rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Cubism

Cubism and modern European art was introduced into the United States at the now legendary 1913 Armory Show in New York City, which then traveled to Chicago and Boston. In the Armory show Pablo Picasso exhibited La Femme au pot de moutarde (1910), the sculpture Head of a Woman (Fernande) (1909–10), Les Arbres (1907) amongst other cubist works. Jacques Villon exhibited seven important and large drypoints, his brother Marcel Duchamp shocked the American public with his painting Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912). Francis Picabia exhibited his abstractions La Danse à la source and La Procession, Seville (both of 1912). Albert Gleizes exhibited La Femme aux phlox (1910) and L'Homme au balcon (1912), two highly stylized and faceted cubist works. Georges Braque, Fernand Léger, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye and Alexander Archipenko also contributed examples of their cubist works.

Question: What was the name of the show that introduced Cubism to the USA?
Answer: Armory Show

Question: In what city did the show that introduced Cubism to the USA take place? 
Answer: New York City

Question: Which 1907 piece did Picasso present in the show that introduced Cubism to the USA? 
Answer: Les Arbres

Question: What 1910 piece did Albert Gleizes present in that show that introduced Cubism to the USA? 
Answer: La Femme aux phlox
Title: Cubism

Cubist sculpture developed in parallel to Cubist painting. During the autumn of 1909 Picasso sculpted Head of a Woman (Fernande) with positive features depicted by negative space and vice versa. According to Douglas Cooper: "The first true Cubist sculpture was Picasso's impressive Woman's Head, modeled in 1909–10, a counterpart in three dimensions to many similar analytical and faceted heads in his paintings at the time." These positive/negative reversals were ambitiously exploited by Alexander Archipenko in 1912–13, for example in Woman Walking. Joseph Csaky, after Archipenko, was the first sculptor in Paris to join the Cubists, with whom he exhibited from 1911 onwards. They were followed by Raymond Duchamp-Villon and then in 1914 by Jacques Lipchitz, Henri Laurens and Ossip Zadkine.

Question: What was the name of the 1909 Cubist sculpture Picassos created?
Answer: Head of a Woman

Question: What Douglas Cooper call Picasso's 1909 Cubist sculpture?
Answer: The first true Cubist sculpture

Question: Which  Alexander Archipenko piece was similar to other Cubist scupltures of that time?
Answer: Woman Walking
Title: Cubism

A significant modification of Cubism between 1914 and 1916 was signaled by a shift towards a strong emphasis on large overlapping geometric planes and flat surface activity. This grouping of styles of painting and sculpture, especially significant between 1917 and 1920, was practiced by several artists; particularly those under contract with the art dealer and collector Léonce Rosenberg. The tightening of the compositions, the clarity and sense of order reflected in these works, led to its being referred to by the critic Maurice Raynal (fr) as 'crystal' Cubism. Considerations manifested by Cubists prior to the outset of World War I—such as the fourth dimension, dynamism of modern life, the occult, and Henri Bergson's concept of duration—had now been vacated, replaced by a purely formal frame of reference.

Question: What did the critic Maurice Raynal begin to refer to Cubism in around 1917-1920?
Answer: 'crystal' Cubism

Question: Who's concept of duration was left  behind for a for more concrete frame's of references? 
Answer: Henri Bergson's

Question: What was the first time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?
Answer: 1914 and 1916

Question: What was the second time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?
Answer: between 1917 and 1920
Title: Cubism

The most innovative period of Cubism was before 1914. After World War I, with the support given by the dealer Léonce Rosenberg, Cubism returned as a central issue for artists, and continued as such until the mid-1920s when its avant-garde status was rendered questionable by the emergence of geometric abstraction and Surrealism in Paris. Many Cubists, including Picasso, Braque, Gris, Léger, Gleizes, and Metzinger, while developing other styles, returned periodically to Cubism, even well after 1925. Cubism reemerged during the 1920s and the 1930s in the work of the American Stuart Davis and the Englishman Ben Nicholson. In France, however, Cubism experienced a decline beginning in about 1925. Léonce Rosenberg exhibited not only the artists stranded by Kahnweiler’s exile but others including Laurens, Lipchitz, Metzinger, Gleizes, Csaky, Herbin and Severini. In 1918 Rosenberg presented a series of Cubist exhibitions at his Galerie de l’Effort Moderne in Paris. Attempts were made by Louis Vauxcelles to claim that Cubism was dead, but these exhibitions, along with a well-organized Cubist show at the 1920 Salon des Indépendants and a revival of the Salon de la Section d’Or in the same year, demonstrated it was still alive.

Question: Before what year was Cubism considered the most innovative? 
Answer: 1914

Question: With the assistance of what dealer did Cubism return as  a central consideration for artists after World War I?
Answer: Léonce Rosenberg

Question: In what year did Rosenberg exhibit Cubist works at  Galerie de l’Effort Moderne?
Answer: 1918

Question: In which city did Galerie de l’Effort Moderne take place? 
Answer: Paris
Title: Cubism

The reemergence of Cubism coincided with the appearance from about 1917–24 of a coherent body of theoretical writing by Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler and, among the artists, by Gris, Léger and Gleizes. The occasional return to classicism—figurative work either exclusively or alongside Cubist work—experienced by many artists during this period (called Neoclassicism) has been linked to the tendency to evade the realities of the war and also to the cultural dominance of a classical or Latin image of France during and immediately following the war. Cubism after 1918 can be seen as part of a wide ideological shift towards conservatism in both French society and culture. Yet, Cubism itself remained evolutionary both within the oeuvre of individual artists, such as Gris and Metzinger, and across the work of artists as different from each other as Braque, Léger and Gleizes. Cubism as a publicly debated movement became relatively unified and open to definition. Its theoretical purity made it a gauge against which such diverse tendencies as Realism or Naturalism, Dada, Surrealism and abstraction could be compared.

Question: Name the three artists who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.
Answer: Gris, Léger and Gleizes

Question: Name the three writers who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.
Answer: Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler

Question: In 1918 which way did the French idealogies shift that effected Cubism?
Answer: conservatism
Title: Cubism

Cubism formed an important link between early-20th-century art and architecture. The historical, theoretical, and socio-political relationships between avant-garde practices in painting, sculpture and architecture had early ramifications in France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia. Though there are many points of intersection between Cubism and architecture, only a few direct links between them can be drawn. Most often the connections are made by reference to shared formal characteristics: faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity.

Question: What two things did Cubism in the early 20th century form an important link between?
Answer: art and architecture.

Question: What are the four formal characteristics that are usually connected with Cubism?
Answer: faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity.

Question: In which four countries were the impacts of avant garde art particularly strong?
Answer: France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia
Title: Cubism

Architectural interest in Cubism centered on the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form, using simple geometric shapes, juxtaposed without the illusions of classical perspective. Diverse elements could be superimposed, made transparent or penetrate one another, while retaining their spatial relationships. Cubism had become an influential factor in the development of modern architecture from 1912 (La Maison Cubiste, by Raymond Duchamp-Villon and André Mare) onwards, developing in parallel with architects such as Peter Behrens and Walter Gropius, with the simplification of building design, the use of materials appropriate to industrial production, and the increased use of glass.

Question: In Cubism what was architechtural interested base on?
Answer: the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form

Question: Who said that Cubism was becoming an influetial aspect in modern architecture ? 
Answer: Raymond Duchamp-Villon and André Mare

Question: Increased use of what material marked Cubism influence in architecture?
Answer: glass
Title: Cubism

Cubism was relevant to an architecture seeking a style that needed not refer to the past. Thus, what had become a revolution in both painting and sculpture was applied as part of "a profound reorientation towards a changed world". The Cubo-Futurist ideas of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti influenced attitudes in avant-garde architecture. The influential De Stijl movement embraced the aesthetic principles of Neo-plasticism developed by Piet Mondrian under the influence of Cubism in Paris. De Stijl was also linked by Gino Severini to Cubist theory through the writings of Albert Gleizes. However, the linking of basic geometric forms with inherent beauty and ease of industrial application—which had been prefigured by Marcel Duchamp from 1914—was left to the founders of Purism, Amédée Ozenfant and Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (better known as Le Corbusier,) who exhibited paintings together in Paris and published Après le cubisme in 1918. Le Corbusier's ambition had been to translate the properties of his own style of Cubism to architecture. Between 1918 and 1922, Le Corbusier concentrated his efforts on Purist theory and painting. In 1922, Le Corbusier and his cousin Jeanneret opened a studio in Paris at 35 rue de Sèvres. His theoretical studies soon advanced into many different architectural projects.

Question: The ideas of which Cubo Futurist influenced the avant-garde in architecture?
Answer: Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

Question: The De Stijl movement took part in the aesthetic principles of what?
Answer: Neo-plasticism

Question: Who developed Neo Plasticism? 
Answer: Piet Mondrian

Question: Who linked De Stijl to Cubist theory? 
Answer: Gino Severini

Question: Who did Le Corbusier open his Paris studio with in 1922?
Answer: his cousin Jeanneret
Title: Cubism

At the 1912 Salon d'Automne an architectural installation was exhibited that quickly became known as Maison Cubiste (Cubist House), signed Raymond Duchamp-Villon and André Mare along with a group of collaborators. Metzinger and Gleizes in Du "Cubisme", written during the assemblage of the "Maison Cubiste", wrote about the autonomous nature of art, stressing the point that decorative considerations should not govern the spirit of art. Decorative work, to them, was the "antithesis of the picture". "The true picture" wrote Metzinger and Gleizes, "bears its raison d'être within itself. It can be moved from a church to a drawing-room, from a museum to a study. Essentially independent, necessarily complete, it need not immediately satisfy the mind: on the contrary, it should lead it, little by little, towards the fictitious depths in which the coordinative light resides. It does not harmonize with this or that ensemble; it harmonizes with things in general, with the universe: it is an organism...". "Mare's ensembles were accepted as frames for Cubist works because they allowed paintings and sculptures their independence", writes Christopher Green, "creating a play of contrasts, hence the involvement not only of Gleizes and Metzinger themselves, but of Marie Laurencin, the Duchamp brothers (Raymond Duchamp-Villon designed the facade) and Mare's old friends Léger and Roger La Fresnaye". La Maison Cubiste was a fully furnished house, with a staircase, wrought iron banisters, a living room—the Salon Bourgeois, where paintings by Marcel Duchamp, Metzinger (Woman with a Fan), Gleizes, Laurencin and Léger were hung—and a bedroom. It was an example of L'art décoratif, a home within which Cubist art could be displayed in the comfort and style of modern, bourgeois life. Spectators at the Salon d'Automne passed through the full-scale 10-by-3-meter plaster model of the ground floor of the facade, designed by Duchamp-Villon. This architectural installation was subsequently exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show, New York, Chicago and Boston, listed in the catalogue of the New York exhibit as Raymond Duchamp-Villon, number 609, and entitled "Facade architectural, plaster" (Façade architecturale).

Question: How big was the model of La Maison Cubiste? 
Answer: 10-by-3-meter

Question: Which Metzinger piece was hung in La Maison Cubiste?
Answer: Woman with a Fan

Question: What was La Maison Cubiste ?
Answer: a fully furnished house
Title: Cubism

The original Cubist architecture is very rare. There is only one country in the world where Cubism was really applied to architecture – namely Bohemia (today Czech Republic) and especially its capital, Prague. Czech architects were the first and only ones in the world to ever design original Cubist buildings. Cubist architecture flourished for the most part between 1910–1914, but the Cubist or Cubism-influenced buildings were also built after the World War I. After the war, the architectural style called Rondo-Cubism was developed in Prague fusing the Cubist architecture with round shapes.

Question: Is original Cubist architecture rare?
Answer: Cubist architecture is very rare

Question: Which country applied Cubism to architecture the most?
Answer: Bohemia (today Czech Republic

Question: What was for the form of architectural Cubism in Prague called?
Answer: Rondo-Cubism
Title: Cubism

In their theoretical rules, the Cubist architects expressed the requirement of dynamism, which would surmount the matter and calm contained in it, through a creative idea, so that the result would evoke feelings of dynamism and expressive plasticity in the viewer. This should be achieved by shapes derived from pyramids, cubes and prisms, by arrangements and compositions of oblique surfaces, mainly triangular, sculpted facades in protruding crystal-like units, reminiscent of the so-called diamond cut, or even cavernous that are reminiscent of the late Gothic architecture. In this way, the entire surfaces of the facades including even the gables and dormers are sculpted. The grilles as well as other architectural ornaments attain a three-dimensional form. Thus, new forms of windows and doors were also created, e. g. hexagonal windows. Czech Cubist architects also designed Cubist furniture.

Question: What was the essential piece Cubist architects explained in their theoretical rules? 
Answer: dynamism

Question: What's  window shapes di Czech Cubist architects use? 
Answer: hexagonal

Question: What feelings should Cubist architecture evoke in viewer?
Answer: dynamism and expressive plasticity
Title: Cubism

The leading Cubist architects were Pavel Janák, Josef Gočár, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Králíček and Josef Chochol. They worked mostly in Prague but also in other Bohemian towns. The best-known Cubist building is the House of the Black Madonna in the Old Town of Prague built in 1912 by Josef Gočár with the only Cubist café in the world, Grand Café Orient. Vlastislav Hofman built the entrance pavilions of Ďáblice Cemetery in 1912–1914, Josef Chochol designed several residential houses under Vyšehrad. A Cubist streetlamp has also been preserved near the Wenceslas Square, designed by Emil Králíček in 1912, who also built the Diamond House in the New Town of Prague around 1913.

Question: Who were the leading Cubist architects? 
Answer: Pavel Janák, Josef Gočár, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Králíček and Josef Chochol

Question: Where did the leading Cubist architects work?
Answer: Prague

Question: What is the best known Cubist architecture building? 
Answer: House of the Black Madonna

Question: Where is the House of the Black Madonna located? 
Answer: Old Town of Prague

Question: Who built the House of the Black Madonna?
Answer: Vlastislav Hofman
Title: Cubism

The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields, outside painting and sculpture. In literature, the written works of Gertrude Stein employ repetition and repetitive phrases as building blocks in both passages and whole chapters. Most of Stein's important works utilize this technique, including the novel The Making of Americans (1906–08). Not only were they the first important patrons of Cubism, Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo were also important influences on Cubism as well. Picasso in turn was an important influence on Stein's writing.

Question: Did cubism influence other fields outside of painting and scuplture?
Answer: The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields,

Question: Who's written works used repitition that was similar to Cubist art?
Answer: Gertrude Stein

Question: What was Gertrude Stein's brother's name?
Answer: Leo

Question: What was the title of Gertrude Stein's 1906-1908 book?
Answer: The Making of Americans
Title: Cubism

The poets generally associated with Cubism are Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, André Salmon and Pierre Reverdy. As American poet Kenneth Rexroth explains, Cubism in poetry "is the conscious, deliberate dissociation and recombination of elements into a new artistic entity made self-sufficient by its rigorous architecture. This is quite different from the free association of the Surrealists and the combination of unconscious utterance and political nihilism of Dada." Nonetheless, the Cubist poets' influence on both Cubism and the later movements of Dada and Surrealism was profound; Louis Aragon, founding member of Surrealism, said that for Breton, Soupault, Éluard and himself, Reverdy was "our immediate elder, the exemplary poet." Though not as well remembered as the Cubist painters, these poets continue to influence and inspire; American poets John Ashbery and Ron Padgett have recently produced new translations of Reverdy's work. Wallace Stevens' "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird" is also said to demonstrate how cubism's multiple perspectives can be translated into poetry.

Question: Which poets are closely alligned with Cubism?
Answer: Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, André Salmon and Pierre Reverdy

Question: What is the name of the american Poet who is associated with talking about the rigiorous architecture of Cubism?
Answer: Kenneth Rexroth

Question: Which two American poets have recently created new traslations of Reverdy's work?
Answer: John Ashbery and Ron Padgett

Question: What is the name of Wallace Steven's work that explains how cubism can be translated into poetry? 
Answer: Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird
Title: Political_philosophy

Chinese political philosophy dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period, specifically with Confucius in the 6th century BC. Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to the social and political breakdown of the country characteristic of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period. The major philosophies during the period, Confucianism, Legalism, Mohism, Agrarianism and Taoism, each had a political aspect to their philosophical schools. Philosophers such as Confucius, Mencius, and Mozi, focused on political unity and political stability as the basis of their political philosophies. Confucianism advocated a hierarchical, meritocratic government based on empathy, loyalty, and interpersonal relationships. Legalism advocated a highly authoritarian government based on draconian punishments and laws. Mohism advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism. The Agrarians advocated a peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism. Taoism advocated a proto-anarchism. Legalism was the dominant political philosophy of the Qin Dynasty, but was replaced by State Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. Prior to China's adoption of communism, State Confucianism remained the dominant political philosophy of China up to the 20th century.

Question: What specifically dates back with Confucius in the 6th century BC?
Answer: Chinese political philosophy

Question: Chinese political philosophy dates back to what century?
Answer: 6th century BC

Question: Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to what?
Answer: the social and political breakdown of the country

Question: What advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism?
Answer: Mohism
Title: Political_philosophy

Western political philosophy originates in the philosophy of ancient Greece, where political philosophy dates back to at least Plato. Ancient Greece was dominated by city-states, which experimented with various forms of political organization, grouped by Plato into four categories: timocracy, tyranny, democracy and oligarchy. One of the first, extremely important classical works of political philosophy is Plato's Republic, which was followed by Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics and Politics. Roman political philosophy was influenced by the Stoics, including the Roman statesman Cicero.

Question: Western political philosophy originates in what philosophy?
Answer: ancient Greece

Question: What philosophy has dates back to at least Plato?
Answer: philosophy of ancient Greece

Question: Ancient Greece was dominated by what?
Answer: city-states
Title: Political_philosophy

Indian political philosophy evolved in ancient times and demarcated a clear distinction between (1) nation and state (2) religion and state. The constitutions of Hindu states evolved over time and were based on political and legal treatises and prevalent social institutions. The institutions of state were broadly divided into governance, administration, defense, law and order. Mantranga, the principal governing body of these states, consisted of the King, Prime Minister, Commander in chief of army, Chief Priest of the King. The Prime Minister headed the committee of ministers along with head of executive (Maha Amatya).

Question: What demarcates a clear distinction between nation and state, as well as religion and state?
Answer: Indian political philosophy

Question: What was divided into governance, administration, defense, law and  order?
Answer: The institutions of state

Question: What was the governing body of the Hindu states?
Answer: Mantranga
Title: Political_philosophy

Chanakya, 4th Century BC Indian political philosopher. The Arthashastra provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler, policies for foreign affairs and wars, the system of a spy state and surveillance and economic stability of the state. Chanakya quotes several authorities including Bruhaspati, Ushanas, Prachetasa Manu, Parasara, and Ambi, and described himself as a descendant of a lineage of political philosophers, with his father Chanaka being his immediate predecessor. Another influential extant Indian treatise on political philosophy is the Sukra Neeti. An example of a code of law in ancient India is the Manusmṛti or Laws of Manu.

Question: Who was the 4th Century BC Indian political philosopher?
Answer: Chanakya

Question: What provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler?
Answer: The Arthashastra

Question: What is an example of a code of law in ancient India?
Answer: the Manusmṛti or Laws of Manu