rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Estonia

Although initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power. The Germans used Estonia's resources for their war effort; for the duration of the occupation Estonia was incorporated into the German province of Ostland. The Germans and their collaborators also carried out The Holocaust in Estonia in which they established a network of concentration camps and murdered thousands of Estonian Jews and Estonian Gypsies, other Estonians, non-Estonian Jews, and Soviet prisoners of war.

Question: What did the majority of Estonians view the Germans as?
Answer: liberators

Question: Who was in control of Estonia before the Germans?
Answer: the USSR

Question: What did Estonia hope to restore after the removal of the USSR?
Answer: the country's independence

Question: What did Germany take from Estonia for their war strategy?
Answer: Estonia's resources
Title: Estonia

Some Estonians, unwilling to side directly with the Nazis, joined the Finnish Army (which was allied with the Nazis) to fight against the Soviet Union. The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. Although many Estonians were recruited into the German armed forces (including Estonian Waffen-SS), the majority of them did so only in 1944 when the threat of a new invasion of Estonia by the Red Army had become imminent. In January 1944 Estonia was again facing the prospect of invasion from the Red Army and the last legitimate prime minister of the Republic of Estonia (according to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia) delivered a radio address asking all able-bodied men born from 1904 through 1923 to report for military service. The call resulted in around 38,000 new enlistments and several thousand Estonians who had joined the Finnish Army came back to join the newly formed Territorial Defense Force, assigned to defend Estonia against the Soviet advance. It was hoped[by whom?] that by engaging in such a war Estonia would be able to attract Western support for Estonian independence.

Question: Who did some Estonians join as an alternative to the Germans?
Answer: the Finnish Army

Question: Who was the Finnish Army allied with?
Answer: the Nazis

Question: Who composed the The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200?
Answer: Estonian volunteers in Finland

Question: What year did most Estonians join the Germans after a new Soviet threat was emerging?
Answer: 1944
Title: Estonia

In the face of the country being re-occupied by the Red Army, tens of thousands of Estonians (including a majority of the education, culture, science, political and social specialists) chose to either retreat with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden where they sought refuge in other western countries, often by refugee ships such as the SS Walnut. On 12 January 1949, the Soviet Council of Ministers issued a decree "on the expulsion and deportation" from Baltic states of "all kulaks and their families, the families of bandits and nationalists", and others.

Question: How many Estonians chose to retreat or flee when in anticipation of another Soviet invasion?
Answer: tens of thousands

Question: Which countries did most Estonians desire to flee to?
Answer: Finland or Sweden

Question: What was the name of the refugee ship that Estonians boarded?
Answer: the SS Walnut

Question: What date did the Soviet Council of Ministers issue a declaration to remove native Estonians?
Answer: 12 January 1949
Title: Estonia

Half the deported perished, and the other half were not allowed to return until the early 1960s (years after Stalin's death).[citation needed] The activities of Soviet forces in 1940–41 and after reoccupation sparked a guerrilla war against Soviet authorities in Estonia by the Forest Brothers, who consisted mostly of Estonian veterans of the German and Finnish armies and some civilians. This conflict continued into the early 1950s. Material damage caused by the world war and the following Soviet era significantly slowed Estonia's economic growth, resulting in a wide wealth gap in comparison with neighbouring Finland and Sweden.

Question: What percentage of Estonians died after deporation?
Answer: Half the deported perished

Question: When were the deported Estonians allowed to return?
Answer: the early 1960s

Question: What event led to the return of Estonians back home?
Answer: Stalin's death

Question: Who fought a guerrilla war against the Soviets?
Answer: the Forest Brothers
Title: Estonia

Militarization was another aspect of the Soviet state. Large parts of the country, especially the coastal areas, were closed to all but the Soviet military. Most of the sea shore and all sea islands (including Saaremaa and Hiiumaa) were declared "border zones". People not actually residing there were restricted from travelling to them without a permit. A notable closed military installation was the city of Paldiski, which was entirely closed to all public access. The city had a support base for the Soviet Baltic Fleet's submarines and several large military bases, including a nuclear submarine training centre complete with a full-scale model of a nuclear submarine with working nuclear reactors. The Paldiski reactors building passed into Estonian control in 1994 after the last Russian troops left the country. Immigration was another effect of Soviet occupation. Hundreds of thousands of migrants were relocated to Estonia from other parts of the Soviet Union to assist industrialisation and militarisation, contributing an increase of about half a million people within 45 years.

Question: What political strategy only allowed major parts of of Estonia to be accessed by the Soviets?
Answer: Militarization

Question: What sea islands were declared border zones?
Answer: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa

Question: What document did people need to travel to the border zones?
Answer: permit

Question: What was established in the city of Paldiski?
Answer: A notable closed military installation
Title: Estonia

The U.S., UK, France, Italy and the majority of other Western countries considered the annexation of Estonia by the USSR illegal. They retained diplomatic relations with the representatives of the independent Republic of Estonia, never de jure recognised the existence of the Estonian SSR, and never recognised Estonia as a legal constituent part of the Soviet Union. Estonia's return to independence became possible as the Soviet Union faced internal regime challenges, loosening its hold on the outer empire. As the 1980s progressed, a movement for Estonian autonomy started. In the initial period of 1987–1989, this was partially for more economic independence, but as the Soviet Union weakened and it became increasingly obvious that nothing short of full independence would do, Estonia began a course towards self-determination.

Question: What did most Western countries view as an illegal claim by the USSR?
Answer: the annexation of Estonia

Question: What relationship did Western countries continue with Estonia?
Answer: diplomatic relations

Question: What institution did Western countries refuse to recognize?
Answer: the Estonian SSR

Question: What decade started the push for Estonian independence?
Answer: 1980s
Title: Estonia

In 1989, during the "Singing Revolution", in a landmark demonstration for more independence, more than two million people formed a human chain stretching through Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, called the Baltic Way. All three nations had similar experiences of occupation and similar aspirations for regaining independence. The Estonian Sovereignty Declaration was issued on 16 November 1988. On 20 August 1991, Estonia declared formal independence during the Soviet military coup attempt in Moscow, reconstituting the pre-1940 state. The Soviet Union recognised the independence of Estonia on 6 September 1991. The first country to diplomatically recognise Estonia's reclaimed independence was Iceland. The last units of the Russian army left on 31 August 1994.

Question: What year did the Singing Revolution occur?
Answer: 1989

Question: What was the demonstration of the Singing Revolution trying to fight for?
Answer: independence

Question: How many people created a chain of solidarity that went Estonia and other countries?
Answer: more than two million people

Question: What was the name of the human chain?
Answer: the Baltic Way
Title: Estonia

Estonia's land border with Latvia runs 267 kilometers; the Russian border runs 290 kilometers. From 1920 to 1945, Estonia's border with Russia, set by the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty, extended beyond the Narva River in the northeast and beyond the town of Pechory (Petseri) in the southeast. This territory, amounting to some 2,300 square kilometres (888 sq mi), was incorporated into Russia by Stalin at the end of World War II. For this reason the borders between Estonia and Russia are still not defined.

Question: What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Lativa?
Answer: 267 kilometers

Question: What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Russia?
Answer: 290 kilometers

Question: What document established the border between Russia and Estonia?
Answer: the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty
Title: Estonia

Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea immediately across the Gulf of Finland from Finland on the level northwestern part of the rising East European platform between 57.3° and 59.5° N and 21.5° and 28.1° E. Average elevation reaches only 50 metres (164 ft) and the country's highest point is the Suur Munamägi in the southeast at 318 metres (1,043 ft). There is 3,794 kilometres (2,357 mi) of coastline marked by numerous bays, straits, and inlets. The number of islands and islets is estimated at some 2,355 (including those in lakes). Two of them are large enough to constitute separate counties: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. A small, recent cluster of meteorite craters, the largest of which is called Kaali is found on Saaremaa, Estonia.

Question: What body of water borders Estonia?
Answer: the Baltic Sea

Question: What is the average elevation of Estonia?
Answer: 50 metres (164 ft)

Question: What is Estonia's highest mountain point?
Answer: the Suur Munamägi

Question: How tall is the the Suur Munamägi?
Answer: 318 metres (1,043 ft)
Title: Estonia

Estonia is situated in the northern part of the temperate climate zone and in the transition zone between maritime and continental climate. Estonia has four seasons of near-equal length. Average temperatures range from 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) on the Baltic islands to 18.1 °C (64.6 °F) inland in July, the warmest month, and from −3.5 °C (25.7 °F) on the Baltic islands to −7.6 °C (18.3 °F) inland in February, the coldest month. The average annual temperature in Estonia is 5.2 °C (41.4 °F). The average precipitation in 1961–1990 ranged from 535 to 727 mm (21.1 to 28.6 in) per year.

Question: What section of the temperate climate zone does Estonia reside?
Answer: northern part

Question: What is the similar trait of Estonia's four seasons?
Answer: near-equal length

Question: What is the average temperature of the Baltic Islands?
Answer: 16.3 °C (61.3 °F)

Question: What is the warmest month in Estonia?
Answer: July
Title: Estonia

A maakond (county) is the biggest administrative subdivision. The county government (Maavalitsus) of each county is led by a county governor (Maavanem), who represents the national government at the regional level. Governors are appointed by the Government of Estonia for a term of five years. Several changes were made to the borders of counties after Estonia became independent, most notably the formation of Valga County (from parts of Võru, Tartu and Viljandi counties) and Petseri County (area acquired from Russia with the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty).

Question: What is the largest administrative subdivision in Estonia?
Answer: A maakond

Question: What is the county government in Estonia called?
Answer: Maavalitsus

Question: A Maavanem holds what position in Estonia?
Answer: county governor

Question: Who represents the national government on a local level?
Answer: Maavanem
Title: Estonia

Estonia is a parliamentary representative democratic republic in which the Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government and which includes a multi-party system. The political culture is stable in Estonia, where power is held between two and three parties that have been in politics for a long time. This situation is similar to other countries in Northern Europe. The former Prime Minister of Estonia, Andrus Ansip, is also Europe's longest-serving Prime Minister (from 2005 until 2014). The current Estonian Prime Minister is Taavi Rõivas, who is the former Minister of Social Affairs and the head of the Estonian Reform Party.

Question: Who is the leader of Estonia's government?
Answer: the Prime Minister of Estonia

Question: What political structure aids the Prime Minister?
Answer: a multi-party system

Question: The political scene of Estonia is similar to other countries in what continent?
Answer: Northern Europe

Question: Who is Europe's longest serving Prime Minister?
Answer: Andrus Ansip
Title: Estonia

The Parliament of Estonia (Estonian: Riigikogu) or the legislative branch is elected by people for a four-year term by proportional representation. The Estonian political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1992 constitutional document. The Estonian parliament has 101 members and influences the governing of the state primarily by determining the income and the expenses of the state (establishing taxes and adopting the budget). At the same time the parliament has the right to present statements, declarations and appeals to the people of Estonia, ratify and denounce international treaties with other states and international organisations and decide on the Government loans.

Question: What position do the citizens of Estonia elect for a four year term?
Answer: The Parliament of Estonia

Question: What year did the Estonians create a constitutional document for their modern political system?
Answer: 1992

Question: How many representatives are in the Estonian parliament?
Answer: 101 members

Question: What can the Estonian parliament do in regards to treaties?
Answer: ratify and denounce international treaties
Title: Estonia

The Riigikogu elects and appoints several high officials of the state, including the President of the Republic. In addition to that, the Riigikogu appoints, on the proposal of the President of Estonia, the Chairman of the National Court, the chairman of the board of the Bank of Estonia, the Auditor General, the Legal Chancellor and the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces. A member of the Riigikogu has the right to demand explanations from the Government of the Republic and its members. This enables the members of the parliament to observe the activities of the executive power and the above-mentioned high officials of the state.

Question: Who chooses high state officials of Estonia?
Answer: The Riigikogu

Question: Who does the government have to explain their actions to?
Answer: the Riigikogu

Question: What can the Riigikogu monitor for abuse of influence?
Answer: activities of the executive power
Title: Estonia

The Government of Estonia (Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) or the executive branch is formed by the Prime Minister of Estonia, nominated by the president and approved by the parliament. The government exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution of Estonia and the laws of the Republic of Estonia and consists of twelve ministers, including the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister also has the right to appoint other ministers and assign them a subject to deal with. These are ministers without portfolio — they don't have a ministry to control.

Question: Who establishes the executive branch of Estonia?
Answer: the Prime Minister of Estonia

Question: Who has to approve the Government of Estonia after it is nominated by the President?
Answer: parliament

Question: How many ministers serve in the government?
Answer: twelve

Question: Who has the ability to assign other ministers?
Answer: The Prime Minister
Title: Estonia

The Prime Minister has the right to appoint a maximum of three such ministers, as the limit of ministers in one government is fifteen. It is also known as the cabinet. The cabinet carries out the country's domestic and foreign policy, shaped by parliament; it directs and co-ordinates the work of government institutions and bears full responsibility for everything occurring within the authority of executive power. The government, headed by the Prime Minister, thus represents the political leadership of the country and makes decisions in the name of the whole executive power.

Question: What is the most amount of ministers that a Prime Minister can assign?
Answer: three

Question: What is another name for the governing body of ministers?
Answer: the cabinet

Question: What strategy does the cabinet execute?
Answer: domestic and foreign policy

Question: What major responsibility does the cabinet hold?
Answer: everything occurring within the authority of executive power
Title: Estonia

Estonia has pursued the development of the e-state and e-government. Internet voting is used in elections in Estonia. The first internet voting took place in the 2005 local elections and the first in a parliamentary election was made available for the 2007 elections, in which 30,275 individuals voted over the internet. Voters have a chance to invalidate their electronic vote in traditional elections, if they wish to. In 2009 in its eighth Worldwide Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked Estonia sixth out of 175 countries. In the first ever State of World Liberty Index report, Estonia was ranked first out of 159 countries.

Question: What digital technology as Estonia been advacning?
Answer: Internet voting

Question: What year did the first internet vote occur in local Estonia elections?
Answer: 2005

Question: What year did the first internet vote occur in Estonia parliamentary elections?
Answer: 2007

Question: In 2007, how many Estonians used internet voting?
Answer: 30,275
Title: Estonia

According to the Constitution of Estonia (Estonian: Põhiseadus) the supreme power of the state is vested in the people. The people exercise their supreme power of the state on the elections of the Riigikogu through citizens who have the right to vote. The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, with nineteen justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the parliament for nine years on nomination by the president. The official Head of State is the President of Estonia, who gives assent to the laws passed by Riigikogu, also having the right of sending them back and proposing new laws.

Question: What document declares supreme power for the people?
Answer: the Constitution of Estonia

Question: Who holds supreme judicial power in Estonia?
Answer: the Supreme Court or Riigikohus

Question: How many judges are on Estonia's supreme court?
Answer: nineteen

Question: How many years does the Chief justice serve?
Answer: nine
Title: Estonia

Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September 1921, has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991, and of NATO since 29 March 2004, as well as the European Union since 1 May 2004. Estonia is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB). As an OSCE participating State, Estonia's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. Estonia has also signed the Kyoto Protocol.

Question: What date did Estonia join the League of Nations?
Answer: 22 September 1921

Question: What date did Estonia join the United Nations?
Answer: 17 September 1991

Question: What date did Estonia join NATO?
Answer: 29 March 2004

Question: What date did Estonia join the European Union?
Answer: 1 May 2004
Title: Estonia

Since regaining independence, Estonia has pursued a foreign policy of close co-operation with its Western European partners. The two most important policy objectives in this regard have been accession into NATO and the European Union, achieved in March and May 2004 respectively. Estonia's international realignment toward the West has been accompanied by a general deterioration in relations with Russia, most recently demonstrated by the protest triggered by the controversial relocation of the Bronze Soldier World War II memorial in Tallinn.

Question: What type of foreign policy has Estonia sought after getting their independence?
Answer: close co-operation

Question: What were the most important foreign policy priorities?
Answer: accession into NATO and the European Union

Question: What trend has accompanied Estonia's cooperation with Western powers?
Answer: deterioration in relations with Russia
Title: Estonia

Since the early 1990s, Estonia is involved in active trilateral Baltic states co-operation with Latvia and Lithuania, and Nordic-Baltic co-operation with the Nordic countries. The Baltic Council is the joint forum of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly (BA) and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers (BCM). Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) is the joint co-operation of the governments of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden. Nordic-Baltic Six (NB-6), comprising Nordic-Baltic countries that are European Union member states, is a framework for meetings on EU related issues. Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council began in 1989. Annual summits take place, and in addition meetings are organised on all possible levels: speakers, presidiums, commissions, and individual members. The Nordic Council of Ministers has an office in Tallinn with a subsidiary in Tartu and information points in Narva, Valga and Pärnu. Joint Nordic-Baltic projects include the education programme Nordplus and mobility programmes for business and industry and for public administration.

Question: Which Baltic countries have cooperated with Estonia since the early 1990s?
Answer: Latvia and Lithuania

Question: What is the combined group of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers?
Answer: The Baltic Council

Question: What is the name of the joint group that Estonia shares with Denmark and 7 other countries?
Answer: Nordic-Baltic Eight

Question: What year did Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council start?
Answer: 1989
Title: Estonia

An important element in Estonia's post-independence reorientation has been closer ties with the Nordic countries, especially Finland and Sweden. Indeed, Estonians consider themselves a Nordic people rather than Balts, based on their historical ties with Sweden, Denmark and particularly Finland. In December 1999, then Estonian foreign minister (and since 2006, president of Estonia) Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled "Estonia as a Nordic Country" to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs. In 2003, the foreign ministry also hosted an exhibit called "Estonia: Nordic with a Twist".

Question: What has been a major factor in the restoration of Estonia after winning their independence?
Answer: closer ties with the Nordic countries

Question: When did Toomas Hendrik Ilves deliver his speech?
Answer: December 1999

Question: Who expressed a speech called "Estonia as a Nordic Country"?
Answer: Toomas Hendrik Ilves

Question: What year did the foreign ministry hold an exhibit exploring the Nordic ties of Estonia?
Answer: 2003