rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Hunting

However, excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals, such as the quagga, the great auk, Steller's sea cow, the thylacine, the bluebuck, the Arabian oryx, the Caspian and Javan tigers, the markhor, the Sumatran rhinoceros, the bison, the North American cougar, the Altai argali sheep, the Asian elephant and many more, primarily for commercial sale or sport. All these animals have been hunted to endangerment or extinction.

Question: What has excessive hunting contributed heavily to?
Answer: the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals

Question: What do Steller's sea cow, the bluebuck, and the Javan tigers all have in common?
Answer: extinction

Question: Why have poachers killed endangered animals?
Answer: primarily for commercial sale or sport.

Question: How have the North American cougar and Asian elephant been hunted?
Answer: to endangerment or extinction

Question: How is excessive hunting related to the extinction of species?
Answer: contributed heavily

Question: What contributes to endangerment?
Answer: excessive hunting

Question: What have poachers contributed to hunting?
Answer: endangerment
Title: Hunting

On 16 March 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, which requires an annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen. The stamps are created on behalf of the program by the US Postal Service and depict wildlife artwork chosen through an annual contest. They play an important role in habitat conservation because ninety-eight percent of all funds generated by their sale go directly toward the purchase or lease of wetland habitat for protection in the National Wildlife Refuge System.[citation needed] In addition to waterfowl, it is estimated that one third of the nation's endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp funds.[citation needed]

Question: Who signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act?
Answer: President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Question: When did Roosevelt sign the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act?
Answer: 16 March 1934

Question: What does the Act require all hunters over the age of sixteen to do?
Answer: an annual stamp purchase

Question: What do 98% of all the funds generated by the stamp sales go to?
Answer: the purchase or lease of wetland habitat

Question: How much of the nation's endangered species is it estimated benefits from the protection afford by the Duck Stamp funds?
Answer: one third

Question: What act was signed in 1934?
Answer: Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act

Question: What President signed this act?
Answer: Franklin D. Roosevelt

Question: What is the requirement of the act?
Answer: annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen

Question: What do the stamps depict?
Answer: wildlife artwork

Question: What percentage of the endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp Funds.
Answer: one third
Title: Hunting

Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. The stamps serve as a license to hunt migratory birds, an entrance pass for all National Wildlife Refuge areas, and are also considered collectors items often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside of the hunting and birding communities. Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven percent of their sales are contributed by hunters, which is logical, as hunters are required to purchase them. Distribution of funds is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC).

Question: How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps generated since 1934?
Answer: $670 million

Question: How many acres has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps helped to purchase or lease since 1934?
Answer: 5,200,000 acres

Question: What do the stamps give the purchaser a license to do?
Answer: hunt migratory birds

Question: Who accounts for eighty-seven percent of the sale of duck stamps?
Answer: hunters

Question: Who manages the distribution of the funds obtained by the sale of the stamps?
Answer: Migratory Bird Conservation Commission

Question: How much money has been generated due to the Duck Stamp act?
Answer: $670 million

Question: How much land has the Duck Stamp Act help purchase?
Answer: 5,200,000 acres

Question: What do the Duck Stamps serve as?
Answer: license to hunt migratory birds

Question: What percent of sales are contributed by hunters?
Answer: eighty-seven

Question: Who manages distribution of funds?
Answer: Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC)
Title: Hunting

The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once inhabited much of the desert areas of the Middle East. However, the species' striking appearance made it (along with the closely related scimitar-horned oryx and addax) a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region.[citation needed] The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from “extinct in the wild” to “vulnerable” due to conservation efforts like captive breeding

Question: What large species of antelope once made its home in the desert areas of the Middle East?
Answer: The Arabian oryx

Question: Why did sport hunters find the Arabian oryx to be a worthwhile quarry to hunt?
Answer: the species' striking appearance

Question: When did the Arabian oryx become extinct in the wild due to sport hunting?
Answer: 1972

Question: How did hunters obliterate the advantage bestowed upon the oryx by evolution?
Answer: use of automobiles and high-powered rifles

Question: What animal has made a miraculous comeback and been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable"?
Answer: Arabian oryx

Question: What is a species of large antelope?
Answer: Arabian oryx

Question: What did the large antelope species once inhabit?
Answer: much of the desert areas of the Middle East

Question: What destroyed the Arabian oryx only advantage of speed.
Answer: automobiles and high-powered rifles

Question: When did the Arabian oryx become extinct?
Answer: 1972

Question: What contributed to the Arabian oryx rise from extinct to vulnerable?
Answer: conservation efforts
Title: Hunting

The American bison is a large bovid which inhabited much of western North America prior to the 1800s, living on the prairies in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only, leaving the rest to rot. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population from several million in the early 1800s to a few hundred by the 1880s. Conservation efforts have allowed the population to increase, but the bison remains near-threatened.

Question: What type of creature is the American bison?
Answer: a large bovid

Question: What did the American bison inhabit much of prior to the 1800s?
Answer: western North America

Question: What did market hunters leave the parts of the bison they didn't need to do?
Answer: rot

Question: What was the population of bison herds around prior to being eliminated by thousands of market hunters?
Answer: several million

Question: What is the current status of bison?
Answer: near-threatened

Question: What did large herds of bison attract?
Answer: market hunters

Question: What part of North America did the bison live?
Answer: western

Question: Why were the bison killed?
Answer: for their hides

Question: What did hunter do with the rest of the bison?
Answer: leaving the rest to rot

Question: What do bison still remain?
Answer: near-threatened
Title: Hunting

In contrast, Botswana has recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a precipitous wildlife decline. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting were lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves."

Question: Why has Botswana been forced to ban trophy hunting altogether?
Answer: a precipitous wildlife decline

Question: What plummeting numbers of this species caused a decline in predator numbers?
Answer: antelope

Question: What species saw its numbers rising while elephant numbers remained stable?
Answer: hippopotamus

Question: What factors other than trophy hunting are responsible for the decline of wildlife in Botswana?
Answer: poaching, drought and habitat loss

Question: What other African country has also recently banned trophy hunting?
Answer: Uganda

Question: What Botswana was resently forced to do?
Answer: ban trophy hunting

Question: What animal declined across Botswana?
Answer: antelope

Question: What animal numbers have increased in Botswana?
Answer: hippopotamus

Question: What animal numbers remain stable in Botswana?
Answer: elephant

Question: What else is partly to blame for the declining number of animals in Botswana and Uganda? 
Answer: poaching
Title: Kathmandu

Kathmandu(/ˌkɑːtmɑːnˈduː/; Nepali pronunciation: [kɑʈʰmɑɳɖu]) is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It also hosts the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar (Metropolitan City), as compared to Upa-Mahanagar (Sub-Metropolitan City) or Nagar (City). Kathmandu is the core of Nepal's largest urban agglomeration located in the Kathmandu Valley consisting of Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur and a number of smaller communities. Kathmandu is also known informally as "KTM" or the "tri-city". According to the 2011 census, Kathmandu Metropolitan City has a population of 975,453 and measures 49.45 km2 (19.09 sq mi).

Question: What country is Kathmandu the capital of?
Answer: Nepal

Question: What does Upa-Mahanagar mean in English?
Answer: Sub-Metropolitan City

Question: Along with "KTM," what is another nickname of Kathmandu?
Answer: tri-city

Question: How many people lived in Kathmandu in 2011?
Answer: 975,453

Question: How many square kilometers in size is Kathmandu?
Answer: 49.45
Title: Kathmandu

The city has a rich history, spanning nearly 2000 years, as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley. Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu. Most of Kathmandu's people follow Hinduism and many others follow Buddhism. There are people of other religious beliefs as well, giving Kathmandu a cosmopolitan culture. Nepali is the most commonly spoken language in the city. English is understood by Kathmandu's educated residents. Historic areas of Kathmandu were devastated by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on 25 April 2015.

Question: About how long has Kathmandu existed?
Answer: 2000

Question: What suggests that Kathmandu is as old as it is?
Answer: inscriptions

Question: What is Kathmandu's majority religion?
Answer: Hinduism

Question: What do most Kathmandu residents speak?
Answer: Nepali

Question: What secondary language do educated people in Kathmandu speak?
Answer: English
Title: Kathmandu

The city of Kathmandu is named after Kasthamandap temple, that stood in Durbar Square. In Sanskrit, Kastha (काष्ठ) means "wood" and Mandap (/मण्डप) means "covered shelter". This temple, also known as Maru Satal in the Newar language, was built in 1596 by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The two-storey structure was made entirely of wood, and used no iron nails nor supports. According to legend, all the timber used to build the pagoda was obtained from a single tree. The structure collapsed during the major earthquake on 25 April 2015.

Question: What does काष्ठ mean in English?
Answer: wood

Question: What is the English translation of Mandap?
Answer: covered shelter

Question: What do Newar speakers call Kasthamandap temple?
Answer: Maru Satal

Question: Who was responsible for the construction of Kasthamandap temple?
Answer: King Laxmi Narsingh Malla

Question: On what date was Maru Satal destroyed?
Answer: 25 April 2015
Title: Kathmandu

The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar means "great city". The city is called "Kasthamandap" in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Thus, Kathmandu is also known as Kasthamandap. During medieval times, the city was sometimes called Kantipur (कान्तिपुर). This name is derived from two Sanskrit words - Kanti and pur. "Kanti" is one of the names of the Goddess Lakshmi, and "pur" means place.

Question: What is the ancient name of Kathmandu?
Answer: Kasthamandap Mahanagar

Question: How does कान्तिपुर transliterate into English?
Answer: Kantipur

Question: Who is also called Kanti?
Answer: Lakshmi

Question: How do you say place in Sanskrit?
Answer: pur

Question: What is the English translation of Mahanagar?
Answer: great city
Title: Kathmandu

The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake names "Nagdaha" as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword and the water was evacuated out from there and he established a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After sometimes, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet and the valley was again a lake. Then lots Krishna came to Nepal, killed Banasur and again drained out water. He has brought some Gops with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal.

Question: According to legend, what body of water once existed on the site of Kathmandu?
Answer: lake

Question: What animals notably resided in Nagdaha?
Answer: snakes

Question: Who was the founder of Manjupattan?
Answer: Bodhisatwa Manjusri

Question: What type of creature was Banasur?
Answer: demon

Question: Who was Banasur's murderer?
Answer: Krishna
Title: Kathmandu

Very few historical records exist of the period before the medieval Licchavis rulers. According to Gopalraj Vansawali, a genealogy of Nepali monarchs, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi. The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber. During the Kirata era, a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu. In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti, Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu.

Question: Who was the founder of the Kirata dynasty?
Answer: Yalamber

Question: What geographical part of Kathmandu did Yambu once occupy?
Answer: northern

Question: Speakers of what languages sometimes call Kathmandu Yambu?
Answer: Sino-Tibetan

Question: Where in Kathmandu was Yengal located?
Answer: southern half

Question: What religion did the Sankhu monastery belong to?
Answer: Buddhist
Title: Kathmandu

The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era.

Question: Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas?
Answer: Licchavis

Question: Who did the migrating Shakyas pretend to be?
Answer: Koliyas

Question: What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit?
Answer: Newar

Question: Who killed the Shakyas?
Answer: Virudhaka

Question: Under the Licchavi dynasty, what name was typically used to refer to Yengal?
Answer: Dakshin Koligram
Title: Kathmandu

Eventually, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram, founding the city of Kathmandu. The city was designed in the shape of Chandrahrasa, the sword of Manjushri. The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas. One of these barracks is still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of travelers and monks who lived during this era. For example, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang described Kailaskut Bhawan, the palace of the Licchavi king Amshuverma. The trade route also led to cultural exchange as well. The artistry of the Newar people—the indigenous inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley—became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbors. For example, Araniko led a group of his compatriot artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan monarch Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet.

Question: Kathmandu resulted from the merger of what two settlements?
Answer: Dakshin Koligram

Question: Who is Kathmandu's historical founder?
Answer: Gunakamadeva

Question: Who did Chandrahrasa belong to?
Answer: Manjushri

Question: How many barracks guarded ancient Kathmandu?
Answer: eight

Question: Trade between what two countries typically went through ancient Kathmandu?
Answer: India and Tibet
Title: Kathmandu

The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. Rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were turbulent, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king Abhaya Malla. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Despite the initial hardships, Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade.

Question: Who ruled Nepal after the Licchavi?
Answer: Malla

Question: Along with Khas, who attacked Nepal in the early Malla period?
Answer: Turk Muslims

Question: What fraction of Kathmandu's population died in an ancient earthquake?
Answer: third

Question: Along with the Mangriha, what Licchavi-era building was destroyed in an ancient earthquake?
Answer: Kailashkut Bhawan

Question: What notable Nepali figure died in a Kathmandu earthquake?
Answer: Abhaya Malla
Title: Kathmandu

During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, the institutionalization of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others.

Question: How many cities were present in the Kathmandu Valley in the late Malla period?
Answer: four

Question: In the waning years of the Malla dynasty, what fortified cities existed in the Kathmandu Valley?
Answer: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur

Question: What cultures influenced Nepal in the later Malla era?
Answer: India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe

Question: What is an example of a book of medicine from the Malla period?
Answer: Haramekhala

Question: When does Amarkosh date to?
Answer: 1381
Title: Kathmandu

The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighboring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era.

Question: Who won the Battle of Kathmandu?
Answer: Gorkha Kingdom

Question: What battle inaugurated the conquering of the Kathmandu Valley by the Gorkha?
Answer: Kirtipur

Question: How many stories high was the Basantapur tower?
Answer: nine

Question: What European country did Bhimsen Thapa oppose?
Answer: Great Britain

Question: How many stories made up the Dharahara tower?
Answer: nine
Title: Kathmandu

Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of 50.67 km2 (19.56 sq mi). The average elevation is 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level. The city is directly bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (Patan) with which it today forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by Kirtipur Municipality and to the east by Madyapur Thimi Municipality. To the north the urban area extends into several Village Development Committees. However, the urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighboring municipalities, e. g. to Bhaktapur and just about covers the entire Kathmandu valley.

Question: What river is south of Kathmandu?
Answer: Bagmati

Question: What geographic portion of the Kathmandu Valley houses Kathmandu?
Answer: northwestern

Question: About how many feet above sea level is Kathmandu?
Answer: 4,600

Question: How large is Kathmandu in terms of square miles?
Answer: 19.56

Question: Where does the Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City stand in relation to the Bagmati River?
Answer: south