rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Elizabeth_II

In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen". After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age". Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism. In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales. In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd.

Question: As what was Elizabeth portrayed in the 1950s?
Answer: "fairytale Queen"

Question: Of what did Lord Altrincham say Elizabeth's speeches resembled?
Answer: "priggish schoolgirl"

Question: What investiture featuring Prince Charles was televised in the late 1960s?
Answer: Prince of Wales

Question: In the 1960s, what did Elizabeth begin wearing to events ?
Answer: solid-colour overcoats

Question: What was the time after WWII heralded as?
Answer: "new Elizabethan age"
Title: Elizabeth_II

The Royal Collection, which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels, is not owned by the Queen personally but is held in trust, as are her official residences, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, and the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued in 2014 at £442 million. Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen. The British Crown Estate – with holdings of £9.4 billion in 2014 – is held in trust by the sovereign and cannot be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a private capacity.

Question: What famous jewelry collection is held in trust by Elizabeth?
Answer: Crown Jewels

Question: What residences of Elizabeth are held in trust and not owned by Elizabeth?
Answer: official residences

Question: What Scottish estate is privately owned by Elizabeth?
Answer: Balmoral Castle

Question: How much is the worth of the British Crown Estate?
Answer: £9.4 billion

Question: How is the British Crown Estate held by Elizabeth?
Answer: in trust
Title: Elizabeth_II

Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as "Crawfie". Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music. Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility. Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant." Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".

Question: Who was Elizabeth only sibling?P
Answer: Princess Margaret

Question: When was Princess Margaret born?
Answer: 1930

Question: Who was Marion Crawford to the princesses?
Answer: governess

Question: What was the title of the book written by Crawford about the princesses?
Answer: The Little Princesses

Question: Where were the royal princesses educated?
Answer: at home
Title: Elizabeth_II

In 1943, at the age of 16, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year. As she approached her 18th birthday, parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944. In February 1945, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service as an honorary second subaltern with the service number of 230873. She trained as a driver and mechanic and was promoted to honorary junior commander five months later.

Question: At what age was Elizabeth when she went on her first solo public appearance?
Answer: 16

Question: Where did Elizabeth visit on her first solo public appearance?
Answer: Grenadier Guards

Question: In case of her father's absence, in what capacity could Elizabeth act? 
Answer: Counsellors of State

Question: When did Elizabeth join the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service?
Answer: February 1945

Question: In what capacity did Elizabeth serve in the Auxiliary?
Answer: driver and mechanic
Title: Elizabeth_II

The engagement was not without controversy: Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links. Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin." Elizabeth's mother was reported, in later biographies, to have opposed the union initially, even dubbing Philip "The Hun". In later life, however, she told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".

Question: Where did Philip serve during WWII?
Answer: Royal Navy

Question: What did Crawford report that some of the King's advisers thought of Philip?
Answer: good enough

Question: To whom did Philip's sisters marry?
Answer: German noblemen

Question: What did Elizabeth's mother call Philip?
Answer: "The Hun"

Question: What did Elizabeth's mother later say that Philip was?
Answer: "an English gentleman"
Title: Elizabeth_II

During 1951, George VI's health declined and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour. In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth's immediate accession to the throne. Philip broke the news to the new Queen. Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name; she chose to remain Elizabeth, "of course". She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom. She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace.

Question: What was the state of George VI's health during 1951?
Answer: health declined

Question: On what date did Elizabeth's father, King George VI, die?
Answer: 6 February 1952

Question: In what country was Elizabeth when George VI died?
Answer: Kenya
Title: Elizabeth_II

In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union. In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.

Question: When did the prime ministers of Britain and France discuss the idea of France joining the Commonwealth?
Answer: 1956

Question: What did France sign instead of joining the Commonwealth?
Answer: Treaty of Rome

Question: To what was the European Economic Community the precurser?
Answer: European Union

Question: When did Britain and France invade Egypt?
Answer: November 1956

Question: What did the Treaty of Rome establish?
Answer: European Economic Community
Title: Elizabeth_II

The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. Over 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian Prime Minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves toward majority rule, declared unilateral independence from Britain while still expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth. Although the Queen dismissed him in a formal declaration, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade. As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973.

Question: When did the decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean accelerate?
Answer: 1960s and 1970s

Question: How many countries got independence from Britain during decolonization?
Answer: Over 20 countries

Question: When did Britain join the European Community?
Answer: 1973

Question: What did the Rhodesian president declare in 1965?
Answer: independence from Britain

Question: In spite of sanctions by the international community, how long did the Ian Smith's regime last?
Answer: over a decade
Title: Elizabeth_II

During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony and only six weeks before the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at the Queen from close range as she rode down The Mall on her horse, Burmese. Police later discovered that the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three. The Queen's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised. From April to September 1982, the Queen remained anxious but proud of her son, Prince Andrew, who was serving with British forces during the Falklands War. On 9 July, the Queen awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. Remaining calm and through two calls to the Palace police switchboard, she spoke to Fagan while he sat at the foot of her bed until assistance arrived seven minutes later. Though she hosted US President Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visited his Californian ranch in 1983, she was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.

Question: During what ceremony were shots fired at the Queen?
Answer: Trooping the Colour

Question: Who was the assailant who shot at Queen Elizabeth? 
Answer: Marcus Sarjeant

Question: Which of Elizabeth's sons served in the Falklands War?
Answer: Prince Andrew

Question: Who was the intruder Elizabeth awoke to find in her bedroom?
Answer: Michael Fagan

Question: What island's invasion angered Elizabeth?
Answer: Grenada
Title: Elizabeth_II

In the years to follow, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued. Even though support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republicanism was still a minority viewpoint, and the Queen herself had high approval ratings. Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself and the Queen's wider family rather than her own behaviour and actions. In consultation with her husband and the Prime Minister, John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, she wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, saying that a divorce was desirable.

Question: What political feeling is still a minority view in Britain?
Answer: republicanism

Question: What state of affairs produced revelations and problems for Elizabeth?
Answer: Charles and Diana's marriage

Question: In spite of criticisms what kind of approval ratings did Elizabeth have?
Answer: high

Question: What institution was being criticized during the time of Charles and Diana's breakup?
Answer: monarchy

Question: When did Elizabeth write to tell Charles and Diana to get a divorce?
Answer: December 1995
Title: Elizabeth_II

The Queen addressed the United Nations for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth. The UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as "an anchor for our age". During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for the British victims of the September 11 attacks. The Queen's visit to Australia in October 2011 – her sixteenth visit since 1954 – was called her "farewell tour" in the press because of her age.

Question: When was the second address to the UN by Elizabeth?
Answer: 2010

Question: Who was UN Secretary General when Elizabeth addressed the UN?
Answer: Ban Ki-moon

Question: As what did Ban Ki-Moon introduce Elizabeth to the UN?
Answer: "an anchor for our age"

Question: For whom was the garden Elizabeth opened a memorial?
Answer: British victims

Question: When was Elizabeth's farewell visit to Australia?
Answer: October 2011
Title: Elizabeth_II

From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George. Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. The Queen also possesses royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, and elsewhere.

Question: Until she became queen, what flower was on Elizabeth's coat of arms?
Answer: Tudor rose

Question: When did Elizabeth acquire her father's arms?
Answer: Upon her accession

Question: Besides personal flags,what other types of flags does Elizabeth have?
Answer: royal standards

Question: What type of flags are used in foreign countries?
Answer: personal

Question: When did Elizabeth start to bear a coat of royal arms?
Answer: 21 April 1944
Title: Elizabeth_II

Elizabeth was born in London to the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, and was the elder of their two daughters. She was educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake public duties during World War II, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In 1947, she married Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, with whom she has four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.

Question: In what city was Elizabeth born?
Answer: London

Question: At the time of her birth, what was the rank of Elizabeth's parents?
Answer: Duke and Duchess of York

Question: What were Elizabeth's parents' titles after ascending to the throne?
Answer: King George VI and Queen Elizabeth

Question: How many children did Elizabeth's parents have?
Answer: two daughters

Question: What event caused Elizabeth's father to become King?
Answer: abdication of his brother
Title: Elizabeth_II

During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as the Prince of Wales was still young, and many assumed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, after her father. Later that year Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, and she became heir presumptive. If her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession.

Question: When she was born, where in the order of succession was Elizabeth?
Answer: third

Question: Before Elizabeth's father who was next in line for the throne?
Answer: Edward, Prince of Wales

Question: When did Elizabeth's grandfather die?
Answer: 1936

Question: What event caused Edward to abdicate the throne?
Answer: proposed marriage

Question: What did Edward's proposed marriage to Simpson cause?
Answer: constitutional crisis
Title: Elizabeth_II

With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children." In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.

Question: What name was it assumed Elizabeth would take upon her marriage to Philip?
Answer: Mountbatten,

Question: What Prime Minister objected to the name change?
Answer: Winston Churchill

Question: What name did Elizabeth keep as her married name?
Answer: House of Windsor

Question: What name was adopted for Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not have royal titles? 
Answer: Mountbatten-Windsor

Question: When did Elizabeth decree the use of Mountbatten-Windsor as the  surname? 
Answer: 1960
Title: Elizabeth_II

The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.

Question: Who did Eden recommend that Elizabeth consult about appointing a new  Prime Minister?
Answer: Lord Salisbury

Question: What position did Lord Salisbury have in the government?
Answer: Lord President of the Council

Question: Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister?
Answer: Harold Macmillan

Question: What position did Lord Kilmuir have ?
Answer: Lord Chancellor

Question: Who in turn did Salisbury and Kilmuir consult?
Answer: British Cabinet
Title: Elizabeth_II

In February 1974, the British Prime Minister, Edward Heath, advised the Queen to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain. The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. Heath only resigned when discussions on forming a coalition foundered, after which the Queen asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government.

Question: When did Edward Heath ask Elizabeth to call a general election?
Answer: February 1974

Question: Where was Elizabeth when Heath advised that sh call for an election?
Answer: Austronesian Pacific Rim

Question: What did Elizabeth do after Heath adviser her?
Answer: fly back to Britain

Question: What did Heath do after his party could not form a coalition with the Labor party?
Answer: resigned

Question: Who did Elizabeth ask to form a government?
Answer: Harold Wilson
Title: Elizabeth_II

Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, not all of which were entirely true. As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards." Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that the Queen was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth Secretary-General Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation. Thatcher reputedly said the Queen would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents. Thatcher's biographer John Campbell claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making". Belying reports of acrimony between them, Thatcher later conveyed her personal admiration for the Queen, and the Queen gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major. Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.

Question: What did high public interest in the  private lives of the royal family cause in the press?
Answer: sensational stories

Question: Who was editor of The Sun in the 1980s?
Answer: Kelvin MacKenzie

Question: What did the editor of The Observer call the sensational stories about the royals?
Answer: royal soap opera

Question: Who, it was rumored,  did Margaret Thatcher say the Queen would vote for?
Answer: Thatcher's political opponents

Question: Who said the Elizabeth was a behind the scenes force in ending apartheid?
Answer: Brian Mulroney
Title: Elizabeth_II

In 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris. The Queen was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons by Charles—Princes William and Harry—wanted to attend church and so the Queen and Prince Philip took them that morning. After that single public appearance, for five days the Queen and the Duke shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private, but the royal family's seclusion and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace caused public dismay. Pressured by the hostile reaction, the Queen agreed to return to London and do a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral. In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes. As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.

Question: What incident killed Diana in Paris?
Answer: car crash

Question: When did Diana die?
Answer: 1997

Question: How long did Elizabeth and the royal family remain in seclusion at Balmoral?
Answer: five days

Question: What failure did the public find dismaying?
Answer: fly a flag at half-mast

Question: What did Elizabeth do to diffuse hostile public sentiment?
Answer: live television broadcast