rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the Battle of Maxen. Frederick himself lost half his army in the Battle of Kunersdorf (now Kunowice Poland), the worst defeat in his military career and one that drove him to the brink of abdication and thoughts of suicide. The disaster resulted partly from his misjudgment of the Russians, who had already demonstrated their strength at Zorndorf and at Gross-Jägersdorf (now Motornoye, Russia), and partly from good cooperation between the Russian and Austrian forces.

Question: How did the Prussian army perform in 1759/
Answer: 1759 saw several Prussian defeats

Question: How would one characterize the encounter with the Russian army in 1757?
Answer: 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians

Question: What was the result of the Battle of Maxen?
Answer: Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000

Question: What happened at Minden in 1757?
Answer: the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French

Question: What happened to Frederick's army at the Battle at Kunersdorf?
Answer: Frederick himself lost half his army
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

The French planned to invade the British Isles during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets. However, two sea defeats prevented this. In August, the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet under Edward Boscawen at the Battle of Lagos. In the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November, the British admiral Edward Hawke with 23 ships of the line caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground, putting an end to the French plans.

Question: Where was the planned invasion of Britain by France?
Answer: near the mouth of the Loire

Question: How did the French plan to transport their troops to Britain for the invasion?
Answer: their Brest and Toulon fleets

Question: What happened to the French Mediterranean fleet?
Answer: the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet

Question: What happened to the French Brest fleet?
Answer: caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground

Question: With the loss of the two fleets, how did the French get their troops to Britain for the invasion?
Answer: putting an end to the French plans.
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia. In the Battle of Liegnitz Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under General Saltykov and Austrians under General Lacy briefly occupied his capital, Berlin, in October, but could not hold it for long. The end of that year saw Frederick once more victorious, defeating the able Daun in the Battle of Torgau; but he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.

Question: Identify a success of the Austrians?
Answer: the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz

Question: Where is Glatz
Answer: Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia

Question: What was outstanding about Frederick's victory in the Battle of Liegnitz?
Answer: outnumbered three to one

Question: Why was Frederick's defeat of Daun so costly?
Answer: he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.

Question: Who led the Russian occupation of Berlin?
Answer: General Saltykov
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

1762 brought two new countries into the war. Britain declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing their own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January. Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida. The arrival of British reinforcements stalled a further Spanish advance, and the Battle of Valencia de Alcántara saw British-Portuguese forces overrun a major Spanish supply base. The invaders were stopped on the heights in front of Abrantes (called the pass to Lisbon) where the Anglo-Portuguese were entrenched. Eventually the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain, recovering almost all the lost towns, among them the Spanish headquarters in Castelo Branco full of wounded and sick that had been left behind.

Question: Identify a new country that joined the war in 1762?
Answer: Spain

Question: Identify a second new country that joined the war in 1762?
Answer: Portugal

Question: What city was captured in the first Spain-Portugal conflict?
Answer: . Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida

Question: Was Portugal on the side of France or Britain?
Answer: Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side

Question: Britain sent troops to aid Portugal.  What was the result?
Answer: the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons. Deprived of men, the Prussians had to resort to this new sort of warfare, raiding, to delay the advance of their enemies. Nonetheless, at the end of the year, they suffered two critical setbacks. The Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania, while the Austrians captured Schweidnitz. The loss of Kolberg cost Prussia its last port on the Baltic Sea. In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.

Question: How did the Prussians slow the advance of the Russians?
Answer: the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them

Question: What was the size of one of the Prussian victories against the Russians?
Answer: . One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons

Question: Identify a major Prussian loss to the Russians
Answer: Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania

Question: identify a major Prussian loss to the Austrians.
Answer: the Austrians captured Schweidnitz.

Question: What was the concern about Prussia in Britain?
Answer: . In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

Britain now threatened to withdraw its subsidies if Prussia didn't consider offering concessions to secure peace. As the Prussian armies had dwindled to just 60,000 men and with Berlin itself under siege, Frederick's survival was severely threatened. Then on 5 January 1762 the Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden. He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command This turn of events has become known as the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg. Frederick was then able to muster a larger army of 120,000 men and concentrate it against Austria. He drove them from much of Saxony, while his brother Henry won a victory in Silesia in the Battle of Freiberg (29 October 1762). At the same time, his Brunswick allies captured the key town of Göttingen and compounded this by taking Cassel.

Question: Britain tried to influence Prussia to take what action?
Answer: offering concessions to secure peace

Question: How many troops did Frederick have left?
Answer: 60,000 men

Question: What development in Russia assisted Prussia?
Answer: Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin

Question: What changed the Prussian relationship with Sweden?
Answer: Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden

Question: What was the unexpected action by Peter III that helped Frederick?
Answer: He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

By 1763, the war in Central Europe was essentially a stalemate. Frederick had retaken most of Silesia and Saxony but not the latter's capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many effective officers and generals that a new offensive was perhaps impossible. British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute, and the Russian Emperor had been overthrown by his wife, Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war. Austria, however, like most participants, was facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army, something which greatly affected its offensive power. Indeed, after having effectively sustained a long war, its administration was in disarray. By that time, it still held Dresden, the southeastern parts of Saxony, the county of Glatz, and southern Silesia, but the prospect of victory was dim without Russian support. In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.

Question: In 1763 what was the status of Frederick?
Answer: his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened

Question: In 1763 what was the status of Austria?
Answer: facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army

Question: What had happened to Frederick's financial help from Britain?
Answer: British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute

Question: What had happened to Frederick's extra troops from Russia?
Answer: Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war

Question: What was the result of the weakening of both Prussia and Austria?
Answer: In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort, William Pitt—who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise—prepared to continue such operations. An army was assembled under the command of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough; he was aided by Lord George Sackville. The naval squadron and transports for the expedition were commanded by Richard Howe. The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay, proceeded to St. Malo, and, finding that it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan. It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction. The force then re-embarked under threat of the arrival of French relief forces. An attack on Havre de Grace was called off, and the fleet sailed on to Cherbourg; the weather being bad and provisions low, that too was abandoned, and the expedition returned having damaged French privateering and provided further strategic demonstration against the French coast.

Question: What was the style of William Pitt's warfare?
Answer: saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise

Question: What action did Pitt take against France in 1758?
Answer: The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay

Question: How did the invading British army do at St. Malo?
Answer: it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan

Question: What damage was done at the alternate site?
Answer: It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction

Question: How did the British invaders respond to the arrival of French relief forces?
Answer: the expedition returned having damaged French privateering
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the "descents", obtained commissions in that army. The elderly General Bligh was appointed to command a new "descent", escorted by Howe. The campaign began propitiously with the Raid on Cherbourg. Covered by naval bombardment, the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg, and destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.

Question: Who decided to send British troops into Germany?
Answer: Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany;

Question: Who led the invasion troops?
Answer: The elderly General Bligh

Question: Was the landing successful?
Answer: the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg,

Question: Where did the troops land?
Answer: Cherbourg

Question: How did the British treat Cherbourg?
Answer: destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

The troops were reembarked and moved to the Bay of St. Lunaire in Brittany where, on 3 September, they were landed to operate against St. Malo; however, this action proved impractical. Worsening weather forced the two armies to separate: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast, while the army proceeded overland. The tardiness of Bligh in moving his forces allowed a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops. A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked. They could not be saved; 750, including Dury, were killed and the rest captured.

Question: What stopped the planned siege at St. Malo?
Answer: Worsening weather

Question: How did the army get to the new anchorage location?
Answer: the army proceeded overland.

Question: How did the fleet respond to the bad weather?
Answer: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast

Question: How did the British army escape
Answer: A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked

Question: What happened to the British army?
Answer: a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756 but captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758. The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762 as well as the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba, and Manila in the Philippines, both prominent Spanish colonial cities. However, expansion into the hinterlands of both cities met with stiff resistance. In the Philippines, the British were confined to Manila until their agreed upon withdrawal at the war's end.

Question: What island did Great Britain lose in 1756?
Answer: Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756

Question: What success did the British have in Cuba?
Answer: Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba

Question: What possession did the French lose to the Brits in 1758
Answer: captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758

Question: Identify the French colonies lost  to the British in 1759 and 1762.
Answer: The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762

Question: What other colony was taken by the British from Spain?
Answer: Manila in the Philippines
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

During the war, the Seven Nations of Canada were allied with the French. These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley—the Algonquin, the Abenaki, the Huron, and others. Although the Algonquin tribes and the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley, they had been victims of the Iroquois Confederation. The Iroquois had encroached on Algonquin territory and pushed the Algonquins west beyond Lake Michigan. Therefore, the Algonquin and the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois. Throughout New England, New York, and the North-west Native American tribes formed differing alliances with the major belligerents. The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war.

Question: Who were the Seven Nations of Canada?
Answer: These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley

Question: Which tribe was the enemy of the Seven Nations of Canada?
Answer: the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois

Question: How much help did the Seven Nations give the French in the Ohio Valley?
Answer: the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley

Question: Who was the European partner of the Iroquois?
Answer: The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British

Question: How valuable was the Iroquois alliance with Britain?
Answer: The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

In 1756 and 1757 the French captured forts Oswego and William Henry from the British. The latter victory was marred when France's native allies broke the terms of capitulation and attacked the retreating British column, which was under French guard, slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children while the French refused to protect their captives. French naval deployments in 1757 also successfully defended the key Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.

Question: Who assisted the French in taking forts Oswego and William Henry?
Answer: France's native allies

Question: How did the French guard respond to the attack on the prisoners?
Answer: the French refused to protect their captives

Question: How did France's native allies treat the British prisoners?
Answer: slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children

Question: How did the French defend the Fortress of Louisbourg?
Answer: French naval deployments

Question: What Canadian area had is seaward side protected by the defense of the Fortress of Louisbourg?
Answer: securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

British Prime Minister William Pitt's focus on the colonies for the 1758 campaign paid off with the taking of Louisbourg after French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena and in the successful capture of Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac. The British also continued the process of deporting the Acadian population with a wave of major operations against Île Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island), the St. John River valley, and the Petitcodiac River valley. The celebration of these successes was dampened by their embarrassing defeat in the Battle of Carillon (Ticonderoga), in which 4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British.

Question: How did the British assure numerical superiority in taking Louisbourg?
Answer: French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena

Question: Identify two other French possessions captured by the British.
Answer: Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac

Question: Who did the British deport from Lie Saint-Jean?
Answer: the Acadian population

Question: What is Lie Saint-Jean called today?
Answer: Île Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island)

Question: How much were the French outnumbered at the Battle of Carillion?
Answer: 4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759, part of what became known as an Annus Mirabilis. Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces, cutting off French frontier forts further west. On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham outside the city. The French staged a counteroffensive in the spring of 1760, with initial success at the Battle of Sainte-Foy, but they were unable to retake Quebec, due to British naval superiority following the battle of Neuville. The French forces retreated to Montreal, where on 8 September they surrendered to overwhelming British numerical superiority.

Question: Which country enjoyed the most success in battles in North America in 1759
Answer: All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759

Question: What two forts fell on the same day in 1758?
Answer: Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces

Question: When did General Wolfe take Quebec?
Answer: On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French

Question: Did the French take Quebec back?
Answer: they were unable to retake Quebec

Question: What military advantage brought the success for the British in defending Quebec?
Answer: British naval superiority
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

In 1762, towards the end of the war, French forces attacked St. John's, Newfoundland. If successful, the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table. Although they took St. John's and raided nearby settlements, the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the Battle of Signal Hill. This was the final battle of the war in North America, and it forced the French to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel William Amherst. The victorious British now controlled all of eastern North America.

Question: Where did the French attack in 1762?
Answer: St. John's, Newfoundland

Question: What advantage would taking St. John's have provided for the French?
Answer: the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table

Question: Did the French hold St. John's?
Answer: French forces were eventually defeated by British troops

Question: Did the French take St. John's?
Answer: they took St. John's

Question: Where was the final battle between the French and British in North America?
Answer: Battle of Signal Hill
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

The history of the Seven Years' War in North America, particularly the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec, the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels (see Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans), maps and other printed materials, which testify to how this event held the imagination of the British and North American public long after Wolfe's death in 1759.

Question: Name two major events of the Seven Years' War In North America.
Answer: the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec

Question: Name two more major events of the Seven Years' War in North America.
Answer: the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry

Question: How did the events of the Seven Years' War affects the production of art?
Answer: generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels

Question: What are some novels about the Seven Years' War period?
Answer: Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans

Question: What other items point to the interest in the events of the Seven Years' War?
Answer: maps and other printed materials