rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Federalism

In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers. Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition. Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871. Beyond this the precise division of power varies from one nation to another. The constitutions of Germany and the United States provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states. The Constitution of some countries like Canada and India, on the other hand, state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial governments are retained by the federal government. Much like the US system, the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government (the Commonwealth of Australia) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage, so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility. Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty, powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states.

Question: In nearly all federalism countries, central powers enjoy what?
Answer: the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers

Question: Per the UN definition, what is federalism?
Answer: federation would not be a single sovereign state

Question: What is the German Empire?
Answer: Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level,

Question: What is the libson treaty?
Answer: powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states.
Title: Galicia_(Spain)

Galicia (English i/ɡəˈlɪsiə/, /ɡəˈlɪʃə/; Galician: [ɡaˈliθja] ( listen), [ħaˈliθja], or [ħaˈlisja]; Spanish: [ɡaˈliθja]; Galician and Portuguese: Galiza, [ɡaˈliθa] ( listen), [ħaˈliθa] or [ħaˈlisa]) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law. Located in the North-West of the Iberian Peninsula, it comprises the provinces of A Coruña, Lugo, Ourense and Pontevedra, being bordered by Portugal to the south, the Spanish autonomous communities of Castile and León and Asturias to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the north. It had a population of 2,765,940 in 2013 and has a total area of 29,574 km2 (11,419 sq mi). Galicia has over 1,660 km (1,030 mi) of coastline, including its offshore islands and islets, among them Cíes Islands, Ons, Sálvora, Cortegada, and—the largest and most populated—A Illa de Arousa.

Question: Which country is Galicia in?
Answer: Spain

Question: Where is its geographic location?
Answer: North-West of the Iberian Peninsula

Question: Which large body of water does Galicia border?
Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: What is its largest island?
Answer: Arousa
Title: Galicia_(Spain)

The area now called Galicia was first inhabited by humans during the Middle Paleolithic period, and it takes its name from the Gallaeci, the Celtic peoples living north of the Douro river during the last millennium BC, in a region largely coincidental with that of the Iron Age local Castro culture. Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire at the end of the Cantabrian Wars in 19 BC, being turned into a Roman province in the 3rd century AD. In 410, the Germanic Suebi established a kingdom with its capital in Braga (Portugal) which was incorporated into that of the Visigoths in 585. In 711, the Arabs invaded the Iberian Peninsula, taking the Visigoth kingdom, but soon in 740 Galicia was incorporated into the Christian kingdom of Asturias. During the Middle Ages, the kingdom of Galicia was occasionally ruled by its own kings, but most of the time it was leagued to the kingdom of Leon and later to that of Castile, while maintaining its own legal and customary practices and personality. From the 13th century on, the kings of Castile, as kings of Galicia, appointed an Adiantado-mór, whose attributions passed to the Governor and Captain General of the Kingdom of Galiza from the last years of the 15th century. The Governor also presided the Real Audiencia do Reino de Galicia, a royal tribunal and government body. From the 16th century, the representation and voice of the kingdom was held by an assembly of deputies and representatives of the cities of the kingdom, the Cortes or Junta of the Kingdom of Galicia, an institution which was forcibly discontinued in 1833 when the kingdom was divided into four administrative provinces with no legal mutual links. During the 19th and 20th centuries, demand grew for self-government and for the recognition of the personality of Galicia, a demand which led to the frustrated Statute of Autonomy of 1936, and to the Statute of Autonomy of 1981, currently in force.

Question: During which period did humans first inhabit Galicia?
Answer: Middle Paleolithic

Question: Where does its name come from?
Answer: Gallaeci, the Celtic peoples

Question: Which empire turned Galicia into one of its provinces the 3rd century AD?
Answer: Roman Empire

Question: What was the name of the assembly of representatives that began in the 16th century?
Answer: the Cortes or Junta

Question: Which year was the current Statute of Autonomy enacted?
Answer: 1981
Title: Galicia_(Spain)

The interior of Galicia is characterized by its hilly landscape, although mountain ranges rise to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in the east and south. The coastal areas are mostly an alternate series of rías (submerged valleys where the sea penetrates tens of kilometres inland) and cliffs. The climate of Galicia is temperate and rainy, but it is also markedly drier in the summer, being usually classified as Oceanic in the west and north, and Mediterranean in the southeast. Its topographic and climatic conditions have made animal husbandry and farming the primary source of Galicia's wealth for most of its history. With the exception of shipbuilding and food processing, Galicia was largely a semi-subsistence farming and fishing economy and did not experience significant industrialization until after the mid-20th century. In 2012, the gross domestic product at purchasing power parity was €56,000 million, with a nominal GDP per capita of €20,700. The population is largely concentrated in two coastal areas: from Ferrol to A Coruña in the northwest and from Pontevedra to Vigo in the southwest. To a lesser extent, there are smaller populations around the interior cities of Lugo, Ourense and Santiago de Compostela. The political capital is Santiago de Compostela, in the province of A Coruña. Vigo, in the province of Pontevedra, is the most populous municipality with 294,997 (2014), while A Coruña is the most populous city with 215.227 (2014).

Question: How high does Galicia's mountain ranges rise?
Answer: 2,000 m (6,600 ft)

Question: What have been its two primary sources of wealth?
Answer: animal husbandry and farming

Question: Name its northwestern coastal area.
Answer: Ferrol to A Coruña

Question: Name its political capital.
Answer: Santiago de Compostela

Question: Which province is this capital in?
Answer: A Coruña
Title: Galicia_(Spain)

The name evolved during the Middle Ages from Gallaecia, sometimes written Galletia, to Gallicia. In the 13th century, with the written emergence of the Galician language, Galiza became the most usual written form of the name of the country, being replaced during the 15th and 16th centuries by the current form, Galicia, which coincides with the Castilian Spanish name. The historical denomination Galiza became popular again during the end of the 19th and the first three-quarters of the 20th century, being still used with some frequency today, although not by the Xunta de Galicia, the local devolved government. The Royal Galician Academy, the institution responsible for regulating the Galician language, whilst recognizing it as a legitimate current denomination, has stated that the only official name of the country is Galicia.

Question: What is one variation of Gallicia's name used during the Middle Ages?
Answer: Galletia

Question: Which spelling was the most common spelling during the 13th century?
Answer: Galiza

Question: When did it get its modern spelling?
Answer: 15th and 16th centuries

Question: What is the name of the local government?
Answer: Xunta de Galicia

Question: Which group regulates the Galician language?
Answer: The Royal Galician Academy
Title: Galicia_(Spain)

Although the etymology of the name has been studied since the 7th century by authors like Isidore of Seville —who wrote that "Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls", relating the name to the Greek word for milk—, currently scholars derive the name of the ancient Callaeci either from Proto-Indo-European *kal-n-eH2 'hill', through a local relational suffix -aik-, so meaning 'the hill (people)'; or either from Proto-Celtic *kallī- 'forest', so meaning 'the forest (people)'. In any case, Galicia, being per se a derivation of the ethnic name Kallaikói, would mean 'the land of the Galicians'.

Question: Which author wrote that "Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls"?
Answer: Isidore

Question: Which original ethnic name is "Galicia" derived from?
Answer: Kallaikói

Question: What does Galicia's name mean?
Answer: the land of the Galicians
Title: Galicia_(Spain)

The oldest attestation of human presence in Galicia has been found in the Eirós Cave, in the municipality of Triacastela, which has preserved animal remains and Neanderthal stone objects from the Middle Paleolithic. The earliest culture to have left significant architectural traces is the Megalithic culture which expanded along the western European coasts during the Neolithic and Calcolithic eras. Thousands of Megalithic tumuli are distributed throughout the country, but mostly along the coastal areas. Within each tumulus is a stone burial chamber known locally as anta (dolmen), frequently preceded by a corridor. Galicia was later fully affected by the Bell Beaker culture. While its rich mineral deposits - tin and gold - led to the development of Bronze Age metallurgy, and to the commerce of bronze and gold items all along the Atlantic façade of Western Europe, where a common elite's culture evolved during the Atlantic Bronze Age.

Question: Where in Galicia has the oldest evidence of humans been found?
Answer: Eirós Cave

Question: Which municipality is this in?
Answer: Triacastela

Question: What is the oldest culture whose structures have been found?
Answer: Megalithic

Question: Which two minerals found in abundance in Galicia were used during Bronze Age?
Answer: tin and gold
Title: Galicia_(Spain)

The Castro culture ('Culture of the Castles') developed during the Iron Age, and flourished during the second half of the first millennium BC. It is usually considered a local evolution of the Atlantic Bronze Age, with later developments and influences and overlapping into the Roman era. Geographically, it corresponds to the people Roman called Gallaeci, which were composed by a large series of nations or tribes, among them the Artabri, Bracari, Limici, Celtici, Albiones and Lemavi. They were capable fighters: Strabo described them as the most difficult foes the Romans encountered in conquering Lusitania, while Appian mentions their warlike spirit, noting that the women bore their weapons side by side with their men, frequently preferring death to captivity. According to Pomponius Mela all the inhabitants of the coastal areas were Celtic people.

Question: What does the Castro culture's name mean?
Answer: Culture of the Castles

Question: When did the Castro culture flourish?
Answer: second half of the first millennium BC.

Question: Who mentioned the ancient Galician's "warlike spirit"?
Answer: Appian

Question: Who was it that described people living on the coast as "Celtic"?
Answer: Pomponius Mela
Title: Galicia_(Spain)

Gallaeci lived in castros. These were usually annular forts, with one or more concentric earthen or stony walls, with a trench in front of each one. They were frequently located at hills, or in seashore cliffs and peninsulas. Some well known castros can be found, in the seashore, at Fazouro, Santa Tegra, Baroña and O Neixón, and inland at San Cibrao de Lás, Borneiro, Castromao, and Viladonga. Some other distinctive features, such as temples, baths, reservoirs, warrior statues and decorative carvings have been found associated to this culture, together with rich gold and metalworking traditions.

Question: What were the forts that the Gallaeci lived in called?
Answer: castros

Question: Where were these forts commonly built?
Answer: hills

Question: Where is one place where one of the inland forts can be found?
Answer: Borneiro

Question: Statues have been made in whose likeness?
Answer: warrior
Title: Galicia_(Spain)

Later the Muslims invaded Spain (711), but the Arabs and Moors never managed to have any real control over Galicia, which was later incorporated into the expanding Christian Kingdom of Asturias, usually known as Gallaecia or Galicia (Yillīqiya and Galīsiya) by Muslim Chroniclers, as well as by many European contemporaries. This era consolidated Galicia as a Christian society which spoke a Romance language. During the next century Galician noblemen took northern Portugal, conquering Coimbra in 871, thus freeing what were considered the southernmost city of ancient Galicia.

Question: Though the Muslims couldn't take full control of Galicia, when was it that they invaded Spain?
Answer: 711

Question: Which kingdom did Galicia later become a part of?
Answer: Asturias

Question: As a result, what became the religion of Galician society?
Answer: Christian

Question: Ancient Galicians took control of which city in northern Portugal?
Answer: Coimbra
Title: Galicia_(Spain)

The Roman legions first entered the area under Decimus Junius Brutus in 137–136 BC, but the country was only incorporated into the Roman Empire by the time of Augustus (29 BC – 19 BC). The Romans were interested in Galicia mainly for its mineral resources, most notably gold. Under Roman rule, most Galician hillforts began to be – sometimes forcibly – abandoned, and Gallaeci served frequently in the Roman army as auxiliary troops. Romans brought new technologies, new travel routes, new forms of organizing property, and a new language; latin. The Roman Empire established its control over Galicia through camps (castra) as Aquis Querquennis, Ciadella camp or Lucus Augusti (Lugo), roads (viae) and monuments as the lighthouse known as Tower of Hercules, in Corunna, but the remoteness and lesser interest of the country since the 2nd century of our era, when the gold mines stopped being productive, led to a lesser degree of Romanization. In the 3rd century it was made a province, under the name Gallaecia, which included also northern Portugal, Asturias, and a large section of what today is known as Castile and León.

Question: Under whom did Roman legions first enter Galicia?
Answer: Decimus Junius Brutus

Question: Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire under whose rule?
Answer: Augustus

Question: Which mineral found in Galicia were the Romans interested in?
Answer: gold

Question: Which language did the Romans introduce to Galicia?
Answer: latin

Question: The Romans used which lighthouse located in Corunna as part of its effort to establish control the area?
Answer: Tower of Hercules
Title: Galicia_(Spain)

In the early 5th century, the deep crisis suffered by the Roman Empire allowed different tribes of Central Europe (Suebi, Vandals and Alani) to cross the Rhine and penetrate into the rule on 31 December 406. Its progress towards the Iberian Peninsula forced the Roman authorities to establish a treaty (foedus) by which the Suebi would settle peacefully and govern Galicia as imperial allies. So, from 409 Galicia was taken by the Suebi, forming the first medieval kingdom to be created in Europe, in 411, even before the fall of the Roman Empire, being also the first Germanic kingdom to mint coinage in Roman lands. During this period a Briton colony and bishopric (see Mailoc) was established in Northern Galicia (Britonia), probably as foederati and allies of the Suebi. In 585, the Visigothic King Leovigild invaded the Suebic kingdom of Galicia and defeated it, bringing it under Visigoth control.

Question: At the end of which year did Central Europe tribes invade the Roman Empire?
Answer: 406

Question: Which tribe did the Romans subsequently make a treaty with?
Answer: Suebi

Question: What was the name of the Briton colony formed in Northern Galicia?
Answer: Britonia

Question: Which Visigothic king took over control of Galicia from the Suebi?
Answer: Leovigild

Question: In which year did this happen?
Answer: 585
Title: Galicia_(Spain)

In the 9th century, the rise of the cult of the Apostle James in Santiago de Compostela gave Galicia a particular symbolic importance among Christians, an importance it would hold throughout the Reconquista. As the Middle Ages went on, Santiago became a major pilgrim destination and the Way of Saint James (Camiño de Santiago) a major pilgrim road, a route for the propagation of Romanesque art and the words and music of the troubadors. During the 10th and 11th centuries, a period during which Galician nobility become related to the royal family, Galicia was at times headed by its own native kings, while Vikings (locally known as Leodemanes or Lordomanes) occasionally raided the coasts. The Towers of Catoira (Pontevedra) were built as a system of fortifications to prevent and stop the Viking raids on Santiago de Compostela.

Question: Which cult arose in Galicia during the 9th century?
Answer: Apostle James

Question: Where was this cult based in?
Answer: Santiago de Compostela

Question: Name the road that lead there.
Answer: Way of Saint James

Question: What did Galicians call the Vikings?
Answer: Leodemanes or Lordomanes

Question: To stop the Vikings from raiding, what did the Galicians build as a defense system?
Answer: Towers of Catoira
Title: Galicia_(Spain)

In 1063, Ferdinand I of Castile divided his realm among his sons, and the Kingdom of Galicia was granted to Garcia II of Galicia. In 1072, it was forcibly annexed by Garcia's brother Alfonso VI of León; from that time Galicia was united with the Kingdom of León under the same monarchs. In the 13th century Alfonso X of Castile standardized the Castilian language and made it the language of court and government. Nevertheless, in his Kingdom of Galicia the Galician language was the only language spoken, and the most used in government and legal uses, as well as in literature.

Question: Who was it that in 1063 gave rule over Galicia to his son?
Answer: Ferdinand I

Question: What was the name of this son?
Answer: Garcia II

Question: Who was the brother who later took control for himself?
Answer: Alfonso VI

Question: Galicia then became part of which Kingdom?
Answer: Kingdom of León

Question: Who standardized Castillan and made it the government's official language?
Answer: Alfonso X
Title: Galicia_(Spain)

On the other hand, the lack of an effective royal justice system in the Kingdom led to the social conflict known as the Guerras Irmandiñas ('Wars of the brotherhoods'), when leagues of peasants and burghers, with the support of a number of knights, noblemen, and under legal protection offered by the remote king, toppled many of the castles of the Kingdom and briefly drove the noblemen into Portugal and Castile. Soon after, in the late 15th century, in the dynastic conflict between Isabella I of Castile and Joanna La Beltraneja, part of the Galician aristocracy supported Joanna. After Isabella's victory, she initiated an administrative and political reform which the chronicler Jeronimo Zurita defined as "doma del Reino de Galicia": 'It was then when the taming of Galicia began, because not just the local lords and knights, but all the people of that nation were the ones against the others very bold and warlike'. These reforms, while establishing a local government and tribunal (the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia) and bringing the nobleman under submission, also brought most Galician monasteries and institutions under Castilian control, in what has been criticized as a process of centralisation. At the same time the kings began to call the Xunta or Cortes of the Kingdom of Galicia, an assembly of deputies or representatives of the cities of the Kingdom, to ask for monetary and military contributions. This assembly soon developed into the voice and legal representation of the Kingdom, and the depositary of its will and laws.

Question: Social turmoil led to conflict?
Answer: Guerras Irmandiñas

Question: Which two royals were part of the dynastic conflict of the 15th century?
Answer: Isabella I of Castile and Joanna La Beltraneja

Question: The subsequent reforms were coined as "doma del Reino de Galicia" by who?
Answer: Jeronimo Zurita

Question: What was the name of the local government and tribunal?
Answer: Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia
Title: Galicia_(Spain)

The modern period of the kingdom of Galicia began with the murder or defeat of some of the most powerful Galician lords, such as Pedro Álvarez de Sotomayor, called Pedro Madruga, and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio, at the hands of the Castilian armies sent to Galicia between the years 1480 and 1486. Isabella I of Castile, considered a usurper by many Galician nobles, eradicated all armed resistance and definitively established the royal power of the Castilian monarchy. Fearing a general revolt, the monarchs ordered the banishing of the rest of the great lords like Pedro de Bolaño, Diego de Andrade or Lope Sánchez de Moscoso, among others.

Question: Castillan armies invaded Galicia between which years?
Answer: 1480 and 1486

Question: Which powerful Galician lords did they murder?
Answer: Pedro Madruga, and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio

Question: Which Castillan ruler then consolidated control over Galicia?
Answer: Isabella I
Title: Galicia_(Spain)

The establishment of the Santa Hermandad in 1480, and of the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia in 1500—a tribunal and executive body directed by the Governor-Captain General as a direct representative of the King—implied initially the submission of the Kingdom to the Crown, after a century of unrest and fiscal insubordination. As a result, from 1480 to 1520 the Kingdom of Galicia contributed more than 10% of the total earnings of the Crown of Castille, including the Americas, well over its economic relevance. Like the rest of Spain, the 16th century was marked by population growth up to 1580, when the simultaneous wars with the Netherlands, France and England hampered Galicia's Atlantic commerce, which consisted mostly in the exportation of sardines, wood, and some cattle and wine.

Question: Which government body was formed in 1480?
Answer: Santa Hermandad

Question: Which body was formed in 1500?
Answer: Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia

Question: What percentage of Castille's total earnings was Galicia responsible for?
Answer: 10%

Question: Which other countries was Spain at war with during the 16 century?
Answer: Netherlands, France and England

Question: In spite of these wars, which exports did Galicia's Atlantic trade consist of?
Answer: sardines, wood, and some cattle and wine