rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, most notably the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs. Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism; and a transition from capitalism to socialism. Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution, was a key influence on Gaddafi; outlining how to initiate a coup, it has been described as "the inspiration and blueprint of [Gaddafi's] revolution."

Question: What changes impressed Gaddafi in Egypt?
Answer: President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism

Question: What Egyptian leader impressed Gaddafi?
Answer: his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser

Question: What book instructed Gaddafi in how to stage a coup?
Answer: Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution

Question: Name one event that occurred in the Arab world during Gaddafi 's childhood that influenced his life.
Answer: 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961

Question: What political ideology did Nasser implement?
Answer: transition from capitalism to socialism

Question: What was the nationality of a significant number of teachers in Sabha?
Answer: Egyptian

Question: When did the United Arab Republic end?
Answer: 1961

Question: What notable event occurred in 1952?
Answer: Egyptian Revolution

Question: From what city did Voice of the Arabs broadcast?
Answer: Cairo

Question: What political leader did Gaddafi greatly admire?
Answer: Nasser
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.

Question: What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s?
Answer: Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s

Question: What industry greatly impacted the downfall of Idris's government?
Answer: the oil industry

Question: What sort of problems did the oil industry experience in Libya?
Answer: corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry

Question: What did the Libyan workers do to show their support of Egypt?
Answer: Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt

Question: Did the CIA confirm knowledge of Gaddafi's upcoming coup?:
Answer: they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.

Question: What country won the Six-Day War?
Answer: Israel

Question: In what cities did protests against westerners flare up in 1967?
Answer: Tripoli and Benghazi

Question: On what country's behalf were the 1967 protests taking place?
Answer: Egypt

Question: In what year did the CIA begin to expect a military coup in Libya?
Answer: 1969

Question: What revolutionary organization was led by Abdul Aziz Shalhi?
Answer: Black Boots
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating "Operation Jerusalem". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists.

Question: When Gaddafi staged his coup, did he need to use a great show of violence?
Answer: They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists.

Question: When did Gaddafi decide to stage his coup?
Answer: In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece.

Question: What was Gaddafi's coup called?
Answer: Operation Jerusalem

Question: What did Gaddafi seize during the coup?
Answer: Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi,

Question: What did Hameidi do during the coup?
Answer: Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne.

Question: What countries did Idris visit in the summer of 1969?
Answer: Turkey and Greece

Question: What was the code name for Gaddafi's coup against the monarchy?
Answer: Operation Jerusalem

Question: What leader's forces occupied the barracks in Tripoli?
Answer: Omar Meheisha

Question: Who arrested Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi?
Answer: Khweldi Hameidi

Question: What revolutionary leader took control of the anti-aircraft equipment in Tripoli?
Answer: Jalloud
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this.

Question: How did Gaddafi announced his leadership?:
Answer: Addressing the populace by radio

Question: List the two names of Gaddafi's coup.
Answer: "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution"

Question: What did Gaddafi tell the people that the revolution represented?
Answer: freedom, socialism, and unity

Question: What did Gaddafi insist that the coup be referred to as?
Answer: a revolution

Question: What was the name of the government Gaddafi set up after overthrowing the monarchy?
Answer: Libyan Arab Republic

Question: What was the Libyan coup called at first?
Answer: White Revolution

Question: What was the Libyan coup later called, when it was renamed for the day it took place?
Answer: One September Revolution

Question: What was the name of the revolutionary group led by Gaddafi?
Answer: Free Officers

Question: How did Gaddafi characterize the monarchy in his radio address?
Answer: reactionary and corrupt
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.

Question: How did Gaddafi staff the RCC members?
Answer: All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees;

Question: Why did Gaddafi select these men as RCC members?
Answer: they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.

Question: Whose face was most closely associated with Libya's new government?
Answer: Gaddafi

Question: Did everyone endorse Gaddafi?
Answer: some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses

Question: On what date were the members of the RCC announced?
Answer: 10 January 1970

Question: What was the general age group of the members of the RCC?
Answer: young

Question: How many members of the RCC had graduated from university?
Answer: none

Question: What was the sex of all the members of the RCC?
Answer: men

Question: Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members?
Answer: middle
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia.

Question: What did the RCC do with remnants of the monarchy?
Answer: They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces

Question: What happened to Idris?
Answer: Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia.

Question: How did Gaddafi view the elite?
Answer: Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged.

Question: What happened to the monarchists and and journalists?
Answer: "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed.

Question: What clan was King Idris part of?
Answer: Senussi

Question: How many people were executed by the People's Courts?
Answer: none

Question: What sentence was given to the absent King Idris?
Answer: execution

Question: Along with the Senussi, who was purged from the military?
Answer: monarchists

Question: Along with journalists, who was tried in the People's Courts?
Answer: monarchist politicians
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.

Question: What was the RCC's view of political parties?
Answer: Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties,

Question: What did Gaddafi do in 1971?
Answer: In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month.

Question: What was the impact of incorporating the sharia into the legal system?
Answer: united secular and religious law codes

Question: What did Gaddafi do in 1973?
Answer: In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.

Question: In what year did the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar occur?
Answer: 1970

Question: In what month and year did Gaddafi first resign?
Answer: September 1971

Question: What did the RCC outlaw in 1970?
Answer: trade unions

Question: What publications were shut down 1972?
Answer: newspapers

Question: In what year did Gaddafi's second resignation occur?
Answer: 1973
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year.

Question: What was Libya's main export?
Answer: crude oil

Question: How did Gaddafi's decisions in the oil industry impact other OPEC states?
Answer: In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil.

Question: What was the main export of Libya?
Answer: crude oil

Question: How much money did Libya accrue in a year as a result of the Tripoli Agreement?
Answer: $1 billion

Question: What organization of oil producers was Libya a part of?
Answer: OPEC

Question: Who was responsible for raising the price of Libyan oil in 1969?
Answer: Jalloud
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K.

Question: In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans?
Answer: by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951

Question: How did Libya's gross domestic product increase from 1969 to 1979?
Answer: while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979.

Question: What decision allowed Gaddafi to move Libya closer to socialism?
Answer: In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized.

Question: How did the RCC begin their march toward nationalization?
Answer: starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971.

Question: What company's property did Libya nationalize in December of 1971?
Answer: British Petroleum

Question: In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed?
Answer: September 1973

Question: What was Libya's GDP in 1969?
Answer: $3.8 billion

Question: In what year did Libya have a GDP of $24.5 billion?
Answer: 1979

Question: What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951?
Answer: $40
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country.

Question: What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC?
Answer: pan-Libyan

Question: What identities did the RCC try to dissuade?
Answer: regional and tribal

Question: Where was the military court located that tried the tribal leaders in 1971?
Answer: Sabha

Question: What were tribal leaders accused of in 1971?
Answer: counter-revolutionary activity

Question: Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period?
Answer: Arab Socialist Union
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was banned, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. From 1969 to 1973, the RCC introduced social welfare programs funded with oil money, which led to house-building projects and improved healthcare and education. In doing so, they greatly expanded the public sector, providing employment for thousands.

Question: On what philosophy was the RCC's social reforms based?
Answer: sharia

Question: What language was used in official communications by the government of Libya?
Answer: Arabic

Question: During what period were oil-funded programs for social welfare created?
Answer: 1969 to 1973

Question: What religion was suppressed in Libya?
Answer: Christian

Question: What beverage did the Libyan government ban?
Answer: alcohol
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly recognized by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification, and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join.

Question: What philosophy influenced the RCC?
Answer: Arab nationalism

Question: Along with Egypt, Iraq and Sudan, what country's Arab nationalist government recognized the Libyan revolutionary government?
Answer: Syria

Question: What Arab nationalist thinker was influential with the RCC?
Answer: Nasser

Question: What countries founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Libya?
Answer: Egypt and Sudan

Question: In what year was the Arab Revolutionary Front founded?
Answer: 1969
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

After Nasser died in November 1970, his successor, Anwar Sadat, suggested that rather than a unified state, they create a political federation, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria and Sudan got large grants of Libyan oil money. In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented as relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken.

Question: Who did Anwar Sadat succeed?
Answer: Nasser

Question: What was the alternative to creating an Arab political federation?
Answer: unified state

Question: Along with Libya, what nations joined the political federation?
Answer: Egypt, Syria and Sudan

Question: In what year was the merger charter signed?
Answer: 1972

Question: When did the federation have to be implemented by?
Answer: September 1973
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

After the 1969 coup, representatives of the Four Powers – France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union – were called to meet RCC representatives. The U.K. and U.S. quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the U.S. informed him of at least one planned counter-coup. Such attempts to form a working relationship with the RCC failed; Gaddafi was determined to reassert national sovereignty and expunge what he described as foreign colonial and imperialist influences. His administration insisted that the U.S. and U.K. remove their military bases from Libya, with Gaddafi proclaiming that "the armed forces which rose to express the people's revolution [will not] tolerate living in their shacks while the bases of imperialism exist in Libyan territory." The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970.

Question: What nations comprised the Four Powers?
Answer: France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union

Question: Who told Gaddafi about a possible counter-coup in 1970?
Answer: U.S.

Question: Along with the U.S., what major power recognized Gaddafi's government at an early date?
Answer: U.K.

Question: In what month and year did the United States remove its military bases from Libya?
Answer: June 1970

Question: Who removed their Libyan military bases in March of 1970?
Answer: British
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews. The day became a national holiday. Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to allow NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering them foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO use of the island, but only on the condition that they would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the U.S., who were then engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets.

Question: How many Italians lived in Libya prior to October of 1970?
Answer: 12,000

Question: In addition to Italians, what people were kicked out of Libya in 1970?
Answer: Jews

Question: Who did the RCC buy military equipment from?
Answer: France and the Soviet Union

Question: Who were the adversaries of the Soviets during the Cold War?
Answer: U.S.

Question: Who did Libya offer foreign aid to in 1971?
Answer: Malta
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

His relationship with Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat of Fatah was strained, with Gaddafi considering him too moderate and calling for more violent action. Instead he supported militia like the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command, the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, As-Sa'iqa, the Palestinian Popular Struggle Front, and the Abu Nidal Organization. He funded the Black September Organization who perpetrated the 1972 Munich massacre of Israeli athletes in West Germany, and had the killed militants' bodies flown to Libya for a hero's funeral. Gaddafi also welcomed the three surviving attackers in Tripoli following their release in exchange for the hostages of hijacked Lufthansa Flight 615 a few weeks later and allowed them to go into hiding.

Question: What Palestinian political figure had a poor relationship with Gaddafi?
Answer: Yasser Arafat

Question: What organization did Arafat belong to?
Answer: Fatah

Question: Who was responsible for the attack on Israeli athletes in 1972?
Answer: Black September Organization

Question: In what city did the 1972 attack on Israeli athletes occur?
Answer: Munich

Question: How many terrorists survived the 1972 Munich attack?
Answer: three