rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Daylight_saving_time

By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of Standard Time (one hour "fast"), individuals who follow such a year-round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier, and they will have available to them an extra hour of daylight after their workday activities. However, they will have one less hour of daylight at the start of each day, making the policy less practical during winter.

Question: How much earlier do people's routines happen because of daylight savings?
Answer: one hour

Question: In which season is the policy of setting clocks ahead least practical?
Answer: winter

Question: Does setting the clocks ahead add an hour of daylight before or after the normal workday?
Answer: after

Question: What is the schedule of time called when it is not daylight savings time?
Answer: Standard Time
Title: Daylight_saving_time

While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change, proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical "nine-to-five" workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed.

Question: What two sources of energy use do DST proponents say are reduced by the time change?
Answer: lighting and heating

Question: What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons?
Answer: equal

Question: Do those who favor DST say people would rather have an extra hour of daylight before or after their usual workday?
Answer: after

Question: Is it the supporters or opponents of Daylight Saving Time who say it significantly reduces energy use?
Answer: Supporters
Title: Daylight_saving_time

The manipulation of time at higher latitudes (for example Iceland, Nunavut or Alaska) has little impact on daily life, because the length of day and night changes more extremely throughout the seasons (in comparison to other latitudes), and thus sunrise and sunset times are significantly out of sync with standard working hours regardless of manipulations of the clock. DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year.

Question: What latitudes see more extreme changes in the length of their days and nights throughout the year?
Answer: higher latitudes

Question: What region of the earth sees little change in daylight from season to season?
Answer: near the equator

Question: How much impact does the times of daylight and night have on areas like Iceland or Alaska?
Answer: little

Question: Would observing Daylight Saving Time have a small or large effect on how light it is during the workday in areas at high latitudes?
Answer: small

Question: As compared to areas with lower latitudes, what kind of change do areas with high latitudes see in the length of day through the seasons?
Answer: extreme
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Although they did not fix their schedules to the clock in the modern sense, ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than modern DST does, often dividing daylight into twelve hours regardless of day length, so that each daylight hour was longer during summer. For example, Roman water clocks had different scales for different months of the year: at Rome's latitude the third hour from sunrise, hora tertia, started by modern standards at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at the winter solstice, but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season. Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some Mount Athos monasteries and all Jewish ceremonies.

Question: What kind of clocks did the Romans use?
Answer: water clocks

Question: What did the Romans call the third hour before sunrise?
Answer: hora tertia

Question: During the summer solstice, for how many minutes did hora tertia last for the Romans?
Answer: 75

Question: What type of religious ceremonies are still observed according to the traditional, unequal time settings?
Answer: Jewish
Title: Daylight_saving_time

During his time as an American envoy to France, Benjamin Franklin, publisher of the old English proverb, "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise", anonymously published a letter suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight. This 1784 satire proposed taxing shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise. Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this soon changed as rail and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklin's day.

Question: Who first published the proverb about waking up early and going to bed early to be "healthy, wealthy, and wise"?
Answer: Benjamin Franklin

Question: Which group of people did Franklin say would save candles by waking up earlier?
Answer: Parisians

Question: In what year did Ben Franklin write a satire suggesting firing cannons at sunrise to wake people up?
Answer: 1784

Question: What kind of transportation network helped encourage keeping more exact schedules?
Answer: rail

Question: In addition to cannon fire, what did Franklin suggest to act as Parisians' alarm clock?
Answer: ringing church bells
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects, and led him to value after-hours daylight. In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and after considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch, he followed up in an 1898 paper. Many publications credit DST's proposal to the prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett, who independently conceived DST in 1905 during a pre-breakfast ride, when he observed with dismay how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer's day. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk. His solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) Robert Pearce, who introduced the first Daylight Saving Bill to the House of Commons on 12 February 1908. A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915.

Question: What particular kind of scientist was George Hudson?
Answer: entomologist

Question: What did George Hudson spend time collecting when he wasn't working?
Answer: insects

Question: What year did Hudson first present his two-hour daylight saving theory to the Wellington Philosophical Society?
Answer: 1895

Question: Some people believe it wasn't Hudson who created DST, but an Englishman by what name?
Answer: William Willett

Question: Who was the member of Parliament who brought a bill about Daylight Saving Time to the House of Commons in 1908?
Answer: Robert Pearce
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Starting on 30 April 1916, Germany and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST (German: Sommerzeit) as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year and the United States adopted it in 1918.

Question: What year did Germany decide to try DST?
Answer: 1916

Question: What is the German word for Daylight Saving Time?
Answer: Sommerzeit

Question: What natural resource were Germany and Austria-Hungary trying to conserve by using DST?
Answer: coal

Question: What year did the United States get on board with DST?
Answer: 1918
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Broadly speaking, Daylight Saving Time was abandoned in the years after the war (with some notable exceptions including Canada, the UK, France, and Ireland for example). However, it was brought back for periods of time in many different places during the following decades, and commonly during the Second World War. It became widely adopted, particularly in North America and Europe starting in the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis.

Question: What event in the 1970s led more regions of North America to use DST?
Answer: energy crisis

Question: What country joined Canada, the UK, and Ireland in continuing to observe Daylight Saving Time after the war?
Answer: Ireland

Question: Daylight Saving Time was used commonly during what war?
Answer: Second World War

Question: Along with North America, what continent was affected heavily by the 1970s energy crisis?
Answer: Europe
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals. For specific details, an overview is available at Daylight saving time by country.

Question: Has the world seen many or few changes in the observation of DST?
Answer: many

Question: Countries might change their DST policy by enactments, adjustments, and what other type of policy changes?
Answer: repeals
Title: Daylight_saving_time

In the case of the United States where a one-hour shift occurs at 02:00 local time, in spring the clock jumps forward from the last moment of 01:59 standard time to 03:00 DST and that day has 23 hours, whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from the last moment of 01:59 DST to 01:00 standard time, repeating that hour, and that day has 25 hours. A digital display of local time does not read 02:00 exactly at the shift to summer time, but instead jumps from 01:59:59.9 forward to 03:00:00.0.

Question: At what local time does the United States change the time?
Answer: 02:00

Question: Technically, how many hours does the day the time change happens have in the spring?
Answer: 23

Question: In the fall, DST means one hour is repeated, which means the day is actually how many hours long?
Answer: 25

Question: At the time change to DST, what will a digital clock read just after 01:59:59.9?
Answer: 03:00:00.0

Question: Daylight Saving Time is sometimes called summer time, but the clocks are actually moved forward in which season?
Answer: spring
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Clock shifts are usually scheduled near a weekend midnight to lessen disruption to weekday schedules. A one-hour shift is customary, but Australia's Lord Howe Island uses a half-hour shift. Twenty-minute and two-hour shifts have been used in the past.

Question: During what part of the week is the time change most often scheduled?
Answer: weekend

Question: What do we avoid disrupting by doing the time shift during days most people don't work?
Answer: weekday schedules
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Coordination strategies differ when adjacent time zones shift clocks. The European Union shifts all at once, at 01:00 UTC or 02:00 CET or 03:00 EET; for example, Eastern European Time is always one hour ahead of Central European Time. Most of North America shifts at 02:00 local time, so its zones do not shift at the same time; for example, Mountain Time is temporarily (for one hour) zero hours ahead of Pacific Time, instead of one hour ahead, in the autumn and two hours, instead of one, ahead of Pacific Time in the spring. In the past, Australian districts went even further and did not always agree on start and end dates; for example, in 2008 most DST-observing areas shifted clocks forward on October 5 but Western Australia shifted on October 26. In some cases only part of a country shifts; for example, in the US, Hawaii and most of Arizona do not observe DST.

Question: Which time zone in Europe always has a one-hour lead on Central European Time?
Answer: Eastern European Time

Question: For one hour each spring, how far ahead of Pacific Time is Mountain Time in the United States?
Answer: two hours

Question: In 2008, what month and day did Western Australia change their clocks?
Answer: October 26

Question: At DST in the fall, how long does it stay the same time in both Pacific and Mountain time in the United States?
Answer: one hour

Question: In addition to much of the state of Arizona, what U.S. state does not ever change their clocks for DST?
Answer: Hawaii
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Start and end dates vary with location and year. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observe DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year. The 2007 US change was part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start and end dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October, and Congress retains the right to go back to the previous dates now that an energy-consumption study has been done. Proponents for permanently retaining November as the month for ending DST point to Halloween as a reason to delay the change in order to allow extra daylight for the evening of October 31.

Question: What year did the European Union standardize their Summer Time?
Answer: 1996

Question: European Summer Time begins in March and ends in what month?
Answer: October

Question: What act in the U.S. brought about the 2007 change in DST policy?
Answer: the Energy Policy Act of 2005

Question: What government body is allowed to change the DST policy in the United States back to the dates observed from 1987 to 2006?
Answer: Congress

Question: Supporters of the November end to DST name what U.S. holiday as the justification for keeping the change through the end of October?
Answer: Halloween
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Beginning and ending dates are roughly the reverse in the southern hemisphere. For example, mainland Chile observed DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time. The time difference between the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could therefore be five hours during the Northern summer, three hours during the Southern summer and four hours a few weeks per year because of mismatch of changing dates.

Question: In the southern hemisphere, what aspect of DST is about the reverse of that of the northern hemisphere?
Answer: Beginning and ending dates

Question: At what local time does Chile change their clocks for DST?
Answer: 24:00

Question: What day of the week does DST begin and end in Chile?
Answer: Saturday

Question: In the Northern hemisphere's summer, what is the time difference between the UK and Chile?
Answer: five hours

Question: During what season in the Southern hemisphere is there a three-hour time difference between mainland Chile and the United Kingdom?
Answer: summer
Title: Daylight_saving_time

DST is generally not observed near the equator, where sunrise times do not vary enough to justify it. Some countries observe it only in some regions; for example, southern Brazil observes it while equatorial Brazil does not. Only a minority of the world's population uses DST because Asia and Africa generally do not observe it.

Question: Which part of Brazil observes Daylight Saving Time?
Answer: southern Brazil

Question: What part of Brazil does not observe DST?
Answer: equatorial Brazil

Question: Which two continents that comprise a majority of the population worldwide don't observe DST?
Answer: Asia and Africa

Question: The lack of fluctuation in time for what daily event means regions of the world near the equator don't usually keep DST?
Answer: sunrise
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Daylight saving has caused controversy since it began. Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country" and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time". Historically, retailing, sports, and tourism interests have favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening entertainment interests have opposed it, and its initial adoption had been prompted by energy crisis and war.

Question: What leader said daylight saving gives people more "opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness"?
Answer: Winston Churchill

Question: What nickname have people in opposition to DST given it?
Answer: Daylight Slaving Time

Question: In addition to the evening entertainment industry, people from what industry often oppose daylight saving?
Answer: agricultural

Question: Traditionally, retailing, tourism, and what other industry have been in favor of DST?
Answer: sports

Question: Along with energy crisis, what other significant historical event led to countries adopting DST?
Answer: war
Title: Daylight_saving_time

The fate of Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues involved. The proposal attracted many supporters, including Balfour, Churchill, Lloyd George, MacDonald, Edward VII (who used half-hour DST at Sandringham), the managing director of Harrods, and the manager of the National Bank. However, the opposition was stronger: it included Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, Christie (the Astronomer Royal), George Darwin, Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre owners. After many hearings the proposal was narrowly defeated in a Parliament committee vote in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail. The US was even more skeptical: Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the US House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.

Question: Which political supporter of Willett's proposal had already used the half-hour version of DST at Sandringham?
Answer: Edward VII

Question: What was the name of the director of the Meteorological Office who opposed DST?
Answer: Napier Shaw

Question: What year did Parliament first take a vote and decide against implementing daylight savings?
Answer: 1909

Question: Who was responsible for bringing a bill proposing DST to the U.S. House of Representatives?
Answer: Andrew Peters
Title: Daylight_saving_time

After Germany led the way with starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on 30 April 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts, the political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916. US retailing and manufacturing interests led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland soon began lobbying for DST, but were opposed by railroads. The US's 1917 entry to the war overcame objections, and DST was established in 1918.

Question: What industrialist from Pittsburgh campaigned strongly in favor of DST?
Answer: Robert Garland

Question: What year did the U.S. go to war, leading to wider acceptance of daylight savings?
Answer: 1917

Question: What year did the United States finally adopt Daylight Saving Time?
Answer: 1918
Title: Daylight_saving_time

The war's end swung the pendulum back. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it after the war. Britain was an exception: it retained DST nationwide but over the years adjusted transition dates for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. The US was more typical: Congress repealed DST after 1919. President Woodrow Wilson, like Willett an avid golfer, vetoed the repeal twice but his second veto was overridden. Only a few US cities retained DST locally thereafter, including New York so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London, and Chicago and Cleveland to keep pace with New York. Wilson's successor Warren G. Harding opposed DST as a "deception". Reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer, he ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 08:00 rather than 09:00 during summer 1922. Some businesses followed suit though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated.

Question: Which country continued to observe DST nationwide despite the fact that the war had ended?
Answer: Britain

Question: What spring holiday did Britain adjust its DST schedule around?
Answer: Easter

Question: After what year was daylight savings repealed in the U.S.?
Answer: 1919

Question: What sport did President Wilson enjoy that made him not want to give up DST?
Answer: golf

Question: What U.S. city kept observing DST to stay in sync with London, leading Chicago and Cleveland to follow along?
Answer: New York
Title: Daylight_saving_time

The history of time in the United States includes DST during both world wars, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966. In May 1965, for two weeks, St. Paul, Minnesota and Minneapolis, Minnesota were on different times, when the capital city decided to join most of the nation by starting Daylight Saving Time while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law. In the mid-1980s, Clorox (parent of Kingsford Charcoal) and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST, and both Idaho senators voted for it based on the premise that during DST fast-food restaurants sell more French fries, which are made from Idaho potatoes.

Question: What month and year were two neighboring cities in Minnesota on different time schedules?
Answer: May 1965

Question: What state supported DST because it wanted to sell more potatoes?
Answer: Idaho

Question: What company joined Clorox in funding the Daylight Saving Time Coalition in the 1980s?
Answer: 7-Eleven

Question: What year was the extension to U.S. daylight savings proposed by the DST Coalition?
Answer: 1987

Question: What year did the U.S. see standardization of DST outside of wartime for the first time?
Answer: 1966