rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Once the coastal assault had succeeded, Eisenhower insisted on retaining personal control over the land battle strategy, and was immersed in the command and supply of multiple assaults through France on Germany. Field Marshal Montgomery insisted priority be given to his 21st Army Group's attack being made in the north, while Generals Bradley (12th U.S. Army Group) and Devers (Sixth U.S. Army Group) insisted they be given priority in the center and south of the front (respectively). Eisenhower worked tirelessly to address the demands of the rival commanders to optimize Allied forces, often by giving them tactical, though sometimes ineffective, latitude; many historians conclude this delayed the Allied victory in Europe. However, due to Eisenhower's persistence, the pivotal supply port at Antwerp was successfully, albeit belatedly, opened in late 1944, and victory became a more distinct probability.

Question: What unit did Montgomery command?
Answer: 21st Army Group

Question: What general commanded the 12th US Army Group?
Answer: Bradley

Question: What geographic portion of the front did the Sixth US Army Group operate on?
Answer: south

Question: Who was the Sixth US Army Group's commander?
Answer: Devers

Question: What supply port was opened late in 1944?
Answer: Antwerp
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944, he was promoted to General of the Army, equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had never seen action himself, he won the respect of front-line commanders. He interacted adeptly with allies such as Winston Churchill, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles de Gaulle. He had serious disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these rarely upset his relationships with them. He dealt with Soviet Marshal Zhukov, his Russian counterpart, and they became good friends.

Question: What European rank was equivalent to that of General of the Army?
Answer: Field Marshal

Question: On what date did Eisenhower receive his General of the Army appointment?
Answer: December 20, 1944

Question: Along with Montgomery, with whom did Eisenhower disagree on strategy?
Answer: Churchill

Question: What Soviet military leader was a counterpart of Eisenhower?
Answer: Zhukov

Question: What rank was held by de Gaulle?
Answer: General
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The Germans launched a surprise counter offensive, in the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944, which the Allies turned back in early 1945 after Eisenhower repositioned his armies and improved weather allowed the Air Force to engage. German defenses continued to deteriorate on both the eastern front with the Soviets and the western front with the Allies. The British wanted Berlin, but Eisenhower decided it would be a military mistake for him to attack Berlin, and said orders to that effect would have to be explicit. The British backed down, but then wanted Eisenhower to move into Czechoslovakia for political reasons. Washington refused to support Churchill's plan to use Eisenhower's army for political maneuvers against Moscow. The actual division of Germany followed the lines that Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin had previously agreed upon. The Soviet Red Army captured Berlin in a very large-scale bloody battle, and the Germans finally surrendered on May 7, 1945.

Question: When did the Battle of the Bulge begin?
Answer: December 1944

Question: What German city did the British wish to conquer?
Answer: Berlin

Question: Along with Roosevelt and Churchill, what political leader decided upon the division of Germany?
Answer: Stalin

Question: What nation's military conquered Berlin?
Answer: Soviet

Question: What date saw the surrender of Nazi Germany?
Answer: May 7, 1945
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Following the German unconditional surrender, Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone, based at the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main. He had no responsibility for the other three zones, controlled by Britain, France and the Soviet Union, except for the city of Berlin, which was managed by the Four-Power Authorities through the Allied Kommandatura as the governing body. Upon discovery of the Nazi concentration camps, he ordered camera crews to document evidence of the atrocities in them for use in the Nuremberg Trials. He reclassified German prisoners of war (POWs) in U.S. custody as Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEFs), who were no longer subject to the Geneva Convention. Eisenhower followed the orders laid down by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) in directive JCS 1067, but softened them by bringing in 400,000 tons of food for civilians and allowing more fraternization. In response to the devastation in Germany, including food shortages and an influx of refugees, he arranged distribution of American food and medical equipment. His actions reflected the new American attitudes of the German people as Nazi victims not villains, while aggressively purging the ex-Nazis.

Question: What was Eisenhower's title after Germany's surrender?
Answer: Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone

Question: In what structure was Eisenhower's headquarters in the US Occupation Zone?
Answer: IG Farben Building

Question: In what city was the headquarters of the US Occupation Zone located?
Answer: Frankfurt am Main

Question: Aside from the US, what other countries had occupation zones in Germany?
Answer: Britain, France and the Soviet Union

Question: What agreement was not applicable to Disarmed Enemy Forces?
Answer: Geneva Convention
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In November 1945, Eisenhower returned to Washington to replace Marshall as Chief of Staff of the Army. His main role was rapid demobilization of millions of soldiers, a slow job that was delayed by lack of shipping. Eisenhower was convinced in 1946 that the Soviet Union did not want war and that friendly relations could be maintained; he strongly supported the new United Nations and favored its involvement in the control of atomic bombs. However, in formulating policies regarding the atomic bomb and relations with the Soviets, Truman was guided by the U.S. State Department and ignored Eisenhower and the Pentagon. Indeed, Eisenhower had opposed the use of the atomic bomb against the Japanese, writing, "First, the Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasn't necessary to hit them with that awful thing. Second, I hated to see our country be the first to use such a weapon." Initially, Eisenhower was characterized by hopes for cooperation with the Soviets. He even visited Warsaw in 1945. Invited by Bolesław Bierut and decorated with the highest military decoration, he was shocked by the scale of destruction in the city. However, by mid-1947, as East–West tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the Greek Civil War escalated, Eisenhower gave up and agreed with a containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.

Question: Who was Chief of Staff of the Army before Eisenhower?
Answer: Marshall

Question: About how many soldiers demobilized after the war ended?
Answer: millions

Question: What president ignored Eisenhower's recommendations in regard to atomic weapons?
Answer: Truman

Question: What was Eisenhower's position on the use of nuclear weapons against Japan?
Answer: opposed

Question: What city did Eisenhower notably visit in 1945?
Answer: Warsaw
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In June 1943 a visiting politician had suggested to Eisenhower that he might become President of the United States after the war. Believing that a general should not participate in politics, one author later wrote that "figuratively speaking, [Eisenhower] kicked his political-minded visitor out of his office". As others asked him about his political future, Eisenhower told one that he could not imagine wanting to be considered for any political job "from dogcatcher to Grand High Supreme King of the Universe", and another that he could not serve as Army Chief of Staff if others believed he had political ambitions. In 1945 Truman told Eisenhower during the Potsdam Conference that if desired, the president would help the general win the 1948 election, and in 1947 he offered to run as Eisenhower's running mate on the Democratic ticket if MacArthur won the Republican nomination.

Question: When was it suggested to Eisenhower that he might one day become president?
Answer: June 1943

Question: Along with dogcatcher, what political job did Eisenhower specifically not want to be considered for?
Answer: Grand High Supreme King of the Universe

Question: What role did Eisenhower believe he could not fulfill if he was believed to want to become involved in politics?
Answer: Army Chief of Staff

Question: What general was considered a potential Republican presidential candidate in 1948?
Answer: MacArthur

Question: At what meeting did Truman tell Eisenhower that he would assist him in running for president?
Answer: Potsdam Conference
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

As the election approached, other prominent citizens and politicians from both parties urged Eisenhower to run for president. In January 1948, after learning of plans in New Hampshire to elect delegates supporting him for the forthcoming Republican National Convention, Eisenhower stated through the Army that he was "not available for and could not accept nomination to high political office"; "life-long professional soldiers", he wrote, "in the absence of some obvious and overriding reason, [should] abstain from seeking high political office". Eisenhower maintained no political party affiliation during this time. Many believed he was forgoing his only opportunity to be president; Republican Thomas E. Dewey was considered the other probable winner, would presumably serve two terms, and Eisenhower, at age 66 in 1956, would then be too old.

Question: What state's delegates were considering supporting Eisenhower in 1948?
Answer: New Hampshire

Question: How old would Eisenhower be in 1956?
Answer: 66

Question: Why was it unlikely that Eisenhower would run for president in 1956?
Answer: too old

Question: Who was it assumed would win the election of 1948?
Answer: Thomas E. Dewey
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In 1948, Eisenhower became President of Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City. The assignment was described as not being a good fit in either direction. During that year Eisenhower's memoir, Crusade in Europe, was published. Critics regarded it as one of the finest U.S. military memoirs, and it was a major financial success as well. Eisenhower's profit on the book was substantially aided by an unprecedented ruling by the U.S. Department of the Treasury that Eisenhower was not a professional writer, but rather, marketing the lifetime asset of his experiences, and thus he only had to pay capital gains tax on his $635,000 advance instead of the much higher personal tax rate. This ruling saved Eisenhower about $400,000.

Question: What position did Eisenhower occupy in 1948?
Answer: President of Columbia University

Question: Where is Columbia University located?
Answer: New York City

Question: What was the title of Eisenhower's memoir?
Answer: Crusade in Europe

Question: What group of schools did Columbia University belong to?
Answer: Ivy League

Question: What body ruled the Eisenhower was not a professional writer?
Answer: Department of the Treasury
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower's stint as the president of Columbia University was punctuated by his activity within the Council on Foreign Relations, a study group he led as president concerning the political and military implications of the Marshall Plan, and The American Assembly, Eisenhower's "vision of a great cultural center where business, professional and governmental leaders could meet from time to time to discuss and reach conclusions concerning problems of a social and political nature". His biographer Blanche Wiesen Cook suggested that this period served as "the political education of General Eisenhower", since he had to prioritize wide-ranging educational, administrative, and financial demands for the university. Through his involvement in the Council on Foreign Relations, he also gained exposure to economic analysis, which would become the bedrock of his understanding in economic policy. "Whatever General Eisenhower knows about economics, he has learned at the study group meetings," one Aid to Europe member claimed.

Question: While Eisenhower was president of Columbia, what group did he also work with?
Answer: Council on Foreign Relations

Question: What was Blanche Wiesen Cook in relation to Eisenhower?
Answer: biographer

Question: Along with business and government, what leaders did Eisenhower see meeting at the Council on Foreign Relations?
Answer: professional

Question: What sort of analysis did Eisenhower first experience with the Council on Foreign Relations?
Answer: economic
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Within months of beginning his tenure as the president of the university, Eisenhower was requested to advise U.S. Secretary of Defense James Forrestal on the unification of the armed services. About six months after his appointment, he became the informal Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington. Two months later he fell ill, and he spent over a month in recovery at the Augusta National Golf Club. He returned to his post in New York in mid-May, and in July 1949 took a two-month vacation out-of-state. Because the American Assembly had begun to take shape, he traveled around the country during mid-to-late 1950, building financial support from Columbia Associates, an alumni association.

Question: What position was held by James Forrestal?
Answer: Secretary of Defense

Question: What position did Eisenhower informally hold?
Answer: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Question: After becoming sick, where did Eisenhower recover?
Answer: Augusta National Golf Club

Question: What was the name of Columbia University's alumni association?
Answer: Columbia Associates

Question: When did Eisenhower vacation for two months outside New York?
Answer: July 1949
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The contacts gained through university and American Assembly fund-raising activities would later become important supporters in Eisenhower's bid for the Republican party nomination and the presidency. Meanwhile, Columbia University's liberal faculty members became disenchanted with the university president's ties to oilmen and businessmen, including Leonard McCollum, the president of Continental Oil; Frank Abrams, the chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey; Bob Kleberg, the president of the King Ranch; H. J. Porter, a Texas oil executive; Bob Woodruff, the president of the Coca-Cola Corporation; and Clarence Francis, the chairman of General Foods.

Question: Aside from his university work, where did Eisenhower gain useful contacts?
Answer: American Assembly

Question: What Continental Oil leader was Eisenhower tied to?
Answer: Leonard McCollum

Question: What was the political orientation of Columbia's teachers?
Answer: liberal

Question: What state was Frank Abrams' oil company located in?
Answer: New Jersey

Question: From where did H.J. Porter hale?
Answer: Texas
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States.

Question: When was Eisenhower's resignation of Columbia turned down?
Answer: December 1950

Question: What role did Eisenhower fill after leaving Columbia?
Answer: Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Question: On what date did Eisenhower leave active duty in the military?
Answer: May 31, 1952

Question: What job did Eisenhower hold after his second tenure as president of Columbia?
Answer: President of the United States

Question: When did Eisenhower become President of the United States?
Answer: January 20, 1953
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

President Truman, symbolizing a broad-based desire for an Eisenhower candidacy for president, again in 1951 pressed him to run for the office as a Democrat. It was at this time that Eisenhower voiced his disagreements with the Democratic party and declared himself and his family to be Republicans. A "Draft Eisenhower" movement in the Republican Party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the 1952 presidential election to counter the candidacy of non-interventionist Senator Robert A. Taft. The effort was a long struggle; Eisenhower had to be convinced that political circumstances had created a genuine duty for him to offer himself as a candidate, and that there was a mandate from the populace for him to be their President. Henry Cabot Lodge, who served as his campaign manager, and others succeeded in convincing him, and in June 1952 he resigned his command at NATO to campaign full-time. Eisenhower defeated Taft for the nomination, having won critical delegate votes from Texas. Eisenhower's campaign was noted for the simple but effective slogan, "I Like Ike". It was essential to his success that Eisenhower express opposition to Roosevelt's policy at Yalta and against Truman's policies in Korea and China—matters in which he had once participated. In defeating Taft for the nomination, it became necessary for Eisenhower to appease the right wing Old Guard of the Republican Party; his selection of Richard M. Nixon as the Vice-President on the ticket was designed in part for that purpose. Nixon also provided a strong anti-communist presence as well as some youth to counter Ike's more advanced age.

Question: Who was President of the United States prior to Eisenhower?
Answer: Truman

Question: Truman wanted Eisenhower to run for the presidency as a member of what party?
Answer: Democratic

Question: Who did the Republicans want to block with an Eisenhower candidacy in 1952?
Answer: Robert A. Taft

Question: What was Taft's political office?
Answer: Senator

Question: Who was Eisenhower's campaign manager in 1952?
Answer: Henry Cabot Lodge
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In the general election, against the advice of his advisors, Eisenhower insisted on campaigning in the South, refusing to surrender the region to the Democratic Party. The campaign strategy, dubbed "K1C2", was to focus on attacking the Truman and Roosevelt administrations on three issues: Korea, Communism and corruption. In an effort to accommodate the right, he stressed that the liberation of Eastern Europe should be by peaceful means only; he also distanced himself from his former boss President Truman.

Question: In what part of the country, previously neglected by Republican presidential candidates, did Eisenhower campaign?
Answer: South

Question: Along with Korea and Communism, what issue did Eisenhower attack Truman on?
Answer: corruption

Question: What was the strategy called that was used by Eisenhower's campaign?
Answer: K1C2

Question: How did Eisenhower claim Eastern Europe should be liberated?
Answer: peaceful means
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Two controversies during the campaign tested him and his staff, but did not affect the campaign. One involved a report that Nixon had improperly received funds from a secret trust. Nixon spoke out adroitly to avoid potential damage, but the matter permanently alienated the two candidates. The second issue centered on Eisenhower's relented decision to confront the controversial methods of Joseph McCarthy on his home turf in a Wisconsin appearance. Just two weeks prior to the election, Eisenhower vowed to go to Korea and end the war there. He promised to maintain a strong commitment against Communism while avoiding the topic of NATO; finally, he stressed a corruption-free, frugal administration at home.

Question: What was the home state of Joseph McCarthy?
Answer: Wisconsin

Question: Where did Eisenhower claim he would end the war?
Answer: Korea

Question: During the campaign, from where was it claimed Nixon had received money improperly?
Answer: a secret trust

Question: What topic did Eisenhower not discuss during the campaign?
Answer: NATO
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century, and at age 62, was the oldest man elected President since James Buchanan in 1856 (President Truman stood at 64 in 1948 as the incumbent president at the time of his election four years earlier). Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century and the most recent President to have never held elected office prior to the Presidency (The other Presidents who did not have prior elected office were Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, William Howard Taft and Herbert Hoover).

Question: In what century was Eisenhower born?
Answer: 19th

Question: Who was the oldest man to become President prior to Eisenhower?
Answer: James Buchanan

Question: What did Eisenhower have in common with presidents Taylor, Grant, Taft and Hoover?
Answer: did not have prior elected office

Question: How many times had Eisenhower been elected to office prior to becoming president?
Answer: never

Question: How old was Truman in 1948?
Answer: 64
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Due to a complete estrangement between the two as a result of campaigning, Truman and Eisenhower had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations. After selecting his budget director, Joseph M. Dodge, Eisenhower asked Herbert Brownell and Lucius Clay to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments. He accepted their recommendations without exception; they included John Foster Dulles and George M. Humphrey with whom he developed his closest relationships, and one woman, Oveta Culp Hobby. Eisenhower's cabinet, consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, "Eight millionaires and a plumber." The cabinet was notable for its lack of personal friends, office seekers, or experienced government administrators. He also upgraded the role of the National Security Council in planning all phases of the Cold War.

Question: Who was Eisenhower's budget director?
Answer: Joseph M. Dodge

Question: Along with Lucius Clay, who advised Eisenhower on cabinet appointments?
Answer: Herbert Brownell

Question: What woman was a member of Eisenhower's cabinet?
Answer: Oveta Culp Hobby

Question: Along with George Humphrey, what cabinet official did Eisenhower have a close relationship with?
Answer: John Foster Dulles

Question: What quip was used to describe Eisenhower's cabinet?
Answer: Eight millionaires and a plumber
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Prior to his inauguration, Eisenhower led a meeting of advisors at Pearl Harbor addressing foremost issues; agreed objectives were to balance the budget during his term, to bring the Korean War to an end, to defend vital interests at lower cost through nuclear deterrent, and to end price and wage controls. Eisenhower also conducted the first pre-inaugural cabinet meeting in history in late 1952; he used this meeting to articulate his anti-communist Russia policy. His inaugural address, as well, was exclusively devoted to foreign policy and included this same philosophy, as well as a commitment to foreign trade and the United Nations.

Question: What war did Eisenhower want to end as president?
Answer: Korean

Question: What type of cabinet meeting did Eisenhower hold for the first time ever?
Answer: pre-inaugural

Question: Policy in regard to what country was discussed at Eisenhower's first cabinet meeting?
Answer: Russia

Question: What type of policy was the focus of Eisenhower's inaugural address?
Answer: foreign