rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Dialect

Modern standard Italian itself is heavily based on the Latin-derived Florentine Tuscan language. The Tuscan-based language that would eventually become modern standard Italian had been used in poetry and literature since at least the 12th century, and it first became widely known in Italy through the works of authors such as Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Petrarch. Dante's Florentine-Tuscan literary Italian thus became the language of the literate and upper class in Italy, and it spread throughout the peninsula as the lingua franca among the Italian educated class as well as Italian traveling merchants. The economic prowess and cultural and artistic importance of Tuscany in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance further encouraged the diffusion of the Florentine-Tuscan Italian throughout Italy and among the educated and powerful, though local and regional languages remained the main languages of the common people.

Question: What language is modern standard Italian derived from?
Answer: Florentine Tuscan

Question: What language is Florentine Tuscan based on?
Answer: Latin

Question: During what century did Florentine Tuscan begin to be used in poetry?
Answer: 12th

Question: What socioeconomic class used the Florentine Tuscan language in Dante's time?
Answer: upper class

Question: From what region of Italy did Florentine Tuscan derive?
Answer: Tuscany
Title: Dialect

During the Risorgimento, proponents of Italian republicanism and Italian nationalism, such as Alessandro Manzoni, stressed the importance of establishing a uniform national language in order to better create an Italian national identity. With the unification of Italy in the 1860s, standard Italian became the official national language of the new Italian state, while the various unofficial regional languages of Italy gradually became regarded as subordinate "dialects" to Italian, increasingly associated negatively with lack of education or provincialism. However, at the time of the Italian Unification, standard Italian still existed mainly as a literary language, and only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak standard Italian.

Question: What Italian nationalist spoke of the importance of a national Italian language?
Answer: Alessandro Manzoni

Question: During what period was the importance of having an Italian national language raised?
Answer: the Risorgimento

Question: In what decade was Italy unified?
Answer: 1860s

Question: What percentage of Italians spoke standard Italian when Italy was first unified?
Answer: 2.5%

Question: When Italy was unified, what was named the official national language?
Answer: standard Italian
Title: Dialect

In the early 20th century, the vast conscription of Italian men from all throughout Italy during World War I is credited with facilitating the diffusion of standard Italian among less educated Italian men, as these men from various regions with various regional languages were forced to communicate with each other in a common tongue while serving in the Italian military. With the eventual spread of the radio and television throughout Italy and the establishment of public education, Italians from all regions were increasingly exposed to standard Italian, while literacy rates among all social classes improved. Today, the majority of Italians are able to speak standard Italian, though many Italians still speak their regional language regularly or as their primary day-to-day language, especially at home with family or when communicating with Italians from the same town or region. However, to some Italians, speaking a regional language, especially in a formal setting or outside of one's region, may carry a stigma or negative connotations associated with being lower class, uneducated, boorish, or overly informal.

Question: During what war did a large number of Italian men first learn standard Italian?
Answer: World War I

Question: Along with radio and public education, what invention helped to diffuse standard Italian among the Italian population?
Answer: television

Question: In modern Italy, what class of people are regional languages sometimes associated with?
Answer: lower

Question: Along with formal settings, where do some Italians avoid speaking their regional language?
Answer: outside of one's region

Question: Aside from when they're speaking to Italians from their same town or region, where is a common place where Italians speak their regional language?
Answer: at home with family
Title: Dialect

Italians in different regions today may also speak regional varieties of standard Italian, or regional Italian dialects, which, unlike the majority of languages of Italy, are actually dialects of standard Italian rather than separate languages. A regional Italian dialect is generally standard Italian that has been heavily influenced or mixed with local or regional native languages and accents.

Question: Regional Italian dialects are often influenced by regional languages and what other language?
Answer: standard Italian
Title: Dialect

The languages of Italy are primarily Latin-based Romance languages, with the most widely spoken languages falling within the Italo-Dalmatian language family. This wide category includes:

Question: What language family do most of the languages of Italy belong to?
Answer: Italo-Dalmatian

Question: What language are most languages of Italy derived from?
Answer: Latin

Question: Aside from Italo-Dalmatian, what is another term for the group that Italian languages belong to?
Answer: Romance
Title: Dialect

The Sardinian language is considered to be its own Romance language family, separate not only from standard Italian but also the wider Italo-Dalmatian family, and it includes the Campidanese Sardinian and Logudorese Sardinian variants. However, Gallurese, Sassarese, and Corsican are also spoken in Sardinia, and these languages are considered closely related or derived from the Italian Tuscan language and thus are Italo-Dalmatian languages. Furthermore, the Gallo-Romance language of Ligurian and the Catalan Algherese dialect are also spoken in Sardinia.

Question: Campidanese Sardinian is a variant of what language?
Answer: The Sardinian language

Question: What language is Sassarese closely related to?
Answer: Italian Tuscan

Question: What language family does Gallurese belong to?
Answer: Italo-Dalmatian

Question: What language family does Ligurian belong to?
Answer: Gallo-Romance

Question: Where is the Catalan Algherese dialect spoken?
Answer: Sardinian
Title: Dialect

The classification of speech varieties as dialects or languages and their relationship to other varieties of speech can be controversial and the verdicts inconsistent. English and Serbo-Croatian illustrate the point. English and Serbo-Croatian each have two major variants (British and American English, and Serbian and Croatian, respectively), along with numerous other varieties. For political reasons, analyzing these varieties as "languages" or "dialects" yields inconsistent results: British and American English, spoken by close political and military allies, are almost universally regarded as dialects of a single language, whereas the standard languages of Serbia and Croatia, which differ from each other to a similar extent as the dialects of English, are being treated by some linguists from the region as distinct languages, largely because the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies. (The Serbo-Croatian language article deals with this topic much more fully.)

Question: Along with British English, what is the major variant of the English language?
Answer: American English

Question: What are the two major variants of Serbo-Croatian?
Answer: Serbian and Croatian

Question: Are British and American English regarded as distinct languages, or dialects of a single language?
Answer: dialects of a single language

Question: Do regional linguists treat Serbian and Croation as distinct languages or as dialects of a single language?
Answer: distinct languages

Question: Why are Serbian and Croatian often treated like distinct languages?
Answer: the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies
Title: Dialect

Similar examples abound. Macedonian, although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian, certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum, is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect, in contrast with the contemporary international view and the view in the Republic of Macedonia, which regards it as a language in its own right. Nevertheless, before the establishment of a literary standard of Macedonian in 1944, in most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War, the southern Slavonic dialect continuum covering the area of today's Republic of Macedonia were referred to as Bulgarian dialects.

Question: Along with Serbian, with what language is Macedonian mutually intelligible?
Answer: Bulgarian

Question: What dialect continuum does Macedonian belong to?
Answer: South Slavic

Question: What do Bulgarian linguists regard the Macedonian language as?
Answer: a Bulgarian dialect

Question: In what year was a Macedonian literary standard established?
Answer: 1944

Question: In what country is Macedonian most commonly spoken?
Answer: Republic of Macedonia
Title: Dialect

In Lebanon, a part of the Christian population considers "Lebanese" to be in some sense a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect. During the civil war Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially, and sporadically used the Latin script to write Lebanese, thus further distinguishing it from Arabic. All Lebanese laws are written in the standard literary form of Arabic, though parliamentary debate may be conducted in Lebanese Arabic.

Question: Lebanese people of what religion sometimes consider Lebanese to be a distinct language?
Answer: Christian

Question: In what language are Lebanese laws written?
Answer: Arabic

Question: During the Lebanese Civil War, what language did Lebanese Christians sometimes use officially?
Answer: Lebanese Arabic

Question: What language is Lebanese closely related to?
Answer: Arabic

Question: What script did Lebanese Christians sometimes use to write Lebanese Arabic during the civil war?
Answer: Latin
Title: Dialect

In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the Darijas (spoken North African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, North African countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to Islam), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur'an. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names.

Question: Along with Morocco and Tunisia, in what country are the Darijas spoken?
Answer: Algeria

Question: What is the liturgical language of Islam?
Answer: Literary Arabic

Question: In what language is the Qur'an written?
Answer: Literary Arabic

Question: What does the term Dariajs refer to?
Answer: spoken North African languages

Question: What is the dominant religion of North Africa?
Answer: Islam
Title: Dialect

In the 19th century, the Tsarist Government of the Russian Empire claimed that Ukrainian was merely a dialect of Russian and not a language on its own. The differences were few and caused by the conquest of western Ukraine by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, the dialects in Ukraine eventually differed substantially from the dialects in Russia.

Question: During what century did the Russian government claim that Ukrainian was a Russian dialect?
Answer: 19th

Question: What Russian government claimed that Ukrainian was not a distinct language?
Answer: the Tsarist Government

Question: The conquest of western Ukraine by what country altered the language of Ukraine?
Answer: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Title: Dialect

The German Empire conquered Ukraine during World War I and was planning on either annexing it or installing a puppet king, but was defeated by the Entente, with major involvement by the Ukrainian Bolsheviks. After conquering the rest of Ukraine from the Whites, Ukraine joined the USSR and was enlarged (gaining Crimea and then Eastern Galicia), whence a process of Ukrainization was begun, with encouragement from Moscow.

Question: What nation conquered Ukraine during the First World War?
Answer: The German Empire

Question: What alliance defeated the German Empire in World War I?
Answer: the Entente

Question: What Ukrainian political group was involved in the defeat of the German Empire?
Answer: Bolsheviks

Question: Who did the Ukrainian Bolsheviks conquer the Ukraine from?
Answer: Whites
Title: Dialect

After World War II, due to Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers in an attempt to gain independence, Moscow changed its policy towards repression of the Ukrainian language.

Question: After what war did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language?
Answer: World War II

Question: Why did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language?
Answer: Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers

Question: Why did Ukrainians collaborate with the Axis?
Answer: to gain independence
Title: Dialect

Today the boundaries of the Ukrainian language to the Russian language are still not drawn clearly, with an intermediate dialect between them, called Surzhyk, developing in Ukraine.

Question: In what country is the Surzhyk dialect spoken?
Answer: Ukraine

Question: Surzhyk is a dialect intermediate between the Ukrainian language and what other language?
Answer: Russian
Title: Dialect

There have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to serve political purposes. One example is Moldovan. In 1996, the Moldovan parliament, citing fears of "Romanian expansionism", rejected a proposal from President Mircea Snegur to change the name of the language to Romanian, and in 2003 a Moldovan–Romanian dictionary was published, purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages. Linguists of the Romanian Academy reacted by declaring that all the Moldovan words were also Romanian words; while in Moldova, the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Ion Bărbuţă, described the dictionary as a politically motivated "absurdity".

Question: Who was the president of Moldova in 1996?
Answer: Mircea Snegur

Question: In what year was a Moldovan-Romanian dictionary published?
Answer: 2003

Question: Fear of what caused the Moldovan parliament to reject changing the name of the country's language to Romanian in 1996?
Answer: Romanian expansionism

Question: Who was the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova?
Answer: Ion Bărbuţă
Title: Dialect

Unlike most languages that use alphabets to indicate the pronunciation, Chinese characters have developed from logograms that do not always give hints to its pronunciation. Although the written characters remained relatively consistent for the last two thousand years, the pronunciation and grammar in different regions has developed to an extent that the varieties of the spoken language are often mutually unintelligible. As a series of migration to the south throughout the history, the regional languages of the south, including Xiang, Wu, Gan, Min, Yue (Cantonese), and Hakka often show traces of Old Chinese or Middle Chinese. From the Ming dynasty onward, Beijing has been the capital of China and the dialect spoken in Beijing has had the most prestige among other varieties. With the founding of the Republic of China, Standard Mandarin was designated as the official language, based on the spoken language of Beijing. Since then, other spoken varieties are regarded as fangyan (dialects). Cantonese is still the most commonly used language in Hong Kong, Macau and among some overseas Chinese communities, whereas Southern Min has been accepted in Taiwan as an important local language along with Mandarin.

Question: From what did Chinese characters derive?
Answer: logograms

Question: What is another name for the Yue language?
Answer: Cantonese

Question: Hakka is a language from what geographic part of China?
Answer: the south

Question: From the time of the Ming dynasty, what city was the capital of China?
Answer: Beijing

Question: At its founding. what was the official language of the Republic of China?
Answer: Standard Mandarin
Title: Dialect

Many historical linguists view any speech form as a dialect of the older medium of communication from which it developed.[citation needed] This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin, modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek, Tok Pisin as a dialect of English, and North Germanic as dialects of Old Norse. This paradigm is not entirely problem-free. It sees genetic relationships as paramount: the "dialects" of a "language" (which itself may be a "dialect" of a yet older language) may or may not be mutually intelligible. Moreover, a parent language may spawn several "dialects" which themselves subdivide any number of times, with some "branches" of the tree changing more rapidly than others.

Question: From the perspective of historical linguists, what are Romance languages dialects of?
Answer: Latin

Question: What do many historical linguists consider modern Greek to be a dialect of?
Answer: Ancient Greek

Question: From what language is North Germanic derived?
Answer: Old Norse

Question: Tok Pisin might be regarded as a dialect of what language?
Answer: English
Title: Dialect

This can give rise to the situation in which two dialects (defined according to this paradigm) with a somewhat distant genetic relationship are mutually more readily comprehensible than more closely related dialects. In one opinion, this pattern is clearly present among the modern Romance languages, with Italian and Spanish having a high degree of mutual comprehensibility, which neither language shares with French, despite some claiming that both languages are genetically closer to French than to each other:[citation needed] In fact, French-Italian and French-Spanish relative mutual incomprehensibility is due to French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change than have Spanish and Italian, not to real or imagined distance in genetic relationship. In fact, Italian and French share many more root words in common that do not even appear in Spanish.

Question: Italian is significantly mutually comprehensible with what other Romance language?
Answer: Spanish

Question: With what romance language does Spanish not have a high degree of mutual comprehensibility?
Answer: French

Question: What is the reason for French and Italian not being very mutually comprehensible?
Answer: French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change
Title: Dialect

For example, the Italian and French words for various foods, some family relationships, and body parts are very similar to each other, yet most of those words are completely different in Spanish. Italian "avere" and "essere" as auxiliaries for forming compound tenses are used similarly to French "avoir" and "être". Spanish only retains "haber" and has done away with "ser" in forming compound tenses. However, when it comes to phonological structures, Italian and Spanish have undergone less change than French, with the result that some native speakers of Italian and Spanish may attain a degree of mutual comprehension that permits extensive communication.[citation needed]

Question: What Italian word is similar to the French word "avoir"?
Answer: avere

Question: What French word is similar to the Italian word "essere"?
Answer: être

Question: What two languages have the possibility for significant mutual intelligibility?
Answer: Italian and Spanish

Question: Along with foods and family relationships, what sorts of words are similar in French and Italian?
Answer: body parts

Question: When forming compound tenses in Spanish, what auxiliary is no longer used?
Answer: sere
Title: Dialect

One language, Interlingua, was developed so that the languages of Western civilization would act as its dialects. Drawing from such concepts as the international scientific vocabulary and Standard Average European, linguists[who?] developed a theory that the modern Western languages were actually dialects of a hidden or latent language.[citation needed] Researchers at the International Auxiliary Language Association extracted words and affixes that they considered to be part of Interlingua's vocabulary. In theory, speakers of the Western languages would understand written or spoken Interlingua immediately, without prior study, since their own languages were its dialects. This has often turned out to be true, especially, but not solely, for speakers of the Romance languages and educated speakers of English. Interlingua has also been found to assist in the learning of other languages. In one study, Swedish high school students learning Interlingua were able to translate passages from Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian that students of those languages found too difficult to understand. It should be noted, however, that the vocabulary of Interlingua extends beyond the Western language families.

Question: What language could all Western languages be considered dialects of?
Answer: Interlingua

Question: Researchers at what organization study and develop Interlingua?
Answer: International Auxiliary Language Association

Question: What was the nationality of high school students who learned Interlingua in a notable linguistic experiment?
Answer: Swedish

Question: Along with Italian and Spanish, what language could Swedish Interlingua learners translate?
Answer: Portuguese

Question: Along with Standard Average European, from what concept was Interlingua derived?
Answer: the international scientific vocabulary
Title: Classical_music

Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the Classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500–1400) and the Renaissance (1400–1600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600–1750), Classical (1750–1820), and Romantic eras (1804–1910); and the 20th century (1901–2000) which includes the modern (1890–1930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975–2015) eras.[citation needed]

Question: What term is used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820?
Answer: the Classical period

Question: What years are termed the Renaissance period?
Answer: 1400–1600

Question: What years are termed the Baroque period? 
Answer: 1600–1750

Question: From 1804-1910 was called what era?
Answer: Romantic

Question: Classical music is rooted in what kind of tradition? 
Answer: Western music

Question: Classical music is rooted the the traditions of what kind of music?
Answer: Western

Question: What is the period from 1750 to 1820 called?
Answer: the Classical period

Question: What time period is known at the common practice period?
Answer: between 1550 and 1900

Question: When was the Renaissance era?
Answer: 1400–1600

Question: When was the modern era?
Answer: 1890–1930