rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Valencia

The dictatorship of Franco forbade political parties and began a harsh ideological and cultural repression countenanced and sometimes even led by the Church. The financial markets were destabilised, causing a severe economic crisis that led to rationing. A black market in rationed goods existed for over a decade. The Francoist administrations of Valencia silenced publicity of the catastrophic consequences of the floods of 1949 with the attendant dozens of deaths, but could not do the same after the even more tragic flood of 1957 when the river Turia overflowed its banks again, killing many Valencians (officially, eighty-one died; the actual figure is not known). To prevent further disasters, the river was eventually diverted to a new course. The old river bed was abandoned for years, and successive Francoist mayors proposed making it a motorway, but that option was finally rejected with the advent of democracy and fervent neighbourhood protests. The river was divided in two at the western city limits (Plan Sur de Valencia), and diverted southwards along a new course that skirts the city, before meeting the Mediterranean. The old course of the river continues, dry, through the city centre, almost to the sea. The old riverbed is now a verdant sunken park called the 'Garden of the Turia' (Jardí del Túria or Jardín del Turia) that allows cyclists and pedestrians to traverse much of the city without the use of roads; overhead bridges carry motor traffic across the park.

Question: Whose regime prohibited political parties?
Answer: Franco

Question: According to official figures, how many died in the flood of 1957?
Answer: eighty-one

Question: What river flooded in 1957?
Answer: Turia

Question: What park is located in the previous river bed?
Answer: Garden of the Turia

Question: What suggested use for the river bed was rejected?
Answer: motorway
Title: Valencia

Valencia's port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast, the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008 and the second of Spain in total traffic, handling 20% of Spain's exports. The main exports are foodstuffs and beverages. Other exports include oranges, furniture, ceramic tiles, fans, textiles and iron products. Valencia's manufacturing sector focuses on metallurgy, chemicals, textiles, shipbuilding and brewing. Small and medium-sized industries are an important part of the local economy, and before the current crisis unemployment was lower than the Spanish average.

Question: What percentage of Spanish exports does Valencia's port handle?
Answer: 20

Question: Valencia has the largest port on which coast?
Answer: Mediterranean western coast

Question: Where does Valencia's port rank among Spanish ports in terms of total traffic?
Answer: second

Question: What type of fruit is exported from Valencia?
Answer: oranges
Title: Valencia

A fervent follower of the absolutist cause, Elío had played an important role in the repression of the supporters of the Constitution of 1812. For this, he was arrested in 1820 and executed in 1822 by garroting. Conflict between absolutists and liberals continued, and in the period of conservative rule called the Ominous Decade (1823–1833), which followed the Trienio Liberal, there was ruthless repression by government forces and the Catholic Inquisition. The last victim of the Inquisition was Gaietà Ripoli, a teacher accused of being a deist and a Mason who was hanged in Valencia in 1824.

Question: Who helped repress the supporters of the Constitution and was later executed for it?
Answer: Elío

Question: When was Elio killed?
Answer: 1822

Question: How was Elio executed?
Answer: by garroting

Question: What are the years from 1823-1833 called?
Answer: Ominous Decade

Question: Who was the last person killed by the Inquisition?
Answer: Gaietà Ripoli
Title: Valencia

On 9 July 2006, during Mass at Valencia's Cathedral, Our Lady of the Forsaken Basilica, Pope Benedict XVI used, at the World Day of Families, the Santo Caliz, a 1st-century Middle-Eastern artifact that some Catholics believe is the Holy Grail. It was supposedly brought to that church by Emperor Valerian in the 3rd century, after having been brought by St. Peter to Rome from Jerusalem. The Santo Caliz (Holy Chalice) is a simple, small stone cup. Its base was added in Medieval Times and consists of fine gold, alabaster and gem stones.

Question: What is the name of the cup that some Catholics think is the Grail?
Answer: Santo Caliz

Question: Which pope used the Santo Caliz for mass in Valencia?
Answer: Benedict XVI

Question: What century is the Santo Caliz from?
Answer: 1st

Question: When was the Santo Caliz used for mass in Valencia?
Answer: 9 July 2006

Question: According to legend, who took the Santo Caliz to Rome?
Answer: St. Peter
Title: Valencia

During the Cantonal Revolution of 1873, a cantonalist uprising that took place during the First Spanish Republic, the city was consolidated with most of the nearby cities in the Federal Canton of Valencia (proclaimed on 19 July and dissolved on 7 August). It did not have the revolutionary fervor of the movement in cities like Alcoy, as it was initiated by the bourgeoisie, but the Madrid government sent General Martinez-Campos to stifle the rebellion by force of arms and subjected Valencia to an intense bombardment. The city surrendered on 7 August; Alfonso XII was proclaimed king on 29 December 1874, and arrived in Valencia on 11 January 1875 on his way to Madrid, marking the end of the first republic. Despite the Bourbon restoration, the roughly even balance between conservatives and liberals in the government was sustained in Valencia until the granting of universal male suffrage in 1890, after which the Republicans, led by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, gained considerably more of the popular vote.

Question: In what year did the cantonalist uprising occur?
Answer: 1873

Question: Who was sent to stop Valencia's uprising?
Answer: General Martinez-Campos

Question: Who became king in 1874?
Answer: Alfonso XII

Question: When did Alfonso XXII reach Valencia?
Answer: 11 January 1875

Question: Who was the Republican leader after the granting of male suffrage?
Answer: Vicente Blasco Ibáñez
Title: Valencia

World-renowned (and city-born) architect Santiago Calatrava produced the futuristic City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), which contains an opera house/performing arts centre, a science museum, an IMAX cinema/planetarium, an oceanographic park and other structures such as a long covered walkway and restaurants. Calatrava is also responsible for the bridge named after him in the centre of the city. The Music Palace (Palau De La Música) is another noteworthy example of modern architecture in Valencia.

Question: Who designed the City of Arts and Sciences?
Answer: Santiago Calatrava

Question: Where is the bridge named for Calatrava located?
Answer: centre of the city

Question: What type of architecture does the Music Palace have?
Answer: modern

Question: Which of Calatrava's creations contains an IMAX theater?
Answer: City of Arts and Sciences
Title: Valencia

Valencia is a bilingual city: Valencian and Spanish are the two official languages. Spanish is official in all of Spain, whereas Valencian is official in the Valencian Country, as well as in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, where it receives the name of Catalan. Despite the differentiated denomination, the distinct dialectal traits and political tension between Catalonia and the Valencian Country, Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible and are considered two varieties of the same language.
Valencian has been historically repressed in favour of Spanish. The effects have been more noticeable in the city proper, whereas the language has remained active in the rural and metropolitan areas. After the Castille-Aragon unification, a Spanish-speaking elite established itself in the city. In more recent history, the establishment of Franco's military and administrative apparatus in Valencia further excluded Valencian from public life. Valencian recovered its official status, prestige and use in education after the transition to democracy in 1978. However, due to industrialisation in recent decades, Valencia has attracted immigration from other regions in Spain, and hence there is also a demographic factor for its declining social use. Due to a combination of these reasons, Valencia has become the bastion of anti-Catalan blaverism, which celebrates Valencian as merely folkloric, but rejects the existing standard which was adapted from Catalan orthography.
Spanish is currently the predominant language in the city proper but, thanks to the education system, most Valencians have basic knowledge of both Spanish and Valencian, and either can be used in the city. Valencia is therefore the second biggest Catalan-speaking city after Barcelona. Institutional buildings and streets are named in Valencian. The city is also home to many pro-Valencian political and civil organisations. Furthermore, education entirely in Valencian is offered in more than 70 state-owned schools in the city, as well as by the University of Valencia across all disciplines.

Question: How many official languages does Valencia have?
Answer: two

Question: What is very similar to Valencian and is considered another variety of the same language?
Answer: Catalan

Question: What language is official in Valencia besides Valencian?
Answer: Spanish

Question: How many schools offer education completely in Valencian?
Answer: more than 70

Question: When did Valencian regain its offical status?
Answer: 1978
Title: Valencia

Valencia has experienced a surge in its cultural development during the last thirty years, exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as the Palau de la Música, the Palacio de Congresos, the Metro, the City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity (Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad), and the Institute of Modern Art (Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno). The various productions of Santiago Calatrava, a renowned structural engineer, architect, and sculptor and of the architect Félix Candela have contributed to Valencia's international reputation. These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of the Old City (Ciutat Vella) have helped improve the city's livability and tourism is continually increasing.

Question: During what period has Valencia had a cultural surge?
Answer: the last thirty years

Question: Which structural engineer's work has helped Valencia's reputation?
Answer: Santiago Calatrava

Question: Which architect other than Calatrava has helped Valencia's reputation?
Answer: Félix Candela

Question: What part of Valencia is undergoing improvements?
Answer: Old City
Title: Valencia

Among the parish churches are Saints John (Baptist and Evangelist), rebuilt in 1368, whose dome, decorated by Palonino, contains some of the best frescoes in Spain; El Templo (the Temple), the ancient church of the Knights Templar, which passed into the hands of the Order of Montesa and was rebuilt in the reigns of Ferdinand VI and Charles III; the former convent of the Dominicans, at one time the headquarters of the Capital General, the cloister of which has a beautiful Gothic wing and the chapter room, large columns imitating palm trees; the Colegio del Corpus Christi, which is devoted to the Blessed Sacrament, and in which perpetual adoration is carried on; the Jesuit college, which was destroyed in 1868 by the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front, but later rebuilt; and the Colegio de San Juan (also of the Society), the former college of the nobles, now a provincial institute for secondary instruction.

Question: What church holds some of Spain's greatest frescoes?
Answer: Saints John

Question: Who decorated the Saints John's dome?
Answer: Palonino

Question: Who destroyed the Jesuit college?
Answer: the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front

Question: What was once headquartered in the former Dominican convent?
Answer: Capital General

Question: What was once a college for nobles and is now a place of secondary education?
Answer: Colegio de San Juan
Title: Valencia

A few centuries later, coinciding with the first waves of the invading Germanic peoples (Suevi, Vandals and Alans, and later the Visigoths) and the power vacuum left by the demise of the Roman imperial administration, the church assumed the reins of power in the city and replaced the old Roman temples with religious buildings. With the Byzantine invasion of the southwestern Iberian peninsula in 554 the city acquired strategic importance. After the expulsion of the Byzantines in 625, Visigothic military contingents were posted there and the ancient Roman amphitheatre was fortified. Little is known of its history for nearly a hundred years; although this period is only scarcely documented by archeology, excavations suggest that there was little development of the city. During Visigothic times Valencia was an episcopal See of the Catholic Church, albeit a suffragan diocese subordinate to the archdiocese of Toledo, comprising the ancient Roman province of Carthaginensis in Hispania.

Question: When did the Byzantines invade the Iberian peninsula?
Answer: 554

Question: When were the Byzantines expelled?
Answer: 625

Question: What archdiocese was Valencia under during the time of the Visigoths?
Answer: Toledo

Question: Who took power in Valencia after the Roman administration was gone?
Answer: the church

Question: After the Byzantines left, who was stationed in Valencia?
Answer: Visigothic military contingents
Title: Valencia

In the 15th century the dome was added and the naves extended back of the choir, uniting the building to the tower and forming a main entrance. Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros began the building of the main chapel in 1674; the walls were decorated with marbles and bronzes in the Baroque style of that period. At the beginning of the 18th century the German Conrad Rudolphus built the façade of the main entrance. The other two doors lead into the transept; one, that of the Apostles in pure pointed Gothic, dates from the 14th century, the other is that of the Paláu. The additions made to the back of the cathedral detract from its height. The 18th-century restoration rounded the pointed arches, covered the Gothic columns with Corinthian pillars, and redecorated the walls. The dome has no lantern, its plain ceiling being pierced by two large side windows. There are four chapels on either side, besides that at the end and those that open into the choir, the transept, and the sanctuary. It contains many paintings by eminent artists. A silver reredos, which was behind the altar, was carried away in the war of 1808, and converted into coin to meet the expenses of the campaign. There are two paintings by Francisco Goya in the San Francesco chapel. Behind the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament is a small Renaissance chapel built by Calixtus III. Beside the cathedral is the chapel dedicated to the Our Lady of the Forsaken (Virgen de los desamparados or Mare de Déu dels Desamparats).

Question: When was the dome built?
Answer: 15th century

Question: Who started the construction of the main chapel?
Answer: Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros

Question: When was the main entrance constructed?
Answer: beginning of the 18th century

Question: In what style is the door of the Apostles?
Answer: Gothic

Question: Who painted the pictures that are in the San Francesco chapel?
Answer: Francisco Goya
Title: Valencia

In 1238, King James I of Aragon, with an army composed of Aragonese, Catalans, Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava, laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender. Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave. Poets such as Ibn al-Abbar and Ibn Amira mourned this exile from their beloved Valencia. After the Christian victory and the expulsion of the Muslim population the city was divided between those who had participated in the conquest, according to the testimony in the Llibre del Repartiment (Book of Distribution). James I granted the city new charters of law, the Furs of Valencia, which later were extended to the whole kingdom of Valencia. Thenceforth the city entered a new historical stage in which a new society and a new language developed, forming the basis of the character of the Valencian people as they are known today.

Question: What ruler attacked Valencia in 1238?
Answer: King James I of Aragon

Question: When did Valencia surrender?
Answer: 28 September

Question: Who was expelled from Valencia after James I's victory?
Answer: the Muslim population

Question: What were Valencia's new charters called?
Answer: Furs of Valencia

Question: What group did the crusaders who attacked Valencia belong to?
Answer: Order of Calatrava
Title: Valencia

In its long history, Valencia has acquired many local traditions and festivals, among them the Falles, which were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest (Fiestas de Interés Turístico Internacional) on 25 January 1965, and the Water Tribunal of Valencia (Tribunal de las Aguas de Valencia), which was declared an intangible cultural heritage of humanity (Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad) in 2009. In addition to these Valencia has hosted world-class events that helped shape the city's reputation and put it in the international spotlight, e.g., the Regional Exhibition of 1909, the 32nd and the 33rd America's Cup competitions, the European Grand Prix of Formula One auto racing, the Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament, and the Global Champions Tour of equestrian sports.

Question: Which America's Cup competitions did Valencia host?
Answer: the 32nd and the 33rd

Question: What equestrian event has Valencia hosted?
Answer: Global Champions Tour

Question: What tennis event has Valencia hosted?
Answer: Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament

Question: When was the Water Tribunal declared a cultural heritage of humanity?
Answer: 2009

Question: What Valencian festivals were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest?
Answer: Falles
Title: Valencia

The city had surrendered without a fight to the invading Moors (Berbers and Arabs) by 714 AD, and the cathedral of Saint Vincent was turned into a mosque. Abd al-Rahman I, the first emir of Cordoba, ordered the city destroyed in 755 during his wars against other nobility, but several years later his son, Abdullah, had a form of autonomous rule over the province of Valencia. Among his administrative acts he ordered the building of a luxurious palace, the Russafa, on the outskirts of the city in the neighbourhood of the same name. So far no remains have been found. Also at this time Valencia received the name Medina al-Turab (City of Sand). When Islamic culture settled in, Valencia, then called Balansiyya, prospered from the 10th century, due to a booming trade in paper, silk, leather, ceramics, glass and silver-work. The architectural legacy of this period is abundant in Valencia and can still be appreciated today in the remnants of the old walls, the Baños del Almirante bath house, Portal de Valldigna street and even the Cathedral and the tower, El Micalet (El Miguelete), which was the minaret of the old mosque.

Question: Who commanded that Valencia be destroyed?
Answer: Abd al-Rahman I

Question: What did Abdullah have built outside Valencia?
Answer: the Russafa

Question: What was Valencia named during the time of Abdullah?
Answer: Medina al-Turab

Question: When did Valencia surrender to the Moors?
Answer: by 714 AD

Question: What feature of Valencia used to be a minaret?
Answer: El Micalet
Title: Valencia

This boom was reflected in the growth of artistic and cultural pursuits. Some of the most emblematic buildings of the city were built during this period, including the Serranos Towers (1392), the Lonja (1482), the Miguelete and the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Santo Domingo. In painting and sculpture, Flemish and Italian trends had an influence on artists such as Lluís Dalmau, Peris Gonçal and Damià Forment. Literature flourished with the patronage of the court of Alfonso the Magnanimous, supporting authors like Ausiàs March, Roiç de Corella, and Isabel de Villena. By 1460 Joanot Martorell wrote Tirant lo Blanch, an innovative novel of chivalry that influenced many later writers, from Cervantes to Shakespeare. Ausiàs March was one of the first poets to use the everyday language Valencian, instead of the troubadour language, Occitan. Also around this time, between 1499 and 1502, the University of Valencia was founded under the parsimonious name of Estudio General ("studium generale", place of general studies).

Question: When were the Serranos Towers constructed?
Answer: 1392

Question: What influential novel did Joanot Martorell write?
Answer: Tirant lo Blanch

Question: Who was an early poet to use Valencian?
Answer: Ausiàs March

Question: When was the University of Valencia founded?
Answer: between 1499 and 1502

Question: What was the University of Valencia's original name?
Answer: Estudio General
Title: Valencia

The decline of the city reached its nadir with the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1709) that marked the end of the political and legal independence of the Kingdom of Valencia. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Valencia sided with Charles of Austria. On 24 January 1706, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth, led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona, capturing the nearby fortress at Sagunt, and bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal.

Question: What war took place from 1702-1709?
Answer: War of Spanish Succession

Question: With whom did Valencia side in the War of Spanish Succession?
Answer: Charles of Austria

Question: When did English cavalry enter Valencia?
Answer: 24 January 1706

Question: Who led the English cavalry into Valencia?
Answer: Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth

Question: What did Mordaunt capture on his way from Barcelona?
Answer: fortress at Sagunt
Title: Valencia

The mutineers seized the Citadel, a Supreme Junta government took over, and on 26–28 June, Napoleon's Marshal Moncey attacked the city with a column of 9,000 French imperial troops in the First Battle of Valencia. He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid. Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812. After the capitulation, the French instituted reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when the Bonapartist pretender to the throne, José I (Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's elder brother), moved the Court there in the summer of 1812. The disaster of the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia, and the French troops withdrew in July.

Question: Who attacked Valencia with French soldiers but failed to capture it?
Answer: Moncey

Question: When did Valencia surrender to the French?
Answer: 8 January 1812

Question: Who led the successful attack against Valencia?
Answer: Suchet

Question: What forced Suchet to leave Valencia?
Answer: Battle of Vitoria

Question: What city did Jose I make Spain's capital?
Answer: Valencia