rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Nutrition

In the US, dietitians are registered (RD) or licensed (LD) with the Commission for Dietetic Registration and the American Dietetic Association, and are only able to use the title "dietitian," as described by the business and professions codes of each respective state, when they have met specific educational and experiential prerequisites and passed a national registration or licensure examination, respectively. In California, registered dietitians must abide by the "Business and Professions Code of Section 2585-2586.8". Anyone may call themselves a nutritionist, including unqualified dietitians, as this term is unregulated. Some states, such as the State of Florida, have begun to include the title "nutritionist" in state licensure requirements. Most governments provide guidance on nutrition, and some also impose mandatory disclosure/labeling requirements for processed food manufacturers and restaurants to assist consumers in complying with such guidance.

Question: What is the abbreviation for licensed dietitians in the US?
Answer: LD

Question: Who do dietitians have to register with other than the American Dietetic Association in order to be recognized as such in the US?
Answer: Commission for Dietetic Registration

Question: Which specific term is unregulated but still oft associated with professionals when it comes to food and diets?
Answer: nutritionist

Question: Which state has started to regulate the word "nutritionist"?
Answer: Florida

Question: What are restaurants and food manufacturers required to follow in order to assist consumers looking to follow dietary guidelines?
Answer: disclosure/labeling requirements
Title: Nutrition

In the US, nutritional standards and recommendations are established jointly by the US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary and physical activity guidelines from the USDA are presented in the concept of MyPlate, which superseded the food pyramid, which replaced the Four Food Groups. The Senate committee currently responsible for oversight of the USDA is the Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee. Committee hearings are often televised on C-SPAN.

Question: Nutritional standards and recommendations are produced by a joint effort between the US Department of Agriculture and which other department?
Answer: US Department of Health and Human Services

Question: Who releases guidelines that revolve around diet and physical activity recommendations?
Answer: USDA

Question: What is the name of the concept that has replaced the food pyramid?
Answer: MyPlate

Question: The USDA's effort sand actions are overseen by which governmental committee?
Answer: Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee

Question: On which channel are committee meetings often shown?
Answer: C-SPAN
Title: Nutrition

An example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies, a public-private partnership between the state’s largest university system and largest health insurer, Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation. Launched in 2005, this program promotes lifelong healthful eating patterns and physically active lifestyles for children and their families. It is an interactive educational program designed to help prevent childhood obesity through classroom activities that teach children healthful eating habits and physical exercise.

Question: What is the goal of Smart Bodies?
Answer: to promote nutrition literacy

Question: Smart Bodies is an example of an initiative that was started by what level of government?
Answer: state

Question: The Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation joined together with which University to help develop Smart Bodies?
Answer: Louisiana State Agricultural Center

Question: When was the Smart Bodies initiative first released?
Answer: 2005

Question: What does the initiative specifically target?
Answer: childhood obesity
Title: Nutrition

Nutrition is taught in schools in many countries. In England and Wales, the Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula include nutrition, stressing the importance of a balanced diet and teaching how to read nutrition labels on packaging. In many schools, a Nutrition class will fall within the Family and Consumer Science or Health departments. In some American schools, students are required to take a certain number of FCS or Health related classes. Nutrition is offered at many schools, and, if it is not a class of its own, nutrition is included in other FCS or Health classes such as: Life Skills, Independent Living, Single Survival, Freshmen Connection, Health etc. In many Nutrition classes, students learn about the food groups, the food pyramid, Daily Recommended Allowances, calories, vitamins, minerals, malnutrition, physical activity, healthful food choices, portion sizes, and how to live a healthy life.

Question: In England and which other country is there a curricula that revolves around nutritional education?
Answer: Wales

Question: What is the official name of the curricula that promotes nutritional education in schools?
Answer: Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula

Question: What does FCS stand for?
Answer: Family and Consumer Science

Question: Aside from dieting and general nutritional information, what else does the curricula in England and Wales aim to teach students?
Answer: how to read nutrition labels on packaging

Question: In which type of school are kids required to take a number of health related courses?
Answer: American
Title: Nutrition

At the time of this entry, we were not able to identify any specific nutrition literacy studies in the U.S. at a national level. However, the findings of the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) provide a basis upon which to frame the nutrition literacy problem in the U.S. NAAL introduced the first ever measure of "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions" – an objective of Healthy People 2010 and of which nutrition literacy might be considered an important subset. On a scale of below basic, basic, intermediate and proficient, NAAL found 13 percent of adult Americans have proficient health literacy, 44% have intermediate literacy, 29 percent have basic literacy and 14 percent have below basic health literacy. The study found that health literacy increases with education and people living below the level of poverty have lower health literacy than those above it.

Question: In which country were there no specific nutritional literacy studies on a national level that could be found?
Answer: U.S.

Question: What does the abbreviation NAAL represent?
Answer: National Assessment of Adult Literacy

Question: How many Americans were found to have intermediate health literacy?
Answer: 44%

Question: What percentage of Americans fell below the basics of health literacy?
Answer: 14

Question: People who had a lower health literacy rate were found to be living below what standard?
Answer: level of poverty
Title: Nutrition

Another study examining the health and nutrition literacy status of residents of the lower Mississippi Delta found that 52 percent of participants had a high likelihood of limited literacy skills. While a precise comparison between the NAAL and Delta studies is difficult, primarily because of methodological differences, Zoellner et al. suggest that health literacy rates in the Mississippi Delta region are different from the U.S. general population and that they help establish the scope of the problem of health literacy among adults in the Delta region. For example, only 12 percent of study participants identified the My Pyramid graphic two years after it had been launched by the USDA. The study also found significant relationships between nutrition literacy and income level and nutrition literacy and educational attainment further delineating priorities for the region.

Question: What percentage of people were were found to have a high likelihood of low literacy skills in the Mississippi Delta region?
Answer: 52

Question: What primary difference was there between the NAAL and Delta study that made comparisons difficult?
Answer: methodological differences

Question: Who was the main author of the study that suggested that the Mississippi Delta study identified a problem of health literacy?
Answer: Zoellner

Question: For how many years had the My Pyramid graphic been released at the time of the Mississippi Delta study?
Answer: two

Question: Income level was found to have a signification correlation to which outcome in the study?
Answer: nutrition literacy
Title: Nutrition

These statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of nutritional information and its application to individual circumstances, limited or difficult access to healthful foods, and a range of cultural influences and socioeconomic constraints such as low levels of education and high levels of poverty that decrease opportunities for healthful eating and living.

Question: What did the studies show there was a lack of understanding of by the population?
Answer: nutritional information

Question: The studies indicated that there was a lack of information in the area about what kind of choice?
Answer: food

Question: What was found to be limited or at least difficult to get access to in the studied region?
Answer: healthful foods

Question: What kind of constraint was found to have a significant effect on the nutritional literacy?
Answer: socioeconomic

Question: Aside from large people living in poverty, what else is considered a socioeconomic constraint that resulted in a decrease in opportunity for healthy food choices?
Answer: low levels of education
Title: Nutrition

Malnutrition refers to insufficient, excessive, or imbalanced consumption of nutrients by an organism. In developed countries, the diseases of malnutrition are most often associated with nutritional imbalances or excessive consumption. In developing countries, malnutrition is more likely to be caused by poor access to a range of nutritious foods or inadequate knowledge. In Mali the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women's groups to make equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè (comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage.

Question: An imbalance in the intake of nutrients by any organism can be referred by which term?
Answer: Malnutrition

Question: In what kind of country is malnutrition often found as excessive consumption or as a nutritional imbalance?
Answer: developed

Question: Aside from inadequate knowledge, what else is characteristic of malnutrition found in developing countries?
Answer: poor access to a range of nutritious foods

Question: What is the name of the traditional Mali recipe that equinut is a twist on?
Answer: di-dèguè

Question: What is the abbreviation ICRISAT short for?
Answer: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
Title: Nutrition

Nutritionism is the view that excessive reliance on food science and the study of nutrition can lead to poor nutrition and to ill health. It was originally credited to Gyorgy Scrinis, and was popularized by Michael Pollan. Since nutrients are invisible, policy makers rely on nutrition experts to advise on food choices. Because science has an incomplete understanding of how food affects the human body, Pollan argues, nutritionism can be blamed for many of the health problems relating to diet in the Western World today.

Question: What is the term that refers to a viewpoint that believes a reliance on food science is a cause of poor nutrition and ill health?
Answer: Nutritionism

Question: Who is originally claimed to have given birth to the concept of nutritionism?
Answer: Gyorgy Scrinis

Question: Although he was not the creator of the concept, who popularized the idea of nutritionism?
Answer: Michael Pollan

Question: Who has to rely on nutrition experts when it comes to making decisions regarding food and nutritional values?
Answer: policy makers

Question: Which region of the world does Pollan claim could trace their health problems back to nutritionism?
Answer: Western World
Title: Nutrition

Some organizations have begun working with teachers, policymakers, and managed foodservice contractors to mandate improved nutritional content and increased nutritional resources in school cafeterias from primary to university level institutions. Health and nutrition have been proven to have close links with overall educational success. Currently, less than 10% of American college students report that they eat the recommended five servings of fruit and vegetables daily. Better nutrition has been shown to have an impact on both cognitive and spatial memory performance; a study showed those with higher blood sugar levels performed better on certain memory tests. In another study, those who consumed yogurt performed better on thinking tasks when compared to those that consumed caffeine-free diet soda or confections. Nutritional deficiencies have been shown to have a negative effect on learning behavior in mice as far back as 1951.

Question: What are organizations targeting with the aim of improving nutritional content or resources?
Answer: school cafeterias

Question: Outside of policymakers and teachers, who else is a key component to improving nutritional content in schools?
Answer: managed foodservice contractors

Question: What are health and nutrition shown to have a link to in terms of education?
Answer: overall educational success

Question: What percentage of American students report that they currently eat the recommended servings of fruits and vegetables?
Answer: 10

Question: Which animal was shown to have a negative effect on learning behavior due to nutritional deficiencies back in 1951?
Answer: mice
Title: Nutrition

Cancer is now common in developing countries. According to a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, "In the developing world, cancers of the liver, stomach and esophagus were more common, often linked to consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods, such as smoked or salted food, and parasitic infections that attack organs." Lung cancer rates are rising rapidly in poorer nations because of increased use of tobacco. Developed countries "tended to have cancers linked to affluence or a 'Western lifestyle' — cancers of the colon, rectum, breast and prostate — that can be caused by obesity, lack of exercise, diet and age."

Question: Which health issue is now becoming a common issue in developing countries?
Answer: Cancer

Question: Which organization did a study on cancer in developing countries?
Answer: International Agency for Research on Cancer

Question: What were cancers such as liver cancer or stomach cancer found to have a link to?
Answer: consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods

Question: The rise of lung cancer in poor nations can be attributed to the use of which product?
Answer: tobacco

Question: Obesity, lack of exercise, age and diet are risk factors attributed to cancer that are all apart of what kind of lifestyle?
Answer: Western
Title: Nutrition

Several lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e., insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked to a variety of adverse developments such as arterial microinjuries and clot formation (i.e., heart disease) and exaggerated cell division (i.e., cancer). Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (the so-called metabolic syndrome) are characterized by a combination of abdominal obesity, elevated blood sugar, elevated blood pressure, elevated blood triglycerides, and reduced HDL cholesterol. The negative impact of hyperinsulinemia on prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2 balance may be significant.

Question: Reduced insulin function can also go by what other term?
Answer: insulin resistance

Question: Other than the reduced insulin function, what else contributes greatly to many disease states?
Answer: lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia

Question: Arterial microinjuries and heart disease can all be linked back to which health issue that is caused by hyperinsulinemia?
Answer: chronic inflammation

Question: The metabolic syndrome is a term that refers to which health issue?
Answer: insulin resistance

Question: Hyperinsulinemia has a negative effect on the levels of which important molecules in the body?
Answer: prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2
Title: Nutrition

The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance, which in turn can cause type 2 diabetes. Virtually all obese and most type 2 diabetic individuals have marked insulin resistance. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear. It is important to note that it has been demonstrated that appropriate exercise, more regular food intake, and reducing glycemic load (see below) all can reverse insulin resistance in overweight individuals (and thereby lower blood sugar levels in those with type 2 diabetes).

Question: Insulin resistance has been strongly linked to which health issue?
Answer: obesity

Question: If someone struggles with insulin resistance, what kind of diabetes can develop as a result?
Answer: type 2

Question: Almost all individuals who suffer from type 2 diabetes and/or obesity are found to have which trait?
Answer: marked insulin resistance

Question: Appropriate exercise and reducing glycemic load are two examples of ways to stimulate which process?
Answer: reverse insulin resistance
Title: Nutrition

Obesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage, as a result of high intake of strongly insulin/leptin stimulating foods and energy. Both insulin and leptin normally function as satiety signals to the hypothalamus in the brain; however, insulin/leptin resistance may reduce this signal and therefore allow continued overfeeding despite large body fat stores. In addition, reduced leptin signalling to the brain may reduce leptin's normal effect to maintain an appropriately high metabolic rate.

Question: Obesity can cause resistance to which hormone?
Answer: leptin

Question: In the so called vicious cycle, what aggravates obesity to continue the cycle?
Answer: insulin/leptin resistance

Question: A characteristic of the cycle other than fat storage is a continuously high stimulation of what?
Answer: insulin/leptin

Question: What function do insulin and leptin normally provide in the body?
Answer: satiety signals to the hypothalamus

Question: What effect does insulin/leptin resistance have on the function of insulin/leptin?
Answer: reduce this signal
Title: Nutrition

There is a debate about how and to what extent different dietary factors— such as intake of processed carbohydrates, total protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake, intake of saturated and trans fatty acids, and low intake of vitamins/minerals—contribute to the development of insulin and leptin resistance. In any case, analogous to the way modern man-made pollution may possess the potential to overwhelm the environment's ability to maintain homeostasis, the recent explosive introduction of high glycemic index and processed foods into the human diet may possess the potential to overwhelm the body's ability to maintain homeostasis and health (as evidenced by the metabolic syndrome epidemic).

Question: The debate regarding factors influencing the development of insulin and leptin is not just about how, but also about what other factor?
Answer: to what extent

Question: Other than processed foods, what else was recently introduced to the human diet?
Answer: high glycemic index

Question: What is an example of the body's ability to maintain homeostasis being overwhelmed?
Answer: metabolic syndrome epidemic
Title: Nutrition

Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts, leads to hyponatremia, which can further lead to water intoxication at more dangerous levels. A well-publicized case occurred in 2007, when Jennifer Strange died while participating in a water-drinking contest. More usually, the condition occurs in long-distance endurance events (such as marathon or triathlon competition and training) and causes gradual mental dulling, headache, drowsiness, weakness, and confusion; extreme cases may result in coma, convulsions, and death. The primary damage comes from swelling of the brain, caused by increased osmosis as blood salinity decreases. Effective fluid replacement techniques include water aid stations during running/cycling races, trainers providing water during team games, such as soccer, and devices such as Camel Baks, which can provide water for a person without making it too hard to drink the water.

Question: Hyponatremia is the term that refers to which action by a human?
Answer: Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts

Question: In 2007, what kind of contest was Jennifer Strange participating in upon her death?
Answer: water-drinking

Question: In which specific kind of events can one often find people drinking too much water?
Answer: long-distance endurance

Question: When a human is suffering from hyponatremia, what is the main cause of damage that may occur?
Answer: swelling of the brain

Question: Damage to the brain occurs because of the increase in which process?
Answer: osmosis
Title: Nutrition

The relatively recent increased consumption of sugar has been linked to the rise of some afflictions such as diabetes, obesity, and more recently heart disease. Increased consumption of sugar has been tied to these three, among others. Obesity levels have more than doubled in the last 30 years among adults, going from 15% to 35% in the United States. Obesity and diet also happen to be high risk factors for diabetes. In the same time span that obesity doubled, diabetes numbers quadrupled in America. Increased weight, especially in the form of belly fat, and high sugar intake are also high risk factors for heart disease. Both sugar intake and fatty tissue increase the probability of elevated LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream. Elevated amounts of Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, is the primary factor in heart disease. In order to avoid all the dangers of sugar, moderate consumption is paramount.

Question: The increase in cases of diabetes, obesity and heart disease can be traced back to an increase in the consumption of what product?
Answer: sugar

Question: What has been the increase in obesity among adults in the last 30 years in the United States?
Answer: more than doubled

Question: What is the current percentage of obese adults in the United States?
Answer: 35

Question: Within the past 30 years, how has the number of diabetes cases changed?
Answer: quadrupled

Question: What does the term LDL stand for?
Answer: Low-density lipoprotein