rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Child_labour

Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislation across the world prohibit child labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous American children, and others.

Question: What does child labour deprive children of?
Answer: deprives children of their childhood

Question: Are child artists an exception to the laws with regards to child labour?
Answer: exceptions include work by child artists

Question: Is work done by Amish children an exception?
Answer: work such as those by Amish children

Question: Where is there legislation that prohibits child labour?
Answer: Legislation across the world

Question: Is all work done by children considered to be child labour?
Answer: These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour
Title: Child_labour

In developing countries, with high poverty and poor schooling opportunities, child labour is still prevalent. In 2010, sub-saharan Africa had the highest incidence rates of child labour, with several African nations witnessing over 50 percent of children aged 5–14 working. Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour. Vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy; children are predominantly employed by their parents, rather than factories. Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labour.

Question: What year did sub-saharan Africa have the highest rates of child labour?
Answer: 2010

Question: What is the largest employer of child labour?
Answer: agriculture

Question: Who are children predominantly employed by?
Answer: their parents

Question: Lack of school and this are the primary causes of child labour
Answer: Poverty
Title: Child_labour

The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies, as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group. Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short life expectancy, preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmful to their welfare and that of their group in the long run. In pre-industrial societies, there was little need for children to attend school. This is especially the case in non literate societies. Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults.

Question: Was there a period when child labour was essential?
Answer: pre-industrial societies

Question: Was there a great need for childhood education in a pre-industrial society?
Answer: little need for children to attend school

Question: Who taught the skills needed for the children to work?
Answer: competent adults

Question: Were peopel in pre-industrial societies considered to have long or short lifespans?
Answer: short life expectancy
Title: Child_labour

The Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed. Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous, often fatal, working conditions. In coal mines, children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks.

Question: On average how many weekly hours did a domestic servant put in?
Answer: 80

Question: Mid-18th century London had how many domestic servants?
Answer: over 120,000

Question: What was the youngest age of a child working in a factory?
Answer: four

Question: How many hours did builders work in the winter?
Answer: 52

Question: Were children able to take on apprenticeships?
Answer: Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades
Title: Child_labour

Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship. The children of the poor were expected to contribute to their family income. In 19th-century Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without a breadwinner, as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. A high number of children also worked as prostitutes. The author Charles Dickens worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in debtor's prison.

Question: How many families were without a bread winner?
Answer: one-third

Question: How many water-powered cotton mills used child labour in 1788 England and Scotland?
Answer: 143

Question: Was it a low amount or high amount of children that also worked in prostitution? 
Answer: high number

Question: Where was Charles Dickens employed as a child?
Answer: blacking factory

Question: During the Industrial Revolution what was the main driving force behind child labour?
Answer: economic hardship
Title: Child_labour

Throughout the second half of the 19th century, child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors. The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the Industrial revolution. The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803. As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the "Short Time Committees" in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10-hour working days. Lord Shaftesbury was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour.

Question: During the 19th century was there any advocates for the working children?
Answer: Lord Shaftesbury

Question: In 1833 at what age was the limit to working in a textile industry factory?
Answer: children under the age of nine

Question: What year were both adults and children only able to work 10 hours a day?
Answer: 1847

Question: In the 19th century was there an increase or decreased need to child labour?
Answer: child labour began to decline

Question: What year did Britain first inact legislation with regards to child labour?
Answer: 1803
Title: Child_labour

In the early 20th century, thousands of boys were employed in glass making industries. Glass making was a dangerous and tough job especially without the current technologies. The process of making glass includes intense heat to melt glass (3133 °F). When the boys are at work, they are exposed to this heat. This could cause eye trouble, lung ailments, heat exhaustion, cut, and burns. Since workers were paid by the piece, they had to work productively for hours without a break. Since furnaces had to be constantly burning, there were night shifts from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am. Many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age.

Question: When were young boys employed in the glass making industries?
Answer: early 20th century

Question: Under glass making conditions were the children exposed to any heating elements?
Answer: they are exposed to this heat

Question: Were the boys in glass making industry paid by the hour?
Answer: paid by the piece

Question: Did the glass industry have a preference for older working boys?
Answer: factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age
Title: Child_labour

In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States. This included children who rolled cigarettes, engaged in factory work, worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills, worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries. Lewis Hine's photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south. Hines took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the National Child Labor Committee.

Question: Where was photographer Lewis Hine employed?
Answer: National Child Labor Committee

Question: What year were over 2 million children employed in the US?
Answer: 1910

Question: What did children roll in a factory?
Answer: cigarettes

Question: What did child do in textile mills in the US?
Answer: bobbin doffers
Title: Child_labour

Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century. Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well. Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor. Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes. Families and women, in particular, preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.

Question: Why would families perfer labour done at the home as opposed to the factory?
Answer: because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.

Question: Early 20th century states began to have a responsiblity to take care of whom?
Answer: poor

Question: Children were employed in the home, factories and were else in the 20th century?
Answer: mines
Title: Child_labour

Home-based manufacturing operations were active year round. Families willingly deployed their children in these income generating home enterprises. In many cases, men worked from home. In France, over 58 percent of garment workers operated out of their homes; in Germany, the number of full-time home operations nearly doubled between 1882 and 1907; and in the United States, millions of families operated out of home seven days a week, year round to produce garments, shoes, artificial flowers, feathers, match boxes, toys, umbrellas and other products. Children aged 5–14 worked alongside the parents. Home-based operations and child labour in Australia, Britain, Austria and other parts of the world was common. Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture. In 1946, Frieda Miller - then Director of United States Department of Labour - told the International Labour Organisation that these home-based operations offered, "low wages, long hours, child labour, unhealthy and insanitary working conditions."

Question: What time were home manufactoring activities for children taking place?
Answer: year round

Question: Who did the children work beside?
Answer: parents

Question: Where were rural children employed?
Answer: agriculture

Question: What were the working conditions described as for the children employed at home?
Answer: unhealthy and insanitary

Question: In 1946 who was the Director of the United States Department of Labour?
Answer: Frieda Miller
Title: Child_labour

Child labour is still common in many parts of the world. Estimates for child labour vary. It ranges between 250 and 304 million, if children aged 5–17 involved in any economic activity are counted. If light occasional work is excluded, ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5–14 worldwide in 2008. This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004. Some 60 percent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry. Another 25 percent of child labourers were in service activities such as retail, hawking goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage, picking and recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestic help, and other services. The remaining 15 percent laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy, home-based enterprises, factories, mines, packaging salt, operating machinery, and such operations. Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents, in unpaid family work situations. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants. Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas (70%) and informal urban sector (26%).

Question: Does child labour exist in the 21st century?
Answer: Child labour is still common

Question: Where does child labour currently occur the most?
Answer: rural areas

Question: How many children in today's world work beside their parents?
Answer: Two out of three child

Question: Some child work as guides for whom?
Answer: tourists
Title: Child_labour

Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in the US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations. The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries. Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5–17 employed as child labour, and a total of over 65 million. Asia, with its larger population, has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million. Latin America and Caribbean region have lower overall population density, but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too.

Question: What country has the highest percentage of child labour?
Answer: Africa

Question: In Asia how many millions of children are employed?
Answer: 114

Question: Right now what percentage of children are employed in the US?
Answer: 1%

Question: Caribean and where else is there a low population of child workers?
Answer: Latin America
Title: Child_labour

Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour. In some countries, government policy contributes to this difficulty. For example, the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorizing child labour data as “highly secret”. China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China, generally in agriculture and low-skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises.
In 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor where China was attributed 12 goods the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers. The report listed electronics, garments, toys and coal among other goods.

Question: Where is present day child labour stats unclear?
Answer: China

Question: When did the U.S. produce a list of goods primarily made by child labour in China?
Answer: 2014

Question: What is the cause of diagreements in child labour numbers for present day?
Answer: data sources

Question: Chinese children have been known to make electronics, toys and what else?
Answer: garments
Title: Child_labour

Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide. The ten highest risk countries in 2012, ranked in decreasing order, were: Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan and Ethiopia. Of the major growth economies, Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest, India 27th, China 36th, Viet Nam 37th, Indonesia 46th, and Brazil 54th - all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties, to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets.

Question: According to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index how many countries post risks for child labour?
Answer: 76

Question: What country is the second on the list for child labour in accordance to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index?
Answer: North Korea

Question: What was the Phillipines ranked as?
Answer: 25th

Question: Was Brazil on the list?
Answer: Brazil 54th
Title: Child_labour

Lack of meaningful alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality education, according to ILO, is another major factor driving children to harmful labour. Children work because they have nothing better to do. Many communities, particularly rural areas where between 60–70% of child labour is prevalent, do not possess adequate school facilities. Even when schools are sometimes available, they are too far away, difficult to reach, unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.

Question: What is the main reason for children today to be in the work force?
Answer: nothing better to do

Question: Do the poor families put a value on education?
Answer: parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.

Question: What community has the most prevalency for child labour?
Answer: rural areas
Title: Child_labour

In European history when child labour was common, as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world, certain cultural beliefs have rationalised child labour and thereby encouraged it. Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children. In many cultures, particular where the informal economy and small household businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents' footsteps; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age. Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services.

Question: Throughout European history was child labour seen as a positive?
Answer: Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children

Question: Are boys or girls more likely in some cultures to be thrown into child labour?
Answer: girls

Question: For working parents what is the value of having their children work by their side?
Answer: learn and practice that trade from a very early age

Question: Do many cultures place value of the education of a young girl?
Answer: education of girls is less valued
Title: Child_labour

Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour. They focus their study on five Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines. They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new problem. Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world, over most of human history. They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side. While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child labour supply side, they suggest that the growth of low-paying informal economy rather than higher paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side. Other scholars too suggest that inflexible labour market, sise of informal economy, inability of industries to scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors affecting demand and acceptability of child labour.

Question: Biggeri and Mehrotra studied primarily Asia nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Philippines and what other country?
Answer: Thailand

Question: Is child labour a new issue in these Asian countries?
Answer: not a new problem

Question: Supply and what else causes child labour to still exist today?
Answer: demand

Question: What encourages child labour across the globe?
Answer: Macroeconomic
Title: Child_labour

Systematic use of child labour was common place in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950. In Africa, colonial administrators encouraged traditional kin-ordered modes of production, that is hiring a household for work not just the adults. Millions of children worked in colonial agricultural plantations, mines and domestic service industries. Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5–14 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft. A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents' nor child's approval to assign a child to labour, away from parents, at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master. Other schemes included 'earn-and-learn' programs where children would work and thereby learn. Britain for example passed a law, the so-called Masters and Servants Act of 1899, followed by Tax and Pass Law, to encourage child labour in colonies particularly in Africa. These laws offered the native people the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for making labour of wife and children available to colonial government's needs such as in farms and as picannins.

Question: Were young apprentices hired for pay?
Answer: without pay

Question: Was child labour common in European colonies?
Answer: child labour was common place in the colonies of European

Question: What was the age range of colonial child workers?
Answer: 5–14

Question: What century did apprenticeships begin to take place?
Answer: 19th

Question: How many children were employed on colonial plantations?
Answer: Millions
Title: Child_labour

In southeast Asian colonies, such as Hong Kong, child labour such as the Mui Tsai (妹仔), was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities. The Dutch East India Company officials rationalised their child labour abuses with, "it is a way to save these children from a worse fate." Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children, and in exchange provided religious education, not secular education. Elsewhere, the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so-called Breaches of Contract Act, stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers.

Question: Where did the British turn a blind eye to child labour?
Answer: Hong Kong

Question: What schools required child labour?
Answer: Christian mission schools

Question: Did the child workers receive anything from the christian mission schools?
Answer: provided religious education

Question: What did the Canadians do to children that did not wish to work?
Answer: stipulated jail terms
Title: Child_labour

Children working at a young age has been a consistent theme throughout Africa. Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm. Children in Africa today are often forced into exploitative labour due to family debt and other financial factors, leading to ongoing poverty. Other types of domestic child labour include working in commercial plantations, begging, and other sales such as boot shining. In total, there is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest. Along with 30 percent of children who are picking coffee, there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round.

Question: Where do African children find their first jobs?
Answer: home

Question: What do African children do primarily while working at home?
Answer: help their parents run the family farm

Question: How many children in Africa are working in the arigucultural sector?
Answer: estimated five million

Question: How many children in Africa pick coffee?
Answer: 30 percent

Question: How many children work year round in Africa?
Answer: estimated 25,000