rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Human_Development_Index

The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

Question: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?
Answer: the average level
Title: Human_Development_Index

Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Chile, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Andorra, Qatar, Barbados, United Arab Emirates, and Seychelles.

Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
Answer: Barbados

Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
Answer: Barbados
Title: Human_Development_Index

The 2011 Human Development Report was released on 2 November 2011, and calculated HDI values based on estimates for 2011. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries (equal to the top quartile):

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?
Answer: 2011
Title: Human_Development_Index

Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta, Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados.

Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
Answer: Barbados

Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
Answer: Barbados
Title: Human_Development_Index

Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2011 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia and Tuvalu.

Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?
Answer: unavailability of certain crucial data

Question: Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2011 report?
Answer: North Korea
Title: Human_Development_Index

The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

Question: On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?
Answer: November 4, 2010

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report?
Answer: 2010
Title: Human_Development_Index

The 2010 Human Development Report was the first to calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development (income, life expectancy, and education). Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by IHDI:

Question: In the IHDI, inequality is factored into what three human development dimensions?
Answer: income, life expectancy, and education
Title: Human_Development_Index

Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Republic of China (Taiwan), Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Malta, Brunei, Qatar, Bahrain and Barbados.

Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
Answer: Barbados
Title: Human_Development_Index

Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internationally reported figure for Cuba’s Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity". All other indicators for Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country. The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country.

Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report?
Answer: unavailability of certain crucial data

Question: Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report?
Answer: Cuba

Question: What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed?
Answer: High Human Development country
Title: Human_Development_Index

The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:

Question: On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released?
Answer: October 5, 2009

Question: What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report?
Answer: period up to 2007

Question: What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report?
Answer: Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development

Question: What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report?
Answer: very high human development

Question: How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank "very high"?
Answer: developed countries
Title: Human_Development_Index

Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were also not included.

Question: What three reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?
Answer: being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication
Title: Human_Development_Index

A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks.

Question: What type of update was released on December 18, 2008?
Answer: statistical update

Question: What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking?
Answer: an accompanying Human Development Report

Question: What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008?
Answer: up to 2006
Title: Human_Development_Index

The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.

Question: On what date was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report released?
Answer: November 27, 2007

Question: What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?
Answer: Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world

Question: What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?
Answer: 2005

Question: The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year?
Answer: 2005

Question: Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched?
Answer: Brasília, Brazil
Title: Human_Development_Index

The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries.

Question: Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI?
Answer: high income countries
Title: Human_Development_Index

A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" group.

Question: Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a "low development" country?
Answer: 0.5

Question: On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located?
Answer: Africa

Question: What is Gabon's ranking?
Answer: 119th

Question: What is South Africa's ranking?
Answer: 121st

Question: What are the two highest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?
Answer: Gabon and South Africa
Title: Human_Development_Index

A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the "medium development" group: Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia.

Question: What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a "high development" country?
Answer: 0.8

Question: Which South American country was included among the seven promoted countries?
Answer: Brazil

Question: What is the largest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?
Answer: Russia
Title: Human_Development_Index

On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.

Question: If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?
Answer: red arrows

Question: If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?
Answer: green arrows

Question: If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present?
Answer: Blue dash
Title: Human_Development_Index

The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.

Question: Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times?
Answer: Norway

Question: Which country has received the top rank twice?
Answer: Iceland
Title: Human_Development_Index

The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.

Question: The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?
Answer: national performance and ranking

Question: Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development?
Answer: Western

Question: The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development?
Answer: global

Question: Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?
Answer: egalitarianism
Title: Human_Development_Index

Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country’s development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.[citation needed] In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a January 6, 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.

Question: How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI?
Answer: three

Question: In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report?
Answer: 2010

Question: Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011?
Answer: The Economist
Title: Human_Development_Index

The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.

Question: How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI?
Answer: 182

Question: How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI?
Answer: 169
Title: Southern_Europe

Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds.

Question: What is another term for southern Europe
Answer: Mediterranean Europe

Question: What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located?
Answer: Iberian peninsula

Question: What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?
Answer: Balkan countries

Question: What area of France is considered a part of Mediterranean Europe?
Answer: southern France
Title: Southern_Europe

Different methods can be used to define southern Europe, including its political, economic, and cultural attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features — its geography, climate, and flora.

Question: What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern Europe?
Answer: political, economic, and cultural attributes

Question: What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region?
Answer: geography, climate, and flora
Title: Southern_Europe

Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area. The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees.

Question: What kind of climate is exemplary of southern Europe?
Answer: The Mediterranean climate

Question: Which parts of Turkey are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?
Answer: Western and Southern coastal regions

Question: What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate?
Answer: vegetations and landscapes
Title: Southern_Europe

Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate.

Question: Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?
Answer: mountain ranges of Spain and Italy

Question: Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe?
Answer: north coast of Spain

Question: What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?
Answer: Atlantic climate
Title: Southern_Europe

Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, much of Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, and the Mediterranean islands.

Question: What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern Europe?
Answer: phytochoria

Question: Who coined the term phytochoria?
Answer: Armen Takhtajan
Title: Southern_Europe

The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia.

Question: What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities?
Answer: classical antiquity

Question: What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece?
Answer: city-states

Question: Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia?
Answer: Alexander the Great
Title: Southern_Europe

The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages.

Question: Where was the headquarters of the Western Roman Empire?
Answer: Rome

Question: Where was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire?
Answer: Constantinople

Question: Which tribes brought down the Western Roman Empire?
Answer: Germanic

Question: What year is considered the transition between the classical period and the Middle Ages?
Answer: AD 476

Question: By what year was the Roman Empire split into two sections?
Answer: 300 AD
Title: Southern_Europe

During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own.

Question: What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars?
Answer: the Byzantine Empire

Question: Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire?
Answer: Germanic peoples

Question: What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?
Answer: kingdoms and empires of their own
Title: Southern_Europe

The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom.

Question: What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?
Answer: the Crusades

Question: When did Crusaders invade Constantinople?
Answer: 1204

Question: Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders?
Answer: Genoa and Venice

Question: What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula?
Answer: The Reconquista

Question: What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople?
Answer: the Byzantine Empire
Title: Southern_Europe

The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Question: What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe?
Answer: The Late Middle Ages

Question: What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: the Black Death

Question: Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: the Ottoman Empire

Question: When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople?
Answer: 1453
Title: Southern_Europe

Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge.

Question: When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance?
Answer: 14th century

Question: In what city did the Renaissance begin?
Answer: Florence

Question: What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance?
Answer: science and theology

Question: The encounter with Arabic knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations?
Answer: Greek and Roman