rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Portugal

Portugal has the largest aquarium in Europe, the Lisbon Oceanarium, and the Portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation, like the state agency Ciência Viva, a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population, the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium.

Question: What is the name of the largest European aquarium?
Answer: Lisbon Oceanarium

Question: What does the state agency Ciencia Viva promote?
Answer: scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population

Question: What are some examples of notable organizations focused on scientific exhibitions?
Answer: Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium
Title: Portugal

With the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific, technological and knowledge-based businesses, Portugal started to develop several science parks across the country. These include the Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal), Sines Tecnopolo (in Sines), Tecmaia (in Maia) and Parkurbis (in Covilhã). Companies locate in the Portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support.

Question: What was responsible for creating thousands of scientific, technological, and knowledge-based businesses?
Answer: the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world

Question: What are some examples of the science parks being built in Portugal?
Answer: Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal)

Question: For what reason to companies locate in the Portuguese science parks?
Answer: take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support
Title: Portugal

Portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power, the two most cost-effective renewable sources. Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a trend towards the development of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both consumption and use of fossil fuel resources. In 2006, the world's largest solar power plant at that date, the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station, began operating near Moura, in the south, while the world's first commercial wave power farm, the Aguçadoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region (2008). By the end of 2006, 66% of the country's electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants, while 29% were derived from hydroelectric dams, and 6% by wind energy.

Question: What are the two most considerable sources of renewable energy in Portugal?
Answer: wind and river power

Question: Where was Moura Photovoltaic Power Station located?
Answer: Moura, in the south

Question: Where was the Agucadoura Wave Farm located?
Answer: Norte region

Question: By the end of 2006, what percentage of Portugal's energy production was from renewable sources?
Answer: 29%
Title: Portugal

Portugal’s national energy transmission company, Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN), uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants. Before the solar/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programs combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night, the most blustery period; then the water flows downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal’s distribution system is also now a two-way street. Instead of just delivering electricity, it draws electricity from even the smallest generators, like rooftop solar panels. The government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity.

Question: What is the name of Portugal's national energy transmission company?
Answer: Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN)

Question: What does REN do?
Answer: uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants

Question: Through what renewable resource had Portugal generated electricity before the solar/wind revolution?
Answer: hydropower plants on its rivers

Question: What is used to pump water uphill in Portugal?
Answer: wind-driven turbines

Question: How did the Portuguese government encourage rooftop solar panels?
Answer: setting a premium price
Title: Portugal

The Statistics Portugal (Portuguese: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estatística) estimates that, according to the 2011 census, the population was 10,562,178 (of which 52% was female, 48% was male). This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history: a single religion (Catholicism) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity, namely after the expulsion of the Moors and Jews. A considerable number of Moors and Jews, nevertheless, stayed in Portugal, under the condition that they converted to Catholicism, and afterwards they were known as Mouriscos (former Muslims) and Cristãos Novos (New Christians or former Jews) some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic Judaism in secret, as in the case of the secret Jews of Belmonte, who now observe the Jewish faith openly. After 1772 the distinction between Old and New Christians was abolished by decree. Some famous Portuguese New Christians were the mathematician Pedro Nunes and the physician and naturalist Garcia de Orta.

Question: What was the Portuguese population in 2011?
Answer: 10,562,178

Question: What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was female?
Answer: 52%

Question: What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was male?
Answer: 48%

Question: What is the dominant religion in Portugal?
Answer: Catholicism

Question: What were the Moors who converted to Catholicism known as?
Answer: Mouriscos
Title: Portugal

The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one; current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago. All subsequent migrations did leave an impact, genetically and culturally, but the main population source of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic. Genetic studies show Portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other European populations.

Question: In what group of people do the Portuguese have their origin?
Answer: Paleolithic peoples

Question: When did people first start arriving in the European continent?
Answer: 45,000 years ago

Question: What is the main population source of the Portuguese people?
Answer: Paleolithic
Title: Portugal

Portugal's colonial history has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity, as has its geographic position at the south-western corner of Europe, looking out into the Atlantic Ocean. It was one of the last western colonial European powers to give up its overseas territories (among them Angola and Mozambique in 1975), turning over the administration of Macau to the People's Republic of China at the end of 1999. Consequently, it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies, resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and/or personal reasons. Portugal, long a country of emigration (the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry), has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the last Indian (Portuguese until 1961), African (Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999) overseas territories. An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975. By 2007, Portugal had 10,617,575 inhabitants of whom about 332,137 were legal immigrants.

Question: What is the cornerstone of Portugal's national identity?
Answer: colonial history

Question: Which ocean does Portugal border?
Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: What were two of the last territories Portugal gave up?
Answer: Angola and Mozambique

Question: The vast majority of Brazilians have what ancestry in common?
Answer: Portuguese

Question: How many inhabitants did Portugal have by 2007?
Answer: 10,617,575
Title: Portugal

According to the 2011 Census, 81.0% of the Portuguese population are Roman Catholic. The country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from African Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and African Witch Doctors. Some 6.8% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious, and 8.3% did not give any answer about their religion.

Question: What percentage of the Portuguese people are Roman Catholic?
Answer: 81.0%

Question: What other religious communities exist in Portugal?
Answer: Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist

Question: What percentage of the Portuguese people identify as non-religious?
Answer: 6.8%

Question: What percentage of the Portuguese population did not give an answer for their religion in the 2011 census?
Answer: 8.3%
Title: Portugal

Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest, its close identification with early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system, including the first university. The growth of the Portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization, with important roles in the education and evangelization of people from all the inhabited continents. The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the First Portuguese Republic (1910–26) changed the role and importance of organized religion.

Question: In what religion do many Portuguese holidays and festivals find their origin?
Answer: Christian

Question: In what centuries did the Roman Catholic Church play a role in the reconquest?
Answer: 13th and 14th

Question: What changed the role and importance of organized religion in Portugal?
Answer: formation of the First Portuguese Republic

Question: During what years did the formation of the First Portuguese Republic take place?
Answer: 1910–26
Title: Portugal

Within the white inescutcheon, the five quinas (small blue shields) with their five white bezants representing the five wounds of Christ (Portuguese: Cinco Chagas) when crucified and are popularly associated with the "Miracle of Ourique". The story associated with this miracle tells that before the Battle of Ourique (25 July 1139), an old hermit appeared before Count Afonso Henriques (future Afonso I) as a divine messenger. He foretold Afonso's victory and assured him that God was watching over him and his peers. The messenger advised him to walk away from his camp, alone, if he heard a nearby chapel bell tolling, in the following night. In doing so, he witnessed an apparition of Jesus on the cross. Ecstatic, Afonso heard Jesus promising victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso, and his descendants, in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands, thus choosing the Portuguese to perform great tasks.

Question: On what date did the Battle of Ourique take place?
Answer: 25 July 1139

Question: Afonso heard Jesus promising what?
Answer: victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso

Question: Why did God want to act through Afonso?
Answer: in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands
Title: Portugal

Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Northern Portugal, originating from Galician-Portuguese, which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the independence of Portugal. Particularly in the North of Portugal, there are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. According to the Ethnologue of Languages, Portuguese and Spanish have a lexical similarity of 89% - educated speakers of each language can communicate easily with one another.

Question: What is the official name of Portugal?
Answer: Portuguese

Question: What type of language is Portuguese?
Answer: Romance

Question: Where did Portuguese originate?
Answer: Galicia and Northern Portugal

Question: What was the common name of the Galician and Portuguese people?
Answer: Galician-Portuguese
Title: Portugal

The Portuguese language is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago—particularly the Celts, Tartessians, Lusitanians and Iberians. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the language spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999. Portuguese is now spoken as a native language in five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country (200 million speakers in 2012).

Question: From what language is Portuguese derived?
Answer: Latin

Question: By what group of people is Portuguese derived?
Answer: Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula

Question: Between what years did Portugal establish a colonial and commercial empire?
Answer: 1415 and 1999

Question: In how many continents is Portuguese spoken as a native language?
Answer: five

Question: What country has the largest number of native Portuguese speakers?
Answer: Brazil
Title: Portugal

The total adult literacy rate is 99 percent. Portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100 percent. According to the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009, the average Portuguese 15-year-old student, when rated in terms of reading literacy, mathematics and science knowledge, is placed at the same level as those students from the United States, Sweden, Germany, Ireland, France, Denmark, United Kingdom, Hungary and Taipei, with 489 points (493 is the average). Over 35% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of the country's higher education institutions (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD countries). In addition to being a destination for international students, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totaled 380,937 in 2005.

Question: What is the adult literacy rate in Portugal?
Answer: 99 percent

Question: Portuguese primary school enrollment is close to what percent?
Answer: 100 percent

Question: What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in Portugal?
Answer: Over 35%

Question: What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in the United States?
Answer: 50%
Title: Portugal

Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa) in 1842. The largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon.

Question: Since when have Portuguese universities existed?
Answer: 1290

Question: Where was the oldest Portuguese university established?
Answer: Lisbon

Question: Where did the oldest Portuguese university relocate to?
Answer: Coimbra

Question: What is the oldest engineering school of the Americas?
Answer: the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro

Question: What is the oldest medical college in Asia?
Answer: the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa
Title: Portugal

The Bologna process has been adopted, since 2006, by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department. Most student costs are supported with public money. However, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a Portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students (many as part-time students or in evening classes) like employees, businessmen, parents, and pensioners, many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college or university's gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality (teacher per student, computer per student, classroom size per student, etc.).

Question: When was the Bologna process adopted?
Answer: 2006

Question: What are most higher education student costs supported with?
Answer: public money

Question: Over what age are higher education applicants considered mature?
Answer: over 23 years old
Title: Portugal

The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, however, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care.

Question: What is the Ministry of Health responsible for?
Answer: developing health policy as well as managing the SNS

Question: How many regional health administrations exist in Portugal?
Answer: Five

Question: What are the regional health administrations in charge of?
Answer: implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery
Title: Portugal

Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is higher than in the eurozone, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal (17%). Portuguese people die 12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years. Although lung cancer (slowly increasing among women) and breast cancer (decreasing rapidly) are scarcer, cancer of the cervix and the prostate are more frequent. Portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the Eur-A, with a sharp increase since the 1980s.

Question: What do most Portuguese people die from?
Answer: noncommunicable diseases

Question: What are the two main components of cardiovascular disease?
Answer: ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease

Question: What is the biggest killer in Portugal?
Answer: cerebrovascular disease

Question: What percentage of Portuguese people die less often from cancer than in the Eur-A?
Answer: 12%

Question: Who is cancer more common among in Portugal?
Answer: children as well as among women younger than 44 years
Title: Portugal

People are usually well informed about their health status, the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health and their use of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health can differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within populations. Thus, survey results based on self-reporting at the household level complement other data on health status and the use of services. Only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in Portugal (Kasmel et al., 2004). This is the lowest of the Eur-A countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse situation of the country in terms of mortality and selected morbidity.

Question: What survey results complement on data on health status?
Answer: self-reporting at the household level

Question: What number of Portuguese adults rated their health as good or very good?
Answer: one third
Title: Portugal

Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon. These include the Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música, both in Porto, as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country. Portugal is home to fifteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 8th in Europe and 17th in the world.

Question: Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities during what two decades?
Answer: 1990s and 2000s

Question: In what year was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?
Answer: 1956

Question: Where was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?
Answer: Lisbon

Question: What are some examples of Portugal's public cultural facilities?
Answer: Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música

Question: How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites is Portugal home to?
Answer: fifteen