rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Iran

In 1729, Nader Shah, a chieftain and military genius from Khorasan, successfully drove out and conquered the Pashtun invaders. He subsequently took back the annexed Caucasian territories which were divided among the Ottoman and Russian authorities by the ongoing chaos in Iran. During the reign of Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire, reestablishing the Iranian hegemony all over the Caucasus, as well as other major parts of the west and central Asia, and briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time.

Question: Who drove out the Pashtuns from Iran in 1729?
Answer: Nader Shah

Question: Nader Shah expanded Iranian power to its highest peak since what Empire?
Answer: the Sassanid Empire

Question: Nader Shah took back what territories that were annexed by the Ottomans and the Russians?
Answer: Caucasian territories

Question: Where was Nader Shan from?
Answer: Khorasan

Question: In what year were the Pashtuns defeated and driven out of Iran?
Answer: 1729
Title: Iran

Another civil war ensued after the death of Karim Khan in 1779, out of which Aqa Mohammad Khan emerged, founding the Qajar Dynasty in 1794. In 1795, following the disobedience of the Georgian subjects and their alliance with the Russians, the Qajars captured Tblisi by the Battle of Krtsanisi, and drove the Russians out of the entire Caucasus, reestablishing a short-lived Iranian suzerainty over the region. The Russo-Persian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 resulted in large irrevocable territorial losses for Iran in the Caucasus, comprising all of Transcaucasia and Dagestan, which made part of the very concept of Iran for centuries, and thus substantial gains for the neighboring Russian Empire.

Question: Whose death in 1779 led to a civil war in Iran?
Answer: Karim Khan

Question: Who founded the following Qajar Empire in 1794?
Answer: Aqa Mohammad Khan

Question: The Qajars drove the Russians out of what entire region?
Answer: the entire Caucasus

Question: The Qajars defeated the Russians at what battle to take over Tblisi?
Answer: Battle of Krtsanisi

Question: Iran lost territory in the Caucasus during what wars in the early 1800s?
Answer: Russo-Persian wars
Title: Iran

As a result of the 19th century Russo-Persian wars, the Russians took over the Caucasus, and Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region (comprising modern-day Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), which got confirmed per the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. The area to the north of the river Aras, among which the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia, were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century.

Question: What wars resulted in Iran losing control of the Caucasus to the Russians?
Answer: the 19th century Russo-Persian wars

Question: What region consisting of Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, & Azerbaijan did Iran lose control of to the Russians?
Answer: the Caucasus

Question: What century did Iran lose the Caucasus to Russia?
Answer: the 19th century

Question: The Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties between Iran and Russia confirmed what?
Answer: Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region
Title: Iran

Between 1872 and 1905, a series of protests took place in response to the sale of concessions to foreigners by Nasser od Din and Mozaffar od Din shahs of Qajar, and led to the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. The first Iranian Constitution and the first national parliament of Iran were founded in 1906, through the ongoing revolution. The Constitution included the official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities, namely Christians, Zoroastrians, and Jews, which has remained a basis in the legislation of Iran since then.

Question: When did a series of protests over foreign concessions sales in Iran occur?
Answer: Between 1872 and 1905

Question: What resulted from the series of protests in Iran over foreign concessions sales?
Answer: the Iranian Constitutional Revolution

Question: The first national parliament of Iran was founded in what year?
Answer: in 1906

Question: The first Constitution of Iran was founded in what year?
Answer: in 1906

Question: The Iranian Constitution did what for Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians in Iran?
Answer: official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities
Title: Iran

The struggle related to the constitutional movement continued until 1911, when Mohammad Ali Shah was defeated and forced to abdicate. On the pretext of restoring order, the Russians occupied Northern Iran in 1911, and maintained a military presence in the region for years to come. During World War I, the British occupied much of Western Iran, and fully withdrew in 1921. The Persian Campaign commenced furthermore during World War I in Northwestern Iran after an Ottoman invasion, as part of the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I. As a result of Ottoman hostilities across the border, a large amount of the Assyrians of Iran were massacred by the Ottoman armies, notably in and around Urmia. Apart from the rule of Aqa Mohammad Khan, the Qajar rule is characterized as a century of misrule.

Question: The constitutional movement in Iran lasted from 1906 until what year?
Answer: until 1911

Question: The British occupied Western Iran from World War 1 until finally withdrawing in what year?
Answer: 1921

Question: Who was defeated and forced to abdicate at the end of the Iranian constitutional movement?
Answer: Mohammad Ali Shah

Question: In 1911, Russians occupied Northern Iran under what pretext?
Answer: restoring order

Question: Who massacred many Assyrian Iranians around Urmia during World War 1?
Answer: Ottoman armies
Title: Iran

In 1941, Reza Shah was forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and established the Persian Corridor, a massive supply route that would last until the end of the ongoing war. The presence of so many foreign troops in the nation also culminated in the Soviet-backed establishment of two puppet regimes in the nation; the Azerbaijan People's Government, and the Republic of Mahabad. As the Soviet Union refused to relinquish the occupied Iranian territory, the Iran crisis of 1946 was followed, which particularly resulted in the dissolution of both puppet states, and the withdrawal of the Soviets.

Question: When was Reza Shah forced to abdicate in Iran?
Answer: 1941

Question: Who succeeded Reza Shah after his abdication?
Answer: his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Question: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi established what enormous supply route during World War 2?
Answer: the Persian Corridor

Question: Who backed two puppet regimes in/around Iran during WWII?
Answer: the Soviet Union

Question: What happened which ended in two puppet states dissolving and Soviet withdrawal out of Iran after WWII?
Answer: the Iran crisis of 1946
Title: Iran

Due to the 1973 spike in oil prices, the economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency, which caused inflation. By 1974, the economy of Iran was experiencing double digit inflation, and despite many large projects to modernize the country, corruption was rampant and caused large amounts of waste. By 1975 and 1976, an economic recession led to increased unemployment, especially among millions of youth who had migrated to the cities of Iran looking for construction jobs during the boom years of the early 1970s. By the late 1970s, many of these people opposed the Shah's regime and began to organize and join the protests against it.

Question: What year did oil price spikes in Iran lead to inflation?
Answer: 1973

Question: What caused inflation to Iran's economy during the oil price spike in 1973?
Answer: economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency

Question: Iran's inflation led to what in 1975-1976?
Answer: an economic recession

Question: Why did millions of youth migrate to the urban areas of Iran in the mid 1970s?
Answer: construction jobs

Question: Due to increased unemployment, who mainly opposed the Shah's regime?
Answer: millions of youth who had migrated to the cities
Title: Iran

The immediate nationwide uprisings against the new government began by the 1979 Kurdish rebellion with the Khuzestan uprisings, along with the uprisings in Sistan and Baluchestan Province and other areas. Over the next several years, these uprisings were subdued in a violent manner by the new Islamic government. The new government went about purging itself of the non-Islamist political opposition. Although both nationalists and Marxists had initially joined with Islamists to overthrow the Shah, tens of thousands were executed by the Islamic government afterward.

Question: The new Iranian government following the Shah's downfall dealt with the Kurdish rebellion in what year?
Answer: 1979

Question: How did the new Iranian government handle the rebellions and uprisings following their rise to power?
Answer: in a violent manner

Question: The new Iranian government purged itself of what political opposition?
Answer: non-Islamist

Question: What happened to the nationalists and Marxists that had helped the Islamic ruling government to depose the Shah?
Answer: were executed
Title: Iran

On November 4, 1979, a group of students seized the United States Embassy and took the embassy with 52 personnel and citizens hostage, after the United States refused to return Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to Iran to face trial in the court of the new regime. Attempts by the Jimmy Carter administration to negotiate for the release of the hostages, and a failed rescue attempt, helped force Carter out of office and brought Ronald Reagan to power. On Jimmy Carter's final day in office, the last hostages were finally set free as a result of the Algiers Accords.

Question: Who seized the US Embassy in Iran in 1979?
Answer: a group of students

Question: When was the US Embassy in Iran seized?
Answer: November 4, 1979

Question: ALl of the hostages were completely freed as the result of what treaty?
Answer: Algiers Accords

Question: Who won the 1980 US Presidential Elections after President Carter's repeated failed attempts to resolve the US Iranian Embassy situation? 
Answer: Ronald Reagan

Question: How many hostages were taken in the US Embassy seizure?
Answer: 52 personnel and citizens
Title: Iran

On September 22, 1980, the Iraqi army invaded the Iranian Khuzestan, and the Iran–Iraq War began. Although the forces of Saddam Hussein made several early advances, by mid 1982, the Iranian forces successfully managed to drive the Iraqi army back into Iraq. In July 1982, with Iraq thrown on the defensive, Iran took the decision to invade Iraq and conducted countless offensives in a bid to conquer Iraqi territory and capture cities, such as Basra. The war continued until 1988, when the Iraqi army defeated the Iranian forces inside Iraq and pushed the remaining Iranian troops back across the border. Subsequently, Khomeini accepted a truce mediated by the UN. The total Iranian casualties in the war were estimated to be 123,220–160,000 KIA, 60,711 MIA, and 11,000–16,000 civilians killed.

Question: Who invaded Iran in 1980?
Answer: the Iraqi army

Question: When did the Iranian army push the Iraqis back into Iraq? 
Answer: mid 1982

Question: Who mediated the truce which ended the Iran-Iraq War?
Answer: the UN

Question: When did the Iran-Iraq War finally end?
Answer: 1988

Question: How many civilians in Iran were killed during the Iran-Iraq War?
Answer: 11,000–16,000
Title: Iran

Iran has an area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi). Iran lies between latitudes 24° and 40° N, and longitudes 44° and 64° E. Its borders are with Azerbaijan (611 km or 380 mi, with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave, 179 km or 111 mi) and Armenia (35 km or 22 mi) to the north-west; the Caspian Sea to the north; Turkmenistan (992 km or 616 mi) to the north-east; Pakistan (909 km or 565 mi) and Afghanistan (936 km or 582 mi) to the east; Turkey (499 km or 310 mi) and Iraq (1,458 km or 906 mi) to the west; and finally the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south.

Question: What latitudes does Iran lie between?
Answer: 24° and 40° N

Question: What is the size of Iran?
Answer: 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi)

Question: Where does Iran border the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman?
Answer: to the south

Question: What longitudes does Iran lie between?
Answer: 44° and 64° E

Question: What does Iran border with to its north?
Answer: the Caspian Sea
Title: Iran

Iran consists of the Iranian Plateau with the exception of the coasts of the Caspian Sea and Khuzestan Province. It is one of the world's most mountainous countries, its landscape dominated by rugged mountain ranges that separate various basins or plateaux from one another. The populous western part is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the Caucasus, Zagros and Alborz Mountains; the last contains Iran's highest point, Mount Damavand at 5,610 m (18,406 ft), which is also the highest mountain on the Eurasian landmass west of the Hindu Kush.

Question: Iran's landscape is dominated by what geographical feature?
Answer: rugged mountain ranges

Question: What is Iran's highest mountain?
Answer: Mount Damavand

Question: How tall is Mount Damavand?
Answer: 5,610 m (18,406 ft)

Question: Mount Damavand is located in what range?
Answer: Alborz Mountains
Title: Iran

Iran's climate ranges from arid or semiarid, to subtropical along the Caspian coast and the northern forests. On the northern edge of the country (the Caspian coastal plain) temperatures rarely fall below freezing and the area remains humid for the rest of the year. Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29 °C (84.2 °F). Annual precipitation is 680 mm (26.8 in) in the eastern part of the plain and more than 1,700 mm (66.9 in) in the western part. United Nations Resident Coordinator for Iran Gary Lewis has said that "Water scarcity poses the most severe human security challenge in Iran today".

Question: Iran's climate along its Capsian coast and northen forests is?
Answer: subtropical

Question: During what season does Iran's northern region's temperatures never go higher than 29c?
Answer: Summer

Question: What is the annual precipitation in Iran's eastern plains?
Answer: 680 mm (26.8 in)

Question: What is the annual precipitation in Iran's western plains?
Answer: 1,700 mm (66.9 in)

Question: According to Gary Lewis of the UN, what is the most pressing human security challenge in Iran?
Answer: Water scarcity
Title: Iran

To the west, settlements in the Zagros basin experience lower temperatures, severe winters with below zero average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall. The eastern and central basins are arid, with less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain, and have occasional deserts. Average summer temperatures rarely exceed 38 °C (100.4 °F). The coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman in southern Iran have mild winters, and very humid and hot summers. The annual precipitation ranges from 135 to 355 mm (5.3 to 14.0 in).

Question: In Iran's western Zagros Basin, temperatures do not exceed what level during the summer?  
Answer: 38 °C (100.4 °F)

Question: In Iran's western Zagros Basin, what are the average daily temperatures during winter?
Answer: below zero

Question: The eastern and central basins of Iran experience how much annual precipitation?
Answer: less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain

Question: What is the coastal plains of Iran's annual precipitation ranges?
Answer: 135 to 355 mm (5.3 to 14.0 in)
Title: Iran

At least 74 species of Iranian wildlife are on the red list of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, a sign of serious threats against the country’s biodiversity. The Iranian Parliament has been showing disregard for wildlife by passing laws and regulations such as the act that lets the Ministry of Industries and Mines exploit mines without the involvement of the Department of Environment, and by approving large national development projects without demanding comprehensive study of their impact on wildlife habitats.

Question: The Iranian Parliament does not demand environmental impact studies before approving what projects?
Answer: large national development projects

Question: How many species of Iranian wildlife are listed by the IUCN as endangered?
Answer: 74 species

Question: The Iranian Parliament lets who exploit mines without guidance from the Department of the Environment?
Answer: Ministry of Industries and Mines

Question: The Iranian Parliament passes legislation without the involvement of what department to the detriment of wildlife?
Answer: Department of Environment
Title: Iran

Shiraz, with a population of around 1.4 million (2011 census), is the sixth major city of Iran. It is the capital of Fars Province, and was also a former capital of Iran. The area was greatly influenced by the Babylonian civilization, and after the emergence of the ancient Persians, soon came to be known as Persis. Persians were present in the region since the 9th century BC, and became rulers of a large empire under the reign of the Achaemenid Dynasty in the 6th century BC. The ruins of Persepolis and Pasargadae, two of the four capitals of the Achaemenid Empire, are located around the modern-day city of Shiraz.

Question: What is the sixth most populous city of Iran?
Answer: Shiraz

Question: What is Shiraz' population by the 2011 Census?
Answer: 1.4 million

Question: Shiraz is the capital of what Province?
Answer: Fars Province

Question: What ancient civilization has majorly influenced the Fars Province?
Answer: Babylonian civilization

Question: Persians have been in the Fars Province since what century?
Answer: 9th century BC
Title: Iran

The political system of the Islamic Republic is based on the 1979 Constitution, and comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. The Leader of the Revolution ("Supreme Leader") is responsible for delineation and supervision of the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Supreme Leader is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, controls the military intelligence and security operations, and has sole power to declare war or peace. The heads of the judiciary, state radio and television networks, the commanders of the police and military forces and six of the twelve members of the Guardian Council are appointed by the Supreme Leader. The Assembly of Experts elects and dismisses the Supreme Leader on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem.

Question: The Iranina Islamic Republic is based on what document?
Answer: the 1979 Constitution

Question: What is the Leader of the Revolution also known as?
Answer: Supreme Leader

Question: Who is the Commander in Chief of the Iranian Army?
Answer: The Supreme Leader

Question: The Supreme Leader appoints how many members of the Guardian Council?
Answer: six

Question: Who is responsible for electing and dismissing the Supreme Leader?
Answer: The Assembly of Experts
Title: Iran

The President is responsible for the implementation of the Constitution and for the exercise of executive powers, except for matters directly related to the Supreme Leader, who has the final say in all matters. The President appoints and supervises the Council of Ministers, coordinates government decisions, and selects government policies to be placed before the legislature. Eight Vice-Presidents serve under the President, as well as a cabinet of twenty-two ministers, who must all be approved by the legislature.

Question: In Iran, who has the final say in all matters directly related to the Supreme Leader?
Answer: the Supreme Leader

Question: Who exercises exective powers in Iran?
Answer: The President

Question: The Council of Ministers is appointed and supervised by who?
Answer: The President

Question: How many Vice-Presidents serve under the President in Iran?
Answer: Eight

Question: The legislature approves the 8 vice presidents and how many cabinet members?
Answer: twenty-two
Title: Iran

The Guardian Council comprises twelve jurists including six appointed by the Supreme Leader. The others are elected by the Iranian Parliament from among the jurists nominated by the Head of the Judiciary. The Council interprets the constitution and may veto Parliament. If a law is deemed incompatible with the constitution or Sharia (Islamic law), it is referred back to Parliament for revision. The Expediency Council has the authority to mediate disputes between Parliament and the Guardian Council, and serves as an advisory body to the Supreme Leader, making it one of the most powerful governing bodies in the country. Local city councils are elected by public vote to four-year terms in all cities and villages of Iran.

Question: How many jurists are in the Guardian Council?
Answer: twelve jurists

Question: Who can veto Parliament?
Answer: The Guardian Council

Question: What Council acts as a mediator when there are disputes between the Parliament and the Guardian Council?
Answer: The Expediency Council

Question: How long are the terms of local city councils that are present in all Iranian cities and villages?
Answer: four-year terms

Question: Who is responsible for interpreting the Constitution?
Answer: The Guardian Council
Title: Iran

The Special Clerical Court handles crimes allegedly committed by clerics, although it has also taken on cases involving lay people. The Special Clerical Court functions independently of the regular judicial framework and is accountable only to the Supreme Leader. The Court's rulings are final and cannot be appealed. The Assembly of Experts, which meets for one week annually, comprises 86 "virtuous and learned" clerics elected by adult suffrage for eight-year terms. As with the presidential and parliamentary elections, the Guardian Council determines candidates' eligibility. The Assembly elects the Supreme Leader and has the constitutional authority to remove the Supreme Leader from power at any time. It has not challenged any of the Supreme Leader's decisions.

Question: When crimes are committed by clerics, who handles the cases?
Answer: The Special Clerical Court

Question: The Special Clerical Court is accountable to only which body?
Answer: the Supreme Leader

Question: How often does the Assembly of Experts meet?
Answer: one week annually

Question: The Assembly of Experts has how many clerics?
Answer: 86

Question: Which body can remove the Supreme Leader at any time by constitutional right?
Answer: The Assembly of Experts
Title: Iran

Since 2005, Iran's nuclear program has become the subject of contention with the international community following earlier quotes of Iranian leadership favoring the use of an atomic bomb against Iran's enemies and in particular Israel. Many countries have expressed concern that Iran's nuclear program could divert civilian nuclear technology into a weapons program. This has led the UN Security Council to impose sanctions against Iran which had further isolated Iran politically and economically from the rest of the global community. In 2009, the US Director of National Intelligence said that Iran, if choosing to, would not be able to develop a nuclear weapon until 2013.

Question: Iran's nuclear program has caused discord within the international community since when?
Answer: Since 2005

Question: Which country did Iran's leadership was quoted as being a possible target of its atomic weapons?  
Answer: Israel

Question: Who imposed sanctions against Iran as a result of Iran's nuclear program?
Answer: UN Security Council

Question: When was it estimated by the US Director of National Intelligence that Iran would be able to develop a nuclear weapon?
Answer: 2013