rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Estonia

The Estonian Academy of Sciences is the national academy of science. The strongest public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research is the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian KBFI). The first computer centres were established in the late 1950s in Tartu and Tallinn. Estonian specialists contributed in the development of software engineering standards for ministries of the Soviet Union during the 1980s. As of 2011[update], Estonia spends around 2.38% of its GDP on Research and Development, compared to an EU average of around 2.0%.

Question: What is the main science institution in Estonia?
Answer: The Estonian Academy of Sciences

Question: What is the strongest research body that executes fundamental and applied research?
Answer: the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics

Question: What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia?
Answer: the late 1950s

Question: What cities were the locations of the first computer centers?
Answer: Tartu and Tallinn
Title: Estonia

Today, Estonian society encourages liberty and liberalism, with popular commitment to the ideals of the limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption. The Protestant work ethic remains a significant cultural staple, and free education is a highly prized institution. Like the mainstream culture in the other Nordic countries, Estonian culture can be seen to build upon the ascetic environmental realities and traditional livelihoods, a heritage of comparatively widespread egalitarianism out of practical reasons (see: Everyman's right and universal suffrage), and the ideals of closeness to nature and self-sufficiency (see: summer cottage).

Question: What virtues does modern Estonian society promote?
Answer: liberty and liberalism

Question: What size and power of government is popular in Estonia?
Answer: limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption

Question: What is a highly prized fixture of Estonian society?
Answer: free education

Question: What ideal does Estonia hold towards the environment?
Answer: closeness to nature
Title: Estonia

The Estonian Academy of Arts (Estonian: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, EKA) is providing higher education in art, design, architecture, media, art history and conservation while Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu has an approach to popularise native culture through such curricula as native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design, traditional handicraft and traditional music, but also jazz and church music. In 2010, there were 245 museums in Estonia whose combined collections contain more than 10 million objects.

Question: What institute provides education in art, design, and media?
Answer: The Estonian Academy of Arts

Question: What institute promotes awareness of native culture?
Answer: Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu

Question: What parts of native culture does the Viljandi Culture Academy highlight?
Answer: native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design

Question: How many Estonian museums existed in 2010?
Answer: 245
Title: Estonia

The tradition of Estonian Song Festivals (Laulupidu) started at the height of the Estonian national awakening in 1869. Today, it is one of the largest amateur choral events in the world. In 2004, about 100,000 people participated in the Song Festival. Since 1928, the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds (Lauluväljak) have hosted the event every five years in July. The last festival took place in July 2014. In addition, Youth Song Festivals are also held every four or five years, the last of them in 2011, and the next is scheduled for 2017.

Question: What name describes the Estonian Song Festivals?
Answer: Laulupidu

Question: What year did the tradition of Laulupidu start?
Answer: 1869

Question: How many people celebrated Laulupidu in 2004?
Answer: about 100,000 people

Question: Where does Laulupidu usually take place?
Answer: the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds

Question: When does Laulupidu occur?
Answer: every five years in July
Title: Estonia

Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song "Everybody" performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted the event. Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed for Estonia on two occasions (1996 and 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome and Evelin Samuel owe their popularity partly to the Eurovision Song Contest. Lenna Kuurmaa is a very popular singer in Europe[citation needed], with her band Vanilla Ninja. "Rändajad" by Urban Symphony, was the first ever song in Estonian to chart in the UK, Belgium, and Switzerland.

Question: What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest?
Answer: 2001

Question: What year did Estonia host the Eurovision Song Contest?
Answer: 2002

Question: Who performed the song "Everybody"?
Answer: Tanel Padar and Dave Benton

Question: What performer has represented Estonia two different times?
Answer: Maarja-Liis Ilus

Question: What was the first ever Estonian song to hit the popular European charts?
Answer: "Rändajad" by Urban Symphony
Title: Estonia

The Estonian literature refers to literature written in the Estonian language (ca. 1 million speakers). The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language. The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The Liber Census Daniae (1241) contains Estonian place and family names.

Question: What event preceded the domination of Estonia by different European powers?
Answer: the Northern Crusades

Question: Which three nations occupied Estonia up until 1918?
Answer: Germany, Sweden, and Russia

Question: What era contains the oldest records of written Estonia works?
Answer: the 13th century

Question: What document dated in 1241 contains place and family names?
Answer: The Liber Census Daniae
Title: Estonia

Oskar Luts was the most prominent prose writer of the early Estonian literature, who is still widely read today, especially his lyrical school novel Kevade (Spring). Anton Hansen Tammsaare's social epic and psychological realist pentalogy Truth and Justice captured the evolution of Estonian society from a peasant community to an independent nation. In modern times, Jaan Kross and Jaan Kaplinski are Estonia's best known and most translated writers. Among the most popular writers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries are Tõnu Õnnepalu and Andrus Kivirähk, who uses elements of Estonian folklore and mythology, deforming them into absurd and grotesque.

Question: Who was the most famous prose writer in early Estonian history?
Answer: Oskar Luts

Question: What is the name of lyrical novel written by Oskar Luts?
Answer: Kevade

Question: What is the name of the book written by Anton Hansen Tammsaare?
Answer: Truth and Justice

Question: Who wrote a book detailing Estonia's rise from peasants to independence?
Answer: Anton Hansen Tammsaare
Title: Estonia

The architectural history of Estonia mainly reflects its contemporary development in northern Europe. Worth mentioning is especially the architectural ensemble that makes out the medieval old town of Tallinn, which is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In addition, the country has several unique, more or less preserved hill forts dating from pre-Christian times, a large number of still intact medieval castles and churches, while the countryside is still shaped by the presence of a vast number of manor houses from earlier centuries.

Question: Which medieval town is on the UNESCO World Heritage List?
Answer: Tallinn

Question: When were the preserved hill forts in Estonia built?
Answer: pre-Christian times

Question: What institutional structures still exist from medieval times?
Answer: castles and churches
Title: Estonia

Historically, the cuisine of Estonia has been heavily dependent on seasons and simple peasant food, which today is influenced by many countries. Today, it includes many typical international foods.[citation needed] The most typical foods in Estonia are black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products. Traditionally in summer and spring, Estonians like to eat everything fresh – berries, herbs, vegetables, and everything else that comes straight from the garden. Hunting and fishing have also been very common, although currently hunting and fishing are enjoyed mostly as hobbies. Today, it is also very popular to grill outside in summer.

Question: What factors have influenced Estonian food for most of their history?
Answer: seasons and simple peasant food

Question: What are the most common foods in Estonia?
Answer: black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products.

Question: What fresh items do Estonians traditionally enjoy in summer and spring?
Answer: berries, herbs, vegetables

Question: What food gathering behaviors are now seen as hobbies in modern Estonian culture?
Answer: Hunting and fishing
Title: Estonia

Sport plays an important role in Estonian culture. After declaring independence from Russia in 1918, Estonia first competed as a nation at the 1920 Summer Olympics, although the National Olympic Committee was established in 1923. Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. The 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta was held in the capital city Tallinn. After regaining independence in 1991, Estonia has participated in all Olympics. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling and cross-country skiing. Estonia has had very good success at the Olympic games given the country's small population. Estonia's best results were being ranked 13th in the medal table at the 1936 Summer Olympics, and 12th at the 2006 Winter Olympics.

Question: What physical activity plays a major part in Estonian society?
Answer: Sport

Question: What year did Estonia declare independence from Russia?
Answer: 1918

Question: What event did Estonia compete in as a nation for the first time ever?
Answer: the 1920 Summer Olympics

Question: What year was Estonia annexed by Russia?
Answer: 1940

Question: What city hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta?
Answer: Tallinn
Title: Estonia

Basketball is also a notable sport in Estonia. Estonia national basketball team previously participated in 1936 Summer Olympics, appeared in EuroBasket four times. Estonia national team also qualified to EuroBasket 2015, which will be held in Ukraine. BC Kalev/Cramo, which participates in EuroCup, is the most recent Korvpalli Meistriliiga winner after becoming champion of the league for the 6th time. Tartu Ülikool/Rock, which participates in EuroChallenge, is the second strongest Estonian basketball club, previously winning Korvpalli Meistriliiga 22 times. Six Estonian basketball clubs participates in Baltic Basketball League.

Question: What year did Estonia's basketball team first compete in the Summer Olympics
Answer: 1936

Question: How many instances has Estonia appeared in the EuroBasket tournament?
Answer: four

Question: Which Estonian football club competes in the EuroCup?
Answer: BC Kalev/Cramo

Question: What is the name of second best basketball club in Estonia?
Answer: Tartu Ülikool/Rock

Question: How many Estonian teams are in the Baltic Basketball League?
Answer: Six
Title: Serbo-Croatian

South Slavic dialects historically formed a continuum. The turbulent history of the area, particularly due to expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences. Due to population migrations, Shtokavian became the most widespread in the western Balkans, intruding westwards into the area previously occupied by Chakavian and Kajkavian (which further blend into Slovenian in the northwest). Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs differ in religion and were historically often part of different cultural circles, although a large part of the nations have lived side by side under foreign overlords. During that period, the language was referred to under a variety of names, such as "Slavic", "Illyrian", or according to region, "Bosnian", "Serbian" and "Croatian", the latter often in combination with "Slavonian" or "Dalmatian".

Question: What is one of the main causes of the turbulent history?
Answer: expansion of the Ottoman Empire

Question: What was the main cause of the spread of Shtokavian?
Answer: population migrations

Question: In which geographical region did Shtokavian become wide spread?
Answer: western Balkans

Question: What was one of the major differences between the Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs?
Answer: religion

Question: What is "Illyrian?"
Answer: language

Question: What were some of the names given to language during period of foreign control?
Answer: "Slavic", "Illyrian", or according to region, "Bosnian", "Serbian" and "Croatian"

Question: What specific historical event caused a group of religious and verbal differences in South Slavic dialect?
Answer: expansion of the Ottoman Empire

Question: Why was Shtokavian the most widespread culture in the western Balkans? 
Answer: population migrations
Title: Serbo-Croatian

Serbo-Croatian was standardized in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, decades before a Yugoslav state was established. From the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian. In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian served as the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (when it was called "Serbo-Croato-Slovenian"), and later as one of the official languages of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The breakup of Yugoslavia affected language attitudes, so that social conceptions of the language separated on ethnic and political lines. Since the breakup of Yugoslavia, Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is an ongoing movement to codify a separate Montenegrin standard. Serbo-Croatian thus generally goes by the ethnic names Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac.

Question: In which time period was Serbo-Croatian standardized?
Answer: mid-19th-century

Question: What was the name of the document that standardized Serbo-Croatian?
Answer: Vienna Literary Agreement

Question: What were both Serbian and Croatian standards based off of?
Answer: Eastern Herzegovinian

Question: What was Serbo-Croatian the official language for in the 20th century?
Answer: Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Question: Which additional language was added as an official language after the breakup of Yugoslavia?
Answer: Bosnian

Question: What were both Serbian and Croation standards based on?
Answer: Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian

Question: Which language officially served the Kingdom of Yugoslavia?
Answer: Serbo-Croatian

Question: What ethnic names does Serbo-Croatian associate with?
Answer: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac
Title: Serbo-Croatian

Like other South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology, with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants. Its grammar evolved from Common Slavic, with complex inflection, preserving seven grammatical cases in nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. Verbs exhibit imperfective or perfective aspect, with a moderately complex tense system. Serbo-Croatian is a pro-drop language with flexible word order, subject–verb–object being the default. It can be written in Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin alphabet, whose thirty letters mutually map one-to-one, and the orthography is highly phonemic in all standards.

Question: What kind of phonology do South Slavic languages have?
Answer: simple

Question: How many consonants are in the Serbo-Croatian alphabet?
Answer: twenty-five

Question: What is the default sentence structure for the Serbo-Croatian language?
Answer: subject–verb–object

Question: What kind of language is Serbo-Croatian?
Answer: pro-drop

Question: Other than Gaj's Latin alphabet, what other written language can Serbo-Croatian be written in?
Answer: Serbian Cyrillic

Question: How many vowels does the Serbo-Croatian language have?
Answer: five

Question: How many consonants does the Serbo-Croatian language have?
Answer: twenty-five

Question: From where does Serbo-Croatian derive its grammar?
Answer: Common Slavic

Question: Which alphabets can be used to express the Serbo-Croatian language?
Answer: Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin
Title: Serbo-Croatian

Throughout the history of the South Slavs, the vernacular, literary, and written languages (e.g. Chakavian, Kajkavian, Shtokavian) of the various regions and ethnicities developed and diverged independently. Prior to the 19th century, they were collectively called "Illyric", "Slavic", "Slavonian", "Bosnian", "Dalmatian", "Serbian" or "Croatian". As such, the term Serbo-Croatian was first used by Jacob Grimm in 1824, popularized by the Vienna philologist Jernej Kopitar in the following decades, and accepted by Croatian Zagreb grammarians in 1854 and 1859. At that time, Serb and Croat lands were still part of the Ottoman and Austrian Empires. Officially, the language was called variously Serbo-Croat, Croato-Serbian, Serbian and Croatian, Croatian and Serbian, Serbian or Croatian, Croatian or Serbian. Unofficially, Serbs and Croats typically called the language "Serbian" or "Croatian", respectively, without implying a distinction between the two, and again in independent Bosnia and Herzegovina, "Bosnian", "Croatian", and "Serbian" were considered to be three names of a single official language. Croatian linguist Dalibor Brozović advocated the term Serbo-Croatian as late as 1988, claiming that in an analogy with Indo-European, Serbo-Croatian does not only name the two components of the same language, but simply charts the limits of the region in which it is spoken and includes everything between the limits (‘Bosnian’ and ‘Montenegrin’). Today, use of the term "Serbo-Croatian" is controversial due to the prejudice that nation and language must match. It is still used for lack of a succinct alternative, though alternative names have been used, such as Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS), which is often seen in political contexts such as the Hague War Crimes tribunal.

Question: When was the term Serbo-Croatian first used?
Answer: 1824

Question: Who popularized the term Serbo-Croatian?
Answer: Jernej Kopitar

Question: Aside from the Ottoman Empire, which other empire did the Serb and Croat lands in the mid 19th century belong to?
Answer: Austrian

Question: In which region of land was the Serbo-Croat language referred to as "Bosnian"?
Answer: Bosnia and Herzegovina

Question: What is an example of a political text where the term Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian was used to describe the language?
Answer: Hague War Crimes tribunal

Question: Did South Slav languages develop coherently or independently?
Answer: independently

Question: What were the names given to the various dialects predating the 19th century?
Answer: "Illyric", "Slavic", "Slavonian", "Bosnian", "Dalmatian", "Serbian" or "Croatian"

Question: Who first used the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824?
Answer: Jacob Grimm

Question: For what reason is the term "Serbo-Croatian" controversial today?
Answer: prejudice that nation and language must match
Title: Serbo-Croatian

In the mid-19th century, Serbian (led by self-taught writer and folklorist Vuk Stefanović Karadžić) and most Croatian writers and linguists (represented by the Illyrian movement and led by Ljudevit Gaj and Đuro Daničić), proposed the use of the most widespread dialect, Shtokavian, as the base for their common standard language. Karadžić standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, and Gaj and Daničić standardized the Croatian Latin alphabet, on the basis of vernacular speech phonemes and the principle of phonological spelling. In 1850 Serbian and Croatian writers and linguists signed the Vienna Literary Agreement, declaring their intention to create a unified standard. Thus a complex bi-variant language appeared, which the Serbs officially called "Serbo-Croatian" or "Serbian or Croatian" and the Croats "Croato-Serbian", or "Croatian or Serbian". Yet, in practice, the variants of the conceived common literary language served as different literary variants, chiefly differing in lexical inventory and stylistic devices. The common phrase describing this situation was that Serbo-Croatian or "Croatian or Serbian" was a single language. During the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the language of all three nations was called "Bosnian" until the death of administrator von Kállay in 1907, at which point the name was changed to "Serbo-Croatian".

Question: Which dialect did writers and linguists of both Serbian and Croatian backgrounds wish to use as their common standard language?
Answer: Shtokavian

Question: Why was Shtokavian suggested as a common language base?
Answer: most widespread dialect

Question: What 1850 document formally declared the intent to create a unified standard?
Answer: Vienna Literary Agreement

Question: After whose death in 1907 was the "Bosnian" name changed to "Serbo-Creation"?
Answer: administrator von Kállay
Title: Serbo-Croatian

West European scientists judge the Yugoslav language policy as an exemplary one: although three-quarters of the population spoke one language, no single language was official on a federal level. Official languages were declared only at the level of constituent republics and provinces, and very generously: Vojvodina had five (among them Slovak and Romanian, spoken by 0.5 per cent of the population), and Kosovo four (Albanian, Turkish, Romany and Serbo-Croatian). Newspapers, radio and television studios used sixteen languages, fourteen were used as languages of tuition in schools, and nine at universities. Only the Yugoslav Army used Serbo-Croatian as the sole language of command, with all other languages represented in the army’s other activities—however, this is not different from other armies of multilingual states, or in other specific institutions, such as international air traffic control where English is used worldwide. All variants of Serbo-Croatian were used in state administration and republican and federal institutions. Both Serbian and Croatian variants were represented in respectively different grammar books, dictionaries, school textbooks and in books known as pravopis (which detail spelling rules). Serbo-Croatian was a kind of soft standardisation. However, legal equality could not dampen the prestige Serbo-Croatian had: since it was the language of three quarters of the population, it functioned as an unofficial lingua franca. And within Serbo-Croatian, the Serbian variant, with twice as many speakers as the Croatian, enjoyed greater prestige, reinforced by the fact that Slovene and Macedonian speakers preferred it to the Croatian variant because their languages are also Ekavian. This is a common situation in other pluricentric languages, e.g. the variants of German differ according to their prestige, the variants of Portuguese too. Moreover, all languages differ in terms of prestige: "the fact is that languages (in terms of prestige, learnability etc.) are not equal, and the law cannot make them equal".

Question: What is the term used for books that lay out spelling rules?
Answer: pravopis

Question: Which language was that of 3/4 of the population?
Answer: Serbo-Croatian

Question: Of the two Serbo-Croatian variants, which had twice as many speakers as the other?
Answer: Serbian