rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Anthropology

Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic factors. Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present. It is based on a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics. It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present.

Question: What branch of anthropology studies human behavior and the relation between primates?
Answer: Evolutionary

Question: What is evolutionary anthropology  based in?
Answer: natural science and social science

Question: Which humans does evolutionary anthropology concern itself with the biological and cultural evolution of?
Answer: past and present

Question: What type of approach is evolutionary anthropology based on?
Answer: scientific

Question: What evidence does evolutionary anthropology draw on to understand the human experience?
Answer: many lines
Title: Anthropology

Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture. Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed, not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man's inhumanity to man. To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach, one can take just one of these topics, such as "racism" and find thousands of anthropological references, stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields.

Question: What type of anthropology commitment is noticing and documenting genocide?
Answer: Ethical

Question: What is the proper term for circumcision?
Answer: mutilation

Question: What are good topics to attract the attention of an anthropologist?
Answer: racism, slavery, and human sacrifice

Question: Nutritional deficiencies and colonialism are just two theories of the root cause of Man's inhumanity towards whom?
Answer: man

Question: Why can one find thousands of anthropological references to the topics?
Answer: depth of an anthropological approach
Title: Anthropology

But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the "Axis" (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan). Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information). At the same time, David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies.

Question: What were Boas' peers doing in the 1940s?
Answer: active in the allied war effort

Question: What groups formed the Axis forces?
Answer: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan

Question: What did many anthropologists serve in?
Answer: the armed forces

Question: The Office of Strategic Services is an example of what type of posting during the War?
Answer: intelligence

Question: Why are several anthropologists dismissed from their jobs, according to David H. Price?
Answer: communist sympathies.
Title: Anthropology

Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that "in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given."

Question: What do groups of anthropologists object to the use of anthropology for benefit of?
Answer: the state

Question: What type of briefings are forbidden for members of certain anthropologist bodies to give?
Answer: secret

Question: What has the ASA identified as being ethically dangerous?
Answer: certain scholarship

Question: Who penned a "Statement of Professional Responsibility"?
Answer: The AAA

Question: Secret research and reports are things which should never be what?
Answer: given
Title: Anthropology

Anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The Christian Science Monitor reports that "Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs" in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, "When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology. In summary, while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of "anthropology" within DoD."

Question: Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists? 
Answer: the US military

Question: What are the anthropologists part of?
Answer: US Army's strategy in Afghanistan

Question: What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan?
Answer: Counterinsurgency

Question: Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan?
Answer: Iraq

Question: What does the AAA feel is incompatible with working with the military?
Answer: ethics
Title: Anthropology

Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists "into the field," which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called "fieldwork." On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs.

Question: What type of anthropologist is interested in human variation?
Answer: Biological

Question: What would an idea shared by virtually all human cultures be considered?
Answer: human universals

Question: Where can participant observation take an anthropologist?
Answer: into the field

Question: To be able to do fieldwork, an anthropologist must first travel to what?
Answer: a community in its own setting

Question: Articles can published once what type of samples have been taken?
Answer: genetic
Title: Anthropology

Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.[citation needed] Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past.[citation needed] Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to Culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.

Question: How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world?
Answer: relevant time periods and geographic regions

Question: How has human time on Earth been divided up?
Answer: cultural traditions based on material

Question: Olduwan, Mousterian, and Levalloisian are all types of what?
Answer: tool

Question: Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else?
Answer: geographers

Question: What is a central part of the science of anthropology?
Answer: comparative method
Title: Anthropology

Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of "other cultures", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the "Third World" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in "other cultures" looked for them far away and started to look "across the tracks" only in late 1960s.

Question: What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of?
Answer: "other cultures

Question: A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect?
Answer: time

Question: What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant?
Answer: non-European/non-Western societies

Question: Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, "Exploring the City: Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology"?
Answer: Ulf Hannerz

Question: When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to "look across the tracks"?
Answer: only in late 1960s
Title: Anthropology

Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses.

Question: What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s?
Answer: set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region

Question: Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what?
Answer: research to a single locale

Question: What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond?
Answer: daily life of ordinary people

Question: What setting have anthropologists done more research in recently?
Answer: scientific laboratories

Question: Governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses are all settings which are fair game to do what in?
Answer: research
Title: Portugal

Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebastião de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759.

Question: What happened to Joseph I in 1758?
Answer: wounded in an attempted assassination

Question: Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I?
Answer: The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro

Question: Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I?
Answer: The Jesuits

Question: In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras?
Answer: 1759

Question: What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy?
Answer: Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children
Title: Portugal

Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal’s "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.

Question: In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?
Answer: 1770

Question: How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?
Answer: until Joseph I's death in 1779

Question: What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty?
Answer: autocracy

Question: Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?
Answer: knew no opposition

Question: What was Pombal's "enlightenment" an apparatus for?
Answer: crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation
Title: Portugal

With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent João VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

Question: Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?
Answer: Napoleon

Question: In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?
Answer: 1822

Question: To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?
Answer: Brazil

Question: What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?
Answer: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

Question: How long did Portugal's decline last?
Answer: until the 20th century
Title: Portugal

As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which started in Porto, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821.

Question: Portugese and British troops fought against the invasion of which country?
Answer: French

Question: Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil?
Answer: until the Liberal Revolution of 1820

Question: Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin?
Answer: Porto

Question: By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon?
Answer: 1815

Question: What provoked the modernization and expansion of the Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus?
Answer: the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family
Title: Portugal

With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, Sá da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.

Question: When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?
Answer: before the turn of the 20th century

Question: When was the Conference of Berlin held?
Answer: 1884

Question: During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?
Answer: Scramble for Africa

Question: Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?
Answer: to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa

Question: What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa?
Answer: Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia
Title: Portugal

On 1 February 1908, the king Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent, Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were murdered in Lisbon. Under his rule, Portugal had twice been declared bankrupt – on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 – causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. Manuel II of Portugal became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 revolution, which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in Portugal. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the Portuguese First Republic. These conditions would lead to the failed Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d'état, and the creation of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional).

Question: On what day were King Dom Carlos I and and his heir, Prince Royal Dom Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, murdered?
Answer: 1 February 1908

Question: Under the rule of King Dom Carlos I, on what two days was Portugal declared bankrupt?
Answer: on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902

Question: Who succeeded King Dom Carlos I as king?
Answer: Manuel II of Portugal

Question: On what day was King Manuel II overthrown?
Answer: 5 October 1910

Question: During the Portuguese First Republic, what creating a fertile ground for chaos and unrest?
Answer: Political instability and economic weaknesses
Title: Portugal

This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire.

Question: Who led the Estado Novo?
Answer: António de Oliveira Salazar

Question: In what year was the Estado Novo established?
Answer: 1933

Question: How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II?
Answer: five

Question: What action affirmed Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation?
Answer: relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa
Title: Portugal

Portugal maintains a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy, and a high living standard, having the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. It is a member of numerous international organizations, including the United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001, the first country in the world to do so. However, drugs are still illegal in Portugal.

Question: What are three international organizations that Portugal belongs to?
Answer: United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries

Question: What form of government does Portugal maintain?
Answer: unitary semi-presidential republican

Question: What is Portugal's Social Progress ranking?
Answer: 18th highest

Question: Which three Western European countries have a lower Social Progress ranking than Portugal?
Answer: France, Spain and Italy

Question: In 2001, Portugal was the first country in the world to do what?
Answer: decriminalized the usage of all common drugs
Title: Portugal

Pelayos' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands from the Moors. In the process, after defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722 AD, Pelayos was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in Portuguese as the Reconquista Cristã.

Question: What was Pelayos' plan?
Answer: to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors

Question: Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting?
Answer: Moors

Question: In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors?
Answer: Battle of Covadonga

Question: In which year was Pelayos proclaimed king?
Answer: 722 AD

Question: What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?
Answer: Reconquista Cristã
Title: Portugal

After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vimara Peres, in 868 AD, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália — the County of Portugal. Later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of Christian Kingdoms in Northern Spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring. With the forced abdication of Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias by his sons in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms of León, Galicia and Asturias. The three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 (León and Galicia in 914, Asturias later) under the crown of León.

Question: Why was the Kingdom of Asturias divided?
Answer: dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring

Question: Who annexed the County of Portugal into the Kingdom of Asturias?
Answer: King Alfonso III

Question: In which year was Vimara Peres knighted?
Answer: 868 AD

Question: What was Vimara knighted as?
Answer: First Count of Portus Cale

Question: What three names did Portugal become known as after Vimara Peres was knighted?
Answer: Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália