rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Roman_Republic

The extraordinary demands of the Punic Wars, in addition to a shortage of manpower, exposed the tactical weaknesses of the manipular legion, at least in the short term. In 217 BC, near the beginning of the Second Punic War, Rome was forced to effectively ignore its long-standing principle that its soldiers must be both citizens and property owners. During the 2nd century BC, Roman territory saw an overall decline in population, partially due to the huge losses incurred during various wars. This was accompanied by severe social stresses and the greater collapse of the middle classes. As a result, the Roman state was forced to arm its soldiers at the expense of the state, which it had not had to do in the past.

Question: During what century did Roman controlled areas see a decline in their populations?
Answer: 2nd century BC

Question: What caused the Roman state to provide armaments to their army?
Answer: greater collapse of the middle classes

Question: What was considered an attributing factor to the decline of the Roman population?
Answer: huge losses incurred during various wars

Question: What were soldiers expected to own prior to the year 217 BC?
Answer: property
Title: Roman_Republic

In process known as the Marian reforms, Roman consul Gaius Marius carried out a programme of reform of the Roman military. In 107 BC, all citizens, regardless of their wealth or social class, were made eligible for entry into the Roman army. This move formalised and concluded a gradual process that had been growing for centuries, of removing property requirements for military service. The distinction between the three heavy infantry classes, which had already become blurred, had collapsed into a single class of heavy legionary infantry. The heavy infantry legionaries were drawn from citizen stock, while non-citizens came to dominate the ranks of the light infantry. The army's higher-level officers and commanders were still drawn exclusively from the Roman aristocracy.

Question: Who was now able to join military service in 107 BC?
Answer: all citizens

Question: Where would legionaries in the Roman army likely to be sourced from?
Answer: citizen stock

Question: Who would likely make up the majority of the Roman army's light infantry?
Answer: non-citizens

Question: Which consul was responsible for the reforms that allowed all citizens access to join the Roman army?
Answer: Gaius Marius

Question: What was the process that removed the property requirement for the Roman military called?
Answer: Marian reforms
Title: Roman_Republic

The legions of the late Republic were, structurally, almost entirely heavy infantry. The legion's main sub-unit was called a cohort and consisted of approximately 480 infantrymen. The cohort was therefore a much larger unit than the earlier maniple sub-unit, and was divided into six centuries of 80 men each. Each century was separated further into 10 "tent groups" of 8 men each. The cavalry troops were used as scouts and dispatch riders rather than battlefield cavalry. Legions also contained a dedicated group of artillery crew of perhaps 60 men. Each legion was normally partnered with an approximately equal number of allied (non-Roman) troops.

Question: Around how many units could be expected to be contained within a cohort?
Answer: 480 infantrymen

Question: How many troops were placed into each tent group?
Answer: 8 men

Question: Who would now be used as scouts instead of fighting alongside the army in the battlefield?
Answer: cavalry troops

Question: What designation of troops was considered to make up the majority of a legion?
Answer: cohort
Title: Roman_Republic

After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large fleet was raised in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea of Cilician pirates. During the civil war that followed, as many as a thousand ships were either constructed or pressed into service from Greek cities.

Question: In which sea was a large amount of naval vessels sent in order to remove Cilician pirates?
Answer: Mediterranean Sea

Question: Around how many ships were sent into service from Greek cities?
Answer: as many as a thousand ships

Question: Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to the English Channel?
Answer: Caesar

Question: What was the driving force behind the revitalization of the Roman naval forces?
Answer: to meet several new demands

Question: What aspect of the Roman military saw a decline in size after the subjugation of the Mediterranean?
Answer: Roman navy
Title: Roman_Republic

The senate's ultimate authority derived from the esteem and prestige of the senators. This esteem and prestige was based on both precedent and custom, as well as the caliber and reputation of the senators. The senate passed decrees, which were called senatus consulta. These were officially "advice" from the senate to a magistrate. In practice, however, they were usually followed by the magistrates. The focus of the Roman senate was usually directed towards foreign policy. Though it technically had no official role in the management of military conflict, the senate ultimately was the force that oversaw such affairs. The power of the senate expanded over time as the power of the legislative assemblies declined, and the senate took a greater role in ordinary law-making. Its members were usually appointed by Roman Censors, who ordinarily selected newly elected magistrates for membership in the senate, making the senate a partially elected body. During times of military emergency, such as the civil wars of the 1st century BC, this practice became less prevalent, as the Roman Dictator, Triumvir or the senate itself would select its members.

Question: What was the general source of the Roman senate's authority?
Answer: the esteem and prestige of the senators

Question: Who was responsible for overseeing a military action?
Answer: the senate

Question: What was a motion that was enacted by the senate called?
Answer: senatus consulta

Question: What area was the likely focal point of the Roman senate?
Answer: foreign policy

Question: What governing Roman body would self-select their own members during times of great distress?
Answer: the senate itself would select its members
Title: Roman_Republic

The legal status of Roman citizenship was limited and was a vital prerequisite to possessing many important legal rights such as the right to trial and appeal, to marry, to vote, to hold office, to enter binding contracts, and to special tax exemptions. An adult male citizen with the full complement of legal and political rights was called "optimo jure." The optimo jure elected their assemblies, whereupon the assemblies elected magistrates, enacted legislation, presided over trials in capital cases, declared war and peace, and forged or dissolved treaties. There were two types of legislative assemblies. The first was the comitia ("committees"), which were assemblies of all optimo jure. The second was the concilia ("councils"), which were assemblies of specific groups of optimo jure.

Question: What was the main requirement of seeking a trial in the Roman courts?
Answer: legal status of Roman citizenship

Question: Who would be expected to oversee a capital case in the Roman courts?
Answer: assemblies

Question: Which designation of people made up the entirety of the members of a comitia?
Answer: optimo jure

Question: Who did the assemblies elected by the optimo jure elect?
Answer: magistrates

Question: What type of assembly could specific groupings of optimo jure be found in?
Answer: concilia
Title: Roman_Republic

Citizens were organized on the basis of centuries and tribes, which would each gather into their own assemblies. The Comitia Centuriata ("Centuriate Assembly") was the assembly of the centuries (i.e. soldiers). The president of the Comitia Centuriata was usually a consul. The centuries would vote, one at a time, until a measure received support from a majority of the centuries. The Comitia Centuriata would elect magistrates who had imperium powers (consuls and praetors). It also elected censors. Only the Comitia Centuriata could declare war, and ratify the results of a census. It also served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases.

Question: What Roman assembly elected both magistrates and censors?
Answer: Comitia Centuriata

Question: What profession of people made up the entireity of the Comitia Centuriata?
Answer: centuries

Question: Which elected official had imperium powers?
Answer: magistrates

Question: Would the Comitia Centuriata occasionally be called upon to serve as the highest court of appeal?
Answer: It also served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases
Title: Roman_Republic

The assembly of the tribes (i.e. the citizens of Rome), the Comitia Tributa, was presided over by a consul, and was composed of 35 tribes. The tribes were not ethnic or kinship groups, but rather geographical subdivisions. The order that the thirty-five tribes would vote in was selected randomly by lot. Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes, the voting would end. While it did not pass many laws, the Comitia Tributa did elect quaestors, curule aediles, and military tribunes. The Plebeian Council was identical to the assembly of the tribes, but excluded the patricians (the elite who could trace their ancestry to the founding of Rome). They elected their own officers, plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles. Usually a plebeian tribune would preside over the assembly. This assembly passed most laws, and could also act as a court of appeal.

Question: How many tribes were considered to be in the Comitia Tributa?
Answer: 35 tribes

Question: How were the assembly of tribes segregated into specific tribes?
Answer: geographical subdivisions

Question: What assembly was responsible for the election of quaestors?
Answer: the Comitia Tributa

Question: When would the assembly of tribes cease voting?
Answer: Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes

Question: Who would be responsible for the election of a plebeian tribune?
Answer: a plebeian
Title: Roman_Republic

Each republican magistrate held certain constitutional powers. Only the People of Rome (both plebeians and patricians) had the right to confer these powers on any individual magistrate. The most powerful constitutional power was imperium. Imperium was held by both consuls and praetors. Imperium gave a magistrate the authority to command a military force. All magistrates also had the power of coercion. This was used by magistrates to maintain public order. While in Rome, all citizens had a judgement against coercion. This protection was called provocatio (see below). Magistrates also had both the power and the duty to look for omens. This power would often be used to obstruct political opponents.

Question: Who had the right to grant powers to a magistrate?
Answer: People of Rome

Question: What is considered to be the most authoritative constitutional power?
Answer: imperium

Question: What did the constitutional power of imperium grant a magistrate?
Answer: authority to command a military force

Question: What would be one of the duties that a newly elected magistrate could expect to perform?
Answer: to look for omens

Question: What power was in possession of every single magistrate in Rome?
Answer: power of coercion
Title: Roman_Republic

One check on a magistrate's power was his collegiality. Each magisterial office would be held concurrently by at least two people. Another such check was provocatio. Provocatio was a primordial form of due process. It was a precursor to habeas corpus. If any magistrate tried to use the powers of the state against a citizen, that citizen could appeal the decision of the magistrate to a tribune. In addition, once a magistrate's one-year term of office expired, he would have to wait ten years before serving in that office again. This created problems for some consuls and praetors, and these magistrates would occasionally have their imperium extended. In effect, they would retain the powers of the office (as a promagistrate), without officially holding that office.

Question: How long concurrently could an elected magistrate serve in office?
Answer: one-year

Question: How many people would serve concurrently in a single magisterial office?
Answer: at least two people

Question: What form of due process was a harbinger of our vary own habeas corpus?
Answer: Provocatio

Question: What would you call a magistrate who had his powers of imperium continued?
Answer: promagistrate

Question: Who would a Roman go see in an attempt to reverse the decision of a magistrate?
Answer: a tribune
Title: Roman_Republic

The consuls of the Roman Republic were the highest ranking ordinary magistrates; each consul served for one year. Consuls had supreme power in both civil and military matters. While in the city of Rome, the consuls were the head of the Roman government. They would preside over the senate and the assemblies. While abroad, each consul would command an army. His authority abroad would be nearly absolute. Praetors administered civil law and commanded provincial armies. Every five years, two censors were elected for an 18-month term, during which they would conduct a census. During the census, they could enroll citizens in the senate, or purge them from the senate. Aediles were officers elected to conduct domestic affairs in Rome, such as managing public games and shows. The quaestors would usually assist the consuls in Rome, and the governors in the provinces. Their duties were often financial.

Question: Which official had supremacy in both civil and military matters?
Answer: Consuls

Question: Who was responsible for the adminstration of civil laws?
Answer: Praetors

Question: Who was responsible for the handling of the Roman census?
Answer: two censors

Question: How long could an elected censor remain in office for?
Answer: 18-month term

Question: What officer primarily had duties over finance matters?
Answer: quaestors
Title: Roman_Republic

Since the tribunes were considered to be the embodiment of the plebeians, they were sacrosanct. Their sacrosanctity was enforced by a pledge, taken by the plebeians, to kill any person who harmed or interfered with a tribune during his term of office. All of the powers of the tribune derived from their sacrosanctity. One consequence was that it was considered a capital offense to harm a tribune, to disregard his veto, or to interfere with a tribune. In times of military emergency, a dictator would be appointed for a term of six months. Constitutional government would be dissolved, and the dictator would be the absolute master of the state. When the dictator's term ended, constitutional government would be restored.

Question: How long could a dictator be appointed for in times of certain emergencies?
Answer: six months

Question: What would happen during the commencement of a dictator's term?
Answer: Constitutional government would be dissolved

Question: What type of offense was the harm of a tribute treated as?
Answer: capital offense

Question: What was the ultimate source of the tribunes powers?
Answer: their sacrosanctity
Title: Roman_Republic

Life in the Roman Republic revolved around the city of Rome, and its famed seven hills. The city also had several theatres, gymnasiums, and many taverns, baths and brothels. Throughout the territory under Rome's control, residential architecture ranged from very modest houses to country villas, and in the capital city of Rome, to the residences on the elegant Palatine Hill, from which the word "palace" is derived. The vast majority of the population lived in the city center, packed into apartment blocks.[citation needed]

Question: Where did the bulk of the cities populace live?
Answer: the city center

Question: What type of housing could be located in the city center?
Answer: apartment blocks

Question: From what local area in Rome is the word palace borrowed from?
Answer: Palatine Hill

Question: How many areas in Rome could be called hills?
Answer: seven
Title: Roman_Republic

Many aspects of Roman culture were borrowed from the Greeks. In architecture and sculpture, the difference between Greek models and Roman paintings are apparent. The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the arch and the dome. Rome has also had a tremendous impact on European cultures following it. Its significance is perhaps best reflected in its endurance and influence, as is seen in the longevity and lasting importance of works of Virgil and Ovid. Latin, the Republic's primary language, remains used for liturgical purposes by the Roman Catholic Church, and up to the 19th century was used extensively in scholarly writings in, for example, science and mathematics. Roman law laid the foundations for the laws of many European countries and their colonies.[citation needed]

Question: What culture did Rome have an extreme amount of influence on?
Answer: European cultures

Question: What language was commonly used in scholarly mathematical writings prior to the 19th century?
Answer: Latin

Question: From which people were many facets of Roman culture copied from?
Answer: Greeks

Question: What was considered to be the dominant language in the Roman Republic?
Answer: Latin
Title: Roman_Republic

Slavery and slaves were part of the social order; there were slave markets where they could be bought and sold. Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered; some slaves could save money to buy their freedom. Generally, mutilation and murder of slaves was prohibited by legislation. However, Rome did not have a law enforcement arm. All actions were treated as "torts," which were brought by an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself. If the accused were a noble and the victim, not a noble, the likelihood of finding for the accused was small. At most, the accused might have to pay a fine for killing a slave. It is estimated that over 25% of the Roman population was enslaved.

Question: Around what percentage of the Roman populace were thought to be slaves?
Answer: over 25%

Question: Where in the Roman Republic could slaves be acquired?
Answer: slave markets

Question: Were slave masters allowed to free their slaves in the Roman Republic?
Answer: Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered

Question: What branch of law did Rome lack?
Answer: law enforcement

Question: Who was responsible for seeking justice in the Roman courts?
Answer: an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself
Title: Roman_Republic

Men typically wore a toga, and women a stola. The woman's stola differed in looks from a toga, and was usually brightly coloured. The cloth and the dress distinguished one class of people from the other class. The tunic worn by plebeians, or common people, like shepherds and slaves, was made from coarse and dark material, whereas the tunic worn by patricians was of linen or white wool. A knight or magistrate would wear an augusticlavus, a tunic bearing small purple studs. Senators wore tunics with broad red stripes, called tunica laticlavia. Military tunics were shorter than the ones worn by civilians. Boys, up until the festival of Liberalia, wore the toga praetexta, which was a toga with a crimson or purple border. The toga virilis, (or toga pura) was worn by men over the age of 16 to signify their citizenship in Rome. The toga picta was worn by triumphant generals and had embroidery of their skill on the battlefield. The toga pulla was worn when in mourning.[citation needed]

Question: What article of clothing could generally be found on a male Roman?
Answer: a toga

Question: What garment was worn by male gendered adults to convey their status as a citizen of Rome?
Answer: toga virilis

Question: What was typically worn after the loss of a loved one in the Roman Republic?
Answer: The toga pulla

Question: Which official would wear a garment containing broad red striping?
Answer: Senators

Question: How did a womans garment typically vary from a mans in the Roman Republic?
Answer: usually brightly coloured
Title: Roman_Republic

The staple foods were generally consumed around 11 o'clock, and consisted of bread, lettuce, cheese, fruits, nuts, and cold meat left over from the dinner the night before.[citation needed] The Roman poet Horace mentions another Roman favorite, the olive, in reference to his own diet, which he describes as very simple: "As for me, olives, endives, and smooth mallows provide sustenance." The family ate together, sitting on stools around a table. Fingers were used to eat solid foods and spoons were used for soups.[citation needed]

Question: When were the staple foods in the Roman republic typically eaten at?
Answer: 11 o'clock

Question: What did people in the Roman Republic use to consume solid foods?
Answer: Fingers were used

Question: What type of food was cheese considered to be in Rome?
Answer: staple

Question: What form of expression did the Roman Horace practice?
Answer: poet

Question: What did Romans sit on when they had a meal at home?
Answer: stools
Title: Roman_Republic

Wine was considered the basic drink, consumed at all meals and occasions by all classes and was quite inexpensive. Cato the Elder once advised cutting his rations in half to conserve wine for the workforce. Many types of drinks involving grapes and honey were consumed as well. Drinking on an empty stomach was regarded as boorish and a sure sign for alcoholism, the debilitating physical and psychological effects of which were known to the Romans. An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic was an effective way to discredit political rivals. Prominent Roman alcoholics included Mark Antony, and Cicero's own son Marcus (Cicero Minor). Even Cato the Younger was known to be a heavy drinker.[citation needed]

Question: What beverage was consumed by all the classes in the Roman Republic?
Answer: Wine

Question: What was considered a compelling way to defame poltical rivals?
Answer: An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic

Question: During what meals was wine commonly drank?
Answer: all meals

Question: What was considered an indication of alcoholism in the Roman Republic?
Answer: Drinking on an empty stomach
Title: Roman_Republic

Following various military conquests in the Greek East, Romans adapted a number of Greek educational precepts to their own fledgling system. They began physical training to prepare the boys to grow as Roman citizens and for eventual recruitment into the army. Conforming to discipline was a point of great emphasis. Girls generally received instruction from their mothers in the art of spinning, weaving, and sewing. Schooling in a more formal sense was begun around 200 BC. Education began at the age of around six, and in the next six to seven years, boys and girls were expected to learn the basics of reading, writing and counting. By the age of twelve, they would be learning Latin, Greek, grammar and literature, followed by training for public speaking. Oratory was an art to be practiced and learnt, and good orators commanded respect.[citation needed]

Question: How did Romans develop their male children as Roman citizens?
Answer: physical training

Question: Who could be expected to obtain guidance in the art of weaving?
Answer: Girls

Question: What Roman art involved speeches made to the public?
Answer: Oratory

Question: When did academic schooling begin in the Roman Republic?
Answer: around 200 BC

Question: What caused the Romans to conform several educational concepts to their own system?
Answer: various military conquests in the Greek East