rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Westminster_Abbey

The chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[citation needed] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame designed by Scott. The Chapter house was originally used in the 13th century by Benedictine monks for daily meetings. It later became a meeting place of the King's Great Council and the Commons, predecessors of Parliament.

Question: What kind of tiled pavement is in the chapter house?
Answer: mid-13th-century

Question: A door in the vestible dates back to when?
Answer: 1050

Question: When were the exterior flying buttresses added?
Answer: the 14th century

Question: Who else met in the chapter house?
Answer: King's Great Council and the Commons
Title: Westminster_Abbey

The Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in the 13th century. The term pyx refers to the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the Trial of the Pyx, in which newly minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards.

Question: What formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory?
Answer: The Pyx Chamber

Question: When does the Pyx Chamber date to?
Answer: the late 11th century

Question: When were newly minted coins presented to ensure they met standards?
Answer: the Trial of the Pyx
Title: Westminster_Abbey

The chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage, but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. English Heritage have funded a major programme of work on the chapter house, comprising repairs to the roof, gutters, stonework on the elevations and flying buttresses as well as repairs to the lead light.

Question: The Pyx Chamber and chapter house are under guardianship of whom?
Answer: English Heritage

Question: Who cares for and manages the Pyx Chamber and chapter house?
Answer: the Dean and Chapter of Westminster

Question: English Heritage has funded what for the chapter house?
Answer: repairs
Title: Westminster_Abbey

The Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space has been used as a museum since 1908.

Question: What is located in the vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory?
Answer: The Westminster Abbey Museum

Question: The area the museum occupies dates back to when?
Answer: 1065

Question: The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory has been a museum since when?
Answer: 1908
Title: Westminster_Abbey

The exhibits include a collection of royal and other funeral effigies (funeral saddle, helm and shield of Henry V), together with other treasures, including some panels of mediaeval glass, 12th-century sculpture fragments, Mary II's coronation chair and replicas of the coronation regalia, and historic effigies of Edward III, Henry VII and his queen, Elizabeth of York, Charles II, William III, Mary II and Queen Anne.

Question: What belonging to Henry V is in the museum?
Answer: funeral saddle, helm and shield

Question: What kind of panels are in the museum?
Answer: panels of mediaeval glass
Title: Westminster_Abbey

Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed] During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique corset dating from 1603 was found on the figure and is now displayed separately.[citation needed]

Question: Who modelled the effigies in the museum?
Answer: sculptor Patience Wright

Question: What are the effigies made of?
Answer: wax

Question: What is the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing?
Answer: some of his own clothes
Title: Westminster_Abbey

A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved.

Question: What was recently added to the museum exhibit?
Answer: 13th-century Westminster Retable

Question: What is the Westminster Retable?
Answer: England's oldest altarpiece

Question: What was the altarpiece designed for?
Answer: high altar of the abbey

Question: What was damaged but cleaned and then conserved?
Answer: altarpiece
Title: Westminster_Abbey

In June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona—a crown-like architectural feature—was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m development of the abbey expected to be completed in 2013. On 4 August 2010 the Dean and Chapter announced that, "[a]fter a considerable amount of preliminary and exploratory work", efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued. In 2012, architects Panter Hudspith completed refurbishment of the 14th-century food-store originally used by the abbey's monks, converting it into a restaurant with English Oak furniture by Covent Garden-based furniture makers Luke Hughes and Company.

Question: What was proposed for the abbey in June 2009?
Answer: major building work

Question: On what date did the Dean and Chapter announce that work would not be continued?
Answer: 4 August 2010

Question: Panter Hudspith refurbished a 14th-century foodstore into what?
Answer: a restaurant

Question: What kind of furniture is in the restaurant?
Answer: English Oak

Question: Who supplied the furniture for the restaurant?
Answer: Luke Hughes and Company
Title: Westminster_Abbey

A project that is proceeding is the creation of The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in the medieval triforium of the abbey. The aim is to create a new display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. To this end a new Gothic access tower with lift has been designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric, Ptolemy Dean. It is planned that the new galleries will open in 2018.

Question: What will be created in the medieval triforium?
Answer: The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries

Question: What has been designed to help with the gallery?
Answer: Gothic access tower with lift

Question: When will the new galleries open?
Answer: 2018
Title: Nanjing

Nanjing ( listen; Chinese: 南京, "Southern Capital") is the city situated in the heartland of lower Yangtze River region in China, which has long been a major centre of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism. It is the capital city of Jiangsu province of People's Republic of China and the second largest city in East China, with a total population of 8,216,100, and legally the capital of Republic of China which lost the mainland during the civil war. The city whose name means "Southern Capital" has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capitals of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century AD to 1949. Prior to the advent of pinyin romanization, Nanjing's city name was spelled as Nanking or Nankin. Nanjing has a number of other names, and some historical names are now used as names of districts of the city, and among them there is the name Jiangning (江寧), whose former character Jiang (江, River) is the former part of the name Jiangsu and latter character Ning (寧, simplified form 宁, Peace) is the short name of Nanjing. When being the capital of a state, for instance, ROC, Jing (京) is adopted as the abbreviation of Nanjing. Although as a city located in southern part of China becoming Chinese national capital as early as in Jin dynasty, the name Nanjing was designated to the city in Ming dynasty, about a thousand years later. Nanjing is particularly known as Jinling (金陵, literally meaning Gold Mountain) and the old name has been used since the Warring States Period in Zhou Dynasty.

Question: k
Answer: ks

Question: j
Answer: Ch

Question: n
Answer: n

Question: b
Answer: b

Question: v
Answer: v

Question: What is the legal capital of the Republic of China?
Answer: Nanjing

Question: What region is Nanjing in?
Answer: lower Yangtze River region

Question: When was the city given the name Nanjing?
Answer: Ming dynasty

Question: When did Nanjing become the Chinese national capital?
Answer: Jin dynasty

Question: What does Nanjing mean?
Answer: "Southern Capital"
Title: Nanjing

Located in Yangtze River Delta area and the center of East China, Nanjing is home to one of the world's largest inland ports. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has been ranked seventh in the evaluation of "Cities with Strongest Comprehensive Strength" issued by the National Statistics Bureau, and second in the evaluation of cities with most sustainable development potential in the Yangtze River Delta. It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honour Award and National Civilized City. Nanjing boasts many high-quality universities and research institutes, with the number of universities listed in 100 National Key Universities ranking third, including Nanjing University. The ratio of college students to total population ranks No.1 among large cities nationwide. Nanjing is one of the three Chinese top research centres according to Nature Index.

Question: What part of China (North, East, South, West) is Nanjing located?
Answer: East

Question: What does Nanjing have that is considered one of the world's biggest?
Answer: inland ports

Question: What river is Nanjing associated with?
Answer: Yangtze River

Question: What city was awarded the 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China?
Answer: Nanjing
Title: Nanjing

Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, and had been the world's largest city aggregately for hundreds of years, enjoyed peace and prosperity and beared wars and disasters. Nanjing served as the capital of Eastern Wu, one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period (211-280); the Eastern Jin and each of the Southern Dynasties (Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang and Chen), which successively ruled southern China from 317-589; the Southern Tang, one of the Ten Kingdoms (937-76); the Ming dynasty when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from the city (1368-1421); and the Republic of China (1927–37, 1945–49) prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The city also served as the seat of the rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–64) and the Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei (1940–45) during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and suffered appalling atrocities in both conflicts, including the Nanjing Massacre. It has been serving as the capital city of Jiangsu province after the China was established, and is still the nominal capital of Republic of China that accommodates many of its important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as Fuzimiao, Ming Palace, Chaotian Palace, Porcelain Tower, Drum Tower, Stone City, City Wall, Qinhuai River, Xuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain. Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Library, Nanjing Museum and Art Museum.

Question: How long has Nanjing been important?
Answer: over a thousand years

Question: How many Great Ancient Capitals does China have?
Answer: Four

Question: What city is considered to be the nominal capital of the Republic of China?
Answer: Nanjing

Question: What mausoleum is in Nanjing?
Answer: Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum

Question: What city was the capital of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era?
Answer: Nanjing
Title: Nanjing

Archaeological discovery shows that "Nanjing Man" lived in more than 500 thousand years ago. Zun, a kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about 5000 years ago. In the late period of Shang dynasty, Taibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. According to legend,[which?] Fuchai, King of the State of Wu, founded a fort named Yecheng (冶城) in today's Nanjing area in 495 BC. Later in 473 BC, the State of Yue conquered Wu and constructed the fort of Yuecheng (越城) on the outskirts of the present-day Zhonghua Gate. In 333 BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi (金陵邑) in the western part of present-day Nanjing. It was renamed Moling (秣陵) during reign of Qin Shi Huang. Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times.[citation needed] The area was successively part of Kuaiji, Zhang and Danyang prefectures in Qin and Han dynasty, and part of Yangzhou region which was established as the nation's 13 supervisory and administrative regions in the 5th year of Yuanfeng in Han dynasty (106 BC). Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about 400 years from late Han to early Tang.

Question: How long ago did "Nanjing Man" live?
Answer: more than 500 thousand years ago

Question: What vessel was found 5000 years ago?
Answer: Zun, a kind of wine vessel

Question: When was the the fort of Yuecheng built?
Answer: 473 BC

Question: How long had Nanjing been the capital city of Yangzhou?
Answer: about 400 years

Question: When was the Wu state created?
Answer: the late period of Shang dynasty
Title: Nanjing

Nanjing first became a state capital in 229 AD, when the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye (建業), the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in 211 AD. Although conquered by the Western Jin dynasty in 280, Nanjing and its neighbouring areas had been well cultivated and developed into one of the commercial, cultural and political centers of China during the rule of East Wu. This city would soon play a vital role in the following centuries.

Question: When did Nanjing become a state capital?
Answer: 229 AD

Question: Who founded Eastern Wu?
Answer: Sun Quan

Question: When was Eastern Wu founded?
Answer: during the Three Kingdoms period

Question: Who defeated Nanjing and took over in 280?
Answer: the Western Jin dynasty

Question: When was Nanjing extended?
Answer: 211 AD
Title: Nanjing

Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of the Jin dynasty in the north. In 317, remnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang (建康), replacing Luoyang. It's the first time that the capital of the nation moved to southern part.

Question: What happened prior to the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty?
Answer: the unification of the region

Question: When did the Jin court head South?
Answer: 317

Question: Where did the Jin court re-establish itself, after fleeing?
Answer: Nanjing

Question: Who fled with the Jin court to the South?
Answer: nobles and wealthy families
Title: Nanjing

During the period of North–South division, Nanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries. During this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia. Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households. Assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents.

Question: How long was Nanjing the capital of the Southern dynasties?
Answer: more than two and a half centuries

Question: During the time of the North–South division, what city was the center of East Asia?
Answer: Nanjing

Question: During the time of the North–South division, how many households were in Nanjing?
Answer: 280,000 registered households

Question: What is the estimated population of Nanjing during that time?
Answer: more than 1.4 million residents

Question: Where did the information on registered households during that period originate?
Answer: historical documents
Title: Nanjing

A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (475–518), a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang. The period of division ended when the Sui Dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town.

Question: What has survived in Nanjing's suburbs?
Answer: A number of sculptural ensembles

Question: In what district are these sculptural pieces located?
Answer: Qixia and Jiangning District

Question: Which piece is the best, in terms of preservation condition?
Answer: the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu

Question: Who was Xiao Xiu?
Answer: a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang

Question: When did Xiao Xiu live?
Answer: 475–518
Title: Nanjing

The city of Nanjing was razed after the Sui dynasty took over it. It renamed Shengzhou (昇州) in Tang dynasty and resuscitated during the late Tang. It was chosen as the capital and called Jinling (金陵) during the Southern Tang (937–976), a state that succeeded Wu state. It renamed Jiangning (江寧) in Northern Song dynasty and renamed Jiankang in Southern Song dynasty. Jiankang's textile industry burgeoned and thrived during the Song dynasty despite the constant threat of foreign invasions from the north by the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. The court of Da Chu, a short-lived puppet state established by the Jurchens, and the court of Song were once in the city. Song was eventually exterminated by the Mongol empire under the name Yuan and in Yuan dynasty the city's status as a hub of the textile industry was further consolidated.

Question: When was Nanjing made a capital again?
Answer: during the Southern Tang (937–976)

Question: During what dynasty did Nanjing become a thriving textile city?
Answer: the Song dynasty

Question: What was the name of the short-lived puppet court created by the Jurchens?
Answer: The court of Da Chu

Question: Who defeated the court of Song?
Answer: the Mongol empire
Title: Nanjing

The first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), who overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city Yingtian, rebuilt it, and made it the dynastic capital in 1368. He constructed a 48 km (30 mi) long city wall around Yingtian, as well as a new Ming Palace complex, and government halls. It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project. The present-day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved. It is among the longest surviving city walls in China. The Jianwen Emperor ruled from 1398 to 1402.

Question: Who was the first emperor of the Ming dynasty?
Answer: Zhu Yuanzhang

Question: Who did Zhu Yuanzhang defeat?
Answer: the Yuan dynasty

Question: What did Zhu Yuanzhang build around the city of Nanjing?
Answer: long city wall

Question: How long did it take to finish the wall?
Answer: 21 years

Question: How many workers worked on the wall?
Answer: 200,000
Title: Nanjing

It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400. Nanjing remained the capital of the Ming Empire until 1421, when the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Yongle Emperor, relocated the capital to Beijing.

Question: When was Nanjing considered to be the biggest city in the world?
Answer: from 1358 to 1425

Question: What was the number of people in Nanjing in 1400?
Answer: 487,000

Question: When did Nanjing cease to be the capital?
Answer: 1421

Question: Where was the capital moved to?
Answer: Beijing

Question: Who was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty?
Answer: the Yongle Emperor
Title: Nanjing

Besides the city wall, other famous Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower, although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties.

Question: What is the name of the famous mausoleum in Nanjing?
Answer: Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum

Question: Who decimated the Porcelain Tower?
Answer: the Taipings

Question: When was the Porcelain Tower destroyed?
Answer: in the 19th century

Question: One possibility the Tower was destroyed was to prevent it's use by a hostile enemy. What is the other possibility?
Answer: superstitious fear of its geomantic properties
Title: Nanjing

A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry (located some 15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleum), where a gigantic stele, cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned, just as it was left 600 years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it.

Question: How far from Nanjing is the Yangshan Quarry?
Answer: 15–20 km (9–12 mi) east of the walled city

Question: What large item is abandoned at the Quarry?
Answer: a gigantic stele

Question: How long ago was the stele abandoned?
Answer: 600 years ago

Question: Why was the stele abandoned?
Answer: it was impossible to move or complete it

Question: Who ordered the creation of the stele?
Answer: the Yongle Emperor
Title: Nanjing

As the center of the empire, early-Ming Nanjing had worldwide connections. It was home of the admiral Zheng He, who went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and it was visited by foreign dignitaries, such as a king from Borneo (Boni 渤泥), who died during his visit to China in 1408. The Tomb of the King of Boni, with a spirit way and a tortoise stele, was discovered in Yuhuatai District (south of the walled city) in 1958, and has been restored.

Question: What Admiral called Nanjing his home?
Answer: admiral Zheng He

Question: What visiting king died in China in 1408?
Answer: (Boni 渤泥)

Question: What country did this visiting king come from?
Answer: Borneo

Question: What stele is at Boni's tomb?
Answer: a tortoise stele
Title: Nanjing

Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time. After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644, the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor. His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so-called Southern Ming dynasty.

Question: When did Beijing lose to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty?
Answer: 1644

Question: What Ming prince was enthroned in Nanjing?
Answer: Zhu Yousong

Question: When was Zhu Yousong enthroned?
Answer: in June 1644

Question: What was Zhu Yousong's title?
Answer: the Hongguang Emperor

Question: The Hongguang Emperor's reign was thought of as the first reign of what dynasty?
Answer: the so-called Southern Ming dynasty