rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Muslim_world

One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture." Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. The Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) had more than 450 books attributed to him. His writings were concerned with various subjects, most notably philosophy and medicine. His medical textbook The Canon of Medicine was used as the standard text in European universities for centuries. He also wrote The Book of Healing, an influential scientific and philosophical encyclopedia.

Question: What was the life span of Ibn Sina?
Answer: 980–1037

Question: How many books were said to have been written by Ibn Sina?
Answer: 450

Question: What subjects did Ibn Sina mainly write about?
Answer: philosophy and medicine

Question: What medical book is Ibn Sina most noted for in European universities?
Answer: The Canon of Medicine

Question: What philosophical encyclopedia is Ibn Sina known for writing?
Answer: The Book of Healing
Title: Muslim_world

Yet another influential philosopher who had an influence on modern philosophy was Ibn Tufail. His philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdha, translated into Latin as Philosophus Autodidactus in 1671, developed the themes of empiricism, tabula rasa, nature versus nurture, condition of possibility, materialism, and Molyneux's problem. European scholars and writers influenced by this novel include John Locke, Gottfried Leibniz, Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens, George Keith, Robert Barclay, the Quakers, and Samuel Hartlib.

Question: Which philosopher from the Muslim world influenced modern philosophy?
Answer: Ibn Tufail

Question: Who wrote Hayy ibn Yaqdha?
Answer: Ibn Tufail

Question: In what year was Hayy ibn Yaqdha translated to the Latin language?
Answer: 1671

Question: What kind of book is Hayy ibn Yaqdha?
Answer: philosophical novel
Title: Muslim_world

Other influential Muslim philosophers include al-Jahiz, a pioneer in evolutionary thought; Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), a pioneer of phenomenology and the philosophy of science and a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Aristotle's concept of place (topos); Al-Biruni, a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis, pioneers of the philosophical novel; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, founder of Illuminationist philosophy; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of inductive logic; and Ibn Khaldun, a pioneer in the philosophy of history.

Question: Which philosopher of the Muslim world is considered an important author of work on evolution?
Answer: al-Jahiz

Question: Ibn al-Haytham can be known by another name, what is it?
Answer: Alhazen

Question: What type of work is Ibn al-Haytham known to have pioneered?
Answer: phenomenology and the philosophy of science

Question: Who is considered to have been the one that founded Illuminationist philosophy?
Answer: Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi

Question: Which philosopher in the Muslim world championed inductive logic in their works?
Answer: Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
Title: Muslim_world

Muslim scientists contributed to advances in the sciences. They placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks. This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world, where progress in methodology was made, beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) on optics from circa 1000, in his Book of Optics. The most important development of the scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation, which began among Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. Some have also described Ibn al-Haytham as the "first scientist." al-Khwarzimi's invented the log base systems that are being used today, he also contributed theorems in trigonometry as well as limits. Recent studies show that it is very likely that the Medieval Muslim artists were aware of advanced decagonal quasicrystal geometry (discovered half a millennium later in the 1970s and 1980s in the West) and used it in intricate decorative tilework in the architecture.

Question: Ibn al-Haytham experimented with what around the year 1000?
Answer: optics

Question: Ibn al-Haytham wrote about his work around the year 1000, what was it?
Answer: Book of Optics

Question: Who is believed to have discovered decagonal quasicrystal geometry?
Answer: Medieval Muslim artists

Question: Regarding the intromission theory of light, who showed the first proof?
Answer: Ibn al-Haytham

Question: Which Muslim scientist worked on trigonometry?
Answer: al-Khwarzimi
Title: Muslim_world

Muslim physicians contributed to the field of medicine, including the subjects of anatomy and physiology: such as in the 15th century Persian work by Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas entitled Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the body) which contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, nervous and circulatory systems; or in the work of the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis, who proposed the theory of pulmonary circulation. Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine remained an authoritative medical textbook in Europe until the 18th century. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (also known as Abulcasis) contributed to the discipline of medical surgery with his Kitab al-Tasrif ("Book of Concessions"), a medical encyclopedia which was later translated to Latin and used in European and Muslim medical schools for centuries. Other medical advancements came in the fields of pharmacology and pharmacy.

Question: What work is Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas known for writing?
Answer: Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the body)

Question: In what century did Tashrih al-badan come into being?
Answer: 15th century

Question: Who theorized about pulmonary circulation?
Answer: Ibn al-Nafis

Question: Who wrote The Canon of Medicine?
Answer: Avicenna

Question: Who wrote Kitab al-Tasrif?
Answer: Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
Title: Muslim_world

In astronomy, Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Averroes, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir were later incorporated into the Copernican heliocentric model. Heliocentric theories were also discussed by several other Muslim astronomers such as Al-Biruni, Al-Sijzi, Qotb al-Din Shirazi, and Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī. The astrolabe, though originally developed by the Greeks, was perfected by Islamic astronomers and engineers, and was subsequently brought to Europe.

Question: What field did Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī contribute to?
Answer: astronomy

Question: What work is Muḥammad ibn Jābir al-Ḥarrānī al-Battānī known for as it regards to earth?
Answer: improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis

Question: Who created the astrolabe?
Answer: the Greeks

Question: What model did the work of Muslim World astronomers contribute to?
Answer: the Copernican heliocentric model

Question: Who is said to have mastered the astrolabe?
Answer: Islamic astronomers and engineers
Title: Muslim_world

Advances were made in irrigation and farming, using new technology such as the windmill. Crops such as almonds and citrus fruit were brought to Europe through al-Andalus, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. Hormuz was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the Mediterranean, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as Venice, Genoa and Catalonia. The Silk Road crossing Central Asia passed through Muslim states between China and Europe.

Question: which crops were brought to europe from the Muslim World?
Answer: almonds and citrus fruit

Question: What was the windmill used for?
Answer: irrigation and farming

Question: Trading in the Indian ocean was mainly controlled by whom?
Answer: Arab merchants

Question: Where was an important center of Indian Ocean trading in the 16th century?
Answer: Hormuz

Question: When did the Portuguese arrive in the Indian Ocean?
Answer: 16th century
Title: Muslim_world

Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of hydropower, and early industrial uses of tidal power and wind power, fossil fuels such as petroleum, and early large factory complexes (tiraz in Arabic). The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-wheeled and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were being employed in the Islamic world, including early fulling mills, gristmills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also invented crankshafts and water turbines, employed gears in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for industrial tasks that were previously driven by manual labour in ancient times to be mechanized and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe had an influence on the Industrial Revolution.

Question: How early did people in the Muslim World start using watermills?
Answer: 7th century

Question: In what century had mills such as gristmills and sawmills dominate the Islamic world?
Answer: 11th century

Question: At what point was the use of watermills common in the Muslim World?
Answer: 9th century

Question: Who invented crankshafts?
Answer: Muslim engineers

Question: Who was the inventor of water turbines?
Answer: Muslim engineers
Title: Muslim_world

More than 20% of the world's population is Muslim. Current estimates conclude that the number of Muslims in the world is around 1,5 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Major languages spoken by Muslims include Arabic, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Swahili, Hausa, Fula, Berber, Tuareg, Somali, Albanian, Bosnian, Russian, Turkish, Azeri, Kazakh, Uzbek, Tatar, Persian, Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Sindhi and Kashmiri, among many others.

Question: What percentage of the humans in the world are considered Muslim?
Answer: 20%

Question: How many Muslims are believed to live on earth?
Answer: 1,5 billion

Question: In how many nations are Muslims in the majority of people?
Answer: 49

Question: How many languages are spoken by Muslims?
Answer: hundreds
Title: Muslim_world

The two main denominations of Islam are the Sunni and Shia sects. They differ primarily upon of how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the imam. These two main differences stem from the understanding of which hadith are to interpret the Quran. Sunnis believe the true political successor of the Prophet in Sunnah is based on ٍShura (consultation) at the Saqifah which selected Abu Bakr, father of the Prophet's favourite wife, 'A'ishah, to lead the Islamic community while the religious succession ceased to exist on account of finality of Prophethood. Shia on the other hand believe that the true political as well as religious successor is Ali ibn Abi Talib, husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah (designated by the Prophet).

Question: Which Muslim denominations are the most dominant?
Answer: Sunni and Shia

Question: What are the two main things differentiating Sunni and Shia?
Answer: how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the imam

Question: Who is believed, among Sunnis,  to be the political successor of the Prophet?
Answer: Abu Bakr

Question: Who was Abu Bakr?
Answer: father of the Prophet's favourite wife

Question: Who was Ali ibn Abi Talib?
Answer: husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah
Title: Muslim_world

Literacy rate in the Muslim world varies. Some members such as Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have over 97% literacy rates, whereas literacy rates are the lowest in Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa. In 2015, the International Islamic News Agency reported that nearly 37% of the population of the Muslim world is unable to read or write, basing that figure on reports from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Question: What is the literacy rate in Kuwait?
Answer: over 97%

Question: In 2015 it was reported that what percentage of the Muslim World was not literate?
Answer: 37%

Question: What organizations studied literacy in the Muslim World in 2015?
Answer: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

Question: Which regions have the lowest rate of literacy in the Muslim world?
Answer: Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa
Title: Muslim_world

Several Muslim countries like Turkey and Iran exhibit high scientific publication. Some countries have tried to encourage scientific research. In Pakistan, establishment of the Higher Education Commission in 2002, resulted in a 5-fold increase in the number of PhDs and a 10-fold increase in the number of scientific research papers in 10 years with the total number of universities increasing from 115 in 2001 to over 400 in 2012.[citation needed] Saudi Arabia has established the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. United Arab Emirates has invested in Zayed University, United Arab Emirates University, and Masdar Institute of Science and Technology[clarification needed]

Question: Which organization for scientific publications was established in Pakistan in 2002?
Answer: Higher Education Commission

Question: How much did the Higher Education Commission impact the number of PhDs in Pakistan?
Answer: 5-fold increase

Question: What science university did Saudi Arabia establish?
Answer: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

Question: Where is Zayed University?
Answer: United Arab Emirates

Question: How many universities were in Pakistan in 2001?
Answer: 115
Title: Muslim_world

Encompasses both secular and religious styles, the design and style made by Muslims and their construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture included the architectural types: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic art is architecture, particularly that of the mosque. Through Islamic architecture, effects of varying cultures within Islamic civilization can be illustrated. Generally, the use of Islamic geometric patterns and foliage based arabesques were striking. There was also the use of decorative calligraphy instead of pictures which were haram (forbidden) in mosque architecture. Note that in secular architecture, human and animal representation was indeed present.

Question: What is considered the most important work of Islamic architecture?
Answer: the mosque

Question: What type of decorations are used in Muslim world decorative art rather than pictures?
Answer: decorative calligraphy

Question: What is the definition of haram?
Answer: forbidden

Question: Where in Muslim architecture are pictures forbidden?
Answer: mosque architecture

Question: Where is one permitted to use representations of humans?
Answer: secular architecture
Title: Muslim_world

No Islamic visual images or depictions of God are meant to exist because it is believed that such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry. Moreover, Muslims believe that God is incorporeal, making any two- or three- dimensional depictions impossible. Instead, Muslims describe God by the names and attributes that, according to Islam, he revealed to his creation. All but one sura of the Quran begins with the phrase "In the name of God, the Beneficent, the Merciful". Images of Mohammed are likewise prohibited. Such aniconism and iconoclasm can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology.

Question: Why is depicting God forbidden in the Islamic world?
Answer: such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry

Question: What do Muslims believe of the form of God?
Answer: God is incorporeal

Question: How many sura's in the Quran begin with "In the name of God?"
Answer: All but one

Question: What is the policy in the Muslim world on depicting Mohammed?
Answer: prohibited

Question: What other religions might one find depictions of God, or Prophets forbidden?
Answer: Jewish and some Christian theology
Title: Muslim_world

Islamic art frequently adopts the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as arabesque. Such designs are highly nonrepresentational, as Islam forbids representational depictions as found in pre-Islamic pagan religions. Despite this, there is a presence of depictional art in some Muslim societies, notably the miniature style made famous in Persia and under the Ottoman Empire which featured paintings of people and animals, and also depictions of Quranic stories and Islamic traditional narratives. Another reason why Islamic art is usually abstract is to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God, an objective achieved by arabesque. Islamic calligraphy is an omnipresent decoration in Islamic art, and is usually expressed in the form of Quranic verses. Two of the main scripts involved are the symbolic kufic and naskh scripts, which can be found adorning the walls and domes of mosques, the sides of minbars, and so on.

Question: What is the repetitive use of geometric floral designs known as in Islamic art?
Answer: arabesque

Question: Islam forbade types of art found in what religions?
Answer: pre-Islamic pagan religions

Question: Miniature paintings of the Ottoman empire featured what kind of subjects?
Answer: people and animals

Question: What is one reason the art of Islam may be abstract?
Answer: to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God

Question: In mosques domes may have what kind of scripts decorating them?
Answer: kufic and naskh scripts
Title: Muslim_world

Distinguishing motifs of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect, fractal geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other features employed as motifs include columns, piers and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes. The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable. Its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 with the construction of the Dome of the Rock mosque, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the Taj Mahal. And as late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated into European architecture.

Question: What are the main distinctive features of Islamic architecture?
Answer: ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns

Question: What physical characteristics are common in Islamic architecture?
Answer: columns, piers and arches

Question: When did domes first appear in the architecture of the Muslim World?
Answer: 691

Question: Which mosque is believed to be the first with a dome?
Answer: Dome of the Rock mosque

Question: When was the Taj Mahal constructed?
Answer: 17th century
Title: Muslim_world

The Solar Hijri calendar, also called the Shamsi Hijri calendar, and abbreviated as SH, is the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan. It begins on the vernal equinox. Each of the twelve months corresponds with a zodiac sign. The first six months have 31 days, the next five have 30 days, and the last month has 29 days in usual years but 30 days in leap years. The year of Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina (622 CE) is fixed as the first year of the calendar, and the New Year's Day always falls on the March equinox.

Question: What is another name for the Shamsi Hijri calender?
Answer: The Solar Hijri calendar

Question: What is one way to abbreviate the Solar Hiljri calender?
Answer: SH

Question: What is the customary calendar of Iran?
Answer: the Shamsi Hijri calendar

Question: How many months are in the Shamsi Hijri calendar?
Answer: twelve months

Question: What is the first year of the Shamsi Hijri Calender based on?
Answer: Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina
Title: Muslim_world

In a small minority of Muslim countries, the law requires women to cover either just legs, shoulders and head or the whole body apart from the face. In strictest forms, the face as well must be covered leaving just a mesh to see through. These rules for dressing cause tensions, concerning particularly Muslims living in Western countries, where restrictions are considered both sexist and oppressive. Some Muslims oppose this charge, and instead declare that the media in these countries presses on women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive, and that this is itself sexist and oppressive.

Question: How many Muslim nations require women to cover their legs, shoulders, or whole body?
Answer: a small minority

Question: What are the restrictions on the dress of Muslim women considered in the West?
Answer: sexist and oppressive

Question: Why do some Muslims oppose allowing women to reveal more of themselves?
Answer: women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive

Question: In its most strict style what must a woman cover in some Muslim nations?
Answer: the face
Title: Iran

Iran (/aɪˈræn/ or i/ɪˈrɑːn/; Persian: Irān – ایران‎‎ [ʔiːˈɾɒːn] ( listen)), also known as Persia (/ˈpɜːrʒə/ or /ˈpɜːrʃə/), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران – Jomhuri ye Eslāmi ye Irān [d͡ʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒːn]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the de facto Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; to the north by Kazakhstan and Russia across the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 78.4 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country. It is the only country that has both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. Iran has long been of geostrategic importance because of its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz.

Question: Which country borders Iran to Iran's northwest?
Answer: Armenia

Question: How many people live in Iran?
Answer: 78.4 million

Question: What is Iran's land mass in square miles?
Answer: 636,372 sq mi

Question: What is the unofficial name for Iran?
Answer: Persia

Question: What is Iran's official country name?
Answer: the Islamic Republic of Iran