rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Freemasonry

The idea of Masonic brotherhood probably descends from a 16th-century legal definition of a brother as one who has taken an oath of mutual support to another. Accordingly, Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret, and to support and protect their brethren unless they have broken the law. In most Lodges the oath or obligation is taken on a Volume of Sacred Law, whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother (usually the Bible in the Anglo-American tradition). In Progressive continental Freemasonry, books other than scripture are permissible, a cause of rupture between Grand Lodges.

Question: Are masons allowed to divulge the secrets of each degree?
Answer: Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret

Question: How are oaths taken?
Answer: on a Volume of Sacred Law

Question: In what branch can books, other than scripture, be used for the purpose of oath taking?
Answer: Progressive continental Freemasonry

Question: What can be considered a Volume of Sacred Law?
Answer: whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother

Question: Masons swear to protect their brethren unless they what?
Answer: have broken the law

Question: Most lodges have the oath taken on what?
Answer: Volume of Sacred Law

Question: Mason swear at each degree to do what?
Answer: keep the contents of that degree secret
Title: Freemasonry

The earliest known American lodges were in Pennsylvania. The Collector for the port of Pennsylvania, John Moore, wrote of attending lodges there in 1715, two years before the formation of the first Grand Lodge in London. The Premier Grand Lodge of England appointed a Provincial Grand Master for North America in 1731, based in Pennsylvania. Other lodges in the colony obtained authorisations from the later Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland, which was particularly well represented in the travelling lodges of the British Army. Many lodges came into existence with no warrant from any Grand Lodge, applying and paying for their authorisation only after they were confident of their own survival.

Question: Where were the earliest known American Logdes located?
Answer: Pennsylvania

Question: What is the earliest that lodges appeared in America?
Answer: 1715

Question: When was a Provincial Grand Master for North America appointed?
Answer: 1731

Question: Where did other American Lodges obtain their authoriisations from?
Answer: Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland

Question: When did the lodges without prior authorisations apply to be recognized?
Answer: after they were confident of their own survival

Question: Where were the earliest lodges in America?
Answer: Pennsylvania

Question: Who was the Collector for the port of Pennsylvania in 1715?
Answer: John Moore

Question: A Provincial Grand Master for North America was first appointed when?
Answer: 1731

Question: The Provincial Grand Master for North America was base where?
Answer: Pennsylvania
Title: Freemasonry

Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1917, when the first lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) was opened. Nine lodges under UGLE existed by the 1950s, and a Scottish lodge was formed in 1923. However, the position changed following the revolution, and all lodges were forced to close in 1965. This position was later reinforced under Saddam Hussein; the death penalty was "prescribed" for those who "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations."

Question: How long have Masonic Lodges been in Iraq?
Answer: as early as 1917

Question: How many lodges existed in Iraq in the 1950s?
Answer: Nine

Question: What is the greatest penalty that a Freemason in Iraq could face now?
Answer: the death penalty

Question: When were all the lodges in Iraq forced to close?
Answer: 1965

Question: When was a Scottish Lodge formed in Iraq?
Answer: 1923

Question: When did Masonic lodges start in Iraq?
Answer: 1917

Question: Who opened the first Lodge in Iraq?
Answer: the United Grand Lodge of England

Question: When was the first Scottish Masonic lodge opened in Iraq?
Answer: 1923

Question: All Masonic lodges were forced to close in Iraq in what year?
Answer: 1965

Question: Who introduced the death penalty to Freemasons living in Iraq?
Answer: Saddam Hussein
Title: Freemasonry

The ritual form on which the Grand Orient of France was based was abolished in England in the events leading to the formation of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1813. However the two jurisdictions continued in amity (mutual recognition) until events of the 1860s and 1870s drove a seemingly permanent wedge between them. In 1868 the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of the State of Louisiana appeared in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, recognised by the Grand Orient de France, but regarded by the older body as an invasion of their jurisdiction. The new Scottish rite body admitted blacks, and the resolution of the Grand Orient the following year that neither colour, race, nor religion could disqualify a man from Masonry prompted the Grand Lodge to withdraw recognition, and it persuaded other American Grand Lodges to do the same.

Question: When was the United Grand Lodge of England Formed?
Answer: 1813

Question: The Grand Orient de France and the United Grand Lodge of England continued in amity until when?
Answer: the 1860s and 1870s

Question: What year did the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Louisiana appear in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana?
Answer: 1868
Title: Freemasonry

In 1983, the Church issued a new code of canon law. Unlike its predecessor, the 1983 Code of Canon Law did not explicitly name Masonic orders among the secret societies it condemns. It states: "A person who joins an association which plots against the Church is to be punished with a just penalty; one who promotes or takes office in such an association is to be punished with an interdict." This named omission of Masonic orders caused both Catholics and Freemasons to believe that the ban on Catholics becoming Freemasons may have been lifted, especially after the perceived liberalisation of Vatican II. However, the matter was clarified when Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI), as the Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, issued a Declaration on Masonic Associations, which states: "... the Church's negative judgment in regard to Masonic association remains unchanged since their principles have always been considered irreconcilable with the doctrine of the Church and therefore membership in them remains forbidden. The faithful who enroll in Masonic associations are in a state of grave sin and may not receive Holy Communion." For its part, Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity. Those Grand Lodges in amity with UGLE deny the Church's claims. The UGLE now states that "Freemasonry does not seek to replace a Mason's religion or provide a substitute for it."

Question: In what year was a new code to the Canon Law issued by the church?
Answer: 1983

Question: Who clarified the new code of Canon law of 1983?
Answer: Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger

Question: Do Freemasons allow Catholics into their fraternity?
Answer: Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity
Title: Freemasonry

Even in modern democracies, Freemasonry is sometimes viewed with distrust. In the UK, Masons working in the justice system, such as judges and police officers, were from 1999 to 2009 required to disclose their membership. While a parliamentary inquiry found that there has been no evidence of wrongdoing, it was felt that any potential loyalties Masons might have, based on their vows to support fellow Masons, should be transparent to the public. The policy of requiring a declaration of masonic membership of applicants for judicial office (judges and magistrates) was ended in 2009 by Justice Secretary Jack Straw (who had initiated the requirement in the 1990s). Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate, since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons.

Question: Judges and police officers had to disclose their Freemason membership in what years in England?
Answer: from 1999 to 2009

Question: Who ended the English Masonic disclosure policy in 2009?
Answer: Justice Secretary Jack Straw

Question: Justice Secretary Jack Straw ended the Masonic disclosure law on what grounds?
Answer: the rule was considered disproportionate
Title: Freemasonry

The Masonic Lodge is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. The Lodge meets regularly to conduct the usual formal business of any small organisation (pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members, etc.). In addition to business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a Masonic degree or receive a lecture, which is usually on some aspect of Masonic history or ritual. At the conclusion of the meeting, the Lodge might adjourn for a formal dinner, or festive board, sometimes involving toasting and song.

Question: What is the basic organizational unit of Freemasonry?
Answer: The Masonic Lodge

Question: Name examples of usual formal business that Freemasons have at their lodge.
Answer: pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members

Question: What usually happens at the conclusion of a lodge meeting?
Answer: a formal dinner
Title: Freemasonry

During the ceremony of initiation, the candidate is expected to swear (usually on a volume of sacred text appropriate to his personal religious faith) to fulfil certain obligations as a Mason. In the course of three degrees, new masons will promise to keep the secrets of their degree from lower degrees and outsiders, and to support a fellow Mason in distress (as far as practicality and the law permit). There is instruction as to the duties of a Freemason, but on the whole, Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying. Some will further explore the ritual and symbolism of the craft, others will focus their involvement on the social side of the Lodge, while still others will concentrate on the charitable functions of the lodge.

Question: When does a candidate swear to fullfil his obligations as a Mason?
Answer: During the ceremony of initiation

Question: What does a candidate swear on?
Answer: usually on a volume of sacred text

Question: How many degrees must a Mason swear to keep the secrets from outsiders?
Answer: three degrees

Question: Are Freemasons free to explore the craft?
Answer: Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying
Title: Freemasonry

Regularity is a concept based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, the basic membership requirements, tenets and rituals of the craft. Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition of what these landmarks are, and thus what is Regular and what is Irregular (and the definitions do not necessarily agree between Grand Lodges). Essentially, every Grand Lodge will hold that its landmarks (its requirements, tenets and rituals) are Regular, and judge other Grand Lodges based on those. If the differences are significant, one Grand Lodge may declare the other "Irregular" and withdraw or withhold recognition.

Question: What concept is based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, basic membership requirements, and tenets and rituals of the craft?
Answer: Regularity

Question: Is each definition of regularity the same throughout all Masonic Lodges?
Answer: Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition

Question: When can a Grand Lodge declare another lodge as irregular?
Answer: If the differences are significant
Title: Freemasonry

All Freemasons begin their journey in the "craft" by being progressively initiated, passed and raised into the three degrees of Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry. During these three rituals, the candidate is progressively taught the meanings of the Lodge symbols, and entrusted with grips, signs and words to signify to other Masons that he has been so initiated. The initiations are part allegory and part lecture, and revolve around the construction of the Temple of Solomon, and the artistry and death of his chief architect, Hiram Abiff. The degrees are those of Entered apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason. While many different versions of these rituals exist, with at least two different lodge layouts and versions of the Hiram myth, each version is recognisable to any Freemason from any jurisdiction.

Question: All Freemasons are progressively initiated, passed, and raised in three degrees of what?
Answer: Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry

Question: The initiations are part allegory and part what?
Answer: lecture

Question: What is the final of the three steps of Freemasonry?
Answer: Master Mason

Question: Who was the chief architect of the Temple of Solomon?
Answer: Hiram Abiff

Question: How many versions of the Hiram myth are there?
Answer: at least two
Title: Freemasonry

The first Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster (later called the Grand Lodge of England (GLE)), was founded on 24 June 1717, when four existing London Lodges met for a joint dinner. Many English Lodges joined the new regulatory body, which itself entered a period of self-publicity and expansion. However, many Lodges could not endorse changes which some Lodges of the GLE made to the ritual (they came to be known as the Moderns), and a few of these formed a rival Grand Lodge on 17 July 1751, which they called the "Antient Grand Lodge of England." These two Grand Lodges vied for supremacy until the Moderns promised to return to the ancient ritual. They united on 27 December 1813 to form the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE).

Question: The Grand Lodge of England is also know as what?
Answer: GLE

Question: When was the Grand Lodge of England founded?
Answer: 24 June 1717

Question: The Ancient Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?
Answer: 17 July 1751

Question: The United Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?
Answer: 27 December 1813

Question: Lodges that could not endorse the GLE were later called what?
Answer: the Moderns
Title: Freemasonry

Widespread segregation in 19th- and early 20th-century North America made it difficult for African-Americans to join Lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions – and impossible for inter-jurisdiction recognition between the parallel U.S. Masonic authorities. By the 1980s, such discrimination was a thing of the past, and today most U.S. Grand Lodges recognise their Prince Hall counterparts, and the authorities of both traditions are working towards full recognition. The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges. While celebrating their heritage as lodges of black Americans, Prince Hall is open to all men regardless of race or religion.

Question: When did North American Masonic lodges recognize members of the Prince Hall Lodge?
Answer: By the 1980s

Question: Who is the Prince Hall Lodge open to?
Answer: Prince Hall is open to all men

Question: Does the United Grand Lodge of England recognize Prince Hall Lodges?
Answer: The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges
Title: Freemasonry

In general, Continental Freemasonry is sympathetic to Freemasonry amongst women, dating from the 1890s when French lodges assisted the emergent co-masonic movement by promoting enough of their members to the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite to allow them, in 1899, to form their own grand council, recognised by the other Continental Grand Councils of that Rite. The United Grand Lodge of England issued a statement in 1999 recognising the two women's grand lodges there to be regular in all but the participants. While they were not, therefore, recognised as regular, they were part of Freemasonry "in general". The attitude of most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons.

Question: When did the French try to create co-masonic lodges?
Answer: the 1890s

Question: When did the United Grand Lodge of England recognize the two female Masonic lodges?
Answer: 1999

Question: What did the french lodges promote to try to get women accepted into the Freemasons?
Answer: the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite

Question: Do Anglo-American grand lodges accept women as members today?
Answer: most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons
Title: Freemasonry

Since the founding of Freemasonry, many Bishops of the Church of England have been Freemasons, such as Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher. In the past, few members of the Church of England would have seen any incongruity in concurrently adhering to Anglican Christianity and practicing Freemasonry. In recent decades, however, reservations about Freemasonry have increased within Anglicanism, perhaps due to the increasing prominence of the evangelical wing of the church. The former Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, appeared to harbour some reservations about Masonic ritual, whilst being anxious to avoid causing offence to Freemasons inside and outside the Church of England. In 2003 he felt it necessary to apologise to British Freemasons after he said that their beliefs were incompatible with Christianity and that he had barred the appointment of Freemasons to senior posts in his diocese when he was Bishop of Monmouth.

Question: What English Archbishop was a member of the Freemasons?
Answer: Geoffrey Fisher

Question: What former Archbishop of Canterbury has reservations about the Freemasons?
Answer: Dr Rowan Williams

Question: What year did Dr. Rowan Williams apologize to the Freemasons?
Answer: 2003

Question: Dr. Rowan Williams was also Bishop of what?
Answer: Bishop of Monmouth
Title: Freemasonry

In Italy, Freemasonry has become linked to a scandal concerning the Propaganda Due lodge (a.k.a. P2). This lodge was chartered by the Grande Oriente d'Italia in 1877, as a lodge for visiting Masons unable to attend their own lodges. Under Licio Gelli's leadership, in the late 1970s, P2 became involved in the financial scandals that nearly bankrupted the Vatican Bank. However, by this time the lodge was operating independently and irregularly, as the Grand Orient had revoked its charter and expelled Gelli in 1976.

Question: Freemasonry was linked to scandal in Italy due to what?
Answer: Propaganda Due lodge

Question: The Propaganda Due Lodge was chartered by who?
Answer: Grande Oriente d'Italia

Question: When did the Grande Oriente d'italia charter the Propaganda Due Lodge?
Answer: 1877

Question: The Propaganda Due Lodge was also know as what?
Answer: P2

Question: When did the Grand Orient d'italia expel Licio Gelli and revoked the charter of P2?
Answer: 1976
Title: Israel

On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly recommended the adoption and implementation of the Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine. This UN plan specified borders for new Arab and Jewish states and also specified an area of Jerusalem and its environs which was to be administered by the UN under an international regime. The end of the British Mandate for Palestine was set for midnight on 14 May 1948. That day, David Ben-Gurion, the executive head of the Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared "the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel," which would start to function from the termination of the mandate. The borders of the new state were not specified in the declaration. Neighboring Arab armies invaded the former Palestinian mandate on the next day and fought the Israeli forces. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula (1956–57, 1967–82), part of Southern Lebanon (1982–2000), Gaza Strip (1967–2005; still considered occupied after 2005 disengagement) and the Golan Heights. It extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed. Israel's occupation of Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem is the world's longest military occupation in modern times.[note 2]

Question: When did the UN recommend the Partition Plan?
Answer: 29 November 1947

Question: When was the end of the British Mandate set?
Answer: midnight on 14 May 1948

Question: Who was the executive head of the Zionist Organization?
Answer: David Ben-Gurion
Title: Israel

Israel (/ˈɪzreɪəl/ or /ˈɪzriːəl/; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ Yisrā'el; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل‎ Isrāʼīl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ Medīnat Yisrā'el [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel] ( listen); Arabic: دولة إِسْرَائِيل‎ Dawlat Isrāʼīl [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1]

Question: What is the official State of Israel?
Answer: Israel

Question: Where is Israel located?
Answer: Middle East

Question: What's Israel's financial and technology center?
Answer: Tel Aviv
Title: Israel

The population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2016 to be 8,476,600 people. It is the world's only Jewish-majority state, with 6,345,400 citizens, or 74.9%, being designated as Jewish. The country's second largest group of citizens are denoted as Arabs, numbering 1,760,400 people (including the Druze and most East Jerusalem Arabs). The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, with smaller but significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins; the rest are Christians and Druze. Other far smaller minorities include Maronites, Samaritans, Dom people and Roma, Black Hebrew Israelites, other Sub-Saharan Africans, Armenians, Circassians, Vietnamese boat people, and others. Israel also hosts a significant population of non-citizen foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia.

Question: What was the population of Israel in 2016?
Answer: 8,476,600

Question: How many citizens in Israel are Jewish?
Answer: 6,345,400

Question: How many citizens in Israel are Arab?
Answer: 1,760,400