rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Modern_history

Over the course of the 20th century, the world's per-capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five, much more than all earlier centuries combined (including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution). Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth, as many of the goods and services consumed at the end of the 20th century, such as improved medicine (causing world life expectancy to increase by more than two decades) and communications technologies, were not available at any price at its beginning. However, the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider, and the majority of the global population remained in the poor side of the divide.

Question: By what percentage did the world's per-capita gross domestic product grow by during the 20th century?
Answer: a factor of five

Question: What has Modern medicine increased the average life expectancy by?
Answer: two decades

Question: What happened to the income gap between the rich and the poor?
Answer: the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider
Title: Modern_history

Still, advancing technology and medicine has had a great impact even in the Global South. Large-scale industry and more centralized media made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in the middle of the century, leading to wars that were also unprecedented. However, the increased communications contributed to democratization. Technological developments included the development of airplanes and space exploration, nuclear technology, advancement in genetics, and the dawning of the Information Age.

Question: What did the media industry make possible in the middle of the century?
Answer: brutal dictatorships

Question: What did the brutal dictatorships caused by the media lead to?
Answer: wars

Question: What did increased communications lead contribute to?
Answer: democratization

Question: What time period did technological advances lead to?
Answer: the Information Age
Title: Modern_history

The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact. The United States and various western European countries began a policy of "containment" of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end, including NATO. Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe, including western Germany, which the Soviets opposed. In other regions of the world, such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements, which the United States and many of its allies opposed and, in some cases, attempted to "roll back". Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact, though other movements would also emerge.

Question: what did the Soviet Union annex some of it's territory as?
Answer: Soviet Socialist Republics

Question: What did the territory the Soviet Union maintained as satellite states, later became known as?
Answer: the Warsaw Pact

Question: The United States and many Western countries began what policy to fight communism?
Answer: "containment"

Question: What did the soviets opposed rebuilding?
Answer: rebuilding of western Europe

Question: What actions of the Soviet Union did The United States oppose?
Answer: the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements,
Title: Modern_history

The Cold War saw periods of both heightened tension and relative calm. International crises arose, such as the Berlin Blockade (1948–1949), the Korean War (1950–1953), the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the Vietnam War (1959–1975), the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), the Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–1989) and NATO exercises in November 1983. There were also periods of reduced tension as both sides sought détente. Direct military attacks on adversaries were deterred by the potential for mutual assured destruction using deliverable nuclear weapons. In the Cold War era, the Generation of Love and the rise of computers changed society in very different, complex ways, including higher social and local mobility.

Question: Through what time period did the Berlin Blockade  last?
Answer: 1948–1949

Question: What types of periods did the cold war see?
Answer: heightened tension and relative calm.

Question: Through what time period did the Korean War last?
Answer: 1950–1953)

Question: Through what time period did the Vietnam war last?
Answer: 1959–1975

Question: When did the Cuban Missile crisis happen?
Answer: 1962
Title: Modern_history

The Cold War drew to a close in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The United States under President Ronald Reagan increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressure on the Soviet Union, which was already suffering from severe economic stagnation. In the second half of the 1980s, newly appointed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, leaving the United States as the dominant military power, though Russia retained much of the massive Soviet nuclear arsenal.

Question: During what time was the cold war close to happening?
Answer: 1980s and the early 1990s

Question: What did  the Reagan administration increase on the Soviet Union?
Answer: diplomatic, military, and economic pressure

Question: What was  the Soviet Union suffering from in the 1980's?
Answer: severe economic stagnation

Question: What did Mikhail Gorbachev introduce?
Answer: introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms.

Question: In what year did the Soviet Union collapse?
Answer: 1991
Title: Modern_history

In Latin America in the 1970s, leftists acquired a significant political influence which prompted the right-wing, ecclesiastical authorities and a large portion of the individual country's upper class to support coup d'états to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat. This was further fueled by Cuban and United States intervention which led to a political polarization. Most South American countries were in some periods ruled by military dictatorships that were supported by the United States of America. In the 1970s, the regimes of the Southern Cone collaborated in Operation Condor killing many leftist dissidents, including some urban guerrillas. However, by the early 1990s all countries had restored their democracies.

Question: What caused Latin America's right-wing authorities to support coup o'etats?
Answer: in the 1970s, leftists acquired a significant political influence

Question: Why did the Latin Americas Upper class support coup o'etats?
Answer: to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat.

Question: The regimes in the southern cone collaborated in killing of who?
Answer: leftist dissidents

Question: What did all countries restore in the 1990's 
Answer: their democracies.

Question: Where did the United States support dictatorships in the 1970"s?
Answer: South American countries
Title: Modern_history

The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union. This was the world's first artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg. The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered a new era of political, scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age. The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Space Age brought the first human spaceflight during the Vostok programme and reached its peak with the Apollo program which captured the imagination of much of the world's population. The landing of Apollo 11 was an event watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century. Since then and with the end of the space race due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, public attention has largely moved to other areas.

Question: What is the space age?
Answer: a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events.

Question: Who launched  Sputnik 1?
Answer: the Soviet Union.

Question: How long does did it take for the Sputnik 1 to orbit the earth?
Answer: 98.1 minutes

Question: What did Sputnik 1 usher in?
Answer: The Space Age

Question: How many people watched the Apollo 11 landing?
Answer: 500 million
Title: 51st_state

The phrase "51st state" can be used in a positive sense, meaning that a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state. It can also be used in a pejorative sense, meaning an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control. In various countries around the world, people who believe their local or national culture has become too Americanized sometimes use the term "51st state" in reference to their own countries.

Question: What types of control are considered when labeling a country with the perjorative "51st state" label?
Answer: excessive American cultural or military influence or control

Question: Sometimes, when a country refers to themselves as the 51st state, what has happened to their culture?
Answer: their local or national culture has become too Americanized

Question: What reasoning would cause a country to be referred to as the "51st state" in a positive way?
Answer: a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state

Question: What is a positive connotation of the label "51st state"?
Answer: a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States

Question: What is a reason for one negative connotation of the term?
Answer: an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control

Question: If a country refers to themselves as the "51st state" after cultural changes, what can we assume has changed?
Answer: their local or national culture has become too Americanized
Title: 51st_state

Under Article IV, Section Three of the United States Constitution, which outlines the relationship among the states, Congress has the power to admit new states to the union. The states are required to give "full faith and credit" to the acts of each other's legislatures and courts, which is generally held to include the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments. The states are guaranteed military and civil defense by the federal government, which is also obliged by Article IV, Section Four, to "guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government".

Question: What does Article IV, Section three of the US Constitution outline?
Answer: the relationship among the states

Question: Article IV, Section Three of th United States Constitution gives Congress the power to do what?
Answer: the power to admit new states to the union

Question: What does the states' requirement to give "full faith and credit" help recognize?
Answer: legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments

Question: What are all states guaranteed by the federal government?
Answer: military and civil defense

Question: What does Article 4, Section 4 guarantee?
Answer: guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government

Question: What part of the US Constitution outlines the relationship among the states?
Answer: Article IV, Section Three

Question: What does the concept of "full faith and credit" protect?
Answer: the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments

Question: Article IV, Section Three allows Congress to do what?
Answer: admit new states to the union

Question: What is guaranteed to the states by the federal government?
Answer: military and civil defense
Title: 51st_state

Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States. In a 2012 status referendum a majority of voters, 54%, expressed dissatisfaction with the current political relationship. In a separate question, 61% of voters supported statehood (excluding the 26% of voters who left this question blank). On December 11, 2012, Puerto Rico's legislature resolved to request that the President and the U.S. Congress act on the results, end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state.

Question: What country has been regarded as a potential new addition to the United States?
Answer: Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States

Question: What percentage of voters expressed dissatisfaction with their current political relationship?
Answer: 54%

Question: What percentage of voters supported statehood?
Answer: 61%

Question: When did Puerto Rico resolve to request that the United States act on these results?
Answer: December 11, 2012

Question: What would be an ideal reaction from the United States, according to Puerto Rico?
Answer: end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state

Question: What territory has been suggested as a new addition to the United States?
Answer: Puerto Rico

Question: What percentages of voters expressed unhappiness with the current political relationship between the U.S. and Puerto Rico?
Answer: 54%

Question: When did the legislature of Puerto Rico request that they be considered for statehood?
Answer: December 11, 2012
Title: 51st_state

Since 1898, Puerto Rico has had limited representation in the Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a nonvoting delegate. The 110th Congress returned the Commissioner's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole, but not on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation. Puerto Rico has elections on the United States presidential primary or caucus of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party to select delegates to the respective parties' national conventions although presidential electors are not granted on the Electoral College. As American citizens, Puerto Ricans can vote in U.S. presidential elections, provided they reside in one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia and not in Puerto Rico itself.

Question: How long has Puerto Rico had representation in Congress?
Answer: Since 1898

Question: Who represents Puerto Rico in Congress?
Answer: a Resident Commissioner

Question: Which Congress gave the commissioner the power to vote?
Answer: The 110th Congress

Question: What is the commissioner not allowed to vote on?
Answer: on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation
Title: 51st_state

Residents of Puerto Rico pay U.S. federal taxes: import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes, therefore contributing to the American Government. Most Puerto Rico residents do not pay federal income tax but do pay federal payroll taxes (Social Security and Medicare). However, federal employees, those who do business with the federal government, Puerto Rico–based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. and others do pay federal income taxes. Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military. Puerto Ricans have participated in all American wars since 1898; 52 Puerto Ricans had been killed in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan by November 2012.

Question: What types of taxes do Puerto Ricans pay?
Answer: U.S. federal taxes

Question: What makes up the federal taxes Puerto Rican citizens pay?
Answer: import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes

Question: How else can they serve the U.S.?
Answer: Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military.

Question: How many Puerto Ricans have died in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan?
Answer: 52
Title: 51st_state

Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century when it was ceded to the U.S. by Spain following the end of the Spanish–American War, and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917. The island's ultimate status has not been determined as of 2012[update], its residents do not have voting representation in their federal government. Puerto Rico has limited representation in the U.S. Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a delegate with limited no voting rights. Like the states, Puerto Rico has self-rule, a republican form of government organized pursuant to a constitution adopted by its people, and a bill of rights.

Question: In the aftermath of which war was the U.S. granted Puerto Rico?
Answer: Spanish–American War

Question: What country handed over Puerto Rico to the US?
Answer: Spain

Question: How long have Puerto Ricans been U.S. citizens?
Answer: since 1917

Question: What form of government do the Puerto Ricans have?
Answer: republican
Title: 51st_state

This constitution was created when the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution in 1951. The acceptance of that constitution by Puerto Rico's electorate, the U.S. Congress, and the U.S. president occurred in 1952. In addition, the rights, privileges and immunities attendant to United States citizens are "respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a state of the union" through the express extension of the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the U.S. Constitution by the U.S. Congress in 1948.

Question: How was the Puerto Rican constitution brought about?
Answer: the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution

Question: When was the Puerto Rican constitution written?
Answer: 1951

Question: When was the constitution accepted by the electorate, U.S. Congress, and U.S. President?
Answer: 1952

Question: What clause gives Puerto Rican citizens the same rights as US citizens?
Answer: Privileges and Immunities Clause
Title: 51st_state

Puerto Rico is designated in its constitution as the "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico". The Constitution of Puerto Rico which became effective in 1952 adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State"), officially translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic. The island is under the jurisdiction of the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which has led to doubts about the finality of the Commonwealth status for Puerto Rico. In addition, all people born in Puerto Rico become citizens of the U.S. at birth (under provisions of the Jones–Shafroth Act in 1917), but citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote for president nor for full members of either house of Congress. Statehood would grant island residents full voting rights at the Federal level. The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499) was approved on April 29, 2010, by the United States House of Representatives 223–169, but was not approved by the Senate before the end of the 111th Congress. It would have provided for a federally sanctioned self-determination process for the people of Puerto Rico. This act would provide for referendums to be held in Puerto Rico to determine the island's ultimate political status. It had also been introduced in 2007.

Question: How is Puerto Rico designated in its constitution?
Answer: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

Question: What title does the country have?
Answer: Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State")

Question: What act was approved on April 29th, 2010?
Answer: The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499)

Question: What is the island under jurisdiction of?
Answer: Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution
Title: 51st_state

In November 2012, a referendum resulted in 54 percent of respondents voting to reject the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution, while a second question resulted in 61 percent of voters identifying statehood as the preferred alternative to the current territorial status. The 2012 referendum was by far the most successful referendum for statehood advocates and support for statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum. However, more than one in four voters abstained from answering the question on the preferred alternative status. Statehood opponents have argued that the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included. If abstentions are considered, the result of the referendum is much closer to 44 percent for statehood, a number that falls under the 50 percent majority mark.

Question: What percentage of voters rejected the status of territory?
Answer: 54 percent

Question: What percentage of voters preferred statehood?
Answer: 61 percent

Question: What percentage of voters abstained from voting on a preferred alternative status?
Answer: one in four voters

Question: What argument do those opposing statehood use?
Answer: the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included
Title: 51st_state

The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald have published opinion pieces expressing support for the statehood of Puerto Rico. On November 8, 2012, Washington, D.C. newspaper The Hill published an article saying that Congress will likely ignore the results of the referendum due to the circumstances behind the votes. and U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez, both of Puerto Rican ancestry, agreed with the The Hill 's statements. Shortly after the results were published Puerto Rico-born U.S. Congressman José Enrique Serrano commented "I was particularly impressed with the outcome of the 'status' referendum in Puerto Rico. A majority of those voting signaled the desire to change the current territorial status. In a second question an even larger majority asked to become a state. This is an earthquake in Puerto Rican politics. It will demand the attention of Congress, and a definitive answer to the Puerto Rican request for change. This is a history-making moment where voters asked to move forward."

Question: What newspaper suggested that Congress would ignore Puerto Rico's referendum?
Answer: The Hill

Question: What newspapers have published opinion pieces expressing support for Puerto Rico's statehood?
Answer: The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald

Question: When was that article published?
Answer: November 8, 2012

Question: What Congress members agreed with the Hill's assesment?
Answer: U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez
Title: 51st_state

Several days after the referendum, the Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortuño, and Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama addressing the results of the voting. Pierluisi urged Obama to begin legislation in favor of the statehood of Puerto Rico, in light of its win in the referendum. Fortuño urged him to move the process forward. García Padilla asked him to reject the results because of their ambiguity. The White House stance related to the November 2012 plebiscite was that the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved, and a majority chose statehood in the second question. Former White House director of Hispanic media stated, "Now it is time for Congress to act and the administration will work with them on that effort, so that the people of Puerto Rico can determine their own future."

Question: What politicians pushed for statehood for Puerto Rico?
Answer: Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortuño

Question: What politician fought against statehood for Puerto Rico?
Answer: Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla

Question: How did these politicians voice their concerns?
Answer: wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama

Question: What was the White House stance?
Answer: the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved