rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Royal_assent

If the Governor General of Canada is unable to give assent, it can be done by either the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada—the Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. It is not actually necessary for the governor general to sign a bill passed by a legislature, the signature being merely an attestation. In each case, the parliament must be apprised of the granting of assent before the bill is considered to have become law. Two methods are available: the sovereign's representatives may grant assent in the presence of both houses of parliament; alternatively, each house may be notified separately, usually by the speaker of that house. However, though both houses must be notified on the same day, notice to the House of Commons while it is not in session may be given by way of publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons, whereas the Senate must be sitting and the governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker.

Question: In the Canadian federal government, who is typically responsible for deciding wether to give assent?
Answer: the Governor General of Canada

Question: Which positions from the Canadian Supreme Court may also give assent if need be?
Answer: Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice

Question: Who has the capability of granting assent if the Governer General of Canada cannot?
Answer: the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada—the Chief Justice of Canada—or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada

Question: How many methods are available to grant assent in Canada?
Answer: Two

Question: If each house of parliament is notified seperately, what regulation applies?
Answer: both houses must be notified on the same day

Question: How can the House of Commons be notified of assent if it is not in session?
Answer: publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons

Question: In contrast to the House of Commons, how must the Senate be notified of assent?
Answer: governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker
Title: Royal_assent

While royal assent has not been withheld in the United Kingdom since 1708, it has often been withheld in British colonies and former colonies by governors acting on royal instructions. In the United States Declaration of Independence, colonists complained that George III "has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good [and] has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them." Even after colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland were granted responsible government, the British government continued to sometimes advise governors-general on the granting of assent; assent was also occasionally reserved to allow the British government to examine a bill before advising the governor-general.

Question: Which year was royal assent last withheld in the UK?
Answer: 1708

Question: The United States Declaration of Independence mentions which British monarch?
Answer: George III

Question: What did the American colonies accuse the monarch of?
Answer: refused his Assent to Laws

Question: In what year was royal assent last witheld in the UK?
Answer: 1708

Question: Who continued to advise governors-general of granting of assent, even after their colonies had responsible government?
Answer: the British government

Question: To whom did the British government occasionally still advice on the royal assent, although they had their own responsible governments?
Answer: colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland
Title: Royal_assent

In Australia, a technical issue arose with the royal assent in both 1976 and 2001. In 1976, a bill originating in the House of Representatives was mistakenly submitted to the Governor-General and assented to. However, it was later discovered that it had not been passed by each house. The error arose because two bills of the same title had originated from the house. The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed. The same procedure was followed to correct a similar error which arose in 2001.

Question: The bill from the Australian House of Representatives was mistakenly sent and assented to by whom in 1976?
Answer: Governor-General

Question: Why did this occur?
Answer: two bills of the same title had originated from the house

Question: What did the Governor-General do with the first assent?
Answer: revoked the first assent

Question: This same procedure was more recently done to fix a similar error in which year?
Answer: 2001

Question: What was the reason a bill was accidentally assented in 1976?
Answer: two bills of the same title had originated from the house

Question: After an accidental assention of a bill with same name in 1976, when did a similar mistaken assention occur in Australia?
Answer: 2001

Question: What protocol was not followed in 1976 when a bill was mistakenly assented?
Answer: it had not been passed by each house

Question: How was the case of two bills mistakenly assented corrected both in 1796 and 2001?
Answer: The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed
Title: Royal_assent

Special procedures apply to legislation passed by Tynwald, the legislature of the Isle of Man. Before the lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765 (the Revestment), the assent of the Lord of Mann to a bill was signified by letter to the governor. After 1765, royal assent was at first signified by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor; but, during the British Regency, the practice began of granting royal assent by Order in Council, which continues to this day, though limited to exceptional cases since 1981.

Question: What term refers to the legislature of the Isle of man?
Answer: Tynwald

Question: In what year was lordship of the Isle of Man purchased?
Answer: 1765

Question: What does the term the Revestment refer to?
Answer: lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765

Question: Previous to the Order in Council method, how was royal assent passed previously within the Isle of Man?
Answer: by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor

Question: How is royal assent currently granted in the Isle of Man?
Answer: Order in Council
Title: Royal_assent

In Commonwealth realms other than the UK, royal assent is granted or withheld either by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign, the governor-general. In federated realms, assent in each state, province, or territory is granted or withheld by the representatives of the sovereign. In Australia, this is the governors of the states, administrators of the territories, or the governor-general in the Australian Capital Territory. For Canada, this is the lieutenant governors of the provinces. A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign.

Question: In Commonwealth realms, who is the representative of the sovereign?
Answer: the governor-general

Question: Who grants royal assent in Canada?
Answer: lieutenant governors of the provinces

Question: In Canada, who is authorized to defer assent and to whom?
Answer: A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign.

Question: Who grants the royal assent in Commonwealth nations other than the UK?
Answer: by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign
Title: Royal_assent

Since the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931, the all Commonwealth realms have been sovereign kingdoms, the monarch and governors-general acting solely on the advice of the local ministers who generally maintain the support of the legislature and are the ones who secure the passage of bills. They, therefore, are unlikely to advise the sovereign or his or her representative to withhold assent. The power to withhold the royal assent was exercised by Alberta's lieutenant governor, John C. Bowen, in 1937, in respect of three bills passed in the legislature dominated by William Aberhart's Social Credit party. Two bills sought to put banks under the authority of the province, thereby interfering with the federal government's powers. The third, the Accurate News and Information Bill, purported to force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected. The unconstitutionality of all three bills was later confirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

Question: What two documents declared all Commonwealth realms as sovereign kingdoms?
Answer: Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931

Question: Who exercised the power to withold royal assent in Alberta in 1937?
Answer: John C. Bowen

Question: What the did Accurate News and Information Bill hope to accomplish?
Answer: force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected

Question: Who decided the unconstitutionality of three bills brought forth by the Social Credit party?
Answer: Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.
Title: Royal_assent

In the United Kingdom, a bill is presented for royal assent after it has passed all the required stages in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, the House of Commons may, under certain circumstances, direct that a bill be presented for assent despite lack of passage by the House of Lords. Officially, assent is granted by the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners authorised to act by letters patent. It may be granted in parliament or outside parliament; in the latter case, each house must be separately notified before the bill takes effect.

Question: Which Houses in the UK must approve a bill before it is assented?
Answer: House of Commons and the House of Lords

Question: Which Parliamentary Acts allow a bill to be presented for assent even after the House of Lords has refused it?
Answer: Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949

Question: Who can be authorized to grant assent by letters patent?
Answer: the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners
Title: Royal_assent

The Clerk of the Parliaments, an official of the House of Lords, traditionally states a formula in Anglo-Norman Law French, indicating the sovereign's decision. The granting of royal assent to a supply bill is indicated with the words "La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult", translated as "The Queen thanks her good subjects, accepts their bounty, and wills it so." For other public or private bills, the formula is simply "La Reyne le veult" ("the Queen wills it"). For personal bills, the phrase is "Soit fait comme il est désiré" ("let it be as it is desired"). The appropriate formula for withholding assent is the euphemistic "La Reyne s'avisera" ("the Queen will consider it"). When the sovereign is male, Le Roy is substituted for La Reyne.

Question: In what language does the Clerk of the Parliaments announce Parliament's decision?
Answer: Anglo-Norman Law French

Question: What words in Anglo-Norman Law French announce a granted assent?
Answer: "La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult"

Question: What is the shortened version of the notification of assent?
Answer: "La Reyne le veult"

Question: What phrase is used to announce a withheld assent?
Answer: "La Reyne s'avisera"
Title: Royal_assent

Before the reign of Henry VIII, the sovereign always granted his or her assent in person. The sovereign, wearing the Imperial State Crown, would be seated on the throne in the Lords chamber, surrounded by heralds and members of the royal court—a scene that nowadays is repeated only at the annual State Opening of Parliament. The Commons, led by their speaker, would listen from the Bar of the Lords, just outside the chamber. The Clerk of the Parliaments presented the bills awaiting assent to the monarch, save that supply bills were traditionally brought up by the speaker. The Clerk of the Crown, standing on the sovereign's right, then read aloud the titles of the bills (in earlier times, the entire text of the bills). The Clerk of the Parliaments, standing on the sovereign's left, responded by stating the appropriate Norman French formula.

Question: When assention was formally granted in person, who read the titles of the bills?
Answer: The Clerk of the Crown

Question: What job did the Clerk of the Parliaments have during assention notifications?
Answer: stating the appropriate Norman French formula

Question: Before whose reign was assent always granted in person?
Answer: Henry VIII

Question: Nowadays, when is the only time a formal assention ceremony occurs?
Answer: the annual State Opening of Parliament

Question: On which side of the soverign does the Clerk of the Crown stand?
Answer: right
Title: Royal_assent

A new device for granting assent was created during the reign of King Henry VIII. In 1542, Henry sought to execute his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, whom he accused of committing adultery; the execution was to be authorised not after a trial but by a bill of attainder, to which he would have to personally assent after listening to the entire text. Henry decided that "the repetition of so grievous a Story and the recital of so infamous a crime" in his presence "might reopen a Wound already closing in the Royal Bosom". Therefore, parliament inserted a clause into the Act of Attainder, providing that assent granted by Commissioners "is and ever was and ever shall be, as good" as assent granted by the sovereign personally. The procedure was used only five times during the 16th century, but more often during the 17th and 18th centuries, especially when George III's health began to deteriorate. Queen Victoria became the last monarch to personally grant assent in 1854.

Question: Why did Henry VIII wish to execute his fifth wife?
Answer: committing adultery

Question: What was Henry VIII trying to avoid by creating a new procedure for granting assent?
Answer: listening to the entire text

Question: How many times in the 16th century was assent granted by Commissioners?
Answer: five

Question: Who was the last monarch to grant assent personally?
Answer: Queen Victoria
Title: Royal_assent

When granting assent by commission, the sovereign authorises three or more (normally five) lords who are Privy Counsellors to grant assent in his or her name. The Lords Commissioners, as the monarch's representatives are known, wear scarlet parliamentary robes and sit on a bench between the throne and the Woolsack. The Lords Reading Clerk reads the commission aloud; the senior commissioner then states, "My Lords, in obedience to Her Majesty's Commands, and by virtue of the Commission which has been now read, We do declare and notify to you, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled, that Her Majesty has given Her Royal Assent to the several Acts in the Commission mentioned."

Question: How many lords are usually present during assent by Commissioner?
Answer: five

Question: What do the Lords Commissioners wear to a ceremony of assent?
Answer: scarlet parliamentary robes

Question: Which commissioner reads the formal closing statement to the assention ceremony?
Answer: the senior

Question: Which position reads the commisssion aloud during tthe ceremony?
Answer: The Lords Reading Clerk
Title: Royal_assent

During the 1960s, the ceremony of assenting by commission was discontinued and is now only employed once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session. In 1960, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod arrived to summon the House of Commons during a heated debate and several members protested against the disruption by refusing to attend the ceremony. The debacle was repeated in 1965; this time, when the Speaker left the chair to go to the House of Lords, some members continued to make speeches. As a result, the Royal Assent Act 1967 was passed, creating an additional form for the granting of royal assent. As the attorney-general explained, "there has been a good deal of resentment not only at the loss of Parliamentary time that has been involved but at the breaking of the thread of a possibly eloquent speech and the disruption of a debate that may be caused." The granting of assent by the monarch in person, or by commission, is still possible, but this third form is used on a day-to-day basis.

Question: During which decade was assention by commission discontinued?
Answer: the 1960s

Question: When does assention by commission occur today?
Answer: once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session

Question: In whatear did several members refuse to attend the assention ceremony after a heated debate?
Answer: 1960

Question: What was passed in reference to the discord in 1960 and 1965 during assention cremonies?
Answer: Royal Assent Act 1967
Title: Royal_assent

Under the Royal Assent Act 1967, royal assent can be granted by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament. Then, the presiding officer makes a formal, but simple statement to the house, acquainting each house that royal assent has been granted to the acts mentioned. Thus, unlike the granting of royal assent by the monarch in person or by Royal Commissioners, the method created by the Royal Assent Act 1967 does not require both houses to meet jointly for the purpose of receiving the notice of royal assent. The standard text of the letters patent is set out in The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992, with minor amendments in 2000. In practice this remains the standard method, a fact that is belied by the wording of the letters patent for the appointment of the Royal Commissioners and by the wording of the letters patent for the granting of royal assent in writing under the 1967 Act ("... And forasmuch as We cannot at this time be present in the Higher House of Our said Parliament being the accustomed place for giving Our Royal Assent...").

Question: What is unique about the method used for assention allowed by the Royal Assent Act 1967?
Answer: does not require both houses to meet jointly

Question: How is assent granted under the Royal Assent Act 1967?
Answer: by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament

Question: Which document formats the letters patent?
Answer: The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992

Question: In which year were minor amendments made to the Crown Office Order?
Answer: 2000
Title: Royal_assent

When the act is assented to by the sovereign in person, or by empowered Royal Commissioners, royal assent is considered given at the moment when the assent is declared in the presence of both houses jointly assembled. When the procedure created by the Royal Assent Act 1967 is followed, assent is considered granted when the presiding officers of both houses, having received the letters patent from the king or queen signifying the assent, have notified their respective house of the grant of royal assent. Thus, if each presiding officer makes the announcement at a different time (for instance because one house is not sitting on a certain date), assent is regarded as effective when the second announcement is made. This is important because, under British Law, unless there is any provision to the contrary, an act takes effect on the date on which it receives royal assent and that date is not regarded as being the date when the letters patent are signed, or when they are delivered to the presiding officers of each house, but the date on which both houses have been formally acquainted of the assent.

Question: When assent is granted in person, when is it formally considered final?
Answer: when the assent is declared in the presence of both houses jointly assembled

Question: An assent is considered granted when applying the Royal Assent Act 1967 when both presiding officers have done what?
Answer: notified their respective house of the grant of royal assent

Question: When is assent effective if the presiding officers inform their houses at different times?
Answer: when the second announcement is made
Title: Royal_assent

Independently of the method used to signify royal assent, it is the responsibility of the Clerk of the Parliaments, once the assent has been duly notified to both houses, not only to endorse the act in the name of the monarch with the formal Norman French formula, but to certify that assent has been granted. The clerk signs one authentic copy of the bill and inserts the date (in English) on which the assent was notified to the two houses after the title of the act. When an act is published, the signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula, should the endorsement have been made in writing. However, the date on which the assent was notified is printed in brackets.

Question: Whose responsibility is it to assure that assent has been granted?
Answer: Clerk of the Parliaments

Question: What is omitted when an act is published?
Answer: signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula

Question: Who writes the formal Norman French formula on passed acts?
Answer: Clerk of the Parliaments
Title: Royal_assent

In Australia, the formal ceremony of granting assent in parliament has not been regularly used since the early 20th century. Now, the bill is sent to the governor-general's residence by the house in which it originated. The governor-general then signs the bill, sending messages to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who notify their respective houses of the governor-general's action. A similar practice is followed in New Zealand, where the governor-general has not personally granted the Royal Assent in parliament since 1875.

Question: In what year did the New Zealand governor-general last personally grant the royal assent in parliament?
Answer: 1875

Question: Which country has not used the formal assention ceremony since the early 20th century?
Answer: Australia

Question: Who are the leaders of each house given the responsibility of informing their group of the governor-generals actions?
Answer: President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives