rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world, including the Black Panther Party, Nation of Islam, Tupamaros, 19th of April Movement and Sandinista National Liberation Front in the Americas, the ANC among other liberation movements in the fight against Apartheid in South Africa, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, ETA, Sardinian nationalists, Action directe, the Red Brigades, and the Red Army Faction in Europe, and the Armenian Secret Army, Japanese Red Army, Free Aceh Movement, and Moro National Liberation Front in Asia. Gaddafi was indiscriminate in the causes he funded, sometimes switching from supporting one side in a conflict to the other, as in the Eritrean War of Independence. Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya, which came to be seen as a leader in the Third World's struggle against colonialism and neocolonialism. Though many of these groups were labelled "terrorists" by critics of their activities, Gaddafi rejected such a characterisation, instead considering them revolutionaries engaged in liberation struggles.

Question: During what decade did Libya finance militant groups?
Answer: 1970s

Question: During what conflict did Gaddafi notably switch sides?
Answer: Eritrean War of Independence

Question: On what continent did the Red Army Faction operate?
Answer: Europe

Question: What was the Third World fighting against in the 1970s?
Answer: colonialism and neocolonialism

Question: What was the ANC combating?
Answer: Apartheid
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

On 16 April 1973, Gaddafi proclaimed the start of a "Popular Revolution" in a Zuwarah speech. He initiated this with a 5-point plan, the first point of which dissolved all existing laws, to be replaced by revolutionary enactments. The second point proclaimed that all opponents of the revolution had to be removed, while the third initiated an administrative revolution that Gaddafi proclaimed would remove all traces of bureaucracy and the bourgeoisie. The fourth point announced that the population must form People's Committees and be armed to defend the revolution, while the fifth proclaimed the beginning of a cultural revolution to expunge Libya of "poisonous" foreign influences. He began to lecture on this new phase of the revolution in Libya, Egypt, and France.

Question: On what date did Gaddafi declare the beginning of a "Popular Revolution"?
Answer: 16 April 1973

Question: What type of revolution began as a result of the third point?
Answer: administrative

Question: What happened to Libya's laws as a result of the first point of Gaddafi's speech?
Answer: dissolved

Question: How many points did the Popular Revolution plan have?
Answer: 5

Question: Along with Libya and France, where did Gaddafi speak on the Popular Revolution?
Answer: Egypt
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

As part of this Popular Revolution, Gaddafi invited Libya's people to found General People's Committees as conduits for raising political consciousness. Although offering little guidance for how to set up these councils, Gaddafi claimed that they would offer a form of direct political participation that was more democratic than a traditional party-based representative system. He hoped that the councils would mobilize the people behind the RCC, erode the power of the traditional leaders and the bureaucracy, and allow for a new legal system chosen by the people.

Question: What were the Libyan people instructed to create in conjunction with the Popular Revolution?
Answer: General People's Committees

Question: Along with the bureaucracy, who were the General People's Committees directed at?
Answer: traditional leaders

Question: What political system did Gaddafi claim was less democratic than the General People's Committees?
Answer: traditional party-based representative
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

The People's Committees led to a high percentage of public involvement in decision making, within the limits permitted by the RCC, but exacerbated tribal divisions. They also served as a surveillance system, aiding the security services in locating individuals with views critical of the RCC, leading to the arrest of Ba'athists, Marxists and Islamists. Operating in a pyramid structure, the base form of these Committees were local working groups, who sent elected representatives to the district level, and from there to the national level, divided between the General People's Congress and the General People's Committee. Above these remained Gaddafi and the RCC, who remained responsible for all major decisions.

Question: What kind of structure did the People's Committee system use?
Answer: pyramid

Question: What negative consequence did the People's Committees lead to?
Answer: tribal divisions

Question: Along with Ba'athists and Islamists, who was arrested as a result of the actions of the People's Committees?
Answer: Marxists

Question: Along with the General People's Congress, what national body represented the People's Committees?
Answer: General People's Committee
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution. Third International Theory considered the U.S. and the Soviet Union as imperialist, thus rejected Western capitalism as well as Eastern bloc communism's atheism. In this respect it was similar to the Three Worlds Theory developed by China's political leader Mao Zedong. As part of this theory, Gaddafi praised nationalism as a progressive force and advocated the creation of a pan-Arab state which would lead the Islamic and Third Worlds against imperialism.

Question: Who was the founder of Three Worlds Theory?
Answer: Mao Zedong

Question: In what month and year did Gaddafi begin Third International Theory?
Answer: June 1973

Question: What sort of state did Gaddafi believe should be founded?
Answer: pan-Arab

Question: Along with the United States, what country did Gaddafi believe to be imperialist?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What economic philosophy was associated with the West?
Answer: capitalism
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi summarized Third International Theory in three short volumes published between 1975 and 1979, collectively known as The Green Book. Volume one was devoted to the issue of democracy, outlining the flaws of representative systems in favour of direct, participatory GPCs. The second dealt with Gaddafi's beliefs regarding socialism, while the third explored social issues regarding the family and the tribe. While the first two volumes advocated radical reform, the third adopted a socially conservative stance, proclaiming that while men and women were equal, they were biologically designed for different roles in life. During the years that followed, Gaddafists adopted quotes from The Green Book, such as "Representation is Fraud", as slogans. Meanwhile, in September 1975, Gaddafi implemented further measures to increase popular mobilization, introducing objectives to improve the relationship between the Councils and the ASU.

Question: Gaddafi's written work on Third International Theory consisted of how many volumes?
Answer: three

Question: When was the last volume of Gaddafi's work on Third International Theory published?
Answer: 1979

Question: What was the title given to Gaddafi's Third International Theory writings?
Answer: The Green Book

Question: What volume of The Green Book discussed democracy?
Answer: one

Question: What political philosophy was discussed in the second volume of The Green Book?
Answer: socialism
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

In September 1975, Gaddafi purged the army, arresting around 200 senior officers, and in October he founded the clandestine Office for the Security of the Revolution. In 1976, student demonstrations broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, and were attacked by police and Gaddafist students. The RCC responded with mass arrests, and introduced compulsory national service for young people. Dissent also arose from conservative clerics and the Muslim Brotherhood, who were persecuted as anti-revolutionary. In January 1977, two dissenting students and a number of army officers were publicly hanged; Amnesty International condemned it as the first time in Gaddafist Libya that dissenters had been executed for purely political crimes.

Question: In what year was the Office for the Security of the Revolution founded?
Answer: 1975

Question: In what year did student protests occur in Benghazi?
Answer: 1976

Question: How many senior officers were expelled fro the army in 1975?
Answer: 200

Question: How many students were executed in January of 1977?
Answer: two

Question: Who criticized the political execution of students and military officers that occurred in January 1977?
Answer: Amnesty International
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

Following Anwar Sadat's ascension to the Egyptian presidency, Libya's relations with Egypt deteriorated. Sadat was perturbed by Gaddafi's unpredictability and insistence that Egypt required a cultural revolution. In February 1973, Israeli forces shot down Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114, which had strayed from Egyptian airspace into Israeli-held territory during a sandstorm. Gaddafi was infuriated that Egypt had not done more to prevent the incident, and in retaliation planned to destroy the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, a British ship chartered by American Jews to sail to Haifa for Israel's 25th anniversary. Gaddafi ordered an Egyptian submarine to target the ship, but Sadat cancelled the order, fearing a military escalation.

Question: Whose rise to the presidency of Egypt led to the decline in relations between Egypt and Libya?
Answer: Sadat

Question: What nation's military destroyed Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114?
Answer: Israeli

Question: What city was the destination of RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?
Answer: Haifa

Question: Why did Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 accidentally fly into Israel's airspace?
Answer: sandstorm

Question: Jews from what nation chartered the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?
Answer: American
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi was later infuriated when Egypt and Syria planned the Yom Kippur War against Israel without consulting him, and was angered when Egypt conceded to peace talks rather than continuing the war. Gaddafi become openly hostile to Egypt's leader, calling for Sadat's overthrow, and when Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry took Sadat's side, Gaddafi by 1975 sponsored the Sudan People's Liberation Army to overthrow Nimeiry. Focusing his attention elsewhere in Africa, in late 1972 and early 1973, Libya invaded Chad to annex the uranium-rich Aouzou Strip. Offering financial incentives, he successfully convinced 8 African states to break off diplomatic relations with Israel in 1973. Intent on propagating Islam, in 1973 Gaddafi founded the Islamic Call Society, which had opened 132 centres across Africa within a decade. In 1973 he converted Gabonese President Omar Bongo, an action which he repeated three years later with Jean-Bédel Bokassa, president of the Central African Republic.

Question: Who was allied with Egypt during the Yom Kippur War?
Answer: Syria

Question: Who was the president of Sudan in 1975?
Answer: Gaafar Nimeiry

Question: What revolutionary group sought to overthrow the president of Sudan?
Answer: Sudan People's Liberation Army

Question: Prior to the Libyan invasion, what country was the Aouzou Strip a part of?
Answer: Chad

Question: What element did the Aouzou Strip possess a great deal of?
Answer: uranium
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi sought to develop closer links in the Maghreb; in January 1974 Libya and Tunisia announced a political union, the Arab Islamic Republic. Although advocated by Gaddafi and Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba, the move was deeply unpopular in Tunisia and soon abandoned. Retaliating, Gaddafi sponsored anti-government militants in Tunisia into the 1980s. Turning his attention to Algeria, in 1975 Libya signed the Hassi Messaoud defence agreement allegedly to counter "Moroccan expansionism", also funding the Polisario Front of Western Sahara in their independence struggle against Morocco. Seeking to diversify Libya's economy, Gaddafi's government began purchasing shares in major European corporations like Fiat as well as buying real estate in Malta and Italy, which would become a valuable source of income during the 1980s oil slump.

Question: What country formed a political union with Libya in 1974?
Answer: Tunisia

Question: What was the name of the abortive political union between Tunisia and Libya in 1974?
Answer: Arab Islamic Republic

Question: Who was the president of Tunisia in 1974?
Answer: Habib Bourguiba

Question: With what country did Libya conclude the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement?
Answer: Algeria

Question: Against what government was the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement directed against?
Answer: Moroccan
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

On 2 March 1977 the General People's Congress adopted the "Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority" at Gaddafi's behest. Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic, it was replaced by the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Arabic: الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية‎, al-Jamāhīrīyah al-‘Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha‘bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah), a "state of the masses" conceptualized by Gaddafi. Officially, the Jamahiriya was a direct democracy in which the people ruled themselves through the 187 Basic People's Congresses, where all adult Libyans participated and voted on national decisions. These then sent members to the annual General People's Congress, which was broadcast live on television. In principle, the People's Congresses were Libya's highest authority, with major decisions proposed by government officials or with Gaddafi himself requiring the consent of the People's Congresses.

Question: What was the name of the state founded in Libya on March 2, 1977?
Answer: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Question: How many Basic People's Congresses existed in the Jamahiriya?
Answer: 187

Question: What body did the members elected by the Basic People's Congresses attend?
Answer: General People's Congress

Question: What was the official name of Libya prior to the establishment of the Jamahiriya?
Answer: Libyan Arab Republic

Question: How often did the General People's Congress occur?
Answer: annual
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily; the GPC largely remained "a rubber stamp" for Gaddafi's policies. On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that home schooling was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea. In other instances, Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC's support, such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces. Gaddafi proclaimed that the People's Congresses provided for Libya's every political need, rendering other political organizations unnecessary; all non-authorized groups, including political parties, professional associations, independent trade unions and women's groups, were banned.

Question: What was the GPC accused of being vis-à-vis Gaddafi?
Answer: a rubber stamp

Question: What policy did Gaddafi propose that the GPC was against?
Answer: primary schools to be abolished

Question: What type of education did Gaddafi prefer to primary schools?
Answer: home schooling

Question: What was a policy that Gaddafi instituted without support from the GPC?
Answer: allow women into the armed forces
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

With preceding legal institutions abolished, Gaddafi envisioned the Jamahiriya as following the Qur'an for legal guidance, adopting sharia law; he proclaimed "man-made" laws unnatural and dictatorial, only permitting Allah's law. Within a year he was backtracking, announcing that sharia was inappropriate for the Jamahiriya because it guaranteed the protection of private property, contravening The Green Book's socialism. His emphasis on placing his own work on a par with the Qur'an led conservative clerics to accuse him of shirk, furthering their opposition to his regime. In July, a border war broke out with Egypt, in which the Egyptians defeated Libya despite their technological inferiority. The conflict lasted one week before both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty that was brokered by several Arab states. That year, Gaddafi was invited to Moscow by the Soviet government in recognition of their increasing commercial relationship.

Question: What book did the Jamahiriya look to for legal advice?
Answer: Qur'an

Question: What tenet of sharia did Gaddafi believe was incompatible with socialism?
Answer: protection of private property

Question: What relationship led the Soviets to invite Gaddafi to Moscow?
Answer: commercial

Question: What did conservative Muslim clerics accuse Gaddafi of?
Answer: shirk

Question: Who won a border war with Libya?
Answer: Egypt
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

In December 1978, Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC, announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than governmental activities; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from the government. Although no longer in a formal governmental post, he adopted the title of "Leader of the Revolution" and continued as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He continued exerting considerable influence over Libya, with many critics insisting that the structure of Libya's direct democracy gave him "the freedom to manipulate outcomes".

Question: In what year did Gaddafi resign from his position in the GPC?
Answer: 1978

Question: Prior to his resignation, what office did Gaddafi occupy in the GPC?
Answer: Secretary-General

Question: After Gaddafi stepped down from the GPC, what title did he take?
Answer: Leader of the Revolution

Question: What authority did Gaddafi have over the Libyan armed forces?
Answer: commander-in-chief
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

Libya began to turn towards socialism. In March 1978, the government issued guidelines for housing redistribution, attempting to ensure the population that every adult Libyan owned his own home and that nobody was enslaved to paying their rent. Most families were banned from owning more than one house, while former rental properties were seized and sold to the tenants at a heavily subsidized price. In September, Gaddafi called for the People's Committees to eliminate the "bureaucracy of the public sector" and the "dictatorship of the private sector"; the People's Committees took control of several hundred companies, converting them into worker cooperatives run by elected representatives.

Question: In September of 1978, what bureaucracy did Gaddafi speak out against?
Answer: public sector

Question: What "dictatorship" did Gaddafi attack in September of 1978?
Answer: private sector

Question: After People's Committees expropriated companies, what did they turn them into?
Answer: worker cooperatives

Question: How many companies were taken over by People's Committees?
Answer: several hundred
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

On 2 March 1979, the GPC announced the separation of government and revolution, the latter being represented by new Revolutionary Committees, who operated in tandem with the People's Committees in schools, universities, unions, the police force and the military. Dominated by revolutionary zealots, the Revolutionary Committees were led by Mohammad Maghgoub and a Central Coordinating Office, and met with Gaddafi annually. Publishing a weekly magazine The Green March (al-Zahf al-Akhdar), in October 1980 they took control of the press. Responsible for perpetuating revolutionary fervour, they performed ideological surveillance, later adopting a significant security role, making arrests and putting people on trial according to the "law of the revolution" (qanun al-thawra). With no legal code or safeguards, the administration of revolutionary justice was largely arbitrary and resulted in widespread abuses and the suppression of civil liberties: the "Green Terror."

Question: On what date did the GPC separate the revolution from the government?
Answer: 2 March 1979,

Question: Who was the leader of the Revolutionary Committees?
Answer: Mohammad Maghgoub

Question: What was the English name of the magazine published by the Revolutionary Committees?
Answer: The Green March

Question: How often was al-Zahf al-Akhdar published?
Answer: weekly

Question: What bodies represented the revolution after the separation of government and revolution?
Answer: Revolutionary Committees
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

In 1979, the committees began the redistribution of land in the Jefara plain, continuing through 1981. In May 1980, measures to redistribute and equalize wealth were implemented; anyone with over 1000 dinar in his bank account saw that extra money expropriated. The following year, the GPC announced that the government would take control of all import, export and distribution functions, with state supermarkets replacing privately owned businesses; this led to a decline in the availability of consumer goods and the development of a thriving black market.

Question: Where did land redistribution begin in 1979?
Answer: Jefara plain

Question: When did the Jefara plain land redistribution end?
Answer: 1981

Question: What was the maximum amount of money a person could have in their bank account without having it expropriated in 1980?
Answer: 1000 dinar

Question: What took the place of private businesses in 1981?
Answer: state supermarkets

Question: As a result of the 1981 laws putting the government in control of commerce, what began to thrive?
Answer: black market
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi

The Jamahiriya's radical direction earned the government many enemies. In February 1978, Gaddafi discovered that his head of military intelligence was plotting to kill him, and began to increasingly entrust security to his Qaddadfa tribe. Many who had seen their wealth and property confiscated turned against the administration, and a number of western-funded opposition groups were founded by exiles. Most prominent was the National Front for the Salvation of Libya (NFSL), founded in 1981 by Mohammed Magariaf, which orchestrated militant attacks against Libya's government, while another, al-Borkan, began killing Libyan diplomats abroad. Following Gaddafi's command to kill these "stray dogs", under Colonel Younis Bilgasim's leadership, the Revolutionary Committees set up overseas branches to suppress counter-revolutionary activity, assassinating various dissidents. Although nearby nations like Syria also used hit squads, Gaddafi was unusual in publicly bragging about his administration's use of them; in June 1980, he ordered all dissidents to return home or be "liquidated wherever you are."

Question: What tribe did Gaddafi belong to?
Answer: Qaddadfa

Question: What Libyan government official allegedly plotted to kill Gaddafi in 1978?
Answer: head of military intelligence

Question: In 1981, what Libyan opposition group was founded?
Answer: National Front for the Salvation of Libya

Question: Who founded the NFSL?
Answer: Mohammed Magariaf

Question: What group notably murdered Libyan diplomats?
Answer: al-Borkan,