rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Uranium

Uranium metal reacts with almost all non-metal elements (with an exception of the noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity increasing with temperature. Hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium, but non-oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it can react with cold water; in air, uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium oxide. Uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry.

Question: What non-metal elements does uranium notably not react to?
Answer: noble gases

Question: What coats uranium metal in air?
Answer: uranium oxide

Question: Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve uranium?
Answer: Hydrochloric

Question: What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction?
Answer: uranium dioxide

Question: What reacts with finely divided uranium?
Answer: cold water
Title: Uranium

During the later stages of World War II, the entire Cold War, and to a lesser extent afterwards, uranium-235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons. Initially, two major types of fission bombs were built: a relatively simple device that uses uranium-235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses plutonium-239 derived from uranium-238. Later, a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission/fusion bomb (thermonuclear weapon) was built, that uses a plutonium-based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion. Such bombs are jacketed in a non-fissile (unenriched) uranium case, and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process.

Question: During what war was uranium-235 first used to create nuclear weapons?
Answer: World War II

Question: From what isotope of uranium is plutonium-239 derived?
Answer: 238

Question: What is mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb?
Answer: deuterium

Question: What is another name for a fission/fusion bomb?
Answer: thermonuclear weapon

Question: What does non-fissile mean?
Answer: unenriched
Title: Uranium

Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner), in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs, to improve the appearance of dentures, and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used as electron-dense "stains" in transmission electron microscopy, to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in negative staining of viruses, isolated cell organelles and macromolecules.

Question: What product of uranium was used as toner?
Answer: nitrate

Question: Along with uranyl formate, what product of uranium is used in transmission electron microscopy?
Answer: Uranyl acetate

Question: What light bulbs use lamp filaments containing uranium?
Answer: stage

Question: Along with leather, what industry uses uranium in dyes and stains?
Answer: wood

Question: In addition to wool, what is uranium salt a mordant of?
Answer: silk
Title: Uranium

In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted about 3% of the total uranium on Earth. This is high enough to permit a sustained nuclear fission chain reaction to occur, provided other supporting conditions exist. The capacity of the surrounding sediment to contain the nuclear waste products has been cited by the U.S. federal government as supporting evidence for the feasibility to store spent nuclear fuel at the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository.

Question: Of what nationality was Perrin?
Answer: French

Question: In what county was the Oklo mine located?
Answer: Gabon

Question: How old are the ore deposits in the Oklo mine?
Answer: 1.7 billion years

Question: When the Oklo mine ore deposits came into being, what percentage of uranium on Earth consisted of uranium-235?
Answer: 3%

Question: Where in the United States is there a nuclear waste repository?
Answer: Yucca Mountain
Title: Uranium

Uranium's average concentration in the Earth's crust is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million, or about 40 times as abundant as silver. The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg (2×1017 lb) of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg (2×1013 lb). The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million (up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate fertilizers), and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion.

Question: How many times more abundant than silver is uranium in the Earth's crust?
Answer: 40

Question: How many kilograms of uranium may be contained in the oceans?
Answer: 1013

Question: Why is the concentrate of uranium in farmland so high?
Answer: phosphate fertilizers

Question: What is the concentration of uranium in sea water?
Answer: 3 parts per billion
Title: Uranium

Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about 4.468×109 years, roughly the age of the Earth. Uranium-235 has a half-life of about 7.13×108 years, and uranium-234 has a half-life of about 2.48×105 years. For natural uranium, about 49% of its alpha rays are emitted by each of 238U atom, and also 49% by 234U (since the latter is formed from the former) and about 2.0% of them by the 235U. When the Earth was young, probably about one-fifth of its uranium was uranium-235, but the percentage of 234U was probably much lower than this.

Question: What isotope of uranium has the most stability?
Answer: Uranium-238

Question: About how old is the Earth?
Answer: 4.468×109 years

Question: What is the half-life of uranium-234?
Answer: 2.48×105 years

Question: What fraction of the Earth's uranium was uranium-235 during the Earth's youth?
Answer: one-fifth

Question: What percentage of the alpha rays of natural uranium are emitted by 234U?
Answer: 49%
Title: Uranium

Most ingested uranium is excreted during digestion. Only 0.5% is absorbed when insoluble forms of uranium, such as its oxide, are ingested, whereas absorption of the more soluble uranyl ion can be up to 5%. However, soluble uranium compounds tend to quickly pass through the body, whereas insoluble uranium compounds, especially when inhaled by way of dust into the lungs, pose a more serious exposure hazard. After entering the bloodstream, the absorbed uranium tends to bioaccumulate and stay for many years in bone tissue because of uranium's affinity for phosphates. Uranium is not absorbed through the skin, and alpha particles released by uranium cannot penetrate the skin.

Question: What happens to a majority of ingested uranium?
Answer: excreted

Question: Up to what percentage of uranyl ion can be absorbed when ingested?
Answer: 5%

Question: About what percentage of uranium oxide is absorbed when ingested?
Answer: 0.5%

Question: What does uranium have an affinity for?
Answer: phosphates

Question: Where does uranium accumulate in the body?
Answer: bone tissue
Title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors, as well as on nominations from within the United Kingdom. As the Empire evolved into the Commonwealth, nominations continued to come from the Commonwealth realms, in which the monarch remained head of state. These overseas nominations have been discontinued in realms that have established their own Orders—such as the Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit—but members of the Order are still appointed in the British Overseas Territories.

Question: How were the appointments to the Order of the British Empire made?
Answer: nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors

Question: What remained the head of state of the British Empire?
Answer: the monarch

Question: What evolved as the Commonwealth nominations continued?
Answer: Empire

Question: Why did the oversea nominations discontinue?
Answer: established their own Orders

Question: What countries established new orders?
Answer: Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit
Title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry could wear an emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge. It could not be awarded posthumously and was effectively replaced in 1974 with the Queen's Gallantry Medal. If recipients of the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry received promotion within the Order, whether for gallantry or otherwise, they continued to wear also the insignia of the lower grade with the oak leaves. However, they only used the post-nominal letters of the higher grade.

Question: Who could wear a emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves?
Answer: Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry

Question: What year was it replaced?
Answer: 1974

Question: What was the emblem?
Answer: two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge

Question: What kind of medal was replaced in 1974?
Answer: Queen's Gallantry Medal

Question: They continued to wear what the insignia of what?
Answer: lower grade with the oak leaves
Title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where Queen Elizabeth II is not Head of State, and may permit use of post-nominal letters but not the title of Sir or Dame. Occasionally honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame - Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. Honorary appointees who later become a citizen of a Commonwealth realm can convert their appointment from honorary to substantive, then enjoy all privileges of membership of the order including use of the title of Sir and Dame for the senior two ranks of the Order. An example is Irish broadcaster Terry Wogan, who was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Order in 2005 and on successful application for dual British and Irish citizenship was made a substantive member and subsequently styled as "Sir Terry Wogan KBE".

Question: Who are appointed to citizens of nations?
Answer: Honorary knighthoods

Question: Where was Queen Elizabeth ll not Head of State?
Answer: citizens of nations

Question: What is honorary appointees are incorrectly referred to?
Answer: Sir or Dame

Question: Who are examples of Sir of Dame?
Answer: Bill Gates or Bob Geldof

Question: What is an example of irish broadcaster?
Answer: Terry Wogan
Title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

The Order has six officials: the Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher. The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Order's Prelate. The Dean of St Paul's is ex officio the Dean of the Order. The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod; he does not – unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod – perform any duties related to the House of Lords.

Question: Who are the six officials of The Order?
Answer: Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher

Question: Who was The Dean of St. Paul?
Answer: ex officio the Dean of the Order

Question: Who serves as the Order's Prelate?
Answer: The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England

Question: Who is not a member of the College of Arms?
Answer: The Order's King of Arms

Question: What is the Usher of the Order?
Answer: Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod
Title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

Appointments to the Order of the British Empire were discontinued in those Commonwealth realms that established a national system of honours and awards such as the Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit. In many of these systems, the different levels of award and honour reflect the Imperial system they replaced. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand all have (in increasing level of precedence) Members of, Officers of, and Companions to (rather than Commanders of) their respective orders, with both Australia and New Zealand having Knights and Dames as their highest classes.

Question: Who was discontinued in the Commonwealth realms?
Answer: Appointments to the Order of the British Empire

Question: Who established a national system of honours and awards?
Answer: Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit

Question: How were the different levels of award and honour reflected the imperial system?
Answer: Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

Question: What were the highest class?
Answer: Knights and Dames
Title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965. John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order: "Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE [status] received theirs for heroism in the war – for killing people… We received ours for entertaining other people. I'd say we deserve ours more." Lennon later returned his MBE insignia on 25 November 1969 as part of his ongoing peace protests. Other criticism centres on the claim that many recipients of the Order are being rewarded with honours for simply doing their jobs; critics claim that the civil service and judiciary receive far more orders and honours than leaders of other professions.

Question: Who were MBE'S?
Answer: The members of The Beatles

Question: In what year was the Beatles made MBE's?
Answer: 1965

Question: Who compared military membership in the Order?
Answer: John Lennon

Question: Who said "lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE received thris for heroism in the war.
Answer: John Lennon

Question: When did John Lennon return his MBE insignia?
Answer: 25 November 1969
Title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is the "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy", rewarding contributions to the arts and sciences, work with charitable and welfare organisations and public service outside the Civil Service. It was established on 4 June 1917 by King George V, and comprises five classes, in civil and military divisions, the most senior two of which make the recipient either a knight if male, or dame if female. There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order.

Question: Who was the most excellent Order of the British Empire?
Answer: order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy

Question: When was the order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy established?
Answer: 4 June 1917

Question: Who rewarded contributions to the arts and sciences?
Answer: "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy

Question: Who established the chivalry of british constiutional monarchy?
Answer: King George V

Question: Who is the recipient?
Answer: knight if male, or dame if female
Title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

At the foundation of the Order, the "Medal of the Order of the British Empire" was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the "British Empire Medal". It stopped being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the 1993 reforms to the honours system, but was again awarded beginning in 2012, starting with 293 BEMs awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. In addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. In 2004, a report entitled "A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System" by a Commons committee recommended to phase out the Order of the British Empire, as its title was "now considered to be unacceptable, being thought to embody values that are no longer shared by many of the country’s population".

Question: What was instituted to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation?
Answer: Medal of the Order of the British Empire

Question: What was the medal renamed as?
Answer: British Empire Medal

Question: In what year was the Medal of the Order of the British Empire established?
Answer: 1922

Question: When was it stopped being rewarded?
Answer: 1993

Question: How many BEM's were awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee?
Answer: 293
Title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

From 1940, the Sovereign could appoint a person as a Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallantry for acts of bravery (not in the face of the enemy) below the level required for the George Medal. The grade was determined by the same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry (and with more junior people instead receiving the British Empire Medal). Oddly, this meant that it was awarded for lesser acts of gallantry than the George Medal, but, as an Order, was worn before it and listed before it in post-nominal initials. From 14 January 1958, these awards were designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry.

Question: From what year could the Sovereign appoint a person as Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire?
Answer: 1940

Question: Of what acts did the Members of the Order of the British Empire appoint?
Answer: below the level required for the George Medal

Question: When was the awards designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry?
Answer: 14 January 1958

Question: What grade was determined?
Answer: same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry
Title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix Dame, to their forenames.[b] Wives of Knights may prefix Lady to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Knights or spouses of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland do not use the title Sir or Dame as they do not receive the accolade (i.e., they are not dubbed "knight" with a sword), although they do append the post-nominal letters.

Question: Who would prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross?
Answer: Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander

Question: Who would prefix Dame, to their forenames?
Answer: Dames Grand Cross

Question: Who would prefix Lady to their surnames?
Answer: Wives of Knights

Question: Such forms are not used by whom?
Answer: peers and princes

Question: Who wouldn't use the title Sir of Dame?
Answer: Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland
Title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

India, while remaining an active member of the Commonwealth, chose as a republic to institute its own set of honours awarded by the President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain. These are commonly referred to as the Padma Awards and consist of Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri in descending order. These do not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person and may not be used as titles along with individuals' names.

Question: Who has set honours awarded by the President of India?
Answer: India

Question: What is referred to as the Padma Awards?
Answer: President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain

Question: Who holds a republican position some consider to monarch of Britain?
Answer: President of India

Question: What does the Padma Awards consist of?
Answer: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri

Question: What does not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person?
Answer: Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri
Title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. Foreign recipients, as honorary members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Although the Order of the British Empire has by far the highest number of members of the British Orders of Chivalry, with over 100,000 living members worldwide, there are fewer appointments to knighthoods than in other orders.

Question: How many Knights are in The Order?
Answer: 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross

Question: How many commanders are in The Order?
Answer: 8,960

Question: How many Knights and Dames Commander?
Answer: 845

Question: How many officers and members maybe be appointed per year?
Answer: 858 Officers and 1,464 Members

Question: Who has the highest numbers of the British Orders of Chivalry?
Answer: Order of the British Empire
Title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

Members of all classes of the Order are assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of Ladies of the Order, however, are not assigned any special precedence. As a general rule, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives (see order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions).

Question: What are the Members of classes of the Order assigned to?
Answer: positions in the order of precedence

Question: Who of the male members feature on the order?
Answer: Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law

Question: Who are not assigned any special precedence?
Answer: relatives of Ladies of the Order

Question: Who can individuals derive precedence from?
Answer: fathers or husbands

Question: Who can individuals can not derive precedence from?
Answer: mothers or wives
Title: Age_of_Enlightenment

French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons and coffee houses, and through printed books and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the church, and paved the way for the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment.

Question: What year did the Enlightenment begin according to French historians?
Answer: 1715

Question: Recent historians begin the period of Enlightenment in the 1620's which was also the start of what revolution?
Answer: scientific revolution

Question: A variety of movements such as liberalism and neoclassicism's intellectual heritage can be traced back to what period of time?
Answer: the Enlightenment.

Question: What was the French term for philosophers in the period of Enlightenment?
Answer: The Philosophes

Question: In what year did Louis XIV die?
Answer: 1715

Question: In what year did the French Revolution begin?
Answer: 1789

Question: In what decade did the scientific revolution begin?
Answer: 1620s