rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Database

This may be managed directly on an individual basis, or by the assignment of individuals and privileges to groups, or (in the most elaborate models) through the assignment of individuals and groups to roles which are then granted entitlements. Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of it called "subschemas". For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data. If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases.

Question: What does data security avoid?
Answer: unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database

Question: What is a subset of a database called that can be accessed by using a password?
Answer: subschemas

Question: What is possible when a DBMS interrogate and update a database?
Answer: managing personal databases
Title: Database

Database transactions can be used to introduce some level of fault tolerance and data integrity after recovery from a crash. A database transaction is a unit of work, typically encapsulating a number of operations over a database (e.g., reading a database object, writing, acquiring lock, etc.), an abstraction supported in database and also other systems. Each transaction has well defined boundaries in terms of which program/code executions are included in that transaction (determined by the transaction's programmer via special transaction commands).

Question: What is a unit of work called in a database?
Answer: transaction

Question: Are transactions limited?
Answer: Each transaction has well defined boundaries

Question: How can database transactions ensure accuracy after a crash?
Answer: fault tolerance
Title: Database

A database built with one DBMS is not portable to another DBMS (i.e., the other DBMS cannot run it). However, in some situations it is desirable to move, migrate a database from one DBMS to another. The reasons are primarily economical (different DBMSs may have different total costs of ownership or TCOs), functional, and operational (different DBMSs may have different capabilities). The migration involves the database's transformation from one DBMS type to another. The transformation should maintain (if possible) the database related application (i.e., all related application programs) intact. Thus, the database's conceptual and external architectural levels should be maintained in the transformation. It may be desired that also some aspects of the architecture internal level are maintained. A complex or large database migration may be a complicated and costly (one-time) project by itself, which should be factored into the decision to migrate. This in spite of the fact that tools may exist to help migration between specific DBMSs. Typically a DBMS vendor provides tools to help importing databases from other popular DBMSs.

Question: Why would someone attempt to unite two different databases?
Answer: primarily economical

Question: In order to merge, what must the database maintain?
Answer: database related application

Question: What are the important parts of the database related application that should be moved?
Answer: conceptual and external architectural levels

Question: How can a DBMS database migration be made easier?
Answer: vendor provides tools

Question: Can a DBMS be transfered to a different DBMS?
Answer: ano
Title: Database

Sometimes it is desired to bring a database back to a previous state (for many reasons, e.g., cases when the database is found corrupted due to a software error, or if it has been updated with erroneous data). To achieve this a backup operation is done occasionally or continuously, where each desired database state (i.e., the values of its data and their embedding in database's data structures) is kept within dedicated backup files (many techniques exist to do this effectively). When this state is needed, i.e., when it is decided by a database administrator to bring the database back to this state (e.g., by specifying this state by a desired point in time when the database was in this state), these files are utilized to restore that state.

Question: Name a reason to take a database backward in time?
Answer: database is found corrupted

Question: Is each database backup kept in the same file?
Answer: dedicated backup files

Question: Who can restore a database that has been corrupted?
Answer: database administrator

Question: What parameter is requiret to restore a database?
Answer: desired point in time
Title: Database

Static analysis techniques for software verification can be applied also in the scenario of query languages. In particular, the *Abstract interpretation framework has been extended to the field of query languages for relational databases as a way to support sound approximation techniques. The semantics of query languages can be tuned according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data. The abstraction of relational database system has many interesting applications, in particular, for security purposes, such as fine grained access control, watermarking, etc.

Question: How can static analysis be useful with query languages?
Answer: software verification

Question: What do query languages support in abstract interpretation frameworks?
Answer: sound approximation techniques

Question: What is a security measure that uses a relational database system?
Answer: watermarking

Question: Can query languages be adjusted?
Answer: according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data
Title: Tucson,_Arizona

Tucson (/ˈtuːsɒn/ /tuːˈsɒn/) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 996,544. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area (CSA), with a total population of 980,263 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is  located 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 59th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley.

Question: What is the largest populated city in Arizona?
Answer: Phoenix

Question: How many miles is Tuscon from the U.S.- Mexico border?
Answer: 60

Question: What nickname does Tuscon have because of their many companies involved in optics?
Answer: Optics Valley

Question: What was the population of Tuscon according to the 2010 U.S. Census? 
Answer: 520,116

Question: What was the estimated population of the entire Tuscan area in 2013? 
Answer: 996,544

Question: Which county is Tucson in?
Answer: Pima County

Question: Which university is in Tucson?
Answer: University of Arizona

Question: How far is Tucson from Phoenix?
Answer: 108 miles (174 km)

Question: How far is Tucson from Mexico?
Answer: 60 mi (97 km)

Question: What industry-based nickname does Tucson have?
Answer: Optics Valley
Title: Tucson,_Arizona

Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 2100 BC.[citation needed] The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural period, circa 1200 BC to AD 150. These people constructed irrigation canals and grew corn, beans, and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery.[citation needed]

Question: What was Tuscon known as 12,000 years ago?
Answer: southern Arizona

Question: What group lived in the area that were known for their red-on-brown pottery?
Answer: Hohokam

Question: Near what river was a village site dating from 2100 BC found? 
Answer: Santa Cruz River

Question: Who were probably the first group of people in Tuscan?
Answer: Paleo-Indians

Question: How long ago did Tuscan have their first visitors?
Answer: 12,000 years ago

Question: How long ago were Paleo-Indians known to be in the Tucson area?
Answer: about 12,000 years ago

Question: How old was the village site found near the Santa Cruz River?
Answer: 2100 BC

Question: When was the Early Agricultural period?
Answer: 1200 BC to AD 150

Question: What happened in the Early Ceramic period?
Answer: the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage

Question: When did the Hohokam live in the Tucson area?
Answer: from AD 600 to 1450
Title: Tucson,_Arizona

Jesuit missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino visited the Santa Cruz River valley in 1692, and founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1700 about 7 mi (11 km) upstream from the site of the settlement of Tucson. A separate Convento settlement was founded downstream along the Santa Cruz River, near the base of what is now "A" mountain. Hugo O'Conor, the founding father of the city of Tucson, Arizona authorized the construction of a military fort in that location, Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón, on August 20, 1775 (near the present downtown Pima County Courthouse). During the Spanish period of the presidio, attacks such as the Second Battle of Tucson were repeatedly mounted by Apaches. Eventually the town came to be called "Tucson" and became a part of Sonora after Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821.

Question: What year did Mexico gain independence from Spain?
Answer: 1821

Question: Who is considered the founding father of Tuscan?
Answer: Hugo O'Conor

Question: Who founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac?
Answer: Eusebio Francisco Kino

Question: How many miles was Mission San Xavier del Bac from Tuscon?
Answer: 7

Question: Which missionary came to the Santa Cruz River area in 1692?
Answer: Eusebio Francisco Kino

Question: What religion was Kino?
Answer: Jesuit

Question: What mission did Kino found?
Answer: Mission San Xavier del Bac

Question: When did Kino found the del Bac mission?
Answer: 1700

Question: Who is Tucson's 'founding father'?
Answer: Hugo O'Conor
Title: Tucson,_Arizona

Arizona, south of the Gila River was legally bought from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase on June 8, 1854. Tucson became a part of the United States of America, although the American military did not formally take over control until March 1856. In 1857 Tucson became a stage station on the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line and in 1858 became 3rd division headquarters of the Butterfield Overland Mail until the line shut down in March 1861. The Overland Mail Corporation attempted to continue running, however following the Bascom Affair, devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches ended operations in August 1861.[citation needed]

Question: What was the date when Arizona was bought?
Answer: June 8, 1854

Question: What year did the Overland Mail Corporation end operations?
Answer: 1861

Question: Arizona is south of which river?
Answer: Gila River

Question: What was the name of the deal in which Arizona was bought?
Answer: Gadsden Purchase

Question: In what year did Tuscon become a stage station?
Answer: 1857

Question: When was the Gadsden Purchase?
Answer: June 8, 1854

Question: Where did the US buy land from in the Gadsden Purchase?
Answer: Mexico

Question: When did the US formally take control of the Tucson area?
Answer: March 1856

Question: When did the mail stagecoaches stop running?
Answer: August 1861

Question: Why did the mail stagecoaches stop running?
Answer: devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches
Title: Tucson,_Arizona

From 1877 to 1878, the area suffered a rash of stagecoach robberies. Most notable, however, were the two holdups committed by masked road-agent William Whitney Brazelton. Brazelton held up two stages in the summer of 1878 near Point of Mountain Station approximately 17 mi (27 km) northwest of Tucson. John Clum, of Tombstone, Arizona fame was one of the passengers. Brazelton was eventually tracked down and killed on Monday August 19, 1878, in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles (5 km) south of Tucson by Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse. Brazelton had been suspected of highway robbery not only in the Tucson area, but also in the Prescott region and Silver City, New Mexico area as well. Brazelton's crimes prompted John J. Valentine, Sr. of Wells, Fargo & Co. to send special agent and future Pima County sheriff Bob Paul to investigate. Fort Lowell, then east of Tucson, was established to help protect settlers from Apache attacks. In 1882, Frank Stilwell was implicated in the murder of Morgan Earp by Cowboy Pete Spence's wife, Marietta, at the coroner's inquest on Morgan Earp's shooting. The coroner's jury concluded that Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, and Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz were the prime suspects in the assassination of Morgan Earp. :250 Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp gathered a few trusted friends and accompanied Virgil Earp and his family as they traveled to Benson for a train ride to California. They found Stilwell lying in wait for Virgil in the Tucson station and killed him on the tracks. After killing Stilwell, Wyatt deputized others and rode on a vendetta, killing three more cowboys over the next few days before leaving the state.

Question: What date did William Whitney Brazelton Die? 
Answer: August 19, 1878

Question: What is the name of the sheriff who shot William Whitney Brazelton?
Answer: Charles A. Shibell

Question: What was Wyatt Earp's job title?
Answer: Deputy U.S. Marshal

Question: Who was held responsible for the murder of Morgan Earp?
Answer: Frank Stilwell

Question: What Deputy was responsible for the death of Frank Stiwell?
Answer: Wyatt Earp

Question: What crime increased in the Tucson area in 1877?
Answer: stagecoach robberies

Question: Who was the most famous stagecoach robber in the Tucson area?
Answer: William Whitney Brazelton

Question: When was Brazelton killed?
Answer: August 19, 1878

Question: Who killed Brazelton?
Answer: Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse

Question: What was Shibell's job?
Answer: Pima County Sheriff
Title: Tucson,_Arizona

By 1900, 7,531 people lived in the city. The population increased gradually to 13,913 in 1910. At about this time, the U.S. Veterans Administration had begun construction on the present Veterans Hospital. Many veterans who had been gassed in World War I and were in need of respiratory therapy began coming to Tucson after the war, due to the clean dry air. Over the following years the city continued to grow, with the population increasing to 20,292 in 1920 and 36,818 in 1940. In 2006 the population of Pima County, in which Tucson is located, passed one million while the City of Tucson's population was 535,000.

Question: What county is Tuscon located in?
Answer: Pima County

Question: What was the population of Tuscon in 2006?
Answer: 535,000

Question: what were veterans in need of after World War I?
Answer: respiratory therapy

Question: What did the U.S. Veterans Administration build around 1910?
Answer: Veterans Hospital

Question: What was the population of Tuscon in 1940?
Answer: 36,818

Question: What was Tucson's population in 1900?
Answer: 7,531

Question: What was Tucson's population in 1910?
Answer: 13,913

Question: What was Tucson's population in 1920?
Answer: 20,292

Question: What was Tucson's population in 1940?
Answer: 36,818

Question: What was Tucson's population in 2006?
Answer: 535,000
Title: Tucson,_Arizona

The city's elevation is 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level (as measured at the Tucson International Airport). Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert, surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains: the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north, the Santa Rita Mountains to the south, the Rincon Mountains to the east, and the Tucson Mountains to the west. The high point of the Santa Catalina Mountains is 9,157 ft (2,791 m) Mount Lemmon, the southernmost ski destination in the continental U.S., while the Tucson Mountains include 4,687 ft (1,429 m) Wasson Peak. The highest point in the area is Mount Wrightson, found in the Santa Rita Mountains at 9,453 ft (2,881 m) above sea level.

Question: Which Mountain has the Highest point surrounding Tuscon?
Answer: Mount Wrightson

Question: Which desert is Tuscon in?
Answer: Sonoran

Question: How many mountain ranges is Tuscon surrounded by?
Answer: five

Question: How above sea level is Wasson Peak in feet?
Answer: 4,687 ft

Question: What direction are the Tortolita Mountains from Tuscon?
Answer: north

Question: How high is Tucson's airport?
Answer: 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level

Question: What desert is Tucson in?
Answer: Sonoran

Question: What mountain range is east of Tucson?
Answer: Rincon Mountains

Question: What mountain range is north of Tucson?
Answer: Tortolita Mountains

Question: What mountain range is west of Tucson?
Answer: Tucson Mountains
Title: Tucson,_Arizona

Tucson is located 118 mi (190 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the United States - Mexico border. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116 with a metropolitan area population at 980,263. In 2009, Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. A major city in the Arizona Sun Corridor, Tucson is the largest city in southern Arizona, the second largest in the state after Phoenix. It is also the largest city in the area of the Gadsden Purchase. As of 2015, The Greater Tucson Metro area has exceeded a population of 1 million.

Question: How many miles is Tuscon from Phoenix?
Answer: 118

Question: How many miles is Tuscon from the US - Mexico border?
Answer: 60

Question: What is the second largest city in Arizona?
Answer: Tucson

Question: Where does Tuscon rank in terms of the largest city in the U.S. in 2009? 
Answer: 32nd

Question: What area exceeded 1 million people in 2015?
Answer: Greater Tucson Metro

Question: What is Tucson's city population in 2010?
Answer: 520,116

Question: What is Tucson's metro area population in 2010?
Answer: 980,263

Question: How does Tucson rank among US cities?
Answer: 32nd largest

Question: How does Tucson rank among US metro areas?
Answer: 52nd largest

Question: What is Tucson's metro area population in 2015?
Answer: 1 million
Title: Tucson,_Arizona

Interstate 10, which runs southeast to northwest through town, connects Tucson to Phoenix to the northwest on the way to its western terminus in Santa Monica, California, and to Las Cruces, New Mexico and El Paso, Texas toward its eastern terminus in Jacksonville, Florida. I-19 runs south from Tucson toward Nogales and the U.S.-Mexico border. I-19 is the only Interstate highway that uses "kilometer posts" instead of "mileposts", although the speed limits are marked in miles per hour instead of kilometers per hour.

Question: Which interstate is the only one that uses kilometer posts instead of mileposts?
Answer: I-19

Question: Are the speed limits on I-19 marked in miles or kilometers?
Answer: miles

Question: What border does I-19 come close to? 
Answer: U.S.-Mexico border

Question: Which interstate would you take to go to Jackson Florida from Tuscon Arizona?
Answer: Interstate 10

Question: Which direction does I-10 run through Tucson?
Answer: southeast to northwest

Question: What is the next major town to the west on I-10?
Answer: Phoenix

Question: What is the next major town to the east on I-10?
Answer: Las Cruces, New Mexico

Question: Which direction does I-19 run from Tucson?
Answer: south

Question: What is unusual about I-19?
Answer: the only Interstate highway that uses "kilometer posts" instead of "mileposts"
Title: Tucson,_Arizona

At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, downtown Tucson underwent a revitalization effort by city planners and the business community. The primary project was Rio Nuevo, a large retail and community center that has been stalled in planning for more than ten years. Downtown is generally regarded as the area bordered by 17th Street to the south, I-10 to the west, and 6th Street to the north, and Toole Avenue and the Union Pacific (formerly Southern Pacific) railroad tracks, site of the historic train depot and "Locomotive #1673", built in 1900. Downtown is divided into the Presidio District, the Barrio Viejo, and the Congress Street Arts and Entertainment District. Some authorities include the 4th Avenue shopping district, which is set just northeast of the rest of downtown and connected by an underpass beneath the UPRR tracks.

Question: What was the Union Pacific once known as?
Answer: Southern Pacific

Question: What year was Locomotive #1673 made in?
Answer: 1900

Question: What was the name of the retail and community center that took longer than a decade to build?
Answer: Rio Nuevo

Question: When did a revitalization of downtown Tucson begin?
Answer: At the end of the first decade of the 21st century

Question: What is Rio Nuevo?
Answer: a large retail and community center

Question: What is the southern edge of Tucson's downtown?
Answer: 17th Street

Question: What is the western edge of Tucson's downtown?
Answer: I-10

Question: What is the northern edge of Tucson's downtown?
Answer: 6th Street
Title: Tucson,_Arizona

As one of the oldest parts of town, Central Tucson is anchored by the Broadway Village shopping center designed by local architect Josias Joesler at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road. The 4th Avenue Shopping District between downtown and the University and the Lost Barrio just East of downtown, also have many unique and popular stores. Local retail business in Central Tucson is densely concentrated along Fourth Avenue and the Main Gate Square on University Boulevard near the UA campus. The El Con Mall is also located in the eastern part of midtown.

Question: Which architect designed the Broadway Village shopping Center?
Answer: Josias Joesler

Question: Which part of Tuscon is Broadway Village shopping center located in?
Answer: Central

Question: What mall is located in midtown?
Answer: El Con Mall

Question: Who designed the Broadway Village shopping center?
Answer: Josias Joesler

Question: Where is Broadway Village shopping center?
Answer: at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road

Question: Where is the Lost Barrio?
Answer: just East of downtown

Question: Where is the El Con Mall?
Answer: in the eastern part of midtown

Question: Where is the 4th Avenue Shopping District?
Answer: between downtown and the University