rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Child_labour

What industries children work in depends on if they grew up in a rural area or an urban area. Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers. While children who grew up in rural areas would work on farms doing physical labour, working with animals, and selling crops. Of all the child workers, the most serious cases involved street children and trafficked children due to the physical and emotional abuse they endured by their employers. To address the issue of child labour, the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act was implemented in 1959. Yet due to poverty, lack of education and ignorance, the legal actions were not/are not wholly enforced or accepted in Africa.

Question: Where did children from urban areas primarily work?
Answer: street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers

Question: Where did children from rural areas work?
Answer: farms

Question: When was the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act implemented?
Answer: 1959

Question: What was the most serious aftereffects of child labour?
Answer: physical and emotional abuse
Title: Child_labour

Other legal factors that have been implemented to end and reduce child labour includes the global response that came into force in 1979 by the declaration of the International Year of the Child. Along with the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations, these two declarations worked on many levels to eliminate child labour. Although many actions have been taken to end this epidemic, child labour in Africa is still an issue today due to the unclear definition of adolescence and how much time is needed for children to engage in activities that are crucial for their development. Another issue that often comes into play is the link between what constitutes as child labour within the household due to the cultural acceptance of children helping run the family business. In the end, there is a consistent challenge for the national government to strengthen its grip politically on child labour, and to increase education and awareness on the issue of children working below the legal age limit. With children playing an important role in the African economy, child labour still plays an important role for many in the 20th century.

Question: What country is still an issue today with regards to child labour?
Answer: Africa

Question: What is an issue in Africa with child labour definitions?
Answer: unclear definition of adolescence

Question: In Africa what is a cultural acceptance with regards to child labour?
Answer: children helping run the family business.
Title: Child_labour

From European settlement in 1888, child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work. Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain. With a low population, agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries. Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century when child labour laws, and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain. From the 1870s Child labour was restricted by compulsorry schooling.

Question: In 1888 what country were child convicts sent to the most?
Answer: Australia

Question: What restricted the 1870s Child labour in Australia?
Answer: compulsorry schooling

Question: Was child labour rampagnt in Australia?
Answer: Child labour was not as excessive in Australia

Question: When did industrailization take off in Australia?
Answer: 20th century
Title: Child_labour

Child labour has been a consistent struggle for children in Brazil ever since the country was colonized on April 22, 1550 by Pedro Álvares Cabral. Work that many children took part in was not always visible, legal, or paid. Free or slave labour was a common occurrence for many youths and was a part of their everyday lives as they grew into adulthood. Yet due to there being no clear definition of how to classify what a child or youth is, there has been little historical documentation of child labour during the colonial period. Due to this lack of documentation, it is hard to determine just how many children were used for what kinds of work before the nineteenth century. The first documentation of child labour in Brazil occurred during the time of indigenous societies and slave labour where it was found that children were forcibly working on tasks that exceeded their emotional and physical limits. Armando Dias, for example, died in November 1913 whilst still very young, a victim of an electric shock when entering the textile industry where he worked. Boys and girls were victims of industrial accidents on a daily basis.

Question: When was Brazil colonized?
Answer: April 22, 1550

Question: Who colonized Brazil?
Answer: Pedro Álvares Cabral

Question: Who were the victims of industrial accidents?
Answer: Boys and girls

Question: When was child labour first documented in Brazil?
Answer: during the time of indigenous societies

Question: How did Armando Dias die?
Answer: electric shock
Title: Child_labour

In Brazil, the minimum working age has been identified as fourteen due to continuous constitutional amendments that occurred in 1934, 1937, and 1946. Yet due to a change in the dictatorship by the military in the 80’s, the minimum age restriction was reduced to the age of twelve but was reviewed due to reports of dangerous and hazardous working conditions in 1988. This led to the minimum age being raised once again to 14. Another set of restrictions was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of work youth could partake in, such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment, or certain kinds of factory work. Although many steps were taken to reduce the risk and occurrence of child labour, there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil. It was not until recently in the 80’s that it was discovered that almost nine million children in Brazil were working illegally and not partaking in traditional childhood activities that help to develop important life experiences.

Question: What is the min working age in Brazil?
Answer: fourteen

Question: What year was hazardous working conditions limited to children in Brazil?
Answer: 1998

Question: Is there underage children working in Brazil?
Answer: there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil

Question: In the 80's how many children were working illegally in Brazil?
Answer: almost nine million
Title: Child_labour

Brazilian census data (PNAD, 1999) indicate that 2.55 million 10-14 year-olds were illegally holding jobs. They were joined by 3.7 million 15-17 year-olds and about 375,000 5-9 year-olds. Due to the raised age restriction of 14, at least half of the recorded young workers had been employed illegally which lead to many not being protect by important labour laws. Although substantial time has passed since the time of regulated child labour, there is still a large number of children working illegally in Brazil. Many children are used by drug cartels to sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances because of their perception of innocence. This type of work that youth are taking part in is very dangerous due to the physical and psychological implications that come with these jobs. Yet despite the hazards that come with working with drug dealers, there has been an increase in this area of employment throughout the country.

Question: In 1999 how many children were working illegally in Brazil?
Answer: 2.55 million

Question: What do drug cartels do with child workers?
Answer: sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances

Question: What are the risks of child labour in drug cartels?
Answer: physical and psychological implications

Question: Has these dangers caused and increase or decrease in child labour with drug cartels?
Answer: an increase
Title: Child_labour

Many factors played a role in Britain’s long-term economic growth, such as the industrial revolution in the late 1700s and the prominent presence of child labour during the industrial age. Children who worked at an early age were often not forced; but did so because they needed to help their family survive financially. Due to poor employment opportunities for many parents, sending their children to work on farms and in factories was a way to help feed and support the family. Child Labour first started to occur in England when household businesses were turned into local labour markets that mass-produced the once homemade goods. Because children often helped produce the goods out of their homes, working in a factory to make those same goods was a simple change for many of these youths. Although there are many counts of children under the age of ten working for factories, the majority of children workers were between the ages of ten and fourteen. This age range was an important time for many youths as they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families.

Question: If not forced why did children work?
Answer: to help feed and support the family

Question: What was the age of the majority of child workers in Britain?
Answer: between the ages of ten and fourteen

Question: Why was this age range important?
Answer: they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families

Question: How were the work oppurtunies for parents during this time period?
Answer: poor
Title: Child_labour

Besides the obligation, many children had to help support their families financially; another factor that influenced child labour was the demographic changes that occurred in the eighteenth century. By the end of the eighteenth century, 20 percent of the population was made up of children between the ages of 5 and 14. Due to this substantial shift in available workers, and the development of the industrial revolution, children began to work earlier in life in companies outside of the home. Yet, even though there was an increase of child labour in factories such as cotton textiles, there consistently was large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture and domestic production.

Question: What type of support did child give to their families by working?
Answer: financially

Question: What type of factories saw an increased need for child labour?
Answer: cotton textiles

Question: Was there an increase or decrease in the field of agriculture?
Answer: large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture
Title: Child_labour

With such a high percentage of children working, the rising of illiteracy, and the lack of a formal education became a widespread issue for many children who worked to provide for their families. Due to this problematic trend, many parents developed a change of opinion when deciding whether or not to send their children to work. Other factors that lead to the decline of child labour included financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation.

Question: What became an issue for the working child?
Answer: illiteracy

Question: Was illiteracy a factor in changing the minds of parents of child labourers?
Answer: many parents developed a change of opinion

Question: What are the reasons that lead to a decline of child labour?
Answer: financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation
Title: Child_labour

The first legal steps taken to end the occurrence of child labour was enacted more than fifty years ago. In 1966, the nation adopted the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This act legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14. But 23 years later in 1989 the Convention on the Rights of Children was adopted and helped to reduce the exploitation of children and demanded safe working environments. They all worked towards the goal of ending the most problematic forms of child labour.

Question: When was the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enacted?
Answer: 1966

Question: What did this act due?
Answer: legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14

Question: When were safe working environments legislation adopted for child labourers?
Answer: 1989

Question: What did it help do to?
Answer: helped to reduce the exploitation of children
Title: Child_labour

On 23 June 1757, the English East India Company defeated Siraj-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Bengal, in the Battle of Plassey. The British thus became masters of east India (Bengal, Bihar, Orissa) – a prosperous region with a flourishing agriculture, industry and trade. This led to a large amount of children being forced into labour due to the increasing need of cheap labour to produce large numbers of goods. Many multinationals often employed children because that they can be recruited for less pay, and have more endurance to utilise in factory environments. Another reason many Indian children were hired was because they lack knowledge of their basic rights, they did not cause trouble or complain, and they were often more trustworthy. The innocence that comes with childhood was utilised to make a profit by many and was encouraged by the need for family income.

Question: When did the English East India Company defeat Siraj-ud-Daula?
Answer: 23 June 1757

Question: Who was the master of the east of India?
Answer: British

Question: Why were many children employed?
Answer: increasing need of cheap labour

Question: What was the primary reason for India children being employed?
Answer: lack knowledge of their basic rights

Question: How did India child workers act?
Answer: they did not cause trouble or complain
Title: Child_labour

A variety of Indian social scientists as well as the Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) have done extensive research on the numeric figures of child labour found in India and determined that India contributes to one-third of Asia’s child labour and one-fourth of the world's child labour. Due to a large number of children being illegally employed, the Indian government began to take extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children.

Question: How much of the world's child labour does India's workers contribute to?
Answer: one-fourth

Question: How many Asian child workers are from India?
Answer: one-third

Question: Did the India goverment take any actions against child labour?
Answer: extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children.
Title: Child_labour

International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India, such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924. This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years. These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was put into place. This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14, and from working in hazardous conditions.

Question: When did the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act pass?
Answer: 1924

Question: What did the international acts do?
Answer: encouraged major changes to the workforce

Question: What is the age limit now in India for child workers?
Answer: 14

Question: What child working conditions are they protected from?
Answer: hazardous conditions
Title: Child_labour

From the 1950s on, the students were also used for unpaid work at schools, where they cleaned and performed repairs. This practice has continued in the Russian Federation, where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works. By law, this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission, but those provisions are widely ignored. In 2012 there was an accident near city of Nalchik where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their "holiday work" as well as their teacher who was supervising them.

Question: When were students used as workers?
Answer: 1950s

Question: For Russian student workers how many summer days were devoted to work?
Answer: 21 days

Question: Did they need parental consent?
Answer: this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission

Question: What year were students killed as part of a road cleanup project?
Answer: 2012
Title: Child_labour

Out of former Soviet Union republics Uzbekistan continued and expanded the program of child labour on industrial scale to increase profits on the main source of Islam Karimov's income, cotton harvesting. In September, when school normally starts, the classes are suspended and children are sent to cotton fields for work, where they are assigned daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton they have to collect. This process is repeated in spring, when collected cotton needs to be hoed and weeded. In 2006 it is estimated that 2.7 million children were forced to work this way.

Question: What former Soviet Union continued child labour programs?
Answer: Uzbekistan

Question: What was the main source of income for Islam Karimov?
Answer: cotton harvesting

Question: Did they have daily quotas for cotton?
Answer: daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton

Question: What are the 2016 estimates for child labour in regards to cotton picking?
Answer: 2.7 million
Title: Child_labour

As in many other countries, child labour in Switzerland affected among the so-called Kaminfegerkinder ("chimney sweep children") and chidren working p.e. in spinning mills, factories and in agriculture in 19th-century Switzerland, but also to the 1960s so-called Verdingkinder (literally: "contract children" or "indentured child laborers") were children who were taken from their parents, often due to poverty or moral reasons – usually mothers being unmarried, very poor citizens, of Gypsy–Yeniche origin, so-called Kinder der Landstrasse, etc. – and sent to live with new families, often poor farmers who needed cheap labour.

Question: What is Kaminfegerkinder?
Answer: chimney sweep children

Question: What types of child labour did Switzerland employ?
Answer: spinning mills, factories and in agriculture

Question: Where did the children go to work primarily in Switzerland?
Answer: poor farmers who needed cheap labour
Title: Child_labour

There were even Verdingkinder auctions where children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money from the authorities, thus securing cheap labour for his farm and relieving the authority from the financial burden of looking after the children. In the 1930s 20% of all agricultural labourers in the Canton of Bern were children below the age of 15. Swiss municipality guardianship authorities acted so, commonly tolerated by federal authorities, to the 1960s, not all of them of course, but usually communities affected of low taxes in some Swiss cantons Swiss historian Marco Leuenberger investigated, that in 1930 there were some 35,000 indentured children, and between 1920 and 1970 more than 100,000 are believed to have been placed with families or homes. 10,000 Verdingkinder are still alive. Therefore, the so-called Wiedergutmachungsinitiative was started in April 2014. In April 2014 the collection of targeted at least authenticated 100,000 signatures of Swiss citizens has started, and still have to be collected to October 2015.

Question: What happened at Verdingkinder auctions?
Answer: children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money

Question: In 1930s how many indentured children were there?
Answer: 35,000

Question: How many Swiss citizen signatures were collected?
Answer: 100,000
Title: Child_labour

In 1999, ILO helped lead the Worst Forms Convention 182 (C182), which has so far been signed upon and domestically ratified by 151 countries including the United States. This international law prohibits worst forms of child labour, defined as all forms of slavery and slavery-like practices, such as child trafficking, debt bondage, and forced labour, including forced recruitment of children into armed conflict. The law also prohibits the use of a child for prostitution or the production of pornography, child labour in illicit activities such as drug production and trafficking; and in hazardous work. Both the Worst Forms Convention (C182) and the Minimum Age Convention (C138) are examples of international labour standards implemented through the ILO that deal with child labour.

Question: How many countries have signed the Worst Forms Convention 183 (C182)?
Answer: 151

Question: What types of child labour does this prohibit?
Answer: all forms of slavery

Question: What other international laws deal with child labour?
Answer: Minimum Age Convention (C138)
Title: Child_labour

In addition to setting the international law, the United Nations initiated International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) in 1992. This initiative aims to progressively eliminate child labour through strengthening national capacities to address some of the causes of child labour. Amongst the key initiative is the so-called time-bounded programme countries, where child labour is most prevalent and schooling opportunities lacking. The initiative seeks to achieve amongst other things, universal primary school availability. The IPEC has expanded to at least the following target countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, El Salvador, Nepal, Tanzania, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Philippines, Senegal, South Africa and Turkey.

Question: What did the United Nations take charge of with regards to child labour?
Answer: International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)

Question: What is the aim of this?
Answer: progressively eliminate child labour

Question: What are some of the target countries?
Answer: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt

Question: What do they want to do with regards to schooling of young children?
Answer: universal primary school
Title: Child_labour

In 2004, the United States passed an amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938. The amendment allows certain children aged 14–18 to work in or outside a business where machinery is used to process wood. The law aims to respect the religious and cultural needs of the Amish community of the United States. The Amish believe that one effective way to educate children is on the job. The new law allows Amish children the ability to work with their families, once they are passed eighth grade in school.

Question: What did the United States pass in 2004?
Answer: amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938

Question: What is the age of US children allowed to work outside of the home?
Answer: aged 14–18

Question: What culture in the US benefits from this Act?
Answer: Amish

Question: What grade do Amish children need to pass in order to be able to work for their families?
Answer: eighth grade