rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist "between the current market malaise" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. "It's very troubling if you have a mirror image," said Dow. Floyd Norris, the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times, wrote in a blog entry in March 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the Great Depression, explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the time, the rates of decline had started much faster in 2007, and that the past year had only ranked eighth among the worst recorded years of percentage drops in the Dow. The past two years ranked third, however.

Question: Who is the market strategist that believes distinctions exist between the current crisis and the Great Depression?
Answer: Phil Dow

Question: How much did the Dow Jones average fall during a period of 17 months?
Answer: 50%

Question: What was the percentage the Dow Jones fell in the Great Depression?
Answer: 54.7%

Question: Who was the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times in March 2009?
Answer: Floyd Norris
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

One of the first victims was Northern Rock, a medium-sized British bank. The highly leveraged nature of its business led the bank to request security from the Bank of England. This in turn led to investor panic and a bank run in mid-September 2007. Calls by Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable to nationalise the institution were initially ignored; in February 2008, however, the British government (having failed to find a private sector buyer) relented, and the bank was taken into public hands. Northern Rock's problems proved to be an early indication of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions.

Question: Which medium sized British bank was the first victim of the financial crisis?
Answer: Northern Rock

Question: Who did Northern Rock request security from?
Answer: Bank of England

Question: When did Northern Rock investors panic and a bank run begin?
Answer: September 2007

Question: When was Northern Rock taken into public hands?
Answer: February 2008

Question: Which bank early problems in 2007 were an indicator of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions?
Answer: Northern Rock
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower’s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac’s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower’s needs, using an extensive array of risky option-adjustable-rate-mortgages (option ARMs), subprime loans, 80/20 loans, and other nontraditional products. Ultimately, loans were made to many borrowers who simply could not afford to make their payments. The thrift remained profitable only as long as it was able to sell those loans in the secondary mortgage market. IndyMac resisted efforts to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria: see the comment by Ruthann Melbourne, Chief Risk Officer, to the regulating agencies.

Question: IndyMac often made loans without verifying what?
Answer: the borrower’s income

Question: What was questionable on IndyMac's underlying collateral?
Answer: Appraisals

Question: IndyMac gave loans to borrower's with what type credit histories?
Answer: poor

Question: IndyMac offered this type of questionable loans to borrowers?
Answer: risky

Question: IndyMac resisted efforts by regulators to tighten this criteria of their loans?
Answer: issuing criteria
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

Typical American families did not fare as well, nor did those "wealthy-but-not wealthiest" families just beneath the pyramid's top. On the other hand, half of the poorest families did not have wealth declines at all during the crisis. The Federal Reserve surveyed 4,000 households between 2007 and 2009, and found that the total wealth of 63 percent of all Americans declined in that period. 77 percent of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth, while only 50 percent of those on the bottom of the pyramid suffered a decrease.

Question: How many of the poorest families did not have any wealth decline during the financial crisis?
Answer: half

Question: In a Federal Reserve survey of 4,000 households, what percent reported wealth decline between 2007 and 2009?
Answer: 63

Question: How many of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?
Answer: 77

Question: How many families at the bottom of the pyramid had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?
Answer: 50

Question: Which families experienced the least decline in wealth between 2007 and 2009?
Answer: poorest families
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (−1.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers predicting a worldwide recession by −0.3% for 2009, averaged over the developed economies. On the same day, the Bank of England and the European Central Bank, respectively, reduced their interest rates from 4.5% down to 3%, and from 3.75% down to 3.25%. As a consequence, starting from November 2008, several countries launched large "help packages" for their economies.

Question: On November 3, 2008, who predicted extremely weak GDP growth for the Eurozone in 2009?
Answer: European Commission at Brussels

Question: How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for Eurozone countries would be in 2009?
Answer: 0.1%

Question: How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for the UK would be in 2009?
Answer: −1.0%

Question: On November 6, in Washington, D.C., who predicted a worldwide recession for 2009?
Answer: the IMF

Question: On November 5, 2008, the Bank of England reduced their interest rate from 4.5% to what?
Answer: 3%
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

The U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral, in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption. In addition, governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages, by borrowing and spending to offset the reduction in private sector demand caused by the crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma, broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity, and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity.

Question: What have central banks around the world done to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral?
Answer: expand money supplies

Question: What have governments done to offset the reduction in private sector demand?
Answer: enacted large fiscal stimulus packages

Question: What is the U.S. Federal Reserve's traditional role during a crisis?
Answer: lender-of-last-resort

Question: What did the U.S. Federal Reserve do to increase access to liquidity?
Answer: expanded liquidity facilities

Question: What type decline does lower wages and higher unemployment lead to?
Answer: self-reinforcing decline
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse. The response of the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and other central banks was immediate and dramatic. During the last quarter of 2008, these central banks purchased US$2.5 trillion of government debt and troubled private assets from banks. This was the largest liquidity injection into the credit market, and the largest monetary policy action, in world history. Following a model initiated by the United Kingdom bank rescue package, the governments of European nations and the USA guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems, ultimately purchasing $1.5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in their major banks. In October 2010, Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was implementing another monetary policy —creating currency— as a method to combat the liquidity trap. By creating $600 billion and inserting[clarification needed] this directly into banks, the Federal Reserve intended to spur banks to finance more domestic loans and refinance mortgages. However, banks instead were spending the money in more profitable areas by investing internationally in emerging markets. Banks were also investing in foreign currencies, which Stiglitz and others point out may lead to currency wars while China redirects its currency holdings away from the United States.

Question: What brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse?
Answer: credit freeze

Question: How much government debt and troubled private assets did central banks purchase during the last quarter of 2008?
Answer: US$2.5 trillion

Question: How much preferred stock did governments of European nations and the USA purchase in their major banks?
Answer: $1.5 trillion

Question: In October 2010, who was the Nobel laureate that explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was creating currency to combat the liquidity trap?
Answer: Joseph Stiglitz

Question: What did the banks chose to do with the money created by the Federal Reserve instead of financing more domestic loans and refinancing mortgages?
Answer: investing internationally in emerging markets
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others. In January 2010, Obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading. The proposals were dubbed "The Volcker Rule", in recognition of Paul Volcker, who has publicly argued for the proposed changes.

Question: What was introduced by President Barack Obama in June 2009?
Answer: a series of regulatory proposals

Question: What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009?
Answer: consumer protection

Question: Regulations were proposed by Obama in January 2010 to limit the ability of banks to engage in which type trading?
Answer: proprietary

Question: Who were proposed new regulations called "The Volcker Rule" named after?
Answer: Paul Volcker

Question: Who publicly argued for changes limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading?
Answer: Paul Volcker
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For instance, the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation, though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades.

Question: When did the U.S. Senate first pass a financial reform bill?
Answer: May 2010

Question: When did the U.S. House first pass a financial reform bill?
Answer: December 2009

Question: What rule against proprietary trading was not part of legislation passed by either the Senate or House?
Answer: Volcker Rule

Question: Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades?
Answer: Senate
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

It threatened the collapse of large financial institutions, which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments, but stock markets still dropped worldwide. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of U.S. dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008–2012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis. The active phase of the crisis, which manifested as a liquidity crisis, can be dated from August 9, 2007, when BNP Paribas terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds citing "a complete evaporation of liquidity".

Question: What action in 2007 by national governments prevented the collapse of large financial institutions?
Answer: bailout of banks

Question: How much estimated consumer wealth was lost as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?
Answer: trillions of U.S. dollars

Question: What is the date the active phase of the financial crisis began as a liquidity crisis?
Answer: August 9, 2007

Question: What year did the global recession that followed the financial crisis of 2007 end?
Answer: 2012

Question: What was the name of the company that terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds in 2007 citing a liquidity crisis?
Answer: BNP Paribas
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

The bursting of the U.S. (United States) housing bubble, which peaked in 2004, caused the values of securities tied to U.S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier access to loans for subprime borrowers, overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate, questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers, compensation structures that prioritize short-term deal flow over long-term value creation, and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making. Questions regarding bank solvency, declines in credit availability and damaged investor confidence had an impact on global stock markets, where securities suffered large losses during 2008 and early 2009. Economies worldwide slowed during this period, as credit tightened and international trade declined. Governments and central banks responded with unprecedented fiscal stimulus, monetary policy expansion and institutional bailouts. In the U.S., Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.

Question: What year did the U.S. housing bubble peak?
Answer: 2004

Question: What year did Congress pass the American Recover and Reinvestment Act?
Answer: 2009

Question: Overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages was based on the theory that housing prices would continue to do this?
Answer: escalate

Question: One of the causes of the financial crisis was easier access to loans by this type borrower?
Answer: subprime

Question: In 2007, banks and insurance companies did not have adequate holdings of which type to back their financial commitments?
Answer: capital
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

Many causes for the financial crisis have been suggested, with varying weight assigned by experts. The U.S. Senate's Levin–Coburn Report concluded that the crisis was the result of "high risk, complex financial products; undisclosed conflicts of interest; the failure of regulators, the credit rating agencies, and the market itself to rein in the excesses of Wall Street." The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission concluded that the financial crisis was avoidable and was caused by "widespread failures in financial regulation and supervision", "dramatic failures of corporate governance and risk management at many systemically important financial institutions", "a combination of excessive borrowing, risky investments, and lack of transparency" by financial institutions, ill preparation and inconsistent action by government that "added to the uncertainty and panic", a "systemic breakdown in accountability and ethics", "collapsing mortgage-lending standards and the mortgage securitization pipeline", deregulation of over-the-counter derivatives, especially credit default swaps, and "the failures of credit rating agencies" to correctly price risk. The 1999 repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act effectively removed the separation between investment banks and depository banks in the United States. Critics argued that credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage-related financial products, and that governments did not adjust their regulatory practices to address 21st-century financial markets. Research into the causes of the financial crisis has also focused on the role of interest rate spreads.

Question: What is the name of the U.S. Senate report giving their conclusions for the cause of the crisis?
Answer: Levin–Coburn Report

Question: Which act was repealed in 1999 effectively removing the separation between investment and deposit banks?
Answer: Glass-Steagall Act

Question: What is the name of the commission who concluded the financial crisis was avoidable?
Answer: Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission

Question: What agency failed to accurately price risk involved in mortgage-related financial products?
Answer: credit rating agencies

Question: What practices should have been adjusted by governments to address 21st-century financial markets?
Answer: regulatory
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

As part of the housing and credit booms, the number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO), which derived their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the U.S. housing market. As housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS reported significant losses.

Question: What are MBS as related to the housing and credit booms?
Answer: mortgage-backed securities

Question: What are CDO as related to the housing and credit booms?
Answer: collateralized debt obligations

Question: When housing prices declined, who reported significant losses from being heavily invested in subprime MBS?
Answer: major global financial institutions

Question: Who could invest in the U.S. housing market through MBS and CDO?
Answer: institutions and investors around the world

Question: MBS and CDO derive their value from?
Answer: mortgage payments and housing prices
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

Falling prices also resulted in homes worth less than the mortgage loan, providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic that began in late 2006 in the U.S. continues to drain wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions. Defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy. Total losses are estimated in the trillions of U.S. dollars globally.

Question: How much are total losses estimated to be from falling home prices?
Answer: trillions of U.S. dollars

Question: What is the financial incentive when a home is worth less than the mortgage loan?
Answer: foreclosure

Question: What year did the foreclosure epidemic begin?
Answer: late 2006

Question: What other financial instruments had significant defaults and losses as a result of the crisis expanding from housing to other parts of the economy?
Answer: other loan types

Question: What continues to drain consumer wealth and erode the strength of banks?
Answer: foreclosure epidemic
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions. Thus, policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds, also known as the shadow banking system. Some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial (depository) banks in providing credit to the U.S. economy, but they were not subject to the same regulations.

Question: What institutions comprise the shadow banking system?
Answer: investment banks and hedge funds

Question: What institutions are not subject to the same regulations as commercial banks?
Answer: investment banks and hedge funds

Question: What process caused the financial system to both expand and become fragile?
Answer: financialization

Question: What policy has U.S. Government emphasized from the 1970's onward?
Answer: deregulation

Question: Since the 1970's, what has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, but resulted in less oversight and less disclosure?
Answer: U.S. Government policy
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

These institutions, as well as certain regulated banks, had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic activity. Concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets, which are integral to funding business operations. Governments also bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs, assuming significant additional financial commitments.

Question: Some regulated banks did not have sufficient financial cushions in place to absorb what losses as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?
Answer: MBS

Question: What was a consequence of the large loan defaults and MBS losses in 2007?
Answer: slowing economic activity

Question: Who provided funds to encourage lending and restore faith in commercial banks in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?
Answer: central banks

Question: Who bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs as an answer to the financial crisis of 2007?
Answer: Governments

Question: What impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend in the financial crisis of 2007?
Answer: large loan defaults or MBS losses