rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Dreyfus writes that after the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642 with the 5th Dalai Lama's effective hegemony over Tibet.

Question: Who lost their power over Tibet?
Answer: the Phagmodrupa

Question: What year did the Phagmodrupa lose their power over Tibet?
Answer: 1434

Question: What year did the 5th Dalai lama start to dominate over Tibet?
Answer: 1642

Question: What did the other families fail to establish?
Answer: hegemonies
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

The Ming dynasty granted titles to lamas of schools such as the Karmapa Kargyu, but the latter had previously declined Mongol invitations to receive titles. When the Ming Yongle Emperor invited Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), founder of the Gelug school, to come to the Ming court and pay tribute, the latter declined. Wang and Nyima write that this was due to old age and physical weakness, and also because of efforts being made to build three major monasteries. Chen Qingying states that Tsongkhapa wrote a letter to decline the Emperor's invitation, and in this reply, Tsongkhapa wrote:

Question: The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools?
Answer: the Karmapa Kargyu

Question: Who did the Ming Dynasty decline titles from after receiving invitations?
Answer: Mongol

Question: Who was the founder of the Gelug school?
Answer: Je Tsongkhapa

Question: Who invited Je Tsongkhapa to come pay tribute?
Answer: the Ming Yongle Emperor

Question: Who wrote the letter declining the Emperor's invitation?
Answer: Tsongkhapa
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

A. Tom Grunfeld says that Tsongkhapa claimed ill health in his refusal to appear at the Ming court, while Rossabi adds that Tsongkhapa cited the "length and arduousness of the journey" to China as another reason not to make an appearance. This first request by the Ming was made in 1407, but the Ming court sent another embassy in 1413, this one led by the eunuch Hou Xian (候顯; fl. 1403–1427), which was again refused by Tsongkhapa. Rossabi writes that Tsongkhapa did not want to entirely alienate the Ming court, so he sent his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes to Nanjing in 1414 on his behalf, and upon his arrival in 1415 the Yongle Emperor bestowed upon him the title of "State Teacher"—the same title earlier awarded the Phagmodrupa ruler of Tibet. The Xuande Emperor (r. 1425–1435) even granted this disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes the title of a "King" (王). This title does not appear to have held any practical meaning, or to have given its holder any power, at Tsongkhapa's Ganden Monastery. Wylie notes that this—like the Karma Kargyu—cannot be seen as a reappointment of Mongol Yuan offices, since the Gelug school was created after the fall of the Yuan dynasty.

Question: When did the Ming first request Tsongkhapa to come to court?
Answer: 1407

Question: When did the Ming court send a second request to Tsongkhapa?
Answer: 1413

Question: Who did Tsongkhapa send in his place to Nanjing?
Answer: his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes

Question: When was Chosrje Shākya Yeshes sent to Nanjing?
Answer: 1414
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Dawa Norbu argues that modern Chinese Communist historians tend to be in favor of the view that the Ming simply reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet and perpetuated their rule of Tibet in this manner. Norbu writes that, although this would have been true for the eastern Tibetan regions of Amdo and Kham's "tribute-cum-trade" relations with the Ming, it was untrue if applied to the western Tibetan regions of Ü-Tsang and Ngari. After the Phagmodrupa Changchub Gyaltsen, these were ruled by "three successive nationalistic regimes," which Norbu writes "Communist historians prefer to ignore."

Question: Who believed the Ming reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet?
Answer: Dawa Norbu
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Laird writes that the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes, and that "these alliances with eastern Tibetan principalities are the evidence China now produces for its assertion that the Ming ruled Tibet," despite the fact that the Ming did not send an army to replace the Mongols after they left Tibet. Yiu Yung-chin states that the furthest western extent of the Ming dynasty's territory was Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan while "the Ming did not possess Tibet."

Question: Who did the Ming appoint titles to?
Answer: eastern Tibetan princes

Question: What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet?
Answer: an army

Question: What does Yiu Yung-chin claim the Ming did not possess?
Answer: Tibet
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Shih-Shan Henry Tsai writes that the Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Yang Sanbao into Tibet in 1413 to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes, while the Yongle Emperor paid a small fortune in return gifts for tributes in order to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states such as Nepal and Tibet. However, Van Praag states that Tibetan rulers upheld their own separate relations with the kingdoms of Nepal and Kashmir, and at times "engaged in armed confrontation with them."

Question: What was the name of the  eunuch?
Answer: Yang Sanbao

Question: Where did the Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao?
Answer: Tibet

Question: When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?
Answer: 1413

Question: Why did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?
Answer: the allegiance of various Tibetan princes

Question: Why did the emperor pay a small fortune in gifts?
Answer: to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Emperor's court:

Question: Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with?
Answer: the Ming court

Question: Until what year frame did the Gelug exchange gifts with the the Ming?
Answer: 1430s

Question: What was the Gelug not mentioned in?
Answer: the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions. Wylie argues that Ming titles of "King" granted indiscriminately to various Tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier Yuan dynasty offices, since the viceregal Sakya regime established by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown by the Phagmodru myriarchy before the Ming existed.

Question: Regardless of their sectarian affiliations, who did the Ming grant titles to?
Answer: various lamas

Question: Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by?
Answer: the Phagmodru myriarchy
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of "tribute emissaries" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet, as the various titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier Mongol Yuan titles had. He asserts that "by conferring titles on Tibetans already in power, the Ming emperors merely recognized political reality." Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families, the Phagmodru (1354–1435), Rinpungpa (1435–1565), and Tsangpa (1565–1642).

Question: Who believed that the Ming had no real authority over Tibet?
Answer: Melvyn C. Goldstein

Question: What years did the Rinpungpa regime start and end?
Answer: 1435–1565

Question: Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority?
Answer: Melvyn C. Goldstein

Question: What years did the Tsangpa start and end?
Answer: 1565–1642
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama (1384–1415), to his court, even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor. A Tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the Yongle Emperor, which the Association for Asian Studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the Karmapa. The letter of invitation reads,

Question: What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end?
Answer: 1398–1402

Question: Who aided the Yongle Emperor?
Answer: the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao

Question: Who was Yongle Emperor's father?
Answer: the Hongwu Emperor

Question: When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court?
Answer: March 10, 1403
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407.

Question: Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet?
Answer: Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang

Question: Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet?
Answer: to seek out the Karmapa

Question: When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing?
Answer: 1407

Question: Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa?
Answer: through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

During his travels beginning in 1403, Deshin Shekpa was induced by further exhortations by the Ming court to visit Nanjing by April 10, 1407. Norbu writes that the Yongle Emperor, following the tradition of Mongol emperors and their reverence for the Sakya lamas, showed an enormous amount of deference towards Deshin Shekpa. The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa and did not require him to kowtow like a tributary vassal. According to Karma Thinley, the emperor gave the Karmapa the place of honor at his left, and on a higher throne than his own. Rossabi and others describe a similar arrangement made by Kublai Khan and the Sakya Phagpa lama, writing that Kublai would "sit on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric" when receiving religious instructions from him.

Question: When did Deshin Shekpa travels start?
Answer: 1403

Question: Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the Karmapa?
Answer: Nanjing

Question: Who did the Emperor give the place of honor at his left to?
Answer: the Karmapa

Question: Who sat on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric?
Answer: Kublai

Question: Who showed a great amount of respect to Deshin Shekpa?
Answer: the Yongle Emperor
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Throughout the following month, the Yongle Emperor and his court showered the Karmapa with presents. At Linggu Temple in Nanjing, he presided over the religious ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents, while twenty-two days of his stay were marked by religious miracles that were recorded in five languages on a gigantic scroll that bore the Emperor's seal. During his stay in Nanjing, Deshin Shekpa was bestowed the title "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma" by the Yongle Emperor. Elliot Sperling asserts that the Yongle Emperor, in bestowing Deshin Shekpa with the title of "King" and praising his mystical abilities and miracles, was trying to build an alliance with the Karmapa as the Mongols had with the Sakya lamas, but Deshin Shekpa rejected the Yongle Emperor's offer. In fact, this was the same title that Kublai Khan had offered the Sakya Phagpa lama, but Deshin Shekpa persuaded the Yongle Emperor to grant the title to religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects.

Question: At what temple did the ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents take place?
Answer: Linggu Temple

Question: Where was the Linggu Temple located?
Answer: Nanjing

Question: What title was Deshin Shekpa given at Nanjing?
Answer: Great Treasure Prince of Dharma

Question: Who did Deshin Shekpa persuade the Yongle Emperor to give the title to?
Answer: religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Tibetan sources say Deshin Shekpa also persuaded the Yongle Emperor not to impose his military might on Tibet as the Mongols had previously done. Thinley writes that before the Karmapa returned to Tibet, the Yongle Emperor began planning to send a military force into Tibet to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools but Deshin Shekpa dissuaded him. However, Hok-Lam Chan states that "there is little evidence that this was ever the emperor's intention" and that evidence indicates that Deshin Skekpa was invited strictly for religious purposes.

Question: Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past? 
Answer: the Mongols

Question: Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose? 
Answer: religious purposes

Question: What was said to be the  Yongle Emperor plans?
Answer: to send a military force into Tibet

Question: Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet?
Answer: to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools

Question: Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet?
Answer: Deshin Shekpa
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Marsha Weidner states that Deshin Shekpa's miracles "testified to the power of both the emperor and his guru and served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's problematic succession to the throne," referring to the Yongle Emperor's conflict with the previous Jianwen Emperor. Tsai writes that Deshin Shekpa aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule by providing him with portents and omens which demonstrated Heaven's favor of the Yongle Emperor on the Ming throne.

Question: Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with?
Answer: Jianwen Emperor

Question: Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule?
Answer: Deshin Shekpa

Question: What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's succession to the throne?
Answer: Deshin Shekpa's miracles
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

With the example of the Ming court's relationship with the fifth Karmapa and other Tibetan leaders, Norbu states that Chinese Communist historians have failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship. He writes that the meetings of lamas with the Emperor of China were exchanges of tribute between "the patron and the priest" and were not merely instances of a political subordinate paying tribute to a superior. He also notes that the items of tribute were Buddhist artifacts which symbolized "the religious nature of the relationship." Josef Kolmaš writes that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet, content with their tribute relations that were "almost entirely of a religious character." Patricia Ann Berger writes that the Yongle Emperor's courting and granting of titles to lamas was his attempt to "resurrect the relationship between China and Tibet established earlier by the Yuan dynastic founder Khubilai Khan and his guru Phagpa." She also writes that the later Qing emperors and their Mongol associates viewed the Yongle Emperor's relationship with Tibet as "part of a chain of reincarnation that saw this Han Chinese emperor as yet another emanation of Manjusri."

Question: According to Norbu who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship?
Answer: Chinese Communist historians

Question: What were the items of tribute?
Answer: Buddhist artifacts

Question: Who believe that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet?
Answer: Josef Kolmaš
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa:

Question: What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign?
Answer: 1435–1449

Question: Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor?
Answer: The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC

Question: Who was the edict addressed to? 
Answer: the Karmapa

Question: Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong?
Answer: Great Treasure Prince of Dharma

Question: When was the edict written?
Answer: after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Despite this glowing message by the Emperor, Chan writes that a year later in 1446, the Ming court cut off all relations with the Karmapa hierarchs. Until then, the court was unaware that Deshin Shekpa had died in 1415. The Ming court had believed that the representatives of the Karma Kagyu who continued to visit the Ming capital were sent by the Karmapa.

Question: Who did the Ming cut off all relations with?
Answer: the Karmapa hierarchs

Question: What year did the Ming cut off the Karmapa hierarchs?
Answer: 1446

Question: When did  Deshin Shekpa  die?
Answer: 1415

Question: Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by?
Answer: the Karmapa
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Tsai writes that shortly after the visit by Deshin Shekpa, the Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of a road and of trading posts in the upper reaches of the Yangzi and Mekong Rivers in order to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt. The trade route passed through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan. Wang and Nyima assert that this "tribute-related trade" of the Ming exchanging Chinese tea for Tibetan horses—while granting Tibetan envoys and Tibetan merchants explicit permission to trade with Han Chinese merchants—"furthered the rule of the Ming dynasty court over Tibet". Rossabi and Sperling note that this trade in Tibetan horses for Chinese tea existed long before the Ming. Peter C. Perdue says that Wang Anshi (1021–1086), realizing that China could not produce enough militarily capable steeds, had also aimed to obtain horses from Inner Asia in exchange for Chinese tea. The Chinese needed horses not only for cavalry but also as draft animals for the army's supply wagons. The Tibetans required Chinese tea not only as a common beverage but also as a religious ceremonial supplement. The Ming government imposed a monopoly on tea production and attempted to regulate this trade with state-supervised markets, but these collapsed in 1449 due to military failures and internal ecological and commercial pressures on the tea-producing regions.

Question: Why did Yongle order the construction?
Answer: to facilitate trade with Tibet

Question: What did Yongle want to trade with Tibet?
Answer: tea, horses, and salt

Question: where did the trade route pass through?
Answer: through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Van Praag states that the Ming court established diplomatic delegations with Tibet merely to secure urgently needed horses. Wang and Nyima argue that these were not diplomatic delegations at all, that Tibetan areas were ruled by the Ming since Tibetan leaders were granted positions as Ming officials, that horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory "corvée" tax, and therefore Tibetans were "undertaking domestic affairs, not foreign diplomacy". Sperling writes that the Ming simultaneously bought horses in the Kham region while fighting Tibetan tribes in Amdo and receiving Tibetan embassies in Nanjing. He also argues that the embassies of Tibetan lamas visiting the Ming court were for the most part efforts to promote commercial transactions between the lamas' large, wealthy entourage and Ming Chinese merchants and officials. Kolmaš writes that while the Ming maintained a laissez-faire policy towards Tibet and limited the numbers of the Tibetan retinues, the Tibetans sought to maintain a tributary relationship with the Ming because imperial patronage provided them with wealth and power. Laird writes that Tibetans eagerly sought Ming court invitations since the gifts the Tibetans received for bringing tribute were much greater in value than the latter. As for the Yongle Emperor's gifts to his Tibetan and Nepalese vassals such as silver wares, Buddha relics, utensils for Buddhist temples and religious ceremonies, and gowns and robes for monks, Tsai writes "in his effort to draw neighboring states to the Ming orbit so that he could bask in glory, the Yongle Emperor was quite willing to pay a small price". The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC lists the Tibetan tribute items as oxen, horses, camels, sheep, fur products, medical herbs, Tibetan incenses, thangkas (painted scrolls), and handicrafts; while the Ming awarded Tibetan tribute-bearers an equal value of gold, silver, satin and brocade, bolts of cloth, grains, and tea leaves. Silk workshops during the Ming also catered specifically to the Tibetan market with silk clothes and furnishings featuring Tibetan Buddhist iconography.

Question: Why does Van Praag believe the Ming court set up a diplomatic delegation with Tibet?
Answer: to secure urgently needed horses

Question: What shops were catered to the Tibetan market?
Answer: Silk workshops

Question: What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops?
Answer: Tibetan Buddhist

Question: who were the Tibetan areas were ruled by?
Answer: the Ming

Question: Wang and Nyima believed horses were collected from Tibet as what kind of tax?
Answer: a mandatory "corvée" tax
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

While the Ming dynasty traded horses with Tibet, it upheld a policy of outlawing border markets in the north, which Laird sees as an effort to punish the Mongols for their raids and to "drive them from the frontiers of China." However, after Altan Khan (1507–1582)—leader of the Tümed Mongols who overthrew the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony over the steppes—made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he persuaded the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573. This provided the Chinese with a new supply of horses that the Mongols had in excess; it was also a relief to the Ming, since they were unable to stop the Mongols from periodic raiding. Laird says that despite the fact that later Mongols believed Altan forced the Ming to view him as an equal, Chinese historians argue that he was simply a loyal Chinese citizen. By 1578, Altan Khan formed a formidable Mongol-Tibetan alliance with the Gelug that the Ming viewed from afar without intervention.

Question: Who did the Ming trade horses with?
Answer: Tibet

Question: Who was the leader of the Tümed Mongols?
Answer: Altan Khan

Question: Who did Altan Khan overthrow?
Answer: the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony

Question: Who did Altan Khan make peace with?
Answer: the Ming dynasty

Question: Who convinced the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573?
Answer: Altan Khan