rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Royal_assent

In Canada, the traditional ceremony for granting assent in parliament was regularly used until the 21st century, long after it had been discontinued in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms. One result, conceived as part of a string of royal duties intended to demonstrate Canada's status as an independent kingdom, was that King George VI personally assented to nine bills of the Canadian parliament during the 1939 royal tour of Canada—85 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally in the United Kingdom. Under the Royal Assent Act 2002, however, the alternative practice of granting assent in writing, with each house being notified separately ( the Speaker of the Senate or a representative reads to the senators the letters from the governor general regarding the written declaration of Royal Assent), was brought into force. As the act also provides, royal assent is to be signified—by the governor general, or, more often, by a deputy, usually a Justice of the Supreme Court, at least twice each calendar year: for the first appropriation measure and for at least one other act, usually the first non-appropriation measure passed. However, the act provides that a grant of royal assent is not rendered invalid by a failure to employ the traditional ceremony where required.

Question: When did Canada finally cease to use the traditional ceremony for granting assent as regular practice?
Answer: the 21st century

Question: Why was King George VI's personal assent in 1939 noteworthy?
Answer: 85 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally

Question: With what bill in Canada did granting assent by writing become effective?
Answer: Royal Assent Act 2002
Title: Royal_assent

The Royal Assent ceremony takes place in the Senate, as the sovereign is traditionally barred from the House of Commons. On the day of the event, the Speaker of the Senate will read to the chamber a notice from the secretary to the governor general indicating when the viceroy or a deputy thereof will arrive. The Senate thereafter cannot adjourn until after the ceremony. The speaker moves to sit beside the throne, the Mace Bearer, with mace in hand, stands adjacent to him or her, and the governor general enters to take the speaker's chair. The Usher of the Black Rod is then commanded by the speaker to summon the Members of Parliament, who follow Black Rod back to the Senate, the Sergeant-at-Arms carrying the mace of the House of Commons. In the Senate, those from the commons stand behind the bar, while Black Rod proceeds to stand next to the governor general, who then nods his or her head to signify Royal Assent to the presented bills (which do not include appropriations bills). Once the list of bills is complete, the Clerk of the Senate states: "in Her Majesty's name, His [or Her] Excellency the Governor General [or the deputy] doth assent to these bills." If there are any appropriation bills to receive Royal Assent, the Speaker of the House of Commons will read their titles and the Senate clerk repeats them to the governor general, who nods his or her head to communicate Royal Assent. When these bills have all been assented to, the Clerk of the Senate recites "in Her Majesty's name, His [or Her] Excellency the Governor General [or the deputy] thanks her loyal subjects, accepts their benevolence and assents to these bills. The governor general or his or her deputy then depart parliament.

Question: From where is the sovereign typically forbidden?
Answer: House of Commons

Question: Whose job is it to release parliament after the ceremony?
Answer: The governor general or his or her deputy

Question: Who reads the formal statement after the list of bills has been finished?
Answer: Clerk of the Senate

Question: Which position nods their head to signify assention?
Answer: governor general
Title: Royal_assent

In Belgium, the sanction royale has the same legal effect as royal assent; the Belgian constitution requires a theoretically possible refusal of royal sanction to be countersigned—as any other act of the monarch—by a minister responsible before the House of Representatives. The monarch promulgates the law, meaning that he or she formally orders that the law be officially published and executed. In 1990, when King Baudouin advised his cabinet he could not, in conscience, sign a bill decriminalising abortion (a refusal patently not covered by a responsible minister), the Council of Ministers, at the King's own request, declared Baudouin incapable of exercising his powers. In accordance with the Belgian constitution, upon the declaration of the sovereign's incapacity, the Council of Ministers assumed the powers of the head of state until parliament could rule on the King's incapacity and appoint a regent. The bill was then assented to by all members of the Council of Ministers "on behalf of the Belgian People". In a joint meeting, both houses of parliament declared the King capable of exercising his powers again the next day.

Question: What is royal assent called in Belgium?
Answer: sanction royale

Question: Who declared the monarch incapable of acting upon an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?
Answer: Council of Ministers

Question: Which King refused to sign an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?
Answer: King Baudouin

Question: Who declared the King capable of excersizing power again after a brief lapse in 1990?
Answer: both houses of parliament
Title: Royal_assent

The constitution of Jordan grants its monarch the right to withhold assent to laws passed by its parliament. Article 93 of that document gives the Jordanian sovereign six months to sign or veto any legislation sent to him from the National Assembly; if he vetoes it within that timeframe, the assembly may override his veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses; otherwise, the law does not go into effect (but it may be reconsidered in the next session of the assembly). If the monarch fails to act within six months of the bill being presented to him, it becomes law without his signature.

Question: How much time does a Jordinian leader have to sign or veto legislation?
Answer: six months

Question: What majority is required to override a veto from the soverign?
Answer: two-thirds

Question: What happens if the soverign doesn't sign the bill within the six-month time frame?
Answer: , it becomes law without his signature
Title: Royal_assent

After the House of Representatives has debated the law, it either approves it and sends it to the Senate with the text "The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber", or it rejects it and returns it to the government with the text "The Second Chamber of the States General has rejected the accompanying proposal of law." If the upper house then approves the law, it sends it back to the government with the text "To the King, The States General have accepted the proposal of law as it is offered here."

Question: What text is written and sent to the Senate if the House approves of a law?
Answer: "The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber"

Question: What text is written and sent back to the government if a bill is rejected?
Answer: The Second Chamber of the States General has rejected the accompanying proposal of law."

Question: If the Senate approves the law after receiving it from the House, what is written and sent to the government?
Answer: "To the King, The States General have accepted the proposal of law as it is offered here."
Title: Royal_assent

The government, consisting of the monarch and the ministers, will then usually approve the proposal and the sovereign and one of the ministers signs the proposal with the addition of an enacting clause, thereafter notifying the States General that "The King assents to the proposal." It has happened in exceptional circumstances that the government does not approve a law that has been passed in parliament. In such a case, neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill, notifying the States General that "The King will keep the proposal under advisement." A law that has received royal assent will be published in the State Magazine, with the original being kept in the archives of the King's Offices.

Question: Where are laws published after receiving assent?
Answer: the State Magazine

Question: Where is the original law text stored?
Answer: in the archives of the King's Offices

Question: What happens in the rare case the government doesn't approve of a law that has passed both houses?
Answer: neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill, notifying the States General that "The King will keep the proposal under advisement."
Title: Royal_assent

Articles 77–79 of the Norwegian Constitution specifically grant the monarch of Norway the right to withhold royal assent from any bill passed by the Storting. Should the sovereign ever choose to exercise this privilege, Article 79 provides a means by which his veto may be over-ridden: "If a Bill has been passed unaltered by two sessions of the Storting, constituted after two separate successive elections and separated from each other by at least two intervening sessions of the Storting, without a divergent Bill having been passed by any Storting in the period between the first and last adoption, and it is then submitted to the King with a petition that His Majesty shall not refuse his assent to a Bill which, after the most mature deliberation, the Storting considers to be beneficial, it shall become law even if the Royal Assent is not accorded before the Storting goes into recess."

Question: Which articles in the Norwegian Constitution allow the monarch to reject a bill that has been passed through the Sorting?
Answer: Articles 77–79

Question: Which article in the Norweigan Constitution provides a way to override a monarch's veto?
Answer: Article 79

Question: How many elections are required to assend a bill that the monarch has vetoed?
Answer: two
Title: Royal_assent

Title IV of the 1978 Spanish constitution invests the Consentimiento Real (Royal Assent) and promulgation (publication) of laws with the monarch of Spain, while Title III, The Cortes Generales, Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills, outlines the method by which bills are passed. According to Article 91, within fifteen days of passage of a bill by the Cortes Generales, the sovereign shall give his or her assent and publish the new law. Article 92 invests the monarch with the right to call for a referendum, on the advice of the president of the government (commonly referred to in English as the prime minister) and the authorisation of the cortes.

Question: Which article in the Spanish constitution gives the monarch the right to ask for a referendum?
Answer: Article 92

Question: Which article specifies the number of days available to the monarch to provide a signature on an assended bill?
Answer: Article 91

Question: In the 1978 Spanish constitution, which title describes how bills are passed?
Answer: Title III, The Cortes Generales

Question: What chapter in the Spanish constitution describes how bills are to be passed?
Answer: Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills
Title: Royal_assent

No provision within the constitution grants the monarch an ability to veto legislation directly; however, no provision prohibits the sovereign from withholding royal assent, which effectively constitutes a veto. When the Spanish media asked King Juan Carlos if he would endorse the bill legalising same-sex marriages, he answered "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica" ("I am the King of Spain and not that of Belgium")—a reference to King Baudouin I of Belgium, who had refused to sign the Belgian law legalising abortion. The King gave royal assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005; the law was gazetted in the Boletín Oficial del Estado on 2 July and came into effect on 3 July 2005. Likewise, in 2010, King Juan Carlos gave royal assent to a law permitting abortion on demand.

Question: What was King Juan Carlos' response to the media when asked if he would sign a bill supporting same-sex marriage?
Answer: "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica"

Question: What other controversial bill did the king give his assent to in 2010?
Answer: a law permitting abortion on demand

Question: When did same-sex marriages become legal in Spain?
Answer: 3 July 2005
Title: Royal_assent

If the Spanish monarch ever refused in conscience to grant royal assent, a procedure similar to the Belgian handling of King Baudouin's objection would not be possible under the current constitution. If the sovereign were ever declared incapable of discharging royal authority, his or her powers would not be transferred to the Cabinet, pending the parliamentary appointment of a regency. Instead, the constitution mandates the next person of age in the line of succession would immediately become regent. Therefore, had Juan Carlos followed the Belgian example in 2005 or 2010, a declaration of incapacity would have transferred power to Felipe, then the heir apparent.

Question: If the Spanish monarch is deemed incapable of granting assent, who is the power transferred to?
Answer: the next person of age in the line of succession

Question: Could a Spanish ruler follow the same action of events as King Baudouin did in Belgium?
Answer: not be possible under the current constitution
Title: Royal_assent

Articles 41 and 68 of the constitution empower the sovereign to withhold royal assent from bills adopted by the Legislative Assembly. In 2010, the kingdom moved towards greater democracy, with King George Tupou V saying that he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers. Nonetheless, this does not preclude an independent royal decision to exercise a right of veto. In November 2011, the assembly adopted an Arms and Ammunitions (Amendment) Bill, which reduced the possible criminal sentences for the illicit possession of firearms. The bill was adopted by ten votes to eight. Two members of the assembly had recently been charged with the illicit possession of firearms. The Prime Minister, Lord Tuʻivakanō, voted in favour of the amendment. Members of the opposition denounced the bill and asked the King to veto it, which he did in December.

Question: Which articles allow the soverign to refise consent even when the bills have been passed through the Legislative assembly?
Answer: 41 and 68

Question: What statement by King George Tupou emphasized democracy?
Answer: he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers

Question: In which year was the Arms and Ammunitions (Amemndment) Bill adopted?
Answer: 2011

Question: In what month did the King veto the Arms and Ammunitions Amendment Bill?
Answer: December
Title: Group_(mathematics)

In mathematics, a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set of elements equipped with an operation that combines any two elements to form a third element. The operation satisfies four conditions called the group axioms, namely closure, associativity, identity and invertibility. One of the most familiar examples of a group is the set of integers together with the addition operation, but the abstract formalization of the group axioms, detached as it is from the concrete nature of any particular group and its operation, applies much more widely. It allows entities with highly diverse mathematical origins in abstract algebra and beyond to be handled in a flexible way while retaining their essential structural aspects. The ubiquity of groups in numerous areas within and outside mathematics makes them a central organizing principle of contemporary mathematics.

Question: What is an arithmetical structure comprising of a set of elements including an operation that joins any two elements to form a third element?
Answer: a group

Question: What is the name used to describe the four conditions of closure, associativity, identity and invertibility?
Answer: group axioms

Question: What permits elements with different mathematical starting points to be taken care of in a flexible manner while holding their key basic aspects?
Answer: abstract formalization of the group axioms
Title: Group_(mathematics)

Groups share a fundamental kinship with the notion of symmetry. For example, a symmetry group encodes symmetry features of a geometrical object: the group consists of the set of transformations that leave the object unchanged and the operation of combining two such transformations by performing one after the other. Lie groups are the symmetry groups used in the Standard Model of particle physics; Point groups are used to help understand symmetry phenomena in molecular chemistry; and Poincaré groups can express the physical symmetry underlying special relativity.

Question: What shares an essential relationship to groups?
Answer: symmetry

Question: What are the symmetry groups utilized as a part of the Standard Model particle physics?
Answer: Lie groups

Question: What groups are are utilized toward comprehending symmetry wonders in chemistry? 
Answer: Point groups

Question: What groups can express the physical symmetry hidden behind special relativity?
Answer: Poincaré groups
Title: Group_(mathematics)

The concept of a group arose from the study of polynomial equations, starting with Évariste Galois in the 1830s. After contributions from other fields such as number theory and geometry, the group notion was generalized and firmly established around 1870. Modern group theory—an active mathematical discipline—studies groups in their own right.a[›] To explore groups, mathematicians have devised various notions to break groups into smaller, better-understandable pieces, such as subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups. In addition to their abstract properties, group theorists also study the different ways in which a group can be expressed concretely (its group representations), both from a theoretical and a computational point of view. A theory has been developed for finite groups, which culminated with the classification of finite simple groups announced in 1983.aa[›] Since the mid-1980s, geometric group theory, which studies finitely generated groups as geometric objects, has become a particularly active area in group theory.

Question: Where did the idea of a group come from?
Answer: the study of polynomial equations,

Question: When was the group notion summed up and solidly settled?
Answer: 1870

Question: What are smaller and easier to understand groups broken down into?
Answer: subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups.

Question: When was announcement for the classification of finite simple groups?
Answer: 1983
Title: Group_(mathematics)

The set G is called the underlying set of the group (G, •). Often the group's underlying set G is used as a short name for the group (G, •). Along the same lines, shorthand expressions such as "a subset of the group G" or "an element of group G" are used when what is actually meant is "a subset of the underlying set G of the group (G, •)" or "an element of the underlying set G of the group (G, •)". Usually, it is clear from the context whether a symbol like G refers to a group or to an underlying set.

Question: What is known as underlying set of the group?
Answer: The set

Question: What is often utilized as a short name for the group?
Answer: the group's underlying set

Question: What expressions are utilized when is really implied to be a longer expression?
Answer: shorthand expressions
Title: Group_(mathematics)

These symmetries are represented by functions. Each of these functions sends a point in the square to the corresponding point under the symmetry. For example, r1 sends a point to its rotation 90° clockwise around the square's center, and fh sends a point to its reflection across the square's vertical middle line. Composing two of these symmetry functions gives another symmetry function. These symmetries determine a group called the dihedral group of degree 4 and denoted D4. The underlying set of the group is the above set of symmetry functions, and the group operation is function composition. Two symmetries are combined by composing them as functions, that is, applying the first one to the square, and the second one to the result of the first application. The result of performing first a and then b is written symbolically from right to left as

Question: What sends a point in the square to the relating point under the symmetry? 
Answer: functions

Question:  What gives another symmetry function?
Answer: Composing two of these symmetry functions

Question: What group includes the symmetries of degree 4 and denoted D4?
Answer: the dihedral group
Title: Group_(mathematics)

The modern concept of an abstract group developed out of several fields of mathematics. The original motivation for group theory was the quest for solutions of polynomial equations of degree higher than 4. The 19th-century French mathematician Évariste Galois, extending prior work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange, gave a criterion for the solvability of a particular polynomial equation in terms of the symmetry group of its roots (solutions). The elements of such a Galois group correspond to certain permutations of the roots. At first, Galois' ideas were rejected by his contemporaries, and published only posthumously. More general permutation groups were investigated in particular by Augustin Louis Cauchy. Arthur Cayley's On the theory of groups, as depending on the symbolic equation θn = 1 (1854) gives the first abstract definition of a finite group.

Question:  Which French mathematician expanded on earlier work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange?
Answer: Évariste Galois

Question: The journey for answers to polynomial equations of degree higher than 4 was the original motivation for what theory?
Answer: group theory

Question:  Who developed a theory giving the first abstract definition of a finite group?
Answer: Arthur Cayley

Question: What modern concept was created from many fields of mathematics?
Answer: abstract group
Title: Group_(mathematics)

The convergence of these various sources into a uniform theory of groups started with Camille Jordan's Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques (1870). Walther von Dyck (1882) introduced the idea of specifying a group by means of generators and relations, and was also the first to give an axiomatic definition of an "abstract group", in the terminology of the time. As of the 20th century, groups gained wide recognition by the pioneering work of Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and William Burnside, who worked on representation theory of finite groups, Richard Brauer's modular representation theory and Issai Schur's papers. The theory of Lie groups, and more generally locally compact groups was studied by Hermann Weyl, Élie Cartan and many others. Its algebraic counterpart, the theory of algebraic groups, was first shaped by Claude Chevalley (from the late 1930s) and later by the work of Armand Borel and Jacques Tits.

Question: When did the uniform theory of groups develop from different sources? 
Answer: 1870

Question: Who presented a method for specifying a group by means of generators and relations?
Answer: Walther von Dyck

Question: What theory did Hermann Weyl study in addition to locally compact groups?
Answer: The theory of Lie groups

Question: Who initially molded the theory of algebraic groups?
Answer: Claude Chevalley