rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Kolmaš writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors "viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet." He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and "fill once more the political vacuum in that country." On the mass Mongol conversion to Tibetan Buddhism under Altan Khan, Laird writes that "the Chinese watched these developments with interest, though few Chinese ever became devout Tibetan Buddhists."

Question: Who's presence increased in Tibet?
Answer: the Mongols

Question: What were the Mongols trying to reclaim?
Answer: their old vassal of Tibet

Question: When did the conquest of Tibet reach its peak?
Answer: 1642

Question: Who's lack of concern helped the Mongols jump at a chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet?
Answer: the Ming court
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers, Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa, "the one of Tsang", and established his base of power at Shigatse. The second successor of this first Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal, took control of the whole of Central Tibet (Ü-Tsang), reigning from 1611–1621. Despite this, the leaders of Lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the Phagmodru as well as the Gelug, while the Ü-Tsang king allied with the Karmapa. Tensions rose between the nationalistic Ü-Tsang ruler and the Mongols who safeguarded their Mongol Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The fourth Dalai Lama refused to give an audience to the Ü-Tsang king, which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting Gelug monasteries. Chen writes of the speculation over the fourth Dalai Lama's mysterious death and the plot of the Ü-Tsang king to have him murdered for "cursing" him with illness, although Chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle. In 1618, only two years after Yonten Gyatso died, the Gelug and the Karma Kargyu went to war, the Karma Kargyu supported by the secular Ü-Tsang king. The Ü-Tsang ruler had a large number of Gelugpa lamas killed, occupied their monasteries at Drepung and Sera, and outlawed any attempts to find another Dalai Lama. In 1621, the Ü-Tsang king died and was succeeded by his young son Karma Tenkyong, an event which stymied the war effort as the latter accepted the six-year-old Lozang Gyatso as the new Dalai Lama. Despite the new Dalai Lama's diplomatic efforts to maintain friendly relations with the new Ü-Tsang ruler, Sonam Rapten (1595–1657), the Dalai Lama's chief steward and treasurer at Drepung, made efforts to overthrow the Ü-Tsang king, which led to another conflict. In 1633, the Gelugpas and several thousand Mongol adherents defeated the Ü-Tsang king's troops near Lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled. Goldstein writes that in this the "Mongols were again playing a significant role in Tibetan affairs, this time as the military arm of the Dalai Lama."

Question: When were the Rinbung princes overthrown?
Answer: 1565

Question: Who took control of the whole of Central Tibet?
Answer: Karma Phuntsok Namgyal

Question: When did Karma Phuntsok Namgyal reign?
Answer: 1611–1621

Question: Who did Ü-Tsang king have an alliance with?
Answer: the Karmapa

Question: Who refused an audience with the Ü-Tsang king?
Answer: The fourth Dalai Lama
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

When an ally of the Ü-Tsang ruler threatened destruction of the Gelugpas again, the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso pleaded for help from the Mongol prince Güshi Khan (1582–1655), leader of the Khoshut (Qoshot) tribe of the Oirat Mongols, who was then on a pilgrimage to Lhasa. Güshi Khan accepted his role as protector, and from 1637–1640 he not only defeated the Gelugpas' enemies in the Amdo and Kham regions, but also resettled his entire tribe into Amdo. Sonam Chöpel urged Güshi Khan to assault the Ü-Tsang king's homebase of Shigatse, which Güshi Khan agreed upon, enlisting the aid of Gelug monks and supporters. In 1642, after a year's siege of Shigatse, the Ü-Tsang forces surrendered. Güshi Khan then captured and summarily executed Karma Tenkyong, the ruler of Ü-Tsang, King of Tibet.

Question: Who did the 5th Dalai Lama beg for help from?
Answer: the Mongol prince Güshi Khan

Question: What role did Güshi Khan take on?
Answer: protector

Question: Which enemies did Güshi Khan defeat? 
Answer: the Gelugpas

Question: Where did Güshi Khan resettle his tribe?
Answer: Amdo

Question: When did the  Ü-Tsang forces surrender?
Answer: 1642
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Soon after the victory in Ü-Tsang, Güshi Khan organized a welcoming ceremony for Lozang Gyatso once he arrived a day's ride from Shigatse, presenting his conquest of Tibet as a gift to the Dalai Lama. In a second ceremony held within the main hall of the Shigatse fortress, Güshi Khan enthroned the Dalai Lama as the ruler of Tibet, but conferred the actual governing authority to the regent Sonam Chöpel. Although Güshi Khan had granted the Dalai Lama "supreme authority" as Goldstein writes, the title of 'King of Tibet' was conferred upon Güshi Khan, spending his summers in pastures north of Lhasa and occupying Lhasa each winter. Van Praag writes that at this point Güshi Khan maintained control over the armed forces, but accepted his inferior status towards the Dalai Lama. Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama shared power with his regent and Güshi Khan during his early secular and religious reign. However, Rawski states that he eventually "expanded his own authority by presenting himself as Avalokiteśvara through the performance of rituals," by building the Potala Palace and other structures on traditional religious sites, and by emphasizing lineage reincarnation through written biographies. Goldstein states that the government of Güshi Khan and the Dalai Lama persecuted the Karma Kagyu sect, confiscated their wealth and property, and even converted their monasteries into Gelug monasteries. Rawski writes that this Mongol patronage allowed the Gelugpas to dominate the rival religious sects in Tibet.

Question: Who did Güshi Khan organize a welcome ceremony for?
Answer: Lozang Gyatso

Question: What did Güshi Khan present as a gift to the Dalai Lama?
Answer: his conquest of Tibet

Question: Who did Güshi Khan enthrone the ruler of Tibet?
Answer: the Dalai Lama

Question: Who did Güshi Khan grant the governing authority to?
Answer: the regent Sonam Chöpel

Question: The title of 'King of Tibet belonged to whom?
Answer: Güshi Khan
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened administration of Tibet." However, Kolmaš states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642, before the Ming collapsed. Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1644–1661) of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652, Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet. Patterson writes that this was an effort of Shunzhi to secure an alliance with Tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of Manchu rule over Mongolia. In this meeting with the Qing emperor, Goldstein asserts that the Dalai Lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with Mongol tribes, some of which were declared enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the "Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim."

Question: Who did the the Chinese Ming dynasty fall to?
Answer: the rebellion of Li Zicheng

Question: According to Kolmaš who accepted an invite from a Manchu to send envoys to the capital at Mukden?
Answer: the Dalai Lama

Question: Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet?
Answer: Shunzhi
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

When the Dzungar Mongols attempted to spread their territory from what is now Xinjiang into Tibet, the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722) responded to Tibetan pleas for aid with his own expedition to Tibet, occupying Lhasa in 1720. By 1751, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796), a protectorate and permanent Qing dynasty garrison was established in Tibet. As of 1751, Albert Kolb writes that "Chinese claims to suzerainty over Tibet date from this time."

Question: Who tried to spread their territory into Tibet?
Answer: the Dzungar Mongols

Question: Who helped the Tibetan? 
Answer: the Kangxi Emperor

Question: When did the Kangxi Emperor occupy Lhasa?
Answer: 1720

Question: When was The Qing dynasty garrison established in Tibet?
Answer: 1751

Question: When did the Qianlong Emperor reign? 
Answer: 1735–1796
Title: IPod

The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch.

Question: Which company produces the iPod?
Answer: Apple

Question: When was the original iPod released?
Answer: October 23, 2001

Question: How many different types of iPod are currently available?
Answer: three

Question: What kind of device is the iPod?
Answer: portable media players

Question: The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface?
Answer: touchscreen

Question: In what year was the first iPod released?
Answer: 2001

Question: What company manufactures the iPod?
Answer: Apple

Question: How many versions of the iPod currently exist?
Answer: 3

Question: Which is the smallest version of the iPod?
Answer: Shuffle

Question: In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned?
Answer: 2015
Title: IPod

Like other digital music players, iPods can serve as external data storage devices. Storage capacity varies by model, ranging from 2 GB for the iPod Shuffle to 128 GB for the iPod Touch (previously 160 GB for the iPod Classic, which is now discontinued).

Question: In addition to playing music, what other function can the iPod perform?
Answer: data storage

Question: What is the smallest data capacity for an iPod product?
Answer: 2 GB

Question: What is the largest data capacity for an iPod product?
Answer: 128 GB

Question: Which iPod product features the smallest data storage capacity?
Answer: iPod Shuffle

Question: Which current iPod product features the largest data storage capacity?
Answer: iPod Touch

Question: What's the storage capacity of the iPod Shuffle?
Answer: 2 GB

Question: What's the storage capacity for the iPod Touch?
Answer: 128 GB
Title: IPod

Apple's iTunes software (and other alternative software) can be used to transfer music, photos, videos, games, contact information, e-mail settings, Web bookmarks, and calendars, to the devices supporting these features from computers using certain versions of Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems.

Question: What Apple program is used to communicate between computers and portable devices?
Answer: iTunes

Question: Which operating systems are compatible with iTunes?
Answer: Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows

Question: What's the name of the software used to manage music and other media on Apple devices?
Answer: iTunes
Title: IPod

Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named "Music" and "Videos" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod.

Question: Prior to iOS 5, how many apps were required to play music and videos on iPhone and iPad?
Answer: one

Question: In mid-2010, which Apple device had higher sales than iPod?
Answer: iPhone

Question: With what iOS release did Apple standardize media apps on all their products?
Answer: iOS 5

Question: In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods?
Answer: 2010

Question: What are the titles of the standard media apps on current Apple devices?
Answer: "Music" and "Videos"
Title: IPod

In mid-2015, a new model of the iPod Touch was announced by Apple, and was officially released on the Apple store on July 15, 2015. The sixth generation iPod Touch includes a wide variety of spec improvements such as the upgraded A8 processor and higher-quality screen. The core is over 5 times faster than previous models and is built to be roughly on par with the iPhone 5S. It is available in 5 different colors: Space grey, pink, gold, silver and Product (red).

Question: What processor model is used in the iPod Touch?
Answer: A8

Question: Which generation of iPod Touch was made availalbe in July of 2015?
Answer: sixth

Question: What's the most recent generation of iPod Touch?
Answer: sixth

Question: In what year was the most recent iPod Touch released?
Answer: 2015

Question: What type of processor does the current iPod Touch use?
Answer: A8

Question: In how many colors is the current iPod Touch available?
Answer: 5
Title: IPod

Though the iPod was released in 2001, its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004. The iPod line came from Apple's "digital hub" category, when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the company found existing digital music players "big and clunky or small and useless" with user interfaces that were "unbelievably awful," so Apple decided to develop its own. As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs, Apple's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line, including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive. Rubinstein had already discovered the Toshiba disk drive when meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen's BeoCom 6000 telephone. The product ("the Walkman of the twenty-first century" ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put "1,000 songs in your pocket."

Question: In what year was the iPod first introduced?
Answer: 2001

Question: In what year did iPod sales show improvement?
Answer: 2004

Question: Which Apple engineer led original iPod design group?
Answer: Jon Rubinstein

Question: What radio was the primary inspiration for the look of the iPod?
Answer: Braun T3 transistor radio

Question: What was the storage capacity of the first iPod?
Answer: 5 GB

Question: in what year was the original iPod released?
Answer: 2001

Question: How large was the hard drive on the original iPod?
Answer: 5 GB

Question: What other popular music player did Apple compare their new product to?
Answer: the Walkman

Question: What is the name of Apple's hardware engineering chief who helped design the iPod?
Answer: Jon Rubinstein

Question: Who manufactured the hard drives for the first iPods?
Answer: Toshiba
Title: IPod

Apple did not develop the iPod software entirely in-house, instead using PortalPlayer's reference platform based on two ARM cores. The platform had rudimentary software running on a commercial microkernel embedded operating system. PortalPlayer had previously been working on an IBM-branded MP3 player with Bluetooth headphones. Apple contracted another company, Pixo, to help design and implement the user interface under the direct supervision of Steve Jobs. As development progressed, Apple continued to refine the software's look and feel. Starting with the iPod Mini, the Chicago font was replaced with Espy Sans. Later iPods switched fonts again to Podium Sans—a font similar to Apple's corporate font, Myriad. iPods with color displays then adopted some Mac OS X themes like Aqua progress bars, and brushed metal meant to evoke a combination lock. In 2007, Apple modified the iPod interface again with the introduction of the sixth-generation iPod Classic and third-generation iPod Nano by changing the font to Helvetica and, in most cases, splitting the screen in half by displaying the menus on the left and album artwork, photos, or videos on the right (whichever was appropriate for the selected item).

Question: Which company worked with Apple in creating the user interface for the iPod?
Answer: Pixo

Question: What was the name of the font used prior to the release of the iPod Mini?
Answer: Chicago

Question: In what year was the 6th gen iPod Classic released?
Answer: 2007

Question: The 6th gen iPod Classic and 3rd gen iPod nano featured which font?
Answer: Helvetica

Question: Who supervised the design and implementation of the iPod user interface?
Answer: Steve Jobs

Question: What software did Apple use as the basis for their iPod software?
Answer: PortalPlayer

Question: What typeface does the current iPod use?
Answer: Helvetica
Title: IPod

In 2006 Apple presented a special edition for iPod 5G of Irish rock band U2. Like its predecessor, this iPod has engraved the signatures of the four members of the band on its back, but this one was the first time the company changed the colour of the metal (not silver but black). This iPod was only available with 30GB of storage capacity. The special edition entitled purchasers to an exclusive video with 33 minutes of interviews and performance by U2, downloadable from the iTunes Store.

Question: In what year was a special edition of the iPod produced?
Answer: 2006

Question: For what musical group was a special edition of the iPod first made?
Answer: U2

Question: What color was the metal on the U2 version of the iPod?
Answer: black

Question: What type of media was included with purchase of the U2 version of the iPod?
Answer: video

Question: Of what band did Apple present a special edition iPod 5G?
Answer: U2

Question: What color was the special U2 iPod model?
Answer: black

Question: In what year did apple release the special U2 model of the iPod?
Answer: 2006
Title: IPod

In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a "plastic music box" in 1981, which he called the IXI. He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea.

Question: Apple was involved in a lawsuit with which company in 2007?
Answer: Burst.com

Question: Who previously applied for a patent for an iPod-like device?
Answer: Kane Kramer

Question: In what country did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?
Answer: UK

Question: In what year did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?
Answer: 1981

Question: What did Kane Kramer call the device for which he wanted a patent?
Answer: IXI

Question: What patent holding company sued Apple in 2007?
Answer: Burst.com

Question: What was the name of the previously-patented music player from 1981?
Answer: IXI

Question: Who was the holder of the previous patent for the "plastic music box"?
Answer: Kane Kramer
Title: IPod

The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase "Open the pod bay door, Hal!", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship. Chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player. Apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an "iPod" trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in July 2000 for Internet kiosks. The first iPod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jersey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January 2000, but had apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005.

Question: Who came up with the name for Apple's portable mp3 player?
Answer: Vinnie Chieco

Question: What was Vinnie Chieco's profession?
Answer: freelance copywriter

Question: What film inspired the name of the iPod?
Answer: 2001: A Space Odyssey

Question: Who first trademarked the iPod name?
Answer: Joseph N. Grasso

Question: In what year was Apple given rights to the iPod name?
Answer: 2005

Question: What movie inspired the iPod name?
Answer: 2001: A Space Odyssey

Question: What was the name of the copywriter that proposed the name "iPod"?
Answer: Vinnie Chieco

Question: Who held the original trademark for the iPod name?
Answer: Joseph N. Grasso
Title: IPod

In mid-2015, several new color schemes for all of the current iPod models were spotted in the latest version of iTunes, 12.2. Belgian website Belgium iPhone originally found the images when plugging in an iPod for the first time, and subsequent leaked photos were found by Pierre Dandumont.

Question: When were images of new iPod colors leaked?
Answer: mid-2015

Question: Who leaked the photos of new iPod colors?
Answer: Pierre Dandumont

Question: What version of iTunes contained the leaked photos of new iPod colors?
Answer: 12.2

Question: What was the latest version of iTunes as of mid-2015?
Answer: 12.2

Question: Who first leaked the photos of the new iPod color scheme?
Answer: Pierre Dandumont
Title: IPod

The third-generation iPod had a weak bass response, as shown in audio tests. The combination of the undersized DC-blocking capacitors and the typical low-impedance of most consumer headphones form a high-pass filter, which attenuates the low-frequency bass output. Similar capacitors were used in the fourth-generation iPods. The problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones and is completely masked when driving high-impedance (line level) loads, such as an external headphone amplifier. The first-generation iPod Shuffle uses a dual-transistor output stage, rather than a single capacitor-coupled output, and does not exhibit reduced bass response for any load.

Question: What audio deficiency was found in the 3rd gen iPods?
Answer: weak bass response

Question: What kind of headphones could partially mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?
Answer: high-impedance

Question: What is an example of a device that could entirely mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?
Answer: external headphone amplifier

Question: What part of audio output was substandard on 3rd generation iPods?
Answer: bass

Question: What component was to blame for the weak bass of the 3rd generation iPod?
Answer: undersized DC-blocking capacitors