rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a "wall" or "enclosure" to "exclude public view." For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislature adopted a statute (L.1919, p. 781) which required, "the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail, if convenient, and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail." The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals (usually local citizens) whom he believed should witness the hanging, but the sheriffs – for various reasons – sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch. Missouri executions conducted after 1919 were not "public" because they were conducted behind closed walls, and the general public was not permitted to attend.

Question: In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be inside of or near a jail?
Answer: 1919

Question: What procedure did Missouri use to execute prisoners in 1919?
Answer: hanging

Question: In the Missouri of 1919, who handed out passes to witness executions?
Answer: the local sheriff

Question: In approximately what year did a movement in favor of private executions begin in the US?
Answer: 1890
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico, when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty. In 1991, outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners, among them all four women on the state's death row. And during his two terms (1979–1987) as Florida's Governor, Bob Graham, although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others, agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of "possible innocence" or "disproportionality."

Question: Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1986?
Answer: Toney Anaya

Question: Of what state was Toney Anaya governor?
Answer: New Mexico

Question: Who was Governor of Ohio in 1991?
Answer: Dick Celeste

Question: How many women were on Ohio's death row in 1991?
Answer: four

Question: In what year did Bob Graham become Governor of Florida?
Answer: 1979
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

In 2010, bills to abolish the death penalty in Kansas and in South Dakota (which had a de facto moratorium at the time) were rejected. Idaho ended its de facto moratorium, during which only one volunteer had been executed, on November 18, 2011 by executing Paul Ezra Rhoades; South Dakota executed Donald Moeller on October 30, 2012, ending a de facto moratorium during which only two volunteers had been executed. Of the 12 prisoners whom Nevada has executed since 1976, 11 waived their rights to appeal. Kentucky and Montana have executed two prisoners against their will (KY: 1997 and 1999, MT: 1995 and 1998) and one volunteer, respectively (KY: 2008, MT: 2006). Colorado (in 1997) and Wyoming (in 1992) have executed only one prisoner, respectively.

Question: Along with South Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?
Answer: Kansas

Question: Who did Idaho execute in 2011?
Answer: Paul Ezra Rhoades

Question: Who was executed on October 30, 2012?
Answer: Donald Moeller

Question: Since 1976, how many prisoners has Nevada executed?
Answer: 12

Question: Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner executed in Wyoming?
Answer: 1992
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

Pharmaceutical companies whose products are used in the three-drug cocktails for lethal injections are predominantly European, and they have strenuously objected to the use of their drugs for executions and taken steps to prevent their use. For example, Hospira, the sole American manufacturer of sodium thiopental, the critical anesthetic in the three-drug cocktail, announced in 2011 that it would no longer manufacture the drug for the American market, in part for ethical reasons and in part because its transfer of sodium thiopental manufacturing to Italy would subject it to the European Union's Torture Regulation, which forbids the use of any product manufactured within the Union for torture (as execution by lethal injection is considered by the Regulation). Since the drug manufacturers began taking these steps and the EU regulation ended the importation of drugs produced in Europe, the resulting shortage of execution drugs has led to or influenced decisions to impose moratoria in Arkansas, California, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee.

Question: How many drugs are used to administer lethal injection?
Answer: three

Question: What lethal injection drug is manufactured by Hospira?
Answer: sodium thiopental

Question: When did Hospira cease to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?
Answer: 2011

Question: In what country does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?
Answer: Italy

Question: What EU law forbids products used in torture to be manufactured in the European Union?
Answer: Torture Regulation
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

The game pad controllers were more-or-less copied directly from the Game & Watch machines, although the Famicom design team originally wanted to use arcade-style joysticks, even taking apart ones from American game consoles to see how they worked. However, it was eventually decided that children might step on joysticks left on the floor and their durability was also questioned. Katsuyah Nakawaka attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype and found that it was easy to use and had no discomfort. Ultimately though, they did install a 15-pin expansion port on the front of the console so that an arcade-style joystick could be used optionally. The controllers were hard-wired to the console with no connectors for cost reasons.

Question: Who attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype?
Answer: Katsuyah Nakawaka

Question: What was installed on the front of the console so the joystick could be used?
Answer: 15-pin expansion port

Question: Why were the controllers hard-wired to the console with no connectors?
Answer: cost reasons

Question: Where were the game pad controllers copied from?
Answer: Game & Watch machines
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

At June 1985's Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Nintendo unveiled the American version of its Famicom. This is the system which would eventually be officially deployed as the Nintendo Entertainment System, or the colloquial "NES". Nintendo seeded these first systems to limited American test markets starting in New York City on October 18, 1985, following up with a full-fledged North American release of the console in February of the following year. Nintendo released 17 launch titles: 10-Yard Fight, Baseball, Clu Clu Land, Duck Hunt, Excitebike, Golf, Gyromite, Hogan’s Alley, Ice Climber, Kung Fu, Pinball, Soccer, Stack-Up, Tennis, Wild Gunman, Wrecking Crew, and Super Mario Bros.h[›] Some varieties of these launch games contained Famicom chips with an adapter inside the cartridge so they would play on North American consoles, which is why the title screen of Gyromite has the Famicom title "Robot Gyro" and the title screen of Stack-Up has the Famicom title "Robot Block".

Question: What was the abbreviation for Nintendo Entertainment System?
Answer: NES

Question: What day did Nintendo unveil the new systems?
Answer: October 18, 1985

Question: Where did Nintendo start unveiling the new systems?
Answer: New York City

Question: What was the name of the convention where Nintendo unveiled its American version of the Famicom?
Answer: Consumer Electronics Show
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

In June 1989, Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing Peter Main, said that the Famicom was present in 37% of Japan's households. By 1990, 30% of American households owned the NES, compared to 23% for all personal computers. By 1990, the NES had outsold all previously released consoles worldwide.[better source needed] The slogan for this brand was It can't be beaten. In Europe and South America, however, the NES was outsold by Sega's Master System, while the Nintendo Entertainment System was not available in the Soviet Union.

Question: In June 1989 who was Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing?
Answer: Peter Main

Question: In 1990, what percentage of American households owned an NES?
Answer: 30%

Question: What was the slogan for the Nintendo brand?
Answer: It can't be beaten

Question: What outsold the NES in Europe and South America?
Answer: Sega's Master System

Question: Where was Nintendo not available?
Answer: Soviet Union
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

Japanese (Famicom) cartridges are shaped slightly differently. While the NES used a 72-pin interface, the Famicom system used a 60-pin design. Unlike NES games, official Famicom cartridges were produced in many colors of plastic. Adapters, similar in design to the popular accessory Game Genie, are available that allow Famicom games to be played on an NES. In Japan, several companies manufactured the cartridges for the Famicom. This allowed these companies to develop their own customized chips designed for specific purposes, such as chips that increased the quality of sound in their games.

Question: Which cartridges were shaped slightly differently?
Answer: Japanese (Famicom)

Question: Which interface did the NES use?
Answer: 72-pin

Question: Which interface did Famicom use?
Answer: 60-pin

Question: Various companies in Japan did what to their games for certain specifics?
Answer: develop their own customized chips
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

In the longer run, however, with the NES near its end of its life many third-party publishers such as Electronic Arts supported upstart competing consoles with less strict licensing terms such as the Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation, which eroded and then took over Nintendo's dominance in the home console market, respectively. Consoles from Nintendo's rivals in the post-SNES era had always enjoyed much stronger third-party support than Nintendo, which relied more heavily on first-party games.

Question: With the NES at its end, which competing consoles with less strict licensing terms were supported?
Answer: Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation

Question: Who was an example of a 3rd party publisher?
Answer: Electronic Arts

Question: Nintendo relied primarily on what for its support?
Answer: first-party games

Question: Rivals in what self-identified era enjoyed much stronger 3rd party support?
Answer: post-SNES era
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

As the Nintendo Entertainment System grew in popularity and entered millions of American homes, some small video rental shops began buying their own copies of NES games, and renting them out to customers for around the same price as a video cassette rental for a few days. Nintendo received no profit from the practice beyond the initial cost of their game, and unlike movie rentals, a newly released game could hit store shelves and be available for rent on the same day. Nintendo took steps to stop game rentals, but didn't take any formal legal action until Blockbuster Video began to make game rentals a large-scale service. Nintendo claimed that allowing customers to rent games would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games. Nintendo lost the lawsuit, but did win on a claim of copyright infringement. Blockbuster was banned from including original, copyrighted instruction booklets with their rented games. In compliance with the ruling, Blockbuster produced their own short instructions—usually in the form of a small booklet, card, or label stuck on the back of the rental box—that explained the game's basic premise and controls. Video rental shops continued the practice of renting video games and still do today.

Question: Who caused Nintendo to take formal action regarding rentals?
Answer: Blockbuster Video

Question: According to Nintendo what was the danger in renting games?
Answer: would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games

Question: Blockbuster was banned from including what with their games?
Answer: copyrighted instruction booklets

Question: What did Blockbuster do instead of use copyrighted instruction booklets?
Answer: produced their own short instructions
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

In the UK, Italy and Australia which share the PAL A region, two versions of the NES were released; the "Mattel Version" and "NES Version". When the NES was first released in those countries, it was distributed by Mattel and Nintendo decided to use a lockout chip specific to those countries, different from the chip used in other European countries. When Nintendo took over European distribution in 1990, they produced consoles that were then labelled "NES Version"; therefore, the only differences between the two are the text on the front flap and texture on the top/bottom of the casing.

Question: Which company distributed the NES to the UK, Italy, and Australia?
Answer: Mattel

Question: When did Nintendo take over European distribution?
Answer: 1990

Question: Which three countries share the PAL A region?
Answer: UK, Italy and Australia

Question: What two versions of the NES were released in the UK, Italy, and Australia?
Answer: "Mattel Version" and "NES Version"
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

Nintendo also made two turbo controllers for the NES called NES Advantage and the NES Max. Both controllers had a Turbo feature, a feature where one tap of the button represented multiple taps. This feature allowed players to shoot much faster during shooter games. The NES Advantage had two knobs that adjusted the firing rate of the turbo button from quick to Turbo, as well as a "Slow" button that slowed down the game by rapidly pausing the game. The "Slow" button did not work with games that had a pause menu or pause screen and can interfere with jumping and shooting. The NES Max also had the Turbo Feature, but it was not adjustable, in contrast with the Advantage. It also did not have the "Slow" button. Its wing-like shape made it easier to hold than the Advantage and it also improved on the joystick. Turbo features were also featured on the NES Satellite, the NES Four Score, and the U-Force. Other accessories include the Power Pad and the Power Glove, which was featured in the movie The Wizard.

Question: What were the two turbo controllers Nintendo made for the NES?
Answer: NES Advantage and the NES Max

Question: What did the Turbo feature allow players to do?
Answer: shoot much faster during shooter games

Question: Which controller had a non-adjustable Turbo feature?
Answer: The NES Max

Question: Which two accessories were featured in the movie The Wizard?
Answer: Power Pad and the Power Glove

Question: The NES Max also did not feature what?
Answer: "Slow" button
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

In 1986, Nintendo released the Famicom Disk System (FDS) in Japan, a type of floppy drive that uses a single-sided, proprietary 5 cm (2") disk and plugs into the cartridge port. It contains RAM for the game to load into and an extra single-cycle wavetable-lookup sound chip. The disks were originally obtained from kiosks in malls and other public places where buyers could select a title and have it written to the disk. This process would cost less than cartridges and users could take the disk back to a vending booth and have it rewritten with a new game. The disks were used both for storing the game and saving progress and total capacity was 128k (64k per side).

Question: What year did Nintendo release the Famicom Disk System?
Answer: 1986

Question: Where could the disks for the game be obtained?
Answer: kiosks in malls

Question: How were the disks purchased?
Answer: buyers could select a title and have it written to the disk

Question: What were the storage disks used for?
Answer: storing the game and saving progress

Question: What was the total capacity of a disk?
Answer: 128k
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

The system was originally targeted for release in the spring of 1985, but the release date was pushed back. After test-marketing in the New York City area in late fall, retailers had reportedly stated the system "failed miserably".[contradictory] While others stated that Nintendo had an excellent nine-week market test in New York last fall Due to the moderate success launch in New York City, Nintendo tried a second time; the system was test-marketed further beginning in February 1986, with the nationwide release occurring in September 1986.

Question: When was the system originally supposed to be released?
Answer: spring of 1985

Question: Retailers in what test area reported a miserable failure of sales?
Answer: New York City

Question: When was the second time Nintendo test marketed the NES?
Answer: February 1986

Question: When was the nationwide release of the NES?
Answer: September 1986
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

In Europe and Australia, the system was released to two separate marketing regions. One region consisted of most of mainland Europe (excluding Italy), and distribution there was handled by a number of different companies, with Nintendo responsible for most cartridge releases. Most of this region saw a 1986 release. Mattel handled distribution for the other region, consisting of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Italy, Australia and New Zealand, starting the following year. Not until the 1990s did Nintendo's newly created European branch direct distribution throughout Europe.

Question: Where was the system released to two separate marketing areas?
Answer: Europe and Australia

Question: One region comprised the entirety of mainland Europe save for which country?
Answer: Italy

Question: Who released cartridges in mainland Europe?
Answer: Nintendo

Question: Who handled distribution in the other region?
Answer: Mattel

Question: When did the European brance finally directly distribute throughout Europe?
Answer: 1990s
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

As the 1990s dawned, gamers predicted that competition from technologically superior systems such as the 16-bit Sega Mega Drive/Genesis would mean the immediate end of the NES’s dominance. Instead, during the first year of Nintendo's successor console the Super Famicom (named Super Nintendo Entertainment System outside Japan), the Famicom remained the second highest-selling video game console in Japan, outselling the newer and more powerful NEC PC Engine and Sega Mega Drive by a wide margin. The console remained popular in Japan and North America until late 1993, when the demand for new NES software abruptly plummeted. The final Famicom game released in Japan is Takahashi Meijin no Bōken Jima IV (Adventure Island IV), while in North America, Wario's Woods is the final licensed game. In the wake of ever decreasing sales and the lack of new software titles, Nintendo of America officially discontinued the NES by 1995. However, Nintendo kept producing new Famicom units in Japan until September 25, 2003, and continued to repair Famicom consoles until October 31, 2007, attributing the discontinuation of support to insufficient supplies of parts.

Question: Which example of a system started to mark the end of the NES dominance?
Answer: 16-bit Sega Mega Drive/Genesis

Question: When did the demand for new NES software dry up?
Answer: late 1993

Question: What was the final Famicom game released in North America?
Answer: Wario's Woods

Question: What year did Nintendo officially discontinue the NES?
Answer: 1995

Question: How late did Nintendo continue to repair Famicom units?
Answer: October 31, 2007
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

Nintendo's near monopoly on the home video game market left it with a degree of influence over the industry. Unlike Atari, which never actively courted third-party developers (and even went to court in an attempt to force Activision to cease production of Atari 2600 games), Nintendo had anticipated and encouraged the involvement of third-party software developers; strictly, however, on Nintendo's terms. Some of the Nintendo platform-control measures were adopted by later console manufacturers such as Sega, Sony, and Microsoft, although not as stringent.

Question: Who did Atari attempt to force ceasing production of games for its system?
Answer: Activision

Question: Nintendo actively encouraged  the involvement of what?
Answer: third-party software developers

Question: Nintendo's measures for third party game developers were also adopted by which later manufacturers?
Answer: Sega, Sony, and Microsoft
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

Several companies, refusing to pay the licensing fee or having been rejected by Nintendo, found ways to circumvent the console's authentication system. Most of these companies created circuits that used a voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip in the NES. A few unlicensed games released in Europe and Australia came in the form of a dongle that would be connected to a licensed game, in order to use the licensed game's 10NES chip for authentication. In order to combat unlicensed games, Nintendo of America threatened retailers who sold them with losing their supply of licensed titles. In addition, multiple revisions were made to the NES PCBs to prevent these games from working.

Question: Companies did what in an effort to circumvent Nintendo's console authentication?
Answer: voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip

Question: Why did the companies circumvent the authentication system?
Answer: refusing to pay the licensing fee or having been rejected by Nintendo

Question: Where did unlicensed games feature a dongle?
Answer: Europe and Australia

Question: What did Nintendo do to curb unlicensed game sales?
Answer: threatened retailers
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

The Nintendo Entertainment System (also abbreviated as NES) is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer (Japanese: ファミリーコンピュータ, Hepburn: Famirī Konpyūta?) (also known by the portmanteau abbreviation Famicom (ファミコン, Famikon?) and abbreviated as FC) on July 15, 1983, and was later released in North America during 1985, in Europe during 1986, and Australia in 1987. In South Korea, it was known as the Hyundai Comboy (현대 컴보이 Hyeondae Keomboi) and was distributed by SK Hynix which then was known as Hyundai Electronics. It was succeeded by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.

Question: What is the abbreviation of Nintendo Entertainment System?
Answer: NES

Question: what was it called in Japan?
Answer: Family Computer

Question: When was the Family Computer (Famicom) released in Japan?
Answer: July 15, 1983

Question: When was it released in Australia?
Answer: 1987

Question: What succeeded the Famicom?
Answer: Super Nintendo Entertainment System