rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Tajikistan

After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization, practicing Islam, Judaism, and Christianity was discouraged and repressed, and many mosques, churches, and synagogues were closed. As a consequence of the conflict and Soviet agriculture policies, Central Asia, Tajikistan included, suffered a famine that claimed many lives.

Question: Who went to war against Bolshevick armies?
Answer: guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi

Question: What did they go to war against Bolshevick?
Answer: to maintain independence

Question: Who won the war?
Answer: The Bolsheviks

Question: What religions were discourages so their places of worship were closed?
Answer: Islam, Judaism, and Christianity
Title: Tajikistan

In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic, however the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1927 and 1934, collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region. Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout Tajikistan. Consequently, some peasants fought collectivization and revived the Basmachi movement. Some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure.

Question: In 1924, what was created as part of Uzbekistan?
Answer: Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Question: Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly?
Answer: in the southern region

Question: What happeded between 1927-1934?
Answer: collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place

Question: What forced resettlement throughout Tajikistan?
Answer: Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement
Title: Tajikistan

Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary. Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%. Bobojon Ghafurov, Tajikistan's First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1946–1956 was the only Tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the Soviet Era. He was followed in office by Tursun Uljabayev (1956–61), Jabbor Rasulov (1961–1982), and Rahmon Nabiyev (1982–1985, 1991–1992).

Question: Who directed the purges of Soviets?
Answer: Moscow

Question: How many people were expelled??
Answer: nearly 10,000 people

Question: Who were sent to replace the expelled positions?
Answer: Ethnic Russians

Question: What did the population of Russians do between 1926-1959?
Answer: grew from less than 1% to 13%

Question: What did this cause when the expelled parties were replaced?
Answer: subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary
Title: Tajikistan

The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards." The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people.

Question: What happened in the Feb 2010 election?
Answer: PDPT lose four seats in Parliament

Question: Why were parties upset in the 2005 election?
Answer: accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment

Question: What did the OSCE say that Tajikistan did?
Answer: "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."

Question: What was the Tajikistan governments response?
Answer: The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people
Title: Tajikistan

Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Persian: تاجيكستان‎‎ Тоҷикистон [tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Persian: جمهورى تاجيكستان‎‎ Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Çumhuriji Toçikiston/Jumhuriyi Tojikiston; Russian: Респу́блика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013, and an area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.

Question: Where is Tajikistan located?
Answer: in Central Asia

Question: How many people are living in Tajikistan?
Answer: 8 million people

Question: What is the area of Tajikistan?
Answer: area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)

Question: What country lies to Tajikistans east?
Answer: China

Question: What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan?
Answer: Wakhan Corridor

Question: What country borders Tajikistan to the east?
Answer: China

Question: How many people are estimated to live in Tajikistan?
Answer: 8 million

Question: What is the area of Tajikistan?
Answer: 143,100 km2

Question: What country borders Tajikistan to the south?
Answer: Afghanistan

Question: What country borders Tajikistan to the west?
Answer: Uzbekistan
Title: Tajikistan

The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire. After the region's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (141–87 BCE) commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished. Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers.

Question: What was the first recorded history of this region?
Answer: about 500 BCE

Question: What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE?
Answer: the Achaemenid Empire

Question: Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire?
Answer: Alexander the Great
Title: Tajikistan

The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland.

Question: What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE?
Answer: Yuezhi tribes

Question: When was Islam brought to the region?
Answer: in the early eighth century

Question: What empire brought Islam practices with them?
Answer: Hephthalite Empire,

Question: What religions were practiced in the region from first centry CE to 4th centry CE?
Answer: Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
Title: Tajikistan

Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since. The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers. Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land. The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company – the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world.

Question: What was the rate that the GDP expanded?
Answer: an average rate of 9.6%

Question: What is the primary source of income in Tajikistan?
Answer: aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers

Question: What accounts for 60% of the agricultural output?
Answer: 60%

Question: What is the name of the state owned company that produces aluminium?
Answer: Tajik Aluminum Company
Title: Tajikistan

Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam, the highest dam in the world. Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008. Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power plant that, at a projected height of 335 metres (1,099 ft), would supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion. A planned project, CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan. The total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on Public-Private Partnership basis with the support of WB, IFC, ADB and IDB. The project cost is estimated to be around US$865 million. Other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum.

Question: Who is trying to attract investments for hydropower in Tajikistan?
Answer: the government

Question: What is something that the rivers in Tajikistan are good for?
Answer: hydropower potential

Question: What is the highest dam in the world?
Answer: Nurek Dam

Question: What will the project named CASA 1000 do?
Answer: CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan
Title: Tajikistan

According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day. Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid (of which it by now receives only negligible amounts), and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor. The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth during the past several years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty.

Question: What is the average amount lived on per day?
Answer: US$1.25 per day

Question: What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans?
Answer: estimated $2.1 billion US dollars

Question: How did Tajikistan change their economy?
Answer: by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor

Question: What has been one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth?
Answer: remittances
Title: Tajikistan

Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market. However, with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved. Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006). Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade. UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.

Question: What is raised locally for the domestic market?
Answer: opium poppy

Question: What all has helped with the fight against drugs?
Answer: with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities

Question: Tajikistan is thrid in the world for what type of confiscations?
Answer: heroin and raw opium confiscations

Question: What is UNODC helping Tajikistan with to help the war on drugs?
Answer: strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency
Title: Tajikistan

As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to improve and build a 1,300 km (810 mi) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to Pakistan's ports. The proposed route would go through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the eastern part of the country. And in 2012, the presidents of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways as well as oil, gas, and water pipelines to connect the three countries.

Question: What are the majority of transportation options?
Answer: via roads, air, and rail.

Question: What countries had Tajikistan been working with to use ports?
Answer: Iran and Pakistan

Question: What countries did Tajikistan agree with to build a highway and a rail way?
Answer: Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan

Question: What year was the agreement signed?
Answer: 2012
Title: Tajikistan

In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters. The country's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which as of April 2015, had regularly scheduled flights to major cities in Russia, Central Asia, as well as Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Kabul, Tehran, and Ürümqi amongst others. There are also international flights, mainly to Russia, from Khujand Airport in the northern part of the country as well as limited international services from Kulob Airport, and Qurghonteppa International Airport. Khorog Airport is a domestic airport and also the only airport in the sparsely populated eastern half of the country.

Question: How many airports does Tajikistan have?
Answer: 26 airports

Question: What is the country's main airport?
Answer: Dushanbe International Airport

Question: Where are the international flights maining going to?
Answer: Russia

Question: What is the name of the airport in the eastern half of the country?
Answer: Khorog Airport
Title: Tajikistan

Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. The Pamiris of Badakhshan, a small population of Yaghnobi people, and a sizeable minority of Ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. All citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajikistanis.

Question: What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009?
Answer: 7,349,145

Question: What percent of the population is under 30 years old?
Answer: 70%

Question: What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old?
Answer: 35%

Question: What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak?
Answer: Tajik

Question: What are the citizens of Tajikistan called?
Answer: Tajikistanis
Title: Tajikistan

The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow the Ismaili sect of Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country.

Question: What people live in the southeast area of the country?
Answer: The Pamiri people

Question: How are they different than most Tajiks?
Answer: distinct linguistically and culturally

Question: What mountians do the Pamiri people call home?
Answer: Pamir Mountains
Title: Tajikistan

Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. Approximately 87%–95% of them are Sunni and roughly 3% are Shia and roughly 7% are non-denominational Muslims. The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions.

Question: What school has been recognized by the government?
Answer: Sunni Islam of the Hanafi

Question: What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as?
Answer: a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion

Question: What are the two national Islamic holidays?
Answer: Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon

Question: What percent of the population is muslim?
Answer: 98%
Title: Tajikistan

Relationships between religious groups are generally amicable, although there is some concern among mainstream Muslim leaders[who?] that minority religious groups undermine national unity. There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere. The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), a major combatant in the 1992–1997 Civil War and then-proponent of the creation of an Islamic state in Tajikistan, constitutes no more than 30% of the government by statute. Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir, a militant Islamic party which today aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment. Numbers of large mosques appropriate for Friday prayers are limited and some[who?] feel this is discriminatory.

Question: What type of religions concerns are there?
Answer: minority religious groups undermine national unity

Question: What concerns for the religions institutions are there?
Answer: a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere

Question: What is the name of the militant Islamic party in Tajikistan?
Answer: Hizb ut-Tahrir

Question: What does the Hizb ut-Tahrir aim for?
Answer: aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state
Title: Tajikistan

By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain. People under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice.

Question: What do religions communities have to register with?
Answer: State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities

Question: What does the SCRA require?
Answer: a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location

Question: What do you have to have to gather for public prayer?
Answer: a physical structure

Question: What can happen if you do not register?
Answer: can result in large fines and closure of place of worship
Title: Tajikistan

Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care, the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies. The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). This group of people suffers most from poverty in Tajikistan. The government of Tajikistan and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Public expenditure on health was at 1% of the GDP in 2004.

Question: What is wrong with the health care system in Tajikistan?
Answer: , the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies

Question: How many disabled people are registered in Tajikistan?
Answer: 104,272

Question: What percent of the GDP was spent on health?
Answer: 1%

Question: What was the name of the paper that the World Bank and Tajikistan came up with?
Answer: World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper