rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

During a deposition filed for the 1887 trial, Italian inventor Antonio Meucci also claimed to have created the first working model of a telephone in Italy in 1834. In 1886, in the first of three cases in which he was involved, Meucci took the stand as a witness in the hopes of establishing his invention's priority. Meucci's evidence in this case was disputed due to a lack of material evidence for his inventions as his working models were purportedly lost at the laboratory of American District Telegraph (ADT) of New York, which was later incorporated as a subsidiary of Western Union in 1901. Meucci's work, like many other inventors of the period, was based on earlier acoustic principles and despite evidence of earlier experiments, the final case involving Meucci was eventually dropped upon Meucci's death. However, due to the efforts of Congressman Vito Fossella, the U.S. House of Representatives on June 11, 2002 stated that Meucci's "work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged", even though this did not put an end to a still contentious issue.[N 17] Some modern scholars do not agree with the claims that Bell's work on the telephone was influenced by Meucci's inventions.[N 18]

Question: Who claimed to have invented the in 1834?
Answer: Antonio Meucci

Question: How many court trials did Meucci participate in?
Answer: 3

Question: At what company were Meucci's prototypes supposedly lost?
Answer: American District Telegraph (ADT)

Question: In what year did Western Union absorb ADT?
Answer: 1901

Question: What event caused Meucci's trials to be dropped?
Answer: death
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

The value of the Bell patent was acknowledged throughout the world, and patent applications were made in most major countries, but when Bell had delayed the German patent application, the electrical firm of Siemens & Halske (S&H) managed to set up a rival manufacturer of Bell telephones under their own patent. The Siemens company produced near-identical copies of the Bell telephone without having to pay royalties. The establishment of the International Bell Telephone Company in Brussels, Belgium in 1880, as well as a series of agreements in other countries eventually consolidated a global telephone operation. The strain put on Bell by his constant appearances in court, necessitated by the legal battles, eventually resulted in his resignation from the company.[N 19]

Question: Because of their patent, what didn't Siemens & Halske have to give Bell?
Answer: royalties

Question: What was the home city for the International Bell Telephone Company?
Answer: Brussels

Question: In what year was the International Bell Telephone Company founded?
Answer: 1880
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

On July 11, 1877, a few days after the Bell Telephone Company was established, Bell married Mabel Hubbard (1857–1923) at the Hubbard estate in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His wedding present to his bride was to turn over 1,487 of his 1,497 shares in the newly formed Bell Telephone Company. Shortly thereafter, the newlyweds embarked on a year-long honeymoon in Europe. During that excursion, Bell took a handmade model of his telephone with him, making it a "working holiday". The courtship had begun years earlier; however, Bell waited until he was more financially secure before marrying. Although the telephone appeared to be an "instant" success, it was not initially a profitable venture and Bell's main sources of income were from lectures until after 1897. One unusual request exacted by his fiancée was that he use "Alec" rather than the family's earlier familiar name of "Aleck". From 1876, he would sign his name "Alec Bell". They had four children:

Question: Who did Bell marry in 1877?
Answer: Mabel Hubbard

Question: How many children did Bell and Mabel have?
Answer: 4

Question: Where did Bell and his wife go on their honeymoon?
Answer: Europe

Question: Before 1897, what did Bell get most of his money from?
Answer: lectures
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

The Bell family home was in Cambridge, Massachusetts, until 1880 when Bell's father-in-law bought a house in Washington, D.C., and later in 1882 bought a home in the same city for Bell's family, so that they could be with him while he attended to the numerous court cases involving patent disputes.

Question: In what year did Mabel's father move to Washington D.C.?
Answer: 1880

Question: In what year did Bell acquire a house in D.C.?
Answer: 1882

Question: Where did Bell and Mabel live before 1880?
Answer: Cambridge, Massachusetts

Question: What did Bell have to go to court for in D.C.?
Answer: patent disputes
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Bell was a British subject throughout his early life in Scotland and later in Canada until 1882, when he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1915, he characterized his status as: "I am not one of those hyphenated Americans who claim allegiance to two countries." Despite this declaration, Bell has been proudly claimed as a "native son" by all three countries he resided in: the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.

Question: In what year did Bell officially become an American?
Answer: 1882

Question: What was Bell's original nationality?
Answer: British

Question: Besides the US and UK, what other country claims Bell as a citizen?
Answer: Canada

Question: What does Bell call people who are citizens of two countries?
Answer: hyphenated
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

By 1885, a new summer retreat was contemplated. That summer, the Bells had a vacation on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, spending time at the small village of Baddeck. Returning in 1886, Bell started building an estate on a point across from Baddeck, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. By 1889, a large house, christened The Lodge was completed and two years later, a larger complex of buildings, including a new laboratory, were begun that the Bells would name Beinn Bhreagh (Gaelic: beautiful mountain) after Bell's ancestral Scottish highlands.[N 21] Bell also built the Bell Boatyard on the estate, employing up to 40 people building experimental craft as well as wartime lifeboats and workboats for the Royal Canadian Navy and pleasure craft for the Bell family. An enthusiastic boater, Bell and his family sailed or rowed a long series of vessels on Bras d'Or Lake, ordering additional vessels from the H.W. Embree and Sons boatyard in Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia. In his final, and some of his most productive years, Bell split his residency between Washington, D.C., where he and his family initially resided for most of the year, and at Beinn Bhreagh where they spent increasing amounts of time.

Question: What Island in Nova Scotia did the Bells go to in 1885?
Answer: Breton Island

Question: In 1886, what lake did Bell start building a house near?
Answer: Bras d'Or

Question: What did the Bells call the house completed in 1889?
Answer: The Lodge

Question: How many people worked for the Bell Boatyard?
Answer: 40
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Until the end of his life, Bell and his family would alternate between the two homes, but Beinn Bhreagh would, over the next 30 years, become more than a summer home as Bell became so absorbed in his experiments that his annual stays lengthened. Both Mabel and Bell became immersed in the Baddeck community and were accepted by the villagers as "their own".[N 22] The Bells were still in residence at Beinn Bhreagh when the Halifax Explosion occurred on December 6, 1917. Mabel and Bell mobilized the community to help victims in Halifax.

Question: Where did the Bells live when the Halifax Explosion happened?
Answer: Beinn Bhreagh

Question: On what day did the Halifax Explosion happen?
Answer: December 6, 1917

Question: Which of their two homes did the Bells start spending more time as Bell aged?
Answer: Beinn Bhreagh

Question: What city adopted the Bells?
Answer: Baddeck

Question: What did the Bells do to help the victims in Halifax?
Answer: mobilized the community
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Although Alexander Graham Bell is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, his interests were extremely varied. According to one of his biographers, Charlotte Gray, Bell's work ranged "unfettered across the scientific landscape" and he often went to bed voraciously reading the Encyclopædia Britannica, scouring it for new areas of interest. The range of Bell's inventive genius is represented only in part by the 18 patents granted in his name alone and the 12 he shared with his collaborators. These included 14 for the telephone and telegraph, four for the photophone, one for the phonograph, five for aerial vehicles, four for "hydroairplanes" and two for selenium cells. Bell's inventions spanned a wide range of interests and included a metal jacket to assist in breathing, the audiometer to detect minor hearing problems, a device to locate icebergs, investigations on how to separate salt from seawater, and work on finding alternative fuels.

Question: What series of books does Gray say Bell would go to sleep reading?
Answer: Encyclopædia Britannica

Question: How many solo patents did Bell get?
Answer: 18

Question: How many patents did Bell co-author?
Answer: 12
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Bell worked extensively in medical research and invented techniques for teaching speech to the deaf. During his Volta Laboratory period, Bell and his associates considered impressing a magnetic field on a record as a means of reproducing sound. Although the trio briefly experimented with the concept, they could not develop a workable prototype. They abandoned the idea, never realizing they had glimpsed a basic principle which would one day find its application in the tape recorder, the hard disc and floppy disc drive and other magnetic media.

Question: What famous lab did Bell spend time working for?
Answer: Volta

Question: What type of energy did Bell investigate at the Volta Laboratory?
Answer: magnetic

Question: The magnetic field is part of what sort of recorder?
Answer: tape recorder
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Bell's own home used a primitive form of air conditioning, in which fans blew currents of air across great blocks of ice. He also anticipated modern concerns with fuel shortages and industrial pollution. Methane gas, he reasoned, could be produced from the waste of farms and factories. At his Canadian estate in Nova Scotia, he experimented with composting toilets and devices to capture water from the atmosphere. In a magazine interview published shortly before his death, he reflected on the possibility of using solar panels to heat houses.

Question: What form of water played a part in Bell's home cooling system?
Answer: ice

Question: What did Bell think could be collected from farm and factory byproduct?
Answer: Methane gas

Question: What kind of toilet did Bell work on?
Answer: composting

Question: Right before his death, what kind of energy did he speculate about?
Answer: solar
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone, named a photophone, which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light. Both men later became full associates in the Volta Laboratory Association.

Question: What did Bell call his cord-free phone?
Answer: photophone

Question: Who did Bell invent the cord-free phone with?
Answer: Charles Sumner Tainter

Question: What did Bell's cord-free phone use to transmit messages?
Answer: light

Question: What lab association did Bell and Tainter both eventually join?
Answer: Volta Laboratory Association

Question: In the photophone, light carried sound and what?
Answer: normal human conversations
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message a considerable distance, from the roof of the Franklin School in Washington, D.C., to Bell at the window of his laboratory, some 213 metres (700 ft) away, 19 years before the first voice radio transmissions.

Question: Bell and his assistant first used their photophone on what date?
Answer: June 21, 1880

Question: How many feet did the first photophone message travel?
Answer: 700

Question: From what building was the first photophone message sent?
Answer: Franklin School

Question: How many years after this photophone message would the first message take place over radio?
Answer: 19
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Bell believed the photophone's principles were his life's "greatest achievement", telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was "the greatest invention [I have] ever made, greater than the telephone". The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular worldwide usage in the 1980s. Its master patent was issued in December 1880, many decades before the photophone's principles came into popular use.

Question: What did Bell call the best thing he ever made?
Answer: The photophone

Question: Bell thought the photophone was better than what famous invention?
Answer: telephone

Question: What modern technology takes the next step from the photophone?
Answer: fiber-optic communication

Question: When was fiber-optics first patented?
Answer: 1880

Question: In what decade did fiber-optics become widely used?
Answer: 1980s
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector in 1881. The device was quickly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of U.S. President James Garfield. According to some accounts, the metal detector worked flawlessly in tests but did not find the assassin's bullet partly because the metal bed frame on which the President was lying disturbed the instrument, resulting in static. The president's surgeons, who were skeptical of the device, ignored Bell's requests to move the president to a bed not fitted with metal springs. Alternatively, although Bell had detected a slight sound on his first test, the bullet may have been lodged too deeply to be detected by the crude apparatus.

Question: What did Bell create in 1881?
Answer: metal detector

Question: What was in James Garfield that they wanted to get out?
Answer: bullet

Question: What did Bell think was wrong with the bed, which prevented his machine from finding the bullet?
Answer: metal bed frame

Question: On which run did Bell's metal detector give a small indication?
Answer: first

Question: When did Bell's metal detector work well?
Answer: in tests
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Bell's own detailed account, presented to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1882, differs in several particulars from most of the many and varied versions now in circulation, most notably by concluding that extraneous metal was not to blame for failure to locate the bullet. Perplexed by the peculiar results he had obtained during an examination of Garfield, Bell "...proceeded to the Executive Mansion the next morning...to ascertain from the surgeons whether they were perfectly sure that all metal had been removed from the neighborhood of the bed. It was then recollected that underneath the horse-hair mattress on which the President lay was another mattress composed of steel wires. Upon obtaining a duplicate, the mattress was found to consist of a sort of net of woven steel wires, with large meshes. The extent of the [area that produced a response from the detector] having been so small, as compared with the area of the bed, it seemed reasonable to conclude that the steel mattress had produced no detrimental effect." In a footnote, Bell adds that "The death of President Garfield and the subsequent post-mortem examination, however, proved that the bullet was at too great a distance from the surface to have affected our apparatus."

Question: Bell gave his story about trying to find the bullet to the American Association for the Advancement of what?
Answer: Science

Question: Where did Bell go the day after trying to find the bullet?
Answer: Executive Mansion

Question: What kind of mattress was the President directly on?
Answer: horse-hair

Question: Where did Bell indicate that the bullet was too deep for his machine to register?
Answer: footnote
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

The March 1906 Scientific American article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils and hydroplanes. Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Based on information gained from that article he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat. Bell and assistant Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water. Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing models. This led him and Bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft.

Question: Who wrote the paper laying out hydrofoils and hydroplanes?
Answer: William E. Meacham

Question: What nationality was Meacham?
Answer: American

Question: What did Bell start drawing after reading the article?
Answer: hydrofoil boat

Question: Who helped Bell investigate hydrofoils in 1908?
Answer: Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin

Question: Which Italian scientist did Baldwin draw inspiration from?
Answer: Enrico Forlanini
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

During his world tour of 1910–11, Bell and Baldwin met with Forlanini in France. They had rides in the Forlanini hydrofoil boat over Lake Maggiore. Baldwin described it as being as smooth as flying. On returning to Baddeck, a number of initial concepts were built as experimental models, including the Dhonnas Beag, the first self-propelled Bell-Baldwin hydrofoil. The experimental boats were essentially proof-of-concept prototypes that culminated in the more substantial HD-4, powered by Renault engines. A top speed of 54 miles per hour (87 km/h) was achieved, with the hydrofoil exhibiting rapid acceleration, good stability and steering along with the ability to take waves without difficulty. In 1913, Dr. Bell hired Walter Pinaud, a Sydney yacht designer and builder as well as the proprietor of Pinaud's Yacht Yard in Westmount, Nova Scotia to work on the pontoons of the HD-4. Pinaud soon took over the boatyard at Bell Laboratories on Beinn Bhreagh, Bell's estate near Baddeck, Nova Scotia. Pinaud's experience in boat-building enabled him to make useful design changes to the HD-4. After the First World War, work began again on the HD-4. Bell's report to the U.S. Navy permitted him to obtain two 350 horsepower (260 kilowatts) engines in July 1919. On September 9, 1919, the HD-4 set a world marine speed record of 70.86 miles per hour (114.04 kilometres per hour), a record which stood for ten years.

Question: In what country did Baldwin and Forlanini get together?
Answer: France

Question: What did Baldwin liken the hydrofoil boat to?
Answer: flying

Question: Which boat was first powered by a Renault engine?
Answer: HD-4
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

In 1898, Bell experimented with tetrahedral box kites and wings constructed of multiple compound tetrahedral kites covered in maroon silk.[N 23] The tetrahedral wings were named Cygnet I, II and III, and were flown both unmanned and manned (Cygnet I crashed during a flight carrying Selfridge) in the period from 1907–1912. Some of Bell's kites are on display at the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site.

Question: What color silk covered Bell's kites?
Answer: maroon

Question: Who was on Cygnet I when it crashed?
Answer: Selfridge

Question: Bell's kits were flown from 1907 to what year?
Answer: 1912

Question: How many tetrahedral wings did Bell create?
Answer: 3

Question: Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site?
Answer: Alexander Graham Bell
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Bell was a supporter of aerospace engineering research through the Aerial Experiment Association (AEA), officially formed at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, in October 1907 at the suggestion of his wife Mabel and with her financial support after the sale of some of her real estate. The AEA was headed by Bell and the founding members were four young men: American Glenn H. Curtiss, a motorcycle manufacturer at the time and who held the title "world's fastest man", having ridden his self-constructed motor bicycle around in the shortest time, and who was later awarded the Scientific American Trophy for the first official one-kilometre flight in the Western hemisphere, and who later became a world-renowned airplane manufacturer; Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, an official observer from the U.S. Federal government and one of the few people in the army who believed that aviation was the future; Frederick W. Baldwin, the first Canadian and first British subject to pilot a public flight in Hammondsport, New York, and J.A.D. McCurdy —Baldwin and McCurdy being new engineering graduates from the University of Toronto.

Question: What organization did Bell set up due to his interest in aerospace?
Answer: Aerial Experiment Association

Question: When was the AEA founded?
Answer: 1907

Question: Which original member of the AEA held motorcycle speed records?
Answer: Glenn H. Curtiss

Question: Which branch of the military was Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge in?
Answer: army
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

The AEA's work progressed to heavier-than-air machines, applying their knowledge of kites to gliders. Moving to Hammondsport, the group then designed and built the Red Wing, framed in bamboo and covered in red silk and powered by a small air-cooled engine. On March 12, 1908, over Keuka Lake, the biplane lifted off on the first public flight in North America.[N 24] [N 25] The innovations that were incorporated into this design included a cockpit enclosure and tail rudder (later variations on the original design would add ailerons as a means of control). One of the AEA's inventions, a practical wingtip form of the aileron, was to become a standard component on all aircraft. [N 26] The White Wing and June Bug were to follow and by the end of 1908, over 150 flights without mishap had been accomplished. However, the AEA had depleted its initial reserves and only a $15,000 grant from Mrs. Bell allowed it to continue with experiments. Lt. Selfridge had also become the first person killed in a powered heavier-than-air flight in a crash of the Wright Flyer at Fort Myer, Virginia, on September 17, 1908.

Question: What did the AEA work on after kites?
Answer: gliders

Question: What material was the Red Wing's frame made of?
Answer: bamboo

Question: What kind of plane was the Red Wing?
Answer: biplane

Question: How many accident-free flights had the AEA taken by 1909?
Answer: 150

Question: Who was the first person to die in a plane crash?
Answer: Selfridge
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Their final aircraft design, the Silver Dart, embodied all of the advancements found in the earlier machines. On February 23, 1909, Bell was present as the Silver Dart flown by J.A.D. McCurdy from the frozen ice of Bras d'Or, made the first aircraft flight in Canada. Bell had worried that the flight was too dangerous and had arranged for a doctor to be on hand. With the successful flight, the AEA disbanded and the Silver Dart would revert to Baldwin and McCurdy who began the Canadian Aerodrome Company and would later demonstrate the aircraft to the Canadian Army.

Question: What did the AEA name their last plane?
Answer: Silver Dart

Question: Who was the first to fly the Silver Dart?
Answer: J.A.D. McCurdy

Question: What professional did Bell make sure was present during the first Silver Dart flight?
Answer: a doctor

Question: What business did Baldwin and McCurdy start after the AEA folded?
Answer: Canadian Aerodrome Company

Question: On what month and day did the Silver Dart take its first flight?
Answer: February 23