rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Buddhism

Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of meditative absorption (Pali: jhāna; Skt: dhyāna). The most ancient sustained expression of yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of the Buddha. One key innovative teaching of the Buddha was that meditative absorption must be combined with liberating cognition. The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in early Brahminic texts is striking. Meditative states alone are not an end, for according to the Buddha, even the highest meditative state is not liberating. Instead of attaining a complete cessation of thought, some sort of mental activity must take place: a liberating cognition, based on the practice of mindful awareness.

Question: Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of what type of absorption?
Answer: meditative

Question: The most acient yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of who?
Answer: the Buddha

Question: The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in what what type of texts is significant?
Answer: Brahminic

Question: According to the Buddha event he highest meditative state is not what?
Answer: liberating
Title: Buddhism

Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha. The Buddha built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques, but rejected their theories of liberation. In Buddhism, mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times; in pre-Buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction. A yogi in the Brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating, for example, while a Buddhist monastic should do so.

Question: Meditation was an aspect of the practice of who?
Answer: the yogis

Question: In Buddhism, what must be developed at all times?
Answer: mindfulness and clear awareness
Title: Buddhism

Religious knowledge or "vision" was indicated as a result of practice both within and outside of the Buddhist fold. According to the Samaññaphala Sutta, this sort of vision arose for the Buddhist adept as a result of the perfection of "meditation" coupled with the perfection of "discipline" (Pali sīla; Skt. śīla). Some of the Buddha's meditative techniques were shared with other traditions of his day, but the idea that ethics are causally related to the attainment of "transcendent wisdom" (Pali paññā; Skt. prajñā) was original.[web 18]

Question: Religious knowledge is also known as what?
Answer: vision

Question: What type of techniques were shared with other traditions of his day?
Answer: meditative

Question: There is an idea where ethics are causally related to the attainment of what?
Answer: transcendent wisdom
Title: Buddhism

The Buddhist texts are probably the earliest describing meditation techniques. They describe meditative practices and states that existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within Buddhism. Two Upanishads written after the rise of Buddhism do contain full-fledged descriptions of yoga as a means to liberation.

Question: What are probably the earliest texts describing meditation techniques?
Answer: Buddhist texts

Question: What describes meditative states exising before the Buddha?
Answer: Buddhist texts

Question: What two items were written after the rise of Buddhism?
Answer: Upanishads
Title: Buddhism

While there is no convincing evidence for meditation in pre-Buddhist early Brahminic texts, Wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the Brahminic or Shramanic tradition, based on strong parallels between Upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the Buddha as recorded in the early Buddhist texts. He mentions less likely possibilities as well. Having argued that the cosmological statements in the Upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition, he argues that the Nasadiya Sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition, even as early as the late Rig Vedic period.

Question: In pre-buddhist early Brahminic texts there is no evidence for what?
Answer: meditation

Question: The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition?
Answer: contemplative

Question: What contains evidence for a contemplative tradition?
Answer: Nasadiya Sukta
Title: Buddhism

Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering.

Question: What is the first step in a school of Buddhism?
Answer: the Three Jewels

Question: What mentions taking refuge on behalf of young or unborn children?
Answer: Majjhima Nikaya

Question: What type of Buddhism adds a fourth refuge?
Answer: Tibetan

Question: The Three Jewels are preceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging what?
Answer: essence.

Question: What has an irreversable effect?
Answer: The Three Jewels
Title: Buddhism

According to the scriptures, Gautama Buddha presented himself as a model. The Dharma offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering and the attainment of Nirvana. The Sangha is considered to provide a refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha and providing further examples that the truth of the Buddha's teachings is attainable.

Question: Who presented himself as a model?
Answer: Gautama Buddha

Question: What offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering?
Answer: Dharma

Question: What provides refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha?
Answer: Sangha
Title: Buddhism

Śīla (Sanskrit) or sīla (Pāli) is usually translated into English as "virtuous behavior", "morality", "moral discipline", "ethics" or "precept". It is an action committed through the body, speech, or mind, and involves an intentional effort. It is one of the three practices (sīla, samādhi, and paññā) and the second pāramitā. It refers to moral purity of thought, word, and deed. The four conditions of śīla are chastity, calmness, quiet, and extinguishment.

Question: What is an action committed through the body and involves intentional effort?
Answer: Śīla

Question: Sila is the second what?
Answer: pāramitā
Title: Buddhism

Śīla is the foundation of Samādhi/Bhāvana (Meditative cultivation) or mind cultivation. Keeping the precepts promotes not only the peace of mind of the cultivator, which is internal, but also peace in the community, which is external. According to the Law of Karma, keeping the precepts is meritorious and it acts as causes that would bring about peaceful and happy effects. Keeping these precepts keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four woeful realms of existence.

Question: What keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four realms of existance?
Answer: keeping the precepts

Question: What is the foundation of Samadhi/Bhavana?
Answer: Śīla

Question: What promotes not only the peace of mind but also peace in the community?
Answer: keeping the precepts
Title: Buddhism

Śīla refers to overall principles of ethical behavior. There are several levels of sīla, which correspond to "basic morality" (five precepts), "basic morality with asceticism" (eight precepts), "novice monkhood" (ten precepts) and "monkhood" (Vinaya or Patimokkha). Lay people generally undertake to live by the five precepts, which are common to all Buddhist schools. If they wish, they can choose to undertake the eight precepts, which add basic asceticism.

Question: What does sila refer to?
Answer: overall principles of ethical behavior

Question: Lay people tend to live by the five what?
Answer: precepts

Question: Schools can undertake eight precepts, which add basic what?
Answer: asceticism.
Title: Buddhism

The precepts are not formulated as imperatives, but as training rules that laypeople undertake voluntarily to facilitate practice. In Buddhist thought, the cultivation of dana and ethical conduct themselves refine consciousness to such a level that rebirth in one of the lower heavens is likely, even if there is no further Buddhist practice. There is nothing improper or un-Buddhist about limiting one's aims to this level of attainment.

Question: Precepts are not created as imperatives, but as what?
Answer: training rules

Question: The cultivation of dana and what kind of conduct refine consciousness?
Answer: ethical

Question: Even if there is no further Buddhist practice, what heavens is still likely?
Answer: lower
Title: Buddhism

In the eight precepts, the third precept on sexual misconduct is made more strict, and becomes a precept of celibacy. The three additional precepts are:

Question: Of the eight precepts which one is on sexual misconduct?
Answer: third

Question: What is the third strict precept on sexual misconduct?
Answer: a precept of celibacy
Title: Buddhism

The complete list of ten precepts may be observed by laypeople for short periods. For the complete list, the seventh precept is partitioned into two, and a tenth added:

Question: How many precepts are on the list?
Answer: ten

Question: In the complete list of precepts, which one is partitioned into two?
Answer: seventh
Title: Buddhism

Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics.

Question: How many basic precepts are there for monastics?
Answer: the ten precepts

Question: What is the specific moral code for monks and nuns?
Answer: vinaya

Question: How many rules dows the patimokkha have?
Answer: 227

Question: What are the scriptures on vinaya called?
Answer: vinayapitaka
Title: Buddhism

Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that counts. On the other hand, the rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying life, and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments. Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as "islands unto themselves". In this sense, living life as the vinaya prescribes it is, as one scholar puts it: "more than merely a means to an end: it is very nearly the end in itself."

Question: Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that what?
Answer: counts

Question: The rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying what?
Answer: life

Question: The rules are a perfect springboard for what?
Answer: higher attainments

Question: Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as what?
Answer: islands unto themselves
Title: Buddhism

In Eastern Buddhism, there is also a distinctive Vinaya and ethics contained within the Mahayana Brahmajala Sutra (not to be confused with the Pali text of that name) for Bodhisattvas, where, for example, the eating of meat is frowned upon and vegetarianism is actively encouraged (see vegetarianism in Buddhism). In Japan, this has almost completely displaced the monastic vinaya, and allows clergy to marry.

Question: Distinctive Vinaya and ethics are contained within what sutra?
Answer: Mahayana Brahmajala

Question: Bodhisattvas are not encouraged to eat what?
Answer: meat

Question: Where is the monastic vinaya displaced and clergy is allowed to marry?
Answer: Japan
Title: Buddhism

Buddhist meditation is fundamentally concerned with two themes: transforming the mind and using it to explore itself and other phenomena. According to Theravada Buddhism the Buddha taught two types of meditation, samatha meditation (Sanskrit: śamatha) and vipassanā meditation (Sanskrit: vipaśyanā). In Chinese Buddhism, these exist (translated chih kuan), but Chán (Zen) meditation is more popular. According to Peter Harvey, whenever Buddhism has been healthy, not only monks, nuns, and married lamas, but also more committed lay people have practiced meditation. According to Routledge's Encyclopedia of Buddhism, in contrast, throughout most of Buddhist history before modern times, serious meditation by lay people has been unusual. The evidence of the early texts suggests that at the time of the Buddha, many male and female lay practitioners did practice meditation, some even to the point of proficiency in all eight jhānas (see the next section regarding these).[note 11]

Question: In Chinese Buddhism what meditation is more popular?
Answer: Zen

Question: Evidence has shown some lay people got to proficiency in all eight what?
Answer: jhānas
Title: Buddhism

In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous.

Question: What does the word samyaksamadhi mean?
Answer: right concentration

Question: Meditation is the primary means of cultivating what?
Answer: samādhi

Question: Upon development of samadhi, a person gets rid of what?
Answer: defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous
Title: Buddhism

Once the meditator achieves a strong and powerful concentration (jhāna, Sanskrit ध्यान dhyāna), his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight (vipassanā) into the ultimate nature of reality, eventually obtaining release from all suffering. The cultivation of mindfulness is essential to mental concentration, which is needed to achieve insight.

Question: What is powerful concentration called?
Answer: jhāna

Question: What is the term when the mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight?
Answer: vipassanā

Question: Mindfulness is essential to concentration, which is neede to achieve what?
Answer: insight
Title: Buddhism

Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or idea, which is expanded to one's body, mind and entire surroundings, leading to a state of total concentration and tranquility (jhāna). There are many variations in the style of meditation, from sitting cross-legged or kneeling to chanting or walking. The most common method of meditation is to concentrate on one's breath (anapanasati), because this practice can lead to both samatha and vipassana'.

Question: Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what?
Answer: idea

Question: What is the term for tranquility?
Answer: jhāna
Title: Buddhism

In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in jhana, all defilements are suppressed temporarily. Only understanding (prajñā or vipassana) eradicates the defilements completely. Jhanas are also states that Arahants abide in order to rest.

Question: In Buddhism, samatha meditation can calm the what?
Answer: mind

Question: Vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was what?
Answer: disturbed

Question: What is the term for insight knowledge?
Answer: jñāna

Question: What is the term for understanding?
Answer: prajñā

Question: What eradicates the defilements completely?
Answer: understanding
Title: Buddhism

In Theravāda Buddhism, the cause of human existence and suffering is identified as craving, which carries with it the various defilements. These various defilements are traditionally summed up as greed, hatred and delusion. These are believed deeply rooted afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress. To be free from suffering and stress, these defilements must be permanently uprooted through internal investigation, analyzing, experiencing, and understanding of the true nature of those defilements by using jhāna, a technique of the Noble Eightfold Path. It then leads the meditator to realize the Four Noble Truths, Enlightenment and Nibbāna. Nibbāna is the ultimate goal of Theravadins.

Question: In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering?
Answer: craving

Question: What does craving carry with it?
Answer: defilements

Question: Deeply rooted afflictions of the mind create what?
Answer: suffering and stress

Question: What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins?
Answer: Nibbāna
Title: Buddhism

Prajñā (Sanskrit) or paññā (Pāli) means wisdom that is based on a realization of dependent origination, The Four Noble Truths and the three marks of existence. Prajñā is the wisdom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about bodhi. It is spoken of as the principal means of attaining nirvāṇa, through its revelation of the true nature of all things as dukkha (unsatisfactoriness), anicca (impermanence) and anatta (not-self). Prajñā is also listed as the sixth of the six pāramitās of the Mahayana.

Question: How many Noble Truths are there?
Answer: Four

Question: Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what?
Answer: bodhi

Question: What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana?
Answer: Prajñā
Title: Buddhism

Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level. Notably, one could in theory attain Nirvana at any point of practice, whether deep in meditation, listening to a sermon, conducting the business of one's daily life, or any other activity.

Question: Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what?
Answer: sermons

Question: In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice?
Answer: at any point

Question: What can be applied to daily life once it is attained?
Answer: conceptual understanding
Title: Buddhism

Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth.

Question: Zen Buddhism is known as what in Korea?
Answer: seon

Question: What form of buddhism lays special emphasis on meditation?
Answer: Zen

Question: What form of Buddhism places less emphasis on scriptures?
Answer: Zen

Question: Zen focuses on what type of breakthroughs?
Answer: spiritual
Title: Buddhism

Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (臨済宗) and Sōtō (曹洞宗), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (公案, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on shikantaza or "just sitting".[note 13]

Question: Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools?
Answer: two

Question: Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs?
Answer: Rinzai
Title: Buddhism

Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little "I" are transcended, an Awakening to a universal, non-dual Self occurs: "When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence." Thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one.

Question: What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox?
Answer: Zen

Question: What type of self is equated with the Buddha?
Answer: True Self

Question: What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself?
Answer: Thinking and thought
Title: Buddhism

Though based upon Mahayana, Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism is one of the schools that practice Vajrayana or "Diamond Vehicle" (also referred to as Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism, or esoteric Buddhism). It accepts all the basic concepts of Mahāyāna, but also includes a vast array of spiritual and physical techniques designed to enhance Buddhist practice. Tantric Buddhism is largely concerned with ritual and meditative practices. One component of the Vajrayāna is harnessing psycho-physical energy through ritual, visualization, physical exercises, and meditation as a means of developing the mind. Using these techniques, it is claimed that a practitioner can achieve Buddhahood in one lifetime, or even as little as three years. In the Tibetan tradition, these practices can include sexual yoga, though only for some very advanced practitioners.

Question: What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on?
Answer: Mahayana

Question: What is the English term for Vajrayana?
Answer: Diamond Vehicle

Question: What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices?
Answer: Tantric

Question: Psycho-physical energy is harnessed through what?
Answer: ritual
Title: Buddhism

Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of ancient India during the second half of the first millennium BCE. That was a period of social and religious turmoil, as there was significant discontent with the sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.[note 15] It was challenged by numerous new ascetic religious and philosophical groups and teachings that broke with the Brahmanic tradition and rejected the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans.[note 16] These groups, whose members were known as shramanas, were a continuation of a non-Vedic strand of Indian thought distinct from Indo-Aryan Brahmanism.[note 17] Scholars have reasons to believe that ideas such as samsara, karma (in the sense of the influence of morality on rebirth), and moksha originated in the shramanas, and were later adopted by Brahmin orthodoxy.[note 18][note 19][note 20][note 21][note 22][note 23]

Question: What time period was the beginning of Buddhism?
Answer: second half of the first millennium BCE

Question: Scholars believe that karma originated in what?
Answer: the shramanas

Question: What groups broke with Brahmanic tradition?
Answer: shramanas

Question: Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought?
Answer: non-Vedic