rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Mesozoic

The lower (Triassic) boundary is set by the Permian–Triassic extinction event, during which approximately 90% to 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct. It is also known as the "Great Dying" because it is considered the largest mass extinction in the Earth's history. The upper (Cretaceous) boundary is set at the Cretaceous–Tertiary (KT) extinction event (now more accurately called the Cretaceous–Paleogene (or K–Pg) extinction event), which may have been caused by the impactor that created Chicxulub Crater on the Yucatán Peninsula. Towards the Late Cretaceous large volcanic eruptions are also believed to have contributed to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Approximately 50% of all genera became extinct, including all of the non-avian dinosaurs.

Question: What event sets the boundary for the Triassic?
Answer: Permian–Triassic extinction

Question: How many terrestrial species died during the extinction?
Answer: 70%

Question: What is the largest extinction of species in Earth's history known as?
Answer: Great Dying

Question: What percentage of marine life died during the extinction?
Answer: 90% to 96%

Question: What is the possible cause of the upper Cretaceous extinction event ?
Answer: K–Pg) extinction
Title: Mesozoic

The Late Cretaceous spans from 100 million to 65 million years ago. The Late Cretaceous featured a cooling trend that would continue on in the Cenozoic period. Eventually, tropics were restricted to the equator and areas beyond the tropic lines featured extreme seasonal changes in weather. Dinosaurs still thrived as new species such as Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, Triceratops and Hadrosaurs dominated the food web. In the oceans, Mosasaurs ruled the seas to fill the role of the Ichthyosaurs, and huge plesiosaurs, such as Elasmosaurus, evolved. Also, the first flowering plants evolved. At the end of the Cretaceous, the Deccan traps and other volcanic eruptions were poisoning the atmosphere. As this was continuing, it is thought that a large meteor smashed into earth, creating the Chicxulub Crater in an event known as the K-T Extinction, the fifth and most recent mass extinction event, in which 75% of life on earth went extinct, including all non-avian dinosaurs. Everything over 10 kilograms went extinct. The age of the dinosaurs was over.

Question: What is the span of the Late Cretaceous period?
Answer: 100 million to 65 million years

Question: What weather trend ocured in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic periods?
Answer: cooling

Question: What climate was restricted to the equatorial areas?
Answer: tropics

Question: What type of weather changes did areas outside of the tropics experience?
Answer: extreme seasonal changes

Question: What event ended the age of the dinosaur by causing a 75% extinction?
Answer: K-T Extinction
Title: Mesozoic

The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale".

Question: What is uncertain about the Cretaceous?
Answer: climate

Question: What atmospheric gas caused temperatures levels to be 10 degrees higher than today?
Answer: carbon dioxide

Question: During the Cretaceous what climate was thought to be found in areas near the seas?
Answer: deserts

Question: What did large amounts of deposited un-decomposed organic matter later become?
Answer: black shale

Question: What was about equal across the planet?
Answer: temperatures
Title: Mesozoic

The Late Triassic spans from 237 million to 200 million years ago. Following the bloom of the Middle Triassic, the Late Triassic featured frequent heat spells, as well as moderate precipitation (10-20 inches per year). The recent warming led to a boom of reptilian evolution on land as the first true dinosaurs evolve, as well as pterosaurs. All this climatic change, however, resulted in a large die-out known as the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event, in which all archosaurs (excluding ancient crocodiles), most synapsids, and almost all large amphibians went extinct, as well as 34% of marine life in the fourth mass extinction event of the world. The cause is debatable.

Question: What was the span of the Late Triassic?
Answer: 237 million to 200 million years

Question: Besides moderate precipitation, what weather conditions did the Late Triassic have?
Answer: heat spells

Question: When did the first dinosaurs evolve?
Answer: Triassic

Question: According to theory, what did climate change in the Late Triassic cause?
Answer: Triassic-Jurassic extinction

Question: What was the only archosaur to survive the fourth mass extinction?
Answer: crocodiles
Title: Mesozoic

The Early Cretaceous spans from 145 million to 100 million years ago. The Early Cretaceous saw the expansion of seaways, and as a result, the decline and extinction of sauropods (except in South America). Many coastal shallows were created, and that caused Ichthyosaurs to die out. Mosasaurs evolved to replace them as head of the seas. Some island-hopping dinosaurs, like Eustreptospondylus, evolved to cope with the coastal shallows and small islands of ancient Europe. Other dinosaurs rose up to fill the empty space that the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction left behind, such as Carcharodontosaurus and Spinosaurus. Of the most successful would be the Iguanodon which spread to every continent. Seasons came back into effect and the poles got seasonally colder, but dinosaurs still inhabited this area like the Leaellynasaura which inhabited the polar forests year-round, and many dinosaurs migrated there during summer like Muttaburrasaurus. Since it was too cold for crocodiles, it was the last stronghold for large amphibians, like Koolasuchus. Pterosaurs got larger as species like Tapejara and Ornithocheirus evolved.

Question: What is the span of the Early Cretaceous?
Answer: 145 million to 100 million years

Question: What event of the Early Cretaceous caused the extinction of several species?
Answer: expansion of seaways

Question: What species died out due to the expansion of coastal shallows?
Answer: Ichthyosaurs

Question: What species dominated the seas?
Answer: Mosasaurs

Question: What dinosaur spread to every continent?
Answer: Iguanodon
Title: Mesozoic

Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated.

Question: What caused the sea to rise during the Jurassic?
Answer: increase in seafloor

Question: Rising seas and displaced waters caused what  element along the coasts?
Answer: flooded coastal areas

Question: Pangaea beginning to break apart created what new sea?
Answer: Tethys Sea

Question: What weather condition increased?
Answer: Temperatures

Question: As humidity increased what land area decreased?
Answer: deserts
Title: Mesozoic

The Early Jurassic spans from 200 million years to 175 million years ago. The climate was much more humid than the Triassic, and as a result, the world was very tropical. In the oceans, Plesiosaurs, Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites fill waters as the dominant races of the seas. On land, dinosaurs and other reptiles stake their claim as the dominant race of the land, with species such as Dilophosaurus at the top. The first true crocodiles evolved, pushing out the large amphibians to near extinction. All-in-all, reptiles rise to rule the world. Meanwhile, the first true mammals evolve, but remained relatively small sized.

Question: What is the span of years for the Early Jurassic?
Answer: 200 million years to 175 million

Question: Besides Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites, what was the other dominate species in the seas?
Answer: Plesiosaurs

Question: What was the highest order of species n land?
Answer: Dilophosaurus

Question: What other order evolved during the Jurassic?
Answer: true mammals

Question: What feature of the climate produced a more tropical world?
Answer: more humid
Title: Mesozoic

Compared to the vigorous convergent plate mountain-building of the late Paleozoic, Mesozoic tectonic deformation was comparatively mild. The sole major Mesozoic orogeny occurred in what is now the Arctic, creating the Innuitian orogeny, the Brooks Range, the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges in Siberia, and the Khingan Mountains in Manchuria. This orogeny was related to the opening of the Arctic Ocean and subduction of the North China and Siberian cratons under the Pacific Ocean. Nevertheless, the era featured the dramatic rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea. Pangaea gradually split into a northern continent, Laurasia, and a southern continent, Gondwana. This created the passive continental margin that characterizes most of the Atlantic coastline (such as along the U.S. East Coast) today.

Question: At what time was tectonic formation mild?
Answer: Mesozoic

Question: Where did the basic geological changes of this period occur?
Answer: Arctic

Question: What supercontinent split to form two smaller continents?
Answer: Pangaea

Question: What was the northern continent split from Pangaea?
Answer: Laurasia

Question: What was Pangaea's southern continent called?
Answer: Gondwana
Title: Mesozoic

Recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems, with high biodiversity, complex food webs and a variety of niches, took much longer to reestablish, recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic, 4M to 6M years after the extinction and was not complete until 30M years after the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Animal life was then dominated by various archosaurian reptiles: dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and aquatic reptiles such as ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs.

Question: What type of animals took longer to reestablish?
Answer: specialized animals

Question: How long after the Permian-Triassic extinction did animal recovery take to completion?
Answer: 30M years

Question: When did recovery of these diverse animals begin?
Answer: mid-Triassic

Question: What dominated animal life in the Triassic?
Answer: reptiles

Question: How many years after the extinction did animal recovery begin?
Answer: 4M to 6M
Title: Mesozoic

The era began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth's history, and ended with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs, as well as other plant and animal species. The Mesozoic was a time of significant tectonic, climate and evolutionary activity. The era witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses that would eventually move into their current positions. The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods. Overall, however, the Earth was hotter than it is today. Non-avian dinosaurs appeared in the Late Triassic and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates early in the Jurassic, occupying this position for about 135 million years until their demise at the end of the Cretaceous. Birds first appeared in the Jurassic, having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs. The first mammals also appeared during the Mesozoic, but would remain small—less than 15 kg (33 lb)—until the Cenozoic.

Question: At what point did the Mesozoic era begin?
Answer: Permian–Triassic extinction

Question: When did the Mesozoic end?
Answer: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction

Question: What kind of geologic activity occurred during the Mesozoic?
Answer: tectonic

Question: Besides climate changes, what other important activity occurred during the Mesozoic?
Answer: evolutionary

Question: When mamals appeared they remained small until what period?
Answer: Cenozoic
Title: Mesozoic

The Middle Triassic spans from 247 million to 237 million years ago. The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea, and the beginning of the Tethys Sea. The ecosystem had recovered from the devastation that was the Great Dying. Phytoplankton, coral, and crustaceans all had recovered, and the reptiles began to get bigger and bigger. New aquatic reptiles evolved such as Ichthyosaurs and Nothosaurs. Meanwhile, on land, Pine forests flourished, bringing along mosquitoes and fruit flies. The first ancient crocodilians evolved, which sparked competition with the large amphibians that had since ruled the freshwater world.

Question: What is the span of years of the Middle Triassic?
Answer: 247 million to 237 million

Question: What continuing event began in the Middle Triassic?
Answer: breakup of Pangaea

Question: From what had the ecosystem had to recover?
Answer: the Great Dying

Question: During the breakup of Pangaea, what sea was created?
Answer: Tethys Sea

Question: What type of animal began to flourish and become increasingly large?
Answer: reptiles
Title: Mesozoic

The Late Jurassic spans from 163 million to 145 million years ago. The Late Jurassic featured a massive extinction of sauropods and Ichthyosaurs due to the separation of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in an extinction known as the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction. Sea levels rose, destroying fern prairies and creating shallows in its wake. Ichthyosaurs went extinct whereas sauropods, as a whole, did not die out in the Jurassic; in fact, some species, like the Titanosaurus, lived up to the K-T extinction. The increase in sea-levels opened up the Atlantic sea way which would continue to get larger over time. The divided world would give opportunity for the diversification of new dinosaurs.

Question: How many years did the Late Jurassic cover?
Answer: 163 million to 145 million

Question: What did the separation of Pangaea cause to become extinct?
Answer: sauropods and Ichthyosaurs

Question: What is the extinction caused by the splitting of Pangaea called?
Answer: Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction

Question: What caused the destruction of fern prairies and increasing shallows?
Answer: Sea levels rose

Question: What did the rise in sea levels open in the seaways? 
Answer: Atlantic sea
Title: Mesozoic

The Triassic was generally dry, a trend that began in the late Carboniferous, and highly seasonal, especially in the interior of Pangaea. Low sea levels may have also exacerbated temperature extremes. With its high specific heat capacity, water acts as a temperature-stabilizing heat reservoir, and land areas near large bodies of water—especially the oceans—experience less variation in temperature. Because much of the land that constituted Pangaea was distant from the oceans, temperatures fluctuated greatly, and the interior of Pangaea probably included expansive areas of desert. Abundant red beds and evaporites such as halite support these conclusions, but evidence exists that the generally dry climate of the Triassic was punctuated by episodes of increased rainfall. Most important humid episodes were the Carnian Pluvial Event and one in the Rhaetian, few million years before the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event.

Question: What was the general rainfall in the Triassic?
Answer: dry

Question: What could have made temperatures more extreme?
Answer: Low sea levels

Question: Because of distance form the sea and wide variance in temperatures, what was the interior of Pangaea like?
Answer: desert

Question: What were there periods of during the Triassic?
Answer: increased rainfall

Question: What was the Carnian Pluvial event?
Answer: increased rainfall
Title: Mesozoic

The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms, which are vascular, cone-bearing, non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating. This is opposed to the earth's current flora, in which the dominant land plants in terms of number of species are angiosperms. One particular plant genus, Ginkgo, is thought to have evolved at this time and is represented today by a single species, Ginkgo biloba. As well, the extant genus Sequoia is believed to have evolved in the Mesozoic.

Question: What was the dominant plant species of the Mesozoic?
Answer: gymnosperms

Question: What is an example of a gymnosperm?
Answer: conifers

Question: What are the dominate plant species on Earth now?
Answer: angiosperms

Question: When did the Ginkgo evolve?
Answer: Mesozoic

Question: What famous tree species is believed to have evolved during the Mesozoic?
Answer: Sequoia
Title: Videoconferencing

It was only in the 1980s that digital telephony transmission networks became possible, such as with ISDN networks, assuring a minimum bit rate (usually 128 kilobits/s) for compressed video and audio transmission. During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many of these technologies, such as the Media space, are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research. The first dedicated systems started to appear in the market as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world. One of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from PictureTel Corp., which had an Initial Public Offering in November, 1984.

Question: In what decade was digital telephony transmission made possible?
Answer: the 1980s

Question: What is the minimum bit rate for compressed video and audio transmission?
Answer: 128 kilobits/s

Question: What is an example of an early form of digital video and audio communication?
Answer: the Media space

Question: In what form did the first dedicated videoconferencing system appear as?
Answer: ISDN networks

Question: What company offered the first commercial videoconferencing system?
Answer: PictureTel Corp.
Title: Videoconferencing

The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls. This component negotiates parameters with every endpoint in the network and controls conferencing resources. While the MC controls resources and signaling negotiations, the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint. The MP generates output streams from each endpoint and redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference.

Question: What controls the conferencing while its active on the signaling plane?
Answer: The MC

Question: What is one example of what the signaling plane controls in a videoconferencing system?
Answer: endpoint signaling

Question: Where does the videoconferencing system manage conferencing creation?
Answer: the signaling plane

Question: On what plane does the MC operate?
Answer: the media plane

Question: What generates output streams from each endpoint?
Answer: The MP
Title: Videoconferencing

High speed Internet connectivity has become more widely available at a reasonable cost and the cost of video capture and display technology has decreased. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on a webcam, personal computer system, software compression and broadband Internet connectivity have become affordable to the general public. Also, the hardware used for this technology has continued to improve in quality, and prices have dropped dramatically. The availability of freeware (often as part of chat programs) has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many.

Question: What technology has become more widely available and affordable?
Answer: High speed Internet connectivity

Question: What is an example of a personal videoconferencing system tool?
Answer: webcam

Question: What has made videoconferencing accessible to many?
Answer: The availability of freeware

Question: Videoconferencing freeware is widely available in what programs?
Answer: chat programs
Title: Videoconferencing

Videophone calls (also: videocalls, video chat as well as Skype and Skyping in verb form), differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated software clients that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term videoconferencing is now frequently used instead of videocall for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a video link.

Question: Videophone calls are different from videoconferencing in what way?
Answer: serve individuals, not groups

Question: What is an example of a videophone call program?
Answer: Skype

Question: What term is more used today to refer to calls between two units?
Answer: videoconferencing

Question: What are videoconferencing calls now more commonly known as?
Answer: a video link

Question: What is another name for videophone calls?
Answer: video chat
Title: Videoconferencing

Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of video conferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with hand-held mobile devices that combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real-time over secure networks, independent of location. Mobile collaboration systems now allow multiple people in previously unreachable locations, such as workers on an off-shore oil rig, the ability to view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away. Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well, such as those that allow for live and still image streaming.

Question: In what decade did developers extend the capabilities of videoconferencing to more devices?
Answer: the 2010s

Question: What allows people in remote locations the ability to video-conference with colleagues far away?
Answer: Mobile collaboration systems

Question: What is one example of an application that videoconferencing manufacturers have begun to offer?
Answer: still image streaming

Question: What type of applications have videoconferencing manufacturers begun to offer?
Answer: mobile

Question: What is an example of a place that videoconferencing can be used today?
Answer: hand-held mobile devices