some euphorbias have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the structure of their flowers make it clear that the two groups are not closely related. The cladistic method takes a systematic approach to characters, distinguishing between those that carry no information about shared evolutionary history – such as those evolved separately in different groups (homoplasies) or those left over from ancestors (plesiomorphies) – and derived characters, which have been passed down from innovations in a shared ancestor (apomorphies). Only derived characters, such as the spine-producing areoles of cacti, provide evidence for descent from a common ancestor. The results of cladistic analyses are expressed as cladograms: tree-like diagrams showing the pattern of evolutionary branching and descent.

Question: Why might two plants be similar but not actually be in the same group?
Answer: convergent evolution

Question: How can two different plants acquire the same traits?
Answer: arisen independently

Question: What traits show a shared ancestry?
Answer: derived characters

Question: How are common ancestries represented for plant families?
Answer: tree-like diagrams
Title: Botany

From the 1990s onwards, the predominant approach to constructing phylogenies for living plants has been molecular phylogenetics, which uses molecular characters, particularly DNA sequences, rather than morphological characters like the presence or absence of spines and areoles. The difference is that the genetic code itself is used to decide evolutionary relationships, instead of being used indirectly via the characters it gives rise to. Clive Stace describes this as having "direct access to the genetic basis of evolution." As a simple example, prior to the use of genetic evidence, fungi were thought either to be plants or to be more closely related to plants than animals. Genetic evidence suggests that the true evolutionary relationship of multicelled organisms is as shown in the cladogram below – fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.

Question: What is used now to group plants?
Answer: DNA sequences

Question: What was previously used to group plants?
Answer: morphological characters

Question: How is DNA grouping superior?
Answer: genetic code itself is used

Question: Are fungi more like plants or animals?
Answer: closely related to animals

Question: When was DNA sequencing first used for grouping plants?
Answer: 1990s
Title: Botany

In 1998 the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group published a phylogeny for flowering plants based on an analysis of DNA sequences from most families of flowering plants. As a result of this work, many questions, such as which families represent the earliest branches of angiosperms, have now been answered. Investigating how plant species are related to each other allows botanists to better understand the process of evolution in plants. Despite the study of model plants and increasing use of DNA evidence, there is ongoing work and discussion among taxonomists about how best to classify plants into various taxa. Technological developments such as computers and electron microscopes have greatly increased the level of detail studied and speed at which data can be analysed.

Question: What was the first plant grouping based on DNA sequencing?
Answer: flowering plants

Question: What can be learned from DNA sequencing of plants?
Answer: evolution in plants

Question: How has technology improved the study of botany?
Answer: greatly increased the level of detail

Question: What have scientists learned about angiosperms from DNA sequencing?
Answer: which families represent the earliest branches
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)

Madonna Louise Ciccone (/tʃɪˈkoʊni/; Italian: [tʃikˈkoːne]; born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and businesswoman. She achieved popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Madonna is known for reinventing both her music and image, and for maintaining her autonomy within the recording industry. Music critics have acclaimed her musical productions, which have generated some controversy. Often referred to as the "Queen of Pop", she is often cited as an influence by other artists.

Question: What is Madonna's real name?
Answer: Madonna Louise Ciccone

Question: When was Madonna born?
Answer: August 16, 1958

Question: Which is the other name that Madonna is always referred as?
Answer: Queen of Pop

Question: Madonna became a fixture on which TV channel?
Answer: MTV

Question: Who is known for maintaining her autonomy and reinventing her image in the music industry?
Answer: Madonna
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)

Born in Bay City, Michigan, Madonna moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy, she signed with Sire Records (an auxiliary label of Warner Bros. Records) in 1982 and released her self-titled debut album the following year. She followed it with a series of commercially and critcally successful albums, including the Grammy Award winners Ray of Light (1998) and Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005). Throughout her career, Madonna has written and produced most of her songs, with many of them reaching number one on the record charts, including "Like a Virgin", "Into the Groove", "Papa Don't Preach", "Like a Prayer", "Vogue", "Frozen", "Music", "Hung Up", and "4 Minutes".

Question: Where was Madonna born?
Answer: Bay City, Michigan

Question: In which year did Madonna move to New York City?
Answer: 1977

Question: Which record label did Madonna sign with in 1982?
Answer: Sire Records

Question: What was the name of the album she released in 1983?
Answer: Madonna

Question: Name Madonna's Grammy award album in 1998?
Answer: Ray of Light
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)

Madonna's popularity was further enhanced by her film roles, including Desperately Seeking Susan (1985), Dick Tracy (1990), and Evita (1996); the latter earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress. However, most of her other films have been panned by critics. Her other ventures include fashion design, writing children's books, and filmmaking. She has been acclaimed as a businesswoman, particularly after she founded entertainment company Maverick (including the label Maverick Records). In 2007 she signed an unprecedented US $120 million 360 deal with Live Nation.

Question: Name a film role that Madonna acted in.
Answer: Desperately Seeking Susan

Question: Which movie earned Madonna a Golden Globe Award?
Answer: Evita

Question: Name one of Madonna's other business ventures?
Answer: fashion design

Question: What is the name of the entertainment company that Madonna founded?
Answer: Maverick

Question: Which year did Madonna sign a $120 million deal with Live Nation?
Answer: 2007
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)

Having sold more than 300 million records worldwide, Madonna is recognized as the best-selling female recording artist of all time by Guinness World Records. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed her as the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second best-selling female artist in the United States, with 64.5 million certified albums. According to Billboard, Madonna is the highest-grossing solo touring artist of all time, earning US $1.31 billion from her concerts since 1990. She was ranked at number two, behind only The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart. Madonna became one of the five founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in her first year of eligibility.

Question: How many records did Madonna sell worldwide?
Answer: more than 300 million

Question: Madonna is recognize as the best selling female music artiste by who?
Answer: Guinness World Records

Question: How many certified albums does Madonna have?
Answer: 64.5 million

Question: Since 1990, how much did Madonna make in her concerts?
Answer: $1.31 billion

Question: Who is one of the founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame?
Answer: Madonna
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)

Madonna was born to Catholic parents Silvio Anthony "Tony" Ciccone (b. 1931) and Madonna Louise Fortin (c. 1933 – December 1, 1963) in Bay City, Michigan, on August 16, 1958. Her father's parents were immigrants from Pacentro, Italy, while her mother was of French-Canadian ancestry. Tony worked as an engineer designer for Chrysler and General Motors. Since Madonna had the same name as her mother, family members called her "Little Nonni". She has two elder brothers, Anthony (born 1956) and Martin (born 1957), and three younger siblings, Paula (born 1959), Christopher (born 1960), and Melanie (born 1962).

Question: Madonna was born to which religion?
Answer: Catholic

Question: Where were Madonna's paternal grandparents come from?
Answer: Pacentro, Italy

Question: Madonna's mother was from which ancestry?
Answer: French-Canadian

Question: What was Tony's occupation?
Answer: engineer designer

Question: What was Madonna's nickname when she was younger?
Answer: Little Nonni
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)

Upon being confirmed in 1966, she adopted Veronica as a confirmation name. She was raised in the Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township (now Rochester Hills). Months before her mother died of breast cancer, Madonna noticed changes in her behavior and personality, although she did not understand the reason. Her mother was at a loss to explain her medical condition, and often began to cry when Madonna questioned her about it. Madonna later acknowledged that she had not grasped the concept of her mother dying.

Question: Which name did Madonna adopted as her confirmation name?
Answer: Veronica

Question: Which disease did her mother passed away from?
Answer: breast cancer

Question: Where was Madonna raised?
Answer: Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township

Question: What was Madonna's mother's reaction to her questioning about her illness?
Answer: cry
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)

Madonna turned to her paternal grandmother for solace. The Ciccone siblings resented housekeepers and invariably rebelled against anyone brought into their home ostensibly to take the place of their beloved mother. Madonna later told Vanity Fair that she saw herself in her youth as a "lonely girl who was searching for something. I wasn't rebellious in a certain way. I cared about being good at something. I didn't shave my underarms and I didn't wear make-up like normal girls do. But I studied and I got good grades.... I wanted to be somebody." Terrified that her father Tony could be taken from her as well, Madonna was often unable to sleep unless she was near him.

Question: Who did Madonna turn to for comfort during her mother's illness?
Answer: paternal grandmother

Question: How did the Ciccone siblings behaved towards anyone brought to their home to replace their beloved mother?
Answer: rebelled

Question: Who did Madonna tell in an interview that as a young girl, she was lonely and always searching for something?
Answer: Vanity Fair

Question: Afraid that Tony would be taken from her, what does she do?
Answer: unable to sleep unless she was near him
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)

In 1966, Tony married the family's housekeeper Joan Gustafson; they had two children, Jennifer (born 1967) and Mario (born 1968). At this point, Madonna started to resent him for decades, and developed a rebellious attitude. She attended St. Frederick's and St. Andrew's Catholic Elementary Schools, and West Middle School. Madonna was known for her high grade point average, and achieved notoriety for her unconventional behavior. She would perform cartwheels and handstands in the hallways between classes, dangle by her knees from the monkey bars during recess, and pull up her skirt during class—all so that the boys could see her underwear.

Question: In 1966, who did Tony married?
Answer: Joan Gustafson

Question: Name one child from the union of Tony and Joan?
Answer: Mario

Question: When was Mario born?
Answer: 1968

Question: What is the name of the middle school that Madonna attended?
Answer: West Middle School

Question: Madonna achieved a name for herself in school by her unusual behavior and also for what other reason?
Answer: high grade point average
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)

In 1978, she dropped out of college and relocated to New York City. She had little money and worked as a waitress at Dunkin' Donuts and with modern dance troupes, taking classes at the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and eventually performing with Pear Lang Dance Theater. Madonna said of her move to New York, "It was the first time I'd ever taken a plane, the first time I'd ever gotten a taxi cab. I came here with $35 in my pocket. It was the bravest thing I'd ever done." She started to work as a backup dancer for other established artists. Madonna claimed that during a late night she was returning from a rehearsal, when a pair of men held her at knifepoint and forced her to perform fellatio. Madonna later commented that "the episode was a taste of my weakness, it showed me that I still could not save myself in spite of all the strong-girl show. I could never forget it."

Question: When did Madonna drop out of college?
Answer: 1978

Question: Which restaurant did Madonna work in New York City?
Answer: Dunkin' Donuts

Question: Where did Madonna take dance classes at in New York City?
Answer: Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater

Question: How much did Madonna have when she first went to NYC?
Answer: $35

Question: What did she also work as for other established artists?
Answer: backup dancer
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)

While performing as a backup singer and dancer for the French disco artist Patrick Hernandez on his 1979 world tour, Madonna became romantically involved with musician Dan Gilroy. Together, they formed her first rock band, the Breakfast Club, for which Madonna sang and played drums and guitar. In 1980 or 1981 she left Breakfast Club and, with her former boyfriend Stephen Bray as drummer, formed the band Emmy. The two began writing songs together, and Madonna later decided to market herself as a solo act. Their music impressed DJ and record producer Mark Kamins who arranged a meeting between Madonna and Sire Records founder Seymour Stein.

Question: Which year was Patrick Hernandez's world tour held?
Answer: 1979

Question: Who did Madonna started seeing when she worked as a back up singer/dancer during Patrick Hernandez's tour?
Answer: Dan Gilroy

Question: What was the name of the band which Madonna and Dan Gilroy started?
Answer: Breakfast Club

Question: When did Madonna leave the Breakfast Club?
Answer: 1980 or 1981

Question: After leaving the Breakfast Club, who did she formed the band Emmy with?
Answer: Stephen Bray
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)

After Madonna signed a singles deal with Sire, her debut single, "Everybody", was released in October 1982, and the second, "Burning Up", in March 1983. Both became big club hits in the United States, reaching number three on Hot Dance Club Songs chart compiled by Billboard magazine. After this success, she started developing her debut album, Madonna, which was primarily produced by Reggie Lucas of Warner Bros. However, she was not happy with the completed tracks and disagreed with Lucas' production techniques, so decided to seek additional help.

Question: What was Madonna's debut single called?
Answer: Everybody

Question: When was "Everybody" released?
Answer: October 1982

Question: What was the name of the second single called?
Answer: Burning Up

Question: Who produced Madonna's debut album?
Answer: Reggie Lucas of Warner Bros

Question: Madonna's dance singles reached which number in the "Hot Dance Club Songs" by the Billboard Magazine?
Answer: three