rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: George_VI

In May and June 1939, the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States. From Ottawa, the royal couple were accompanied throughout by Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada. George was the first reigning monarch of Canada to visit North America, although he had been to Canada previously as Prince Albert and as Duke of York. Both Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir and Mackenzie King hoped that the King's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions. On 19 May, George VI personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. Ambassador to Canada, Daniel Calhoun Roper; gave Royal Assent to nine parliamentary bills; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada. The official royal tour historian, Gustave Lanctot, wrote "the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality" and George gave a speech emphasising "the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth".

Question: Which two countries did the King and Queen tour in 1939?
Answer: Canada and the United States

Question: Who was the prime minister of Canada in 1939?
Answer: William Lyon Mackenzie King

Question: What title was the king and queen presented with when touring Canada?
Answer: King and Queen of Canada

Question: What was Roper's position?
Answer: U.S. Ambassador to Canada

Question: What did the Statute of Westminster do?
Answer: gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions
Title: George_VI

The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the developing tensions in Europe. Although the aim of the tour was mainly political, to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war, the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public. The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor, Edward VIII, was dispelled. They visited the 1939 New York World's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park, New York. A strong bond of friendship was forged between the King and Queen and the President during the tour, which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years.

Question: What kind of tendencies did North America have?
Answer: isolationist tendencies

Question: Who was George's predecessor?
Answer: Edward VIII

Question: Who was the President of the United States in 1939?
Answer: President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Question: Which fair was happening in New York in 1939?
Answer: 1939 New York World's Fair
Title: George_VI

In September 1939, Britain and the self-governing Dominions, but not Ireland, declared war on Nazi Germany. George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle. The first German raid on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End. On 13 September, the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there. In defiance, the Queen famously declared: "I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face". The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded-up Palace. In August 1942, the King's brother, Prince George, Duke of Kent, was killed on active service.

Question: Against who did Britain declare war against in 1939?
Answer: Nazi Germany

Question: Which city did the king and queen stay in even with the bombing threats?
Answer: London

Question: How many people died on the first German raid on London?
Answer: one thousand civilians

Question: What year did the King's brother die in service?
Answer: 1942
Title: George_VI

In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax. After the King's initial dismay over Churchill's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet, he and Churchill developed "the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister". Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940, the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness.

Question: Who was Winston Churchill's predecessor?
Answer: Neville Chamberlain

Question: What position did Churchill hold?
Answer: Prime Minister

Question: What day of the week did Churchill and the King meet?
Answer: Tuesday

Question: Who did Churchill appoint to Cabinet that the King did not like?
Answer: Lord Beaverbrook
Title: George_VI

Throughout the war, the King and Queen provided morale-boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom, visiting bomb sites, munitions factories, and troops. The King visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939, North Africa and Malta in June 1943, Normandy in June 1944, southern Italy in July 1944, and the Low Countries in October 1944. Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance. At a social function in 1944, Chief of the Imperial General Staff Sir Alan Brooke, revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery he thought he was after his job. The King replied: "You should worry, when I meet him, I always think he's after mine!"

Question: What country did the King and Queen visit in July 1944?
Answer: Italy

Question: When did the King and Queen visit North Africa and Malta?
Answer: June 1943

Question: What improved when the King and Queen visited different military sites?
Answer: morale
Title: George_VI

George VI's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire. The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states. The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states, known as the Commonwealth, gathered pace after the Second World War. During the ministry of Clement Attlee, British India became the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947. George relinquished the title of Emperor of India, and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead. In 1950 he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, but he remained King of Pakistan until his death and India recognised his new title of Head of the Commonwealth. Other countries left the Commonwealth, such as Burma in January 1948, Palestine (divided between Israel and the Arab states) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949.

Question: What is the association of independent states in Britain called?
Answer: the Commonwealth

Question: What two dominions did British India become?
Answer: India and Pakistan

Question: What country left the Commonwealth in January 1948?
Answer: Burma

Question: What year was the Republic of Ireland formed?
Answer: 1949
Title: George_VI

In 1947, the King and his family toured Southern Africa. The Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit. George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites, and referred to his South African bodyguards as "the Gestapo". Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation.

Question: Who was the Prime Minister of South Africa in 1947?
Answer: Jan Smuts

Question: What were the King's South African bodyguards referred as? 
Answer: the Gestapo

Question: Who instructed the King to only shake hands with whites in South Africa?
Answer: South African government
Title: George_VI

The stress of the war had taken its toll on the King's health, exacerbated by his heavy smoking and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments, including arteriosclerosis and thromboangiitis obliterans. A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the King suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg, which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949. His elder daughter Elizabeth, the heir presumptive, took on more royal duties as her father's health deteriorated. The delayed tour was re-organised, with Elizabeth and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, taking the place of the King and Queen. The King was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951, but on 23 September 1951, his left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found. In October 1951, Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh went on a month-long tour of Canada; the trip had been delayed for a week due to the King's illness. At the State Opening of Parliament in November, the King's speech from the throne was read for him by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Simonds. His Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections, and then edited together.

Question: What kind of cancer did the King develop?
Answer: lung cancer

Question: What developed in the King's right leg that prevented him from touring Australia?
Answer: arterial blockage

Question: What treatment helped prevent the loss of the King's right leg?
Answer: right lumbar sympathectomy

Question: Who was the King's heir presumptive?
Answer: Elizabeth

Question: Who was Elizabeth's spouse?
Answer: Duke of Edinburgh
Title: George_VI

From 9 February for two days his coffin rested in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February. His funeral took place at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 15th. He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St. George's on 26 March 1969. In 2002, fifty years after his death, the remains of his widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and the ashes of his younger daughter Princess Margaret, who both died that year, were interred in the chapel alongside him.

Question: What church did the King's funeral take place on the 15th?
Answer: Windsor Castle

Question: What year did Queen Elizabeth die?
Answer: 2002

Question: What year did Princess Margaret die?
Answer: 2002

Question: In which chapel does King George's body lie in today? 
Answer: King George VI Memorial Chapel
Title: George_VI

In the words of Labour Member of Parliament George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did "more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda". George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed "a rocking throne", and tried "to make it steady again". He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb. During his reign his people endured the hardships of war, and imperial power was eroded. However, as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage, he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy.

Question: How high was public faith in the monarchy when King George assumed the throne?
Answer: low

Question: What position did George Hardie hold?
Answer: Labour Member of Parliament

Question: Who was George VI's brother?
Answer: Edward
Title: Electric_motor

Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as from the power grid, inverters or generators. Small motors may be found in electric watches. General-purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use. The largest of electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors may be classified by electric power source type, internal construction, application, type of motion output, and so on.

Question: What is the largest rating of an electric motor?
Answer: 100 megawatts

Question: What is the main example of a DC power source?
Answer: batteries

Question: What does AC stand for?
Answer: alternating current

Question: What does DC stand for?
Answer: direct current

Question: In what device are small motors commonly found?
Answer: electric watches
Title: Electric_motor

Perhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Ampère's force law, was discovered later by André-Marie Ampère in 1820. The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet (PM) was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments, brine substituting for toxic mercury. Though Barlow's wheel was an early refinement to this Faraday demonstration, these and similar homopolar motors were to remain unsuited to practical application until late in the century.

Question: Who created the first electrostatic device?
Answer: Andrew Gordon

Question: Who discovered the principles of magnetic and electric interactions?
Answer: André-Marie Ampère

Question: In what year did Faraday convert electrical energy into mechanical energy?
Answer: 1821

Question: What toxic substance originally served the function of brine in primitive motors?
Answer: mercury
Title: Electric_motor

In 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices "electromagnetic self-rotors". Although they were used only for instructional purposes, in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated the first device to contain the three main components of practical DC motors: the stator, rotor and commutator. The device employed no permanent magnets, as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced solely by the currents flowing through their windings.

Question: In what year did Jedlik begin experimenting with electromagnetism?
Answer: 1827

Question: Besides the stator and the communicator, what is an element of a DC motor?
Answer: rotor

Question: What did Jedlik call his earliest devices?
Answer: electromagnetic self-rotors

Question: What discovery solved the problem of continuous rotation?
Answer: commutator

Question: What did Jedlik's improved device eliminate the need for?
Answer: permanent magnets
Title: Electric_motor

After many other more or less successful attempts with relatively weak rotating and reciprocating apparatus the Prussian Moritz von Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834 that actually developed a remarkable mechanical output power. His motor set a world record which was improved only four years later in September 1838 by Jacobi himself. His second motor was powerful enough to drive a boat with 14 people across a wide river. It was not until 1839/40 that other developers worldwide managed to build motors of similar and later also of higher performance.

Question: When were developers competing with Jacobi able to match his accomplishments?
Answer: 1839/40

Question: What was Jacobi's improved motor used to propel?
Answer: boat

Question: Who created the first real electric motor?
Answer: Moritz von Jacobi

Question: Who broke the world record set by Jacobi's first motor?
Answer: Jacobi himself

Question: How long did it take for Jacobi's first world record to be broken?
Answer: four years
Title: Electric_motor

The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenport, which he patented in 1837. The motors ran at up to 600 revolutions per minute, and powered machine tools and a printing press. Due to the high cost of primary battery power, the motors were commercially unsuccessful and Davenport went bankrupt. Several inventors followed Sturgeon in the development of DC motors but all encountered the same battery power cost issues. No electricity distribution had been developed at the time. Like Sturgeon's motor, there was no practical commercial market for these motors.

Question: Who developed the first mnotor capable of being used for machinery?
Answer: William Sturgeon

Question: Which inventor went bankrupt?
Answer: Thomas Davenport

Question: What was the main problem with applying early electric motors to industry?
Answer: the high cost of primary battery power

Question: What necessary technical development had yet to occur to make electric motors useful?
Answer: electricity distribution

Question: How fast did Sturgeon and Davenport's motors run?
Answer: 600 revolutions per minute
Title: Electric_motor

A major turning point in the development of DC machines took place in 1864, when Antonio Pacinotti described for the first time the ring armature with its symmetrically grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator, the brushes of which delivered practically non-fluctuating current. The first commercially successful DC motors followed the invention by Zénobe Gramme who, in 1871, reinvented Pacinotti's design. In 1873, Gramme showed that his dynamo could be used as a motor, which he demonstrated to great effect at exhibitions in Vienna and Philadelphia by connecting two such DC motors at a distance of up to 2 km away from each other, one as a generator. (See also 1873 : l'expérience décisive [Decisive Workaround] .)

Question: What made Pacinotti's motor an important advancement?
Answer: non-fluctuating current

Question: Who created a motor similar to Pacinotti?
Answer: Zénobe Gramme

Question: How far from each other were the motors in Gramme's demonstrations?
Answer: 2 km

Question: Besides a motor, what did Gramme use the other device for?
Answer: generator

Question: In what two cities did Gramme conduct his demonstrations?
Answer: Vienna and Philadelphia
Title: Electric_motor

In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison), allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid, provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole, and provided controls systems for electric operations. This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887–88 in Richmond VA, the electric elevator and control system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars, which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the "L". Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its primary competitor, which would become much more widespread. The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap between rotor and stator. Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap. [a] The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is extremely inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor.

Question: What needs to exist between the rotor and stator for increased efficiency?
Answer: small air gap

Question: Which inventor created the first useful DC motor?
Answer: Frank Julian Sprague

Question: What was the transportation advancement made possible by Sprague's designs?
Answer: electric trolley system

Question: What was the name of Chicago's first electric trolley system?
Answer: South Side Elevated Railway

Question: Who did Sprague work for early in his career?
Answer: Thomas Edison
Title: Electric_motor

Application of electric motors revolutionized industry. Industrial processes were no longer limited by power transmission using line shafts, belts, compressed air or hydraulic pressure. Instead every machine could be equipped with its own electric motor, providing easy control at the point of use, and improving power transmission efficiency. Electric motors applied in agriculture eliminated human and animal muscle power from such tasks as handling grain or pumping water. Household uses of electric motors reduced heavy labor in the home and made higher standards of convenience, comfort and safety possible. Today, electric motors stand for more than half of the electric energy consumption in the US.

Question: How much energy do electric motors use in the modern United States?
Answer: more than half

Question: In what domain did electric motors reduce reliance on humans and animals?
Answer: agriculture

Question: Besides shafts, belts and compressed air, what did electric motors reduce the need for?
Answer: hydraulic pressure

Question: Where did electric motors improve convenience and safety?
Answer: in the home
Title: Electric_motor

A commutator is a mechanism used to switch the input of most DC machines and certain AC machines consisting of slip ring segments insulated from each other and from the electric motor's shaft. The motor's armature current is supplied through the stationary brushes in contact with the revolving commutator, which causes required current reversal and applies power to the machine in an optimal manner as the rotor rotates from pole to pole. In absence of such current reversal, the motor would brake to a stop. In light of significant advances in the past few decades due to improved technologies in electronic controller, sensorless control, induction motor, and permanent magnet motor fields, electromechanically commutated motors are increasingly being displaced by externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet motors.

Question: What would a rotor do without current reversal?
Answer: brake to a stop

Question: What switches the input of most DC motors?
Answer: commutator

Question: From where is current to the motor supplied?
Answer: stationary brushes

Question: What two motor types are ascendant today?
Answer: externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet