rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Within the context of the overall murder rate, the death penalty cannot be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States; in recent years the average has been about one execution for about every 700 murders committed, or 1 execution for about every 325 murder convictions. However, 32 of the 50 states still execute people. Among them, Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences. This is due to judges overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty. No other states allow this.

Question: In the United States, how many murders are there for each execution?
Answer: 700

Question: How many murder convictions occur in the US per execution?
Answer: 325

Question: How many states in the US have the death penalty?
Answer: 32

Question: What state has the highest rate of death sentences per person?
Answer: Alabama

Question: What does Alabama law allow judges to do that isn't allowed in other states?
Answer: overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Puerto Rico's constitution expressly forbids capital punishment, stating "The death penalty shall not exist", setting it apart from all U.S. states and territories other than Michigan, which also has a constitutional prohibition (eleven other states and the District of Columbia have abolished capital punishment through statutory law). However, capital punishment is still applicable to offenses committed in Puerto Rico, if they fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government, though federal death penalty prosecutions there have generated significant controversy.

Question: What territory's constitution says "The death penalty shall not exist"?
Answer: Puerto Rico's

Question: What US state prohibits the death penalty in its constitution?
Answer: Michigan

Question: How many US states have passed laws outlawing the death penalty?
Answer: eleven

Question: Under what jurisdiction can capital offenses still be committed in Puerto Rico?
Answer: federal
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Capital punishment was suspended in the United States from 1972 through 1976 primarily as a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Furman v. Georgia. The last pre-Furman execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2, 1967. In this case, the court found that the death penalty was being imposed in an unconstitutional manner, on the grounds of cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court has never ruled the death penalty to be per se unconstitutional.

Question: In what year was the death penalty suspended in the US?
Answer: 1972

Question: What Supreme Court case resulted in capital punishment being suspended?
Answer: Furman v. Georgia

Question: Who was executed on June 2, 1967?
Answer: Luis Monge

Question: What amendment to the United States Constitution forbids cruel and unusual punishment?
Answer: Eighth

Question: In what year was the suspension of the death penalty in the United States ended?
Answer: 1976
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Present-day statutes from across the nation use the same words and phrases, requiring modern executions to take place within a wall or enclosure to exclude public view. Connecticut General Statute § 54–100 requires death sentences to be conducted in an "enclosure" which "shall be so constructed as to exclude public view." Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220 and Missouri Revised Statute § 546.730 contain substantially identical language. New Mexico's former death penalty, since repealed, see N.M. Stat. § 31-14-12, required executions be conducted in a "room or place enclosed from public view." Similarly, a dormant Massachusetts law, see Mass. Gen. Law ch. 279 § 60, required executions to take place "within an enclosure or building." North Carolina General Statute § 15-188 requires death sentences to be executed "within the walls" of the penitentiary, as do Oklahoma Statute Title 22 § 1015 and Montana Code § 46-19-103. Ohio Revised Code § 2949.22 requires that "[t]he enclosure shall exclude public view." Similarly, Tennessee Code § 40-23-116 requires "an enclosure" for "strict seclusion and privacy." United States Code Title 18 § 3596 and the Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4 limit the witnesses permitted at federal executions.

Question: What state's law says that death sentences must take place in an "enclosure"?
Answer: Connecticut

Question: What state's law requires that capital punishment occur "within the walls" of a penitentiary?
Answer: North Carolina

Question: What law has similar language to Missouri Revised Statute § 546.730?
Answer: Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220

Question: Along with United States Code Title 18 § 3596, what federal law limits the people who can witness a federal execution?
Answer: Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4

Question: What state's law mandated that executions occur in ""room or place enclosed from public view"?
Answer: New Mexico's
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

In 1976, contemporaneously with Woodson and Roberts, the Court decided Gregg v. Georgia and upheld a procedure in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt-innocence and sentencing phases. At the first proceeding, the jury decides the defendant's guilt; if the defendant is innocent or otherwise not convicted of first-degree murder, the death penalty will not be imposed. At the second hearing, the jury determines whether certain statutory aggravating factors exist, whether any mitigating factors exist, and, in many jurisdictions, weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty – either death or life in prison, either with or without parole.

Question: In what year was Gregg v. Georgia decided?
Answer: 1976

Question: Along with the guilt-innocence phase, what is the other phase of a death penalty trial under Gregg v. Georgia?
Answer: sentencing

Question: What is the only conviction that can lead to the death penalty?
Answer: first-degree murder

Question: Along with aggravating factors, what other factors are considered at the second hearing?
Answer: mitigating

Question: What is decided at the first proceeding?
Answer: the defendant's guilt
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Possibly in part due to expedited federal habeas corpus procedures embodied in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, the pace of executions picked up, reaching a peak of 98 in 1999 and then they declined gradually to 28 in 2015. Since the death penalty was reauthorized in 1976, 1,411 people have been executed, almost exclusively by the states, with most occurring after 1990. Texas has accounted for over one-third of modern executions (although only two death sentences were imposed in Texas during 2015, with the courts preferring to issue sentences of life without parole instead) and over four times as many as Oklahoma, the state with the second-highest number. California has the greatest number of prisoners on death row, has issued the highest number of death sentences but has held relatively few executions.

Question: How many executions occurred in 1999?
Answer: 98

Question: What was the number of people executed in 2015?
Answer: 28

Question: In what year did the reauthorization of capital punishment occur?
Answer: 1976

Question: How many people have been executed in the United States since 1976?
Answer: 1,411

Question: Which state has the largest number of people awaiting execution?
Answer: California
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

As of November 2008, there is only one person on death row facing capital punishment who has not been convicted of murder. Demarcus Sears remains under a death sentence in Georgia for the crime of "kidnapping with bodily injury." Sears was convicted in 1986 for the kidnapping and bodily injury of victim Gloria Ann Wilbur. Wilbur was kidnapped and beaten in Georgia, raped in Tennessee, and murdered in Kentucky. Sears was never charged with the murder of Wilbur in Kentucky, but was sentenced to death by a jury in Georgia for "kidnapping with bodily injury."

Question: In November 2008, who was on death penalty without a murder conviction?
Answer: Demarcus Sears

Question: Who did Demarcus Sears kidnap?
Answer: Gloria Ann Wilbur

Question: In what state was Gloria Ann Wilbur murdered?
Answer: Kentucky

Question: In what year was Demarcus Sears convicted of kidnapping?
Answer: 1986

Question: A jury in what state sentenced Demarcus Sears to death?
Answer: Georgia
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

At times when a death sentence is affirmed on direct review, it is considered final. Yet, supplemental methods to attack the judgment, though less familiar than a typical appeal, do remain. These supplemental remedies are considered collateral review, that is, an avenue for upsetting judgments that have become otherwise final. Where the prisoner received his death sentence in a state-level trial, as is usually the case, the first step in collateral review is state collateral review. (If the case is a federal death penalty case, it proceeds immediately from direct review to federal habeas corpus.) Although all states have some type of collateral review, the process varies widely from state to state. Generally, the purpose of these collateral proceedings is to permit the prisoner to challenge his sentence on grounds that could not have been raised reasonably at trial or on direct review. Most often these are claims, such as ineffective assistance of counsel, which requires the court to consider new evidence outside the original trial record, something courts may not do in an ordinary appeal. State collateral review, though an important step in that it helps define the scope of subsequent review through federal habeas corpus, is rarely successful in and of itself. Only around 6 percent of death sentences are overturned on state collateral review. In 2010, the death sentences of 53 inmates were overturned as a result of legal appeals or high court reversals.

Question: When a prisoner is given a death sentence in a state, what is the first step of collateral review?
Answer: state collateral review

Question: About what percentage of capital convictions are overturned due to state collateral review?
Answer: 6

Question: In 2010, how many death sentences were overturned due to reversals from courts or appeals?
Answer: 53

Question: What is an example of an issue that is raised in collateral review?
Answer: ineffective assistance of counsel
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Traditionally, Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus, not Section 1983, is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death. In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case, however, the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment. The theory is that a prisoner bringing such a challenge is not attacking directly his judgment of death, but rather the means by which that the judgment will be carried out. Therefore, the Supreme Court held in the Hill case that a prisoner can use Section 1983 rather than habeas corpus to bring the lawsuit. Yet, as Clarence Hill's own case shows, lower federal courts have often refused to hear suits challenging methods of execution on the ground that the prisoner brought the claim too late and only for the purposes of delay. Further, the Court's decision in Baze v. Rees, upholding a lethal injection method used by many states, has drastically narrowed the opportunity for relief through Section 1983.

Question: In what case did the Supreme Court allow Section 1983 to be used to challenge a method of execution?
Answer: Hill v. McDonough

Question: In what year was Hill v. McDonough decided?
Answer: 2006

Question: What amendment of the Constitution does cruel and unusual punishment violate?
Answer: Eighth

Question: What case notably upheld the use of a method of lethal injection?
Answer: Baze v. Rees

Question: Along with Section 1983, through what means can a convict on death row challenge his execution?
Answer: habeas corpus
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

The largest single execution in United States history was the hanging of 38 American Indians convicted of murder and rape during the Dakota War of 1862. They were executed simultaneously on December 26, 1862, in Mankato, Minnesota. A single blow from an axe cut the rope that held the large four-sided platform, and the prisoners (except for one whose rope had broken and who had to be re-hanged) fell to their deaths. The second-largest mass execution was also a hanging: the execution of 13 African-American soldiers for taking part in the Houston Riot of 1917. The largest non-military mass execution occurred in one of the original thirteen colonies in 1723, when 26 convicted pirates were hanged in Newport, Rhode Island by order of the Admiralty Court.

Question: How many people were killed in the largest mass execution in US history?
Answer: 38

Question: On what date did the largest mass execution in American history take place?
Answer: December 26, 1862

Question: In what state did the largest American mass execution occur?
Answer: Minnesota

Question: What was the ethnicity of the people executed in the second-largest mass execution in US history?
Answer: African-American

Question: In what year did the Admiralty Court hang 26 pirates in Newport, Rhode Island?
Answer: 1723
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

After a death sentence is affirmed in state collateral review, the prisoner may file for federal habeas corpus, which is a unique type of lawsuit that can be brought in federal courts. Federal habeas corpus is a species of collateral review, and it is the only way that state prisoners may attack a death sentence in federal court (other than petitions for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court after both direct review and state collateral review). The scope of federal habeas corpus is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, which restricted significantly its previous scope. The purpose of federal habeas corpus is to ensure that state courts, through the process of direct review and state collateral review, have done at least a reasonable job in protecting the prisoner's federal constitutional rights. Prisoners may also use federal habeas corpus suits to bring forth new evidence that they are innocent of the crime, though to be a valid defense at this late stage in the process, evidence of innocence must be truly compelling.

Question: What act restricted the scope of federal habeas corpus?
Answer: the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996

Question: How may state prisoners seek to have a death sentence overturned in federal court?
Answer: Federal habeas corpus

Question: In what courts can federal habeas corpus suits be brought?
Answer: federal

Question: If prisoners use federal habeas corpus to present evidence that they're innocent, what must the evidence be?
Answer: truly compelling
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

In New Jersey and Illinois, all death row inmates had their sentences commuted to life in prison without parole when the death penalty repeal bills were signed into law. In Maryland, Governor Martin O'Malley commuted the state's four remaining death sentences to life in prison without parole in January 2015. While the bill repealing capital punishment in Connecticut was not retroactive, the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 in State v. Santiago that the legislature's decision to prospectively abolish capital punishment rendered it an offense to "evolving standards of decency," thus commuting the sentences of the 11 men remaining on death row to life in prison without parole. New Mexico may yet execute two condemned inmates sentenced prior to abolition, and Nebraska has ten death row inmates who may still be executed despite abolition.

Question: Along with New Jersey, what state commuted all life sentences when bills to repeal the death penalty were passed?
Answer: Illinois

Question: The governor of what state commuted four death sentences in January 2015?
Answer: Maryland

Question: Who was governor of Maryland in January 2015?
Answer: Martin O'Malley

Question: In what state's supreme court was State v. Santiago decided?
Answer: Connecticut

Question: How many people had their sentences commuted by State v. Santiago?
Answer: 11
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

The United States Supreme Court in Penry v. Lynaugh and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Bigby v. Dretke have been clear in their decisions that jury instructions in death penalty cases that do not ask about mitigating factors regarding the defendant's mental health violate the defendant's Eighth Amendment rights, saying that the jury is to be instructed to consider mitigating factors when answering unrelated questions. This ruling suggests that specific explanations to the jury are necessary to weigh mitigating factors.

Question: In what court was Bigby v. Dretke decided?
Answer: United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

Question: What court heard the case Penry v. Lynaugh?
Answer: United States Supreme Court

Question: What amendment to the Constitution did Penry v. Lynaugh address?
Answer: Eighth

Question: What sentencing factors did Bigby v. Dretke consider?
Answer: mitigating
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Several states have never had capital punishment, the first being Michigan, which abolished it shortly after entering the Union. (However, the United States government executed Tony Chebatoris at the Federal Correctional Institution in Milan, Michigan in 1938.) Article 4, Section 46 of Michigan's fourth Constitution (ratified in 1963; effective in 1964) prohibits any law providing for the penalty of death. Attempts to change the provision have failed. In 2004, a constitutional amendment proposed to allow capital punishment in some circumstances failed to make it on the November ballot after a resolution failed in the legislature and a public initiative failed to gather enough signatures.

Question: In what year was Tony Chebatoris killed?
Answer: 1938

Question: When was Michigan's fourth Constitution ratified?
Answer: 1963

Question: In what city was Tony Chebatoris executed?
Answer: Milan

Question: In what year was there a failed Michigan constitutional amendment to allow the death penalty?
Answer: 2004

Question: What article of the fourth Michigan Constitution forbids laws allowing capital punishment?
Answer: 4
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place. If the state has no death penalty, the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution. For offenses under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988, the method of execution is lethal injection. The Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana is currently the home of the only death chamber for federal death penalty recipients in the United States, where inmates are put to death by lethal injection. The complex has so far been the only location used for federal executions post-Gregg. Timothy McVeigh and Juan Garza were put to death in June 2001, and Louis Jones, Jr. was put to death on March 18, 2003.

Question: Under what federal statute are offenses punished by lethal injection?
Answer: Drug Kingpin Act of 1988

Question: According to what law are federal prisoners executed according to the procedures in place in the state in which they were convicted?
Answer: Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994

Question: In what month and year was Juan Garza executed?
Answer: June 2001

Question: Who was executed by the federal government on March 18, 2003?
Answer: Louis Jones, Jr.

Question: In what state is the Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute?
Answer: Indiana
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

In October 2009, the American Law Institute voted to disavow the framework for capital punishment that it had created in 1962, as part of the Model Penal Code, "in light of the current intractable institutional and structural obstacles to ensuring a minimally adequate system for administering capital punishment." A study commissioned by the institute had said that experience had proved that the goal of individualized decisions about who should be executed and the goal of systemic fairness for minorities and others could not be reconciled.

Question: In what year did the American Law Institute create a death penalty framework for the Model Penal Code?
Answer: 1962

Question: In what year did the American Law Institute change their mind about their contribution on the death penalty to the Model Penal Code?
Answer: 2009

Question: What goal did the ALI's study say could not be reconciled with the goal of individualized execution decisions?
Answer: systemic fairness for minorities
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

In 1977, the Supreme Court's Coker v. Georgia decision barred the death penalty for rape of an adult woman, and implied that the death penalty was inappropriate for any offense against another person other than murder. Prior to the decision, the death penalty for rape of an adult had been gradually phased out in the United States, and at the time of the decision, the State of Georgia and the U.S. Federal government were the only two jurisdictions to still retain the death penalty for that offense. However, three states maintained the death penalty for child rape, as the Coker decision only imposed a ban on executions for the rape of an adult woman. In 2008, the Kennedy v. Louisiana decision barred the death penalty for child rape. The result of these two decisions means that the death penalty in the United States is largely restricted to cases where the defendant took the life of another human being. The current federal kidnapping statute, however, may be exempt because the death penalty applies if the victim dies in the perpetrator's custody, not necessarily by his hand, thus stipulating a resulting death, which was the wording of the objection. In addition, the Federal government retains the death penalty for non-murder offenses that are considered crimes against the state, including treason, espionage, and crimes under military jurisdiction.

Question: In what year was Coker v. Georgia decided?
Answer: 1977

Question: For what offense did Coker v. Georgia forbid the death penalty?
Answer: rape of an adult woman

Question: Along with Georgia, what American jurisdiction allowed people to be executed for the rape of an adult prior to Coker?
Answer: U.S. Federal government

Question: What ruling forbid the government from executing child rapists?
Answer: Kennedy v. Louisiana

Question: Prior to Kennedy v. Louisiana, how many states criminalized child rape?
Answer: three