rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Slavs

Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool; as did the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989–1991.

Question: What movement came into prominence in the mid-19th century that emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples?
Answer: Pan-Slavism

Question: Where was the main focus of Pan-Slavism?
Answer: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice

Question: Who used Pan-Slavism as a political tool?
Answer: The Russian Empire

Question: When did the Soviet Union gain political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations?
Answer: between 1945 and 1948

Question: How long did the Soviet Union retain a hegemonic role?
Answer: until the period 1989–1991
Title: Slavs

Slavic studies began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise. As early as 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as Indo-European.

Question: What began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise?
Answer: Slavic studies

Question: When were Slavic languages recognized as Indo-European?
Answer: As early as 1833

Question: What languages were recognized as Indo-European?
Answer: Slavic languages

Question: In 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as what?
Answer: Indo-European
Title: Slavs

Slavic standard languages which are official in at least one country: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The alphabet depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups. The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet however. The Serbian language and Montenegrin language uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet.

Question: What depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups?
Answer: The alphabet

Question: Who uses the Cyrillic alphabet?
Answer: The Orthodox

Question: Who uses the Latin alphabet?
Answer: the Roman Catholics

Question: Other than the Roman Catholics, who else uses Latin?
Answer: the Bosniaks

Question: What is a Latin script to write in Belarusian?
Answer: the Lacinka alphabet
Title: Slavs

Proto-Slavic, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages. In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic".

Question: What is the supposed ancestor of all Slavic languages?
Answer: Proto-Slavic

Question: Proto-Slavic developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with what languages?
Answer: Baltic languages

Question: The Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of what?
Answer: Balto-Slavic

Question: Who became speakers of Balto-Slavic?
Answer: Indo-Europeans

Question: Proto-Slavic is a descendant of what?
Answer: Proto-Indo-European
Title: Slavs

Proto-Slavic, sometimes referred to as Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic, is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, suggesting a comparatively compact homeland. Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.

Question: Proto-Slavic is sometimes referred to as what?
Answer: Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic

Question: What is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages?
Answer: Proto-Slavic

Question: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what?
Answer: Thessaloniki

Question: What could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language?
Answer: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts
Title: Slavs

The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 6th and 10th centuries. Orthodox Christianity is predominant in the East and South Slavs, while Roman Catholicism is predominant in West Slavs and the western South Slavs. The religious borders are largely comparable to the East–West Schism which began in the 11th century. The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are Orthodox, followed by Catholic, while a small minority are Protestant. There are minor Slavic Muslim groups. Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups the vast majority of religious people share the same religion. Some Slavs are atheist or agnostic: only 19% of Czechs professed belief in god/s in the 2005 Eurobarometer survey.

Question: When were pagan Slavic populations Christianized?
Answer: between the 6th and 10th centuries

Question: What religion is predominant in the East and South Slavs?
Answer: Orthodox Christianity

Question: What religion is predominant in the West and western South Slavs?
Answer: Roman Catholicism

Question: When did the East-West Schism begin?
Answer: 11th century

Question: The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are what?
Answer: Orthodox
Title: Slavs

Slavs are customarily divided along geographical lines into three major subgroups: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs, each with a different and a diverse background based on unique history, religion and culture of particular Slavic groups within them. Apart from prehistorical archaeological cultures, the subgroups have had notable cultural contact with non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age civilisations.

Question: Who is customarily divided along geographical lines into tree major subgroups?
Answer: Slavs

Question: What three major subgroups are Slavs divided into?
Answer: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs

Question: The Slav subgroups have had notable cultural contact with what kind of civilisations?
Answer: non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age
Title: Slavs

^1 Also considered part of Rusyns
^2 Considered transitional between Ukrainians and Belarusians
^3 The ethnic affiliation of the Lemkos has become an ideological conflict. It has been alleged that among the Lemkos the idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing in Transcarpathia and abroad
^4 Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as Czechs but significant amount declared their Moravian nationality, different from that Czech (although people from Bohemia and Moravia use the same official language).
^5 Also considered Poles.
^6 There are sources that show Silesians as part of the Poles. Parts of the southmost population of Upper Silesia is sometimes considered Czech (controversial).

Question: Ethnic affiliation of who has become an ideological conflict?
Answer: the Lemkos

Question: The idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing where?
Answer: Transcarpathia and abroad

Question: Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as what?
Answer: Czechs

Question: What group is considered part of the Poles?
Answer: Silesians
Title: Slavs

^7 A census category recognized as an ethnic group. Most Slavic Muslims (especially in Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia) now opt for Bosniak ethnicity, but some still use the "Muslim" designation. Bosniak and Muslim are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably. However, a small number of people within Bosnia and Herzegovina declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith.

Question: Most Slavic Muslims now opt for what ethnicity?
Answer: Bosniak

Question: What two groups are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably?
Answer: Bosniak and Muslim

Question: A small number of people declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith within what regions?
Answer: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Title: Slavs

^8 This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the former Yugoslav republics. The nationality is also declared by diasporans living in the USA and Canada. There are a multitude of reasons as to why people prefer this affiliation, some published on the article.

Question: This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the what former republics?
Answer: Yugoslav republics

Question: The nationality is also declared by diasporans living where?
Answer: USA and Canada
Title: Slavs

^9 Sub-groups of Croats include Bunjevci (in Bačka), Šokci (in Slavonia and Vojvodina), Janjevci (in Kosovo), Burgenland Croats (in Austria), Bosniaks (in Hungary), Molise Croats (in Italy), Krashovans (in Romania), Moravian Croats (in the Czech Republic)

Question: Where are Bunjevci located?
Answer: Bačka

Question: Where are Šokci located?
Answer: Slavonia and Vojvodina

Question: Where are Janjevci located?
Answer: Kosovo

Question: Where are Burgenland Croats located?
Answer: Austria

Question: Where are Krashovans located?
Answer: Romania
Title: Slavs

^10 Sub-groups of Slovenes include Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians, and the extinct Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes.

Question: What sub-groups of Slovenes are extinct?
Answer: Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes

Question: What are the current sub-groups of Slovenes?
Answer: Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians
Title: Slavs

Note: Besides ethnic groups, Slavs often identify themselves with the local geographical region in which they live. Some of the major regional South Slavic groups include: Zagorci in northern Croatia, Istrijani in westernmost Croatia, Dalmatinci in southern Croatia, Boduli in Adriatic islands, Vlaji in hinterland of Dalmatia, Slavonci in eastern Croatia, Bosanci in Bosnia, Hercegovci in Herzegovina, Krajišnici in western Bosnia, but is more commonly used to refer to the Serbs of Croatia, most of whom are descendants of the Grenzers, and continued to live in the area which made up the Military Frontier until the Croatian war of independence, Semberci in northeast Bosnia, Srbijanci in Serbia proper, Šumadinci in central Serbia, Vojvođani in northern Serbia, Sremci in Syrmia, Bačvani in northwest Vojvodina, Banaćani in Banat, Sandžaklije (Muslims in Serbia/Montenegro border), Kosovci in Kosovo, Bokelji in southwest Montenegro, Trakiytsi in Upper Thracian Lowlands, Dobrudzhantsi in north-east Bulgarian region, Balkandzhii in Central Balkan Mountains, Miziytsi in north Bulgarian region, Warmiaks and Masurians in north-east Polish regions Warmia and Mazuria, Pirintsi in Blagoevgrad Province, Ruptsi in the Rhodopes etc.

Question: Serbs of Croatia are mostly descendants of who?
Answer: the Grenzers

Question: Where are Zagorci located?
Answer: northern Croatia

Question: Where are Istrijani located?
Answer: westernmost Croatia

Question: Where are Boduli located?
Answer: Adriatic islands

Question: Where are Vlaji located?
Answer: hinterland of Dalmatia
Title: Slavs

The modern Slavic peoples carry a variety of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. Yet two paternal haplogroups predominate: R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a [L69.2=T/S163.2]. The frequency of Haplogroup R1a ranges from 63.39% in the Sorbs, through 56.4% in Poland, 54% in Ukraine, 52% in Russia, Belarus, to 15.2% in Republic of Macedonia, 14.7% in Bulgaria and 12.1% in Herzegovina. The correlation between R1a1a [M17] and the speakers of Indo-European languages, particularly those of Eastern Europe (Russian) and Central and Southern Asia, was noticed in the late 1990s. From this Spencer Wells and colleagues, following the Kurgan hypothesis, deduced that R1a1a arose on the Pontic-Caspian steppe.

Question: What two DNA haplogroups predominate in modern Slavic peoples?
Answer: R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a

Question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in the Sorbs?
Answer: 63.39%

Question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Poland?
Answer: 56.4%

Question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Ukraine?
Answer: 54%

Question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Russia?
Answer: 52%
Title: Slavs

Specific studies of Slavic genetics followed. In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland. The significant findings of this study are that:

Question: When did Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?
Answer: 2007

Question: Who studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?
Answer: Rębała

Question: In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing what?
Answer: the Proto-Slavic homeland
Title: Slavs

Marcin Woźniak and colleagues (2010) searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]. Working with haplotypes, they found a pattern among Western Slavs which turned out to correspond to a newly discovered marker, M458, which defines subclade R1a1a7. This marker correlates remarkably well with the distribution of Slavic-speakers today. The team led by Peter Underhill, which discovered M458, did not consider the possibility that this was a Slavic marker, since they used the "evolutionary effective" mutation rate, which gave a date far too old to be Slavic. Woźniak and colleagues pointed out that the pedigree mutation rate, giving a later date, is more consistent with the archaeological record.

Question: Who searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?
Answer: Marcin Woźniak and colleagues

Question: When did Marcin Woźniak search specifically for Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?
Answer: 2010

Question: The team that discovered M458 was led by who?
Answer: Peter Underhill
Title: Slavs

Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N among them. Postulated to originate from southeast Asia, it is found at high rates in Uralic peoples. Its presence in Pomors (called "Northern Russians" in the report) attests to the non-Slavic tribes (mixing with Finnic tribes of northern Eurasia). Autosomally, Russians are generally similar to populations in central-eastern Europe but some northern Russians are intermediate to Finno-Ugric groups.

Question: What is distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N?
Answer: Pomors

Question: Pomors are distinguished by the presence of what?
Answer: Y Haplogroup N

Question: Y Haplogroup N are found at high rates in who?
Answer: Uralic peoples

Question: Russians are generally similar to populations in what region?
Answer: central-eastern Europe

Question: Pomors are also known as what?
Answer: Northern Russians
Title: Slavs

On the other hand, I2a1b1 (P41.2) is typical of the South Slavic populations, being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina (>50%). Haplogroup I2a2 is also commonly found in north-eastern Italians. There is also a high concentration of I2a2a in the Moldavian region of Romania, Moldova and western Ukraine. According to original studies, Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen in the west Balkans sometime after the LGM, subsequently spreading from the Balkans through Central Russian Plain. Recently, Ken Nordtvedt has split I2a2 into two clades – N (northern) and S (southern), in relation where they arose compared to Danube river. He proposes that N is slightly older than S. He recalculated the age of I2a2 to be ~ 2550 years and proposed that the current distribution is explained by a Slavic expansion from the area north-east of the Carpathians.

Question: I2a1b1 is typical of what populations?
Answer: South Slavic populations

Question: I2a1b1 is found being highest where?
Answer: Bosnia-Herzegovina

Question: Haplogroup I2a2 is commonly found in what group of people?
Answer: north-eastern Italians

Question: Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen where?
Answer: west Balkans

Question: Who has split I2a2 into two clades?
Answer: Ken Nordtvedt
Title: Slavs

In 2008, biochemist Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk (Russian: Борис Аркадьевич Малярчук) et al. of the Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia, used a sample (n=279) of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Mongoloid" "mtDNA lineages". Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of "Slavic populations" with "1.8%" Mongoloid mtDNA lineage. Malyarchuk added that "Slavic populations" "almost always" contain Mongoloid mtDNA lineage. Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of "Balto-Slavics" in 2,000–3,000 BC with additional Mongoloid mixture occurring among Slavics in the last 4,000 years. Malyarchuk said the "Russian population" was developed by the "assimilation of the indigenous pre-Slavic population of Eastern Europe by true Slavs" with additional "assimilation of Finno-Ugric populations" and "long-lasting" interactions with the populations of "Siberia" and "Central Asia". Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from "steppe populations (Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Mongols)", especially the decay of the "Avar Khaganate".

Question: When did Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk use a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Monigoloid" "mtDNA lineages"?
Answer: 2008

Question: Who used a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Monigoloid" "mtDNA lineages"?
Answer: Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk

Question: Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of what populations?
Answer: Slavic populations

Question: Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of "Balto-Slavics" in what time period?
Answer: Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from "steppe populations

Question: Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from what populations?
Answer: steppe populations
Title: Slavs

DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations. Taken together, they account for 95% of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool. Only (0.7%) fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of all major European haplogroups, which were characterized by similar patterns of distribution in Poles and Russians. An analysis of the DNA did not reveal any specific combinations of unique mtDNA haplotypes and their subclusters. The DNA clearly shows that both Poles and Russians are not different from the neighbouring European populations.

Question: DNA from how many Russians show that the Y chromosomes fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations?
Answer: 1228

Question: DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to what populations?
Answer: West Eurasian

Question: Taken together, they account for what percentage of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool?
Answer: 95%

Question: What percentage fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations?
Answer: 0.7%

Question: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of what major haplogroups?
Answer: European
Title: Slavs

Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jireček Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci. Over time, due to the larger number of Slavs, most descendants of the indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. The Thracians and Illyrians vanished from the population during this period – although the modern Albanian nation claims descent from the Illyrians. Exceptions are Greece, where the lesser numbered Slavs scattered there came to be Hellenized (aided in time by more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the role of the church and administration) and Romania where Slavic people settled en route for present-day Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace whereby the Slavic population had come to assimilate. Bulgars were also assimilated by local Slavs but their ruling status and subsequent land cast the nominal legacy of Bulgarian country and people onto all future generations. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities managed to retain their culture and language for a long time, as Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages. However, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs.

Question: What is the posulated homeland region of the Slavs?
Answer: Ukraine

Question: Who did the Slavs have contact with in Ukraine?
Answer: Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths

Question: After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating who?
Answer: non-Slavic peoples

Question: What peoples where in the Balkans?
Answer: Paleo-Balkan peoples

Question: Who vanished from the population of the Balkans?
Answer: The Thracians and Illyrians
Title: Slavs

In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders, eventually producing a Slavicized population.[citation needed] In Central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with Germanic and Celtic, while the eastern Slavs encountered Uralic and Scandinavian peoples. Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of the Rus' state but were completely Slavicized after a century. Some Finno-Ugric tribes in the north were also absorbed into the expanding Rus population. At the time of the Magyar migration, the present-day Hungary was inhabited by Slavs, numbering about 200,000, and by Romano-Dacians who were either assimilated or enslaved by the Magyars. In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchaks and the Pechenegs, caused a massive migration of East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north. In the Middle Ages, groups of Saxon ore miners settled in medieval Bosnia, Serbia and Bulgaria where they were Slavicized.

Question: Where did South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders?
Answer: In the Western Balkans

Question: In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with who?
Answer: Avar invaders

Question: In Central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with who?
Answer: Germanic and Celtic

Question: The eastern Slavs intermixed with who?
Answer: Uralic and Scandinavian peoples

Question: Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of what state?
Answer: the Rus' state