rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Education

Informal learning is one of three forms of learning defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Informal learning occurs in a variety of places, such as at home, work, and through daily interactions and shared relationships among members of society. For many learners this includes language acquisition, cultural norms and manners. Informal learning for young people is an ongoing process that also occurs in a variety of places, such as out of school time, in youth programs at community centers and media labs.

Question: Who defines informal learning?
Answer: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Question: Where does informal learning occur?
Answer: home, work, and through daily interactions

Question: What does informal leaning usually consist of amongst people who take this route of learning?
Answer: language acquisition, cultural norms and manners
Title: Education

Informal learning usually takes place outside educational establishments, does not follow a specified curriculum and may originate accidentally, sporadically, in association with certain occasions, from changing practical requirements. It is not necessarily planned to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects, but rather unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management and fitness for life. It is experienced directly in its "natural" function of everyday life and is often spontaneous.

Question: Where does informal learning usually take place?
Answer: outside educational establishments

Question: What is not necessary for informal learning?
Answer: to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects

Question: What falls under the informal learning umbrella?
Answer: unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management
Title: Education

The concept of 'education through recreation' was applied to childhood development in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, the concept was broadened to include young adults but the emphasis was on physical activities. L.P. Jacks, also an early proponent of lifelong learning, described education through recreation: "A master in the art of living draws no sharp distinction between his work and his play, his labour and his leisure, his mind and his body, his education and his recreation. He hardly knows which is which. He simply pursues his vision of excellence through whatever he is doing and leaves others to determine whether he is working or playing. To himself he always seems to be doing both. Enough for him that he does it well." Education through recreation is the opportunity to learn in a seamless fashion through all of life's activities. The concept has been revived by the University of Western Ontario to teach anatomy to medical students.

Question: When was the 'education through recreation" applied to childhood?
Answer: 19th century

Question: When was the concept of 'education through recreation' changed and expanded?
Answer: 20th century

Question: What changed when the concept was broadened?
Answer: to include young adults
Title: Education

Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is a contemplative, absorbing process, of "learning on your own" or "by yourself", or as a self-teacher. Some autodidacts spend a great deal of time reviewing the resources of libraries and educational websites. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one's life. While some may have been informed in a conventional manner in a particular field, they may choose to inform themselves in other, often unrelated areas. Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln (U.S. president), Srinivasa Ramanujan (mathematician), Michael Faraday (chemist and physicist), Charles Darwin (naturalist), Thomas Alva Edison (inventor), Tadao Ando (architect), George Bernard Shaw (playwright), Frank Zappa (composer, recording engineer, film director), and Leonardo da Vinci (engineer, scientist, mathematician).

Question: What does Auto didacticism generally mean?
Answer: learning on your own

Question: When can you become an Autodidact?
Answer: any point in one's life

Question: Which famous U.S president was a Autodidact?
Answer: Abraham Lincoln

Question: Which famous inventor was a Autodidact?
Answer: Thomas Alva Edison
Title: Education

In 2012, the modern use of electronic educational technology (also called e-learning) had grown at 14 times the rate of traditional learning.[clarification needed] Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education, for many reasons such as its efficiency and results compared to traditional methods. Cost of education has been an issue throughout history, and a major political issue in most countries today. Online courses often can be more expensive than face-to-face classes. Out of 182 colleges surveyed in 2009 nearly half said tuition for online courses was higher than for campus based ones. Many large university institutions are now starting to offer free or almost free full courses such as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX. Other universities offering open education are Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Edinburgh, U. Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington, and Caltech. It has been called the biggest change in the way we learn since the printing press. Despite favorable studies on effectiveness, many people may still desire to choose traditional campus education for social and cultural reasons.

Question: In what year did e-learning jump 14 times over traditional leaning?
Answer: 2012

Question: Which form of education looks to be the dominant form i the coming years?
Answer: Open education

Question: What has been a constant issue with education for as long as education has been around itself?
Answer: Cost of education

Question: Which type of schooling can be most expensive?
Answer: Online courses
Title: Education

The conventional merit-system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities, although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom. Presently, many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certificate. Due to the popularity of open education, these new kind of academic certificates are gaining more respect and equal "academic value" to traditional degrees. Many open universities are working to have the ability to offer students standardized testing and traditional degrees and credentials. A culture is beginning to form around distance learning for people who are looking to social connections enjoyed on traditional campuses. For example, students may create study groups, meetups and movements such as UnCollege.

Question: What is not as common in open education?
Answer: merit-system degree

Question: Which University offers conventional degrees? 
Answer: Open University in the United Kingdom

Question: What do most open education sources offer?
Answer: own form of certificate
Title: Education

Universal Primary Education is one of the eight international Millennium Development Goals, towards which progress has been made in the past decade, though barriers still remain. Securing charitable funding from prospective donors is one particularly persistent problem. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have indicated that the main obstacles to funding for education include conflicting donor priorities, an immature aid architecture, and a lack of evidence and advocacy for the issue. Additionally, Transparency International has identified corruption in the education sector as a major stumbling block to achieving Universal Primary Education in Africa. Furthermore, demand in the developing world for improved educational access is not as high as foreigners have expected. Indigenous governments are reluctant to take on the ongoing costs involved. There is also economic pressure from some parents, who prefer their children to earn money in the short term rather than work towards the long-term benefits of education.[citation needed]

Question: What does Universal Primary Education belong to?
Answer: international Millennium Development Goals

Question: What is one issue that hurts Universal Primary Education?
Answer: charitable funding

Question: Which organization has discovered corruption in the educator sector?
Answer: Transparency International
Title: Education

Similarities — in systems or even in ideas — that schools share internationally have led to an increase in international student exchanges. The European Socrates-Erasmus Program facilitates exchanges across European universities. The Soros Foundation provides many opportunities for students from central Asia and eastern Europe. Programs such as the International Baccalaureate have contributed to the internationalization of education. The global campus online, led by American universities, allows free access to class materials and lecture files recorded during the actual classes.

Question: What has come from similarities in systems?
Answer: increase in international student exchanges

Question: Which programfacilitates the exchange students across Europe?
Answer: The European Socrates-Erasmus Program

Question: Which group provides opportunities for Eastern Europe and Asia exchange students?
Answer: The Soros Foundation
Title: Education

Research into LCPS (low cost private schools) found that over 5 years to July 2013, debate around LCPSs to achieving Education for All (EFA) objectives was polarised and finding growing coverage in international policy. The polarisation was due to disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor, reach disadvantaged groups, provide quality education, support or undermine equality, and are financially sustainable. The report examined the main challenges encountered by development organisations which support LCPSs. Surveys suggest these types of schools are expanding across Africa and Asia. This success is attributed to excess demand. These surveys found concern for:

Question: What does LCPS stand for?
Answer: low cost private schools

Question: What was the reason for the polarisation for affordable schooling?
Answer: disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor

Question: Where are these types of school spreading across?
Answer: Africa and Asia
Title: Education

Some claim that there is education inequality because children did not exceed the education of their parents. This education inequality is then associated with income inequality. Although critical thinking is a goal of education, criticism and blame are often the unintended by products of our current educational process. Students often blame their teachers and their textbooks, despite the availability of libraries and the internet. When someone tries to improve education, the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude. Better by products of an educational system would be gratitude and determination.

Question: What are some of the claims being pointed towards education inequality?
Answer: children did not exceed the education of their parents

Question: Who do students often blame for their education short comings?
Answer: teachers and their textbooks

Question: What happens when someone tries to improve education?
Answer: the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude
Title: Education

Developed countries have people with more resources (housing, food, transportation, water and sewage treatment, hospitals, health care, libraries, books, media, schools, the internet, education, etc.) than most of the world's population. One merely needs to see through travel or the media how many people in the undeveloped countries live to sense this. However, one can also use economic data to gain some insight into this. Yet criticism and blame are common among people in the developed countries.

Question: What is the discrepancy between Developed and less developed countries?
Answer: Developed countries have people with more resources

Question: What resources do developed countries have better access to?
Answer: housing, food, transportation

Question: What is common in developed countries?
Answer: criticism and blame
Title: Education

Gratitude for all these resources and the determination to develop oneself would be more productive than criticism and blame because the resources are readily available and because, if you blame others, there is no need for you to do something different tomorrow or for you to change and improve. Where there is a will, there is a way. People in developed countries have the will and the way to do many things that they want to do. They sometimes need more determination and will to improve and to educate themselves with the resources that are abundantly available. They occasionally need more gratitude for the resources they have, including their teachers and their textbooks. The entire internet is also available to supplement these teachers and textbooks.

Question: What is one good trait about students from developed countries?
Answer: have the will and the way to do many things

Question: What use of technology can greatly supplement how teachers teach in the classroom?
Answer: internet

Question: What do students also need occasionally before putting blame on teachers?
Answer: gratitude for the resources they have
Title: Education

Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. Educational psychology is concerned with the processes of educational attainment in the general population and in sub-populations such as gifted children and those with specific disabilities.

Question: What is the meaning of Education psychology?
Answer: the study of how humans learn in educational settings

Question: What is also used interchangeably  with Education psychology?
Answer: school psychology

Question: Who are likely to be identified as educational psychologist?
Answer: researchers and theorists

Question: What is educational psychology concerned with?
Answer: the processes of educational attainment
Title: Education

Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialties within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks (Lucas, Blazek, & Raley, 2006).

Question: How can Educational psychology in part be understood?
Answer: through its relationship with other disciplines

Question: How is the method of educational psychology have some relation to medicine and biology?
Answer: discipline analogous

Question: Where does education psychology draw from?
Answer: contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences

Question: In universities where are the departments of educational psychology normally held?
Answer: faculties of education
Title: Education

Intelligence is an important factor in how the individual responds to education. Those who have higher intelligence tend to perform better at school and go on to higher levels of education. This effect is also observable in the opposite direction, in that education increases measurable intelligence. Studies have shown that while educational attainment is important in predicting intelligence in later life, intelligence at 53 is more closely correlated to intelligence at 8 years old than to educational attainment.

Question: What is important for a student in education?
Answer: Intelligence

Question: What does education increase in a student?
Answer: measurable intelligence

Question: What is intelligence at 53 more closely related to?
Answer: intelligence at 8
Title: Education

Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Keirsey Temperament Sorter, based on the works of Jung, focus on understanding how people's personality affects the way they interact personally, and how this affects the way individuals respond to each other within the learning environment. The work of David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's Type Delineator follows a similar but more simplified approach.

Question: Who focused on identifying stimuli that can influence learning?
Answer: Dunn

Question: Who also along with Dunn recommended other teaching studies?
Answer: Joseph Renzulli

Question: Who created the Type Delineator?
Answer: David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's
Title: Education

Some theories propose that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities, while others suggest that individuals may have preferred learning styles, learning more easily through visual or kinesthetic experiences. A consequence of the latter theory is that effective teaching should present a variety of teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities so that different students have equal opportunities to learn in a way that is effective for them. Guy Claxton has questioned the extent that learning styles such as Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic(VAK) are helpful, particularly as they can have a tendency to label children and therefore restrict learning. Recent research has argued "there is no adequate evidence base to justify incorporating learning styles assessments into general educational practice."

Question: What do some theories believe?
Answer: that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities

Question: What should be included in effective teaching?
Answer: teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities
Title: Education

As an academic field, philosophy of education is "the philosophical study of education and its problems (...) its central subject matter is education, and its methods are those of philosophy". "The philosophy of education may be either the philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education. That is, it may be part of the discipline in the sense of being concerned with the aims, forms, methods, or results of the process of educating or being educated; or it may be metadisciplinary in the sense of being concerned with the concepts, aims, and methods of the discipline." As such, it is both part of the field of education and a field of applied philosophy, drawing from fields of metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches (speculative, prescriptive, and/or analytic) to address questions in and about pedagogy, education policy, and curriculum, as well as the process of learning, to name a few. For example, it might study what constitutes upbringing and education, the values and norms revealed through upbringing and educational practices, the limits and legitimization of education as an academic discipline, and the relation between education theory and practice.

Question: What can Philosophy education be when we talk about the process?
Answer: philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education

Question: What defines Philosophy education?
Answer: the philosophical study of education and its problems

Question: What fields make up field education and a field applied philosophy?
Answer: metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches
Title: Education

Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be called teachers, instructors, or professors, depending on the type of institution; and they primarily teach only their specific discipline. Studies from the United States suggest that the quality of teachers is the single most important factor affecting student performance, and that countries which score highly on international tests have multiple policies in place to ensure that the teachers they employ are as effective as possible. With the passing of NCLB in the United States (No Child Left Behind), teachers must be highly qualified. A popular way to gauge teaching performance is to use student evaluations of teachers (SETS), but these evaluations have been criticized for being counterproductive to learning and inaccurate due to student bias.

Question: What is another term used for instructors?
Answer: teachers

Question: What are the main subjects that are covered by the instructor?
Answer: reading, writing, mathematics, science and history

Question: In the United States what is considered the single most important factor in a child's education?
Answer: quality of teachers
Title: Education

It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of "human capital". Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions and the role of cognitive skills.

Question: What is the theory behind Empirical analyses?
Answer: poor countries should grow faster than rich countries

Question: What has been argued about high rates in education?
Answer: essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth

Question: What is greatly needed with technology transfer when it relates to education?
Answer: requires knowledgeable managers and engineers
Title: Education

At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling. Some students who have indicated a high potential for learning, by testing with a high intelligence quotient, may not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties.[citation needed]

Question: Literature on how earnings and how it relates to schooling was greatly influenced by who?
Answer: Jacob Mincer

Question: This view of how schooling and earnings has sparked a lot of studies, but what else has it brought up?
Answer: is also controversial

Question: What was one of the main concerns of this literature on how schooling and earnings?
Answer: not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties