rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Switzerland

Switzerland's ecosystems can be particularly fragile, because the many delicate valleys separated by high mountains often form unique ecologies. The mountainous regions themselves are also vulnerable, with a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes, and experience some pressure from visitors and grazing. The climatic, geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a very fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to climate change. Nevertheless, according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment, due to its high scores on environmental public health, its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy (hydropower and geothermal energy), and its control of greenhouse gas emissions.

Question: What rank was Switzerland in safeguarding the environment according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index?
Answer: first among 132 nations

Question: What do mountainous regions have that make their ecosystems particularly fragile?
Answer: plants not found at other altitudes

Question: What is the ecosystem in the alpine region particularly sensitive to?
Answer: climate change

Question: What sources of energy does Switzerland heavily rely on?
Answer: renewable
Title: Switzerland

The Federal Constitution adopted in 1848 is the legal foundation of the modern federal state. It is among the oldest constitutions in the world. A new Constitution was adopted in 1999, but did not introduce notable changes to the federal structure. It outlines basic and political rights of individuals and citizen participation in public affairs, divides the powers between the Confederation and the cantons and defines federal jurisdiction and authority. There are three main governing bodies on the federal level: the bicameral parliament (legislative), the Federal Council (executive) and the Federal Court (judicial).

Question: When was Switzerland's Federal Constitution adopted?
Answer: 1848

Question: When was a new Constitution adopted in Switzerland?
Answer: 1999

Question: How many main governing bodies are on the federal level in Switzerland?
Answer: three

Question: What is the legislative body of the Swiss government called?
Answer: bicameral parliament

Question: What is the executive body of the Swiss government called?
Answer: Federal Council
Title: Switzerland

The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses: the Council of States which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each half-canton) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the National Council, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation, depending on the population of each canton. Members of both houses serve for 4 years. When both houses are in joint session, they are known collectively as the Federal Assembly. Through referendums, citizens may challenge any law passed by parliament and through initiatives, introduce amendments to the federal constitution, thus making Switzerland a direct democracy.

Question: How many members are on the National Council?
Answer: 200

Question: How long do members of both houses of the Swiss Parliament serve?
Answer: 4 years

Question: What are both houses of the Swiss Parliament collectively known as when both are in joint session?
Answer: Federal Assembly

Question: What can citizens use to challenge any law passed by Parliament?
Answer: referendums

Question: What can citizens use to introduce amendments to the federal constitution?
Answer: initiatives
Title: Switzerland

The Federal Council constitutes the federal government, directs the federal administration and serves as collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year mandate by the Federal Assembly which also exercises oversight over the Council. The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and assumes representative functions. However, the president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers, and remains the head of a department within the administration.

Question: What serves as the collective Head of State?
Answer: The Federal Council

Question: How many members are in the Federal Council?
Answer: seven

Question: Who elects the members of the Federal Council?
Answer: Federal Assembly

Question: What is the traditional term for the President of the Confederation?
Answer: one-year

Question: Who elects the President of the Confederation from its 7 members?
Answer: the Assembly
Title: Switzerland

Direct democracy and federalism are hallmarks of the Swiss political system. Swiss citizens are subject to three legal jurisdictions: the commune, canton and federal levels. The 1848 federal constitution defines a system of direct democracy (sometimes called half-direct or representative direct democracy because it is aided by the more commonplace institutions of a representative democracy). The instruments of this system at the federal level, known as civic rights (Volksrechte, droits civiques), include the right to submit a constitutional initiative and a referendum, both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions.

Question: How many legal jurisdictions are Swiss citizens subject to?
Answer: three

Question: What are the legal jurisdictions that Swiss citizens are subject to?
Answer: commune, canton and federal levels

Question: What type of democracy was defined in the 1848 federal constitution?
Answer: direct

Question: What two things do citizens have the right to submit to overturn parliamentary decisions?
Answer: a constitutional initiative and a referendum

Question: What are the two hallmarks of the Swiss political system?
Answer: Direct democracy and federalism
Title: Switzerland

Similarly, the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote, if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months.[note 8] Parliament can supplement the proposed amendment with a counter-proposal, and then voters must indicate a preference on the ballot in case both proposals are accepted. Constitutional amendments, whether introduced by initiative or in Parliament, must be accepted by a double majority of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular votes.[note 9]

Question: How many voters are needed to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote?
Answer: 100,000

Question: How long do citizens have to collect enough votes for a national vote on a constitutional amendment?
Answer: 18 months

Question: What can Parliament supplement the amendment proposed by the citizens with?
Answer: a counter-proposal

Question: What must voters do on the ballot when Parliament adds a supplement?
Answer: indicate a preference

Question: How much of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular vote is needed to pass a constitutional amendment?
Answer: a double majority
Title: Switzerland

The cantons have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with the situation in other countries, a high degree of independence. Under the Federal Constitution, all 26 cantons are equal in status. Each canton has its own constitution, and its own parliament, government and courts. However, there are considerable differences between the individual cantons, most particularly in terms of population and geographical area. Their populations vary between 15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,253,500 (Zürich), and their area between 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt) and 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) (Graubünden). The Cantons comprise a total of 2,485 municipalities. Within Switzerland there are two enclaves: Büsingen belongs to Germany, Campione d'Italia belongs to Italy.

Question: According to the Federal Constitution, how many cantons are equal in status?
Answer: all 26

Question: What are the two major differences between cantons?
Answer: population and geographical area

Question: What is the population of the largest canton?
Answer: 1,253,500 (Zürich)

Question: What is the population of the smallest canton?
Answer: 15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden)

Question: How large is the smallest canton?
Answer: 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt)
Title: Switzerland

Traditionally, Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515. Its policy of neutrality was internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Only in 2002 did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations and it was the first state to join it by referendum. Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and historically has served as an intermediary between other states. Switzerland is not a member of the European Union; the Swiss people have consistently rejected membership since the early 1990s. However, Switzerland does participate in the Schengen Area.

Question: When was Switzerland's policy of neutrality internationally recognized?
Answer: Congress of Vienna in 1815

Question: What was Switzerland the first state to join the U.N. by?
Answer: referendum

Question: What have the Swiss people continually rejected membership in since the 1990's?
Answer: European Union

Question: How long has Switzerland traditionally been neutral?
Answer: since the end of its expansion in 1515

Question: How does Switzerland treat alliances that might entail military or political action?
Answer: avoids
Title: Switzerland

A large number of international institutions have their seats in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality. Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions and, since 2006, hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council. Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to have joined the United Nations, the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York, and Switzerland was a founding member and home to the League of Nations.

Question: How long has Switzerland hosted the United Nations Human Rights Council?
Answer: since 2006

Question: What is the second biggest centre for the U.N.?
Answer: Palace of Nations in Geneva

Question: Where did the Red Crescent Movement begin?
Answer: Geneva

Question: Where is the League of Nations located?
Answer: Switzerland
Title: Switzerland

Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, like the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and about 200 other international organisations, including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization. The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together top international business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues facing the world, including health and the environment. Additionally the headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) are located in Basel since 1930.

Question: Besides the U.N. Headquarters, who hosts many U.N. agencies?
Answer: Swiss Confederation

Question: What does the ILO stand for?
Answer: International Labour Organization

Question: What is disucussed at the World Economic Forum in Davos?
Answer: important issues facing the world, including health and the environment

Question: What does BIS stand for?
Answer: Bank for International Settlements

Question: What does UNHCR stand for?
Answer: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Title: Switzerland

The structure of the Swiss militia system stipulates that the soldiers keep their Army issued equipment, including all personal weapons, at home. Some organizations and political parties find this practice controversial but mainstream Swiss opinion is in favour of the system. Compulsory military service concerns all male Swiss citizens; women can serve voluntarily. Men usually receive military conscription orders for training at the age of 18. About two thirds of the young Swiss are found suited for service; for those found unsuited, various forms of alternative service exist. Annually, approximately 20,000 persons are trained in recruit centres for a duration from 18 to 21 weeks. The reform "Army XXI" was adopted by popular vote in 2003, it replaced the previous model "Army 95", reducing the effectives from 400,000 to about 200,000. Of those, 120,000 are active in periodic Army training and 80,000 are non-training reserves.

Question: Where do Swiss militia keep their Army issued equipment?
Answer: at home

Question: Who has compulsory military service in Switzerland?
Answer: all male Swiss citizens

Question: Who can serve in the Swiss military voluntarily?
Answer: women

Question: What replaced Army 95 in 2003?
Answer: Army XXI

Question: In Army XXI, how many are active in periodic army training?
Answer: 120,000
Title: Switzerland

Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with "wealth" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook).

Question: How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by nominal GDP?
Answer: nineteenth largest

Question: How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by purchasing power parity?
Answer: thirty-sixth largest

Question: What ranking does Switzerland hold in terms of GDP per capita, adjusting for purchasing power, according to the World Bank?
Answer: 8th in the world

Question: Which rating was assigned to Switzerland by the Index of Economic Freedom of 2010?
Answer: highest European rating
Title: Switzerland

The World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report currently ranks Switzerland's economy as the most competitive in the world, while ranked by the European Union as Europe's most innovative country. For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin (by GDP – per capita). In 2007 the gross median household income in Switzerland was an estimated 137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity while the median income was 95,824 USD. Switzerland also has one of the world's largest account balances as a percentage of GDP.

Question: What did the World Economic Forum's Global Competetiveness Report Rank Switzerland's economy as?
Answer: the most competitive in the world

Question: What was the gross median estimate of household income in Switzerland in 2007?
Answer: 137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity

Question: What was Switzerland's median income in 2007?
Answer: 95,824 USD

Question: How did the European Union rank Switzerland's economy?
Answer: Europe's most innovative country
Title: Switzerland

Switzerland's most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufacturing consists largely of the production of specialist chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments/watches (16.9%). Exported services amount to a third of exports. The service sector – especially banking and insurance, tourism, and international organisations – is another important industry for Switzerland.

Question: What is Switzerland's most important economic sector?
Answer: manufacturing

Question: What accounts for 34% of Switzerland's exported goods?
Answer: chemicals

Question: What accounts for 20.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?
Answer: machines/electronics

Question: What accounts for 16.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?
Answer: precision instruments/watches

Question: What percentage of exports are exported services?
Answer: a third
Title: Switzerland

Around 3.8 million people work in Switzerland; about 25% of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004. Switzerland has a more flexible job market than neighbouring countries and the unemployment rate is very low. The unemployment rate increased from a low of 1.7% in June 2000 to a peak of 4.4% in December 2009. The unemployment rate is 3.2% in 2014. Population growth from net immigration is quite high, at 0.52% of population in 2004. The foreign citizen population was 21.8% in 2004, about the same as in Australia. GDP per hour worked is the world's 16th highest, at 49.46 international dollars in 2012.

Question: What percentage of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004?
Answer: about 25%

Question: How many people work in Switzerland?
Answer: Around 3.8 million

Question: What was the unemployment rate in Switzerland in 2014?
Answer: 3.2%

Question: What was the foreign citizen population percentage in Switzerland in 2014?
Answer: 21.8%

Question: What was the peak unemployment rate reached in December, 2009?
Answer: 4.4%
Title: Switzerland

Switzerland has an overwhelmingly private sector economy and low tax rates by Western World standards; overall taxation is one of the smallest of developed countries. Switzerland is a relatively easy place to do business, currently ranking 20th of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index. The slow growth Switzerland experienced in the 1990s and the early 2000s has brought greater support for economic reforms and harmonization with the European Union. According to Credit Suisse, only about 37% of residents own their own homes, one of the lowest rates of home ownership in Europe. Housing and food price levels were 171% and 145% of the EU-25 index in 2007, compared to 113% and 104% in Germany.

Question: How is Switzerland ranked of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index?
Answer: 20th

Question: According to Credit Suisse, what percentage of residents own their homes?
Answer: about 37%

Question: How do Switzerland's tax rates compare by Western World standards?
Answer: low
Title: Switzerland

The Swiss Federal budget had a size of 62.8 billion Swiss francs in 2010, which is an equivalent 11.35% of the country's GDP in that year; however, the regional (canton) budgets and the budgets of the municipalities are not counted as part of the federal budget and the total rate of government spending is closer to 33.8% of GDP. The main sources of income for the federal government are the value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%) and the main expenditure is located in the areas of social welfare and finance & tax. The expenditures of the Swiss Confederation have been growing from 7% of GDP in 1960 to 9.7% in 1990 and to 10.7% in 2010. While the sectors social welfare and finance & tax have been growing from 35% in 1990 to 48.2% in 2010, a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in the sectors of agriculture and national defense; from 26.5% in to 12.4% (estimation for the year 2015).

Question: What size was the Swiss Federal budget in 2010?
Answer: 62.8 billion Swiss francs

Question: What are the two main sources of income for the federal government?
Answer: value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%)

Question: Which sectors are the main source of expenditures for the federal government?
Answer: social welfare and finance & tax

Question: Which sectors have experienced a reduction in federal government expenditures?
Answer: agriculture and national defense

Question: How much were expenditures estimated to be cut in agriculture and national defense in 2015?
Answer: from 26.5% in to 12.4%
Title: Switzerland

Agricultural protectionism—a rare exception to Switzerland's free trade policies—has contributed to high food prices. Product market liberalisation is lagging behind many EU countries according to the OECD. Nevertheless, domestic purchasing power is one of the best in the world. Apart from agriculture, economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland are minimal and Switzerland has free trade agreements worldwide. Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

Question: What has contributed to high food prices in Switzerland?
Answer: Agricultural protectionism

Question: What type of trade agreements does Switzerland have worldwide?
Answer: free

Question: What is the EFTA?
Answer: European Free Trade Association

Question: What is Switzerland's world ranking in domestic purchasing power?
Answer: one of the best

Question: According to the OECD, what is Switzerland lagging behind many EU countries in?
Answer: Product market liberalisation
Title: Switzerland

Education in Switzerland is very diverse because the constitution of Switzerland delegates the authority for the school system to the cantons. There are both public and private schools, including many private international schools. The minimum age for primary school is about six years in all cantons, but most cantons provide a free "children's school" starting at four or five years old. Primary school continues until grade four, five or six, depending on the school. Traditionally, the first foreign language in school was always one of the other national languages, although recently (2000) English was introduced first in a few cantons.

Question: Who has authority of school systems in Switzerland?
Answer: the cantons

Question: What is the minimum age for primary school in all cantons?
Answer: six

Question: What do most cantons provide for free when children are 4 or 5 years old?
Answer: children's school

Question: When was English introduced as a first foreign language in many cantons?
Answer: 2000

Question: How long does primary school continue?
Answer: until grade four, five or six
Title: Switzerland

There are 12 universities in Switzerland, ten of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer a range of non-technical subjects. The first university in Switzerland was founded in 1460 in Basel (with a faculty of medicine) and has a tradition of chemical and medical research in Switzerland. The biggest university in Switzerland is the University of Zurich with nearly 25,000 students. The two institutes sponsored by the federal government are the ETHZ in Zürich (founded 1855) and the EPFL in Lausanne (founded 1969 as such, formerly an institute associated with the University of Lausanne) which both have an excellent international reputation.[note 10]

Question: How many universities are in Switzerland?
Answer: 12

Question: How many of the 12 Swiss universities are maintained at the cantonal level?
Answer: ten

Question: When was the first university in Switzerland founded?
Answer: 1460

Question: What is the biggest university in Switzerland?
Answer: University of Zurich

Question: How many students attend the University of Zurich?
Answer: nearly 25,000