rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Buddhism

Gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest. At the age of 35, he famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment. After many days, he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind, thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth, and arose as a fully enlightened being (Skt. samyaksaṃbuddha). Soon thereafter, he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order. Now, as the Buddha, he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered, traveling throughout the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent, and died at the age of 80 (483 BCE) in Kushinagar, India. The south branch of the original fig tree available only in Anuradhapura Sri Lanka is known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi.

Question: How old was Gautama when he sat under the Bodhi Tree?
Answer: 35

Question: What kind of tree was the Bodhi Tree?
Answer: Ficus religiosa

Question: What did Gautama spend the rest of his life doing after reaching enlightenment?
Answer: he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered

Question: How old was the Buddha at the time of his death?
Answer: 80

Question: What is the south branch of the tree Gautama sat under called?
Answer: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

Question: What was the tree called he sat under?
Answer: Ficus religiosa

Question: What was the tree renamed that Gautama achieved enlightenment under?
Answer: Bodhi Tree

Question: At what age did Gautama come to pass?
Answer: 80

Question: When he was 35 Gautama sat in meditation under what tree?
Answer: Bodhi Tree

Question: What type of tree was the Bodhi Tree?
Answer: Ficus religiosa

Question: What town was the Bodhi Tree in?
Answer: Bodh Gaya

Question: The south branch of the original fig tree is known as?
Answer: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
Title: Buddhism

Within Buddhism, samsara is defined as the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings' grasping and fixating on a self and experiences. Specifically, samsara refers to the process of cycling through one rebirth after another within the six realms of existence,[note 2] where each realm can be understood as physical realm or a psychological state characterized by a particular type of suffering. Samsara arises out of avidya (ignorance) and is characterized by dukkha (suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction). In the Buddhist view, liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path.

Question: What is samsara?
Answer: the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death

Question: What is avidya?
Answer: ignorance

Question: What is dukkha?
Answer: suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction

Question: Is liberation from samsara possible?
Answer: In the Buddhist view, liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path.

Question: The cycle of birth and death is called what in Buddhism?
Answer: Samsara

Question: How many realms of existence are there in Buddhism?
Answer: six

Question: avidya is what kind of samsara?
Answer: ignorance

Question: How can you be freed from samsara?
Answer: by following the Buddhist path

Question: What is samsara defined as?
Answer: the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death

Question: How many realms of existance are within the cycle of rebirths?
Answer: six

Question: Realms can be understood as physical realms of what type of states?
Answer: psychological

Question: Samsara is caused by what?
Answer: avidya

Question: A person can get away from samsara by doing what?
Answer: following the Buddhist path
Title: Buddhism

In Buddhism, Karma (from Sanskrit: "action, work") is the force that drives saṃsāra—the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skillful deeds (Pali: "kusala") and bad, unskillful (Pāli: "akusala") actions produce "seeds" in the mind that come to fruition either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth. The avoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions is called sīla. Karma specifically refers to those actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent (cetanā), and bring about a consequence or phala "fruit" or vipāka "result".

Question: What does the Sanskrit term Karma translate as?
Answer: action, work

Question: What is karma according to Buddhism?
Answer: the force that drives saṃsāra

Question: What is theavoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions called?
Answer: sīla

Question: What actions does karma refer to in Buddhism?
Answer: actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent

Question: What is the definition of Karma from Sanskrit?
Answer: action, work

Question: What is the avoidance of bad acts called?
Answer: sīla

Question: Karma's actions come from what?
Answer: cetanā

Question: What is the result of Karma called?
Answer: vipāka

Question: What is Karma?
Answer: the force that drives saṃsāra

Question: Avoidance of unwholesome actions and use of positive actions is called what?
Answer: sīla

Question: what does vipaka mean?
Answer: result
Title: Buddhism

In Theravada Buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one's karma, since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe.[citation needed] In Mahayana Buddhism, the texts of certain Mahayana sutras (such as the Lotus Sutra, the Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra and the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma. Some forms of Buddhism (for example, Vajrayana) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma. The Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin taught that Amitābha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in saṃsāra.

Question: In which branch of Buddhism is it believed that there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for karma?
Answer: Theravada Buddhism

Question: In Mahayana Buddhism, what are some Mahayana sutras that are believed to remove negative karma just by the hearing of the texts?
Answer: the Lotus Sutra, the Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra and the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra

Question: The reciting of mantras as a means for removing past negative karma is a part of which branch of Buddhism?
Answer: Vajrayana

Question: According to Genshin, who has the power to destroy karma?
Answer: Amitābha

Question: What Buddhism says that salvation is unattainable?
Answer: Theravada Buddhism

Question: Who has the power to destroy bad karma?
Answer: Amitābha

Question: What type of sutra is the Lotus Sutra?
Answer: Mahayana

Question: Some mantras are used for cutting off what type of karma?
Answer: negative

Question: Who was the Japanese Pure Land teacher?
Answer: Genshin

Question: According to Genshin, whats has the power to destroy karma?
Answer: Amitābha
Title: Buddhism

Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death. The doctrine of anattā (Sanskrit anātman) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul, as it is called in Hinduism and Christianity. According to Buddhism there ultimately is no such thing as a self independent from the rest of the universe. Buddhists also refer to themselves as the believers of the anatta doctrine—Nairatmyavadin or Anattavadin. Rebirth in subsequent existences must be understood as the continuation of a dynamic, ever-changing process of pratītyasamutpāda ("dependent arising") determined by the laws of cause and effect (karma) rather than that of one being, reincarnating from one existence to the next.

Question: What is the process in which beings go through cycles of lifetimes as many forms of sentient life?
Answer: Rebirth

Question: Which doctrine denies the concept of a permanent self or soul?
Answer: The doctrine of anattā (Sanskrit anātman)

Question: In Buddhism, rebirth into consecutive lives is determined by what?
Answer: the laws of cause and effect

Question: Sentient life according to Buddhism runs between what two points?
Answer: from conception to death.

Question: The laws of cause and effect can also be called?
Answer: karma

Question: What is the name for the process of a succession of lifetimes?
Answer: Rebirth

Question: What doctrine rejects the idea of permanent self?
Answer: anatta

Question: "dependent arising" is the meaning of what word?
Answer: pratītyasamutpāda

Question: Hinduism and Christianity use what term for a permanent self?
Answer: eternal soul
Title: Buddhism

The above are further subdivided into 31 planes of existence.[web 4] Rebirths in some of the higher heavens, known as the Śuddhāvāsa Worlds or Pure Abodes, can be attained only by skilled Buddhist practitioners known as anāgāmis (non-returners). Rebirths in the Ārūpyadhātu (formless realms) can be attained by only those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas, the highest object of meditation.

Question: Rebirth into the Śuddhāvāsa Worlds or Pure Abodes can only be attained by who?
Answer: skilled Buddhist practitioners known as anāgāmis (non-returners)

Question: Rebirth into the formless realms can only be attained by who?
Answer: those who can meditate on the arūpajhānas, the highest object of meditation

Question: How many planes of existence are there?
Answer: 31

Question: What are the higher heavens called?
Answer: Pure Abodes

Question: What are skilled Buddhists called?
Answer: anāgāmis

Question: What is another name for Ārūpyadhātu?
Answer: formless realms

Question: What is the highest object of meditation called?
Answer: arūpajhānas

Question: How many planes of existence?
Answer: 31

Question: Skilled buddhist practictioners that can get to the higher heavens are known as what?
Answer: anāgāmis

Question: What is the highest object of meditation?
Answer: arūpajhānas

Question: What does arupyadhatu mean?
Answer: formless realms
Title: Buddhism

According to East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism, there is an intermediate state (Tibetan "bardo") between one life and the next. The orthodox Theravada position rejects this; however there are passages in the Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon that seem to lend support to the idea that the Buddha taught of an intermediate stage between one life and the next.[page needed]

Question: There is a transitional state between one life and the next according to what branches of Buddhism?
Answer: East Asian and Tibetan

Question: What branch of Buddhism rejects that there is a transitional state between lives?
Answer: Theravada

Question: Passages in what teaching support the idea that the Buddha taught of a stage between lives?
Answer: Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon

Question: What is the state called between lives?
Answer: bardo

Question: Which major part of Buddhism rejects bardo?
Answer: Theravada

Question: What book discusses bardo?
Answer: Samyutta Nikaya

Question: Other than Tibetan Buddhism, what other Buddhism supports bardo?
Answer: East Asian

Question: There is an intermediate state between one life and the next according to what Buddism?
Answer: East Asian and Tibetan

Question: What type of Theravada rejects the intermediate state idea?
Answer: orthodox

Question: Some passages of what Canon support the idea of intermediate stages?
Answer: Pali
Title: Buddhism

The teachings on the Four Noble Truths are regarded as central to the teachings of Buddhism, and are said to provide a conceptual framework for Buddhist thought. These four truths explain the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome. The four truths are:[note 4]

Question: What is considered to be central to the teachings of Buddhism?
Answer: the Four Noble Truths

Question: What do the Four Noble Truths explain?
Answer: the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome

Question: What teachings are the most important to Buddhism?
Answer: the Four Noble Truths

Question: What part of Dukkha deals with pain?
Answer: suffering

Question: What is considered central to the teachings of Buddhism?
Answer: Four Noble Truths

Question: The four truths explain the nature of what?
Answer: dukkha
Title: Buddhism

The first truth explains the nature of dukkha. Dukkha is commonly translated as "suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc., and it is said to have the following three aspects:

Question: What does the first of the Four Noble Truths explain?
Answer: the nature of dukkha

Question: What is Dukkha?
Answer: "suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.

Question: What does the first truth cover?
Answer: Dukkha

Question: What is another word for Dukkha?
Answer: suffering

Question: What is another nature of Dukkha?
Answer: anxiety

Question: How many aspects are there to Dukkha?
Answer: three

Question: Dukkha can be translated as what word in regards to unhappiness?
Answer: unsatisfactoriness

Question: Suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness, and unease is the translation of what word?
Answer: Dukkha

Question: How many aspects does dukkha have?
Answer: three
Title: Buddhism

The second truth is that the origin of dukkha can be known. Within the context of the four noble truths, the origin of dukkha is commonly explained as craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja). On a deeper level, the root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance (Pali: avijja) of the true nature of things. The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of dukkha is possible, and the fourth noble truth identifies a path to this cessation.[note 7]

Question: What does the second of the Four Noble Truths explain?
Answer: that the origin of dukkha can be known

Question: What is the origin of dukkha?
Answer: craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja)

Question: What is the third of the Four Noble Truths explain?
Answer: the complete cessation of dukkha is possible

Question: What is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths explain?
Answer: identifies a path to this cessation

Question: What is the second truth?
Answer: dukkha can be known.

Question: How is the meaning of Dukkha explained?
Answer: craving

Question: What is a contributing factor to Dukkha?
Answer: ignorance

Question: The second truth is?
Answer: the origin of dukkha can be known

Question: The origin of dukkha is explained as craving conditioned by what?
Answer: ignorance

Question: The root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance of what?
Answer: true nature of things

Question: The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of what is possible?
Answer: dukkha
Title: Buddhism

The Noble Eightfold Path—the fourth of the Buddha's Noble Truths—consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration.

Question: What is the fourth of the Buddha's Four Noble Truths?
Answer: The Noble Eightfold Path

Question: What is the purpose of the Noble Eightfold Path?
Answer: lead to the cessation of dukkha

Question: What are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path?
Answer: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration

Question: The Noble Eightfold Path is which of Buddha's Truths?
Answer: the fourth

Question: The fourth truth consists of how many factors?
Answer: Eight

Question: What is the end goal of the Fourth Truth?
Answer: the cessation of dukkha

Question: What is one of the eight factors?
Answer: Right Action

Question: The Noble Eightfold Path is which Noble Truth?
Answer: the fourth

Question: The noble Eightfold path is a set of how many inerconnected factors?
Answer: eight

Question: When the eight factors are developed together, is leads to the cessation of what?
Answer: dukkha
Title: Buddhism

Ajahn Sucitto describes the path as "a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other." The eight factors of the path are not to be understood as stages, in which each stage is completed before moving on to the next. Rather, they are understood as eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour—mental, spoken, and bodily—that operate in dependence on one another; taken together, they define a complete path, or way of living.

Question: Who describes the Noble Eightfold Path as "a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other."?
Answer: Ajahn Sucitto

Question: How are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path to be understood?
Answer: as eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour

Question: What can one's behaviour be divided into?
Answer: mental, spoken, and bodily

Question: Who describes the path as "a mandala of interconnected factor that support and moderate each other"?
Answer: Ajahn Sucitto
Title: Buddhism

While he searched for enlightenment, Gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as "the immeasurables".[dubious – discuss] Gautama thus invented a new kind of human, one without egotism.[dubious – discuss] What Thich Nhat Hanh calls the "Four Immeasurable Minds" of love, compassion, joy, and equanimity[full citation needed] are also known as brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables.[web 5] Pema Chödrön calls them the "four limitless ones". Of the four, mettā or loving-kindness meditation is perhaps the best known.[web 5] The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates "wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings."[web 6][web 7]

Question: During his search for enlightenment, Gautama combined what teachings?
Answer: the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as "the immeasurables"

Question: What was the new kind of human invented by Gautama?
Answer: one without egotism

Question: What are the Four Immeasurable Minds also known as?
Answer: brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables

Question: What is the best known of the four immeasurables?
Answer: mettā or loving-kindness meditation

Question: The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates what?
Answer: wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings

Question: Gautama combined the yoga practice of what teacher?
Answer: Kalama

Question: Gautama invented a new kind of human without what?
Answer: egotism

Question: What are the "four Immeasurable minds"?
Answer: love, compassion, joy, and equanimity

Question: Who calls the four immeasurable minds "four limitless ones"?
Answer: Pema Chödrön

Question: The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of what?
Answer: meditation
Title: Buddhism

An important guiding principle of Buddhist practice is the Middle Way (or Middle Path), which is said to have been discovered by Gautama Buddha prior to his enlightenment. The Middle Way has several definitions:

Question: When did Gautama Buddha discover the Middle Way?
Answer: prior to his enlightenment

Question: An important guiding priciple of Buddhist practice is what?
Answer: the Middle Way

Question: Guatama discovered the middle path before his what?
Answer: enlightenment
Title: Buddhism

Buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories, philosophies and world view concepts (see, for example, Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism). Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.

Question: What are some of the theories and philosophies produced by Buddhist scholars?
Answer: Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism

Question: Does Buddhism encourage or discourage doctrinal studies?
Answer: Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.

Question: Who has produced a number of theories and concepts such as Abhidharma and Reality in Buddhism?
Answer: Buddhist scholars

Question: Some schools within Buddhism discourage what type of study?
Answer: doctrinal
Title: Buddhism

The concept of liberation (nirvāṇa)—the goal of the Buddhist path—is closely related to overcoming ignorance (avidyā), a fundamental misunderstanding or mis-perception of the nature of reality. In awakening to the true nature of the self and all phenomena one develops dispassion for the objects of clinging, and is liberated from suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (saṃsāra). To this end, the Buddha recommended viewing things as characterized by the three marks of existence.

Question: What is the goal of the Buddhist path?
Answer: liberation

Question: Upon awakening to the true nature of the self, what is one is liberated from?
Answer: suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (saṃsāra)

Question: Liberation is know as what?
Answer: nirvāṇa

Question: What is the goal of the buddhist path?
Answer: nirvāṇa

Question: In awakening to the true nature of the self, one no longer care about what?
Answer: objects

Question: Buddha recommended viewing thing by how many marks of existence?
Answer: three
Title: Buddhism

Impermanence (Pāli: anicca) expresses the Buddhist notion that all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent. Everything we can experience through our senses is made up of parts, and its existence is dependent on external conditions. Everything is in constant flux, and so conditions and the thing itself are constantly changing. Things are constantly coming into being, and ceasing to be. Since nothing lasts, there is no inherent or fixed nature to any object or experience. According to the doctrine of impermanence, life embodies this flux in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra), and in any experience of loss. The doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent, attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering (dukkha).

Question: What is the meaning of impermanence in Buddhism?
Answer: all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent

Question: According to the Buddhist doctrine of impermanence, how does life express impermanence?
Answer: in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra), and in any experience of loss

Question: Why is attachment to things futile?
Answer: because things are impermanent

Question: What is in a constant flux?
Answer: Everything

Question: Everything is continuously coming into being and what?
Answer: ceasing to be

Question: The cycle of rebirth is also called what?
Answer: saṃsāra

Question: According to doctrine, because all thing don't last, attachment can lead to what?
Answer: suffering