rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Nutrition

Since the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more technologies have been invented to allow foods to last longer without becoming spoiled. These latter technologies include pasteurisation, autoclavation, drying, salting, and separation of various components, all of which appearing to alter the original nutritional contents of food. Pasteurisation and autoclavation (heating techniques) have no doubt improved the safety of many common foods, preventing epidemics of bacterial infection. But some of the (new) food processing technologies have downfalls as well.

Question: When did the Industrial Revolution roughly begin?
Answer: two hundred years ago

Question: Apart from altering the state of food, what is the other main focus in technology increases for the food processing industry?
Answer: keep foods fresh longer

Question: Which technology is primarily responsible for helping keep food fresh?
Answer: Cooling

Question: Pasteurisation is an an example of a technology that aims to do what to food?
Answer: last longer without becoming spoiled

Question: Pasteurisation and autoclavation are examples of what kind of technique?
Answer: heating
Title: Nutrition

Modern separation techniques such as milling, centrifugation, and pressing have enabled concentration of particular components of food, yielding flour, oils, juices, and so on, and even separate fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Inevitably, such large-scale concentration changes the nutritional content of food, saving certain nutrients while removing others. Heating techniques may also reduce food's content of many heat-labile nutrients such as certain vitamins and phytochemicals, and possibly other yet-to-be-discovered substances. Because of reduced nutritional value, processed foods are often 'enriched' or 'fortified' with some of the most critical nutrients (usually certain vitamins) that were lost during processing. Nonetheless, processed foods tend to have an inferior nutritional profile compared to whole, fresh foods, regarding content of both sugar and high GI starches, potassium/sodium, vitamins, fiber, and of intact, unoxidized (essential) fatty acids. In addition, processed foods often contain potentially harmful substances such as oxidized fats and trans fatty acids.

Question: Centrifugation and pressing are prime examples of what?
Answer: Modern separation techniques

Question: An unfortunate side effect of concentrating food components is that it causes what change in the food?
Answer: nutritional content

Question: What kind of nutritional value do the processed foods have in comparison to their fresh variants?
Answer: reduced

Question: What is another term other than 'fortified' that can be used to describe the addition of nutrients to processed food?
Answer: enriched

Question: Outside of oxidized fats, what is another substance that is deemed harmful that can be found in processed foods?
Answer: trans fatty acids
Title: Nutrition

A dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the development of scurvy among infants in the late 19th century in the United States. It turned out that the vast majority of sufferers were being fed milk that had been heat-treated (as suggested by Pasteur) to control bacterial disease. Pasteurisation was effective against bacteria, but it destroyed the vitamin C.

Question: What did people who became ill with beri-beri have as their main food source?
Answer: polished rice

Question: What vitamin is removed during the polishing of rice?
Answer: thiamine

Question: Which disease became prevalent among infants in the United States as an effect of processed foods?
Answer: scurvy

Question: What treatment did the milk that was fed to infants undergo to control bacterial disease?
Answer: Pasteurisation

Question: What was destroyed during the pasteurisation of the milk?
Answer: vitamin C
Title: Nutrition

As mentioned, lifestyle- and obesity-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent all around the world. There is little doubt that the increasingly widespread application of some modern food processing technologies has contributed to this development. The food processing industry is a major part of modern economy, and as such it is influential in political decisions (e.g., nutritional recommendations, agricultural subsidising). In any known profit-driven economy, health considerations are hardly a priority; effective production of cheap foods with a long shelf-life is more the trend. In general, whole, fresh foods have a relatively short shelf-life and are less profitable to produce and sell than are more processed foods. Thus, the consumer is left with the choice between more expensive, but nutritionally superior, whole, fresh foods, and cheap, usually nutritionally inferior, processed foods. Because processed foods are often cheaper, more convenient (in both purchasing, storage, and preparation), and more available, the consumption of nutritionally inferior foods has been increasing throughout the world along with many nutrition-related health complications.

Question: What is undoubtedly a cause of the increase in obesity related diseases that are becoming prevalent?
Answer: widespread application of some modern food processing technologies

Question: Aside from agricultural subsidizing, what else does the food processing industry influence in terms of political decisions?
Answer: nutritional recommendations

Question: What is perceived as the general priority of the food processing industry in this sort of economy?
Answer: effective production of cheap foods with a long shelf-life

Question: The more expensive fresh foods have what nutritional value in relation to processed food?
Answer: superior

Question: Other than being cheaper, what is another main draw of processed foods?
Answer: more convenient
Title: Crimean_War

The Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 – March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Christians. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of the United Kingdom and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, have never revealed a "greater confusion of purpose", yet led to a war noted for its "notoriously incompetent international butchery."

Question: What year did the Crimean War begin?
Answer: 1853

Question: What year did the Crimean War end?
Answer: 1856

Question: Who controlled the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land?
Answer: Ottoman Empire

Question: Who promoted the rights of the Catholic people?
Answer: The French

Question: Who promoted the rights of the Eastern Orthodox Christians?
Answer: Russia
Title: Crimean_War

While the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an initial agreement, both Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate, and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to. When the Ottomans demanded changes, Nicholas refused and prepared for war. Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans officially declared war on Russia in October 1853.

Question: Which two figures refused to back down after the churches worked out their disagreements?
Answer: Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III

Question: Who wanted the Orthodox subjects to be placed under their protection?
Answer: Nicholas

Question: Who arranged the compromise that Nicholas agreed to?
Answer: Britain

Question: Who demanded the changes that Nicholas later refused?
Answer: Ottomans

Question: What month did the Ottomans declare war on Russia?
Answer: October
Title: Crimean_War

The war opened in the Balkans when Russian troops occupied provinces in modern Romania and began to cross the Danube. Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive battle and stopped the advance at Silistra. A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Turkey led to a siege, and a Turkish attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at Sinop. Fearing an Ottoman collapse, France and the UK rushed forces to Gallipoli. They then moved north to Varna in June, arriving just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra. Aside from a minor skirmish at Constanța there was little for the allies to do. Karl Marx quipped that "there they are, the French doing nothing and the British helping them as fast as possible".

Question: Where did the war begin?
Answer: Balkans

Question: Russian troops took over which provinces first?
Answer: modern Romania

Question: Who were the Ottomans led by?
Answer: Omar Pasha

Question: When the Turkish tried to provide reinforcements, where were they stopped at?
Answer: Sinop

Question: Who hurried their forces to Gallipoli when they feared the Ottoman for would collapse?
Answer: France and the UK
Title: Crimean_War

Frustrated by the wasted effort, and with demands for action from their citizens, the allied force decided to attack the center of Russian strength in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula. After extended preparations, the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and fought their way to a point south of Sevastopol after a series of successful battles. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed, but at the cost of seriously depleting the British Army forces. A second counterattack, ordered personally by Nicholas, was defeated by Omar Pasha. The front settled into a siege and led to horrible conditions for troops on both sides. Smaller actions were carried out in the Baltic, the Caucasus, the White Sea and in the North Pacific.

Question: Near what sea did the allies decide to attack the Russians?
Answer: Black Sea

Question: In what year did the allies land on the Crimean peninsula?
Answer: 1854

Question: The battle of Battle of Balaclava took place in what month?
Answer: October

Question: Who defeated Nicholas's second counter strike at the Battle of Balaclava?
Answer: Omar Pasha

Question: The Crimean peninsula is located in what city?
Answer: Sevastopol
Title: Crimean_War

Sevastopol fell after eleven months, and formerly neutral countries began to join the allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. This was welcomed by France and the UK, where the citizens began to turn against their governments as the war dragged on. The war was officially ended by the Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856. Russia lost the war, and was forbidden from hosting warships in the Black Sea. The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent. Christians were granted a degree of official equality, and the Orthodox church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute.:415

Question: How long did it take for Sevastopol to fall?
Answer: eleven months

Question: Who wanted peace when they feared of being invaded from the west?
Answer: Russia

Question: What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?
Answer: Treaty of Paris

Question: When was the Treaty of Paris signed?
Answer: 30 March 1856

Question: Who regained control of the Christian churches after the war was over?
Answer: Orthodox church
Title: Crimean_War

The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs.(Preface) The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs. As the legend of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war quickly became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. The reaction in the UK was a demand for professionalization, most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while treating the wounded.

Question: What modern technologies were first used during the Crimean War?
Answer: explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs

Question: Who was recognized for treating the wounded while pioneering modern nursing?
Answer: Florence Nightingale

Question: The war was one of the first to be documented in what two ways?
Answer: written reports and photographs
Title: Crimean_War

In 1820-1830’s the Ottoman Empire endured a number of strikes which challenged the existence of the country. The Greek Uprising (began in the spring of 1821) evidenced internal and military weakness of Ottoman Empire and caused severe atrocities by Ottoman military forces (see Chios massacre). The disbandment of the centuries-old Janissary corps by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 (Auspicious Incident) was a good deed for the country in the longer term, but it has deprived the country from its army forces for the nearest future. In 1827 the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet destroyed almost all the Ottoman naval forces during the Battle of Navarino. In 1830 Greece becomes an independent state after 10 years of independence war and the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829. According to the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) Russian and European commercial ships were authorized to freely pass through Black Sea straits, Serbia received autonomy, and Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Walachia) became the territories under Russian protection.

Question: In what year did The Greek Uprising take place?
Answer: 1821

Question: Who disbanded the Janissary corps?
Answer: Sultan Mahmud II

Question: In what year was the Janissary corp disbanded?
Answer: 1826

Question: Who destroyed most of the Ottoman's naval forces during the Battle of Navarino?
Answer: the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet

Question: In what year did Greece finally become an independent state?
Answer: 1830
Title: Crimean_War

France used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmud II to seek for Russian military aid. 10 000 Russian army corps landed on the Bosphorus shores in 1833 and helped to prevent the capture of Constantinople, thus the possible disappearance of the Ottoman Empire was prevented.

Question: In what year did France move into Alger?
Answer: 1830

Question: In 1831, who was the strongest vassal of the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Question: Who wanted to take over Constantinople?
Answer: Egyptians

Question: What military force did Mahmud II ask for aid?
Answer: Russian

Question: How many Russians troops were sent to the Bosphorus shores?
Answer: 10 000
Title: Crimean_War

In 1838 the situation was slightly the same as in 1831. Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria, he resumed military actions. The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24, 1839. The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia by signing a convention in London in July 15, 1840 to grant Muhammad Ali and his descendants the right to inherit power in Egypt in exchange for removal of Egyptian military forces from Syria and Lebanon. Moreover, Muhammad Ali had to admit a formal dependence from the Ottoman sultan. After Muhammad Ali refused to obey the requirements of the London convention, the allied Anglo-Austrian fleet blocked the Delta, bombarded Beirut and captured Acre. Muhammad Ali accepted the conditions of the London convention in 1840.

Question: In 1838, who was not pleased of their lack of power in Syria?
Answer: Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Question: Who did the Ottomans lose to at the Battle of Nezib?
Answer: Egyptians

Question: In what year did the Battle of Nezib take place?
Answer: 1839

Question: Who helped save the Ottomans by signing a convention in London? 
Answer: Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia

Question: In what year did Muhammad Ali  finally accept the terms of the London convention?
Answer: 1840
Title: Crimean_War

Russia, as a member of the Holy Alliance, had operated as the "police of Europe", maintaining the balance of power that had been established in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815. Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and expected gratitude; it wanted a free hand in settling its problems with the Ottoman Empire — the "sick man of Europe". The United Kingdom could not tolerate Russian dominance of Ottoman affairs, as that would challenge the British domination of the eastern Mediterranean.

Question: Who operated as the "police of Europe"?
Answer: Russia

Question: What treaty was signing in 1815?
Answer: Treaty of Vienna

Question: In what year did the Hungarian Revolution take place?
Answer: 1848

Question: Who did Russia help during the Hungarian Revolution?
Answer: Austria

Question: In exchange for helping Austria, Russia wanted to be freely able to handle any issues they had with who?
Answer: Ottoman Empire
Title: Crimean_War

For over 200 years, Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated "Wild Fields" toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea that did not freeze over like the handful of other ports available in the north. The goal was to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy.:11 Pursuit of this goal brought the emerging Russian state into conflict with the Ukrainian Cossacks and then with the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate and Circassians. When Russia conquered these groups and gained possession of southern Ukraine, known as New Russia during Russian imperial times, the Ottoman Empire lost its buffer zone against Russian expansion, and Russia and the Ottoman Empire fell into direct conflict. The conflict with the Ottoman Empire also presented a religious issue of importance, as Russia saw itself as the protector of Orthodox Christians, many of whom lived under Ottoman control and were treated as second-class citizens.(ch 1)

Question: For 200 years, Russia been expanding across what area?
Answer: Wild Fields

Question: Why did Russia move towards the warmer ports of the Black Sea?
Answer: to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy

Question: Who did Russia first have issues with when moving towards the warmer ports in the Black Sea?
Answer: Ukrainian Cossacks

Question: Who was treated as second class citizens under the Ottomans?
Answer: Orthodox Christians

Question: During the Russian imperial times, what other name was southern Ukraine known by?
Answer: New Russia
Title: Crimean_War

It is often said that Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and administratively incompetent. Despite its grand ambitions toward the south, it had not built its railroad network in that direction, and communications were poor. The bureaucracy was riddled with graft, corruption and inefficiency and was unprepared for war. Its navy was weak and technologically backward; its army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was out of touch with the latest technology developed by Britain and France. By the war's end, everyone realized the profound weaknesses of the Russian military, and the Russian leadership was determined to reform it.

Question: What did Russia fail to build south?
Answer: railroad network

Question: What did some feel the Russian army was only good for?
Answer: parades

Question: What did Russian colonels due to the men who served under them?
Answer: pocketed their men's pay
Title: Crimean_War

The immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as sponsored by Russia.:103 The Marquis Charles de La Valette was a zealous Catholic and a leading member of the "clerical party," which demanded French protection of the Roman Catholic rights to the holy places in Palestine. In May 1851, Napoleon appointed La Valette as his ambassador to the Porte (the Ottoman Empire).:7–9 The appointment was made with the intent of forcing the Ottomans to recognise France as the "sovereign authority" over the Christian population.:19 Russia disputed this attempted change in authority. Pointing to two more treaties, one in 1757 and the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renouncing the French treaty and insisting that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire.

Question: In what year did France and the U.K declare war on Russia?
Answer: 1854

Question: What individual was responsible for France and the U.K declaring war on Russia?
Answer: Napoleon III

Question: Who demanded protection for Roman Catholic rights in sacred places in Palestine?
Answer: Charles de La Valette

Question: Charles de La Valette was a devoted and leading member of what party?
Answer: clerical party

Question: What position did Napoleon III appoint to La Valette?
Answer: ambassador to the Porte
Title: Crimean_War

Napoleon III responded with a show of force, sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea. This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention.:104:19 Thus, France's show of force presented a real threat, and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, induced the Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I to accept a new treaty, confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme Christian authority with control over the Roman Catholic holy places and possession of the keys to the Church of the Nativity, previously held by the Greek Orthodox Church.:20

Question: What was the name of the ship that Napoleon sent to the Black Sea?
Answer: Charlemagne

Question: Sending a ship to the Black Sea violated the terms made during what agreement?
Answer: London Straits Convention

Question: Who felt threaten by France's force and ended up signing a new treaty?
Answer: Sultan Abdülmecid I

Question: Who previously held the keys to the Church of the Nativity?
Answer: Greek Orthodox Church

Question: Who held authority over Roman Catholic holy places after Sultan Abdülmecid I agreed to the new treaty?
Answer: France and the Roman Catholic Church