rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Modern_history

The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation. The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution. From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two. Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries. Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships, the development of the airplane, the practical commercialization of the automobile, mass production of consumer goods, the perfection of canning, mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques, and the invention of the telephone.

Question: When did the first industrial revolution merge into the second? 
Answer: around 1850

Question: The 19th century was also known as? 
Answer: the internal combustion engine and electric power generation.

Question: What was the second industrial revolution was labeled?
Answer: separate Technical Revolution

Question: What caused technological and economical progress?
Answer: development of steam-powered ships and railways
Title: Modern_history

Industrialization is the process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. It is a subdivision of a more general modernization process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Industrialization also introduces a form of philosophical change, where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature.

Question: What is industrialization? 
Answer: social and economic change

Question: industrialization is a subdivision of what general process?
Answer: technological innovation

Question: During industrialization a human group is turned into what?
Answer: from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one.
Title: Modern_history

The modern petroleum industry started in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner. Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available "rock oil" ("petr-oleum") seeps in 1852 and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka, near Krosno in Galicia in the following year. In 1854, Benjamin Silliman, a science professor at Yale University in New Haven, was the first to fractionate petroleum by distillation. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world.

Question: When did the modern petroleum industry start? 
Answer: 1846

Question: What started the modern petroleum industry ?
Answer: the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal

Question: Who discovered the process of refining kerosene from coal?
Answer: Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner

Question: Who improved Gesner's  of refining kerosene from coal?
Answer: Ignacy Łukasiewicz

Question: Where was the first Rock Oil mine built?
Answer: Bóbrka
Title: Modern_history

Engineering achievements of the revolution ranged from electrification to developments in materials science. The advancements made a great contribution to the quality of life. In the first revolution, Lewis Paul was the original inventor of roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill. Matthew Boulton and James Watt's improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both the Kingdom of Great Britain and the world.

Question: In what fields did achievements occur during the revolution?
Answer: electrification to developments in materials science.

Question: What did the advancements during the revolution improve for people?
Answer: quality of life

Question: What did Lewis Paul invent?
Answer: roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill.

Question: In what period did James Lewis invent the 'Roller Spinning"?
Answer: the first revolution

Question: Who improved the steam engine?
Answer: Matthew Boulton and James Watt
Title: Modern_history

In the latter part of the second revolution, Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. In 1882, Edison switched on the world's first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan. Also toward the end of the second industrial revolution, Nikola Tesla made many contributions in the field of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Question: Thomas Edison is credited with?
Answer: the creation of the first industrial research laboratory

Question: How many volts did Thomas Edison's electrical supply provide?
Answer: 110 volts

Question: What Did Thomas Edison switch to in 1882?
Answer: the world's first large-scale electrical supply network

Question: How many customers were supplied by Thomas Edison's electrical supply network?
Answer: fifty-nine

Question: Where was Thomas Edison's electrical supply network located?
Answer: lower Manhattan
Title: Modern_history

The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848, soon spread to the rest of Europe. Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down, there was a significant amount of violence in many areas, with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed. While the immediate political effects of the revolutions were reversed, the long-term reverberations of the events were far-reaching.

Question: When did the European revolutions occur?
Answer: 1848

Question: How many people were estimated to be killed in the revolutions? 
Answer: tens of thousands

Question: What are European revolutions known as in other countries?
Answer: Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution

Question: In what country did the revolutions begin?
Answer: France
Title: Modern_history

Following the Enlightenment's ideas, the reformers looked to the Scientific Revolution and industrial progress to solve the social problems which arose with the Industrial Revolution. Newton's natural philosophy combined a mathematics of axiomatic proof with the mechanics of physical observation, yielding a coherent system of verifiable predictions and replacing a previous reliance on revelation and inspired truth. Applied to public life, this approach yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy.

Question: What did the reformers look to to solve social problems?
Answer: Scientific Revolution and industrial progress

Question: What is Newton Natural philosophy?
Answer: a coherent system of verifiable predictions

Question: What did Newton's Nataural philosophy replace?
Answer: reliance on revelation and inspired truth.

Question: What did Newton's philosophy do when applied to life, 
Answer: yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy.
Title: Modern_history

Under Peter I (the Great), Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War, forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria (two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles), as well as Estland and Livland, securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. On the Baltic Sea Peter founded a new capital called Saint Petersburg, later known as Russia's Window to Europe. Peter the Great's reforms brought considerable Western European cultural influences to Russia. Catherine II (the Great), who ruled in 1762–96, extended Russian political control over the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated most of its territories into Russia during the Partitions of Poland, pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe. In the south, after successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, defeating the Crimean khanate.

Question: Under whom was Russia declared an empire?
Answer: Peter I

Question: In what year was Russia declared an empire?
Answer: 1721

Question: Through what period did Peter I rule?
Answer: 1682 to 1725

Question: Who did Peter I defeat in the Great Northern War?
Answer: Sweden

Question: What did Peter I found on the Baltic Sea?
Answer: a new capital called Saint Petersburg
Title: Modern_history

The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from June 1837 to January 1901. This was a long period of prosperity for the British people, as profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, allowed a large, educated middle class to develop. Some scholars would extend the beginning of the period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the Victorians—back five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.

Question: What was the Victorian era of the United Kingdom? 
Answer: the period of Queen Victoria's reign

Question: Through what Period did Queen Victoria reign? 
Answer: 1837 to January 1901

Question: What did the people consider Queen Victoria reign to be?
Answer: a long period of prosperity for the British people

Question: How far back would some scholars extend Victoria's reign?
Answer: five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832.
Title: Modern_history

In Britain's "imperial century", victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival, other than Russia in central Asia. Unchallenged at sea, Britain adopted the role of global policeman, a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica, and a foreign policy of "splendid isolation". Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam, which has been generally characterized as "informal empire". Of note during this time was the Anglo-Zulu War, which was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire.

Question: What did defeating Napoleon leave Britain without?
Answer: any serious international rival

Question: Why did Britain adopt the role of Global Policemen?
Answer: Unchallenged at sea

Question: Britain adopting the role as global policeman is known as
Answer: Pax Britannica

Question: What was Britain's foreign policy called?
Answer: splendid isolation

Question: Britain's dominant position in the world trade allowed them to do what?
Answer: effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam
Title: Modern_history

British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the Empire. By 1902, the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables, the so-called All Red Line. Growing until 1922, around 13,000,000 square miles (34,000,000 km2) of territory and roughly 458 million people were added to the British Empire. The British established colonies in Australia in 1788, New Zealand in 1840 and Fiji in 1872, with much of Oceania becoming part of the British Empire.

Question: What was British imperial strength replace by?
Answer: steamship and the telegraph

Question: What was the British Empire linked by in 1982?
Answer: a network of telegraph cables

Question: When were the steamship and the telegraph invented?
Answer: the second half of the 19th century

Question: How many people were added to the British Empire by 1922?
Answer: 458 million

Question: When did the British establish colonies in Australia?
Answer: 1788
Title: Modern_history

The Bourbon Restoration followed the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814. The Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. The ensuing period is called the Restoration, following French usage, and is characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics. The July Monarchy was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe starting with the July Revolution (or Three Glorious Days) of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848. The Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.

Question: The Bourbon Restoration followed what event?
Answer: Napoleon I of France

Question: What is the Bourbon Restoration? 
Answer: Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne.

Question: What is the July Monarchy? 
Answer: a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe

Question: What is the second empires?
Answer: the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III

Question: Through what period did the second empire last?
Answer: 1852 to 1870
Title: Modern_history

The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I.

Question: What countries were involved in the Franco-Russian war?
Answer: France and Prussia

Question: What did the Prussian and German victory mark?
Answer: final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

Question: Name one of the groups who backed Prussia in the Franco-Russian war?
Answer: North German Confederation

Question: Prussia claimed almost all of what territory?
Answer: Alsace-Lorraine

Question: Prussia retained most of Alsace-Lorraine up until what event?
Answer: World War I.
Title: Modern_history

The major European powers laid claim to the areas of Africa where they could exhibit a sphere of influence over the area. These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate. The European power that demonstrated its control over a territory accepted the mandate to rule that region as a national colony. The European nation that held the claim developed and benefited from their colony’s commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition. With the colonial claim came the underlying assumption that the European power that exerted control would use its mandate to offer protection and provide welfare for its colonial peoples, however, this principle remained more theory than practice. There were many documented instances of material and moral conditions deteriorating for native Africans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries under European colonial rule, to the point where the colonial experience for them has been described as "hell on earth."

Question: Why did European powers lay claim to areas Africa?
Answer: exhibit a sphere of influence over the area

Question: What did the European powers need to make their claim over these areas legitimate?
Answer: These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate.

Question: What do European powers that exibit their control ovet an area accept?
Answer: mandate to rule that region as a national colony.

Question: What was the colonial experience for Africans described as?
Answer: hell on earth.

Question: How did the claims on the areas in Africa benefit the European powers?
Answer: colony’s commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition.
Title: Modern_history

At the time of the Berlin Conference, Africa contained one-fifth of the world’s population living in one-quarter of the world’s land area. However, from Europe's perspective, they were dividing an unknown continent. European countries established a few coastal colonies in Africa by the mid-nineteenth century, which included Cape Colony (Great Britain), Angola (Portugal), and Algeria (France), but until the late nineteenth century Europe largely traded with free African states without feeling the need for territorial possession. Until the 1880s most of Africa remained unchartered, with western maps from the period generally showing blank spaces for the continent’s interior.

Question: What percent of the worlds population did Africa posses at the Berlin Conference?
Answer: one-fifth

Question: What was Europe's perspective o Africa containing one-fifth of the worlds population?
Answer: they were dividing an unknown continent.

Question: When did European countries establish colonies in Africa?
Answer: the mid-nineteenth century,

Question: Europe did not feel the need to posses territory in Africa until?
Answer: 1880s

Question: How did maps show Africa Before 1880?
Answer: generally showing blank spaces for the continent’s interior.
Title: Modern_history

From the 1880s to 1914, the European powers expanded their control across the African continent, competing with each other for Africa’s land and resources. Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa. The French gained major ground in West Africa, and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa. Germany, Italy, and Spain established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent, which included German East Africa (Tanganyika) and German Southwest Africa for Germany, Eritrea and Libya for Italy, and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for Spain. Finally, for King Leopold (ruled from 1865–1909), there was the large “piece of that great African cake” known as the Congo, which, unfortunately for the native Congolese, became his personal fiefdom to do with as he pleased in Central Africa. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Liberia, which was settled by freed American slaves in the 1820s, and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in eastern Africa were the last remaining independent African states. (John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe, Volume Two: From the French Revolution to the Present, Third Edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), pp. 819–859).

Question: Through what period did European powers expand control in Africa?
Answer: 1880s to 1914

Question: What was Europe competing for? 
Answer: Africa’s land and resources.

Question: What did Great Britain control?
Answer: various colonial holdings in East Africa

Question: Where in Africa did the French have control? 
Answer: West Africa

Question: Where in Africa did Portuguese have control? 
Answer: southern Africa
Title: Modern_history

Around the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, the Meiji era was marked by the reign of the Meiji Emperor. During this time, Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status. This era name means "Enlightened Rule". In Japan, the Meiji Restoration started in the 1860s, marking the rapid modernization by the Japanese themselves along European lines. Much research has focused on the issues of discontinuity versus continuity with the previous Tokugawa Period. In the 1960s younger Japanese scholars led by Irokawa Daikichi, reacted against the bureaucratic superstate, and began searching for the historic role of the common people . They avoided the elite, and focused not on political events but on social forces and attitudes. They rejected both Marxism and modernization theory as alien and confining. They stressed the importance of popular energies in the development of modern Japan. They enlarged history by using the methods of social history. It was not until the beginning of the Meiji Era that the Japanese government began taking modernization seriously. Japan expanded its military production base by opening arsenals in various locations. The hyobusho (war office) was replaced with a War Department and a Naval Department. The samurai class suffered great disappointment the following years.

Question: What was the Meija era marked by?
Answer: the reign of the Meiji Emperor

Question: How did Japan rise to be a world power during the Meja era?
Answer: modernization

Question: When did the Meija restoration begin?
Answer: 1860s

Question: What does "Meija era"
Answer: Enlightened Rule

Question: What did Irokawa Daikichi act out against?
Answer: bureaucratic superstate
Title: Modern_history

Laws were instituted that required every able-bodied male Japanese citizen, regardless of class, to serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves. This action, the deathblow for the samurai warriors and their daimyo feudal lords, initially met resistance from both the peasant and warrior alike. The peasant class interpreted the term for military service, ketsu-eki (blood tax) literally, and attempted to avoid service by any means necessary. The Japanese government began modelling their ground forces after the French military. The French government contributed greatly to the training of Japanese officers. Many were employed at the military academy in Kyoto, and many more still were feverishly translating French field manuals for use in the Japanese ranks.

Question: Laws mandated that every able bodies Japanese citizen do what?
Answer: serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves.

Question: Who initially rejected the Japanese laws mandating military service?
Answer: peasant and warrior alike.

Question: Who did the Japanese form their military  forces after?
Answer: French military

Question: What did the peasant class name the mandatory military service law?
Answer: ketsu-eki

Question: Where was the military academy located?
Answer: Kyoto
Title: Modern_history

The Antebellum Age was a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery in the American South and in the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska that eventually lead to the Civil War in 1861. The Antebellum Period is often considered to have begun with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854,[citation needed] although it may have begun as early as 1812. This period is also significant because it marked the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.[citation needed]

Question: What is the antebellum age?
Answer: a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery

Question: When did the civil was begin?
Answer: 1861

Question: When was the Antebellum age considered to have begun?
Answer: with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854

Question: What did The Antebellum age mark?
Answer: the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.