rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito met with the president of the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia, Aloysius Stepinac on 4 June 1945, two days after his release from imprisonment. The two could not reach an agreement on the state of the Catholic Church. Under Stepinac's leadership, the bishops' conference released a letter condemning alleged Partisan war crimes in September, 1945. The following year Stepinac was arrested and put on trial. In October 1946, in its first special session for 75 years, the Vatican excommunicated Tito and the Yugoslav government for sentencing Stepinac to 16 years in prison on charges of assisting Ustaše terror and of supporting forced conversions of Serbs to Catholicism. Stepinac received preferential treatment in recognition of his status and the sentence was soon shortened and reduced to house-arrest, with the option of emigration open to the archbishop. At the conclusion of the "Informbiro period", reforms rendered Yugoslavia considerably more religiously liberal than the Eastern Bloc states.

Question: Who was the president of the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia?
Answer: Aloysius Stepinac

Question: How long after his release from imprisonment did TIto attend the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia?
Answer: two days

Question: What topic was a sticking point at the Bishops' Conference?
Answer: Catholic Church

Question: Under whose leadership did the bishops' conference release a letter condemning alleged Partisan war crimes?
Answer: Stepinac

Question: What was Stepinac's sentence shortened to?
Answer: house-arrest
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more insistent that Yugoslavia had more room to follow its own interests than other Bloc leaders who had more reasons (and pressures) to recognize Soviet efforts in helping them liberate their own countries from Axis control. Although Tito was formally an ally of Stalin after World War II, the Soviets had set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party as early as 1945, giving way to an uneasy alliance.[citation needed]

Question: Who had a leading role in liberating Yugoslavia?
Answer: Tito

Question: Who was Tito formally an ally of after WWII?
Answer: Stalin

Question: Who set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party?
Answer: Soviets

Question: As early as what year was a spy ring set up in the Yugoslav party?
Answer: 1945

Question: From what domination did Yugoslavia liberate itself?
Answer: Axis
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

In the immediate aftermath of World War II, there occurred several armed incidents between Yugoslavia and the Western Allies. Following the war, Yugoslavia acquired the Italian territory of Istria as well as the cities of Zadar and Rijeka. Yugoslav leadership was looking to incorporate Trieste into the country as well, which was opposed by the Western Allies. This led to several armed incidents, notably attacks by Yugoslav fighter planes on US transport aircraft, causing bitter criticism from the west. From 1945 to 1948, at least four US aircraft were shot down.[better source needed] Stalin was opposed to these provocations, as he felt the USSR unready to face the West in open war so soon after the losses of World War II and at the time when US had operational nuclear weapons whereas USSR had yet to conduct its first test. In addition, Tito was openly supportive of the Communist side in the Greek Civil War, while Stalin kept his distance, having agreed with Churchill not to pursue Soviet interests there, although he did support the Greek communist struggle politically, as demonstrated in several assemblies of the UN Security Council. In 1948, motivated by the desire to create a strong independent economy, Tito modeled his economic development plan independently from Moscow, which resulted in a diplomatic escalation followed by a bitter exchange of letters in which Tito affirmed that

Question: What Italian territory did Yugoslavia acquire after the war?
Answer: Istria

Question: What territory did Yugoslavia leadership want to incorporate?
Answer: Trieste

Question: At least how many American aircraft were shot down between 1945 and 1948?
Answer: four

Question: Who openly supported the Communist side in the Greek Civil War?
Answer: Tito

Question: In what year did Tito model his economic development plan independently from Moscow?
Answer: 1948
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

The Soviet answer on 4 May admonished Tito and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) for failing to admit and correct its mistakes, and went on to accuse them of being too proud of their successes against the Germans, maintaining that the Red Army had saved them from destruction. Tito's response on 17 May suggested that the matter be settled at the meeting of the Cominform to be held that June. However, Tito did not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia was to be openly attacked. In 1949 the crisis nearly escalated into an armed conflict, as Hungarian and Soviet forces were massing on the northern Yugoslav frontier. On 28 June, the other member countries expelled Yugoslavia, citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the CPY. The assumption in Moscow was that once it was known that he had lost Soviet approval, Tito would collapse; 'I will shake my little finger and there will be no more Tito,' Stalin remarked. The expulsion effectively banished Yugoslavia from the international association of socialist states, while other socialist states of Eastern Europe subsequently underwent purges of alleged "Titoists". Stalin took the matter personally and arranged several assassination attempts on Tito, none of which succeeded. In a correspondence between the two leaders, Tito openly wrote:

Question: Tito did not attend the second meeting of this.
Answer: Cominform

Question: In what year did the crisis nearly escalate into armed conflict?
Answer: 1949

Question: What was the name of those purged in other socialist states in Eastern Europe?
Answer: Titoists

Question: Who made several assasination attempts on Tito?
Answer: Stalin
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

One significant consequence of the tension arising between Yugoslavia and Soviet Union, was that Tito fought Yugoslav Stalinists with Stalin's methods. In other words, Aleksandar Ranković and the State Security Service (UBDA) employed the same inhumane methods against their opponents as Stalin did in the Soviet Union against his. Not every person accused of a political crime was convicted and nobody was sentenced to death for his or her pro-Soviet feelings. However this repression, which lasted until 1956, was marked by significant violations of human rights.

Question: Whose methods did Tito use to fight Yugoslav Stalinists?
Answer: Stalin

Question: Who used inhumane methods against oponents through the UBDA?
Answer: Ranković

Question: Until what year did the repression of the UBDA last?
Answer: 1956

Question: The work of the UBDA was due to tension between Yugoslavia and what country?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What is another name for the UBDA?
Answer: State Security Service
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

Tito's estrangement from the USSR enabled Yugoslavia to obtain US aid via the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), the same US aid institution which administered the Marshall Plan. Still, he did not agree to align with the West, which was a common consequence of accepting American aid at the time. After Stalin's death in 1953, relations with the USSR were relaxed and he began to receive aid as well from the COMECON. In this way, Tito played East-West antagonism to his advantage. Instead of choosing sides, he was instrumental in kick-starting the Non-Aligned Movement, which would function as a 'third way' for countries interested in staying outside of the East-West divide.

Question: Which country gave Yugoslavia aid when Tito became estranged from the USSR?
Answer: US

Question: What agency distributed aid to Yugoslavia?
Answer: ECA

Question: What plan was also administered by the ECA?
Answer: Marshall Plan

Question: Which leader feared that accepting American aid meant aligning with the West?
Answer: Tito

Question: In what year did Stalin die?
Answer: 1953
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled "Titoism" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected "Titoites'" throughout the Eastern bloc.

Question: What name refers to the period of instability during the rift between Tito and the USSR?
Answer: Informbiro

Question: What was Tito's form of communism called?
Answer: Titoism

Question: Who encouraged purges against Titoites?
Answer: Moscow

Question: Throughout what area did purges of Titoites occur?
Answer: Eastern bloc

Question: Who became the first leader to defy Stalin's leadership?
Answer: Tito
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

On 26 June 1950, the National Assembly supported a crucial bill written by Milovan Đilas and Tito about "self-management" (samoupravljanje): a type of cooperative independent socialist experiment that introduced profit sharing and workplace democracy in previously state-run enterprises which then became the direct social ownership of the employees. On 13 January 1953, they established that the law on self-management was the basis of the entire social order in Yugoslavia. Tito also succeeded Ivan Ribar as the President of Yugoslavia on 14 January 1953. After Stalin's death Tito rejected the USSR's invitation for a visit to discuss normalization of relations between two nations. Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin visited Tito in Belgrade in 1955 and apologized for wrongdoings by Stalin's administration. Tito visited the USSR in 1956, which signaled to the world that animosity between Yugoslavia and USSR was easing. However, the relationship between the USSR and Yugoslavia would reach another low in the late 1960s. Commenting on the crisis, Tito concluded that:

Question: In what year did the National Assembly support a crucial bill about "self Management"?
Answer: 1950

Question: Who wrote the bill with Tito about "self management"?
Answer: Milovan Đilas

Question: Tito succeeded who as the President of Yugoslavia?
Answer: Ribar

Question: Whose invitation did Tito reject after Stalin's death?
Answer: USSR

Question: When did Tito visit the USSR to signal that his country's animosity was decreasing?
Answer: 1956
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

The Tito-Stalin split had large ramifications for countries outside the USSR and Yugoslavia. It has, for example, been given as one of the reasons for the Slánský trial in Czechoslovakia, in which 14 high-level Communist officials were purged, with 11 of them being executed. Stalin put pressure on Czechoslovakia to conduct purges in order to discourage the spread of the idea of a "national path to socialism," which Tito espoused.

Question: How many high-level Communists were purged in the Slansky trial?
Answer: 14

Question: How many Communists were executed at the Slansky trial?
Answer: 11

Question: What country had pressure put on it by Stalin to conduct purges?
Answer: Czechoslovakia

Question: Who espoused the "national path to socialism"?
Answer: Tito

Question: Who put pressure on Checkoslovakia to conduct purges?
Answer: Stalin
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

Under Tito's leadership, Yugoslavia became a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement. In 1961, Tito co-founded the movement with Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, India's Jawaharlal Nehru, Indonesia's Sukarno and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah, in an action called The Initiative of Five (Tito, Nehru, Nasser, Sukarno, Nkrumah), thus establishing strong ties with third world countries. This move did much to improve Yugoslavia's diplomatic position. On 1 September 1961, Josip Broz Tito became the first Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Question: Under whose leadership did Yugoslavia become a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement?
Answer: Tito

Question: In what year did Tito co-found the Non-Aligned Movement?
Answer: 1961

Question: Nasser led which country in 1961?
Answer: Egypt

Question: Which Indonesian leader co-founded the Non-Aligned movement with Tito?
Answer: Nehru

Question: Who became the first Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement?
Answer: Tito
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

Tito's foreign policy led to relationships with a variety of governments, such as exchanging visits (1954 and 1956) with Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, where a street was named in his honor.

Question: When did Tito first visit Emperor Haile Selassie?
Answer: 1954

Question: When did Tito last visit Emperor Selassie?
Answer: 1956

Question: What country does Emperor Selassie rule?
Answer: Ethiopia

Question: In what country does Tito have a street named in his honor?
Answer: Ethiopia

Question: Who is the Emperor of Ethiopia in 1954?
Answer: Selassie
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War and for establishing close ties with developing countries. Tito's strong belief in self-determination caused early rift with Stalin and consequently, the Eastern Bloc. His public speeches often reiterated that policy of neutrality and cooperation with all countries would be natural as long as these countries did not use their influence to pressure Yugoslavia to take sides. Relations with the United States and Western European nations were generally cordial.

Question: During what period did Tito pursue a policy of neutrality?
Answer: Cold War

Question: With whom did Tito's belief in self-determination cause a rift?
Answer: Stalin

Question: What type of countries did Tito develop relations with?
Answer: developing

Question: Who had a strong belief in self-determination and was opposed to Stalin because of this?
Answer: Tito

Question: Tito had cordial relations with the United States and what other Western area?
Answer: Western European nations
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

Yugoslavia had a liberal travel policy permitting foreigners to freely travel through the country and its citizens to travel worldwide, whereas it was limited by most Communist countries. A number[quantify] of Yugoslav citizens worked throughout Western Europe. Tito met many world leaders during his rule, such as Soviet rulers Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev; Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, Indian politicians Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi; British Prime Ministers Winston Churchill, James Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher; U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter; other political leaders, dignitaries and heads of state that Tito met at least once in his lifetime included Che Guevara, Fidel Castro, Yasser Arafat, Willy Brandt, Helmut Schmidt, Georges Pompidou, Queen Elizabeth II, Hua Guofeng, Kim Il Sung, Sukarno, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Suharto, Idi Amin, Haile Selassie, Kenneth Kaunda, Gaddafi, Erich Honecker, Nicolae Ceaușescu, János Kádár and Urho Kekkonen. He also met numerous celebrities.

Question: Nasser was a leader of what country?
Answer: Egypt

Question: Nehru was a leader of what country?
Answer: Indian

Question: Gandhi was a leader of what country?
Answer: Indian

Question: Eisenhower was a president of what country?
Answer: U.S.

Question: Nixon was a president of what country?
Answer: U.S.
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

Tito visited India from December 22, 1954 through January 8, 1955. After his return, he removed many restrictions on churches and spiritual institutions in Yugoslavia.

Question: When did Tito first visit India?
Answer: 1954

Question: When did Tito leave India?
Answer: 1955

Question: After his return from where did Tito remove many restrictions on churches in Yugoslavia?
Answer: India

Question: Where did Tito visit from 1954 to 1955?
Answer: India

Question: After returning from India, Tito removed restrictions on what type of institutions?
Answer: spiritual
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

Tito also developed warm relations with Burma under U Nu, travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959, though he didn't receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader, Ne Win.

Question: What country did U Nu lead?
Answer: Burma

Question: Who was the leader of Burma in 1955?
Answer: U Nu

Question: Who succeeded U Nu in Burma?
Answer: Ne Win

Question: Ne Win led what country?
Answer: Burma

Question: Who led Burma in 1959?
Answer: Ne Win
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

Because of its neutrality, Yugoslavia would often be rare among Communist countries to have diplomatic relations with right-wing, anti-Communist governments. For example, Yugoslavia was the only communist country allowed to have an embassy in Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay. One notable exception to Yugoslavia's neutral stance toward anti-communist countries was Chile under Pinochet; Yugoslavia was one of many countries which severed diplomatic relations with Chile after Salvador Allende was overthrown. Yugoslavia also provided military aid and arms supplies to staunchly anti-Communist regimes such as that of Guatemala under Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García.

Question: What was the only Communist country allowed to have an embassy in Stroessner's Paraguay?
Answer: Yugoslavia

Question: Yugoslavia was the only communist country to have an embassy where?
Answer: Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay

Question: Pinochet ruled what country?
Answer: Chile

Question: Who did Pinochet overthrow?
Answer: Allende

Question: What country did Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garcia lead?
Answer: Guatemala
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

On 7 April 1963, the country changed its official name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Reforms encouraged private enterprise and greatly relaxed restrictions on freedom of speech and religious expression. Tito subsequently went on a tour of the Americas. In Chile, two government ministers resigned over his visit to that country. In the autumn of 1960 Tito met President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the United Nations General Assembly meeting. Tito and Eisenhower discussed a range of issues from arms control to economic development. When Eisenhower remarked that Yugoslavia's neutralism was "neutral on his side", Tito replied that neutralism did not imply passivity but meant "not taking sides".

Question: When did Yugoslavia change its name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?
Answer: 7 April 1963

Question: Two government ministers resigned over Tito's visit to what region?
Answer: Americas

Question: Eisenhower met Tito where in 1960?
Answer: United Nations General Assembly meeting.

Question: Who said that neutralism did not imply passivity but mean "not taking sides"?
Answer: Tito

Question: When did Tito meet Eisenhower at the U.N.?
Answer: 1960
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

In 1966 an agreement with the Vatican, fostered in part by the death in 1960 of anti-communist archbishop of Zagreb Aloysius Stepinac and shifts in the church's approach to resisting communism originating in the Second Vatican Council, accorded new freedom to the Yugoslav Roman Catholic Church, particularly to catechize and open seminaries. The agreement also eased tensions, which had prevented the naming of new bishops in Yugoslavia since 1945. Tito's new socialism met opposition from traditional communists culminating in conspiracy headed by Aleksandar Ranković. In the same year Tito declared that Communists must henceforth chart Yugoslavia's course by the force of their arguments (implying an abandonment of Leninist orthodoxy and development of liberal Communism). The State Security Administration (UDBA) saw its power scaled back and its staff reduced to 5000.

Question: What anti-communist archbisoph died in 1960?
Answer: Stepinac

Question: Stepinac's death gave new freedom to what branch of the Roman Catholic Church?
Answer: Yugoslav

Question: What agency had its staff reduced to 5000 after Lenninist orthodoxy was abandoned?
Answer: UDBA

Question: What acronym describes the State Security Administration?
Answer: UDBA

Question: What ideology did Tito abandon as part of his new socialism?
Answer: Leninist
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

On 1 January 1967, Yugoslavia was the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors and abolish visa requirements. In the same year Tito became active in promoting a peaceful resolution of the Arab–Israeli conflict. His plan called for Arabs to recognize the state of Israel in exchange for territories Israel gained.

Question: Who was the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors?
Answer: Yugoslavia

Question: In what year did the first communist country open its borders to all foreign visitors?
Answer: 1967

Question: When did Tito start promoting a peaceful resolution to the Arab-Israeli conflict?
Answer: 1967

Question: Whose plan called for Arabs to recognize the state of Israel in exchange for territories Israel gained?
Answer: Tito

Question: In what year did Tito start working in Arab Israeli peace processes?
Answer: 1967
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

In 1968, Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubček to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets. In April 1969, Tito removed generals Ivan Gošnjak and Rade Hamović in the aftermath of the invasion of Czechoslovakia due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to respond to a similar invasion of Yugoslavia.

Question: What country did Dubcek lead?
Answer: Czechoslovak

Question: How much time did Tito give Dubcek to fly to Prague?
Answer: three hours

Question: Where did Tito send Dubcek in 1968?
Answer: Prague

Question: Who removed generals Gosnjak and Hamovic?
Answer: Tito

Question: What army was unprepared for the invasion of Czechoslovakia?
Answer: Yugoslavia
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito

In 1971, Tito was re-elected as President of Yugoslavia by the Federal Assembly for the sixth time. In his speech before the Federal Assembly he introduced 20 sweeping constitutional amendments that would provide an updated framework on which the country would be based. The amendments provided for a collective presidency, a 22-member body consisting of elected representatives from six republics and two autonomous provinces. The body would have a single chairman of the presidency and chairmanship would rotate among six republics. When the Federal Assembly fails to agree on legislation, the collective presidency would have the power to rule by decree. Amendments also provided for stronger cabinet with considerable power to initiate and pursue legislature independently from the Communist Party. Džemal Bijedić was chosen as the Premier. The new amendments aimed to decentralize the country by granting greater autonomy to republics and provinces. The federal government would retain authority only over foreign affairs, defense, internal security, monetary affairs, free trade within Yugoslavia, and development loans to poorer regions. Control of education, healthcare, and housing would be exercised entirely by the governments of the republics and the autonomous provinces.

Question: In what year was Tito reelected president of Yugoslavia for the sixth time?
Answer: 1971

Question: Who elected Tito president in 1971?
Answer: Federal Assembly

Question: How many sweeping constitutional amendments did Tito introduce in 1971?
Answer: 20

Question: Who was chosen as a premier in 1971 in Yugoslavia?
Answer: Bijedić

Question: What branch of the Yugoslav government would retain control over foreign affairs, defense and internal security?
Answer: federal