rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Dutch_language

Attestations of Old Dutch sentences are extremely rare. The oldest one first recorded has been found in the Salic law. From this Frankish document written around 510 the oldest sentence has been identified as Dutch: Maltho thi afrio lito (I say to you, I free you, serf) used to free a serf. Another old fragment of Dutch is Visc flot aftar themo uuatare (A fish was swimming in the water). The oldest conserved larger Dutch text is the Utrecht baptismal vow (776-800) starting with Forsachistu diobolae [...] ec forsacho diabolae (Do you forsake the devil? [...] I forsake the devil). Probably the most famous sentence Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan, hinase hic enda tu, wat unbidan we nu (All birds have started making nests, except me and you, what are we waiting for), is dated around the year 1100, written by a Flemish monk in a convent in Rochester, England.

Question: Are written records of Old Dutch rare or common?
Answer: rare

Question: What Frankish document contains the oldest recorded instance of Dutch?
Answer: the Salic law

Question: What creature is swimming in the Dutch phrase "Visc flot aftar themo uuatare"?
Answer: fish

Question: Where did the monk who wrote the most famous Old Dutch sentence live?
Answer: Rochester, England

Question: What historically significant Dutch document begins with the phrase "Forsachistu diobolae"?
Answer: the Utrecht baptismal vow
Title: Dutch_language

Old Dutch naturally evolved into Middle Dutch. The year 1150 is often cited as the time of the discontinuity, but it actually marks a time of profuse Dutch writing and during this period a rich Medieval Dutch literature developed. There was at that time no overarching standard language; Middle Dutch is rather a collective name for a number of closely related dialects whose ancestor was Old Dutch. But they were all mutually intelligible. In fact, since Dutch is a rather conservative language, the various literary works of that time today are often very readable for modern-day speakers.

Question: What language did Middle Dutch come from?
Answer: Old Dutch

Question: What year do some researchers say marked the point when Old Dutch morphed?
Answer: 1150

Question: Rather than a single language, what group sharing origins in Old Dutch does the term "Middle Dutch" refer to?
Answer: closely related dialects

Question: Would a text written in Middle Dutch be readable or unintelligible for a Dutch speaker today?
Answer: readable
Title: Dutch_language

A process of standardisation started in the Middle Ages, especially under the influence of the Burgundian Ducal Court in Dijon (Brussels after 1477). The dialects of Flanders and Brabant were the most influential around this time. The process of standardisation became much stronger at the start of the 16th century, mainly based on the urban dialect of Antwerp. In 1585 Antwerp fell to the Spanish army: many fled to the Northern Netherlands, where the Dutch Republic declared its independence from Spain. They particularly influenced the urban dialects of the province of Holland. In 1637, a further important step was made towards a unified language, when the Statenvertaling, the first major Bible translation into Dutch, was created that people from all over the new republic could understand. It used elements from various, even Dutch Low Saxon, dialects but was predominantly based on the urban dialects of Holland of post 16th century.

Question: What court in Dijon prior to 1477 had a hand in standardizing Dutch?
Answer: Burgundian Ducal Court

Question: Which two Dutch dialects had the greatest influence in the Middle Ages?
Answer: Flanders and Brabant

Question: Which century marked great progress in Dutch standardization brought on by Antwerp?
Answer: 16th

Question: What year did the Spanish conquer Antwerp?
Answer: 1585

Question: What was the first Dutch Bible translation called?
Answer: Statenvertaling
Title: Dutch_language

In the Southern Netherlands (now Belgium and Luxembourg) developments were different. Under Spanish, then Austrian, and then French rule standardisation of Dutch language came to a standstill. The state, law, and increasingly education used French, yet more than half the Belgian population were speaking a Dutch dialect. In the course of the nineteenth century the Flemish movement stood up for the rights of Dutch, mostly called Flemish. But in competing with the French language the variation in dialects was a serious disadvantage. Since standardisation is a lengthy process, Dutch-speaking Belgium associated itself with the standard language that had already developed in the Netherlands over the centuries. Therefore, the situation in Belgium is essentially no different from that in the Netherlands, although there are recognisable differences in pronunciation, comparable to the pronunciation differences between standard British and standard American English. In 1980 the Netherlands and Belgium concluded the Language Union Treaty. This treaty lays down the principle that the two countries must gear their language policy to each other, among other things, for a common system of spelling.

Question: What was the old name for the geographical region that's now Belgium and Luxembourg?
Answer: Southern Netherlands

Question: What people ruled the Southern Netherlands after the Austrians?
Answer: French

Question: What year did the Netherlands and Belgium agree on a treaty to accommodate each other's language?
Answer: 1980

Question: What was the name of the treaty that brought the dialects of Belgium and the Netherlands together?
Answer: Language Union Treaty

Question: The commonality between Dutch spoken by people in the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium can be compared to the relationship between British English and what language?
Answer: American English
Title: Dutch_language

Dutch belongs to its own West Germanic sub-group, West Low Franconian, paired with its sister language Limburgish, or East Low Franconian. Closest relative is the mutual intelligible daughter language Afrikaans. Other West Germanic languages related to Dutch are German, English and the Frisian languages, and the non standardised languages Low German and Yiddish. Dutch stands out in combining a small degree of Ingvaeonic characteristics (occurring consistently in English and Frisian and reduced in intensity from 'west to east' over the continental West Germanic plane) with mostly Istvaeonic characteristics, of which some of them are also incorporated in German. Unlike German, Dutch (apart from Limburgish) has not been influenced at all by the 'south to north' movement of the High German sound shift, and had some changes of its own. The cumulation of these changes resulted over time in separate, but related standard languages with various degrees of similarities and differences between them. For a comparison between the West Germanic languages, see the sections Morphology, Grammar and Vocabulary.

Question: What's the "cheesy" name for East Low Franconian?
Answer: Limburgish

Question: What language has the most in common with the East Low Franconian dialect of Dutch?
Answer: Afrikaans

Question: Along with German and English, what standardized West Germanic language is similar to Dutch?
Answer: Frisian

Question: Non-standardized languages similar to Dutch include Yiddish and what other West Germanic language?
Answer: Low German

Question: As opposed to Dutch, what language was influenced by the High German sound shift?
Answer: German
Title: Dutch_language

In the east there is a Dutch Low Saxon dialect area, comprising the provinces of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel, and parts of the province of Gelderland as well. The IJssel river roughly forms the linguistic watershed here. This group, though not being Low Franconian and being close to the neighbouring Low German, is regarded as Dutch, because of a number of reasons. From the 14th to 15th century onward, its urban centers (Deventer, Zwolle and Kampen as well as Zutphen and Doesburg) have been increasingly influenced by the western written Dutch and became a linguistically mixed area. From the 17th century onward, it was gradually integrated into the Dutch language area. In other words, this group is Dutch synchronically but not diachronically.[citation needed]

Question: What dialect of Dutch is spoken in Drenthe?
Answer: Dutch Low Saxon

Question: What's the name of the river that marks a dialect divide in the Netherlands?
Answer: IJssel

Question: Although Dutch Low Saxon is similar to Low German, it's synchronically included with which language?
Answer: Dutch

Question: Which Dutch province is only partially comprised of speakers of Dutch low Saxon?
Answer: Gelderland

Question: When did cities like Diventer and Zutphen start becoming more linguistically diverse?
Answer: 14th to 15th century
Title: Dutch_language

Dutch dialects and regional languages are not spoken as often as they used to be. Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline. In 1995, 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis, while in 2011 this was no more than 11 percent. In 1995, 12 percent of the primary school aged children spoke a dialect or regional language, while in 2011 this had declined to 4 percent. Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most (in 2011 among adults 54%, among children 31%) and Dutch Low Saxon least (adults 15%, children 1%); Frisian occupies a middle position (adults 44%, children 22%).

Question: What organization researched the use of regional Dutch dialects and found their usage declining?
Answer: Geert Driessen

Question: What percentage of adults in the Netherlands spoke a dialect or regional language in 1995?
Answer: 27

Question: How many primary school aged children were found to speak a dialect or regional language by 2011?
Answer: 4 percent

Question: What's the most commonly spoken regional language in the Netherlands?
Answer: Limburgish

Question: In 2011, what percentage of Dutch adults spoke Frisian?
Answer: 44%
Title: Dutch_language

The different dialects show many sound shifts in different vowels (even shifting between diphthongs and monophthongs), and in some cases consonants also shift pronunciation. For example, an oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, the voiced velar fricative (written as "g" in Dutch) shifts to a voiced glottal fricative (written as "h" in Dutch), while the letter "h" in West Flemish becomes mute (just like in French). As a result, when West Flemish try to talk Standard Dutch, they're often unable to pronounce the g-sound, and pronounce it similar to the h-sound. This leaves f.e. no difference between "held" (hero) and "geld" (money). Or in some cases, they are aware of the problem, and hyper-correct the "h" into a voiced velar fricative or g-sound, again leaving no difference.

Question: What's the Dutch word for "money"?
Answer: geld

Question: West Flemings pronounce the Dutch "g" as a voiced glottal frivative, which would be represented by what letter in standard Dutch?
Answer: "h"

Question: What other European language has a mute "h" like the West Flemings do?
Answer: French

Question: What word that means "hero" would a West Fleming speaker probably pronounce the same as "geld"?
Answer: held

Question: If a West Fleming speaker were being extra careful to avoid the silent "h," they might over-correct into what sound?
Answer: g-sound
Title: Dutch_language

Next to sound shifts, there are ample examples of suffix differences. Often simple suffix shifts (like switching between -the, -ske, -ke, -je, ...), sometimes the suffixes even depend on quite specific grammar rules for a certain dialect. Again taking West Flemish as an example. In that language, the words "ja" (yes) and "nee" (no) are also conjugated to the (often implicit) subject of the sentence. These separate grammar rules are a lot more difficult to imitate correctly than simple sound shifts, making it easy to recognise people who didn't grow up in a certain region, even decades after they moved.

Question: What's the West Flemish word for "no"?
Answer: nee

Question: How would you tell a West Flemish speaker "yes"?
Answer: ja

Question: What piece of a sentence does West Flemish match the case of a "yes" or "no" to?
Answer: subject

Question: Would linguistic differences make it difficult or easy to point out someone who moved from a different region of the Netherlands?
Answer: easy

Question: Which is easier for a non-native speaker to imitate: grammar rules or sound shifts?
Answer: sound shifts
Title: Dutch_language

Some Flemish dialects are so distinct that they might be considered as separate language variants, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. West Flemish in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety. Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries, but reflect older, medieval divisions. The Brabantian dialect group, for instance, also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands, and so does Limburgish. West Flemish is also spoken in Zeelandic Flanders (part of the Dutch province of Zeeland), and by older people in French Flanders (a small area that borders Belgium).

Question: What Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often considered a language variant?
Answer: West Flemish

Question: What kind of governmental boundary does dialect distribution transcend, reflecting medieval divisions?
Answer: political boundaries

Question: What province is Zeelandic Flanders in?
Answer: Zeeland

Question: What area that abuts Belgium still has some older people who speak West Flemish?
Answer: French Flanders

Question: Along with Limburgish, what other Dutch dialect is spoken down into a lot of the southern Netherlands?
Answer: Brabantian
Title: Dutch_language

Many native speakers of Dutch, both in Belgium and the Netherlands, assume that Afrikaans and West Frisian are dialects of Dutch but are considered separate and distinct from Dutch: a daughter language and a sister language, respectively. Afrikaans evolved mainly from 17th century Dutch dialects, but had influences from various other languages in South Africa. However, it is still largely mutually intelligible with Dutch. (West) Frisian evolved from the same West Germanic branch as Old English and is less akin to Dutch.

Question: What dialect is considered a sister language to Dutch?
Answer: West Frisian

Question: Which Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often called a daughter language?
Answer: Afrikaans

Question: Afrikaans is mostly derived from the Dutch spoken in what century?
Answer: 17th

Question: The Dutch influence on Afrikaans was seasoned with languages from what country?
Answer: South Africa

Question: What two-word phrase describes the relationship whereby Dutch and Afrikaans speakers can understand each other?
Answer: mutually intelligible
Title: Dutch_language

In Europe, Dutch is the majority language in the Netherlands (96%) and Belgium (59%) as well as a minority language in Germany and northern France's French Flanders, where it is in the ultimate stage of language death. Though Belgium as a whole is multilingual, the two regions into which the country is divided (Flanders, francophone Wallonia, bilingual Brussels and small 'facility' zones) are largely monolingual. The Netherlands and Belgium produce the vast majority of music, films, books and other media written or spoken in Dutch. Dutch is a monocentric language, with all speakers using the same standard form (authorized by the Dutch Language Union) based on a Dutch orthography employing the Latin alphabet when writing. In stark contrast to its written uniformity, Dutch lacks a prestige dialect and has a large dialectal continuum consisting of 28 main dialects, which can themselves be further divided into at least 600 distinguishable varieties.

Question: What percentage of people in Belgium speak Dutch?
Answer: 59%

Question: What country in Europe has the highest percentage of Dutch speakers?
Answer: the Netherlands

Question: What region in France is experiencing Dutch language death?
Answer: French Flanders

Question: What's the name of the institution that ensures Dutch is monocentric?
Answer: Dutch Language Union

Question: How many different major dialects of Dutch are there?
Answer: 28
Title: Dutch_language

Outside of the Netherlands and Belgium, the dialect around the German town of Kleve (South Guelderish) both historically and genetically belongs to the Dutch language. In Northeastern France, the area around Calais was historically Dutch-speaking (West Flemish) of which an estimated 20,000 daily speakers. The cities of Dunkirk, Gravelines and Bourbourg only became predominantly French-speaking by the end of the 19th century. In the countryside, until World War I, many elementary schools continued to teach in Dutch, and the Catholic Church continued to preach and teach the catechism in Flemish in many parishes.

Question: What town in Germany has always had mostly Dutch speakers?
Answer: Kleve

Question: About how many people around Calais, France speak Dutch every day?
Answer: 20,000

Question: It took until the end of what century for people in French cities like Gravelines to finally switch over to French from Dutch?
Answer: 19th

Question: Which church often preached in Flemish prior to World War I?
Answer: the Catholic Church

Question: In what area of France is Calais located?
Answer: Northeastern France
Title: Dutch_language

During the second half of the 19th century Dutch was banned from all levels of education by both Prussia and France and lost most of its functions as a cultural language. In both Germany and France the Dutch standard language is largely absent and speakers of these Dutch dialects will use German or French in everyday speech. Dutch is not afforded legal status in France or Germany, either by the central or regional public authorities and knowledge of the language is declining among younger generations.

Question: In what country other than France did Dutch lose most of it usage in the 19th century?
Answer: Prussia

Question: In France and Germany, what languages will often be substituted by native speakers of Dutch dialects?
Answer: German or French

Question: In what segment of the population is the decline in usage of Dutch most prominent?
Answer: younger generations

Question: Other than France, what country does not give Dutch legal status as a language?
Answer: Germany

Question: What language did France and Prussia ban from use in education in the late 19th century?
Answer: Dutch
Title: Dutch_language

As a foreign language, Dutch is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools in areas adjacent to the Netherlands and Flanders. In French-speaking Belgium, over 300,000 pupils are enrolled in Dutch courses, followed by over 23,000 in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia, and about 7,000 in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (of which 4,550 are in primary school). At an academic level, the largest number of faculties of neerlandistiek can be found in Germany (30 universities), followed by France (20 universities) and the United Kingdom (5 universities).

Question: About how many students in Belgium are studying Dutch?
Answer: 300,000

Question: How many primary school students are learning Dutch in Nord-Pas-de-Calais?
Answer: 4,550

Question: What country has the most universities offering courses in neerlandistiek?
Answer: Germany

Question: How many universities in France offer neerlandistiek courses?
Answer: 20

Question: Besides North Rhine-Westphalia, which German state has the most pupils of Dutch?
Answer: Lower Saxony
Title: Dutch_language

Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years, as the Asian bulk of the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch language has no official status there and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession, as some legal codes are still only available in Dutch. Dutch is taught in various educational centres in Indonesia, the most important of which is the Erasmus Language Centre (ETC) in Jakarta. Each year, some 1,500 to 2,000 students take Dutch courses there. In total, several thousand Indonesians study Dutch as a foreign language. Owing to centuries of Dutch rule in Indonesia, many old documents are written in Dutch. Many universities therefore include Dutch as a source language, mainly for law and history students. In Indonesia this involves about 35,000 students.

Question: For how long have there been Dutch speakers in Indonesia?
Answer: almost 350 years

Question: In what profession is Dutch often required in the Dutch East Indies?
Answer: the legal profession

Question: What institution in Jakarta still teaches Dutch?
Answer: Erasmus Language Centre

Question: About how many pupils in all of Indonesia study Dutch as part of their coursework?
Answer: 35,000

Question: In addition to students pursuing law degrees, what other course of study often includes Dutch?
Answer: history
Title: Dutch_language

Unlike other European nations, the Dutch chose not to follow a policy of language expansion amongst the indigenous peoples of their colonies. In the last quarter of the 19th century, however, a local elite gained proficiency in Dutch so as to meet the needs of expanding bureaucracy and business. Nevertheless, the Dutch government remained reluctant to teach Dutch on a large scale for fear of destabilising the colony. Dutch, the language of power, was supposed to remain in the hands of the leading elite.

Question: Towards the end of what century did it become important for more people in Dutch colonies to speak Dutch?
Answer: 19th

Question: What VIP segment of the population in Dutch colonies learned Dutch to participate in business and government?
Answer: local elite

Question: What was the Dutch government afraid of doing if they taught their colonies Dutch?
Answer: destabilising the colony

Question: Leaders wanted to hang onto knowledge of the Dutch language because it's the language of what?
Answer: power
Title: Dutch_language

After independence, Dutch was dropped as an official language and replaced by Malay. Yet the Indonesian language inherited many words from Dutch: words for everyday life as well as scientific and technological terms. One scholar argues that 20% of Indonesian words can be traced back to Dutch words, many of which are transliterated to reflect phonetic pronunciation e.g. kantoor (Dutch for "office") in Indonesian is kantor, while bus ("bus") becomes bis. In addition, many Indonesian words are calques on Dutch, for example, rumah sakit (Indonesian for "hospital") is calqued on the Dutch ziekenhuis (literally "house of the sick"), kebun binatang ("zoo") on dierentuin (literally "animal garden"), undang-undang dasar ("constitution") from grondwet (literally "ground law"). These account for some of the differences in vocabulary between Indonesian and Malay.

Question: What became the official language of Indonesia after they declared their independence?
Answer: Malay

Question: What's the Indonesian word for "office"? 
Answer: kantor

Question: What term describes the literally translated Indonesian versions of Dutch terms that have become standard?
Answer: calques

Question: What is the Indonesian calque for the Dutch word that literally translates as "animal garden"?
Answer: kebun binatang

Question: What Dutch word for a hospital was calqued into the Indonesian "rumah sakit"?
Answer: ziekenhuis