rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Napoleon

Napoleon's triumph at Marengo secured his political authority and boosted his popularity back home, but it did not lead to an immediate peace. Bonaparte's brother, Joseph, led the complex negotiations in Lunéville and reported that Austria, emboldened by British support, would not acknowledge the new territory that France had acquired. As negotiations became increasingly fractious, Bonaparte gave orders to his general Moreau to strike Austria once more. Moreau and the French swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory at Hohenlinden in December 1800. As a result, the Austrians capitulated and signed the Treaty of Lunéville in February 1801. The treaty reaffirmed and expanded earlier French gains at Campo Formio. Britain now remained the only nation that was still at war with France.

Question: Where did the victory for Napoleon that secured his political power and increased his popularity in France occur?
Answer: Marengo

Question: Where did the negotiations with Austria led by Napoleon's brother take place?
Answer: Lunéville

Question: What was the name of the general ordered by Napoleon to launch another attack against Austria?
Answer: Moreau

Question: What was the name of the treaty signed by the Austrians as a result of their defeat at Hohenlinden?
Answer: the Treaty of Lunéville

Question: Where did Moreau achieve his major victory against Austria in December 1800?
Answer: Hohenlinden
Title: Napoleon

After a decade of constant warfare, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, bringing the Revolutionary Wars to an end. Amiens called for the withdrawal of British troops from recently conquered colonial territories as well as for assurances to curtail the expansionary goals of the French Republic. With Europe at peace and the economy recovering, Napoleon's popularity soared to its highest levels under the Consulate, both domestically and abroad. In a new plebiscite during the spring of 1802, the French public came out in huge numbers to approve a constitution that made the Consulate permanent, essentially elevating Napoleon to dictator for life. Whereas the plebiscite two years earlier had brought out 1.5 million people to the polls, the new referendum enticed 3.6 million to go and vote (72% of all eligible voters). There was no secret ballot in 1802 and few people wanted to openly defy the regime; the constitution gained approval with over 99% of the vote. His broad powers were spelled out in the new constitution: Article 1. The French people name, and the Senate proclaims Napoleon-Bonaparte First Consul for Life. After 1802, he was generally referred to as Napoleon rather than Bonaparte.

Question: What 1802 treaty between Britain and France ended the Revolutionary Wars?
Answer: the Treaty of Amiens

Question: What year was the Treaty of Amiens signed?
Answer: 1802

Question: In what year did French voters approve a constitution making the Consulate permanent?
Answer: 1802

Question: What percentage of the French vote approved Napoleon's new constitution?
Answer: over 99%

Question: What position was Napoleon granted in Article 1 of the new French constitution?
Answer: First Consul for Life
Title: Napoleon

The brief peace in Europe allowed Napoleon to focus on the French colonies abroad. Saint-Domingue had managed to acquire a high level of political autonomy during the Revolutionary Wars, with Toussaint Louverture installing himself as de facto dictator by 1801. Napoleon saw his chance to recuperate the formerly wealthy colony when he signed the Treaty of Amiens. During the Revolution, the National Convention voted to abolish slavery in February 1794. Under the terms of Amiens, however, Napoleon agreed to appease British demands by not abolishing slavery in any colonies where the 1794 decree had never been implemented. The resulting Law of 20 May never applied to colonies like Guadeloupe or Guyane, even though rogue generals and other officials used the pretext of peace as an opportunity to reinstate slavery in some of these places. The Law of 20 May officially restored the slave trade to the Caribbean colonies, not slavery itself. Napoleon sent an expedition under General Leclerc designed to reassert control over Sainte-Domingue. Although the French managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, the expedition failed when high rates of disease crippled the French army. In May 1803, the last 8000 French troops left the island and the slaves proclaimed an independent republic that they called Haïti in 1804. Seeing the failure of his colonial efforts, Napoleon decided in 1803 to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States, instantly doubling the size of the U.S. The selling price in the Louisiana Purchase was less than three cents per acre, a total of $15 million.

Question: During the short peace in Europe, where did Napoleon turn his focus?
Answer: the French colonies abroad

Question: During the Revolutionary War, which French colony had moved towards political independence?
Answer: Saint-Domingue

Question:  Who was the de facto ruler of Saint-Domingue in 1801?
Answer: Toussaint Louverture

Question: In February of what year did the national Convention vote to get rid of slavery?
Answer: 1794

Question: What was the name of the French general who led the forces that attempted to regain control of Sainte-Domingue?
Answer: Leclerc
Title: Napoleon

During the Consulate, Napoleon faced several royalist and Jacobin assassination plots, including the Conspiration des poignards (Dagger plot) in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (also known as the Infernal Machine) two months later. In January 1804, his police uncovered an assassination plot against him that involved Moreau and which was ostensibly sponsored by the Bourbon family, the former rulers of France. On the advice of Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien, violating the sovereignty of Baden. The Duke was quickly executed after a secret military trial, even though he had not been involved in the plot. Enghien's execution infuriated royal courts throughout Europe, become one of the contributing political factors for the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars.

Question: What was the name of the assassination plot against Napoleon also known as the Infernal Machine?
Answer: the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise

Question:  When did the Conspiration des poignards take place?
Answer: October 1800

Question: What  family was supposed to have supported the January 1804 assassination plot targeting Napoleon?
Answer: the Bourbon family

Question:  What was another name for the Conspiration des poignards?
Answer: Dagger plot

Question: The kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien violated the sovereignty of what locale?
Answer: Baden
Title: Napoleon

To expand his power, Napoleon used these assassination plots to justify the creation of an imperial system based on the Roman model. He believed that a Bourbon restoration would be more difficult if his family's succession was entrenched in the constitution. Launching yet another referendum, Napoleon was elected as Emperor of the French by a tally exceeding 99%. As with the Life Consulate two years earlier, this referendum produced heavy participation, bringing out almost 3.6 million voters to the polls.

Question: The imperial system Napoleon created was based on what model?
Answer: the Roman

Question: What did Napoleon use to justify his creation of an imperial system?
Answer: assassination plots

Question: Napoleon wrote his family's succession into the constitution in an attempt to prevent the restoration of what former ruling family?
Answer: Bourbon

Question: Napoleon was elected Emperor of the French by more than what percentage of voters?
Answer: 99%

Question: About how many voters participated in the election that made Napoleon Emperor of the French?
Answer: 3.6 million
Title: Napoleon

Napoleon's coronation took place on December 2, 1804. Two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony: a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown. Napoleon entered the ceremony wearing the laurel wreath and kept it on his head throughout the proceedings. For the official coronation, he raised the Charlemagne crown over his own head in a symbolic gesture, but never placed it on top because he was already wearing the golden wreath. Instead he placed the crown on Josephine's head, the event commemorated in the officially sanctioned painting by Jacques-Louis David. Napoleon was also crowned King of Italy, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, at the Cathedral of Milan on May 26, 1805. He created eighteen Marshals of the Empire from amongst his top generals to secure the allegiance of the army.

Question: On what date did Napoleon's coronation occur?
Answer: December 2, 1804

Question: How many crowns were used in Napoleon's coronation ceremony?
Answer: Two

Question: Other than France, what country was Napoleon crowned king of?
Answer: Italy

Question: When was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?
Answer: May 26, 1805

Question: Where was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?
Answer: at the Cathedral of Milan
Title: Napoleon

Before the formation of the Third Coalition, Napoleon had assembled an invasion force, the Armée d'Angleterre, around six camps at Boulogne in Northern France. He intended to use this invasion force to strike at England. They never invaded, but Napoleon's troops received careful and invaluable training for future military operations. The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon later called La Grande Armée. At the start, this French army had about 200,000 men organized into seven corps, which were large field units that contained 36 to 40 cannons each and were capable of independent action until other corps could come to the rescue. A single corps properly situated in a strong defensive position could survive at least a day without support, giving the Grande Armée countless strategic and tactical options on every campaign. On top of these forces, Napoleon created a cavalry reserve of 22,000 organized into two cuirassier divisions, four mounted dragoon divisions, one division of dismounted dragoons, and one of light cavalry, all supported by 24 artillery pieces. By 1805, the Grande Armée had grown to a force of 350,000 men, who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers.

Question: What was the name of the invasion force Napoleon assembled before the creation of the Third Coalition?
Answer: the Armée d'Angleterre

Question: Where in Northern France were the camps of the Armée d'Angleterre located?
Answer: Boulogne

Question: What country was the Armée d'Angleterre intended to strike at?
Answer: England

Question: What was the name of the later military organization that the Armée d'Angleterre formed the foundation of?
Answer: La Grande Armée.

Question: How many men were in the Grande Armée by 1805?
Answer: 350,000
Title: Napoleon

Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle, so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics. The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the West Indies. In the face of this attack, it was hoped, the British would weaken their defense of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean, allowing a combined Franco-Spanish fleet to take control of the channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade. However, the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to Cádiz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel.

Question: Napoleon acknowledged that the fleet of France was no match for what rival fleet in direct combat?
Answer: the Royal Navy

Question:  Napoleon's plan to divert the British involved a French Navy attack on what islands?
Answer: the West Indies.

Question:  Napoleon hoped an attack on the West Indies would cause the British to lessen their defenses where?
Answer: the Western Approaches

Question:  Napoleon's naval plan came apart after British triumph at which Battle?
Answer: the Battle of Cape Finisterre

Question: When did the Battle of Cape Finisterre occur?
Answer: July 1805
Title: Napoleon

By August 1805, Napoleon had realized that the strategic situation had changed fundamentally. Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies, he decided to strike first and turned his army's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine. His basic objective was to destroy the isolated Austrian armies in Southern Germany before their Russian allies could arrive. On 25 September, after great secrecy and feverish marching, 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of 260 km (160 mi). Austrian commander Karl Mack had gathered the greater part of the Austrian army at the fortress of Ulm in Swabia. Napoleon swung his forces to the southeast and the Grande Armée performed an elaborate wheeling movement that outflanked the Austrian positions. The Ulm Maneuver completely surprised General Mack, who belatedly understood that his army had been cut off. After some minor engagements that culminated in the Battle of Ulm, Mack finally surrendered after realizing that there was no way to break out of the French encirclement. For just 2000 French casualties, Napoleon had managed to capture a total of 60,000 Austrian soldiers through his army's rapid marching. The Ulm Campaign is generally regarded as a strategic masterpiece and was influential in the development of the Schlieffen Plan in the late 19th century. For the French, this spectacular victory on land was soured by the decisive victory that the Royal Navy attained at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October. After Trafalgar, Britain had total domination of the seas for the duration of the Napoleonic Wars.

Question: By August 1805, Napoleon changed the primary target of his army's efforts from the English Channel to what area?
Answer: the Rhine

Question:  On what date did French troops begin to cross the Rhine?
Answer: 25 September

Question: How many French troops were involved in the crossing of the Rhine?
Answer: 200,000

Question: Who was the Austrian commander who led the army at the fortress of Ulm?
Answer: Karl Mack

Question: How many casualties did the French suffer at the Battle of Ulm?
Answer: 2000
Title: Napoleon

Following the Ulm Campaign, French forces managed to capture Vienna in November. The fall of Vienna provided the French a huge bounty as they captured 100,000 muskets, 500 cannons, and the intact bridges across the Danube. At this critical juncture, both Tsar Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II decided to engage Napoleon in battle, despite reservations from some of their subordinates. Napoleon sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies, but then ordered his forces to retreat so that he could feign a grave weakness. Desperate to lure the Allies into battle, Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the engagement that the French army was in a pitiful state, even abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights near the village of Austerlitz. At the Battle of Austerlitz, in Moravia on 2 December, he deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank, enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line. A forced march from Vienna by Marshal Davout and his III Corps plugged the gap left by Napoleon just in time. Meanwhile, the heavy Allied deployment against the French right weakened their center on the Pratzen Heights, which was viciously attacked by the IV Corps of Marshal Soult. With the Allied center demolished, the French swept through both enemy flanks and sent the Allies fleeing chaotically, capturing thousands of prisoners in the process. The battle is often seen as a tactical masterpiece because of the near-perfect execution of a calibrated but dangerous plan — of the same stature as Cannae, the celebrated triumph by Hannibal some 2000 years before.

Question: In November, after the Ulm Campaign, what city was captured by French forces?
Answer: Vienna

Question:  How many muskets did the French capture in the fall of Vienna?
Answer: 100,000

Question: How many cannons did the French capture when Vienna fell?
Answer: 500

Question: When was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?
Answer: 2 December

Question: In what country was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?
Answer: Moravia
Title: Napoleon

The Allied disaster at Austerlitz significantly shook the faith of Emperor Francis in the British-led war effort. France and Austria agreed to an armistice immediately and the Treaty of Pressburg followed shortly after on 26 December. Pressburg took Austria out of both the war and the Coalition while reinforcing the earlier treaties of Campo Formio and of Lunéville between the two powers. The treaty confirmed the Austrian loss of lands to France in Italy and Bavaria, and lands in Germany to Napoleon's German allies. It also imposed an indemnity of 40 million francs on the defeated Habsburgs and allowed the fleeing Russian troops free passage through hostile territories and back to their home soil. Napoleon went on to say, "The battle of Austerlitz is the finest of all I have fought." Frank McLynn suggests that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a "personal Napoleonic one". Vincent Cronin disagrees, stating that Napoleon was not overly ambitious for himself, "he embodied the ambitions of thirty million Frenchmen".

Question: The Allied defeat at what location caused Emperor Francis to doubt the chances of the war effort?
Answer: Austerlitz

Question: What was the name of the treaty signed by France and Austria on 26 December?
Answer: the Treaty of Pressburg

Question: On what date was the Treaty of Pressburg signed?
Answer: 26 December

Question: The Treaty of Pressburg resulted in which country leaving the war?
Answer: Austria

Question: How much did the Habsburgs have to pay as a result of the Treaty of Pressburg?
Answer: 40 million francs
Title: Napoleon

Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia, and perhaps form an alliance with the Ottoman Empire. In February 1806, Ottoman Emperor Selim III finally recognized Napoleon as Emperor. He also opted for an alliance with France, calling France "our sincere and natural ally." That decision brought the Ottoman Empire into a losing war against Russia and Britain. A Franco-Persian alliance was also formed between Napoleon and the Persian Empire of Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar. It collapsed in 1807, when France and Russia themselves formed an unexpected alliance. In the end, Napoleon had made no effective alliances in the Middle East.

Question: Napoleon's master plan was to establish a French presence in what part of the world?
Answer: the Middle East

Question: In 1806, what Ottoman ruler recognized Napoleon as Emperor?
Answer: Selim III

Question: In what year did Ottoman Emperor Selim III recognize Napoleon as Emperor?
Answer: 1806

Question: Napoleon formed an alliance with the empire of which Persian ruler?
Answer: Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar

Question: In what year did Napoleon's Franco-Persian alliance end?
Answer: 1807
Title: Napoleon

After Austerlitz, Napoleon established the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806. A collection of German states intended to serve as a buffer zone between France and Central Europe, the creation of the Confederation spelled the end of the Holy Roman Empire and significantly alarmed the Prussians. The brazen reorganization of German territory by the French risked threatening Prussian influence in the region, if not eliminating it outright. War fever in Berlin rose steadily throughout the summer of 1806. At the insistence of his court, especially his wife Queen Louise, Frederick William III decided to challenge the French domination of Central Europe by going to war.

Question: What is the name of the political body composed of German states established by Napoleon in 1806?
Answer: the Confederation of the Rhine

Question: When was the Confederation of the Rhine formed?
Answer: 1806

Question: The existence of the Confederation of the Rhine brought about the end of which imperial power?
Answer: the Holy Roman Empire

Question:  Which Prussian ruler chose to go to war with France for control of Central Europe?
Answer: Frederick William III

Question: What other royal figure strongly influenced Frederick William III's decision to go to war with France?
Answer: Queen Louise
Title: Napoleon

The initial military maneuvers began in September 1806. In a notable letter to Marshal Soult detailing the plan for the campaign, Napoleon described the essential features of Napoleonic warfare and introduced the phrase le bataillon-carré ('square battalion'). In the bataillon-carré system, the various corps of the Grande Armée would march uniformly together in close supporting distance. If any single corps was attacked, the others could quickly spring into action and arrive to help. Napoleon invaded Prussia with 180,000 troops, rapidly marching on the right bank of the River Saale. As in previous campaigns, his fundamental objective was to destroy one opponent before reinforcements from another could tip the balance of the war. Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army, the French swung westwards and crossed the Saale with overwhelming force. At the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt, fought on 14 October, the French convincingly defeated the Prussians and inflicted heavy casualties. With several major commanders dead or incapacitated, the Prussian king proved incapable of effectively commanding the army, which began to quickly disintegrate. In a vaunted pursuit that epitomized the "peak of Napoleonic warfare," according to historian Richard Brooks, the French managed to capture 140,000 soldiers, over 2,000 cannons and hundreds of ammunition wagons, all in a single month. Historian David Chandler wrote of the Prussian forces: "Never has the morale of any army been more completely shattered." Despite their overwhelming defeat, the Prussians refused to negotiate with the French until the Russians had an opportunity to enter the fight.

Question: How many troops did Napoleon use for the invasion of Prussia?
Answer: 180,000

Question:  What river did the French cross to engage the Prussian army?
Answer: the Saale

Question: To whom did Napoleon send a letter detailing his plans for the campaign with Prussia?
Answer: Marshal Soult

Question:  On what date were the battles of Jena and Auerstedt fought?
Answer: 14 October

Question: How many Prussian soldiers were captured at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt?
Answer: 140,000