rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Alps

Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian grow in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental. Gentians are named after the Illyrian king Gentius, and 40 species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps, in a range of 1,500 to 2,400 m (4,921 to 7,874 ft). Writing about the gentians in Switzerland D. H. Lawrence described them as "darkening the day-time, torch-like with the smoking blueness of Pluto's gloom." Gentians tend to "appear" repeatedly as the spring blooming takes place at progressively later dates, moving from the lower altitude to the higher altitude meadows where the snow melts much later than in the valleys. On the highest rocky ledges the spring flowers bloom in the summer.

Question: What grows in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental?
Answer: Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian

Question: What are Gentians named after?
Answer: the Illyrian king Gentius

Question: How many species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps?
Answer: 40 species
Title: Alps

At these higher altitudes, the plants tend to form isolated cushions. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m (13,120 ft), including Ranunculus glacialis, Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora. The Eritrichium nanum, commonly known as the King of the Alps, is the most elusive of the alpine flowers, growing on rocky ridges at 2,600 to 3,750 m (8,530 to 12,303 ft). Perhaps the best known of the alpine plants is the Edelweiss which grows in rocky areas and can be found at altitudes as low as 1,400 m (4,593 ft) and as high as 3,400 m (11,155 ft). The plants that grow at the highest altitudes have adapted to conditions by specialization such as growing in rock screes that give protection from winds.

Question: What do the plants tend to form at higher altitudes? 
Answer: isolated cushions

Question: Ranunculus glacialis have been recorded to have been found how far in the alps?
Answer: above 4,000 m

Question: What is Eritrichium nanum commonly known as?
Answer: the King of the Alps

Question: What is the best known of the alpine plants?
Answer: Edelweiss
Title: Alps

The extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes. Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps.

Question: What gives way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes?
Answer: extreme and stressful climatic conditions

Question: Origanum Vulgare has what useful properties?
Answer: medicinal

Question: Where are Urtica dioica found?
Answer: the Alps
Title: Alps

Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries. The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, as the high alpine meadows cease to be harvested for hay or used for grazing which eventually might result in a regrowth of forest. In some areas the modern practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed the underlying tundra from which the plant life cannot recover during the non-skiing months, whereas areas that still practice a natural piste type of ski slope building preserve the fragile underlayers.

Question: What has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas?
Answer: Human interference

Question: What are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries?
Answer: forests of deciduous trees

Question: What has changed since the second half of the 20th century?
Answer: The vegetation

Question: The practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed what?
Answer: the underlying tundra
Title: Alps

The Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife, ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears, many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line.

Question: How many species of wildlife habitat the Alps?
Answer: 30,000 species

Question: What have the wildlife done to survive the harsh conditions of the Alps?
Answer: made adaptations

Question: Some species of wildlife can only survive in what specific environment?
Answer: directly above or below the snow line
Title: Alps

The largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex, which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft). The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. Classified as antelopes, chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree line and are common in the entire alpine range. Areas of the eastern Alps are still home to brown bears. In Switzerland the canton of Bern was named for the bears but the last bear is recorded as having been killed in 1792 above Kleine Scheidegg by three hunters from Grindelwald.

Question: What is the largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes?
Answer: alpine ibex

Question: How high have the Alpine Ibex been sighted?
Answer: as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft)

Question: Where do the ibex live?
Answer: in caves

Question: What animal that live in the Alps are classified as antelopes?
Answer: chamois

Question: What year was the last brown bear recorded to have been killed?
Answer: 1792
Title: Alps

Many rodents such as voles live underground. Marmots live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft). They hibernate in large groups to provide warmth, and can be found in all areas of the Alps, in large colonies they build beneath the alpine pastures. Golden eagles and bearded vultures are the largest birds to be found in the Alps; they nest high on rocky ledges and can be found at altitudes of 2,400 m (7,874 ft). The most common bird is the alpine chough which can be found scavenging at climber's huts or at the Jungfraujoch, a high altitude tourist destination.

Question: Where do many rodents live?
Answer: underground

Question: Where do Marmots live?
Answer: almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft)

Question: Where do marmots build their colonies?
Answer: beneath the alpine pastures

Question: What is the most common bird found in the Alps?
Answer: the alpine chough
Title: Alps

Reptiles such as adders and vipers live up to the snow line; because they cannot bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges. The high-altitude Alpine salamanders have adapted to living above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs. Brown trout can be found in the streams up to the snow line. Molluscs such as the wood snail live up the snow line. Popularly gathered as food, the snails are now protected.

Question: Why do reptiles only live up to the snow line?
Answer: they cannot bear the cold temperatures

Question: What do reptiles due since they cannot bear the cold temperatures?
Answer: they hibernate underground

Question: How have the Alpine salamanders adapted to living above the snow line?
Answer: by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs

Question: What can be found in the streams up to the snow line?
Answer: Brown trout
Title: Alps

A number of species of moths live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created. Blue moths can commonly be seen drinking from the snow melt; some species of blue moths fly as high as 1,800 m (5,906 ft). The butterflies tend to be large, such as those from the swallowtail Parnassius family, with a habitat that ranges to 1,800 m (5,906 ft). Twelve species of beetles have habitats up to the snow line; the most beautiful and formerly collected for its colours but now protected is the Rosalia alpina. Spiders, such as the large wolf spider, live above the snow line and can be seen as high as 400 m (1,312 ft). Scorpions can be found in the Italian Alps.

Question: How long have some species of moths believed to have evolved from the same habitat?
Answer: 120 million years

Question: What can be commonly seen drinking from the snow melt?
Answer: Blue moths

Question: The swallowtail Parnassius family of butterfly habitat ranges up to how much?
Answer: 1,800 m (5,906 ft)

Question: What species of beetles are were collected for their colors before being protected?
Answer: Rosalia alpina
Title: Alps

Some of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. In Emosson in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the Triassic Period.

Question: Some species of moths and insects show evidence of what?
Answer: having been indigenous to the area

Question: How long ago does the evidence show moths and insects to have been indigenous?
Answer: the Alpine orogeny

Question: Where is Emosson located?
Answer: Valais, Switzerland

Question: When were dinosaur tracks found in Emosson?
Answer: the 1970s
Title: Alps

About 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses built on piles to keep them dry. Standing stones have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy. The rock drawings in Valcamonica are more than 5000 years old; more than 200,000 drawings and etchings have been identified at the site.

Question: When were late Paleolithic communities established along the lake shores?
Answer: About 10,000 years ago

Question: What has been found in caves near Vercors?
Answer: Evidence of human habitation

Question: Why were houses built on piles?
Answer: to keep them dry

Question: What have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy?
Answer: Standing stones

Question: How old are rock drawings in Valcamonica?
Answer: more than 5000 years old
Title: Alps

In 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling from one place to another. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of Ötzi, has shown that he belongs to the K1 subclade which cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade. The new subclade has provisionally been named K1ö for Ötzi.

Question: Who was Otzi the Iceman?
Answer: a mummy of a neolithic body

Question: When was Otzi the Iceman found?
Answer: In 1991

Question: Where was Otzi the Iceman discovered?
Answer: the Similaun glacier
Title: Alps

Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of the Hallstatt culture was found by a mine manager in the 19th century. By the 6th century BC the La Tène culture was well established in the region, and became known for high quality decorated weapons and jewelry. The Celts were the most widespread of the mountain tribes—they had warriors that were strong, tall and fair skinned skilled with iron weapons, which gave them an advantage in warfare.

Question: When did Celtic tribes settle in Switzerland? 
Answer: between 1000 to 1500 BC

Question: The Raetians lived in what region?
Answer: the eastern regions

Question: The Helvetii occupied which region?
Answer: the west

Question: What did the Celtic tribes mine?
Answer: salt

Question: Which were the most widespread of the mountain tribes?
Answer: The Celts
Title: Alps

During the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actual crossing or the place of crossing. The Romans, however, had built roads along the mountain passes, which continued to be used through the medieval period to cross the mountains and Roman road markers can still be found on the mountain passes.

Question: When was the Second Punic War?
Answer: 218 BC

Question: Who was the Carthaginian general?
Answer: Hannibal

Question: What did the Romans build along the mountain passes?
Answer: roads

Question: What can still be found on the mountain passes?
Answer: Roman road markers
Title: Alps

The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans built settlements in the Alps; towns such as Aosta (named for Augustus) in Italy, Martigny and Lausanne in Switzerland, and Partenkirchen in Bavaria show remains of Roman baths, villas, arenas and temples. Much of the Alpine region was gradually settled by Germanic tribes, (Lombards, Alemanni, Bavarii, and Franks) from the 6th to the 13th centuries mixing with the local Celtic tribes.

Question: What brought the defeat of the Allobrogi?
Answer: The Roman expansion

Question: When were the Allobrogi defeated?
Answer: in 121 BC

Question: When did Julius Caesar overcome the Helvetii?
Answer: 58 BC

Question: What tribes settled much of the Alpine region?
Answer: Germanic tribes
Title: Alps

Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms and kingdoms. Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy, still has intricate frescoes, excellent examples of Gothic art, in a tower room. In Switzerland, Château de Chillon is preserved as an example of medieval architecture.

Question: Who established Christianity in the region?
Answer: Romans

Question: What did the Frankish expansion and the Bavarian expansion introduce?
Answer: feudalism

Question: What area still has intricate frescoes?
Answer: Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy

Question: What is preserved as an example of medieval architecture?
Answer: Château de Chillon
Title: Alps

Much of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew up a charter that is considered to be a declaration of independence from neighboring kingdoms. After a series of battles fought in the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, more cantons joined the confederacy and by the 16th century Switzerland was well-established as a separate state.

Question: Much of the medieval period was a time of what?
Answer: power struggles

Question: Where were the Visconti from?
Answer: northern Italy

Question: What dynastie was from Austria and Slovenia?
Answer: the House of Habsburg

Question: What Country was a well-established separate state by the 16th century?
Answer: Switzerland
Title: Alps

During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions.

Question: What wars took place during the late 18th century and early 19th century?
Answer: the Napoleonic Wars

Question: Who annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys?
Answer: Napoleon

Question: When was the Helvetic Republic established?
Answer: 1798

Question: Where was the Helvetic Republic established?
Answer: Switzerland
Title: Alps

After the fall of Napoléon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lombarts. The later indeed became very popular after the construction of a paved road ordered by Napoléon Bonaparte. The Barrière de l'Esseillon is a serie of forts with heavy batteries, built on a cliff with a perfect view on the valley, a gorge on one side and steep mountains on the other side.

Question: When did many alpine countries develop heavy protection to prevent new invasion?
Answer: After the fall of Napoléon

Question: Who built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley?
Answer: Savoy

Question: Why were a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley built?
Answer: to protect the major alpine passes

Question: Who ordered the construction of a paved road?
Answer: Napoléon Bonaparte
Title: Alps

In the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the Augustinians had abbeys in the Savoy and one in the center of Interlaken, Switzerland. The Great St Bernard Hospice, built in the 9th or 10th centuries, at the summit of the Great Saint Bernard Pass was shelter for travelers and place for pilgrims since its inception; by the 19th century it became a tourist attraction with notable visitors such as author Charles Dickens and mountaineer Edward Whymper.

Question: What became tourist destinations during the 19th century?
Answer: the monasteries built in the high Alps

Question: Who built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland and Oberammergau?
Answer: The Benedictines

Question: Who had abbeys in the Savor and one in the center of Interlaken?
Answer: the Augustinians

Question: When was the Great St. Bernard Hospice built?
Answer: the 9th or 10th centuries
Title: Alps

Radiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people. The peaks, however, were mostly ignored except for a few notable examples, and long left to the exclusive attention of the people of the adjoining valleys. The mountain peaks were seen as terrifying, the abode of dragons and demons, to the point that people blindfolded themselves to cross the Alpine passes. The glaciers remained a mystery and many still believed the highest areas to be inhabited by dragons.

Question: How old was the charcoal placed in the Drachloch cave?
Answer: 50,000 years

Question: What does the finding of charcoal in Dragon's Hole prove?
Answer: the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people

Question: What may have been buried by the same prehistoric people?
Answer: Seven bear skulls

Question: People blindfolded themselves to cross what?
Answer: Alpine passes
Title: Alps

Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit, an experience he described as "horrifying and terrifying." Leonardo da Vinci was fascinated by variations of light in the higher altitudes, and climbed a mountain—scholars are uncertain which one; some believe it may have been Monte Rosa. From his description of a "blue like that of a gentian" sky it is thought that he reached a significantly high altitude. In the 18th century four Chamonix man almost made the summit of Mont Blanc but were overcome by altitude sickness and snowblindness.

Question: Where was Charles VII from?
Answer: France

Question: What was Charles VII chamberlain ordered to do?
Answer: climb Mont Aiguille

Question: What did the knight leave at the summit of Rocciamelone?
Answer: a bronze triptych of three crosses

Question: When did Antioine de Ville climb Mont Aiguille?
Answer: 1492

Question: When did four Chamonix men almost reach the summit of Mont Blanc?
Answer: 18th century
Title: Alps

Conrad Gessner was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century, to study them, writing that in the mountains he found the "theatre of the Lord". By the 19th century more naturalists began to arrive to explore, study and conquer the high peaks; they were followed by artists, writers and painters. Two men who first explored the regions of ice and snow were Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740–1799) in the Pennine Alps, and the Benedictine monk of Disentis Placidus a Spescha (1752–1833). Born in Geneva, Saussure was enamored with the mountains from an early age; he left a law career to become a naturalist and spent many years trekking through the Bernese Oberland, the Savoy, the Piedmont and Valais, studying the glaciers and the geology, as he became an early proponent of the theory of rock upheaval. Saussure, in 1787, was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc—today the summits of all the peaks have been climbed.

Question: Who was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains?
Answer: Conrad Gessner

Question: Where was Horace-Benedict de Saussure born?
Answer: Geneva

Question: Who was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc?
Answer: Saussure
Title: Alps

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, banishing the prevalent conception of the mountains as a hellish wasteland inhabited by demons. Rousseau's conception of alpine purity was later emphasized with the publication of Albrecht von Haller's poem Die Alpen that described the mountains as an area of mythical purity. Late in the 18th century the first wave of Romantics such as Goethe and Turner came to admire the scenery; Wordsworth visited the area in 1790, writing of his experiences in The Prelude. Schiller later wrote the play William Tell romanticising Swiss independence. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Alpine countries began to see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians, as visitors came to experience the sublime effects of monumental nature.

Question: Who was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty?
Answer: Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question: Who wrote the poem Die Alpen?
Answer: Albrecht von Haller

Question: When did the Alpine countries see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians?
Answer: After the end of the Napoleonic Wars

Question: What did the visitors come to experience in the Alpine countries?
Answer: the sublime effects of monumental nature