rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

The Canadian Army is headed by the Commander of the Canadian Army and administered through four divisions—the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division—the Canadian Army Doctrine and Training System and the Canadian Army Headquarters.

Question: Who heads the Canadian Army?
Answer: Commander of the Canadian Army

Question: How many divisions are there in the Canadian Army?
Answer: four divisions

Question: What are the four divisions?
Answer: the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division

Question: What division is the Canadian Army Doctrine of?
Answer: the 5th Canadian Division

Question: The Canadian Army Headquarters are located in what division?
Answer: the 5th Canadian Division
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

Currently, the Regular Force component of the Army consists of three field-ready brigade groups: 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Edmonton and CFB Shilo; 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Petawawa and CFB Gagetown; and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Valcartier and Quebec City. Each contains one regiment each of artillery, armour, and combat engineers, three battalions of infantry (all scaled in the British fashion), one battalion for logistics, a squadron for headquarters/signals, and several smaller support organizations. A tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance are co-located with each brigade, but do not form part of the brigade's command structure.

Question: How many brigades does the Army consist of?
Answer: three

Question: Each Brigade contains how many regiments?
Answer: one

Question: What squadron is present but not an official part of the Brigade?
Answer: tactical helicopter squadron

Question: What medical group is present at all Brigades but not part of it?
Answer: a field ambulance
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Canadian Divisions each has a Regular Force brigade group, and each division except the 1st has two to three Reserve Force brigades groups. In total, there are ten Reserve Force brigade groups. The 5th Canadian Division and the 2nd Canadian Division each have two Reserve Force brigade groups, while the 4th Canadian Division and the 3rd Canadian Division each have three Reserve Force brigade groups. Major training and support establishments exist at CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright.

Question: Where is most of the major training performed?
Answer: CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright.
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) is headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The commander of 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region, based in Winnipeg, is responsible for the operational command and control of Air Force activities throughout Canada and worldwide. 1 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out through eleven wings located across Canada. The commander of 2 Canadian Air Division is responsible for training and support functions. 2 Canadian Air Division operations are carried out at two wings. Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons, both operational and support, under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand.

Question: Who heads the Royal Canadian Air Force?
Answer: the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force

Question: Where is the commander based out of?
Answer: Winnipeg

Question: How many air force wings are located across Canada?
Answer: eleven

Question: Who reports to the operational commander about the wings?
Answer: tactical commander
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen near Geilenkirchen, Germany.

Question: What are some locations of the air bases?
Answer: Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba

Question: Where are the command facilities located?
Answer: Winnipeg and North Bay

Question: Where is the Canadian component of the NATO located?
Answer: Geilenkirchen, Germany

Question: What NATO force are the Canadians part of?
Answer: Airborne Early Warning Force

Question: What location is a Canadian airforce base located whose name is also a dog breed?
Answer: Labrador
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or Arctic sovereignty patrols.

Question: What does JTFN stand for?
Answer: Joint Task Force (North)

Question: What it located through Canada's Northern Regions?
Answer: a chain of forward operating locations

Question: What can each forwarding operation location provide?
Answer: fighter operations

Question: What squadrons deploy to these locations?
Answer: CF-18 squadrons

Question: What patrols are organized from these locations?
Answer: Arctic sovereignty patrols.
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

The Canadian Joint Operations Command is an operational element established in October 2012 with the merger of Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command. The new command, created as a response to the cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget, combines the resources, roles and responsibilities of the three former commands under a single headquarters.

Question: When was the Canadian Joint Operations Command established?
Answer: October 2012

Question: What are the parts that merged into the Canadian Joint Operations Command?
Answer: Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command

Question: What specifically prompted this merger?
Answer: the 2012 federal budget
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) is a formation capable of operating independently but primarily focused on generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC. The command includes Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU) based at CFB Trenton, as well as the Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) and 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron (SOAS) based at CFB Petawawa.

Question: what does CANSOFCOM stand for?
Answer: The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command

Question: What is the CANSOFCOM focussed on?
Answer: generating special operations forces

Question: What do the special forces support?
Answer: CJOC

Question: Where is the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit based?
Answer: CFB Trenton

Question: How many Special Operations Aviation Squadron are based at Petawawa?
Answer: 427
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

Among other things, the Information Management Group is responsible for the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks. Within the group, this operational role is fulfilled by the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group, headquartered at CFS Leitrim in Ottawa, which operates the following units: the Canadian Forces Information Operations Group Headquarters (CFIOGHQ), the Canadian Forces Electronic Warfare Centre (CFEWC), the Canadian Forces Network Operation Centre (CFNOC), the Canadian Forces Signals Intelligence Operations Centre (CFSOC), the Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Leitrim, and the 764 Communications Squadron. In June 2011 the Canadian Armed Forces Chief of Force Development announced the establishment of a new organization, the Directorate of Cybernetics, headed by a Brigadier General, the Director General Cyber (DG Cyber). Within that directorate the newly established CAF Cyber Task Force, has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities for the Canadian Armed Forces.

Question: What is the the Information Management Group responsible for?
Answer: electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks

Question: Where is the Information Management Group located?
Answer: CFS Leitrim in Ottawa

Question: What is the task of the CAF Cyber Task Force?
Answer: design and build cyber warfare capabilities

Question: When was the Directorate of Cybernetics established?
Answer: June 2011

Question: Who heads the Directorate?
Answer: the Director General Cyber
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

The Health Services Group is a joint formation that includes over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the Canadian Armed Forces. With few exceptions, all elements are under command of the Surgeon General for domestic support and force generation, or temporarily assigned under command of a deployed Joint Task Force through Canadian Joint Operations Command.

Question: Who does The Health Services Group serve?
Answer: the Canadian Armed Forces

Question: Who can temporarily be assigned the Health Serviced Group?
Answer: Joint Task Force

Question: What type of support does The Health Services Group provide?
Answer: domestic support
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

The Canadian Armed Forces have a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat. For the components and sub-components of the Canadian Armed Forces Reserve Force, the order of precedence follows:

Question: When can the reserve force be called upon?
Answer: in times of national emergency or threat

Question: What troops does The reserve force consists of?
Answer: primary and supplementary
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

Approximately 26,000 citizen soldiers, sailors, and airmen and women, trained to the level of and interchangeable with their Regular Force counterparts, and posted to CAF operations or duties on a casual or ongoing basis, make up the Primary Reserve. This group is represented, though not commanded, at NDHQ by the Chief of Reserves and Cadets, who is usually a major general or rear admiral, and is divided into four components that are each operationally and administratively responsible to its corresponding environmental command in the Regular Force – the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES) – in addition to one force that does not fall under an environmental command, the Health Services Reserve under the Canadian Forces Health Services Group.

Question: Who commands the reserves?
Answer: Chief of Reserves and Cadets

Question: What are some of the components of the reserve force?
Answer: the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES)
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Movement. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre (CIC) branch of the CAF. Members of the Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the "Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List" (CISS List) in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists are held as members of the Supplementary Reserve.

Question: Who conducts training of the cadets?
Answer: Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service

Question: What age are the cadets in the Canadian Cadet Movement?
Answer: 12 to 18 years

Question: What branch are the majority of COATS members?
Answer: officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre

Question: Who is eligible to serve as a COATS trainer?
Answer: Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

The Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.

Question: What do Canadian Rangers perform?
Answer: provide surveillance and patrol services

Question: Where do the Canadian Rangers operate?
Answer: in Canada's arctic

Question: Which force are the Rangers part of?
Answer: reserve force

Question: What do the Canadian Rangers safekeep?
Answer: Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

Only service dress is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion, barring "dirty work" or combat. With gloves, swords, and medals (No. 1 or 1A), it is suitable for ceremonial occasions and "dressed down" (No. 3 or lower), it is suitable for daily wear. Generally, after the elimination of base dress (although still defined for the Air Force uniform), operational dress is now the daily uniform worn by most members of the CF, unless service dress is prescribed (such as at the NDHQ, on parades, at public events, etc.). Approved parkas are authorized for winter wear in cold climates and a light casual jacket is also authorized for cooler days. The navy, most army, and some other units have, for very specific occasions, a ceremonial/regimental full dress, such as the naval "high-collar" white uniform, kilted Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments, and the scarlet uniforms of the Royal Military Colleges.

Question: What is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion?
Answer: service dress

Question: What other parts are there to a uniform?
Answer: gloves, swords, and medals

Question: What is now the daily uniform worn by members of the CAF?
Answer: operational dress is now the daily uniform

Question: What can be worn in cold winter weather?
Answer: Approved parkas

Question: What is only worn for very specific occasions?
Answer: a ceremonial/regimental full dress
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

Authorized headdress for the Canadian Armed Forces are the: beret, wedge cap, ballcap, Yukon cap, and tuque (toque). Each is coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn: navy (white or navy blue), army (rifle green or "regimental" colour), air force (light blue). Adherents of the Sikh faith may wear uniform turbans (dastar) (or patka, when operational) and Muslim women may wear uniform tucked hijabs under their authorized headdress. Jews may wear yarmulke under their authorized headdress and when bareheaded. The beret is probably the most widely worn headgear and is worn with almost all orders of dress (with the exception of the more formal orders of Navy and Air Force dress), and the colour of which is determined by the wearer's environment, branch, or mission. Naval personnel, however, seldom wear berets, preferring either service cap or authorized ballcaps (shipboard operational dress), which only the Navy wear. Air Force personnel, particularly officers, prefer the wedge cap to any other form of headdress. There is no naval variant of the wedge cap. The Yukon cap and tuque are worn only with winter dress, although clearance and combat divers may wear tuques year-round as a watch cap. Soldiers in Highland, Scottish, and Irish regiments generally wear alternative headdress, including the glengarry, balmoral, tam o'shanter, and caubeen instead of the beret. The officer cadets of both Royal Military Colleges wear gold-braided "pillbox" (cavalry) caps with their ceremonial dress and have a unique fur "Astrakhan" for winter wear. The Canadian Army wears the CG634 helmet.

Question: What are some of the authorized head dresses for the CAF?
Answer: beret, wedge cap, ballcap

Question: Are there specific rules for wearing head dresses?
Answer: coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn

Question: What is the most popular head dress worn?
Answer: The beret

Question: What headdress does the Canadian Army wear?
Answer: CG634 helmet
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget. For the 2008–2009 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was CAD$18.9 billion. This regular funding was augmented in 2005 with an additional CAD$12.5 billion over five years, as well as a commitment to increasing regular force troop levels by 5,000 persons, and the primary reserve by 3,000 over the same period. In 2006, a further CAD$5.3 billion over five years was provided to allow for 13,000 more regular force members, and 10,000 more primary reserve personnel, as well as CAD$17.1 billion for the purchase of new trucks for the Canadian Army, transport aircraft and helicopters for the Royal Canadian Air Force, and joint support ships for the Royal Canadian Navy.

Question: What gives the federal government responsibility for national defense?
Answer: The Constitution of Canada

Question: What year was an additional 12.5 Billion Canadian Dollars assigned for over five years?
Answer: 2005
Title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.[citation needed]

Question: In 1059, who was responsible for electing the pope? 
Answer: the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.

Question: What were the cardinals assigned? 
Answer: a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses
Title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latin cardo (hinge), meaning "principal" or "chief". The term was applied in this sense as early as the ninth century to the priests of the tituli (parishes) of the diocese of Rome. The Church of England retains an instance of this origin of the title, which is held by the two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St Paul's Cathedral.

Question: At one time, Priest permanently were assigned to a church were referred to as?
Answer: cardinal

Question: How early was this term used?
Answer: ninth century

Question: The Church of England uses what term that is held by two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St. Pauls Catherdral?
Answer: tituli

Question: What Latin word does "cardinal" come from?
Answer: cardo

Question: Which church still holds on to the original meaning of "cardinal" from the above Latin word?
Answer: The Church of England
Title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

There is disagreement about the origin of the term, but general consensus that "cardinalis" from the word cardo (meaning 'pivot' or 'hinge') was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean “principal,” “eminent,” or "superior." The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become pope. In 1059, during the pontificate of Nicholas II, cardinals were given the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini. For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but the Third Lateran Council in 1179 gave back the right to the whole body of cardinals. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244.

Question: Who were the first people to be called cardinals in Rome? 
Answer: the deacons of the seven regions of the city

Question: When were the Roman cardinals perceived as a privleged class among the Roman clergy?
Answer: 8th century

Question: What year did the ruling "only a cardinal was eligible to become pope" come in effect?
Answer: 769

Question: Who gave cardinals the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini?
Answer: Nicholas II

Question: What was it that gave cardinals the right to elect the pope?
Answer: the Papal Bull In nomine Domini

Question: In what year did the pope allow cardinals to wear the red hats?
Answer: 1244

Question: Who was the pope who gave cardinals the right to wear the hats?
Answer: Pope Innocent IV
Title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain church men as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin III (the Short), ruler of the Franks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V.

Question: What term was given to certain church men of honor?
Answer: cardinal

Question: When is the earliest date of using the term cardinal as honorable church men used?
Answer: 747

Question: When was the title of cardinal reserved for the cardinals of Rome by Pius V?
Answer: 1567

Question: In regards to the word "cardinal" being used in cities other than Rome, who sent a letter to Pippin III?
Answer: Pope Zacharias

Question: In what year was the letter sent?
Answer: 747

Question: Which pope declared that cardinals would be from Rome?
Answer: Pius V.

Question: In what year did the pope make the declaration?
Answer: 1567
Title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

In the year 1563 the influential Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV, wrote about the importance of selecting good Cardinals. According to this historic council "nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord Jesus Christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office."

Question: In what year did Pope Pius IV wrote abou tthe selecting of cardinals? 
Answer: 1563

Question: Who was in charge of the Ecumenical Council of Trent?
Answer: Pope Pius IV

Question: In what year did the Ecumenical Council of Trent write in regards to the selection of Cardinals?
Answer: 1563

Question: Who was the pope who headed the Ecumencial Council of Trent in that year?
Answer: Pope Pius IV
Title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and Portugal, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called crown-cardinal.[citation needed]

Question: Who were generally temporal rulers?
Answer: French kings