rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Sextus Julius Africanus further refers to the writings of historian Thallus: "This darkness Thallus, in the third book of his History, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun. For the Hebrews celebrate the passover on the 14th day according to the moon, and the passion of our Saviour falls on the day before the passover; but an eclipse of the sun takes place only when the moon comes under the sun." Christian apologist Tertullian believed the event was documented in the Roman archives.

Question: Which historian was referenced for the reports?
Answer: Thallus

Question: What event did Thallus describe?
Answer: an eclipse of the sun

Question: What day do Hebrews celebrate Passover?
Answer: the 14th day

Question: When does the passion of Jesus fall?
Answer: the day before the passover

Question: Where were these events documented?
Answer: the Roman archives
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Colin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington of Oxford University considered the possibility that a lunar, rather than solar, eclipse might have taken place. They concluded that such an eclipse would have been visible, for thirty minutes, from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a scribe wrongly amending a text. Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as 'indefensible' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours.

Question: What is recently considered the type of eclipse that occurred?
Answer: lunar

Question: How long would a lunar eclipse be visible?
Answer: thirty minutes

Question: What person possibly made a mistake while copying text?
Answer: a scribe wrongly amending a text

Question: Which historian says this opinion is indefensible?
Answer: David Henige

Question: What inconsistency would be found in this explanation?
Answer: the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Modern biblical scholarship treats the account in the synoptic gospels as a literary creation by the author of the Mark Gospel, amended in the Luke and Matthew accounts, intended to heighten the importance of what they saw as a theologically significant event, and not intended to be taken literally. This image of darkness over the land would have been understood by ancient readers, a typical element in the description of the death of kings and other major figures by writers such as Philo, Dio Cassius, Virgil, Plutarch and Josephus. Géza Vermes describes the darkness account as typical of "Jewish eschatological imagery of the day of the Lord", and says that those interpreting it as a datable eclipse are "barking up the wrong tree".

Question: Who created the account of Jesus?
Answer: author of the Mark Gospel

Question: Who amended the account at a later date?
Answer: Luke

Question: What prompts darkness over the land in old literary works?
Answer: the death of kings and other major figures

Question: What ethnicity are these literary works mostly?
Answer: Jewish

Question: Who describes the idea of an eclipse as totally wrong?
Answer: Géza Vermes
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

In his book The Crucifixion of Jesus, physician and forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail. Zugibe carried out a number of experiments over several years to test his theories while he was a medical examiner. These studies included experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging at specific angles and the amount of pull on each hand was measured, in cases where the feet were also secured or not. In these cases the amount of pull and the corresponding pain was found to be significant.

Question: Who wrote The Crucifixion of Jesus?
Answer: Frederick Zugibe

Question: What did Frederick Zugibe study in detail for this book?
Answer: the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus

Question: How did Zugibe try to prove his theories?
Answer: carried out a number of experiments over several years

Question: What kind of experiments did Zugibe run?
Answer: experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging

Question: What specifics were recorded in his experiments?
Answer: amount of pull and the corresponding pain
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Christians believe that Jesus’ death was instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God. Christians believe that through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death and triumphant resurrection people are reunited with God and receive new joy and power in this life as well as eternal life in heaven after the body’s death. Thus the crucifixion of Jesus along with his resurrection restores access to a vibrant experience of God’s presence, love and grace as well as the confidence of eternal life.

Question: What do Christians believe regarding Jesus' death?
Answer: instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God

Question: How are people united with God?
Answer: through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death

Question: What specific fact do Christians believe about death?
Answer: eternal life in heaven after the body’s death

Question: Jesus's Resurrection fills believer with what?
Answer: confidence of eternal life

Question: What feeling usually fills a believer regarding the resurrection?
Answer: joy
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

In Johannine "agent Christology" the submission of Jesus to crucifixion is a sacrifice made as an agent of God or servant of God, for the sake of eventual victory. This builds on the salvific theme of the Gospel of John which begins in John 1:29 with John the Baptist's proclamation: "The Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world". Further reinforcement of the concept is provided in Revelation 21:14 where the "lamb slain but standing" is the only one worthy of handling the scroll (i.e. the book) containing the names of those who are to be saved.

Question: What book details the submission of Jesus to being crucified?
Answer: agent Christology

Question: Why did Jesus accept Crucifixion.
Answer: sake of eventual victory

Question: What theme is central is the Gospel of John in resurrection?
Answer: salvific theme

Question: How is Resurrection detailed in the book of Revelations?
Answer: lamb slain but standing

Question: What is another name for Jesus given?
Answer: The Lamb of God
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Paul's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term "the cross of Christ" used in Galatians 6:12 may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the gospels. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus was not an isolated event in history, but a cosmic event with significant eschatological consequences, as in 1 Corinthians 2:8. In the Pauline view, Jesus, obedient to the point of death (Philippians 2:8) died "at the right time" (Romans 4:25) based on the plan of God. For Paul the "power of the cross" is not separable from the Resurrection of Jesus.

Question: Who's Christology focuses on the death and Resurrection?
Answer: Paul's Christology

Question: How is the crucifixion related to the resurrection per Paul?
Answer: directly related

Question: What term does Paul use for the Gospels?
Answer: the cross of Christ

Question: Paul claims the Resurrection was needed for what reason?
Answer: based on the plan of God

Question: How does Paul view the Resurrection of Jesus?
Answer: power of the cross
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

John Calvin supported the "agent of God" Christology and argued that in his trial in Pilate's Court Jesus could have successfully argued for his innocence, but instead submitted to crucifixion in obedience to the Father. This Christological theme continued into the 20th century, both in the Eastern and Western Churches. In the Eastern Church Sergei Bulgakov argued that the crucifixion of Jesus was "pre-eternally" determined by the Father before the creation of the world, to redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam. In the Western Church, Karl Rahner elaborated on the analogy that the blood of the Lamb of God (and the water from the side of Jesus) shed at the crucifixion had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water.

Question: What did John Calvin claim Jesus could have done?
Answer: successfully argued for his innocence

Question: Why did Jesus submit to crucifixion?
Answer: obedience to the Father

Question: The Eastern Church believes what regarding the death and ressurection?
Answer: "pre-eternally" determined by the Father

Question: What did Jesus's death accomplish per the Eastern Church?
Answer: redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam

Question: What is the blood of the lamb?
Answer: had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Jesus' death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological interpretations as to how salvation is granted to humanity. These interpretations vary widely in how much emphasis they place on the death of Jesus as compared to his words. According to the substitutionary atonement view, Jesus' death is of central importance, and Jesus willingly sacrificed himself as an act of perfect obedience as a sacrifice of love which pleased God. By contrast the moral influence theory of atonement focuses much more on the moral content of Jesus' teaching, and sees Jesus' death as a martyrdom. Since the Middle Ages there has been conflict between these two views within Western Christianity. Evangelical Protestants typically hold a substitutionary view and in particular hold to the theory of penal substitution. Liberal Protestants typically reject substitutionary atonement and hold to the moral influence theory of atonement. Both views are popular within the Roman Catholic church, with the satisfaction doctrine incorporated into the idea of penance.

Question: What does Jesus' death and Resurrection support?
Answer: how salvation is granted to humanity

Question: How important is Jesus' death to modern theology?
Answer: central importance

Question: Did Jesus sacrifice himself without fighting?
Answer: Jesus willingly sacrificed himself

Question: Why did Jesus sacrifice himself?
Answer: an act of perfect obedience

Question: What church is the sacrifice important to?
Answer: the Roman Catholic church
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

The presence of the Virgin Mary under the cross[Jn. 19:26-27] has in itself been the subject of Marian art, and well known Catholic symbolism such as the Miraculous Medal and Pope John Paul II's Coat of Arms bearing a Marian Cross. And a number of Marian devotions also involve the presence of the Virgin Mary in Calvary, e.g., Pope John Paul II stated that "Mary was united to Jesus on the Cross". Well known works of Christian art by masters such as Raphael (e.g., the Mond Crucifixion), and Caravaggio (e.g., his Entombment) depict the Virgin Mary as part of the crucifixion scene.

Question: Who was present under the cross?
Answer: Virgin Mary

Question: What symbol is popular in Marian Art?
Answer: Marian Cross

Question: Which pope claims Mary was present at Jesus' Crucifixion?
Answer: Pope John Paul II

Question: Who painted the Mond Crucifixion.
Answer: Raphael

Question: Who was responsible for the art names "His Entombment"?
Answer: Caravaggio
Title: Miami

Miami (/maɪˈæmi/; Spanish pronunciation: [maiˈami]) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County. The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 430,332, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area, and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington, D.C. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.

Question: On which coast of Florida is Miami located?
Answer: Atlantic

Question: Miami is located in which Florida county?
Answer: Miami-Dade County

Question: Where does Miami fall among the most populous urban areas in the United States?
Answer: eighth

Question: Which city is the only one with a larger population than Miami in the southeastern United States?
Answer: Washington, D.C.

Question: What is the approximate population of Miami's metro area?
Answer: 5.5 million

Question: Which Florida county is Miami located in?
Answer: Miami-Dade

Question: How does Miami rank as a populous metropolis compared with other Southeastern states in the U.S.?
Answer: second most populous

Question: What is the population of Miami?
Answer: 430,332

Question: How is the size of Miami's urban area rated compared with other U.S. urban areas?
Answer: fourth-largest

Question: Which coast is Miami located on?
Answer: Atlantic

Question: What is the approximate population of the Miami metro area?
Answer: 5.5 million

Question: In what geographic portion of Florida is Miami located?
Answer: southeastern

Question: What county is Miami located in?
Answer: Miami-Dade County

Question: Where does Miami rank among American cities by population?
Answer: 44th

Question: How many people live in Miami?
Answer: 430,332
Title: Miami

Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami "America's Cleanest City", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America", is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.

Question: What classification did the World Cities Study Group give to Miami?
Answer: Alpha−World City

Question: Where did Miami rank among cities around the world in regard to finance?
Answer: 33rd

Question: What did Forbes call Miami in 2008?
Answer: America's Cleanest City

Question: What is a nickname given to Miami?
Answer: Capital of Latin America

Question: Where does Miami rank in terms of US Spanish-speaking populations?
Answer: second
Title: Miami

Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a major center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers, and biotechnology industries. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the "Cruise Capital of the World", has been the number one cruise passenger port in the world. It accommodates some of the world's largest cruise ships and operations, and is the busiest port in both passenger traffic and cruise lines.

Question: What does downtown Miami possess more of than any other US city?
Answer: international banks

Question: Along with cruise lines, in what traffic does Miami's port rank first?
Answer: passenger

Question: What is called the "Cruise Capital of the World"?
Answer: Port of Miami

Question: How long has Miami been the world's top cruise passenger port?
Answer: two decades

Question: Along with hospitals, medical centers and biotechnology industries, what is notably present in the Civic Center?
Answer: research institutes
Title: Miami

Miami is noted as "the only major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle", a local citrus grower and a wealthy Cleveland native. The Miami area was better known as "Biscayne Bay Country" in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness. The area was also characterized as "one of the finest building sites in Florida." The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miami's growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the only ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a railroad tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region, for which she became known as "the mother of Miami." Miami was officially incorporated as a city on July 28, 1896 with a population of just over 300. It was named for the nearby Miami River, derived from Mayaimi, the historic name of Lake Okeechobee.

Question: Where was Julia Tuttle born?
Answer: Cleveland

Question: Prior to the naming of Miami, what was the area around Miami called?
Answer: Biscayne Bay Country

Question: When did the Great Freeze occur?
Answer: 1894–95

Question: What railroad was owned by Henry Flagler?
Answer: Florida East Coast Railway

Question: Who was "the mother of Miami"?
Answer: Julia Tuttle
Title: Miami

Black labor played a crucial role in Miami's early development. During the beginning of the 20th century, migrants from the Bahamas and African-Americans constituted 40 percent of the city's population. Whatever their role in the city's growth, their community's growth was limited to a small space. When landlords began to rent homes to African-Americans in neighborhoods close to Avenue J (what would later become NW Fifth Avenue), a gang of white man with torches visited the renting families and warned them to move or be bombed.

Question: In the early 1900s, what percentage of Miami's population was of African origin?
Answer: 40

Question: What was NW Fifth Avenue previously called?
Answer: Avenue J

Question: Where did a portion of Miami's black population migrate from in the early 1900s?
Answer: Bahamas
Title: Miami

During the early 20th century, northerners were attracted to the city, and Miami prospered during the 1920s with an increase in population and infrastructure. The legacy of Jim Crow was embedded in these developments. Miami's chief of police, H. Leslie Quigg, did not hide the fact that he, like many other white Miami police officers, was a member of the Ku Klux Klan. Unsurprisingly, these officers enforced social codes far beyond the written law. Quigg, for example, "personally and publicly beat a colored bellboy to death for speaking directly to a white woman."

Question: Who was a notable chief of the Miami police?
Answer: H. Leslie Quigg

Question: To what controversial organization did a Miami chief of police belong?
Answer: Ku Klux Klan

Question: For what reason did H. Leslie Quigg kill a black man?
Answer: speaking directly to a white woman

Question: What was the occupation of the African-American man killed by Quigg?
Answer: bellboy
Title: Miami

After Fidel Castro rose to power in Cuba in 1959, many wealthy Cubans sought refuge in Miami, further increasing the population. The city developed businesses and cultural amenities as part of the New South. In the 1980s and 1990s, South Florida weathered social problems related to drug wars, immigration from Haiti and Latin America, and the widespread destruction of Hurricane Andrew. Racial and cultural tensions were sometimes sparked, but the city developed in the latter half of the 20th century as a major international, financial, and cultural center. It is the second-largest U.S. city (after El Paso, Texas) with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.

Question: In what year did Fidel Castro take over Cuba?
Answer: 1959

Question: From what country did people notably emigrate to southern Florida in the 1980s and 90s?
Answer: Haiti

Question: What notable hurricane occurred between the 1980s and 1990s?
Answer: Andrew

Question: What is the largest city in the United States where a majority of the population speaks Spanish?
Answer: El Paso, Texas

Question: Miami is the US city with the largest population of what ethnic group?
Answer: Cuban-American
Title: Miami

Miami and its suburbs are located on a broad plain between the Florida Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east, which also extends from Florida Bay north to Lake Okeechobee. The elevation of the area never rises above 40 ft (12 m) and averages at around 6 ft (1.8 m) above mean sea level in most neighborhoods, especially near the coast. The highest undulations are found along the coastal Miami Rock Ridge, whose substrate underlies most of the eastern Miami metropolitan region. The main portion of the city lies on the shores of Biscayne Bay which contains several hundred natural and artificially created barrier islands, the largest of which contains Miami Beach and South Beach. The Gulf Stream, a warm ocean current, runs northward just 15 miles (24 km) off the coast, allowing the city's climate to stay warm and mild all year.

Question: Where are the Everglades in relation to Miami?
Answer: east

Question: To travel from Biscayne Bay to Miami, in what direction would one move?
Answer: west

Question: What is the northern terminus of Biscayne Bay?
Answer: Lake Okeechobee

Question: In kilometers, how far is the Gulf Stream from Miami's coast?
Answer: 24

Question: In meters, what is the average height above sea level of the Miami area?
Answer: 1.8
Title: Miami

The surface bedrock under the Miami area is called Miami oolite or Miami limestone. This bedrock is covered by a thin layer of soil, and is no more than 50 feet (15 m) thick. Miami limestone formed as the result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent glaciations or ice ages. Beginning some 130,000 years ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet (8 m) above the current level. All of southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea. Several parallel lines of reef formed along the edge of the submerged Florida plateau, stretching from the present Miami area to what is now the Dry Tortugas. The area behind this reef line was in effect a large lagoon, and the Miami limestone formed throughout the area from the deposition of oolites and the shells of bryozoans. Starting about 100,000 years ago the Wisconsin glaciation began lowering sea levels, exposing the floor of the lagoon. By 15,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped to 300 to 350 feet (90 to 110 m) below the contemporary level. The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level.

Question: What is another name for Miami limestone?
Answer: Miami oolite

Question: How many meters thick is the bedrock under Miami at its maximum?
Answer: 15

Question: What Stage occurred approximately 130,000 years ago?
Answer: Sangamonian

Question: How many meters did the Sangamonian Stage raise sea levels compared to their present level?
Answer: 8

Question: What event caused sea levels to decrease approximately 100,000 years ago?
Answer: Wisconsin glaciation
Title: Miami

Beneath the plain lies the Biscayne Aquifer, a natural underground source of fresh water that extends from southern Palm Beach County to Florida Bay, with its highest point peaking around the cities of Miami Springs and Hialeah. Most of the Miami metropolitan area obtains its drinking water from this aquifer. As a result of the aquifer, it is not possible to dig more than 15 to 20 ft (5 to 6 m) beneath the city without hitting water, which impedes underground construction, though some underground parking garages exist. For this reason, the mass transit systems in and around Miami are elevated or at-grade.[citation needed]

Question: Along with Miami Springs, where is the highest point of the Biscayne Aquifer?
Answer: Hialeah

Question: The Biscayne Aquifer stretches from Palm Beach County to where?
Answer: Florida Bay

Question: After digging how many meters is one sure to reach running water in Miami?
Answer: 5 to 6

Question: What is limited by Miami's high water table?
Answer: underground construction