rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Imperial_College_London

City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education (CGLI), which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers. The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects. Faced with their continuing inability to find a substantial site, the Companies were eventually persuaded by the Secretary of the Science and Art Department, General Sir John Donnelly (who was also a Royal Engineer) to found their institution on the eighty-seven acre (350,000 m²) site at South Kensington bought by the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners (for GBP 342,500) for 'purposes of art and science' in perpetuity. The latter two colleges were incorporated by Royal Charter into the Imperial College of Science and Technology and the CGLI Central Technical College was renamed the City and Guilds College in 1907, but not incorporated into Imperial College until 1910.

Question: When was the City and Guilds College founded?
Answer: 1876

Question: What was the aim of the City and Guilds College when it was founded?
Answer: improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers

Question: What were the main objectives of establishing the City and Guilds College?
Answer: to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects

Question: How much did the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners pay for the land that became the City and Guilds College?
Answer: GBP 342,500

Question: What was the former name of the City and Guilds College?
Answer: CGLI Central Technical College

Question: Which college was founded in 1876?
Answer: City and Guilds College

Question: How many livery companies were in the meeting that founded the college?
Answer: 16

Question: What does CGLI stand for?
Answer: Advancement of Technical Education

Question: Other than conducting a system of qualifying examinations, what was the other main objective of the meeting of CGLI?
Answer: to create a Central Institution in London

Question: How large was the land (in acres) that the institution was founded on?
Answer: eighty-seven
Title: Imperial_College_London

In December 2005, Imperial announced a science park programme at the Wye campus, with extensive housing; however, this was abandoned in September 2006 following complaints that the proposal infringed on Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and that the true scale of the scheme, which could have raised £110m for the College, was known to Kent and Ashford Councils and their consultants but concealed from the public. One commentator observed that Imperial's scheme reflected "the state of democracy in Kent, the transformation of a renowned scientific college into a grasping, highly aggressive, neo-corporate institution, and the defence of the status of an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty – throughout England, not just Wye – against rampant greed backed by the connivance of two important local authorities. Wye College campus was finally closed in September 2009.

Question: When did Imperial announce their science park program at the Wye Campus?
Answer: December 2005

Question: When did Imperial abandon their science park program?
Answer: September 2006

Question: When was the Wye College campus closed?
Answer: September 2009

Question: Where was Imperial planning on launching their science park program?
Answer: the Wye campus

Question: Where was Imperial's science park programme located?
Answer: Wye campus

Question: When was the science park programme abandoned?
Answer: September 2006

Question: How much money could the science park programme have raised for the college?
Answer: £110m

Question: Who did not know about the potential revenue that the programme could have raised initially?
Answer: the public

Question: What was closed on September 2009?
Answer: Wye College campus
Title: Imperial_College_London

The College's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios: (i) Unitised Scheme – a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term; (ii) Non-Core Property – a portfolio containing around 120 operational and developmental properties which College has determined are not core to the academic mission; and (iii) Strategic Asset Investments – containing College’s shareholding in Imperial Innovations and other restricted equity holdings. During the year 2014/15, the market value of the endowment increased by £78 million (18%) to £512.4 million on 31 July 2015.

Question: What was the market value of the endowment the college received on July 31, 2015?
Answer: £512.4 million

Question: What is a "Unitised Scheme"?
Answer: a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term

Question: How much did the market value of the college's endowment increase between 2014 and 2015?
Answer: £78 million

Question: How many percent did the college's endowment market value increase from 2014 to 2015?
Answer: 18%

Question: How many distinct portfolios is the College's endownment divided into?
Answer: three

Question: What is the term that represents a unit trust vehicle that allows endowments to be invested to produce returns for the lon term?
Answer: Unitised Scheme

Question: The 120 operational and developmental properties within the college that are not core to the academic mission belong to which portfolio?
Answer: Non-Core Property

Question: The College's restricted equity holdings would be considered a part of which portion of the portfolio?
Answer: Strategic Asset Investments

Question: How much did the market value of the endowment increase by during the year 2014/2015?
Answer: £78 million
Title: Imperial_College_London

Imperial submitted a total of 1,257 staff across 14 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) assessment. In the REF results 46% of Imperial's submitted research was classified as 4*, 44% as 3*, 9% as 2* and 1% as 1*, giving an overall GPA of 3.36. In rankings produced by Times Higher Education based upon the REF results Imperial was ranked 2nd overall for GPA and 8th for "research power" (compared to 6th and 7th respectively in the equivalent rankings for the RAE 2008).

Question: How many staff members did Imperial submit assessments of for the REF assessment?
Answer: 1,257

Question: In the 2014 rankings produced by Times Higher Education, what position was Imperial ranked for GPA?
Answer: 2nd

Question: How many units of assessment did Imperial submit?
Answer: 14

Question: How highly was Imperial ranked in "research power" in 2014?
Answer: 8th

Question: How many staff members did Imperial claim to have in 2014?
Answer: 1,257

Question: What does REF stand for?
Answer: Research Excellence Framework

Question: What was the percentage of Imperials research that was seemed to be 3*?
Answer: 44%

Question: What did the REF give Imperial as an overall GPA?
Answer: 3.36

Question: What was Imperial's overall GPA rank according to the Times Higher Education?
Answer: 2nd
Title: Imperial_College_London

In September 2014, Professor Stefan Grimm, of the Department of Medicine, was found dead after being threatened with dismissal for failure to raise enough grant money. The College made its first public announcement of his death on 4 December 2014. Grimm's last email accused his employers of bullying by demanding that he should get grants worth at least £200,000 per year. His last email was viewed more than 100,000 times in the first four days after it was posted. The College has announced an internal inquiry into Stefan Grimm's death. The inquest on his death has not yet reported.

Question: When was Professor Stefan Grimm found dead?
Answer: September 2014

Question: When did Imperial College make its first public announcement of Stefan Grimm's death?
Answer: 4 December 2014

Question: How many times was Professor Stefan Grimm's email viewed in the first four days after it was posted online?
Answer: more than 100,000

Question: What did Professor Grimm's last email accuse Imperial College of before his death?
Answer: bullying

Question: What did Imperial College announce it would do after Professor Grimm's death?
Answer: internal inquiry

Question: Which Professor was found dead in September 2014?
Answer: Professor Stefan Grimm

Question: To which department did the professor who passed in September 2014 belong?
Answer: Department of Medicine

Question: What was the dead professor threatened with before his death?
Answer: dismissal

Question: How much did the Grimm claim his employers said he should raise in grant money per year?
Answer: £200,000

Question: How many views did Grimm's last email get in the first four days after it was posted?
Answer: more than 100,000
Title: Imperial_College_London

Imperial College Boat Club
The Imperial College Boat Club was founded on 12 December 1919. The Gold medal winning GB 8+ at the 2000 Sydney Olympics had been based at Imperial College's recently refurbished boathouse and included 3 alumni of the college along with their coach Martin McElroy. The club has been highly successful, with many wins at Henley Royal Regatta including most recently in 2013 with victory in The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event. The club has been home to numerous National Squad oarsmen and women and is open to all rowers not just students of Imperial College London.

Question: Which day was the Imperial College Boat Club formed on?
Answer: 12 December 1919

Question: How many alumni from Imperial were a part of the Gold medal winning GB8+?
Answer: 3

Question: What was the name of the coach of the Gold medal winning GB8+?
Answer: Martin McElroy

Question: Which event has the Boat Club been highly successful at?
Answer: Henley Royal Regatta

Question: Which event did the Boat Club claim victory in for 2013?
Answer: The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event
Title: Imperial_College_London

The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, developing from the Museum of Economic Geology, a collection of minerals, maps and mining equipment. He created a school which laid the foundations for the teaching of science in the country, and which has its legacy today at Imperial. Prince Albert was a patron and supporter of the later developments in science teaching, which led to the Royal College of Chemistry becoming part of the Royal School of Mines, to the creation of the Royal College of Science and eventually to these institutions becoming part of his plan for South Kensington being an educational region.

Question: What school was established in 1851?
Answer: The Royal School of Mines

Question: Who established the Royal School of Mines?
Answer: Sir Henry de la Beche

Question: A collection of miners, maps and mining equipment all belonged to what entity?
Answer: the Museum of Economic Geology

Question: Which famous prince was a patron at the Royal School of Mines?
Answer: Prince Albert

Question: Which region did Prince Albert aim to make famous as an educational region?
Answer: South Kensington
Title: Imperial_College_London

In 2003 Imperial was granted degree-awarding powers in its own right by the Privy Council. The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in the same year as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London. In 2004 the Tanaka Business School (now named the Imperial College Business School) and a new Main Entrance on Exhibition Road were opened by The Queen. The UK Energy Research Centre was also established in 2004 and opened its headquarters at Imperial College. In November 2005 the Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged to become the Faculty of Natural Sciences.

Question: Who granted Imperial degree-awarding powers?
Answer: Privy Council

Question: In which year was the London Centre for Nanotechnology established?
Answer: 2003

Question: The Londre Centre for Nanotechnology was a joint effort between UCL and which college?
Answer: Imperial College London

Question: What is the old name of the Imperial College Business School?
Answer: Tanaka Business School

Question: The Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged in 2005 to become which faculty?
Answer: Faculty of Natural Sciences
Title: Imperial_College_London

Imperial's main campus is located in the South Kensington area of central London. It is situated in an area of South Kensington, known as Albertopolis, which has a high concentration of cultural and academic institutions, adjacent to the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Royal College of Music, the Royal College of Art, the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Albert Hall. Nearby public attractions include the Kensington Palace, Hyde Park and the Kensington Gardens, the National Art Library, and the Brompton Oratory. The expansion of the South Kensington campus in the 1950s & 1960s absorbed the site of the former Imperial Institute, designed by Thomas Collcutt, of which only the 287 foot (87 m) high Queen's Tower remains among the more modern buildings.

Question: In which area in London is Imperial's main campus located?
Answer: South Kensington

Question: What is the area inside of South Kensington where Imperial is located known as?
Answer: Albertopolis

Question: In which decade did the expansion of the South Kensington campus being?
Answer: 1950s

Question: Who designed the Imperial Institue that was a victim of Imperial's expansion in the 1950s & 1960s?
Answer: Thomas Collcutt

Question: Which landmark still remains from the Imperial Institue after Imperial's expansion?
Answer: Queen's Tower
Title: Imperial_College_London

The Centre For Co-Curricular Studies provides elective subjects and language courses outside the field of science for students in the other faculties and departments. Students are encouraged to take these classes either for credit or in their own time, and in some departments this is mandatory. Courses exist in a wide range of topics including philosophy, ethics in science and technology, history, modern literature and drama, art in the 20th century, film studies. Language courses are available in French, German, Japanese, Italian, Russian, Spanish, Arabic and Mandarin Chinese. The Centre For Co-Curricular Studies is home to the Science Communication Unit which offers master's degrees in Science Communication and Science Media Production for science graduates.

Question: Which centre provides electives outside of science for students?
Answer: Centre For Co-Curricular Studies

Question: Outside of doing it on their own time, what other motivation could students have to take non mandatory electives?
Answer: credit

Question: Which unit is a part of the Co-Curricular Studies that offers master's degrees?
Answer: Science Communication Unit

Question: Scientists seeking a master's degree might be interested in which other degree besides Science Communication from the Science Communication Unit?
Answer: Science Media Production
Title: Imperial_College_London

Furthermore, in terms of job prospects, as of 2014 the average starting salary of an Imperial graduate was the highest of any UK university. In terms of specific course salaries, the Sunday Times ranked Computing graduates from Imperial as earning the second highest average starting salary in the UK after graduation, over all universities and courses. In 2012, the New York Times ranked Imperial College as one of the top 10 most-welcomed universities by the global job market. In May 2014, the university was voted highest in the UK for Job Prospects by students voting in the Whatuni Student Choice Awards Imperial is jointly ranked as the 3rd best university in the UK for the quality of graduates according to recruiters from the UK's major companies.

Question: What statistic did the average Imperial graduate rank the highest in for 2014?
Answer: average starting salary

Question: Which type of graduate from Imperial earned the second highest average starting salary after graduation?
Answer: Computing graduates

Question: Who ranked different graduates according to their average starting salary after graduation in the UK?
Answer: Sunday Times

Question: Which prestigious newspaper ranked Imperial College as one of the top 10 most welcomed universities by job markets?
Answer: New York Times

Question: In which year did Imperial University claim the award for being voted the highest in the UK for Job Prospects?
Answer: 2014
Title: Imperial_College_London

Imperial College TV
ICTV (formerly STOIC (Student Television of Imperial College)) is Imperial College Union's TV station, founded in 1969 and operated from a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block. The department had bought an early AMPEX Type A 1-inch videotape recorder and this was used to produce an occasional short news programme which was then played to students by simply moving the VTR and a monitor into a common room. A cable link to the Southside halls of residence was laid in a tunnel under Exhibition Road in 1972. Besides the news, early productions included a film of the Queen opening what was then called College Block and interview programmes with DJ Mike Raven, Richard O'Brian and Monty Python producer Ian MacNaughton. The society was renamed to ICTV for the start of the 2014/15 academic year.

Question: What does the abbreviation STOIC stand for?
Answer: Student Television of Imperial College

Question: What is STOIC's modern name?
Answer: Imperial College TV

Question: When was Imperial College Union's TV station founded?
Answer: 1969

Question: Where was a cable link located that connected the Southside Halls of residence?
Answer: Exhibition Road

Question: When was the station renamed to it's modern name?
Answer: start of the 2014/15 academic year
Title: Imperial_College_London

Non-academic alumni: Author, H. G. Wells, McLaren and Ferrari Chief Designer, Nicholas Tombazis, CEO of Rolls Royce, Ralph Robins, rock band Queen, Brian May, CEO of Singapore Airlines, Chew Choon Seng, Prime Minister of New Zealand, Julius Vogel, Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi, Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, Teo Chee Hean, Chief Medical Officer for England, Sir Liam Donaldson, Head Physician to the Queen, Huw Thomas, CEO of Moonfruit, Wendy Tan White, Businessman and philanthropist, Winston Wong, billionaire hedge fund manager Alan Howard.

Question: Which famous automobile designer is considered a non - academic alumni?
Answer: Nicholas Tombazis

Question: Which famous author is considered an alumni for Imperial?
Answer: H. G. Wells

Question: Which airline's CEO can be called a non - academic alumni of Imperial?
Answer: Singapore Airlines

Question: Which incredibly prestigious position did Huw Thomas hold?
Answer: Head Physician to the Queen

Question: Which hedge fund manager with a networth of over a billion is considered an alumni?
Answer: Alan Howard
Title: Imperial_College_London

The Great Exhibition was organised by Prince Albert, Henry Cole, Francis Fuller and other members of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. The Great Exhibition made a surplus of £186,000 used in creating an area in the South of Kensington celebrating the encouragement of the arts, industry, and science. Albert insisted the Great Exhibition surplus should be used as a home for culture and education for everyone. His commitment was to find practical solutions to today's social challenges. Prince Albert's vision built the Victoria and Albert Museum, Science Museum, Natural History Museum, Geological Museum, Royal College of Science, Royal College of Art, Royal School of Mines, Royal School of Music, Royal College of Organists, Royal School of Needlework, Royal Geographical Society, Institute of Recorded Sound, Royal Horticultural Gardens, Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute. Royal colleges and the Imperial Institute merged to form what is now Imperial College London.

Question: Which society organized The Great Exhibition?
Answer: Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce

Question: How much of a surplus did The Great Ehibition raise?
Answer: £186,000

Question: Who insisted that the surplus from The Great Exhibition be used as a home for culture and education for all?
Answer: Albert

Question: What was Prince Albert's commitment?
Answer: to find practical solutions to today's social challenges

Question: What did the Royal colleges and Imperial Institute form when they merged?
Answer: Imperial College London
Title: Imperial_College_London

In 1907, the newly established Board of Education found that greater capacity for higher technical education was needed and a proposal to merge the City and Guilds College, the Royal School of Mines and the Royal College of Science was approved and passed, creating The Imperial College of Science and Technology as a constituent college of the University of London. Imperial's Royal Charter, granted by Edward VII, was officially signed on 8 July 1907. The main campus of Imperial College was constructed beside the buildings of the Imperial Institute in South Kensington.

Question: Who proposed a merger of many colleges in 1907?
Answer: Board of Education

Question: What was the reasoning behind the proposal to merge many colleges?
Answer: greater capacity for higher technical education was needed

Question: When the merger was passed, what constituent college was created?
Answer: The Imperial College of Science and Technology

Question: Who did the constituent college belong to?
Answer: University of London

Question: Which document, granted by Edward VII, was officially signed on the 8th of July 1907?
Answer: Imperial's Royal Charter
Title: Imperial_College_London

In the financial year ended 31 July 2013, Imperial had a total net income of £822.0 million (2011/12 – £765.2 million) and total expenditure of £754.9 million (2011/12 – £702.0 million). Key sources of income included £329.5 million from research grants and contracts (2011/12 – £313.9 million), £186.3 million from academic fees and support grants (2011/12 – £163.1 million), £168.9 million from Funding Council grants (2011/12 – £172.4 million) and £12.5 million from endowment and investment income (2011/12 – £8.1 million). During the 2012/13 financial year Imperial had a capital expenditure of £124 million (2011/12 – £152 million).

Question: What was Imperial's net income for the financial year that ended on 31 July 2013?
Answer: £822.0 million

Question: What was Imperial's total expenditure for the financial year that ended on the 31 July 2013?
Answer: £754.9 million

Question: How much income was generated from research grants and contracts for 2013?
Answer: £329.5 million

Question: Who granted Imperial close to 170 million pounds in grants?
Answer: Funding Council

Question: What was Imperial's capital expenditure for the 2012/2013 financial year?
Answer: £124 million