rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: London

London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom. Many government departments are based close to the Palace of Westminster, particularly along Whitehall, including the Prime Minister's residence at 10 Downing Street. The British Parliament is often referred to as the "Mother of Parliaments" (although this sobriquet was first applied to England itself by John Bright) because it has been the model for most other parliamentary systems. There are 73 Members of Parliament (MPs) from London, who correspond to local parliamentary constituencies in the national Parliament. As of May 2015, 45 are from the Labour Party, 27 are Conservatives, and one is a Liberal Democrat.

Question: What is the Prime Minister of the UK's official residence?
Answer: 10 Downing Street

Question: Who first dubbed the British Parliament the "Mother of Parliaments?"
Answer: John Bright

Question: How many Members of Parliament are from London?
Answer: 73

Question: As of May 2015, which party holds the majority of seats in Parliament?
Answer: the Labour Party

Question: As of May 2015, how many Liberal Democrats sit in Parliament?
Answer: one
Title: London

Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service, overseen by the Mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC). The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services. A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not generally become involved with policing the general public.

Question: Which police force in London does not typically engage in police activity with the general public?
Answer: the Ministry of Defence Police

Question: What area of London does the Metropolitan Police Service cover?
Answer: Greater London, with the exception of the City of London

Question: What agency is responsible for policing rail services in London?
Answer: The British Transport Police

Question: What department runs the Metropolitan Police Service?
Answer: the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).

Question: What is the name of the City of London's police force?
Answer: the City of London Police
Title: London

Outward urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt, although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resulting in a separately defined Greater London Urban Area. Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt. Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London. The city is split by the River Thames into North and South, with an informal central London area in its interior. The coordinates of the nominal centre of London, traditionally considered to be the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, are approximately 51°30′26″N 00°07′39″W﻿ / ﻿51.50722°N 0.12750°W﻿ / 51.50722; -0.12750.

Question: What statutory policy minimizes outward expansion of urban London?
Answer: the Metropolitan Green Belt

Question: Greater London is divided into what two groups of boroughs?
Answer: Inner London and Outer London

Question: Where is the centre of London said to be located?
Answer: Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall

Question: In which directions does the River Thames divide the City of London?
Answer: North and South

Question: What metropolitan area lies beyond the Metropolitan Green Belt?
Answer: London commuter belt
Title: London

Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies. The area of Greater London has incorporated areas that were once part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed officially—by statute or in written form.[note 6]

Question: What title regarding London has never been made official in law or by decree?
Answer: London's status as the capital of England

Question: What areas within Greater London have city status?
Answer: the City of London and the City of Westminster

Question: For what reason are the City of London and Greater London considered to be counties?
Answer: for the purposes of lieutenancies
Title: London

Greater London encompasses a total area of 1,583 square kilometres (611 sq mi), an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 8,382 square kilometres (3,236 sq mi) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 1,510 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,900/sq mi). Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width.

Question: In the past, how much wider was the River Thames than it is today?
Answer: five times

Question: What was the population density of Greater London in 2001?
Answer: 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi)

Question: In which direction does the River Thames run through the City of London?
Answer: the south-west to the east

Question: What is the population of the London Metropolitan Region?
Answer: 13,709,000

Question: What is the main geographical landmark in London?
Answer: the Thames
Title: London

Summers are generally warm and sometimes hot. London's average July high is 24 °C (75.2 °F). On average London will see 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) each year, and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) every year. During the 2003 European heat wave there were 14 consecutive days above 30 °C (86.0 °F) and 2 consecutive days where temperatures reached 38 °C (100.4 °F), leading to hundreds of heat related deaths. Winters are generally cool and damp with little temperature variation. Snowfall does occur from time to time, and can cause travel disruption when this happens. Spring and autumn are mixed seasons and can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect, making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts. The effect of this can be seen below when comparing London Heathrow, 15 miles west of London, with the London Weather Centre, in the city centre.

Question: How far from the center of London is London Heathrow Airport?
Answer: 15 miles west

Question: What is London's average high temperature in July?
Answer: 24 °C (75.2 °F)

Question: What phenomenon causes the center of London to be warmer than its suburbs?
Answer: urban heat island effect

Question: Approximately how many days in a given year will London experience temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius (or 77 degrees Farenheit?
Answer: 31

Question: What occasional weather event causes problems for drivers in London?
Answer: Snowfall
Title: London

London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, partly because of their varying ages. Many grand houses and public buildings, such as the National Gallery, are constructed from Portland stone. Some areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings. Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666, these being a few trace Roman remains, the Tower of London and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the City. Further out is, for example, the Tudor period Hampton Court Palace, England's oldest surviving Tudor palace, built by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey c.1515.

Question: What is England's oldest standing palace from the Tudor period?
Answer: Hampton Court Palace

Question: Of what material is London's National Gallery made?
Answer: Portland stone

Question: When did the Great Fire of London occur?
Answer: 1666

Question: The area west of London's city is characterized by what type of building?
Answer: white stucco or whitewashed

Question: What, in part, is the reason for London's lack of a singularly characteristic architectural style among its buildings?
Answer: their varying ages
Title: London

The Monument in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London, which originated nearby. Marble Arch and Wellington Arch, at the north and south ends of Park Lane respectively, have royal connections, as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. Nelson's Column is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square, one of the focal points of central London. Older buildings are mainly brick built, most commonly the yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety, often decorated with carvings and white plaster mouldings.

Question: Where in London are the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall located?
Answer: in Kensington

Question: What famous monument is located in Trafalgar Square?
Answer: Nelson's Column

Question: The Monument, located in the City of London, was erected to commemorate what event?
Answer: the Great Fire of London

Question: What was the most common type of brick used to construct London's older buildings?
Answer: yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety

Question: Where are Marble Arch and Wellington Arch located?
Answer: at the north and south ends of Park Lane
Title: London

In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers such as 30 St Mary Axe, Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings. Nevertheless, there are a number of very tall skyscrapers in central London (see Tall buildings in London), including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the European Union.

Question: What are the financial districts of London known as?
Answer: the City of London and Canary Wharf

Question: High-rise buildings may be restricted to prevent obstruction of what views?
Answer: St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings

Question: What is the European Union's tallest building?
Answer: Shard London Bridge

Question: How high does the Shard London Bridge rise?
Answer: 95-storey

Question: Most of London's skyscrapers are located where?
Answer: in the two financial districts
Title: London

The London Natural History Society suggest that London is "one of the World's Greenest Cities" with more than 40 percent green space or open water. They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish. They also state that over 60 species of bird nest in central London and that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly, 1173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London. London's wetland areas support nationally important populations of many water birds. London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), two National Nature Reserves and 76 Local Nature Reserves.

Question: How many different species of plant life are known to grow in London?
Answer: 2000

Question: How many National Nature Reserves exist in the London area?
Answer: two

Question: Green space and open water comprises what percent of London?
Answer: more than 40 percent

Question: How many species of fish live in the River Thames?
Answer: 120

Question: The London Natural History Society has document how many species of butterfly?
Answer: 47
Title: London

Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 foxes, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres) of London. These urban foxes are noticeably bolder than their country cousins, sharing the pavement with pedestrians and raising cubs in people's backyards. Foxes have even sneaked into the Houses of Parliament, where one was found asleep on a filing cabinet. Another broke into the grounds of Buckingham Palace, reportedly killing some of Queen Elizabeth II's prized pink flamingos. Generally, however, foxes and city folk appear to get along. A survey in 2001 by the London-based Mammal Society found that 80 percent of 3,779 respondents who volunteered to keep a diary of garden mammal visits liked having them around. This sample cannot be taken to represent Londoners as a whole.

Question: What type of animal belonging to Queen Elizabeth II was killed by an intruding fox on the Buckingham Palace grounds?
Answer: pink flamingos

Question: What animal was seen sleeping in London's Parliament Building?
Answer: fox

Question: What is London's fox population density?
Answer: 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres)

Question: In 2001, what organization conducted a survey of residents regarding London's fox population?
Answer: the London-based Mammal Society

Question: Approximately how many foxes live in the City of London?
Answer: 10,000
Title: London

Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehogs, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and squirrels, In wilder areas of Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found including hare, badger, field, bank and water vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to fox, squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city. Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius and common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's and leisler's.

Question: Epping Forest is home for how many species of bats?
Answer: Ten

Question: What animal was found dead at the Highway in Wapping, near the Tower Bridge?
Answer: otter

Question: It appears that otters may be returning to the city of London after how long an absence?
Answer: a hundred years

Question: How many species of bats exist in England?
Answer: eighteen
Title: London

Herds of red and fallow deer also roam freely within much of Richmond and Bushy Park. A cull takes place each November and February to ensure numbers can be sustained. Epping Forest is also known for its fallow deer, which can frequently be seen in herds to the north of the Forest. A rare population of melanistic, black fallow deer is also maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near Theydon Bois. Muntjac deer, which escaped from deer parks at the turn of the twentieth century, are also found in the forest. While Londoners are accustomed to wildlife such as birds and foxes sharing the city, more recently urban deer have started becoming a regular feature, and whole herds of fallow and white-tailed deer come into residential areas at night to take advantage of the London's green spaces.

Question: What rare breed of deer is protected at the Deer Sanctuary at Theydon Bois?
Answer: melanistic, black fallow deer

Question: When do culls to ensure sustainability of London's deer population occur?
Answer: each November and February

Question: Why are herds of deer starting to enter residential areas in London?
Answer: to take advantage of the London's green spaces

Question: Bushy Park in Richmond is home to what herds of animals?
Answer: red and fallow deer
Title: London

The 2011 census recorded that 2,998,264 people or 36.7% of London's population are foreign-born making London the city with the second largest immigrant population, behind New York City, in terms of absolute numbers. The table to the right shows the most common countries of birth of London residents. Note that some of the German-born population, in 18th position, are British citizens from birth born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany. With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was for some time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the most populous city in the world. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War, but had declined to 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. However, the population then grew by just over a million between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, to reach 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration.

Question: London is second only to what city in terms of its foreign population?
Answer: New York City

Question: What percentage of London residents are foreign-born?
Answer: 36.7%

Question: Many German-born Londoners were British citizens by birth due to what?
Answer: parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany

Question: When did London see its highest population numbers?
Answer: 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War

Question: What was London's estimated population at the time of the 2011 census?
Answer: 8,173,941
Title: London

The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres (610 sq mi). The population density is 5,177 inhabitants per square kilometre (13,410/sq mi), more than ten times that of any other British region. In terms of population, London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region in the world. As of 2014[update], London has the largest number of billionaires (British Pound Sterling) in the world, with 72 residing in the city. London ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world, alongside Tokyo and Moscow.

Question: With which two other cities is London named one of the most expensive in the world?
Answer: Tokyo and Moscow

Question: Where does London rank in terms of the world's largest cities?
Answer: 19th

Question: About how many billionaires call London home?
Answer: 72
Title: London

Across London, Black and Asian children outnumber White British children by about six to four in state schools. Altogether at the 2011 census, of London's 1,624,768 population aged 0 to 15, 46.4 per cent were White, 19.8 per cent were Asian, 19 per cent were Black, 10.8 per cent were Mixed and 4 per cent represented another ethnic group. In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000. Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that, in 2010[update], London's foreign-born population was 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up from 1,630,000 in 1997.

Question: What is the ratio of black and Asian schoolchildren to white schoolchildren?
Answer: about six to four

Question: What was the approximate population of London children aged 0 to 15 years at the time of the 2011 census?
Answer: 1,624,768

Question: The 2011 census in London found what percentage of children to be white?
Answer: 46.4

Question: A 2005 survey indicated that how many communities comprised of non-indigenous people existed in London?
Answer: more than 50

Question: According to the 2011 London census, what percentage of children were black?
Answer: 19 per cent
Title: London

The 2011 census showed that 36.7 per cent of Greater London's population were born outside the UK. The table to the right shows the 30 most common countries of birth of London residents in 2011, the date of the last published UK Census. A portion of the German-born population are likely to be British nationals born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany. Estimates produced by the Office for National Statistics indicate that the five largest foreign-born groups living in London in the period July 2009 to June 2010 were those born in India, Poland, the Republic of Ireland, Bangladesh and Nigeria.

Question: What percentage of the Greater London population was said to be foreign-born according to the 2011 census?
Answer: 36.7 per cent

Question: What agency is responsible for compiling London's population data?
Answer: the Office for National Statistics

Question: When was the most recent UK census published?
Answer: 2011
Title: London

London is also home to sizeable Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, and Jewish communities. Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets, London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park and the Baitul Futuh Mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Following the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy Hindus and Middle-Eastern Muslims have based themselves around Mayfair and Knightsbridge in West London. There are large Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham. Large Hindu communities are in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter of which is home to Europe's largest Hindu temple, Neasden Temple. London is also home to 42 Hindu temples. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India.

Question: What is the name of the largest Hindu temple in Europe?
Answer: Neasden Temple

Question: Where is London's Sikh population primarily located?
Answer: Southall

Question: Where is the East London Mosque located?
Answer: Tower Hamlets

Question: Which eastern boroughs host large Muslim populations?
Answer: Tower Hamlets and Newham

Question: How many Hindu temples exist in London?
Answer: 42
Title: London

The majority of British Jews live in London, with significant Jewish communities in Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Finchley, Hampstead, Hendon and Edgware in North London. Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London's historic Sephardic Jewish community. It is the only synagogue in Europe which has held regular services continuously for over 300 years. Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in the whole of Europe, overtaking Ilford synagogue (also in London) in 1998. The community set up the London Jewish Forum in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government.

Question: Which Jewish synagogue boasts the largest membership in Europe?
Answer: Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue

Question: The Sephardic Jewish community in London is affiliated with which Synagogue?
Answer: Bevis Marks Synagogue

Question: For how long has the Bevis Marks Synagogue in London been conducting religious services continuously? 
Answer: over 300 years

Question: London's Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue passed London's Ilford Synagogue in terms of membership in what year?
Answer: 1998

Question: When was the London Jewish Forum established?
Answer: 2006