rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Catalan_language

Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan.

Question: What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan?
Answer: different

Question: When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian?
Answer: between 2001 and 2004

Question: Who is less likely to believe that Catalan and Valencian are different?
Answer: younger generations

Question: Who uses a Valencian standard separate from Catalan?
Answer: Royal Academy of Valencian Culture

Question: How many scholars outside of linguistics agree with the Royal Academy?
Answer: A minority
Title: Catalan_language

This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.

Question: What has produced a great deal of controversy?
Answer: clash of opinions

Question: When did the EU create the European Constitution?
Answer: 2004

Question: Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution?
Answer: Spanish government
Title: Catalan_language

Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.

Question: As what can divergence in the groups be shown?
Answer: as an archaism

Question: How does central Catalan behave with the groups?
Answer: as an innovative element

Question: What are the two dialectical groups of Catalan?
Answer: Eastern and Western

Question: What language has a lexical unity?
Answer: Catalan
Title: Catalan_language

Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice.

Question: What can use words from different dialects?
Answer: Literary Catalan

Question: What kind of words are excepted from literary use?
Answer: restricted use

Question: When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin?
Answer: 19th century

Question: What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects?
Answer: detriment of others

Question: What kind of choice is now available in word choice?
Answer: greater freedom of choice
Title: Catalan_language

Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings.

Question: Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words?
Answer: Greek and Latin

Question: When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin?
Answer: very early

Question: In whose work can you find examples of acquired words?
Answer: Ramon Llull

Question: When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages?
Answer: fourteenth and fifteenth centuries

Question: Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan?
Answer: Roís de Corella
Title: Catalan_language

The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee").

Question: What is common in Romance languages?
Answer: agglutination

Question: What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages?
Answer: morphological

Question: What word additive is usually added to verbs?
Answer: Prefixes

Question: What other word changes can occur in derivations?
Answer: sound alternations

Question: What word supplement  can be put on an already existing word base?
Answer: affixes
Title: Catalan_language

In gender inflection, the most notable feature is (compared to Portuguese, Spanish or Italian), the loss of the typical masculine suffix -o. Thus, the alternance of -o/-a, has been replaced by ø/-a. There are only a few exceptions, like minso/minsa ("scarce"). Many not completely predictable morphological alternations may occur, such as:

Question: What is the usual masculine suffix?
Answer: -o
Title: Catalan_language

Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.

Question: What kind of words does Catalan have few of?
Answer: suppletive couplets

Question: What languages have more couplets than Catalan?
Answer: French

Question: What languages are  similar to Catalan in numbers of  couplets?
Answer: Italian and Spanish

Question: What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?
Answer: French
Title: Catalan_language

There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent.

Question: What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives?
Answer: Occitan and French

Question: What is ab example of a gender marked adjective?
Answer: bullent/bullenta

Question: What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective?
Answer: bullent/bullenta
Title: Catalan_language

As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts").

Question: What is the usual way to make a plural?
Answer: suffix -s

Question: What can the addition of the suffix -s produce?
Answer: morphological alternations

Question: To what are these morphological changes similar?
Answer: gender inflection

Question: What is an important plural alternation?
Answer: addition of -o-
Title: Catalan_language

The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).

Question: What does the large number of omissions  make the determinatives?
Answer: complex

Question: What is much like the neighboring languages?
Answer: inflection of determinatives

Question: What language does Catalan have more contractions than?
Answer: Spanish

Question: Catalan has less contractions than what language?
Answer: Italian

Question: What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition?
Answer: article
Title: Catalan_language

Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.

Question: What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned?
Answer: unstressed possessives

Question: What other language shares this type of construction?
Answer: Italian

Question: What is an example of an article +stressed forms?
Answer: el meu

Question: What is an example of an unstressed possessive?
Answer: mon
Title: Catalan_language

The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian).  Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).

Question: How many forms of personal pronouns are there in Catalan?
Answer: 13 distinct forms

Question: How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish?
Answer: 11

Question: What is the number of personal pronouns in Italian?
Answer: 9

Question: How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there?
Answer: 65
Title: Catalan_language

Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.

Question: What is this distinction similar to?
Answer: all other Romance languages

Question: What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction?
Answer: English

Question: What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for?
Answer: formality
Title: Catalan_language

This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to use so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish).

Question: What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan? 
Answer: French or Spanish

Question: What do you not need to use in Catalan?
Answer: passive voice

Question: What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan?
Answer: French or English

Question: What method does Spanish use to identify the object?
Answer: preposition
Title: Catalan_language

Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs.

Question: What is Catalan verbal inflection ?
Answer: more complex

Question: What plays a primary part in Catalan?
Answer: Suffixation

Question: What plays a secondary part in Catalan?
Answer: morphological alternations

Question: How are vowel alternances in Catalan?
Answer: active
Title: Catalan_language

The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive.

Question: What system is common to Western Romance?
Answer: Catalan verbal system

Question: What have many dialects replaced?
Answer: synthetic indicative perfect

Question: What is the Catalan verbal system common to?
Answer: all Western Romance
Title: Catalan_language

Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.

Question: How are Catalan verbs grouped?
Answer: into three conjugations

Question: Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs?
Answer: first conjugation

Question: How many verbs are in the third conjugation?
Answer: 700

Question: Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs?
Answer: second
Title: Catalan_language

In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and").

Question: How many surnames does everyone in Spain have?
Answer: two

Question: Which one of one's father's surnames is used?
Answer: first

Question: What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames?
Answer: joining both surnames

Question: What conjunction would be used to join a person's surnames?
Answer: in
Title: Estonian_language

Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.

Question: What is the official language of Estonia?
Answer: Estonian

Question: How many people in Estonia speak Estonian?
Answer: about 1.1 million

Question: How many people in different migrant communities speak Estonian?
Answer: tens of thousands

Question: What branch of the Uralic language family does Estonian belong to?
Answer: Finnic

Question: What language family does Estonian belong to?
Answer: Uralic

Question: What country has Estonian as its official language?
Answer: Estonian

Question: In Estonia how many people speak Estonian as their native language
Answer: 1.1 million

Question: Of what language family is Estonian a part of?
Answer: Uralic

Question: On which branch of Uralic language family can Estonian be found?
Answer: Finnic

Question: How many estimated non native speakers of Estonian are there in Estonia?
Answer: tens of thousands
Title: Estonian_language

One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed]

Question: Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length?
Answer: linguists

Question: What are the phonemic length's three degrees?
Answer: short, long, and "overlong"

Question: What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction?
Answer: the underlying phonological mechanism
Title: Estonian_language

Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.

Question: What Uralic language branch contains Estonian?
Answer: Finnic

Question: What are two other languages in the Finnic branch?
Answer: Finnish, Karelian

Question: What language group is Estonian not a part of?
Answer: Indo-European languages

Question: What languages are related to Estonian but not closely?
Answer: Hungarian and to the Sami languages
Title: Estonian_language

Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.

Question: Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia?
Answer: Baltic Germans

Question: Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian?
Answer: Middle Low German
Title: Estonian_language

Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject–verb–object.

Question: What kind of harmony has Estonian lost?
Answer: vowel

Question: What language feature does Estonian, Finish and Hungarian share? 
Answer: agglutinative

Question: In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language?
Answer: subject–verb–object
Title: Estonian_language

The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia.

Question: What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?
Answer: two

Question: What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages?
Answer: North and South Estonian languages
Title: Estonian_language

The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]

Question: When did the Northern Crusades happen?
Answer: 13th century to 1918

Question: Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?
Answer: Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia

Question: Following the crusades which country was dominated?
Answer: Estonia

Question: What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?
Answer: indigenous literacy
Title: Estonian_language

The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.

Question: How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go?
Answer: 13th century

Question: Where can records of Estonian place names be found?
Answer: Originates Livoniae

Question: Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae?
Answer: Chronicle of Henry of Livonia

Question: Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia?
Answer: words and fragments of sentences.
Title: Estonian_language

The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.

Question: What was the first Estonian language book to be published?
Answer: a Lutheran manuscript

Question: When were the Kallamaa prayers written?
Answer: 1524 and 1528

Question: What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525?
Answer: destroyed

Question: At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed?
Answer: immediately after publication
Title: Estonian_language

The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle.

Question: What two people are responsible for the first still in existence book in the Estonian Language?
Answer: S. Wanradt and J. Koell

Question: In what year was S. Wanradt and J. Koell's book written?
Answer: 1535

Question: What type of book was it?
Answer: bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism

Question: What book specifically for the use of priests was printed in Estonian?
Answer: An Estonian grammar book

Question: What year was the priests' grammar book put into print?
Answer: 1637
Title: Estonian_language

The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language:

Question: Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820?
Answer: Kristjan Jaak Peterson

Question: What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on?
Answer: patriotic and philosophical

Question: When was Peterson born?
Answer: March 14

Question: What is another name given for Peterson's birthday?
Answer: Mother Tongue Day

Question: What university did Peterson attend?
Answer: German-language University of Dorpat
Title: Estonian_language

From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed]

Question: In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed?
Answer: 23,868

Question: In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed?
Answer: 14,503

Question: In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918?
Answer: Estonian
Title: Estonian_language

Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century.

Question: What Age's ideas allowed Estonian writings to gain significance?
Answer: Age of Enlightenment

Question: Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians?
Answer: Baltic Germans

Question: Who had admiration for the ancient Estonian culture?
Answer: Estophile educated class

Question: Who conquered the ancient Estonians?
Answer: Danes and Germans

Question: When did the ancient Estonian era of freedom come to an end?
Answer: 13th century
Title: Estonian_language

After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language.

Question: What year did Estonia's War of Independence take place?
Answer: 1919

Question: After Estonia achieved independence what was made their state language?
Answer: Estonian

Question: What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945?
Answer: 97.3%

Question: What language was spoken by ethnic Estonians?
Answer: Estonian