rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: USB

USB 2.0 devices use a special protocol during reset, called chirping, to negotiate the high bandwidth mode with the host/hub. A device that is HS capable first connects as an FS device (D+ pulled high), but upon receiving a USB RESET (both D+ and D− driven LOW by host for 10 to 20 ms) it pulls the D− line high, known as chirp K. This indicates to the host that the device is high bandwidth. If the host/hub is also HS capable, it chirps (returns alternating J and K states on D− and D+ lines) letting the device know that the hub operates at high bandwidth. The device has to receive at least three sets of KJ chirps before it changes to high bandwidth terminations and begins high bandwidth signaling. Because USB 3.0 uses wiring separate and additional to that used by USB 2.0 and USB 1.x, such bandwidth negotiation is not required.

Question: What type of protocol is used for USB 2.0 devices during a reset?
Answer: a special protocol

Question: What is the special protocol during a USB 2.0 device reset called?
Answer: chirping

Question:  A device that is HS capable first connects as a what?
Answer: an FS device (D+ pulled high)
Title: USB

According to routine testing performed by CNet, write operations to typical Hi-Speed (USB 2.0) hard drives can sustain rates of 25–30 MB/s, while read operations are at 30–42 MB/s; this is 70% of the total available bus bandwidth. For USB 3.0, typical write speed is 70–90 MB/s, while read speed is 90–110 MB/s. Mask Tests, also known as Eye Diagram Tests, are used to determine the quality of a signal in the time domain. They are defined in the referenced document as part of the electrical test description for the high-speed (HS) mode at 480 Mbit/s.

Question: Write operations to typical Hi-Speed hard drives can what?
Answer: sustain rates of 25–30 MB/s,

Question:  For USB 3.0, typical write speed is what?
Answer: 70–90 MB/s

Question: What is the read speed for USB 3.0?
Answer: 90–110 MB/s
Title: USB

After the sync field, all packets are made of 8-bit bytes, transmitted least-significant bit first. The first byte is a packet identifier (PID) byte. The PID is actually 4 bits; the byte consists of the 4-bit PID followed by its bitwise complement. This redundancy helps detect errors. (Note also that a PID byte contains at most four consecutive 1 bits, and thus never needs bit-stuffing, even when combined with the final 1 bit in the sync byte. However, trailing 1 bits in the PID may require bit-stuffing within the first few bits of the payload.)

Question: After the sync field, all packets are made of how many bit bytes?
Answer: 8-bit bytes

Question: How are the bit bytes transmitted?
Answer: least-significant bit first

Question: The first byte is what?
Answer: a packet identifier (PID) byte
Title: USB

Handshake packets consist of only a single PID byte, and are generally sent in response to data packets. Error detection is provided by transmitting four bits that represent the packet type twice, in a single PID byte using complemented form. Three basic types are ACK, indicating that data was successfully received, NAK, indicating that the data cannot be received and should be retried, and STALL, indicating that the device has an error condition and cannot transfer data until some corrective action (such as device initialization) occurs.

Question: Handshake packets consist of only a single what?
Answer: PID byte

Question: When are handshake packets generally sent?
Answer: in response to data packets

Question: What is provided by transmitting four bits that represent the packet type twice, in a single PID byte using complemented form?
Answer: Error detection
Title: USB

IN and OUT tokens contain a seven-bit device number and four-bit function number (for multifunction devices) and command the device to transmit DATAx packets, or receive the following DATAx packets, respectively. An IN token expects a response from a device. The response may be a NAK or STALL response, or a DATAx frame. In the latter case, the host issues an ACK handshake if appropriate. An OUT token is followed immediately by a DATAx frame. The device responds with ACK, NAK, NYET, or STALL, as appropriate.

Question: IN and OUT tokens contain what?
Answer: a seven-bit device number and four-bit function number

Question: An IN token expects what?
Answer: a response from a device

Question: An OUT token is followed immediately by a what?
Answer: DATAx frame
Title: USB

USB 2.0 also added a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC. This is used to perform split transactions. Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth, performs the data transfer at full or low bandwidth, and provides the response at high bandwidth when prompted by a second SPLIT token.

Question:  a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC were created to do what?
Answer: to perform split transactions

Question:  Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, what happens?
Answer: the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth

Question: How many bits of control flags did USB 2.0 add?
Answer: 12 bits
Title: USB

There are two basic forms of data packet, DATA0 and DATA1. A data packet must always be preceded by an address token, and is usually followed by a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter. The two packet types provide the 1-bit sequence number required by Stop-and-wait ARQ. If a USB host does not receive a response (such as an ACK) for data it has transmitted, it does not know if the data was received or not; the data might have been lost in transit, or it might have been received but the handshake response was lost.

Question: There are two basic forms of data packet, what are they?
Answer: DATA0 and DATA1

Question: A data packet must always be preceded by what?
Answer: an address token

Question: What is a data packet usually followed by?
Answer: a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter
Title: USB

Low-bandwidth devices are supported with a special PID value, PRE. This marks the beginning of a low-bandwidth packet, and is used by hubs that normally do not send full-bandwidth packets to low-bandwidth devices. Since all PID bytes include four 0 bits, they leave the bus in the full-bandwidth K state, which is the same as the low-bandwidth J state. It is followed by a brief pause, during which hubs enable their low-bandwidth outputs, already idling in the J state. Then a low-bandwidth packet follows, beginning with a sync sequence and PID byte, and ending with a brief period of SE0. Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents, until the final SE0 indicates that a new packet follows.

Question: Low-bandwidth devices are supported with what?
Answer: a special PID value, PRE

Question: All PID bytes include how many 0 bits?
Answer: four 0 bits

Question:  Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can what?
Answer: simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents
Title: USB

These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses: USB was designed for simplicity and low cost, while FireWire was designed for high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video. Although similar in theoretical maximum transfer rate, FireWire 400 is faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use, especially in high-bandwidth use such as external hard-drives. The newer FireWire 800 standard is twice as fast as FireWire 400 and faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth both theoretically and practically. However, Firewire's speed advantages rely on low-level techniques such as direct memory access (DMA), which in turn have created opportunities for security exploits such as the DMA attack.

Question: These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of what?
Answer: two buses

Question: USB was designed for what?
Answer: simplicity and low cost

Question: FireWire was designed for what?
Answer: high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video

Question: FireWire 400 is faster than what?
Answer: USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use
Title: USB

The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard specifies a more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB. It operates at 48 V DC and can supply more power (up to 12.95 W, PoE+ 25.5 W) over a cable up to 100 meters compared to USB 2.0, which provides 2.5 W with a maximum cable length of 5 meters. This has made PoE popular for VoIP telephones, security cameras, wireless access points and other networked devices within buildings. However, USB is cheaper than PoE provided that the distance is short, and power demand is low.

Question: The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard specifies a what?
Answer: more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB

Question: Is USB cheaper or more expensive than PoE?
Answer: cheaper

Question: What keeps USB cheaper than PoE?
Answer: the distance is short, and power demand is low.
Title: USB

Ethernet standards require electrical isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds. USB has no such requirement as it was designed for peripherals closely associated with a host computer, and in fact it connects the peripheral and host grounds. This gives Ethernet a significant safety advantage over USB with peripherals such as cable and DSL modems connected to external wiring that can assume hazardous voltages under certain fault conditions.

Question: USB  was designed for peripherals to be what?
Answer: closely associated with a host computer

Question: USB connects what?
Answer: the peripheral and host grounds

Question: Ethernet standards require what?
Answer: isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds
Title: USB

eSATA does not supply power to external devices. This is an increasing disadvantage compared to USB. Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is advancing and external drives gradually need less power, diminishing the eSATA advantage. eSATAp (power over eSATA; aka ESATA/USB) is a connector introduced in 2009 that supplies power to attached devices using a new, backward compatible, connector. On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies only 5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD; on a desktop workstation it can additionally supply 12 V to power larger devices including 3.5-inch HDD/SSD and 5.25-inch optical drives.

Question: eSATA does not supply power to what?
Answer: external devices

Question: Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is what?
Answer: advancing and external drives gradually need less power

Question: On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies how much power?
Answer: 5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD
Title: USB

USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0 that eliminates the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB. It was adopted as a standard by the USB Implementers Forum in 2007. The HSIC physical layer uses about 50% less power and 75% less board area compared to traditional USB 2.0. HSIC uses two signals at 1.2 V and has a throughput of 480 Mbit/s. Maximum PCB trace length for HSIC is 10 cm. It does not have low enough latency to support RAM memory sharing between two chips.

Question: USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a what?
Answer: chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0

Question: What does USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip eliminate?
Answer: the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB

Question: When was the USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip adopted as the standard by the USB Implementers Forum
Answer: 2007
Title: Sichuan

Throughout its prehistory and early history, the region and its vicinity in the Yangtze region was the cradle of unique local civilizations which can be dated back to at least the 15th century BC and coinciding with the later years of the Shang and Zhou dynasties in North China. Sichuan was referred to in ancient Chinese sources as Ba-Shu (巴蜀), an abbreviation of the kingdoms of Ba and Shu which existed within the Sichuan Basin. Ba included Chongqing and the land in eastern Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams, while Shu included today's Chengdu, its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western Sichuan.

Question: What was Sichuan referred to as by ancient Chinese sources?
Answer: Ba-Shu

Question: How far back can civilizations in the Yangtze region be dated?
Answer: at least the 15th century BC

Question: Where were the kingdoms of Ba and Shu located?
Answer: within the Sichuan Basin

Question: What land was included in the kingdom of Ba?
Answer: Chongqing and the land in eastern Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams

Question: What land was included in the kingdom of Shu?
Answer: Chengdu, its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western Sichuan
Title: Sichuan

The existence of the early state of Shu was poorly recorded in the main historical records of China. It was, however, referred to in the Book of Documents as an ally of the Zhou. Accounts of Shu exist mainly as a mixture of mythological stories and historical legends recorded in local annals such as the Chronicles of Huayang compiled in the Jin dynasty (265–420), with folk stories such as that of Emperor Duyu (杜宇) who taught the people agriculture and transformed himself into a cuckoo after his death. The existence of a highly developed civilization with an independent bronze industry in Sichuan eventually came to light with an archaeological discovery in 1986 at a small village named Sanxingdui in Guanghan, Sichuan. This site, believed to be an ancient city of Shu, was initially discovered by a local farmer in 1929 who found jade and stone artefacts. Excavations by archaeologists in the area yielded few significant finds until 1986 when two major sacrificial pits were found with spectacular bronze items as well as artefacts in jade, gold, earthenware, and stone. This and other discoveries in Sichuan contest the conventional historiography that the local culture and technology of Sichuan were undeveloped in comparison to the technologically and culturally "advanced" Yellow River valley of north-central China. The name Shu continues to be used to refer to Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.

Question: What did Emperor  Duyu transform himself into after his death?
Answer: a cuckoo

Question: What does the name Shu refer to?
Answer: Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.

Question: When was the site believed to be ancient city of Shu discovered, and by whom?
Answer: a local farmer in 1929

Question: The Shu were an ally of who, according to the Book of Documents?
Answer: the Zhou

Question: When were the Chronicles of Huayang compiled?
Answer: the Jin dynasty (265–420)
Title: Sichuan

The rulers of the expansionist Qin dynasty, based in present-day Gansu and Shaanxi, were only the first strategists to realize that the area's military importance matched its commercial and agricultural significance. The Sichuan basin is surrounded by the Himalayas to the west, the Qin Mountains to the north, and mountainous areas of Yunnan to the south. Since the Yangtze flows through the basin and then through the perilous Yangzi Gorges to eastern and southern China, Sichuan was a staging area for amphibious military forces and a refuge for political refugees.[citation needed]

Question: What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the west?
Answer: the Himalayas

Question: What mountains surround the Sichuan basin to the North?
Answer: Qin Mountains

Question: What river flows through the Sichuan basin?
Answer: Yangtze

Question: Where was the Qin dynasty based?
Answer: present-day Gansu and Shaanxi

Question: What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the South?
Answer: mountainous areas of Yunnan
Title: Sichuan

Qin armies finished their conquest of the kingdoms of Shu and Ba by 316 BC. Any written records and civil achievements of earlier kingdoms were destroyed. Qin administrators introduced improved agricultural technology. Li Bing, engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River, a major tributary of the Yangtze. This innovative hydraulic system was composed of movable weirs which could be adjusted for high or low water flow according to the season, to either provide irrigation or prevent floods. The increased agricultural output and taxes made the area a source of provisions and men for Qin's unification of China.

Question: By what year did the Qin armies finish their conquest of Shu and Ba?
Answer: 316 BC

Question: What did Qin administrators introduce to Shu and Ba?
Answer: improved agricultural technology.

Question: Who engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River?
Answer: Li Bing

Question: The Min River is a major tributary of what river? 
Answer: Yangtze

Question: The Dujiangyan irrigation system was used for what purpose?
Answer: to either provide irrigation or prevent floods.
Title: Sichuan

Sichuan came under the firm control of a Chinese central government during the Sui dynasty, but it was during the subsequent Tang dynasty where Sichuan regained its previous political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han. Chengdu became nationally known as a supplier of armies and the home of Du Fu, who is sometimes called China's greatest poet. During the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763), Emperor Xuanzong of Tang fled from Chang'an to Sichuan. The region was torn by constant warfare and economic distress as it was besieged by the Tibetan Empire.

Question: During which dynasty did Sichuan regain its political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han?
Answer: Tang dynasty

Question: Who was known as China's greatest poet and lived in Chengdu?
Answer: Du Fu

Question: What was Chengu known to supply the country with?
Answer: armies

Question: Which years saw the An Lushan Rebellion?
Answer: 755-763

Question: Which empire ravished the Chengdu region with constant warfare and economic distress?
Answer: the Tibetan Empire
Title: Sichuan

In the middle of the 17th century, the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong (1606–1646) from Yan'an, Shanxi Province, nicknamed Yellow Tiger, led his peasant troop from north China to the south, and conquered Sichuan. Upon capturing it, he declared himself emperor of the Daxi Dynasty (大西王朝). In response to the resistance from local elites, he massacred a large native population. As a result of the massacre as well as years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition, the population of Sichuan fell sharply, requiring a massive resettlement of people from the neighboring Huguang Province (modern Hubei and Hunan) and other provinces during the Qing dynasty.

Question: What was the nickname rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong?
Answer: Yellow Tiger

Question: Which region did Yellow Tiger conquer in the mid-17th century?
Answer: Sichuan

Question: Which dynasty did Yellow Tiger declare himself the emperor of? 
Answer: Daxi Dynasty

Question: Which province supplied a large amount of people to the Sichuan resettlement, following years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition?
Answer: Huguang Province
Title: Sichuan

In the 20th century, as Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan had all been occupied by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the capital of the Republic of China had been temporary relocated to Chongqing, then a major city in Sichuan. An enduring legacy of this move is that nearby inland provinces, such as Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou, which previously never had modern Western-style universities, began to be developed in this regard. The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate hindering the accuracy of Japanese bombing of the Sichuan Basin, made the region the stronghold of Chiang Kai-Shek's Kuomintang government during 1938-45, and led to the Bombing of Chongqing.

Question: To which city was the Chinese capitol relocated to during Japanese occupation in the 20th century? 
Answer: Chongqing

Question: What are some major cities occupied by the Chinese during the Second Sino-Japanese War?
Answer: Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan

Question: What are some inland provinces that began to develop modern, westernized education systems? 
Answer: Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou

Question: What are some reasons for the lack of accurate Japanese bombing during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the Sichuan Basin?
Answer: The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate
Title: Sichuan

The Second Sino-Japanese War was soon followed by the resumed Chinese Civil War, and the cities of East China fell to the Communists one after another, the Kuomintang government again tried to make Sichuan its stronghold on the mainland, although it already saw some Communist activity since it was one area on the road of the Long March. Chiang Kai-Shek himself flew to Chongqing from Taiwan in November 1949 to lead the defense. But the same month Chongqing fell to the Communists, followed by Chengdu on 10 December. The Kuomintang general Wang Sheng wanted to stay behind with his troops to continue anticommunist guerilla war in Sichuan, but was recalled to Taiwan. Many of his soldiers made their way there as well, via Burma.

Question: What group was the main antagonist during the Chinese Civil War?
Answer: the Communists

Question: Who led the defense of Chongqing in November 1949?
Answer: Chiang Kai-Shek

Question: On what date in 1949 did Chengdu fall to the communists?
Answer: 10 December

Question: Why did Sichuan see some communist activity?
Answer: it was one area on the road of the Long March
Title: Sichuan

From 1955 until 1997 Sichuan had been China's most populous province, hitting 100 million mark shortly after the 1982 census figure of 99,730,000. This changed in 1997 when the Sub-provincial city of Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang were split off into the new Chongqing Municipality. The new municipality was formed to spearhead China's effort to economically develop its western provinces, as well as to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the Three Gorges Dam project.

Question: What Chinese Province had the largest population until 1997?
Answer: Sichuan

Question: Why did Sichuan lose its status as the most populous Province in 1997?
Answer: Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang were split off into the new Chongqing Municipality.

Question: Why was the Chongqing Municipality formed?
Answer: to spearhead China's effort to economically develop its western provinces

Question: Why did China need to resettle people into Chongqing?
Answer: the Three Gorges Dam project.

Question: What was the population of Sichuan in 1982?
Answer: 99,730,000