rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Mosaic

The most important early Islamic mosaic work is the decoration of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, then capital of the Arab Caliphate. The mosque was built between 706 and 715. The caliph obtained 200 skilled workers from the Byzantine Emperor to decorate the building. This is evidenced by the partly Byzantine style of the decoration. The mosaics of the inner courtyard depict Paradise with beautiful trees, flowers and small hill towns and villages in the background. The mosaics include no human figures, which makes them different from the otherwise similar contemporary Byzantine works. The biggest continuous section survives under the western arcade of the courtyard, called the "Barada Panel" after the river Barada. It is thought that the mosque used to have the largest gold mosaic in the world, at over 4 m2. In 1893 a fire damaged the mosque extensively, and many mosaics were lost, although some have been restored since.

Question: Where is the most important Islamic mosaic work?
Answer: the Umayyad Mosque

Question: Where is the the Umayyad Mosque located?
Answer: Damascus

Question: What was the significance of Damascus during this time period?
Answer: capital of the Arab Caliphate

Question: What is the largest section of mosaic still present in the Umayyad Mosque?
Answer: the "Barada Panel"

Question: What happened in 1893 that destroyed most of the mosaics in the mosque?
Answer: a fire
Title: Mosaic

Non-religious Umayyad mosaic works were mainly floor panels which decorated the palaces of the caliphs and other high-ranking officials. They were closely modeled after the mosaics of the Roman country villas, once common in the Eastern Mediterranean. The most superb example can be found in the bath house of Hisham's Palace, Palestine which was made around 744. The main panel depicts a large tree and underneath it a lion attacking a deer (right side) and two deers peacefully grazing (left side). The panel probably represents good and bad governance. Mosaics with classical geometric motifs survived in the bath area of the 8th-century Umayyad palace complex in Anjar, Lebanon. The luxurious desert residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat (in present-day Jordan) was also decorated with floor mosaics that show a high level of technical skill. The best preserved panel at Hallabat is divided by a Tree of Life flanked by "good" animals on one side and "bad" animals on the other. Among the Hallabat representations are vine scrolls, grapes, pomegranates, oryx, wolves, hares, a leopard, pairs of partridges, fish, bulls, ostriches, rabbits, rams, goats, lions and a snake. At Qastal, near Amman, excavations in 2000 uncovered the earliest known Umayyad mosaics in present-day Jordan, dating probably from the caliphate of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705). They cover much of the floor of a finely decorated building that probably served as the palace of a local governor. The Qastal mosaics depict geometrical patterns, trees, animals, fruits and rosettes. Except for the open courtyard, entrance and staircases, the floors of the entire palace were covered in mosaics.

Question: Any mosaic having secular designs were likely what?
Answer: floor panels

Question: What were the floor panels of the caliphs and high ranking officials modeled after?
Answer: Roman country villas

Question: Where can the most superb example of Umayyad mosaic floor paneling?
Answer: the bath house of Hisham's Palace

Question: In which present day country would the residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat be?
Answer: Jordan

Question: At Qastal in 2000 the earliest examples of what were found in Jordan?
Answer: Umayyad mosaics
Title: Mosaic

Some of the best examples of later Islamic mosaics were produced in Moorish Spain. The golden mosaics in the mihrab and the central dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba have a decidedly Byzantine character. They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen, supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople, who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain. The decoration is composed of colorful floral arabesques and wide bands of Arab calligraphy. The mosaics were purported to evoke the glamour of the Great Mosque in Damascus, which was lost for the Umayyad family.

Question: Where are some of the best examples of islamic mosaic work found?
Answer: Moorish Spain

Question: The mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba have what kind of style?
Answer: Byzantine

Question: Who sent the master mosaicist to Spain?
Answer: the Byzantine Emperor

Question: When were the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba created?
Answer: between 965 and 970

Question: Who created the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba?
Answer: local craftsmen
Title: Mosaic

Noted 19th-century mosaics include those by Edward Burne-Jones at St Pauls within the Walls in Rome. Another modern mosaic of note is the world's largest mosaic installation located at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, located in St. Louis, Missouri. A modern example of mosaic is the Museum of Natural History station of the New York City Subway (there are many such works of art scattered throughout the New York City subway system, though many IND stations are usually designed with bland mosaics.) Another example of mosaics in ordinary surroundings is the use of locally themed mosaics in some restrooms in the rest areas along some Texas interstate highways.

Question: The Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis holds the largest what?
Answer: mosaic installation

Question: What along texas interstate Highways contains everyday examples of mosaics?
Answer: the rest areas

Question: Which station in the NYC subway has a modern example of mosaic?
Answer: the Museum of Natural History station

Question: Edward Burne-Jones is noted for creating mosaics in what century?
Answer: 19th
Title: Mosaic

In styles that owe as much to videogame pixel art and popculture as to traditional mosaic, street art has seen a novel reinvention and expansion of mosaic artwork. The most prominent artist working with mosaics in street art is the French Invader. He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles, the first of which are small "traditional" tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character, installed in cities across the globe, and the second of which are a style he refers to as "Rubikcubism", which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes. Although he is the most prominent, other street and urban artists do work in Mosaic styles as well.

Question: What has recently seen an expansion of mosaic artwork?
Answer: street art

Question: Who is the most famous street artist who works with mosaics?
Answer: the French Invader

Question: What does the French Invader usually create with the traditional style of mosaic?
Answer: 8 bit video game character

Question: The French invader coined his own style of mosaic named what?
Answer: Rubikcubism

Question: How does the French Invader create "Rubikcubism" styled mosaics?
Answer: grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes
Title: Mosaic

Portuguese pavement (in Portuguese, Calçada Portuguesa) is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal, and common throughout the Lusosphere. Most commonly taking the form of geometric patterns from the simple to the complex, it also is used to create complex pictorial mosaics in styles ranging from iconography to classicism and even modern design. In Portuguese-speaking countries, many cities have a large amount of their sidewalks and even, though far more occasionally, streets done in this mosaic form. Lisbon in particular maintains almost all walkways in this style.

Question: Which city has almost all of its sidewalks in Portuguese pavement?
Answer: Lisbon

Question: What is the most common pattern for Portuguese pavement?
Answer: geometric

Question: Portuguese pavement is known by what other name?
Answer: Calçada Portuguesa

Question: What other cityscape is done with Portuguese pavement?
Answer: streets

Question: What is Portuguese pavement?
Answer: two-tone stone mosaic paving
Title: Mosaic

The indirect method of applying tesserae is often used for very large projects, projects with repetitive elements or for areas needing site specific shapes. Tiles are applied face-down to a backing paper using an adhesive, and later transferred onto walls, floors or craft projects. This method is most useful for extremely large projects as it gives the maker time to rework areas, allows the cementing of the tiles to the backing panel to be carried out quickly in one operation and helps ensure that the front surfaces of the mosaic tiles and mosaic pieces are flat and in the same plane on the front, even when using tiles and pieces of differing thicknesses. Mosaic murals, benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method, as it results in a smoother and more even surface.

Question: How were larger mosaics usually constructed?
Answer: face-down to a backing paper

Question: Why was adding a step i production useful for larger projects?
Answer: gives the maker time to rework

Question: What is the style called of putting tessere on a backing paper?
Answer: the indirect method

Question: What besides benches and tabletops was usually created using the indirect method?
Answer: murals

Question: The indirect method also helped for projects with what kinds of areas?
Answer: repetitive
Title: Mosaic

The double indirect method can be used when it is important to see the work during the creation process as it will appear when completed. The tesserae are placed face-up on a medium (often adhesive-backed paper, sticky plastic or soft lime or putty) as it will appear when installed. When the mosaic is complete, a similar medium is placed atop it. The piece is then turned over, the original underlying material is carefully removed, and the piece is installed as in the indirect method described above. In comparison to the indirect method, this is a complex system to use and requires great skill on the part of the operator, to avoid damaging the work. Its greatest advantage lies in the possibility of the operator directly controlling the final result of the work, which is important e.g. when the human figure is involved. This method was created in 1989 by Maurizio Placuzzi and registered for industrial use (patent n. 0000222556) under the name of his company, Sicis International Srl, now Sicis The Art Mosaic Factory Srl.

Question: When is the double indirect method of mosaic useful?
Answer: when it is important to see the work

Question: What is the most powerful aspect of the double indirect method?
Answer: directly controlling the final result of the work

Question: When was the double indirect method invented?
Answer: 1989

Question: Who invented the double indirect method?
Answer: Maurizio Placuzzi

Question: What is used as a backing adhesive for the double indirect method besides putty or paper?
Answer: sticky plastic
Title: Mosaic

A tile mosaic is a digital image made up of individual tiles, arranged in a non-overlapping fashion, e.g. to make a static image on a shower room or bathing pool floor, by breaking the image down into square pixels formed from ceramic tiles (a typical size is 1 in × 1 in (25 mm × 25 mm), as for example, on the floor of the University of Toronto pool, though sometimes larger tiles such as 2 in × 2 in (51 mm × 51 mm) are used). These digital images are coarse in resolution and often simply express text, such as the depth of the pool in various places, but some such digital images are used to show a sunset or other beach theme.

Question: What is the typical size of a ceramic mosaic tile?
Answer: 1 in × 1 in

Question: What is usually the purpose of a tile mosaic in pools?
Answer: express text

Question: Where is the most common application of tile mosaics?
Answer: on a shower room or bathing pool floor

Question: How should the tiles be aligned next to each other?
Answer: in a non-overlapping fashion
Title: Mosaic

With high cost of labor in developed countries, production automation has become increasingly popular. Rather than being assembled by hand, mosaics designed using computer aided design (CAD) software can be assembled by a robot. Production can be greater than 10 times faster with higher accuracy. But these "computer" mosaics have a different look than hand-made "artisanal" mosaics. With robotic production, colored tiles are loaded into buffers, and then the robot picks and places tiles individually according to a command file from the design software.

Question: Why has production automation become popular?
Answer: high cost of labor in developed countries

Question: Which software can aid in the design of robotically created mosaics?
Answer: CAD

Question: How much faster is automated creation over handmade?
Answer: 10 times faster

Question: How does the robot pick the tiles it places?
Answer: a command file

Question: What is not the same between hand made and robotic amde mosaics?
Answer: different look
Title: University

The original Latin word "universitas" refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc." At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, specialised "associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes, prelates, or the towns in which they were located" came to be denominated by this general term. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members.

Question: From what language does Universitas come from?
Answer: Latin

Question: What did a universitas have in common with similar guilds?
Answer: they were self-regulating

Question: Around the beginning of what two things did word universitas start to become prevalent?
Answer: urban town life and medieval guilds

Question: Which individuals usually approved charters for universitas?
Answer: princes, prelates
Title: University

An important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university. The University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of "academic freedom". This is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988, 430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bologna's foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, drawing from all parts of the world.

Question: In terms of academics what is a core requirement of a university?
Answer: academic freedom

Question: What was the first university?
Answer: University of Bologna

Question: What charter is said to be the first establishing academic freedom in a university?
Answer: the Constitutio Habita

Question: What did the Constitutio Habita say students were allowed?
Answer: unhindered passage in the interests of education

Question: On what date was the Magna Carta Universitatum signed?
Answer: 18 September 1988
Title: University

European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools (scholae monasticae), in which monks and nuns taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and perhaps from cathedral schools. It is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were also founded by Kings (University of Naples Federico II, Charles University in Prague, Jagiellonian University in Kraków) or municipal administrations (University of Cologne, University of Erfurt). In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries.

Question: Who presided over classes at a scholae monasticae?
Answer: monks and nuns

Question: What is a scholae monasticae?
Answer: monastic schools

Question: What church is said to be responsible for the formation of universities?
Answer: Latin Church

Question: In the chronology of academic institutions, where are Christian cathedral schools compared to universities?
Answer: immediate forerunners

Question: During which era did universities grow out of already extant schools?
Answer: early medieval period
Title: University

All over Europe rulers and city governments began to create universities to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge, and the belief that society would benefit from the scholarly expertise generated from these institutions. Princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to this understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts.

Question: Which ancient texts began to see more study after universities were formed?
Answer: Greek

Question: What outlook developed the creation of the university system?
Answer: humanism

Question: Why did rulers and governments in Europe form universities?
Answer: to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge

Question: What type of governments were involved in creating universities?
Answer: city governments
Title: University

The rediscovery of Aristotle's works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated –fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had already begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these works represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotle's works "a turning point in the history of Western thought." After Aristotle re-emerged, a community of scholars, primarily communicating in Latin, accelerated the process and practice of attempting to reconcile the thoughts of Greek antiquity, and especially ideas related to understanding the natural world, with those of the church. The efforts of this "scholasticism" were focused on applying Aristotelian logic and thoughts about natural processes to biblical passages and attempting to prove the viability of those passages through reason. This became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students.

Question: Roughly how many pages of the works of Aristotle were translated by the 12th century?
Answer: more than 3000 pages

Question: Richard Dales believes that the work of Aristotle represents the turning point of what?
Answer: Western thought

Question: What word described the early attempts to understand the work of Aristotle?
Answer: scholasticism

Question: What faculty did scholars attempt to use to prove the thoughts of Aristotle?
Answer: reason

Question: What language did 12th century scholars studying Aristotle speak in?
Answer: Latin
Title: University

The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, although the northern (primarily Germany, France and Great Britain) and southern universities (primarily Italy) did have many elements in common. Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics; while Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna were used for medicine. Outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter. Italian universities focused on law and medicine, while the northern universities focused on the arts and theology. There were distinct differences in the quality of instruction in these areas which were congruent with their focus, so scholars would travel north or south based on their interests and means. There was also a difference in the types of degrees awarded at these universities. English, French and German universities usually awarded bachelor's degrees, with the exception of degrees in theology, for which the doctorate was more common. Italian universities awarded primarily doctorates. The distinction can be attributed to the intent of the degree holder after graduation – in the north the focus tended to be on acquiring teaching positions, while in the south students often went on to professional positions. The structure of northern universities tended to be modeled after the system of faculty governance developed at the University of Paris. Southern universities tended to be patterned after the student-controlled model begun at the University of Bologna. Among the southern universities, a further distinction has been noted between those of northern Italy, which followed the pattern of Bologna as a "self-regulating, independent corporation of scholars" and those of southern Italy and Iberia, which were "founded by royal and imperial charter to serve the needs of government."

Question: Which language was used in lectures in early European universities?
Answer: Latin

Question: For what subjects did professors use the work of Hippocrates?
Answer: medicine

Question: What type of subjects did the universities of northern Europe focus on?
Answer: arts and theology

Question: What type of degree was given out at a English university?
Answer: bachelor's degrees
Title: University

Their endowment by a prince or monarch and their role in training government officials made these Mediterranean universities similar to Islamic madrasas, although madrasas were generally smaller and individual teachers, rather than the madrasa itself, granted the license or degree. Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century, some medieval Islamic madrasahs became universities. George Makdisi and others, however, argue that the European university has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world. Other scholars regard the university as uniquely European in origin and characteristics.

Question: What type of university was an Islamic madrasa akin to?
Answer: Mediterranean universities

Question: What type of individual funded a Mediterranean university?
Answer: prince or monarch

Question: From where did a degree come in a madrasa?
Answer: individual teachers

Question: In which century did Islamic madrasas start to transform into universities?
Answer: 10th
Title: University

Many scholars (including Makdisi) have argued that early medieval universities were influenced by the religious madrasahs in Al-Andalus, the Emirate of Sicily, and the Middle East (during the Crusades). Other scholars see this argument as overstated. Lowe and Yasuhara have recently drawn on the well-documented influences of scholarship from the Islamic world on the universities of Western Europe to call for a reconsideration of the development of higher education, turning away from a concern with local institutional structures to a broader consideration within a global context.

Question: Madrasas in which specific location are said to have guided the formation of medieval universities?
Answer: Al-Andalus

Question: Some scholars think that universities come from what, rather than solely local influences?
Answer: a global context

Question: Al-Andalus was an Emirate of which entity?
Answer: Sicily

Question: During what notable Middle East conflict is it believed by some that Universities received influence from madrasas?
Answer: the Crusades