rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

During a panel discussion at Harvard University's reunion for African American alumni during the 2003–04 academic year, two prominent black professors at the institution—Lani Guinier and Henry Louis Gates—pointed out an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard. They stated that only about a third of black Harvard undergraduates were from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community. The majority of black students at Harvard were Caribbean and African immigrants or their children, with some others the mixed-race children of biracial couples. One Harvard student, born in the South Bronx to a black family whose ancestors have been in the United States for multiple generations, said that there were so few Harvard students from the historic African American community that they took to calling themselves "the descendants" (i.e., descendants of American slaves). The reasons for this underrepresentation of historic African Americans, and possible remedies, remain a subject of debate.

Question: What was going on at Harvard University during the 2003 - 04 academic year?
Answer: a panel discussion

Question: What did two prominent black professors point out at the panel discussion?
Answer: an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard

Question: What portion of black Harvard undergraduates came from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community?
Answer: a third

Question: What did the African American students at Harvard that could trace their lineage back multiple generations begin calling themselves?
Answer: the descendants

Question: Other than the reasons for the under representation of African Americans, what else is still up for debate?
Answer: possible remedies
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

UCLA professor Richard H. Sander published an article in the November 2004 issue of the Stanford Law Review that questioned the effectiveness of racial preferences in law schools. He noted that, prior to his article, there had been no comprehensive study on the effects of affirmative action. The article presents a study that shows that half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school and that black law students are more likely to drop out of law school and to fail the bar exam. The article offers a tentative estimate that the production of new black lawyers in the United States would grow by eight percent if affirmative action programs at all law schools were ended. Less qualified black students would attend less prestigious schools where they would be more closely matched in abilities with their classmates and thus perform relatively better. Sander helped to develop a socioeconomically-based affirmative action plan for the UCLA School of Law after the passage of Proposition 209 in 1996, which prohibited the use of racial preferences by public universities in California. This change occurred after studies showed that the graduation rate of blacks at UCLA was 41%, compared to 73% for whites.

Question: To which university does Richard H. Sander belong?
Answer: UCLA

Question: In which publication did Sander publish an article questioning racial preferences in law schools?
Answer: Stanford Law Review

Question: What did Sander's study show in terms of black law students rankings?
Answer: half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school

Question: How much does the article estimate the black lawyer population would potentially grow if affirmative action was ended?
Answer: eight percent

Question: Which legislative work prohibited the use of racial preferences for admissions in the state of California?
Answer: Proposition 209
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

A study in 2007 by Mark Long, an economics professor at the University of Washington, demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California, Texas, and Washington. More specifically, apparent rebounds of minority enrollment can be explained by increasing minority enrollment in high schools of those states, and the beneficiaries of class-based (not race) affirmative action would be white students. At the same time, affirmative action itself is both morally and materially costly: 52 percent of white populace (compared to 14 percent of black) thought it should be abolished, implying white distaste of using racial identity, and full-file review is expected to cost the universities an additional $1.5 million to $2 million per year, excluding possible cost of litigation.

Question: What area of study did professor Mark Long have a degree in?
Answer: economics

Question: In which year did Long publish his study?
Answer: 2007

Question: How were rebounds of minority enrollment explained in Long's report?
Answer: increasing minority enrollment in high schools

Question: Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a class-based style affirmative action?
Answer: white students

Question: What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished?
Answer: 14
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

In 2006, Jian Li, a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University, filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University, claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspension of federal financial assistance to the university until it "discontinues discrimination against Asian Americans in all forms" by eliminating race and legacy preferences. Princeton Dean of Admissions Janet Rapelye responded to the claims in the November 30, 2006, issue of the Daily Princetonian by stating that "the numbers don't indicate [discrimination]." She said that Li was not admitted because "many others had far better qualifications." Li's extracurricular activities were described as "not all that outstanding". Li countered in an email, saying that his placement on the waitlist undermines Rapelye's claim. "Princeton had initially waitlisted my application," Li said. "So if it were not for a yield which was higher than expected, the admissions office very well may have admitted a candidate whose "outside activities were not all that outstanding".

Question: With which organization did Li file a civil rights complaint?
Answer: Office for Civil Rights

Question: Which university was Li alleging racial discrimination against?
Answer: Princeton University

Question: Who was the Dean of Admissions at Princeton University at the time of the complaint?
Answer: Janet Rapelye

Question: What did Princeton claim the real reasons for the rejection of Li's application was?
Answer: many others had far better qualifications

Question: Even though Li did not get accepted, what was done instead of a straight rejection?
Answer: placement on the waitlist
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

In 2012, Abigail Fisher, an undergraduate student at Louisiana State University, and Rachel Multer Michalewicz, a law student at Southern Methodist University, filed a lawsuit to challenge the University of Texas admissions policy, asserting it had a "race-conscious policy" that "violated their civil and constitutional rights". The University of Texas employs the "Top Ten Percent Law", under which admission to any public college or university in Texas is guaranteed to high school students who graduate in the top ten percent of their high school class. Fisher has brought the admissions policy to court because she believes that she was denied acceptance to the University of Texas based on her race, and thus, her right to equal protection according to the 14th Amendment was violated. The Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Fisher on October 10, 2012, and rendered an ambiguous ruling in 2013 that sent the case back to the lower court, stipulating only that the University must demonstrate that it could not achieve diversity through other, non-race sensitive means. In July 2014, the US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit concluded that U of T maintained a "holistic" approach in its application of affirmative action, and could continue the practice. On February 10, 2015, lawyers for Fisher filed a new case in the Supreme Court. It is a renewed complaint that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit got the issue wrong — on the second try as well as on the first. The Supreme Court agreed in June 2015 to hear the case a second time. It will likely be decided by June 2016.

Question: Which University had a lawsuit filed against it?
Answer: University of Texas

Question: What did the plaintiffs claim the university had for an admissions policy?
Answer: race-conscious policy

Question: What did the admissions policy of the University of Texas supposedly violate?
Answer: their civil and constitutional rights

Question: Who concluded that the University maintained a "holistic" approach to affirmative action?
Answer: US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

Question: When will the Supreme Court likely hear the case for the second time?
Answer: June 2016
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

On November 17, 2014, Students for Fair Admissions, an offshoot of the Project on Fair Representation, filed lawsuits in federal district court challenging the admissions practices of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The UNC-Chapel Hill lawsuit alleges discrimination against white and Asian students, while the Harvard lawsuit focuses on discrimination against Asian applicants. Both universities requested the court to halt the lawsuits until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law by ruling in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin for the second time. This Supreme Court case will likely be decided in June 2016 or slightly earlier.

Question: On which date were lawsuits filed against Harvard and Chapel Hill?
Answer: November 17, 2014

Question: Who filed the lawsuits against the Universities?
Answer: Students for Fair Admissions

Question: Other than Asian students, who else was allegedly being discriminated against?
Answer: white

Question: What is the Students for Fair Admissions an offshoot of?
Answer: Project on Fair Representation

Question: What are the Universities waiting for before proceeding with the lawsuit?
Answer: until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

In May 2015, a coalition of more than 60 Asian-American organizations filed federal complaints with the Education and Justice Departments against Harvard University. The coalition asked for a civil rights investigation into what they described as Harvard's discriminatory admission practices against Asian-American applicants. The complaint asserts that recent studies indicate that Harvard has engaged in systematic and continuous discrimination against Asian Americans in its "holistic" admissions process. Asian-American applicants with near-perfect test scores, top-one-percent grade point averages, academic awards, and leadership positions are allegedly rejected by Harvard because the university uses racial stereotypes, racially differentiated standards, and de facto racial quotas. This federal complaint was dismissed in July 2015 because the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations.

Question: How many Asian organizations were involved in filing the federal complaints?
Answer: more than 60

Question: Who did the organizations file the complaints with?
Answer: Education and Justice Departments

Question: Who was the target of the filing?
Answer: Harvard University

Question: What grade average do some students have that are being rejected?
Answer: top-one-percent grade point averages

Question: Why was the lawsuit eventually dismissed?
Answer: the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations
Title: FA_Cup

The competition is open to any eligible club down to Levels 10 of the English football league system - all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League and Football League (Levels 1 to 4), and several hundred "non-league" teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System (Levels 5 to 10). A record 763 clubs competed in 2011–12. The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final. Entrants are not seeded, although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds - the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen.

Question: Who is the competition open too?
Answer: any eligible club

Question: How many clubs competed in 20011-12?
Answer: 763 clubs

Question: How many rounds in the tournament?
Answer: 12

Question: How many games are needed to win?
Answer: six to fourteen

Question: What league can compete?
Answer: Premier League and Football League
Title: FA_Cup

The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition, from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper, meeting the first of the 92 professional teams. The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs, into the draw for the Third Round Proper. In the modern era, non-league teams have never reached the quarter finals, and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final.[note 1] As a result, as well as who wins, significant focus is given to those "minnows" (smaller teams) who progress furthest, especially if they achieve an unlikely "giant-killing" victory.

Question: What rounds are the qualifiers?
Answer: first six rounds

Question: How many teams in the first round? 
Answer: 92 professional teams.

Question: What league enters in the third round?
Answer: Premier League and Championship clubs

Question: In the modern era, has any non-league team reached the quarter finals??
Answer: never reached the quarter finals

Question: Has a level 2 club reached the finals ever?
Answer: Level 2 have never reached the final.
Title: FA_Cup

Winners receive the FA Cup trophy, of which there have been two designs and five actual cups; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911. Winners also qualify for European football and a place in the FA Community Shield match. Arsenal are the current holders, having beaten Aston Villa 4–0 in the 2015 final to win the cup for the second year in a row. It was their 12th FA Cup title overall, making Arsenal the FA Cup's most successful club ahead of Manchester United on 11.

Question: What do winners receive? 
Answer: the FA Cup trophy

Question: How many FA cup designs have there been?
Answer: two

Question: How many FA cups have there been?
Answer: five actual cups

Question: When was the latest design intoduced?
Answer: 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911
Title: FA_Cup

In 1863, the newly founded Football Association (the FA) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football, unifying the various different rules in use before then. On 20 July 1871, in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper, the FA Secretary C. W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that "it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete". The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871. After thirteen games in all, Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final, on 16 March 1872. Wanderers retained the trophy the following year. The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season, when qualifying rounds were introduced.

Question: When was the laws of the Game of Asscociation Football published?
Answer: 1863

Question: Who was the FA secretary in 1871?
Answer: C. W. Alcock

Question: When did the inaugural  FA cup tournament take place?
Answer: November 1871

Question: Who won the first and second cups? 
Answer: Wanderers were crowned the winners

Question: When was the modern cup established? 
Answer: modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season,
Title: FA_Cup

Following the 1914–15 edition, the competition was suspended due to the First World War, and didn't resume until 1919–20. The 1922–23 competition saw the first final to be played in the newly opened Wembley Stadium (known at the time as the Empire Stadium). Due to the outbreak of World War II, the competition wasn't played between the 1938–39 and 1945–46 editions. Due to the wartime breaks, the competition didn't celebrate its centenary year until 1980–81; fittingly the final featured a goal by Ricky Villa which was later voted the greatest goal ever scored at Wembley Stadium, but has since been replaced by Steven Gerrard.

Question: Was competition suspended due to the first world war? 
Answer: competition was suspended due to the First World War

Question: what year did competition resume after world war 1?
Answer: 1919–20.

Question: When did Wembly stadium open? 
Answer: 1922–23

Question: What was Webly stadium called at that time? 
Answer: Empire Stadium

Question: When did the competition celebrate its centennial? 
Answer: didn't celebrate its centenary year until 1980–81
Title: FA_Cup

The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria. All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible. Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions in the previous season. Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season. All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.

Question: Is the competition open to anyone? 
Answer: The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system

Question: Is there anyone automatically eligible? 
Answer: . All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible

Question: Who else can play? 
Answer: Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions

Question: Can new clubs play too? 
Answer: Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season.

Question: Do I need a stadium to compete? 
Answer: All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.
Title: FA_Cup

It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition, although it can happen in exceptional circumstances. Defending holders Manchester United did not enter the 1999–2000 FA Cup, as they were already in the inaugural Club World Championship, with the club stating that entering both tournaments would overload their fixture schedule and make it more difficult to defend their Champions League and Premiership titles. The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side. The move benefited United as they received a two-week break and won the 1999–2000 league title by an 18-point margin, although they did not progress past the group stage of the Club World Championship. The withdrawal from the FA Cup, however, drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.

Question: Does anyone ever miss a tournament? 
Answer: It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition

Question: What clubs have missed the competition? 
Answer: Manchester United did not enter the 1999–2000 FA Cup,

Question: Why did they miss that competition? 
Answer: The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side.

Question: How did people feel about Manchester's decision? 
Answer: drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige

Question: Did the club later regret their choice? 
Answer: Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.
Title: FA_Cup

Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible, although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927), Swansea City, Newport County, Wrexham, Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay. In the early years other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition, with Glasgow side Queen's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association. In the 2013–14 season the first Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.

Question: May Welsh clubs enter the competition? 
Answer: Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible,

Question: Has a Welsh team ever won a competition? 
Answer: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927)

Question: Have any other countries ever competed? 
Answer: other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition,

Question: Why can't those countries compete? 
Answer: barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association.

Question: Has any other  country been allowed to enter the competition since? 
Answer: Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.
Title: FA_Cup

The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years. In the 2004–05 season, 660 clubs entered the competition, beating the long-standing record of 656 from the 1921–22 season. In 2005–06 this increased to 674 entrants, in 2006–07 to 687, in 2007–08 to 731 clubs, and for the 2008–09 and 2009–10 competitions it reached 762. The number has varied slightly but remained roughly stable since then, with 759 clubs participating in 2010–11, a record 763 in 2011–12, 758 for 2012–13, 737 for 2013–14 and 736 for 2014–15. By comparison, the other major English domestic cup, the League Cup, involves only the 92 members of the Premier League and Football League.

Question: Has the number of entrants stayed the same? 
Answer: The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years

Question: How many clubs entered in 2004-05?
Answer: 660 clubs entered the competition

Question: How many clubs entered in 2005-06?
Answer: 674

Question: How many clubs entered in 2006-07?
Answer: 687

Question: How many clubs entered in 2007-08?
Answer: 731
Title: FA_Cup

Beginning in August, the competition proceeds as a knockout tournament throughout, consisting of twelve rounds, a semi-final and then a final, in May. A system of byes ensures clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages. There is no seeding, the fixtures in each round being determined by a random draw. Prior to the semi-finals, fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only. The first six rounds are qualifiers, with the draws organised on a regional basis. The next six rounds are the "proper" rounds where all clubs are in one draw.

Question: When is the final?
Answer: May

Question: When do clubs above 9 enter? 
Answer: clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages

Question: Is there seeding?
Answer: There is no seeding,

Question: What happens in the event of a tie?
Answer: fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only

Question: What are the first 6 rounds? 
Answer: The first six rounds are qualifiers