rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

Problems with the 10NES lockout chip frequently resulted in the console's most infamous problem: the blinking red power light, in which the system appears to turn itself on and off repeatedly because the 10NES would reset the console once per second. The lockout chip required constant communication with the chip in the game to work. Dirty, aging and bent connectors would often disrupt the communication, resulting in the blink effect. Alternatively, the console would turn on but only show a solid white, gray, or green screen. Users attempted to solve this problem by blowing air onto the cartridge connectors, inserting the cartridge just far enough to get the ZIF to lower, licking the edge connector, slapping the side of the system after inserting a cartridge, shifting the cartridge from side to side after insertion, pushing the ZIF up and down repeatedly, holding the ZIF down lower than it should have been, and cleaning the connectors with alcohol. These attempted solutions often became notable in their own right and are often remembered alongside the NES. Many of the most frequent attempts to fix this problem instead ran the risk of damaging the cartridge and/or system.[citation needed] In 1989, Nintendo released an official NES Cleaning Kit to help users clean malfunctioning cartridges and consoles.

Question: What was the console's most common problem?
Answer: blinking red power light

Question: The 10NES would reset the system how often?
Answer: once per second

Question: What disrupted the communication as well?
Answer: Dirty, aging and bent connectors

Question: What was one example of what users did to combat the blinking problem?
Answer: blowing air onto the cartridge connectors

Question: When did Nintendo release a cleaning kit?
Answer: 1989
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

Subsequent plans to market a Famicom console in North America featuring a keyboard, cassette data recorder, wireless joystick controller and a special BASIC cartridge under the name "Nintendo Advanced Video System" likewise never materialized. By the beginning of 1985, the Famicom had sold more than 2.5 million units in Japan and Nintendo soon announced plans to release it in North America as the Advanced Video Entertainment System (AVS) that same year. The American video game press was skeptical that the console could have any success in the region, with the March 1985 issue of Electronic Games magazine stating that "the videogame market in America has virtually disappeared" and that "this could be a miscalculation on Nintendo's part."

Question: How many units of the Famicom were sold in Japan by the beginning of 1985?
Answer: 2.5 million units

Question: What was this system to be called in North America?
Answer: Advanced Video Entertainment System

Question: What magazine stated that Nintendo could be errant in their anticipated product success?
Answer: Electronic Games magazine
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

Near the end of the NES's lifespan, upon the release of the AV Famicom and the top-loading NES 2, the design of the game controllers was modified slightly. Though the original button layout was retained, the redesigned device abandoned the brick shell in favor of a dog bone shape. In addition, the AV Famicom joined its international counterpart and dropped the hardwired controllers in favor of detachable controller ports. However, the controllers included with the Famicom AV had cables which were 90 cm (3 feet) long, as opposed to the standard 180 cm(6 feet) of NES controllers.

Question: Which console featured a top-loading design?
Answer: NES 2

Question: The design of what was modified slightly?
Answer: game controllers

Question: the original design of the controller was what shape?
Answer: brick

Question: What was the new design shape of the controller?
Answer: dog bone

Question: How long were standard NES controller cables?
Answer: 6 feet
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

By 1988, industry observers stated that the NES's popularity had grown so quickly that the market for Nintendo cartridges was larger than that for all home computer software. Compute! reported in 1989 that Nintendo had sold seven million NES systems in 1988, almost as many as the number of Commodore 64s sold in its first five years. "Computer game makers [are] scared stiff", the magazine said, stating that Nintendo's popularity caused most competitors to have poor sales during the previous Christmas and resulted in serious financial problems for some.

Question: What year did Nintendo's market surpass all computer software?
Answer: 1988

Question: Who reported that Nintendo sold 7 million NES systems?
Answer: Compute!

Question: When did Compute! report the number of systems sold at 7 million?
Answer: 1989

Question: The 7 million sold almost equated to which console's five year span?
Answer: Commodore 64s
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

A variety of games for the FDS were released by Nintendo (including some like Super Mario Bros. which had already been released on cartridge) and third party companies such as Konami and Taito. A few unlicensed titles were made as well. However, its limitations became quickly apparent as larger ROM chips were introduced, allowing cartridges with greater than 128k of space. More advanced memory management chips (MMC) soon appeared and the FDS quickly became obsolete. Nintendo also charged developers considerable amounts of money to produce FDS games, and many refused to develop for it, instead continuing to make cartridge titles. Many FDS disks have no dust covers (except in some unlicensed and bootleg variants) and are easily prone to getting dirt on the media. In addition, the drive use a belt which breaks frequently and requires invasive replacement. After only two years, the FDS was discontinued, although vending booths remained in place until 1993 and Nintendo continued to service drives, and to rewrite and offer replacement disks until 2003.

Question: Nintendo charged producers hefty sums to make what?
Answer: FDS games

Question: What did companies do instead of making FDS games?
Answer: make cartridge titles

Question: Many FDS disks lack what?
Answer: dust covers

Question: What broke frequently and needed replacement in the machine?
Answer: belt

Question: How long did Nintendo service drives and offer replacement disks?
Answer: 2003
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

Although most hardware clones were not produced under license by Nintendo, certain companies were granted licenses to produce NES-compatible devices. The Sharp Corporation produced at least two such clones: the Twin Famicom and the SHARP 19SC111 television. The Twin Famicom was compatible with both Famicom cartridges and Famicom Disk System disks. It was available in two colors (red and black) and used hardwired controllers (as did the original Famicom), but it featured a different case design. The SHARP 19SC111 television was a television which included a built-in Famicom. A similar licensing deal was reached with Hyundai Electronics, who licensed the system under the name Comboy in the South Korean market. This deal with Hyundai was made necessary because of the South Korean government's wide ban on all Japanese "cultural products", which remained in effect until 1998 and ensured that the only way Japanese products could legally enter the South Korean market was through licensing to a third-party (non-Japanese) distributor (see also Japan–Korea disputes).

Question: Which company produced the Twin Famicom and the 19SC111 TV?
Answer: Sharp Corporation

Question: What was compatible with Famicom cartridges and FDS systems?
Answer: Twin Famicom

Question: Hyundai licensed the Sharp 19SC111 TV with what name in South Korea?
Answer: Comboy

Question: Until how long did South Korea ban Japanese cultural products?
Answer: 1998

Question: How could Japanese products only enter South Korea?
Answer: licensing to a third-party (non-Japanese) distributor
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

The back of the cartridge bears a label with instructions on handling. Production and software revision codes were imprinted as stamps on the back label to correspond with the software version and producer. With the exception of The Legend of Zelda and Zelda II: The Adventure of Link, manufactured in gold-plastic carts, all licensed NTSC and PAL cartridges are a standard shade of gray plastic. Unlicensed carts were produced in black, robin egg blue, and gold, and are all slightly different shapes than standard NES cartridges. Nintendo also produced yellow-plastic carts for internal use at Nintendo Service Centers, although these "test carts" were never made available for purchase. All licensed US cartridges were made by Nintendo, Konami and Acclaim. For promotion of DuckTales: Remastered, Capcom sent 150 limited-edition gold NES cartridges with the original game, featuring the Remastered art as the sticker, to different gaming news agencies. The instruction label on the back included the opening lyric from the show's theme song, "Life is like a hurricane".

Question: The Zelda games were manufactured in what color cartridge?
Answer: gold

Question: What is the standard color of all other cartridges?
Answer: gray

Question: What color were cartridges produced by Nintendo for internal use?
Answer: yellow

Question: What was distinctly made by Nintendo, Konami, and Acclaim?
Answer: licensed US cartridges

Question: What was the opening lyric from the Duck Tales theme show?
Answer: Life is like a hurricane
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

Nintendo was accused of antitrust behavior because of the strict licensing requirements. The United States Department of Justice and several states began probing Nintendo's business practices, leading to the involvement of Congress and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The FTC conducted an extensive investigation which included interviewing hundreds of retailers. During the FTC probe, Nintendo changed the terms of its publisher licensing agreements to eliminate the two-year rule and other restrictive terms. Nintendo and the FTC settled the case in April 1991, with Nintendo required to send vouchers giving a $5 discount off to a new game, to every person that had purchased a NES title between June 1988 and December 1990. GameSpy remarked that Nintendo's punishment was particularly weak giving the case's findings, although it has been speculated that the FTC did not want to damage the video game industry in the United States.

Question: What was Nintendo accused of?
Answer: antitrust behavior

Question: Why was Nintendo accused of antitrust behavior?
Answer: strict licensing requirements

Question: Who interviewed retailers as part of their investigation?
Answer: FTC

Question: Who began probing Nintendo's business?
Answer: United States Department of Justice

Question: How much were the vouchers worth that Nintendo sent out?
Answer: $5
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

The NES can be emulated on many other systems, most notably the PC. The first emulator was the Japanese-only Pasofami. It was soon followed by iNES, which was available in English and was cross-platform, in 1996. It was described as being the first NES emulation software that could be used by a non-expert. NESticle, a popular MS-DOS emulator, was released on April 3, 1997. There have since been many other emulators. The Virtual Console for the Wii, Nintendo 3DS and Wii U also offers emulation of many NES games.

Question: What was the first NES emulator?
Answer: Pasofami

Question: What was the first English available emulator?
Answer: iNES

Question: What platform was NESticle available for use?
Answer: MS-DOS

Question: When was NESticle released?
Answer: April 3, 1997
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

The Famicom contained no lockout hardware and, as a result, unlicensed cartridges (both legitimate and bootleg) were extremely common throughout Japan and the Far East. The original NES (but not the top-loading NES-101) contained the 10NES lockout chip, which significantly increased the challenges faced by unlicensed developers. Tinkerers at home in later years discovered that disassembling the NES and cutting the fourth pin of the lockout chip would change the chip’s mode of operation from "lock" to "key", removing all effects and greatly improving the console’s ability to play legal games, as well as bootlegs and converted imports. NES consoles sold in different regions had different lockout chips, so games marketed in one region would not work on consoles from another region. Known regions are: USA/Canada (3193 lockout chip), most of Europe (3195), Asia (3196) and UK, Italy and Australia (3197). Since two types of lockout chip were used in Europe, European NES game boxes often had an "A" or "B" letter on the front, indicating whether the game is compatible with UK/Italian/Australian consoles (A), or the rest of Europe (B). Rest-of-Europe games typically had text on the box stating "This game is not compatible with the Mattel or NES versions of the Nintendo Entertainment System". Similarly, UK/Italy/Australia games stated "This game is only compatible with the Mattel or NES versions of the Nintendo Entertainment System".

Question: What did the Famicom sorely lack?
Answer: lockout hardware

Question: What was the lockout chip number for the USA and Canada?
Answer: 3193

Question: What was the lockout chip number for most of Europe, save the UK and Italy?
Answer: 3195

Question: What was the lockout chip number for Asia?
Answer: 3196

Question: What was the lockout chip number for UK, Italy, and Australia?
Answer: 3197
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

Following a series of arcade game successes in the early 1980s, Nintendo made plans to create a cartridge-based console called the Famicom. Masayuki Uemura designed the system. Original plans called for an advanced 16-bit system which would function as a full-fledged computer with a keyboard and floppy disk drive, but Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi rejected this and instead decided to go for a cheaper, more conventional cartridge-based game console as he felt that features such as keyboards and disks were intimidating to non-technophiles. A test model was constructed in October 1982 to verify the functionality of the hardware, after which work began on programming tools. Because 65xx CPUs had not been manufactured or sold in Japan up to that time, no cross-development software was available and it had to be produced from scratch. Early Famicom games were written on a system that ran on an NEC PC-8001 computer and LEDs on a grid were used with a digitizer to design graphics as no software design tools for this purpose existed at that time.[citation needed]

Question: Who designed the Famicom system?
Answer: Masayuki Uemura

Question: The plans called for how many bits as a feature?
Answer: 16

Question: Who was the Nintendo president at the time?
Answer: Hiroshi Yamauchi

Question: When was the test model constructed?
Answer: October 1982

Question: Early Famicom games were written on what computer system?
Answer: NEC PC-8001
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

A number of special controllers designed for use with specific games were released for the system, though very few such devices proved particularly popular. Such devices included, but were not limited to, the Zapper (a light gun), the R.O.B., and the Power Pad. The original Famicom featured a deepened DA-15 expansion port on the front of the unit, which was used to connect most auxiliary devices. On the NES, these special controllers were generally connected to one of the two control ports on the front of the console.

Question: What was the light gun controller called?
Answer: Zapper

Question: What was the name of the auxiliary port used to connect additional devices on the Famicom?
Answer: DA-15

Question: How were the special controllers connected to the NES?
Answer: control ports on the front
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

The system's launch represented not only a new product, but also a reframing of the severely damaged home video game market segment as a whole. The video game market crash of 1983 had occurred in significant part due to a lack of consumer and retailer confidence in video games, which had in turn been due partially to confusion and misrepresentation in the marketing of video games. Prior to the NES, the packaging of many video games presented bombastic artwork which exaggerated the graphics of the actual game. In terms of product identity, a single game such as Pac-Man would appear in many versions on many different game consoles and computers, with large variations in graphics, sound, and general quality between the versions. By stark contrast, Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed to regain consumer and retailer confidence, by delivering a singular platform whose technology was not in need of heavy exaggeration and whose qualities were clearly defined.

Question: What year did the video game market crash?
Answer: 1983

Question: The crash was caused in part by the confusion and misrepresentation of what in video games?
Answer: marketing

Question: What specifically was misrepresented on game products?
Answer: artwork

Question: Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed at what aspect of the consumer via realism?
Answer: confidence
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

For its complete North American release, the Nintendo Entertainment System was progressively released over the ensuing years in four different bundles: the Deluxe Set, the Control Deck, the Action Set and the Power Set. The Deluxe Set, retailing at US$199.99 (equivalent to $475 in 2016), included R.O.B., a light gun called the NES Zapper, two controllers, and two Game Paks: Gyromite, and Duck Hunt. The Basic Set, retailing at US$89.99 with no game, and US$99.99 bundled with "Super Mario Bros." The Action Set, retailing in 1988 for US$149.99, came with the Control Deck, two game controllers, an NES Zapper, and a dual Game Pak containing both Super Mario Bros. and Duck Hunt. In 1989, the Power Set included the console, two game controllers, a NES Zapper, a Power Pad, and a triple Game Pak containing Super Mario Bros, Duck Hunt, and World Class Track Meet. In 1990, a Sports Set bundle was released, including the console, an NES Satellite infrared wireless multitap adapter, four game controllers, and a dual Game Pak containing Super Spike V'Ball and Nintendo World Cup. Two more bundle packages were later released using the original model NES console. The Challenge Set of 1992 included the console, two controllers, and a Super Mario Bros. 3 Game Pak for a retail price of US$89.99. The Basic Set, first released in 1987, was repackaged for a retail US$89.99. It included only the console and two controllers, and no longer was bundled with a cartridge. Instead, it contained a book called the Official Nintendo Player's Guide, which contained detailed information for every NES game made up to that point.

Question: How much was the selling price equivalent to in today's money?
Answer: $475

Question: How much did the Deluxe NES sell for?
Answer: US$199.99

Question: How much did the console sell for bundled with just the Super Mario Bros. game?
Answer: US$99.99

Question: Super Mario Bros was paired with which game in the Action Set?
Answer: Duck Hunt

Question: The Basic Set sold for how much at release?
Answer: US$89.99
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

The unlicensed clone market has flourished following Nintendo's discontinuation of the NES. Some of the more exotic of these resulting systems have gone beyond the functionality of the original hardware and have included variations such as a portable system with a color LCD (e.g. PocketFami). Others have been produced with certain specialized markets in mind, such as an NES clone that functions as a rather primitive personal computer, which includes a keyboard and basic word processing software. These unauthorized clones have been helped by the invention of the so-called NES-on-a-chip.

Question: What thrived after the NES was discontinued?
Answer: unlicensed clone market

Question: What feature does the PocketFami have?
Answer: color LCD

Question: The NES was duplicated on which medium in order to make clones easy to produce?
Answer: chip
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

The NES was released after the "video game crash" of the early 1980s, whereupon many retailers and adults had regarded electronic games as being merely a passing fad, and many believed at first that the NES was another fad. Before the NES/Famicom, Nintendo was known as a moderately successful Japanese toy and playing card manufacturer, and the popularity of the NES/Famicom helped the company grow into an internationally recognized name almost synonymous with video games as Atari had been during the 2600 era and set the stage for Japanese dominance of the video game industry. With the NES, Nintendo also changed the relationship of console manufacturers and third-party software developers by restricting developers from publishing and distributing software without licensed approval. This led to higher quality software titles, which helped to change the attitude of a public that had grown weary from poorly produced titles for other game systems of the day.

Question: Nintendo produced toys and what other item before its game system?
Answer: playing card

Question: Nintendo's era was compared with who as another video game manufacturer?
Answer: Atari

Question: Nintendo required what from its software developers?
Answer: licensed approval

Question: What did licensing lead to regarding games?
Answer: higher quality
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

Atari Games created a line of NES products under the name Tengen and took a different approach. The company attempted to reverse engineer the lockout chip to develop its own "Rabbit" chip. However, Tengen also obtained a description of the lockout chip from the United States Patent and Trademark Office by falsely claiming that it was required to defend against present infringement claims in a legal case. Nintendo sued Tengen for copyright infringement, which Tengen lost as it could not prove that the legally obtained patent documents had not been used by the reverse engineering team. Tengen's antitrust claims against Nintendo were never finally decided.

Question: Atari created NES products under which name?
Answer: Tengen

Question: What did Nintendo sue Tengen for?
Answer: copyright infringement

Question: Tengen reverse engineered the lockout chip to develop what animal monikered prototype?
Answer: "Rabbit" chip

Question: Tengen got a description of Nintendo's chip from whom?
Answer: United States Patent and Trademark Office
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

In December 1993, the Famicom received a similar redesign. It also loads cartridges through a covered slot on the top of the unit and uses non-hardwired controllers. Because HVC-101 used composite video output instead of being RF only like the HVC-001, Nintendo marketed the newer model as the AV Famicom (AV仕様ファミコン, Eibui Shiyō Famikon?). Since the new controllers don't have microphones on them like the second controller on the original console, certain games such as the Disk System version of The Legend of Zelda and Raid on Bungeling Bay will have certain tricks that cannot be replicated when played on an HVC-101 Famicom without a modded controller. However, the HVC-101 Famicom is compatible with most NES controllers due to having the same controller port. Nintendo had also released a 3D graphic capable headset. However, this peripheral was never released outside Japan.[citation needed]

Question: What month and year did the Famicom receive a redesign?
Answer: December 1993

Question: What used composite video output?
Answer: HVC-101

Question: What device was RF only?
Answer: HVC-001

Question: What was the newer model called?
Answer: AV Famicom

Question: What did Nintendo release in Japan only?
Answer: 3D graphic capable headset