rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: God

St. Anselm's approach was to define God as, "that than which nothing greater can be conceived". Famed pantheist philosopher Baruch Spinoza would later carry this idea to its extreme: "By God I understand a being absolutely infinite, i.e., a substance consisting of infinite attributes, of which each one expresses an eternal and infinite essence." For Spinoza, the whole of the natural universe is made of one substance, God, or its equivalent, Nature. His proof for the existence of God was a variation of the Ontological argument.

Question: How did St. Anselm define the existence of God?
Answer: "that than which nothing greater can be conceived"

Question: Who said that God is "a substance consisting of infinite attributes"?
Answer: Baruch Spinoza

Question: What did Baruch Spinoza use as proof for the existence of God?
Answer: a variation of the Ontological argument

Question: What did Spinoza believe the world was made of?
Answer: one substance, God, or its equivalent, Nature

Question: Who defined god as "that than which nothing greater can be conceived"?
Answer: St. Anselm

Question: Name a famous pantheist?
Answer: Baruch Spinoza

Question: What was Spinoza's concept of God?
Answer: infinite

Question: Spinoza believed that the universe was made up of one substance which is?
Answer: God
Title: God

Some findings in the fields of cosmology, evolutionary biology and neuroscience are interpreted by atheists (including Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris) as evidence that God is an imaginary entity only, with no basis in reality. A single, omniscient God who is imagined to have created the universe and is particularly attentive to the lives of humans has been imagined, embellished and promulgated in a trans-generational manner. Richard Dawkins interprets various findings not only as a lack of evidence for the material existence of such a God but extensive evidence to the contrary.

Question: How does Dawkins interpret evidence for or against the existence of God?
Answer: a lack of evidence for the material existence

Question: What do atheists believe of God?
Answer: an imaginary entity only

Question: How long has the thought of the existence of God been carried on?
Answer: trans-generational

Question: How does Dawkins interpret his findings on the existence, or not, of God.
Answer: a lack of evidence for the material existence of such a God

Question: Who believes God isn't real?
Answer: Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris
Title: God

According to the Omnipotence paradox or 'Paradox of the Stone', can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it? Either he can or he can’t. If he can’t, the argument goes, then there is something that he cannot do, namely create the stone, and therefore he is not omnipotent. If he can, it continues, then there is also something that he cannot do, namely lift the stone, and therefore he is not omnipotent. Either way, then, God is not omnipotent. A being that is not omnipotent, though, is not God, according to many theological models. Such a God, therefore, does not exist. Several answers to this paradox have been proposed.

Question: What is the Omnipotence paradox?
Answer: can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it

Question: What is another term for the Omnipotence paradox?
Answer: Paradox of the Stone

Question: Does either outcome of the Paradox of the Stone prove the existence of God?
Answer: God is not omnipotent. A being that is not omnipotent, though, is not God

Question: What shows God is not omnipotent if he creates a stone that he cannot lift?
Answer: there is something that he cannot do

Question: What must God be, in order to be a Supreme Being?
Answer: omnipotent

Question: What paradox states that if a god can't create a stone so heavy he can't lift it?
Answer: Paradox of the Stone

Question: What does the Paradox of the Stone posit?
Answer: he is not omnipotent

Question: What does it mean if a God is not omnipotent?
Answer: is not God

Question: Are there any answers to the Pradox of the Stone?
Answer: Several
Title: God

Different religious traditions assign differing (though often similar) attributes and characteristics to God, including expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature. The assignment of these attributes often differs according to the conceptions of God in the culture from which they arise. For example, attributes of God in Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism share certain similarities arising from their common roots.

Question: What do religions share across their belief structures?
Answer: similarities arising from their common roots

Question: What are some religious traditions that are found within differing religions?
Answer: expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature

Question: Who does Christianity share roots with?
Answer: attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism

Question: How many Attributes of Mercy are in Judaism?
Answer: Thirteen

Question: What three religions share similar parts?
Answer: God in Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism

Question: What three religions share similar beginnings?
Answer: Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism

Question: What attributes do religions all roughly share?
Answer: expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature
Title: God

The gender of God may be viewed as either a literal or an allegorical aspect of a deity who, in classical western philosophy, transcends bodily form. Polytheistic religions commonly attribute to each of the gods a gender, allowing each to interact with any of the others, and perhaps with humans, sexually. In most monotheistic religions, God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually. Thus, in classical western philosophy the gender of this one-and-only deity is most likely to be an analogical statement of how humans and God address, and relate to, each other. Namely, God is seen as begetter of the world and revelation which corresponds to the active (as opposed to the receptive) role in sexual intercourse.

Question: How is sex by God handled in a monotheistic religion?
Answer: God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually

Question: How do polytheistic religions view sex by God or gods?
Answer: attribute to each of the gods a gender, allowing each to interact with any of the others, and perhaps with humans, sexually

Question: What is God's role in the creation of the world?
Answer: begetter

Question: In what ways can the gender of God be viewed?
Answer: literal or an allegorical aspect

Question: What do polytheistic religions assign to their gods?
Answer: gender

Question: What role does got serve in a sexual intercourse?
Answer: the active (as opposed to the receptive) role

Question: In which type of religion does God have no sexual partner?
Answer: monotheistic
Title: God

Prayer plays a significant role among many believers. Muslims believe that the purpose of existence is to worship God. He is viewed as a personal God and there are no intermediaries, such as clergy, to contact God. Prayer often also includes supplication and asking forgiveness. God is often believed to be forgiving. For example, a hadith states God would replace a sinless people with one who sinned but still asked repentance. Christian theologian Alister McGrath writes that there are good reasons to suggest that a "personal god" is integral to the Christian outlook, but that one has to understand it is an analogy. "To say that God is like a person is to affirm the divine ability and willingness to relate to others. This does not imply that God is human, or located at a specific point in the universe."

Question: What is a muslims life purpose?
Answer: to worship God

Question: What type of God is the Muslim God?
Answer: a personal God

Question: What aspect does Alister McGrath argue is important in Christianity?
Answer: a "personal god"

Question: What does prayer usually include in Islam?
Answer: forgiveness

Question: What type of God is the Muslim God?
Answer: forgiving
Title: God

Adherents of different religions generally disagree as to how to best worship God and what is God's plan for mankind, if there is one. There are different approaches to reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions. One view is taken by exclusivists, who believe they are the chosen people or have exclusive access to absolute truth, generally through revelation or encounter with the Divine, which adherents of other religions do not. Another view is religious pluralism. A pluralist typically believes that his religion is the right one, but does not deny the partial truth of other religions. An example of a pluralist view in Christianity is supersessionism, i.e., the belief that one's religion is the fulfillment of previous religions. A third approach is relativistic inclusivism, where everybody is seen as equally right; an example being universalism: the doctrine that salvation is eventually available for everyone. A fourth approach is syncretism, mixing different elements from different religions. An example of syncretism is the New Age movement.

Question: Who believe they are the one and only chosen few?
Answer: exclusivists

Question: Who believe that they are the only people that know the truth?
Answer: exclusivists

Question: What is one called that believes he has the one religion, but that the others aren't necessarily wrong?
Answer: pluralism

Question: What is it called when someone belives that their own religion is an advancement of older religions?
Answer: supersessionism

Question: What is a religion that believes that all religions are correct?
Answer: universalism
Title: God

Many medieval philosophers developed arguments for the existence of God, while attempting to comprehend the precise implications of God's attributes. Reconciling some of those attributes generated important philosophical problems and debates. For example, God's omniscience may seem to imply that God knows how free agents will choose to act. If God does know this, their ostensible free will might be illusory, or foreknowledge does not imply predestination, and if God does not know it, God may not be omniscient.

Question: What does it mean if God can't predict the future?
Answer: God may not be omniscient.

Question: Who posited the existence of God?
Answer: medieval philosophers

Question: What philosophical debates arose in the middle ages?
Answer: God's omniscience
Title: God

The last centuries of philosophy have seen vigorous questions regarding the arguments for God's existence raised by such philosophers as Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew, although Kant held that the argument from morality was valid. The theist response has been either to contend, as does Alvin Plantinga, that faith is "properly basic", or to take, as does Richard Swinburne, the evidentialist position. Some theists agree that none of the arguments for God's existence are compelling, but argue that faith is not a product of reason, but requires risk. There would be no risk, they say, if the arguments for God's existence were as solid as the laws of logic, a position summed up by Pascal as "the heart has reasons of which reason does not know." A recent theory using concepts from physics and neurophysiology proposes that God can be conceptualized within the theory of integrative level.

Question: How does Alvin Plantinga describe faith?
Answer: "properly basic"

Question: Who stated "the heart has reasons of which reason does not know"?
Answer: Pascal

Question: Which philosopher takes the evidentialist position?
Answer: Richard Swinburne

Question: Name three philosophers of the last 100 years arguing for the existence of God?
Answer: Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew
Title: War_on_Terror

On 16 September 2001, at Camp David, President George W. Bush used the phrase war on terrorism in an unscripted and controversial comment when he said, "This crusade – this war on terrorism – is going to take a while, ... " Bush later apologized for this remark due to the negative connotations the term crusade has to people, e.g. of Muslim faith. The word crusade was not used again. On 20 September 2001, during a televised address to a joint session of congress, Bush stated that, "(o)ur 'war on terror' begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated."

Question: When did George W. Bush first say 'war on terrorism'?
Answer: 16 September 2001

Question: Which word did George W. Bush apologize for using when talking about the war?
Answer: crusade

Question: When did George W. Bush first say 'war on terror'?
Answer: 20 September 2001

Question: Where did Bush say the 'war on terror' begins?
Answer: with al-Qaeda

Question: When did Bush say the 'war on terror' ends?
Answer: every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated
Title: War_on_Terror

U.S. President Barack Obama has rarely used the term, but in his inaugural address on 20 January 2009, he stated "Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred." In March 2009 the Defense Department officially changed the name of operations from "Global War on Terror" to "Overseas Contingency Operation" (OCO). In March 2009, the Obama administration requested that Pentagon staff members avoid use of the term, instead using "Overseas Contingency Operation". Basic objectives of the Bush administration "war on terror", such as targeting al Qaeda and building international counterterrorism alliances, remain in place. In December 2012, Jeh Johnson, the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, stated that the military fight will be replaced by a law enforcement operation when speaking at Oxford University, predicting that al Qaeda will be so weakened to be ineffective, and has been "effectively destroyed", and thus the conflict will not be an armed conflict under international law. In May 2013, Obama stated that the goal is "to dismantle specific networks of violent extremists that threaten America"; which coincided with the U.S. Office of Management and Budget having changed the wording from "Overseas Contingency Operations" to "Countering Violent Extremism" in 2010.

Question: What did Obama say the US is at war with, in 2009?
Answer: a far-reaching network of violence and hatred

Question: What was the "Global War on Terror" officially renamed to in March 2009?
Answer: Overseas Contingency Operation

Question: What term did Obama want the government to stop using?
Answer: war on terror

Question: Who said in 2012 that the fight would change from military to law enforcement?
Answer: Jeh Johnson

Question: What was the  "Overseas Contingency Operations" renamed to in 2010?
Answer: Countering Violent Extremism
Title: War_on_Terror

Because the actions involved in the "war on terrorism" are diffuse, and the criteria for inclusion are unclear, political theorist Richard Jackson has argued that "the 'war on terrorism' therefore, is simultaneously a set of actual practices—wars, covert operations, agencies, and institutions—and an accompanying series of assumptions, beliefs, justifications, and narratives—it is an entire language or discourse." Jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that "the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage". Administration officials also described "terrorists" as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, mad, twisted, perverted, without faith, parasitical, inhuman, and, most commonly, evil. Americans, in contrast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights.

Question: Who said the 'war on terrorism' is 'an entire language of discourse'?
Answer: Richard Jackson

Question: Who said that 9/11 drew a line between 'the civil and the savage'?
Answer: John Ashcroft

Question: What did the Bush administration describe as parasitical?
Answer: terrorists

Question: What did the Bush administration describe as heroic?
Answer: Americans
Title: War_on_Terror

The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 1979 – February 1989). The United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China supported the Islamist Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. A small number of "Afghan Arab" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban had seized power earlier in the year. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatwā, as head of al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel, later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West.

Question: Which war gave birth to al-Qaeda?
Answer: the Soviet war in Afghanistan

Question: When did the Soviets leave Afghanistan?
Answer: February 1989

Question: Which countries supported Afghan islamists against the Soviets?
Answer: United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China

Question: Who did Osama bin Laden volunteer to help fight in the 80s?
Answer: Soviets

Question: Which group later became al-Qaeda?
Answer: World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders
Title: War_on_Terror

On 7 August 1998, al-Qaeda struck the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people, including 12 Americans. In retaliation, U.S. President Bill Clinton launched Operation Infinite Reach, a bombing campaign in Sudan and Afghanistan against targets the U.S. asserted were associated with WIFJAJC, although others have questioned whether a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan was used as a chemical warfare plant. The plant produced much of the region's antimalarial drugs and around 50% of Sudan's pharmaceutical needs. The strikes failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or the Taliban.

Question: When did al-Qaeda attack the US embassy in Kenya?
Answer: 7 August 1998

Question: How many people were killed when al-Qaeda attacked US embassies in 1998?
Answer: 224

Question: How many Americans were killed when al-Qaeda attacked US embassies in 1998?
Answer: 12

Question: What operation did Bill Clinton start to retaliate for the 1998 embassy attacks?
Answer: Operation Infinite Reach

Question: How much of Sudan's medicines were produced by a pharmaceutical plant Clinton's operation bombed?
Answer: around 50%
Title: War_on_Terror

On the morning of 11 September 2001, 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners all bound for California. Once the hijackers assumed control of the airliners, they told the passengers that they had the bomb on board and would spare the lives of passengers and crew once their demands were met – no passenger and crew actually suspected that they would use the airliners as suicide weapons since it had never happened before in history. The hijackers – members of al-Qaeda's Hamburg cell – intentionally crashed two airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Both buildings collapsed within two hours from fire damage related to the crashes, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, just outside Washington D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington D.C., to target the White House, or the U.S. Capitol. No flights had survivors. A total of 2,977 victims and the 19 hijackers perished in the attacks.

Question: How many planes were hijacked on 9/11?
Answer: four

Question: Which al-Qaeda cell were the 9/11 hijackers members of?
Answer: Hamburg

Question: Where were the 9/11 planes originally going?
Answer: California

Question: How many al-Qaeda operatives hijacked planes on 9/11?
Answer: 19

Question: How soon after planes crashed into them did the WTC towers collapse?
Answer: within two hours
Title: War_on_Terror

The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists or "AUMF" was made law on 14 September 2001, to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001. It authorized the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on 11 September 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons. Congress declares this is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973.

Question: What law was signed on Sep 14, 2001?
Answer: Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists

Question: Who did the AUMF authorize the US military attacking?
Answer: those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001

Question: What law did Congress refer to as a basic for the AUMF?
Answer: section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution

Question: When was the War Powers Resolution passed?
Answer: 1973
Title: War_on_Terror

Subsequently, in October 2001, U.S. forces (with UK and coalition allies) invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On 7 October 2001, the official invasion began with British and U.S. forces conducting airstrike campaigns over enemy targets. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In December, Coalition forces (the U.S. and its allies) fought within that region. It is believed that Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle.

Question: When did the US invade Afghanistan?
Answer: October 2001

Question: Who helped the US invade Afghanistan?
Answer: UK and coalition allies

Question: What was the goal of the US invading Afghanistan?
Answer: oust the Taliban regime

Question: When did the US begin airstrikes on Afghanistan?
Answer: 7 October 2001

Question: Where did bin Laden escape to in Dec 2001?
Answer: Pakistan