rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

However, since the 20th century, indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about the ways they wish to be referred to, pressing for the elimination of terms widely considered to be obsolete, inaccurate, or racist. During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the Indian rights movement, the United States government responded by proposing the use of the term "Native American," to recognize the primacy of indigenous peoples' tenure in the nation, but this term was not fully accepted. Other naming conventions have been proposed and used, but none are accepted by all indigenous groups.

Question: What have the peoples in the Americas been more vocal about since the 20th century?
Answer: the ways they wish to be referred to

Question: What terms do the indigenous people press to eliminate?
Answer: obsolete, inaccurate, or racist.

Question: Who initially proposed using the term "Native American" to recognize the primacy of the native population?
Answer: United States government

Question: What naming convention is accepted by all indigenous groups?
Answer: none
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

In recent years, there has been a rise of indigenous movements in the Americas (mainly South America). These are rights-driven groups that organize themselves in order to achieve some sort of self-determination and the preservation of their culture for their peoples. Organizations like the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin and the Indian Council of South America are examples of movements that are breaking the barrier of borders in order to obtain rights for Amazonian indigenous populations everywhere. Similar movements for indigenous rights can also be seen in Canada and the United States, with movements like the International Indian Treaty Council and the accession of native Indian group into the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.

Question: Where has there been a rise of indigenous movements in recent years?
Answer: the Americas (mainly South America)

Question: What do the organizing groups hope to obtain for themselves?
Answer: preservation of their culture

Question: What is an example of a movement which is working to obtain rights for Amazonian populations everywhere?
Answer: Indian Council of South America

Question: Where can similar movements for indigenous rights be seen?
Answer: Canada and the United States,
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Representatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European "foreign power elite" to destabilize the country. The forum also expressed solidarity with the Morales and his economic and social changes in the interest of historically marginalized majorities. Furthermore, in a cathartic blow to the US-backed elite, it questioned US interference through diplomats and NGOs. The forum was suspicious of plots against Bolivia and other countries, including Cuba, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay and Nicaragua.

Question: Who started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change?
Answer: Representatives

Question: What did the meeting condemn plans by the Europeans to do?
Answer: destabilize the country

Question: What did the forum express for Morales and his proposed changes?
Answer: solidarity

Question: What did the forum question about US interference?
Answer: diplomats and NGOs

Question: What was the forum suspicious of?
Answer: plots against Bolivia and other countries
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. "Y-DNA" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. Autosomal "atDNA" markers are also used, but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry genetic admixture in the entire human genome and related isolated populations.

Question: What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on?
Answer: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups

Question: How is Y-DNA passed along?
Answer: patrilineal line

Question: What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change?
Answer: chance mutation

Question: Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders?
Answer: mtDNA

Question: What is AtDNA generally only used to measure?
Answer: average continent-of-ancestry
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains, are genetically closest to Amerindians.[citation needed] This view is shared by other researchers who argue that "the ancestors of the American Indians were the first to separate from the great Asian population in the Middle Paleolithic. 2012 research found evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and indigenous Altaians based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome analysis. The paternal lineages of Altaians mostly belong to the subclades of haplogroup P-M45 (xR1a 38-93%; xQ1a 4-32%).

Question: Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they're closest to genetically?
Answer: Amerindians

Question: What group were the ancestors of the American Indians separated from?
Answer: Asian population

Question: When did the ancestors of the American Indians separate from their parent population?
Answer: Middle Paleolithic

Question: When did research find evidence for a common ancestry between Native Americans and Altaians?
Answer: 2012

Question: What DNA analysis indicated the common ancestry of the Native Americans?
Answer: mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain indigenous peoples of the Americas populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations.

Question: What did human settlement of the New World occur in?
Answer: stages

Question: How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia?
Answer: 15,000 to 20,000-year

Question: What do the diversity and distributions of Y lineage specific to South America indicate about certain peoples there?
Answer: isolated since the initial colonization of the region

Question: What population has mtDNA and atDNA mutations, making them distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas?
Answer: Alaskan

Question: What does the DNA evidence suggest about the migrants into the northern extremes of North America?
Answer: later migrant populations
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought". "We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population," the authors wrote. Professor Kelly Graf said,

Question: When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature?
Answer: 2013

Question: How old was the young boy's remains?
Answer: 24,000-year-old

Question: What culture was the boy from?
Answer: Mal'ta-Buret'

Question: What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to?
Answer: western Eurasians

Question: What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal'ta-Buret' population?
Answer: 14 to 38 percent
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America."

Question: What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis?
Answer: route through Beringia

Question: What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians?
Answer: similarities in ages and geographical distributions

Question: What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of?
Answer: the mtDNA phylogeny

Question: When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions?
Answer: 2012

Question: Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed?
Answer: an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America
Title: Egypt

Egypt (i/ˈiːdʒɪpt/; Arabic: مِصر‎ Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: مَصر Maṣr, Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khemi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is the world's only contiguous Eurafrasian nation. Most of Egypt's territory of 1,010,408 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) lies within the Nile Valley. Egypt is a Mediterranean country. It is bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.

Question: What 2 continents meet at Egypt?
Answer: Africa and southwest corner of Asia

Question: What land bridge between Asian and Africa?
Answer: Sinai Peninsula

Question: How larger is Egypt?
Answer: 1,010,408 square kilometres

Question: What Sea borders Egypt to the east?
Answer: Red Sea

Question: What country borders Egypt to the south?
Answer: Sudan
Title: Egypt

Egypt has one of the longest histories of any modern country, arising in the tenth millennium BC as one of the world's first nation states. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx, as well the ruins of Memphis, Thebes, Karnak, and the Valley of the Kings, reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of archaeological study and popular interest worldwide. Egypt's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity, having endured, and at times assimilated, various foreign influences, including Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European. Although Christianised in the first century of the Common Era, it was subsequently Islamised due to the Islamic conquests of the seventh century.

Question: How far back does Egypt's history date back?
Answer: tenth millennium BC

Question: Why is Egypt considered a cradle of civilisation?
Answer: earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government

Question: What were some of Egypt's foreign influences?
Answer: Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European

Question: What are iconic monumuents of Egypt?
Answer: Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx

Question: In what century were islamic conquests of Egypt?
Answer: seventh century
Title: Egypt

With over 90 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab World, the third-most populous in Africa (after Nigeria and Ethiopia), and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.

Question: How many inhabitants does Egypt have?
Answer: over 90 million

Question: What is the rank of Egypt popultaion among African nations?
Answer: third-most populous in Africa

Question: Majority of Egypt people live near what river?
Answer: Nile River

Question: What desert constitutes most of Egypt territory?
Answer: Sahara desert
Title: Egypt

Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Its economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and services at almost equal production levels. In 2011, longtime President Hosni Mubarak stepped down amid mass protests. Later elections saw the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood, which was ousted by the army a year later amid mass protests.

Question: What leader stepped down in 2011?
Answer: President Hosni Mubarak

Question: What party rose to power after 2011 resignation of Egypt leader?
Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: What economic sectors does Egypt have?
Answer: tourism, agriculture, industry and services

Question: What influence does Egypt have?
Answer: cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world
Title: Egypt

Miṣr (IPA: [mi̠sˤr] or Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mesˤɾ]; Arabic: مِصر‎) is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern official name of Egypt, while Maṣr (IPA: [mɑsˤɾ]; Egyptian Arabic: مَصر) is the local pronunciation in Egyptian Arabic. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (Mitzráyim). The oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian 𒆳 𒈪 𒄑 𒊒 KURmi-iṣ-ru miṣru, related to miṣru/miṣirru/miṣaru, meaning "border" or "frontier".

Question: What is the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt?
Answer: Miṣr

Question: What is the Hebrew name for Egypt?
Answer: מִצְרַיִם

Question: What is the oldest term for Egypt?
Answer: Akkadian

Question: What does the oldest know term for Egypt translate to?
Answer: "border" or "frontier".
Title: Egypt

By about 6000 BC, a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley. During the Neolithic era, several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt. The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt. The earliest known Lower Egyptian site, Merimda, predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years. Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining frequent contact through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to about 3200 BC.

Question: During 6000 BC what area was occupied by a Neolithic culture?
Answer: Nile Valley

Question: What culture succeeded the Naqada culture?
Answer: Badarian culture

Question: When is the earliest hieroglyghics date back?
Answer: 3200 BC

Question: How long did cultures coexist in lower Egypt?
Answer: more than two thousand years
Title: Egypt

The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilisation of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.

Question: How long was the upheval of the first Intermediate period?
Answer: 150 years

Question: In 1650 BC Lower Egypt was control by what invaders?
Answer: Hyksos

Question: What new capital was founded in 1650, lower Egypt?
Answer: Avaris

Question: What was the first foreign ruling dynasty of Egypt?
Answer: Semitic Hyksos
Title: Egypt

The New Kingdom c. 1550–1070 BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty, marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia, and included parts of the Levant in the east. This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II. The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period as Atenism. Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom. The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians, but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country.

Question: What year were the New Kingdom in control?
Answer: 1550–1070 BC

Question: What dynasty maked the rise of Egypt as international power?
Answer: Eighteenth Dynasty

Question: Who were some well known Pharaohs of the New Kindom?
Answer: Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II

Question: Who were some of the invaders to Egypt during the New Kingdom?
Answer: Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians
Title: Egypt

In 525 BC, the powerful Achaemenid Persians, led by Cambyses II, began their conquest of Egypt, eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium. Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh, but ruled Egypt from his home of Susa in Persia (modern Iran), leaving Egypt under the control of a satrapy. The entire Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt, from 525 BC to 402 BC, save for Petubastis III, was an entirely Persian ruled period, with the Achaemenid kings all being granted the title of pharaoh. A few temporarily successful revolts against the Persians marked the fifth century BC, but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians.

Question: Who took control of Egypt in 525 BC?
Answer: Achaemenid Persians

Question: What pharaoh was captured by the group led by Camyses II?
Answer: Psamtik III

Question: From where did Camyses II rule Egypt?
Answer: Susa in Persia

Question: What was the duration of the 27th dynasty of Egypt?
Answer: 525 BC to 402 BC,
Title: Egypt

The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.

Question: What were the reaches of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
Answer: Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia

Question: What were leaders known as during Ptolemaic Kingdom?
Answer: Pharaohs

Question: What was the capital in the Prolemaic Kingdom?
Answer: Alexandria

Question: What religious life was the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
Answer: Egyptian
Title: Egypt

The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII, who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms (from a self-inflicted stab wound), after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled. The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome. Nevertheless, Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest.

Question: Who was last ruler of Ptolemaic Kingdom?
Answer: Cleopatra VII

Question: Who captured Alexandria, ending Ptolemaic rule?
Answer: Octavian

Question: How did Mark Anthony's love die?
Answer: suicide

Question: What culture annexed Egypt?
Answer: Rome
Title: Egypt

The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity.

Question: Who took control of Egypt from Sasanian Persian rule?
Answer: Byzantines

Question: What war gave Sasanin Persians control of Egypt?
Answer: Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

Question: How long were Sasanin Persians ruling Egypt?
Answer: ten years

Question: What religion did Arabs bring to Egypt?
Answer: Sunni Islam
Title: Egypt

Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the corvée to a great modernised army. He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt, and took a novel approach to create his great army, strengthening it with numbers and in skill. Education and training of the new soldiers was not an option; the new concepts were furthermore enforced by isolation. The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth as a military unit to be reckoned with. The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded from the men and a new ideology took hold, one of nationalism and pride. It was with the help of this newly reborn martial unit that Muhammad Ali imposed his rule over Egypt.

Question: Who modernized Egyptian army?
Answer: Muhammad Ali Pasha

Question: In what 2 ways was Army improved?
Answer: strengthening it with numbers and in skill

Question: Why did military use barracks?
Answer: to avoid distraction of their growth

Question: What traits grew among military men that helped Ali maintain rule?
Answer: nationalism and pride