rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Macintosh

Apple has generally dominated the premium PC market, having a 91 percent market share for PCs priced at more than $1,000 in 2009, according to NPD. The Macintosh took 45 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, compared to 13 percent for Dell, seven percent for Hewlett Packard, six percent for Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer. While sales of the Macintosh have largely held steady, in comparison to Apple's sales of the iPhone and iPad which increased significantly during the 2010s, Macintosh computers still enjoy high margins on a per unit basis, with the majority being their MacBooks that are focused on the ultraportable niche that is the most profitable and only growing segment of PCs. It also helped that the Macintosh lineup is simple, updated on a yearly schedule, and consistent across both Apple retail stores, and authorized resellers where they have a special "store within a store" section to distinguish them from Windows PCs. In contrast, Windows PC manufacturers generally have a wide range of offerings, selling only a portion through retail with a full selection on the web, and often with limited-time or region-specific models. The Macintosh ranked third on the "list of intended brands for desktop purchases" for the 2011 holiday season, then moved up to second in 2012 by displacing Hewlett Packard, and in 2013 took the top spot ahead of Dell.

Question: According to NPD, who has generally dominated the premium PC market?
Answer: Apple

Question: What was Macintosh ranked on the "list of intended brands for desktop purchases" for the 2011 holiday season?
Answer: third

Question: Who did Macintosh displace from 2nd place on the 2012 holiday season "list of intended brands for desktop purchases"?
Answer: Hewlett Packard

Question: Who did Macintosh displace from 1st place on the 2013 holiday season "list of intended brands for desktop purchases"?
Answer: Dell

Question: Which of Apple's products is focused on the ultraportable niche of PC's?
Answer: MacBooks
Title: Macintosh

The Macintosh's minimal memory became apparent, even compared with other personal computers in 1984, and could not be expanded easily. It also lacked a hard disk drive or the means to easily attach one. Many small companies sprang up to address the memory issue. Suggestions revolved around either upgrading the memory to 512 KB or removing the computer's 16 memory chips and replacing them with larger-capacity chips, a tedious and difficult operation. In October 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh 512K, with quadruple the memory of the original, at a price of US$3,195. It also offered an upgrade for 128k Macs that involved replacing the logic board.

Question: What part of the Mac's could not be expanded easily in 1984?
Answer: memory

Question: What did Mac's lack in 1984 and have no means to easily attach?
Answer: a hard disk drive

Question: What did some small companies suggest Mac's 16 memory chips be replaced with?
Answer: larger-capacity chips

Question: How much more memory did Apple's Macintosh 512K, introduced in 1984, have than the original?
Answer: quadruple

Question: What was replaced in the upgrade that was offered for 128k Macs?
Answer: the logic board
Title: Macintosh

In 1988, Apple sued Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard on the grounds that they infringed Apple's copyrighted GUI, citing (among other things) the use of rectangular, overlapping, and resizable windows. After four years, the case was decided against Apple, as were later appeals. Apple's actions were criticized by some in the software community, including the Free Software Foundation (FSF), who felt Apple was trying to monopolize on GUIs in general, and boycotted GNU software for the Macintosh platform for seven years.

Question: On what grounds did Apple sue Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard in 1988?
Answer: they infringed Apple's copyrighted GUI

Question: How was the lawsuit decided for Apple vs. Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard?
Answer: against Apple

Question: How long did the FSF boycott GNU software for the Macintosh platform?
Answer: seven years

Question: What are some of the issues Apple cited in the lawsuit against Microsoft and HP?
Answer: the use of rectangular, overlapping, and resizable windows

Question: What did the FSF feel that Apple was trying to monopolize on?
Answer: GUIs in general
Title: Macintosh

Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers. At one point, its product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names. These models competed against Macintosh clones, hardware manufactured by third parties that ran Apple's System 7. This succeeded in increasing the Macintosh's market share somewhat, and provided cheaper hardware for consumers, but hurt Apple financially as existing Apple customers began to buy cheaper clones which cannibalized the sales of Apple's higher-margin Macintosh systems, yet Apple still shouldered the burden of developing the Mac OS platform.

Question: What did Apple's creation of too many similar models do to potential buyers?
Answer: confused potential buyers

Question: What was the hardware manufactured by third parties for Apple's System 7 known as?
Answer: Macintosh clones

Question: What did the Macintosh clones provide for consumers?
Answer: cheaper hardware

Question: What did Macintosh clones succeed in increasing for Macintosh?
Answer: market share

Question: Who did the Macintosh clones hurt financially?
Answer: Apple
Title: Macintosh

In early 2001, Apple began shipping computers with CD-RW drives and emphasized the Mac's ability to play DVDs by including DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives as standard. Steve Jobs admitted that Apple had been "late to the party" on writable CD technology, but felt that Macs could become a "digital hub" that linked and enabled an "emerging digital lifestyle". Apple would later introduce an update to its iTunes music player software that enabled it to burn CDs, along with a controversial "Rip, Mix, Burn" advertising campaign that some felt encouraged media piracy. This accompanied the release of the iPod, Apple's first successful handheld device. Apple continued to launch products, such as the unsuccessful Power Mac G4 Cube, the education-oriented eMac, and the titanium (and later aluminium) PowerBook G4 laptop for professionals.

Question: When did Apple begin shipping computers with CD-RW drives?
Answer: early 2001

Question: Who admitted that Apple was late to the party with writable CD technology?
Answer: Steve Jobs

Question: What did Apple begin offering as standard features meant for playing DVD's?
Answer: DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives

Question: Which Apple campaign did some people feel encouraged media piracy?
Answer: "Rip, Mix, Burn"

Question: What is the name of one of Apple's unsuccessful products?
Answer: Power Mac G4 Cube
Title: Macintosh

It was not long until Apple released their first portable computer, the Macintosh Portable in 1989. Although due to considerable design issues, it was soon replaced in 1991 with the first of the PowerBook line: the PowerBook 100, a miniaturized portable; the 16 MHz 68030 PowerBook 140; and the 25 MHz 68030 PowerBook 170. They were the first portable computers with the keyboard behind a palm rest and a built-in pointing device (a trackball) in front of the keyboard. The 1993 PowerBook 165c was Apple's first portable computer to feature a color screen, displaying 256 colors with 640 x 400-pixel resolution. The second generation of PowerBooks, the 68040-equipped 500 series, introduced trackpads, integrated stereo speakers, and built-in Ethernet to the laptop form factor in 1994.

Question: What was the name of Apple's first portable computer?
Answer: Macintosh Portable

Question: When was the Macintosh Portable first released?
Answer: 1989

Question: What replaced the Macintosh Portable in 1991?
Answer: the PowerBook line

Question: What was the 1993 PowerBook 165c Apple's first portable computer to feature?
Answer: a color screen

Question: Which generation of PowerBooks introduced trackpads?
Answer: second
Title: Macintosh

In 2001, Apple introduced Mac OS X, based on Darwin and NEXTSTEP; its new features included the Dock and the Aqua user interface. During the transition, Apple included a virtual machine subsystem known as Classic, allowing users to run Mac OS 9 applications under Mac OS X 10.4 and earlier on PowerPC machines. Apple introduced Mac OS X 10.8 in February, and it was made available in the summer of 2012. Mountain Lion includes many new features, such as Mission Control, the Mac App Store (available to Mac OS X v10.6.6 "Snow Leopard." users by software update), Launchpad, an application viewer and launcher akin to the iOS Home Screen, and Resume, a feature similar to the hibernate function found in Microsoft Windows. The most recent version is OS X El Capitan . In addition to Mavericks, all new Macs are bundled with assorted Apple-produced applications, including iLife, the Safari web browser and the iTunes media player. Apple introduced Mavericks at WWDC 2013 in June, and released it on October 15 of that year. It is free of charge to everyone running Snow Leopard or later and is compatible with most Macs from 2007 and later. Mavericks brought a lot of the iOS apps, functions, and feel to the Mac as well as better multi display support, iBooks, Maps, app nap, and other upgrades to improve performance and battery life.

Question: What was Apple's Mac OS X based on?
Answer: Darwin and NEXTSTEP

Question: Who did Apple make Maverick free to?
Answer: everyone running Snow Leopard or later

Question: What computers is Maverick compatible with?
Answer: most Macs from 2007 and later

Question: What brought better multi display support to Mac?
Answer: Mavericks

Question: When was Mavericks introduced?
Answer: 2013
Title: Macintosh

In 2000, Apple released the Power Mac G4 Cube, their first desktop since the discontinued Power Macintosh G3, to slot between the iMac G3 and the Power Mac G4. Even with its innovative design, it was initially priced US$200 higher than the comparably-equipped and more-expandable base Power Mac G4, while also not including a monitor, making it too expensive and resulting in slow sales. Apple sold just 29,000 Cubes in Q4 of 2000 which was one third of expectations, compared to 308,000 Macs during that same quarter, and Cube sales dropped to 12,000 units in Q1 of 2001. A price drop and hardware upgrades could not offset the earlier perception of the Cube's reduced value compared to the iMac and Power Mac G4 lineup, and it was discontinued in July 2001.

Question: What desktop did Apple release after the discontinued Power Macintosh G3?
Answer: Power Mac G4 Cube

Question: Why were sales of the Power Mac G4 Cube slow?
Answer: too expensive

Question: What did the Power Mac G4 have trouble overcoming after they dropped their price and upgraded their hardware?
Answer: earlier perception

Question: When was the Power Mac G4 discontinued?
Answer: July 2001

Question: How did the actual sales of the G4's compare to the sales expectations?
Answer: one third of expectations
Title: Macintosh

Historically, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that affect Microsoft Windows users. Mac OS X has a smaller usage share compared to Microsoft Windows (roughly 5% and 92%, respectively), but it also has traditionally more secure UNIX roots. Worms, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in February 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware. Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks. Apple releases security updates for its software. In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks, and malware such as Mac Defender, MacProtector, and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions were able to install without user input. Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users were affected.

Question: Historically, what is near-absent in Mac OS X compared to Microsoft Windows?
Answer: malware and spyware

Question: When did Mac OS X experience a large increase in malware attacks?
Answer: early 2011

Question: How was Mac's malware seen by many Mac users in 2011?
Answer: an increasing problem

Question: How many users were affected by the increase in malware?
Answer: 100,000

Question: What were Apple support staff initially instructed not to assist with concerning malware?
Answer: the removal
Title: Macintosh

By March 2011, the market share of OS X in North America had increased to slightly over 14%. Whether the size of the Mac's market share and installed base is relevant, and to whom, is a hotly debated issue. Industry pundits have often called attention to the Mac's relatively small market share to predict Apple's impending doom, particularly in the early and mid-1990s when the company's future seemed bleakest. Others argue that market share is the wrong way to judge the Mac's success. Apple has positioned the Mac as a higher-end personal computer, and so it may be misleading to compare it to a budget PC. Because the overall market for personal computers has grown rapidly, the Mac's increasing sales numbers are effectively swamped by the industry's expanding sales volume as a whole. Apple's small market share, then, gives the impression that fewer people are using Macs than did ten years ago, when exactly the opposite is true. Soaring sales of the iPhone and iPad mean that the portion of Apple's profits represented by the Macintosh has declined in 2010, dropping to 24% from 46% two years earlier. Others try to de-emphasize market share, citing that it is rarely brought up in other industries. Regardless of the Mac's market share, Apple has remained profitable since Steve Jobs' return and the company's subsequent reorganization. Notably, a report published in the first quarter of 2008 found that Apple had a 14% market share in the personal computer market in the US, including 66% of all computers over $1,000. Market research indicates that Apple draws its customer base from a higher-income demographic than the mainstream personal computer market.

Question: What was the market share of OS X in North America by March 2011?
Answer: slightly over 14%

Question: Being positioned as a higher end PC, what is it misleading to compare the Mac to?
Answer: a budget PC

Question: Apple has remained profitable since what time?
Answer: Steve Jobs' return

Question: According to market research, who does Apple draw it's customer base from?
Answer: a higher-income demographic

Question: Whose return to Apple resulted in the company's reorganization?
Answer: Steve Jobs
Title: Macintosh

Notwithstanding these technical and commercial successes on the Macintosh platform, their systems remained fairly expensive, making them less competitive in light of the falling costs of components that made IBM PC compatibles cheaper and accelerated their adoption. In 1989, Jean-Louis Gassée had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers, then there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry that year, forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple's margins. Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990, the first iteration of Windows which had a feature set and performance comparable to the significantly costlier Macintosh. Furthermore, Apple had created too many similar models that confused potential buyers; at one point the product lineup was subdivided into Classic, LC, II, Quadra, Performa, and Centris models, with essentially the same computer being sold under a number of different names.

Question: Who refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers in 1989?
Answer: Jean-Louis Gassée

Question: What problem rocked the PC industry in 1989?
Answer: a component shortage

Question: What did the component shortage of 1989 force Allan Loren to do with Macs?
Answer: cut prices

Question: Who was Allan Loren?
Answer: Apple USA head

Question: When was Microsoft Windows 3.0 released?
Answer: May 1990
Title: Macintosh

Starting in 2002, Apple moved to eliminate CRT displays from its product line as part of aesthetic design and space-saving measures with the iMac G4. However, the new iMac with its flexible LCD flat-panel monitor was considerably more expensive on its debut than the preceding iMac G3, largely due to the higher cost of the LCD technology at the time. In order to keep the Macintosh affordable for the education market and due to obsolescence of the iMac G3, Apple created the eMac in April 2002 as the intended successor; however the eMac's CRT made it relatively bulky and somewhat outdated, while its all-in-one construction meant it could not be expanded to meet consumer demand for larger monitors. The iMac G4's relatively high prices were approaching that of laptops which were portable and had higher resolution LCD screens. Meanwhile, Windows PC manufacturers could offer desktop configurations with LCD flat panel monitors at prices comparable to the eMac and at much lower cost than the iMac G4. The flop of the Power Mac G4 Cube, along with the more expensive iMac G4 and heavy eMac, meant that Macintosh desktop sales never reached the market share attained by the previous iMac G3. For the next half-decade while Macintosh sales held steady, it would instead be the iPod portable music player and iTunes music download service that would drive Apple's sales growth.

Question: What did Apple begin to eliminate in 2002?
Answer: CRT displays

Question: Why was the new iMac G4 considerably more expensive than the G3?
Answer: higher cost of the LCD technology

Question: Who did Apple create the more affordable eMac in April 2002 for?
Answer: the education market

Question: What was the main problem with the eMac's CRT?
Answer: relatively bulky and somewhat outdated

Question: After Apple's failed desktop sales, what products drove their sales growth?
Answer: the iPod portable music player and iTunes music download service
Title: Macintosh

The sales breakdown of the Macintosh have seen sales of desktop Macs stayed mostly constant while being surpassed by that of Mac notebooks whose sales rate has grown considerably; seven out of ten Macs sold were laptops in 2009, a ratio projected to rise to three out of four by 2010. The change in sales of form factors is due to the desktop iMac moving from affordable (iMac G3) to upscale (iMac G4) and subsequent releases are considered premium all-in-ones. By contrast the MSRP of the MacBook laptop lines have dropped through successive generations such that the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro constitute the lowest price of entry to a Mac, with the exception of the even more inexpensive Mac Mini (the only sub-$1000 offering from Apple, albeit without a monitor and keyboard), not surprisingly the MacBooks are the top-selling form factors of the Macintosh platform today. The use of Intel microprocessors has helped Macs more directly compete with their Windows counterparts on price and performance, and by the 2010s Apple was receiving Intel's latest CPUs first before other PC manufacturers.

Question: In 2009, how many Macs sold were laptops?
Answer: seven out of ten

Question: What has helped Macs more directly compete with Windows on price and performance?
Answer: The use of Intel microprocessors

Question: In 2010, what did Apple receive before other PC manufacturers?
Answer: Intel's latest CPUs

Question: What are the top-selling form factors of the Mac platform today?
Answer: MacBooks

Question: What is the name of the most inexpensive Mac offered?
Answer: Mac Mini
Title: Macintosh

In 1998, after the return of Steve Jobs, Apple consolidated its multiple consumer-level desktop models into the all-in-one iMac G3, which became a commercial success and revitalized the brand. Since their transition to Intel processors in 2006, the complete lineup is entirely based on said processors and associated systems. Its current lineup comprises three desktops (the all-in-one iMac, entry-level Mac mini, and the Mac Pro tower graphics workstation), and four laptops (the MacBook, MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, and MacBook Pro with Retina display). Its Xserve server was discontinued in 2011 in favor of the Mac Mini and Mac Pro.

Question: What did Apple consolidate in 1998?
Answer: its multiple consumer-level desktop models

Question: What all-in-one product was created in 1998 through Apple's consolidations?
Answer: iMac G3

Question: What did the iMac G3 do to the Mac reputation?
Answer: revitalized the brand

Question: When was Mac's Xserve server discontinued?
Answer: 2011

Question: What took the place of Mac's Xserve server?
Answer: Mac Mini and Mac Pro
Title: Macintosh

Burrel's innovative design, which combined the low production cost of an Apple II with the computing power of Lisa's CPU, the Motorola 68K, received the attention of Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple. Realizing that the Macintosh was more marketable than the Lisa, he began to focus his attention on the project. Raskin left the team in 1981 over a personality conflict with Jobs. Team member Andy Hertzfeld said that the final Macintosh design is closer to Jobs' ideas than Raskin's. After hearing of the pioneering GUI technology being developed at Xerox PARC, Jobs had negotiated a visit to see the Xerox Alto computer and its Smalltalk development tools in exchange for Apple stock options. The Lisa and Macintosh user interfaces were influenced by technology seen at Xerox PARC and were combined with the Macintosh group's own ideas. Jobs also commissioned industrial designer Hartmut Esslinger to work on the Macintosh line, resulting in the "Snow White" design language; although it came too late for the earliest Macs, it was implemented in most other mid- to late-1980s Apple computers. However, Jobs' leadership at the Macintosh project did not last; after an internal power struggle with new CEO John Sculley, Jobs resigned from Apple in 1985. He went on to found NeXT, another computer company targeting the education market, and did not return until 1997, when Apple acquired NeXT.

Question: Why did Raskin leave the Apple team in 1981?
Answer: over a personality conflict with Jobs

Question: According to Andy Hertzfeld, whose idea is the final Mac design closer to?
Answer: Jobs

Question: What did Steve Jobs offer Xerox to visit and see their latest technology?
Answer: Apple stock options

Question: Whose technology influenced the user interfaces of the Lisa and Macintosh?
Answer: Xerox PARC

Question: What caused Steve Jobs to resign from Apple in 1985?
Answer: an internal power struggle