rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

The party's leader is Malcolm Turnbull and its deputy leader is Julie Bishop. The pair were elected to their positions at the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot, Bishop as the incumbent deputy leader and Turnbull as a replacement for Tony Abbott, whom he consequently succeeded as Prime Minister of Australia. Now the Turnbull Government, the party had been elected at the 2013 federal election as the Abbott Government which took office on 18 September 2013. At state and territory level, the Liberal Party is in office in three states: Colin Barnett has been Premier of Western Australia since 2008, Will Hodgman Premier of Tasmania since 2014 and Mike Baird Premier of New South Wales since 2014. Adam Giles is also the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, having led a Country Liberal minority government since 2015. The party is in opposition in Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory.

Question: Who is the Australian Liberal Party's leader?
Answer: Malcolm Turnbull

Question: Who was Turnbull elected to replace?
Answer: Tony Abbott

Question: Who is the Australian Party's deputy leader?
Answer: Julie Bishop

Question: What was the former name of the Turnbull Government?
Answer: the Abbott Government
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Socially, while liberty and freedom of enterprise form the basis of its beliefs, elements of the party have wavered between what is termed "small-l liberalism" and social conservatism. Historically, Liberal Governments have been responsible for the carriage of a number of notable "socially liberal" reforms, including the opening of Australia to multiethnic immigration under Menzies and Harold Holt; Holt's 1967 Referendum on Aboriginal Rights; Sir John Gorton's support for cinema and the arts; selection of the first Aboriginal Senator, Neville Bonner, in 1971; and Malcolm Fraser's Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976. A West Australian Liberal, Ken Wyatt, became the first Indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives in 2010.

Question: Who was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House?
Answer: Ken Wyatt

Question: In what year was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives?
Answer: 2010

Question: In what year was the first Aboriginal Senator elected?
Answer: 1971
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

The Liberal Party's organisation is dominated by the six state divisions, reflecting the party's original commitment to a federalised system of government (a commitment which was strongly maintained by all Liberal governments until 1983, but was to a large extent abandoned by the Howard Government, which showed strong centralising tendencies). Menzies deliberately created a weak national party machine and strong state divisions. Party policy is made almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members, although Liberal party members do have a degree of influence over party policy.

Question: How many state divisions exist in the Liberal Party's organisation?
Answer: six

Question: Which politician purposely created strong state divisions to a weaker national party?
Answer: Menzies

Question: Who makes party policy?
Answer: almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Menzies ran strongly against Labor's plans to nationalise the Australian banking system and, following victory in the 1949 election, secured a double dissolution election for April 1951, after the Labor-controlled Senate refused to pass his banking legislation. The Liberal-Country Coalition was returned with control of the Senate. The Government was returned again in the 1954 election; the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955 helped the Liberals to another victory in December 1955. John McEwen replaced Arthur Fadden as leader of the Country Party in March 1958 and the Menzies-McEwen Coalition was returned again at elections in November 1958 – their third victory against Labor's H. V. Evatt. The Coalition was narrowly returned against Labor's Arthur Calwell in the December 1961 election, in the midst of a credit squeeze. Menzies stood for office for the last time in the November 1963 election, again defeating Calwell, with the Coalition winning back its losses in the House of Representatives. Menzies went on to resign from parliament on 26 January 1966.

Question: Was Menzies for or against nationalizing the banking system in Australia?
Answer: strongly against

Question: What helped the Liberals to victory in December 1955?
Answer: the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955

Question: When did Menzies resign from Parliament?
Answer: 26 January 1966
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

A period of division for the Liberals followed, with former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock for supremacy. The Australian economy was facing the early 1990s recession. Unemployment reached 11.4% in 1992. Under Dr John Hewson, in November 1991, the opposition launched the 650-page Fightback! policy document − a radical collection of "dry", economic liberal measures including the introduction of a Goods and Services Tax (GST), various changes to Medicare including the abolition of bulk billing for non-concession holders, the introduction of a nine-month limit on unemployment benefits, various changes to industrial relations including the abolition of awards, a $13 billion personal income tax cut directed at middle and upper income earners, $10 billion in government spending cuts, the abolition of state payroll taxes and the privatisation of a large number of government owned enterprises − representing the start of a very different future direction to the keynesian economic conservatism practiced by previous Liberal/National Coalition governments. The 15 percent GST was the centerpiece of the policy document. Through 1992, Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating mounted a campaign against the Fightback package, and particularly against the GST, which he described as an attack on the working class in that it shifted the tax burden from direct taxation of the wealthy to indirect taxation as a broad-based consumption tax. Pressure group activity and public opinion was relentless, which led Hewson to exempt food from the proposed GST − leading to questions surrounding the complexity of what food was and wasn't to be exempt from the GST. Hewson's difficulty in explaining this to the electorate was exemplified in the infamous birthday cake interview, considered by some as a turning point in the election campaign. Keating won a record fifth consecutive Labor term at the 1993 election. A number of the proposals were later adopted in to law in some form, to a small extent during the Keating Labor government, and to a larger extent during the Howard Liberal government (most famously the GST), while unemployment benefits and bulk billing were re-targeted for a time by the Abbott Liberal government.

Question: Which two title holders fought for political power in the early 1990s?
Answer: former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock

Question: What was the Australian unemployment rate in 1992?
Answer: 11.4%

Question: What discussion proved an example of the difficulty of explaining what foods were and were not included in the Goods and Services Tax?
Answer: the infamous birthday cake interview
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

In South Australia, initially a Liberal and Country Party affiliated party, the Liberal and Country League (LCL), mostly led by Premier of South Australia Tom Playford, was in power from the 1933 election to the 1965 election, though with assistance from an electoral malapportionment, or gerrymander, known as the Playmander. The LCL's Steele Hall governed for one term from the 1968 election to the 1970 election and during this time began the process of dismantling the Playmander. David Tonkin, as leader of the South Australian Division of the Liberal Party of Australia, became Premier at the 1979 election for one term, losing office at the 1982 election. The Liberals returned to power at the 1993 election, led by Premiers Dean Brown, John Olsen and Rob Kerin through two terms, until their defeat at the 2002 election. They have since remained in opposition under a record five Opposition Leaders.

Question: How long was Tom Playford in political power?
Answer: from the 1933 election to the 1965 election

Question: How many consecutive losses has the Liberal party faced since the 2002 election?
Answer: a record five

Question: During what years did the dismantling of the Playmander begin?
Answer: 1968 election to the 1970 election
Title: Samurai

In Japanese, they are usually referred to as bushi (武士?, [bu.ɕi]) or buke (武家?). According to translator William Scott Wilson: "In Chinese, the character 侍 was originally a verb meaning "to wait upon" or "accompany persons" in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Japanese, saburau. In both countries the terms were nominalized to mean "those who serve in close attendance to the nobility", the pronunciation in Japanese changing to saburai. According to Wilson, an early reference to the word "samurai" appears in the Kokin Wakashū (905–914), the first imperial anthology of poems, completed in the first part of the 10th century.

Question: What was William Scott Wilson's occupation?
Answer: translator

Question: What are samurai usually called in Japanse?
Answer: bushi (武士?, [bu.ɕi]) or buke (武家?)

Question: Where is the first known use of 'samurai'?
Answer: Kokin Wakashū

Question: When is the first known use of 'samurai'?
Answer: 905–914
Title: Samurai

By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. The samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord, were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy, and they followed a set of rules that later came to be known as the bushidō. While the samurai numbered less than 10% of then Japan's population, their teachings can still be found today in both everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts.

Question: What did samurai mean nearly the same thing as?
Answer: bushi

Question: What were samurai affiliated with?
Answer: a clan

Question: How much of Japan were samurais?
Answer: less than 10%

Question: Where do samurais' teachings live on?
Answer: everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts

Question: What class were samurais?
Answer: middle and upper echelons of the warrior class
Title: Samurai

Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform, issued by Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji) in 646 AD. This edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to adopt the Tang dynasty political structure, bureaucracy, culture, religion, and philosophy. As part of the Taihō Code, of 702 AD, and the later Yōrō Code, the population was required to report regularly for census, a precursor for national conscription. With an understanding of how the population was distributed, Emperor Mommu introduced a law whereby 1 in 3–4 adult males was drafted into the national military. These soldiers were required to supply their own weapons, and in return were exempted from duties and taxes. This was one of the first attempts by the Imperial government to form an organized army modeled after the Chinese system. It was called "Gundan-Sei" (軍団制) by later historians and is believed to have been short-lived.[citation needed]

Question: When was the Battle of Hakusukinoe?
Answer: 663 AD

Question: Who was the Battle of Hakusukinoe against?
Answer: Tang China and Silla

Question: What was the effect of the Battle of Hakusukinoe?
Answer: a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs

Question: Who led the Taika Reform?
Answer: Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji)

Question: When was the Taika Reform?
Answer: 646 AD
Title: Samurai

In the early Heian period, the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honshū, but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline, and failed in their task.[citation needed] Emperor Kammu introduced the title of sei'i-taishōgun (征夷大将軍) or Shogun, and began to rely on the powerful regional clans to conquer the Emishi. Skilled in mounted combat and archery (kyūdō), these clan warriors became the Emperor's preferred tool for putting down rebellions.[citation needed] Though this is the first known use of the "Shogun" title, it was a temporary title, and was not imbued with political power until the 13th century. At this time (the 7th to 9th century) the Imperial Court officials considered them merely a military section under the control of the Imperial Court.

Question: In what period did Emperor Kammu rule?
Answer: early Heian period

Question: When was the early Heian?
Answer: the late 8th and early 9th centuries

Question: Who did Kammu fail to conquer?
Answer: Emishi

Question: What was the full title for Shogun?
Answer: sei'i-taishōgun

Question: Who introduced the Shogun concept?
Answer: Emperor Kammu
Title: Samurai

After the Genpei war of the late 12th century, a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito, and was allowed to organize soldiers and police, and to collect a certain amount of tax. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels and collecting needed army provisions, and they were forbidden from interfering with Kokushi Governors, but their responsibility gradually expanded and thus the samurai-class appeared as the political ruling power in Japan. Minamoto no Yoritomo opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate in 1192.

Question: When was the Genpei war?
Answer: late 12th century

Question: Who was given the right to appoint shugo?
Answer: Minamoto no Yoritomo

Question: What was Minamoto's position?
Answer: clan leader

Question: Who opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate?
Answer: Minamoto no Yoritomo

Question: When did the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate open?
Answer: 1192
Title: Samurai

Originally the Emperor and non-warrior nobility employed these warrior nobles. In time, they amassed enough manpower, resources and political backing in the form of alliances with one another, to establish the first samurai-dominated government. As the power of these regional clans grew, their chief was typically a distant relative of the Emperor and a lesser member of either the Fujiwara, Minamoto, or Taira clans. Though originally sent to provincial areas for a fixed four-year term as a magistrate, the toryo declined to return to the capital when their terms ended, and their sons inherited their positions and continued to lead the clans in putting down rebellions throughout Japan during the middle- and later-Heian period. Because of their rising military and economic power, the warriors ultimately became a new force in the politics of the court. Their involvement in the Hōgen in the late Heian period consolidated their power, and finally pitted the rival Minamoto and Taira clans against each other in the Heiji Rebellion of 1160.

Question: What rebellion happened in 1160?
Answer: Heiji Rebellion

Question: Who fought in the Heiji Rebellion?
Answer: the rival Minamoto and Taira clans

Question: How long were the toryos' terms supposed to be?
Answer: four-year

Question: What clans were most regional clans' chiefs also a member of?
Answer: Fujiwara, Minamoto, or Taira clans
Title: Samurai

The winner, Taira no Kiyomori, became an imperial advisor, and was the first warrior to attain such a position. He eventually seized control of the central government, establishing the first samurai-dominated government and relegating the Emperor to figurehead status. However, the Taira clan was still very conservative when compared to its eventual successor, the Minamoto, and instead of expanding or strengthening its military might, the clan had its women marry Emperors and exercise control through the Emperor.

Question: Who was the first warrior to become imperial advisor?
Answer: Taira no Kiyomori

Question: Who established the first samurai-led administration?
Answer: Taira no Kiyomori

Question: Who succeeded the Taira clan?
Answer: the Minamoto

Question: What role did the Emperor have in the samurai-controlled government?
Answer: figurehead

Question: How did the Taira clan expand power?
Answer: had its women marry Emperors
Title: Samurai

The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180, beginning the Gempei War, which ended in 1185. Samurai fought at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura, at the Shimonoseki Strait which separates Honshu and Kyushu in 1185. The victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In 1190 he visited Kyoto and in 1192 became Sei'i-taishōgun, establishing the Kamakura Shogunate, or Kamakura Bakufu. Instead of ruling from Kyoto, he set up the Shogunate in Kamakura, near his base of power. "Bakufu" means "tent government", taken from the encampments the soldiers would live in, in accordance with the Bakufu's status as a military government.

Question: When did the Gempei War begin?
Answer: 1180

Question: When did the Gempei War end?
Answer: 1185

Question: Which clans fought in the Gempei War?
Answer: The Taira and the Minamoto

Question: What does the Shimonoseki Strait divide?
Answer: Honshu and Kyushu

Question: When was the Kamakura Shogunate established?
Answer: 1192
Title: Samurai

In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casualties. The Yuan army was eventually recalled and the invasion was called off. The Mongol invaders used small bombs, which was likely the first appearance of bombs and gunpowder in Japan.

Question: Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols?
Answer: Yuan

Question: How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan?
Answer: 40,000

Question: How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan?
Answer: 900

Question: Where did the Yuan invade Japan?
Answer: northern Kyūshū

Question: How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with?
Answer: 10,000
Title: Samurai

The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols attempted to settle matters in a diplomatic way from 1275 to 1279, but every envoy sent to Japan was executed. This set the stage for one of the most famous engagements in Japanese history.

Question: What was built around Hakata Bay?
Answer: a great stone barrier

Question: When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier?
Answer: 1276

Question: When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier?
Answer: 1277

Question: How long was the Hakata Bay barrier?
Answer: 20 kilometers

Question: What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan?
Answer: executed
Title: Samurai

In 1592, and again in 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, aiming to invade China (唐入り) through Korea, mobilized an army of 160,000 peasants and samurai and deployed them to Korea. (See Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea, Chōsen-seibatsu (朝鮮征伐?). Taking advantage of arquebus mastery and extensive wartime experience from the Sengoku period, Japanese samurai armies made major gains in most of Korea. Kato Kiyomasa advanced to Orangkai territory (present-day Manchuria) bordering Korea to the northeast and crossed the border into Manchuria, but withdrew after retaliatory attacks from the Jurchens there, as it was clear he had outpaced the rest of the Japanese invasion force. A few of the more famous samurai generals of this war were Katō Kiyomasa, Konishi Yukinaga, and Shimazu Yoshihiro. Shimazu Yoshihiro led some 7,000 samurai and, despite being heavily outnumbered, defeated a host of allied Ming and Korean forces at the Battle of Sacheon in 1598, near the conclusion of the campaigns. Yoshihiro was feared as Oni-Shimazu ("Shimazu ogre") and his nickname spread across not only Korea but to Ming Dynasty China. In spite of the superiority of Japanese land forces, ultimately the two expeditions failed (though they did devastate the Korean landmass) from factors such as Korean naval superiority (which, led by Admiral Yi Sun-shin, harassed Japanese supply lines continuously throughout the wars, resulting in supply shortages on land), the commitment of sizeable Ming forces to Korea, Korean guerrilla actions, the underestimation of resistance by Japanese commanders (in the first campaign of 1592, Korean defenses on land were caught unprepared, under-trained, and under-armed; they were rapidly overrun, with only a limited number of successfully resistant engagements against the more-experienced and battle-hardened Japanese forces - in the second campaign of 1597, Korean and Ming forces proved to be a far more difficult challenge and, with the support of continued Korean naval superiority, limited Japanese gains to parts southeastern Korea), and wavering Japanese commitment to the campaigns as the wars dragged on. The final death blow to the Japanese campaigns in Korea came with Hideyoshi's death in late 1598 and the recall of all Japanese forces in Korea by the Council of Five Elders (established by Hideyoshi to oversee the transition from his regency to that of his son Hideyori).

Question: When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi first send an army to Korea?
Answer: 1592

Question: When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send an army to Korea a second time?
Answer: 1597

Question: How many troops did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send to Korea?
Answer: 160,000

Question: When was the Battle of Sacheon?
Answer: 1598

Question: When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi die?
Answer: 1598
Title: Samurai

It should be noted that many samurai forces that were active throughout this period were not deployed to Korea; most importantly, the daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu carefully kept forces under his command out of the Korean campaigns, and other samurai commanders who were opposed to Hideyoshi's domination of Japan either mulled Hideyoshi's call to invade Korea or contributed a small token force. Most commanders who did opposed or otherwise resisted/resented Hideyoshi ended up as part of the so-called Eastern Army, while commanders loyal to Hideyoshi and his son (a notable exception to this trend was Katō Kiyomasa, who deployed with Tokugawa and the Eastern Army) were largely committed to the Western Army; the two opposing sides (so named for the relative geographical locations of their respective commanders' domains) would later clash, most notably at the Battle of Sekigahara, which was won by Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Eastern Forces, paving the way for the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Question: Which military leader avoided sending his soldiers to Korea?
Answer: Tokugawa Ieyasu

Question: What force were most commanders opposed to the Korea invasion part of?
Answer: Eastern Army

Question: Which commander loyal to Hideyoshi was in the Eastern Army?
Answer: Katō Kiyomasa

Question: Where did the Eastern and Western armies battle?
Answer: Battle of Sekigahara

Question: Which army won the Battle of Sekigahara?
Answer: Eastern Forces