rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

In October 2009, the MoD was heavily criticized for withdrawing the bi-annual non-operational training £20m budget for the volunteer Territorial Army (TA), ending all non-operational training for 6 months until April 2010. The government eventually backed down and restored the funding. The TA provides a small percentage of the UK's operational troops. Its members train on weekly evenings and monthly weekends, as well as two-week exercises generally annually and occasionally bi-annually for troops doing other courses. The cuts would have meant a significant loss of personnel and would have had adverse effects on recruitment.

Question: When was the TA budget withdrawn?
Answer: October 2009

Question: How much money was allocated to the volunteer Territorial Army?
Answer: £20m

Question: When was the training for the TA supposed to resume?
Answer: April 2010

Question: How much of the UK's troops are provided by the TA?
Answer: a small percentage

Question: How often do the TA troops regularly train?
Answer: weekly evenings and monthly weekends
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

In 2013 it was found that the Ministry of Defence had overspent on its equipment budget by £6.5bn on orders that could take up to 39 years to fulfil. The Ministry of Defence has been criticised in the past for poor management and financial control, investing in projects that have taken up to 10 and even as much as 15 years to be delivered.

Question: By how much did the MoD go over its equipment budget?
Answer: £6.5bn

Question: When was the overbudget amount discovered?
Answer: 2013

Question: What are some of the criticisms that have been directed at the MoD?
Answer: poor management and financial control

Question: What is a long-range estimate on fulfillment of some of the equipment orders made by the MoD?
Answer: up to 39 years

Question: Past projects ordered by the MoD have taken what type of time frame to fulfill?
Answer: up to 10 and even as much as 15 years
Title: High-definition_television

The term high definition once described a series of television systems originating from August 1936; however, these systems were only high definition when compared to earlier systems that were based on mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution. The ongoing competition between companies and nations to create true "HDTV" spanned the entire 20th century, as each new system became more HD than the last.In the beginning of the 21st century, this race has continued with 4k, 5k and current 8K systems.

Question: The term "high definition" originally described televisions systems from what year?
Answer: 1936

Question: Earlier television systems were based on what?
Answer: mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution

Question: During which entire century were companies and nations trying to achieve true HDTV?
Answer: 20th

Question: In what century were 4k, 5k, and 8k systems introduced?
Answer: 21st

Question: What is the most current HDTV system development?
Answer: 8K
Title: High-definition_television

The British high-definition TV service started trials in August 1936 and a regular service on 2 November 1936 using both the (mechanical) Baird 240 line sequential scan (later to be inaccurately rechristened 'progressive') and the (electronic) Marconi-EMI 405 line interlaced systems. The Baird system was discontinued in February 1937. In 1938 France followed with their own 441-line system, variants of which were also used by a number of other countries. The US NTSC 525-line system joined in 1941. In 1949 France introduced an even higher-resolution standard at 819 lines, a system that should have been high definition even by today's standards, but was monochrome only and the technical limitations of the time prevented it from achieving the definition of which it should have been capable. All of these systems used interlacing and a 4:3 aspect ratio except the 240-line system which was progressive (actually described at the time by the technically correct term "sequential") and the 405-line system which started as 5:4 and later changed to 4:3. The 405-line system adopted the (at that time) revolutionary idea of interlaced scanning to overcome the flicker problem of the 240-line with its 25 Hz frame rate. The 240-line system could have doubled its frame rate but this would have meant that the transmitted signal would have doubled in bandwidth, an unacceptable option as the video baseband bandwidth was required to be not more than 3 MHz.

Question: Who started trials in August 1936?
Answer: The British high-definition TV service

Question: When was the Baird system discontinued?
Answer: February 1937

Question: Which country developed the 441-line system?
Answer: France

Question: What prevented France's 819-line system from achieving the definition it was capable of?
Answer: the technical limitations of the time

Question: Which system used interlaced scanning to correct the flicker problem of the 240-line?
Answer: 405-line system
Title: High-definition_television

Colour broadcasts started at similarly higher resolutions, first with the US NTSC color system in 1953, which was compatible with the earlier monochrome systems and therefore had the same 525 lines of resolution. European standards did not follow until the 1960s, when the PAL and SECAM color systems were added to the monochrome 625 line broadcasts.

Question: What year did color broadcasts start in the US?
Answer: 1953,

Question: How many lines of resolution did the US NTSC color system have in 1953?
Answer: 525

Question: When did Europe begin color broadcasts?
Answer: 1960s

Question: The PAL and SECAM were color systems where?
Answer: Europe

Question: How many lines of resolution were the European monochrome broadcasts?
Answer: 625
Title: High-definition_television

The Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation) began conducting research to "unlock the fundamental mechanism of video and sound interactions with the five human senses" in 1964, after the Tokyo Olympics. NHK set out to create an HDTV system that ended up scoring much higher in subjective tests than NTSC's previously dubbed "HDTV". This new system, NHK Color, created in 1972, included 1125 lines, a 5:3 aspect ratio and 60 Hz refresh rate. The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), headed by Charles Ginsburg, became the testing and study authority for HDTV technology in the international theater. SMPTE would test HDTV systems from different companies from every conceivable perspective, but the problem of combining the different formats plagued the technology for many years.

Question: What is the Japan Broadcasting Corporation called?
Answer: Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai

Question: What does NHK stand for in Japan?
Answer: Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai

Question: What year was NHK Color created?
Answer: 1972

Question: What was the aspect ratio of the NHK Color?
Answer: 5:3

Question: What organization became the authority on testing and studying international HDTV technology? 
Answer: The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE)
Title: High-definition_television

There were four major HDTV systems tested by SMPTE in the late 1970s, and in 1979 an SMPTE study group released A Study of High Definition Television Systems:

Question: How many major HDTV systems were tested by SMPTE in the late 70's?
Answer: four

Question: Who tested the four major HDTV systems in the late 1970's?
Answer: SMPTE

Question: Who released A Study of High Definition Television Systems?
Answer: an SMPTE study group

Question: In what year was A Study of High Definition Television Systems released?
Answer: 1979

Question: What was released by an SMPTE study group in 1979?
Answer: A Study of High Definition Television Systems
Title: High-definition_television

Since the formal adoption of digital video broadcasting's (DVB) widescreen HDTV transmission modes in the early 2000s; the 525-line NTSC (and PAL-M) systems, as well as the European 625-line PAL and SECAM systems, are now regarded as standard definition television systems.

Question: What does DVB stand for?
Answer: digital video broadcasting

Question: When was widescreen HDTV transmission modes formally adopted?
Answer: early 2000s

Question: In addition to the 625-line PAL system, what European system is considered a standard definition television system?
Answer: SECAM systems

Question: In addition to the NTSC system, what 525-line system is considered a standard definition television system?
Answer: PAL-M

Question: 525 and 625-line systems are now considered what?
Answer: standard definition television systems
Title: High-definition_television

In 1949, France started its transmissions with an 819 lines system (with 737 active lines). The system was monochrome only, and was used only on VHF for the first French TV channel. It was discontinued in 1983.

Question: In what year did France start transmissions using and 819 line system?
Answer: 1949

Question: What country started transmissions using and 819 line system in 1949?
Answer: France

Question: What did France start transmissions with in 1949?
Answer: an 819 lines system

Question: Was France's 819 line system in color?
Answer: monochrome only

Question: When was France's 819 line system discontinued?
Answer: 1983
Title: High-definition_television

In 1958, the Soviet Union developed Тransformator (Russian: Трансформатор, meaning Transformer), the first high-resolution (definition) television system capable of producing an image composed of 1,125 lines of resolution aimed at providing teleconferencing for military command. It was a research project and the system was never deployed by either the military or consumer broadcasting.

Question: In the end what was the Soviet Union's Transformator system used for?
Answer: a research project

Question: When did the Soviet Union develop Transformator?
Answer: 1958

Question: Who developed Transformator in 1958?
Answer: the Soviet Union

Question: How many lines of resolution could an image using the Transformator system have?
Answer: 1,125

Question: What was the goal of the Transformator system?
Answer: providing teleconferencing for military command
Title: High-definition_television

In 1979, the Japanese state broadcaster NHK first developed consumer high-definition television with a 5:3 display aspect ratio. The system, known as Hi-Vision or MUSE after its Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding for encoding the signal, required about twice the bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but provided about four times the resolution (1080i/1125 lines). Satellite test broadcasts started in 1989, with regular testing starting in 1991 and regular broadcasting of BS-9ch commencing on November 25, 1994, which featured commercial and NHK programming.

Question: In what year did NHK first develop consumer HD television with a 5:3 aspect ratio?
Answer: 1979

Question: Who first developed consumer HD television with a 5:3 aspect ratio?
Answer: the Japanese state broadcaster NHK

Question: When did satellite test broadcasts of Hi-Vision start?
Answer: 1989

Question: When did regular broadcasting of BS-9ch start?
Answer: November 25, 1994

Question: When did regular testing of Hi-Vision start?
Answer: 1991
Title: High-definition_television

In 1981, the MUSE system was demonstrated for the first time in the United States, using the same 5:3 aspect ratio as the Japanese system. Upon visiting a demonstration of MUSE in Washington, US President Ronald Reagan was impressed and officially declared it "a matter of national interest" to introduce HDTV to the US.

Question: When was the MUSE system demonstrated in the US first?
Answer: 1981

Question: What aspect ratio did the MUSE system use when demonstrated in 1981?
Answer: 5:3

Question: Which president declared it "a matter of national interest" to introduce HDTV to the US?
Answer: President Ronald Reagan

Question: Which system was demonstrated in the US for the first time in 1981?
Answer: MUSE

Question: Which system was demonstrated in Washington to President Ronald Reagan?
Answer: MUSE
Title: High-definition_television

Several systems were proposed as the new standard for the US, including the Japanese MUSE system, but all were rejected by the FCC because of their higher bandwidth requirements. At this time, the number of television channels was growing rapidly and bandwidth was already a problem. A new standard had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth for HDTV than the existing NTSC.

Question: Why did the FCC reject systems such as MUSE?
Answer: their higher bandwidth requirements

Question: What was increasing and consuming a lot of bandwidth?
Answer: television channels

Question: Who rejected systems such as MUSE as the new standard for the US?
Answer: the FCC

Question: What was one of the requirements for a new standard system in the US?
Answer: had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth

Question: What was the existing system at the time?
Answer: NTSC
Title: High-definition_television

The limited standardization of analog HDTV in the 1990s did not lead to global HDTV adoption as technical and economic constraints at the time did not permit HDTV to use bandwidths greater than normal television.

Question: What constraints kept HDTV from being widely adopted in the 90's?
Answer: technical and economic

Question: What was HDTV not permitted to do in the 90's?
Answer: use bandwidths greater than normal television
Title: High-definition_television

Early HDTV commercial experiments, such as NHK's MUSE, required over four times the bandwidth of a standard-definition broadcast. Despite efforts made to reduce analog HDTV to about twice the bandwidth of SDTV, these television formats were still distributable only by satellite.

Question: How much more bandwith was required from early HDTV commercial experiments than an SD broadcast?
Answer: over four times

Question: Efforts were made to reduce analog HDTV to how much of the bandwith of SDTV?
Answer: about twice

Question: Despite the reduced bandwith, HDTV format still had to be distributed how?
Answer: by satellite

Question: What kind of experiments required over four times the bandwith of a SDTV broadcast?
Answer: Early HDTV commercial experiments
Title: High-definition_television

In addition, recording and reproducing an HDTV signal was a significant technical challenge in the early years of HDTV (Sony HDVS). Japan remained the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV, with seven broadcasters sharing a single channel.

Question: How many broadcasters did Japan have sharing a single channel?
Answer: seven

Question: Which country had successful public analog HDTV broadcasting?
Answer: Japan

Question: What was particularly challenging in the early years of HDTV?
Answer: recording and reproducing an HDTV signal

Question: What accomplishment in early HDTV did Japan have?
Answer: the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV
Title: High-definition_television

Since 1972, International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) had been working on creating a global recommendation for Analog HDTV. These recommendations, however, did not fit in the broadcasting bands which could reach home users. The standardization of MPEG-1 in 1993 also led to the acceptance of recommendations ITU-R BT.709. In anticipation of these standards the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) organisation was formed, an alliance of broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies. The DVB develops and agrees upon specifications which are formally standardised by ETSI.

Question: What does ITU-R stand for?
Answer: International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector

Question: What does DVB stand for?
Answer: Digital Video Broadcasting

Question: What is the DVB?
Answer: an alliance of broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies

Question: What is the DVB's role?
Answer: develops and agrees upon specifications

Question: Who standardizes HDTV specifications?
Answer: ETSI
Title: High-definition_television

DVB created first the standard for DVB-S digital satellite TV, DVB-C digital cable TV and DVB-T digital terrestrial TV. These broadcasting systems can be used for both SDTV and HDTV. In the US the Grand Alliance proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV. Both ATSC and DVB were based on the MPEG-2 standard, although DVB systems may also be used to transmit video using the newer and more efficient H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standards. Common for all DVB standards is the use of highly efficient modulation techniques for further reducing bandwidth, and foremost for reducing receiver-hardware and antenna requirements.

Question: What did the Grand Alliance propose as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?
Answer: ATSC

Question: Which standard were ATSC and DVB based on?
Answer: MPEG-2

Question: Who created the standard for DVB-2, DVB-C, and DVB-T?
Answer: DVB

Question: Who proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?
Answer: the Grand Alliance
Title: High-definition_television

In 1983, the International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) set up a working party (IWP11/6) with the aim of setting a single international HDTV standard. One of the thornier issues concerned a suitable frame/field refresh rate, the world already having split into two camps, 25/50 Hz and 30/60 Hz, largely due to the differences in mains frequency. The IWP11/6 working party considered many views and throughout the 1980s served to encourage development in a number of video digital processing areas, not least conversion between the two main frame/field rates using motion vectors, which led to further developments in other areas. While a comprehensive HDTV standard was not in the end established, agreement on the aspect ratio was achieved.

Question: When did ITU-R start trying to work towards setting a single international HDTV standard?
Answer: 1983

Question: What did ITU-R start trying to do in 1983?
Answer: setting a single international HDTV standard

Question: What was one of the issues with setting a single HDTV standard?
Answer: a suitable frame/field refresh rate

Question: What was used as a conversion between the two main frame/field rates?
Answer: motion vectors

Question: How many frame/field rates were primarily being used in 1983?
Answer: two
Title: High-definition_television

Initially the existing 5:3 aspect ratio had been the main candidate but, due to the influence of widescreen cinema, the aspect ratio 16:9 (1.78) eventually emerged as being a reasonable compromise between 5:3 (1.67) and the common 1.85 widescreen cinema format. An aspect ratio of 16:9 was duly agreed upon at the first meeting of the IWP11/6 working party at the BBC's Research and Development establishment in Kingswood Warren. The resulting ITU-R Recommendation ITU-R BT.709-2 ("Rec. 709") includes the 16:9 aspect ratio, a specified colorimetry, and the scan modes 1080i (1,080 actively interlaced lines of resolution) and 1080p (1,080 progressively scanned lines). The British Freeview HD trials used MBAFF, which contains both progressive and interlaced content in the same encoding.

Question: What aspect ratio was agreed upon due to the influence of widescreen cinema?
Answer: 16:9

Question: Who agreed upon the 16:9 aspect ratio?
Answer: the IWP11/6 working party

Question: What was a leading factor in the 16:9 aspect ratio being chosen?
Answer: widescreen cinema

Question: Which encoding contains both progressive and interlaced content?
Answer: MBAFF

Question: Which aspect ratio was the early favorite?
Answer: 5:3
Title: High-definition_television

It also includes the alternative 1440×1152 HDMAC scan format. (According to some reports, a mooted 750-line (720p) format (720 progressively scanned lines) was viewed by some at the ITU as an enhanced television format rather than a true HDTV format, and so was not included, although 1920×1080i and 1280×720p systems for a range of frame and field rates were defined by several US SMPTE standards.)

Question: What scan format is also included in MBAFF?
Answer: 1440×1152 HDMAC

Question: What was viewed by some as enhanced television format and not true HDTV format?
Answer: a mooted 750-line

Question: A mooted 750-line was seen by some at the ITU as what?
Answer: an enhanced television format

Question: What were 1920x1080i and 1280x720p defined by?
Answer: US SMPTE standards
Title: High-definition_television

HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in the late 1980s and made official in 1993 by the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance, a group of television, electronic equipment, communications companies consisting of AT&T Bell Labs, General Instrument, Philips, Sarnoff, Thomson, Zenith and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Field testing of HDTV at 199 sites in the United States was completed August 14, 1994. The first public HDTV broadcast in the United States occurred on July 23, 1996 when the Raleigh, North Carolina television station WRAL-HD began broadcasting from the existing tower of WRAL-TV southeast of Raleigh, winning a race to be first with the HD Model Station in Washington, D.C., which began broadcasting July 31, 1996 with the callsign WHD-TV, based out of the facilities of NBC owned and operated station WRC-TV. The American Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) HDTV system had its public launch on October 29, 1998, during the live coverage of astronaut John Glenn's return mission to space on board the Space Shuttle Discovery. The signal was transmitted coast-to-coast, and was seen by the public in science centers, and other public theaters specially equipped to receive and display the broadcast.

Question: When was HDTV introduced in the US?
Answer: late 1980s

Question: Who made HDTV official in 1993?
Answer: the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance

Question: AT&T, Philips, Zenith, and MIT, among others, made up what group in the 90's?
Answer: the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance

Question: When did the first public HDTV broadcast happen in the US?
Answer: July 23, 1996

Question: What does ATSC stand for?
Answer: Advanced Television Systems Committee
Title: High-definition_television

The first HDTV transmissions in Europe, albeit not direct-to-home, began in 1990, when the Italian broadcaster RAI used the HD-MAC and MUSE HDTV technologies to broadcast the 1990 FIFA World Cup. The matches were shown in 8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain. The connection with Spain was made via the Olympus satellite link from Rome to Barcelona and then with a fiber optic connection from Barcelona to Madrid. After some HDTV transmissions in Europe the standard was abandoned in the mid-1990s.

Question: When did the first HDTV transmissions happen in Europe?
Answer: 1990

Question: What event was the first HDTV broadcast in Europe?
Answer: FIFA World Cup

Question: When did Europe abandon standard transmission?
Answer: mid-1990s

Question: Where was the FIFA World Cup able to be watched in HDTV?
Answer: 8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain
Title: High-definition_television

The first regular broadcasts started on January 1, 2004 when the Belgian company Euro1080 launched the HD1 channel with the traditional Vienna New Year's Concert. Test transmissions had been active since the IBC exhibition in September 2003, but the New Year's Day broadcast marked the official launch of the HD1 channel, and the official start of direct-to-home HDTV in Europe.

Question: When did regular broadcasts start in Europe?
Answer: January 1, 2004

Question: What event was first broadcasted on January 1, 2004?
Answer: Vienna New Year's Concert

Question: The New Year's Day broadcast officially launched which channel?
Answer: HD1

Question: When did test transmissions of HDTV begin in Europe?
Answer: September 2003

Question: Which European company launched HD1?
Answer: Euro1080