rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Wayback_Machine

Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the Wayback Machine. Currently, the Internet Archive applies robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocks the Internet Archive, such as Healthcare Advocates, any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well. In cases of blocked sites, only the robots.txt file is archived.

Question: What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard?
Answer: voluntary

Question: What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard?
Answer: Robots.txt

Question: If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved?
Answer: Robots.txt
Title: Wayback_Machine

The Internet Archive states, however, "Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests." In addition, the web site says: "The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection."

Question: Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive?
Answer: Internet Archive
Title: Wayback_Machine

In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.

Question: Who sued Internet Archive in 2005?
Answer: Suzanne Shell

Question: What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?
Answer: profane-justice.org

Question: In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed?
Answer: Northern District of California

Question: In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court?
Answer: District of Colorado
Title: Wayback_Machine

On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm."

Question: When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?
Answer: April 25, 2007

Question: Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?
Answer: Internet Archive

Question: Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?
Answer: Suzanne Shell
Title: Wayback_Machine

In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.

Question: What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?
Answer: DMCA requests

Question: What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?
Answer: Federal Court of Canada
Title: Dutch_Republic

The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata).

Question: What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by?
Answer: the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)

Question: The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time?
Answer: from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795

Question: What republics did the Dutch Republic come before?
Answer: Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands
Title: Dutch_Republic

Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France.

Question: The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries?
Answer: Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg

Question: Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?
Answer: Flanders
Title: Dutch_Republic

Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War.

Question: The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses?
Answer: the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg

Question: Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction?
Answer: Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

Question: In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?
Answer: 1568

Question: Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?
Answer: high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces
Title: Dutch_Republic

In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.

Question: In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed?
Answer: 1579

Question: Who signed the Union of Utrecht?
Answer: a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries

Question: What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called?
Answer: the Act of Abjuration

Question: In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed?
Answer: 1581

Question: What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht?
Answer: to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army
Title: Dutch_Republic

In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

Question: In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them?
Answer: 1582

Question: In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands?
Answer: 1583

Question: When was William of Orange assassinated?
Answer: 10 July 1584

Question: Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England?
Answer: Elizabeth I

Question: In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy?
Answer: 1588
Title: Dutch_Republic

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

Question: What events created the Batavian Republic?
Answer: a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795

Question: The republican forces fled to which country?
Answer: France

Question: The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic?
Answer: the Batavian Republic
Title: Dutch_Republic

The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.

Question: In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?
Answer: 1813

Question: What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?
Answer: "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands"

Question: The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries?
Answer: Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège
Title: Dutch_Republic

During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.

Question: The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?
Answer: the Dutch Golden Age

Question: What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?
Answer: The County of Holland
Title: Dutch_Republic

The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

Question: When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands?
Answer: 1602

Question: Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange?
Answer: Rotterdam

Question: The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities?
Answer: six

Question: Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city?
Answer: Amsterdam
Title: Dutch_Republic

Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.

Question: The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time?
Answer: 1590–1712

Question: The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?
Answer: Africa and the Pacific

Question: What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?
Answer: breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient
Title: Dutch_Republic

The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:

Question: The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces?
Answer: seven

Question: Who were the Generality Lands governed by?
Answer: the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government

Question: The States General was made up of what?
Answer: representatives of each of the seven provinces
Title: Dutch_Republic

In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.

Question: What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?
Answer: the County of Drenthe

Question: Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?
Answer: this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes

Question: The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what?
Answer: raadspensionaris

Question: Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris?
Answer: the stadtholder

Question: Who commanded the army?
Answer: the stadtholder
Title: Dutch_Republic

In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.

Question: Who appointed the stadtholders?
Answer: the states of each province

Question: Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?
Answer: the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent

Question: Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland?
Answer: Zeeland and usually Utrecht
Title: Dutch_Republic

There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.

Question: What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?
Answer: Orangists

Question: Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?
Answer: Republicans
Title: Dutch_Republic

After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).

Question: Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?
Answer: the Peace of Westphalia

Question: The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?
Answer: federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)

Question: What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?
Answer: Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)
Title: Dutch_Republic

The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.

Question: Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?
Answer: The States General of the United Provinces

Question: Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces?
Answer: Holland and/or Zeeland
Title: Dutch_Republic

The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.

Question: Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?
Answer: The framers of the US Constitution

Question: Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war."
Answer: James Madison

Question: The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?
Answer: the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces
Title: Dutch_Republic

In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.

Question: What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?
Answer: the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579

Question: What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose?
Answer: personal religion

Question: Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union?
Answer: William of Orange

Question: What was forbidden in all provinces?
Answer: Catholic services
Title: Dutch_Republic

During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.

Question: What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?
Answer: the Reformed Church

Question: The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?
Answer: the time period and regional or city leaders

Question: What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden?
Answer: fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city

Question: What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?
Answer: personal freedom of religion
Title: Dutch_Republic

In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.

Question: What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?
Answer: predestination

Question: The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what?
Answer: the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants

Question: What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618?
Answer: the Synod of Dort
Title: Dutch_Republic

Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.

Question: When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?
Answer: in the 18th century

Question: Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule?
Answer: as long as their services took place secretly in private churches
Title: Symbiosis

Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."

Question: What language does the word "symbiosis" come from?
Answer: Greek

Question: What type of organism did Frank apply the term "symbiosis" to?
Answer: lichens

Question: What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?
Answer: German