rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Wood

It is common to classify wood as either softwood or hardwood. The wood from conifers (e.g. pine) is called softwood, and the wood from dicotyledons (usually broad-leaved trees, e.g. oak) is called hardwood. These names are a bit misleading, as hardwoods are not necessarily hard, and softwoods are not necessarily soft. The well-known balsa (a hardwood) is actually softer than any commercial softwood. Conversely, some softwoods (e.g. yew) are harder than many hardwoods.

Question: What term do we use for the wood that comes from pine trees?
Answer: softwood

Question: What kind of wood does an oak tree have?
Answer: hardwood

Question: Is balsa a softwood or a hardwood?
Answer: hardwood

Question: What's an example of a softwood that isn't "soft," and is actually harder than a lot of hardwoods?
Answer: yew

Question: What's the scientific name for trees like the oak with broad leaves?
Answer: dicotyledons
Title: Wood

There is a strong relationship between the properties of wood and the properties of the particular tree that yielded it. The density of wood varies with species. The density of a wood correlates with its strength (mechanical properties). For example, mahogany is a medium-dense hardwood that is excellent for fine furniture crafting, whereas balsa is light, making it useful for model building. One of the densest woods is black ironwood.

Question: What kind of relationship exists between a tree's properties and its wood's properties?
Answer: strong

Question: What property of wood varies according to species?
Answer: density

Question: What property of wood has a correlation to its density?
Answer: strength

Question: Is mahogany a hardwood or a softwood?
Answer: hardwood

Question: What hobby is balsa wood often used for?
Answer: model building
Title: Wood

The chemical composition of wood varies from species to species, but is approximately 50% carbon, 42% oxygen, 6% hydrogen, 1% nitrogen, and 1% other elements (mainly calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, and manganese) by weight. Wood also contains sulfur, chlorine, silicon, phosphorus, and other elements in small quantity.

Question: What approximate percentage of carbon does wood have?
Answer: 50%

Question: What element makes up about 6% of the chemical composition of wood?
Answer: hydrogen

Question: About what percentage of wood is composed of nitrogen?
Answer: 1%

Question: Which element in wood composes about 42% of its weight?
Answer: oxygen

Question: What element joins potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, and sodium to make a combined 1% of the chemical composition of wood?
Answer: magnesium
Title: Wood

Aside from water, wood has three main components. Cellulose, a crystalline polymer derived from glucose, constitutes about 41–43%. Next in abundance is hemicellulose, which is around 20% in deciduous trees but near 30% in conifers. It is mainly five-carbon sugars that are linked in an irregular manner, in contrast to the cellulose. Lignin is the third component at around 27% in coniferous wood vs. 23% in deciduous trees. Lignin confers the hydrophobic properties reflecting the fact that it is based on aromatic rings. These three components are interwoven, and direct covalent linkages exist between the lignin and the hemicellulose. A major focus of the paper industry is the separation of the lignin from the cellulose, from which paper is made.

Question: How many main components make up wood, not counting water?
Answer: three

Question: What's the name for the crystalline polymer derived from glucose?
Answer: Cellulose

Question: After cellulose, what component is most plentiful in wood?
Answer: hemicellulose

Question: What kind of trees have about 30% hemicellulose?
Answer: conifers

Question: Which of the three main components of wood is used to manufacture paper?
Answer: cellulose
Title: Wood

In chemical terms, the difference between hardwood and softwood is reflected in the composition of the constituent lignin. Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol. Softwood lignin is mainly derived from coniferyl alcohol.

Question: What component of wood determines whether it is hardwood or softwood?
Answer: lignin

Question: Which wood has lignin that comes primarily from one type of alcohol?
Answer: Softwood

Question: Which type of alcohol mainly becomes softwood lignin?
Answer: coniferyl

Question: In addition to coniferyl alcohol, what other alcohol is in hardwood lignin?
Answer: sinapyl

Question: Which kind of wood contains lignin derived from two main alcohol sources?
Answer: Hardwood
Title: Wood

Aside from the lignocellulose, wood consists of a variety of low molecular weight organic compounds, called extractives. The wood extractives are fatty acids, resin acids, waxes and terpenes. For example, rosin is exuded by conifers as protection from insects. The extraction of these organic materials from wood provides tall oil, turpentine, and rosin.

Question: What's the name for the low molecular weight organic compounds in wood?
Answer: extractives

Question: Along with fatty acids, what kind of acids are in the extractives in wood?
Answer: resin

Question: Wood extractives include resin and fatty acids, terpenes, and what other component?
Answer: waxes

Question: What do conifers use rosin to protect themselves from?
Answer: insects

Question: Along with tall oil and rosin, what commercial product do we get from wood's extractives?
Answer: turpentine
Title: Wood

Wood has a long history of being used as fuel, which continues to this day, mostly in rural areas of the world. Hardwood is preferred over softwood because it creates less smoke and burns longer. Adding a woodstove or fireplace to a home is often felt to add ambiance and warmth.

Question: What type of wood is preferred as fuel?
Answer: Hardwood

Question: What type of wood burns quickly and makes more smoke than hardwood?
Answer: softwood

Question: What type of areas use more wood for fuel?
Answer: rural

Question: What benefit besides the cozy atmosphere would a wood-burning fireplace add to a home?
Answer: warmth
Title: Wood

Wood has been an important construction material since humans began building shelters, houses and boats. Nearly all boats were made out of wood until the late 19th century, and wood remains in common use today in boat construction. Elm in particular was used for this purpose as it resisted decay as long as it was kept wet (it also served for water pipe before the advent of more modern plumbing).

Question: What wood is decay-resistant when wet?
Answer: Elm

Question: What plumbing component was once made out of elm?
Answer: water pipe

Question: Until the late 19th century, what vessels were almost always wooden?
Answer: boats

Question: What significant purpose has wood been used for as long as humans have built shelters?
Answer: construction material

Question: Other than boats, what do people often build with wood?
Answer: houses
Title: Wood

Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as lumber in North America. Elsewhere, lumber usually refers to felled trees, and the word for sawn planks ready for use is timber. In Medieval Europe oak was the wood of choice for all wood construction, including beams, walls, doors, and floors. Today a wider variety of woods is used: solid wood doors are often made from poplar, small-knotted pine, and Douglas fir.

Question: What term is used in North America for wood used in construction?
Answer: lumber

Question: Outside of North America, if someone said "lumber," to what would they be referring?
Answer: felled trees

Question: What do people outside of North America call the sawn boards used for building?
Answer: timber

Question: What was the preferred wood for construction in Medieval Europe?
Answer: oak

Question: For modern solid wood doors, what wood is often used in addition to small-knotted pine or poplar?
Answer: Douglas fir
Title: Wood

New domestic housing in many parts of the world today is commonly made from timber-framed construction. Engineered wood products are becoming a bigger part of the construction industry. They may be used in both residential and commercial buildings as structural and aesthetic materials.

Question: What type of construction is often used now to build homes in much of the world?
Answer: timber-framed

Question: In addition to residential applications, what type of buildings often have engineered wood components?
Answer: commercial

Question: Along with decorative components, what type of building materials can be engineered from wood?
Answer: structural

Question: What industry benefits greatly from engineered wood products?
Answer: construction
Title: Wood

In buildings made of other materials, wood will still be found as a supporting material, especially in roof construction, in interior doors and their frames, and as exterior cladding.

Question: What might wood be used for in a building made from brick or other materials?
Answer: supporting material

Question: What crucial part of a house is often constructed from wood?
Answer: roof

Question: Wood might be used to construct what exterior component of a building?
Answer: cladding

Question: Inside a building, what wooden things might you open to enter or leave rooms?
Answer: doors
Title: Wood

Engineered wood products, glued building products "engineered" for application-specific performance requirements, are often used in construction and industrial applications. Glued engineered wood products are manufactured by bonding together wood strands, veneers, lumber or other forms of wood fiber with glue to form a larger, more efficient composite structural unit.

Question: What holds together an engineered wood product?
Answer: glue

Question: Engineered wood products are often used in construction, but what other major type of applications do they have?
Answer: industrial

Question: What requirements do engineered wood products meet?
Answer: application-specific performance requirements

Question: What efficient type of unit does the process of "engineering" wood result in?
Answer: composite structural unit

Question: Wood fibers from wood strands, lumber, and what other source can be glued together to make larger units?
Answer: veneers
Title: Wood

These products include glued laminated timber (glulam), wood structural panels (including plywood, oriented strand board and composite panels), laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and other structural composite lumber (SCL) products, parallel strand lumber, and I-joists. Approximately 100 million cubic meters of wood was consumed for this purpose in 1991. The trends suggest that particle board and fiber board will overtake plywood.

Question: What category do composite panels, strand board, and plywood all fit into?
Answer: wood structural panels

Question: What's another word for glued laminated timber?
Answer: glulam

Question: What does LVL stand for?
Answer: laminated veneer lumber

Question: If current building trends continue, what material will be replaced by particle and fiber board?
Answer: plywood

Question: About how many cubic meters of wood was used in 1991 to make products like glulam, LVL, and structural composite lumber?
Answer: 100 million
Title: Wood

Wood unsuitable for construction in its native form may be broken down mechanically (into fibers or chips) or chemically (into cellulose) and used as a raw material for other building materials, such as engineered wood, as well as chipboard, hardboard, and medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Such wood derivatives are widely used: wood fibers are an important component of most paper, and cellulose is used as a component of some synthetic materials. Wood derivatives can also be used for kinds of flooring, for example laminate flooring.

Question: What material results from chemically breaking down wood?
Answer: cellulose

Question: What's the abbreviation for medium-density fiberboard?
Answer: MDF

Question: How is wood broken down into chips and fibers?
Answer: mechanically

Question: What type of flooring can be made from wood derivatives?
Answer: laminate

Question: What widely-used product is almost always made of wood fibers?
Answer: paper
Title: Wood

Wood has always been used extensively for furniture, such as chairs and beds. It is also used for tool handles and cutlery, such as chopsticks, toothpicks, and other utensils, like the wooden spoon.

Question: What category of products usually made from wood includes chairs?
Answer: furniture

Question: What wooden utensil could you stir a pot of soup with?
Answer: wooden spoon

Question: Which parts of tools are sometimes made out of wood?
Answer: handles

Question: What pieces of furniture that most people use every night can be made out of wood?
Answer: beds

Question: What special wooden utensils do many people use to eat Chinese takeout?
Answer: chopsticks
Title: Wood

Further developments include new lignin glue applications, recyclable food packaging, rubber tire replacement applications, anti-bacterial medical agents, and high strength fabrics or composites. As scientists and engineers further learn and develop new techniques to extract various components from wood, or alternatively to modify wood, for example by adding components to wood, new more advanced products will appear on the marketplace. Moisture content electronic monitoring can also enhance next generation wood protection.

Question: What could we monitor electronically that could help inform new methods of wood protection?
Answer: Moisture content

Question: Development in the wood manufacturing industry include using lignin to make what substance?
Answer: glue

Question: Instead of rubber, what important part of a car might someday be replaced by components of wood?
Answer: tire

Question: What material might be developed from wood that could make clothes that resist wear and tear?
Answer: high strength fabrics

Question: In addition to extracting components from wood, what might scientist do by adding components, for example, to make innovative products?
Answer: modify wood
Title: Wood

Wood has long been used as an artistic medium. It has been used to make sculptures and carvings for millennia. Examples include the totem poles carved by North American indigenous people from conifer trunks, often Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata), and the Millennium clock tower, now housed in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. It is also used in woodcut printmaking, and for engraving.

Question: Along with sculptures, what type of art have people been making out of wood for centuries?
Answer: carvings

Question: What did indigenous people in North America make out of the trunks of conifers?
Answer: totem poles

Question: What type of tree was often used for totem poles?
Answer: Western Red Cedar

Question: What city in Scotland would you visit to see the Millennium clock tower?
Answer: Edinburgh

Question: What museum exhibits the Millennium clock tower?
Answer: National Museum of Scotland
Title: Wood

Certain types of musical instruments, such as those of the violin family, the guitar, the clarinet and recorder, the xylophone, and the marimba, are traditionally made mostly or entirely of wood. The choice of wood may make a significant difference to the tone and resonant qualities of the instrument, and tonewoods have widely differing properties, ranging from the hard and dense african blackwood (used for the bodies of clarinets) to the light but resonant European spruce (Picea abies), which is traditionally used for the soundboards of violins. The most valuable tonewoods, such as the ripple sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), used for the backs of violins, combine acoustic properties with decorative color and grain which enhance the appearance of the finished instrument.

Question: What kind of wood are clarinet bodies made from?
Answer: african blackwood

Question: What expensive wood with a prized color is used to make the backs of violins?
Answer: ripple sycamore

Question: What category of wood is often used for musical instruments?
Answer: tonewoods

Question: What's the common name for Picea abies?
Answer: European spruce

Question: Along with resonance, what property of an instrument will be affected by the wood used to make it?
Answer: tone
Title: Wood

Despite their collective name, not all woodwind instruments are made entirely of wood. The reeds used to play them, however, are usually made from Arundo donax, a type of monocot cane plant.

Question: What type of instruments with a misleading name aren't always made completely out of wood?
Answer: woodwind instruments

Question: What are woodwind instrument's reeds often made out of?
Answer: Arundo donax

Question: Is the Arundo donax a monocot or dicot cane plant?
Answer: monocot

Question: What objects do musicians have to have in order to play woodwind instruments?
Answer: reeds
Title: Wood

Many types of sports equipment are made of wood, or were constructed of wood in the past. For example, cricket bats are typically made of white willow. The baseball bats which are legal for use in Major League Baseball are frequently made of ash wood or hickory, and in recent years have been constructed from maple even though that wood is somewhat more fragile. NBA courts have been traditionally made out of parquetry.

Question: What wood is usually used for cricket bats?
Answer: white willow

Question: Ash and hickory are often used for baseball bats to comply with the rules of what organization?
Answer: Major League Baseball

Question: What is commonly used for the basketball courts the NBA plays on?
Answer: parquetry

Question: What wood has recently started being used to make baseball bats in addition to hickory and ash?
Answer: maple

Question: Compared to hickory and ash, what adjective might be used for a maple baseball bat?
Answer: fragile
Title: Wood

Many other types of sports and recreation equipment, such as skis, ice hockey sticks, lacrosse sticks and archery bows, were commonly made of wood in the past, but have since been replaced with more modern materials such as aluminium, fiberglass, carbon fiber, titanium, and composite materials. One noteworthy example of this trend is the golf club commonly known as the wood, the head of which was traditionally made of persimmon wood in the early days of the game of golf, but is now generally made of synthetic materials.

Question: What pieces of equipment for shooting arrows used to be wooden?
Answer: archery bows

Question: Which pieces of ice hockey equipment were once made out of wood?
Answer: sticks

Question: When the golf club called the "wood" was actually made out of it, what type of wood was used?
Answer: persimmon

Question: What is the golf club known as the "wood" usually made out of today?
Answer: synthetic materials

Question: What other modern material has joined composites, carbon fiber, titanium, and aluminum to replace wood in the manufacture of sporting equipment?
Answer: fiberglass
Title: Wood

Little is known about the bacteria that degrade cellulose. Symbiotic bacteria in Xylophaga may play a role in the degradation of sunken wood; while bacteria such as Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria, Clostridia, and Bacteroidetes have been detected in wood submerged over a year.

Question: What component of wood is degraded by bacteria that scientists are still trying to learn about?
Answer: cellulose

Question: What type of bacteria are present in Xylophaga?
Answer: Symbiotic

Question: What type of wood is it possible the bacteria in Xylophaga help break down?
Answer: sunken

Question: How long was the wood submerged in water in the study that discovered the types of bacteria in it?
Answer: over a year

Question: What bacteria starting with the letter "F" were found in wood after it was underwater for more than a year?
Answer: Flavobacteria
Title: Somalis

Somalis (Somali: Soomaali, Arabic: صومال‎) are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa (Somali Peninsula). The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. They are predominantly Sunni Muslim. Ethnic Somalis number around 16-20 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia (around 12.3 million), Ethiopia (4.6 million), Kenya (2.4 million), and Djibouti (464,600), with many also residing in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe.

Question: What language family is Somali a part of?
Answer: Afro-Asiatic

Question: What part of the Afro-Asiatic language family is Somali a part of?
Answer: Cushitic

Question: What is the majority religion of Somalis?
Answer: Sunni Muslim

Question: How many people of Somali ethnicity live in Somalia?
Answer: 12.3 million

Question: What country has the second largest Somali population?
Answer: Ethiopia
Title: Somalis

Irir Samaale, the oldest common ancestor of several Somali clans, is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. The name "Somali" is, in turn, held to be derived from the words soo and maal, which together mean "go and milk" — a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali people. Another plausible etymology proposes that the term Somali is derived from the Arabic for "wealthy" (dhawamaal), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.

Question: From whom are several Somali clans descended?
Answer: Irir Samaale

Question: From what words is the term 'Somali' generally regarded as being derived?
Answer: soo and maal

Question: What does 'soo and maal' mean in English?
Answer: go and milk

Question: What word in Arabic means 'wealthy' in English?
Answer: dhawamaal

Question: What resource traditionally comprised Somali wealth?
Answer: livestock
Title: Somalis

An Ancient Chinese document from the 9th century referred to the northern Somali coast — which was then called "Berbera" by Arab geographers in reference to the region's "Berber" (Cushitic) inhabitants — as Po-pa-li. The first clear written reference of the sobriquet Somali, however, dates back to the 15th century. During the wars between the Sultanate of Ifat based at Zeila and the Solomonic Dynasty, the Abyssinian Emperor had one of his court officials compose a hymn celebrating a military victory over the Sultan of Ifat's eponymous troops.

Question: What did the Arabs call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century?
Answer: Berbera

Question: What did the Chinese call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century?
Answer: Po-pa-li

Question: In what century was the term 'Somali' first used?
Answer: 15th

Question: Who ordered that a hymn be composed that first mentioned the Somalis?
Answer: the Abyssinian Emperor

Question: Where was the Sultanate of Ifat located?
Answer: Zeila
Title: Somalis

Ancient rock paintings in Somalia which date back to 5000 years have been found in the northern part of the country, depicting early life in the territory. The most famous of these is the Laas Geel complex, which contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent and features many elaborate pastoralist sketches of animal and human figures. In other places, such as the northern Dhambalin region, a depiction of a man on a horse is postulated as being one of the earliest known examples of a mounted huntsman.

Question: How long ago were rock paintings found in Somalia created?
Answer: 5000 years

Question: Where are the most notable rock paintings located?
Answer: the Laas Geel complex

Question: Along with animals, what is depicted on the rock paintings of Laas Geel?
Answer: human figures

Question: Where does a notable rock painting of a man on horseback exist?
Answer: the northern Dhambalin region

Question: In what geographic part of Somalia are these rock paintings commonly found?
Answer: northern
Title: Somalis

Inscriptions have been found beneath many of the rock paintings, but archaeologists have so far been unable to decipher this form of ancient writing. During the Stone age, the Doian culture and the Hargeisan culture flourished here with their respective industries and factories.

Question: Along with the Hargesian culture, what culture was present in Somalia in the Stone age?
Answer: the Doian culture

Question: What undeciphered writings were found alongside the rock paintings?
Answer: Inscriptions

Question: During what period did the Doian culture thrive?
Answer: the Stone age