rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Napoleon

In terms of impact on events, it was more than Napoleon's personality that took effect. He reorganized France itself to supply the men and money needed for great wars. Above all he inspired his men—Wellington said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers, for he inspired confidence from privates to field marshals. He also unnerved the enemy. At the Battle of Auerstadt in 1806, King Frederick William III of Prussia outnumbered the French by 63,000 to 27,000; however, when he mistakenly was told that Napoleon was in command, he ordered a hasty retreat that turned into a rout. The force of his personality neutralized material difficulties as his soldiers fought with the confidence that with Napoleon in charge they would surely win.

Question: What did Napoleon reorganize to supply the personnel and money required to fight great wars?
Answer: France

Question: How many soldiers did Wellington believe Napoleon's presence on the field was worth?
Answer: 40,000

Question: Who said that Napoleon's presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers?
Answer: Wellington

Question: In what year did the Battle of Auerstadt take place?
Answer: 1806

Question: Who led the Prussian forces that outnumbered Napoleon at the Battle of Auerstadt?
Answer: King Frederick William III
Title: Napoleon

During the Napoleonic Wars he was taken seriously by the British press as a dangerous tyrant, poised to invade. He was often referred to by the British as Boney. A nursery rhyme warned children that Bonaparte ravenously ate naughty people; the "bogeyman". The British Tory press sometimes depicted Napoleon as much smaller than average height, and this image persists. Confusion about his height also results from the difference between the French pouce and British inch—2.71 cm and 2.54 cm, respectively. The myth of the "Napoleon Complex” — named after him to describe men who have an inferiority complex — stems primarily from the fact that he was listed, incorrectly, as 5 feet 2 inches (in French units) at the time of his death. In fact, he was 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall, an average height for a man in that period.[note 11]

Question: Which foreign news service viewed Napoleon as a dangerous tyrant?
Answer: the British press

Question: What abbreviated term did the British often use to refer to Napoleon?
Answer: Boney

Question: Which segment of the British press often showed Napoleon as being much shorter than average?
Answer: Tory

Question: What height was Napoleon incorrectly listed as at his time of death?
Answer: 5 feet 2 inches

Question: What was Napoleon's actual height, in feet and inches?
Answer: 5 ft 6 in
Title: Napoleon

When he became First Consul and later Emperor, Napoleon eschewed his general's uniform and habitually wore the simple green colonel uniform (non-Hussar) of a colonel of the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard, the regiment that often served as his personal escort, with a large bicorne. He also habitually wore (usually on Sundays) the blue uniform of a colonel of the Imperial Guard Foot Grenadiers (blue with white facings and red cuffs). He also wore his Légion d'honneur star, medal and ribbon, and the Order of the Iron Crown decorations, white French-style culottes and white stockings. This was in contrast to the gorgeous and complex uniforms with many decorations of his marshals and those around him.

Question: After becoming First Consul, Napoleon typically wore the uniform of which rank, rather than general?
Answer: colonel

Question:  What is the name of the regiment that frequently served as Napoleon's escort?
Answer: the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard

Question: What color was the uniform that Napoleon usually wore on Sundays?
Answer: blue

Question: What color stockings did Napoleon usually wear?
Answer: white

Question:  What color culottes did Napoleon typically wear?
Answer: white
Title: Napoleon

Napoleon instituted lasting reforms, including higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems, and established the Banque de France, the first central bank in French history. He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the Organic Articles, which regulated public worship in France. His dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire paved the way to German Unification later in the 19th century. The sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States doubled the size of the country and was a major event in American history.

Question: What was the name of the first central bank in France, that Napoleon established?
Answer: the Banque de France

Question: What was the name of the agreement that Napoleon arrived at with the Catholic Church?
Answer: the Concordat of 1801

Question: What other document was presented along with the Concordat of 1801?
Answer: the Organic Articles

Question: What did the Organic Articles regulate in France?
Answer: public worship

Question: What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved that later led to unification in Germany?
Answer: the Holy Roman Empire
Title: Napoleon

Napoleon's set of civil laws, the Code Civil—now often known as the Napoleonic Code—was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, the Second Consul. Napoleon participated actively in the sessions of the Council of State that revised the drafts. The development of the code was a fundamental change in the nature of the civil law legal system with its stress on clearly written and accessible law. Other codes ("Les cinq codes") were commissioned by Napoleon to codify criminal and commerce law; a Code of Criminal Instruction was published, which enacted rules of due process.

Question: What was the contemporary term for the set of civil laws created by Napoleon?
Answer: the Code Civil

Question: What is the Code Civil frequently referred to as now?
Answer: the Napoleonic Code

Question: What is the name of the person who supervised the preparation of the Code Civil?
Answer: Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès

Question: What was a code published under Napoleon that enacted rules related to due process?
Answer: Code of Criminal Instruction
Title: Napoleon

His opponents learned from Napoleon's innovations. The increased importance of artillery after 1807 stemmed from his creation of a highly mobile artillery force, the growth in artillery numbers, and changes in artillery practices. As a result of these factors, Napoleon, rather than relying on infantry to wear away the enemy's defenses, now could use massed artillery as a spearhead to pound a break in the enemy's line that was then exploited by supporting infantry and cavalry. McConachy rejects the alternative theory that growing reliance on artillery by the French army beginning in 1807 was an outgrowth of the declining quality of the French infantry and, later, France's inferiority in cavalry numbers. Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained largely static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th-century operational mobility underwent significant change.

Question: Who learned from Napoleon's innovations?
Answer: His opponents

Question:  Napoleon's use of artillery led to its increased importance after what year?
Answer: 1807

Question: Who rejects the theory that the increased use of artillery by the French was due to declining quality of infantry and numbers of cavalry?
Answer: McConachy

Question: What did Napoleon use as the initial means of breaking down enemy defenses, rather than the traditional reliance on infantry?
Answer: artillery
Title: Napoleon

The official introduction of the metric system in September 1799 was unpopular in large sections of French society. Napoleon's rule greatly aided adoption of the new standard not only across France but also across the French sphere of influence. Napoleon ultimately took a retrograde step in 1812 when he passed legislation to introduce the mesures usuelles (traditional units of measurement) for retail trade—a system of measure that resembled the pre-revolutionary units but were based on the kilogram and the metre; for example the livre metrique (metric pound) was 500 g instead of 489.5 g—the value of the livre du roi (the king's pound). Other units of measure were rounded in a similar manner. This however laid the foundations for the definitive introduction of the metric system across Europe in the middle of the 19th century.

Question: When was the metric system officially introduced?
Answer: September 1799

Question: What system, introduced in September 1799, was unpopular among much of French society?
Answer: the metric system

Question: What year did Napoleon pass legislation that introduced traditional units of measurement for retail trade?
Answer: 1812

Question:  How many grams were in the livre metrique?
Answer: 500

Question: How many grams were in the livre du roi?
Answer: 489.5
Title: Napoleon

Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of education in France and throughout much of Europe. Napoleon synthesized the best academic elements from the Ancien Régime, The Enlightenment, and the Revolution, with the aim of establishing a stable, well-educated and prosperous society. He made French the only official language. He left some primary education in the hands of religious orders, but he offered public support to secondary education. Napoleon founded a number of state secondary schools (lycées) designed to produce a standardized education that was uniform across France. All students were taught the sciences along with modern and classical languages. Unlike the system during the Ancien Régime, religious topics did not dominate the curriculum, although they were present in addition to teachers from the clergy. Napoleon simply hoped to use religion to produce social stability. He gave special attention to the advanced centers, notably the École Polytechnique, that provided both military expertise and state-of-the-art research in science. Napoleon made some of the first major efforts at establishing a system of secular and public education. The system featured scholarships and strict discipline, with the result being a French educational system that outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system.

Question: What acts by Napoleon laid the groundwork for modernized Education in France and much of Europe?
Answer: Napoleon's educational reforms

Question: What language did Napoleon make the only official one?
Answer: French

Question: What did Napoleon offer to secondary education?
Answer: public support

Question: What is the name for the state secondary schools begun by Napoleon that were intended to standardize education across France?
Answer: lycées

Question: Along with modern and classical languages, what were all students in the lycées taught?
Answer: the sciences
Title: Napoleon

In the political realm, historians debate whether Napoleon was "an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe or, instead, a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler." Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions. The Continental powers as late as 1808 were willing to give him nearly all of his remarkable gains and titles, but some scholars maintain he was overly aggressive and pushed for too much, until his empire collapsed.

Question: How have many historians described Napoleon's foreign policy ambitions?
Answer: grandiose

Question: As late as what year were the Continental powers willing to give Napoleon most of the gains and titles he had acquired?
Answer: 1808

Question: Who continue to debate whether Napoleon was an enlightened despot, or a megalomaniac?
Answer: historians

Question: Some scholars maintain Napoleon's excessive aggression and pushing caused what to collapse?
Answer: his empire
Title: Napoleon

Napoleon ended lawlessness and disorder in post-Revolutionary France. He was, however, considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents. His critics charge that he was not significantly troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands, turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike. His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France's oversea colonies are controversial and have an impact on his reputation.

Question: Who put a stop to the lack of law and presence of disorder in post-Revolutionary France?
Answer: Napoleon

Question: Napoleon's decision to reinstate what practice in France's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation?
Answer: slavery

Question: Who considered Napoleon to be a tyrant and a usurper?
Answer: his opponents

Question: Napoleon's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation?
Answer: the Haitian Revolution

Question: Who charge that Napoleon was untroubled by the prospect of war and death for thousands?
Answer: His critics
Title: Napoleon

Napoleon institutionalised plunder of conquered territories: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the Musée du Louvre for a grand central museum; his example would later serve as inspiration for more notorious imitators. He was compared to Adolf Hitler most famously by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947 and Claude Ribbe in 2005. David G. Chandler, a foremost historian of Napoleonic warfare, wrote in 1973 that, "Nothing could be more degrading to the former [Napoleon] and more flattering to the latter [Hitler]. The comparison is odious. On the whole Napoleon was inspired by a noble dream, wholly dissimilar from Hitler's... Napoleon left great and lasting testimonies to his genius—in codes of law and national identities which survive to the present day. Adolf Hitler left nothing but destruction."

Question: What practice in defeated territories became institutionalized under Napoleon?
Answer: plunder

Question: Where in France were plundered artifacts brought in an effort to create a great central museum?
Answer: the Musée du Louvre

Question: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 1947?
Answer: Pieter Geyl

Question: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 2005?
Answer: Claude Ribbe

Question: In 1973, which historian objected to comparisons between Napoleon and Hitler?
Answer: David G. Chandler
Title: Napoleon

Critics argue Napoleon's true legacy must reflect the loss of status for France and needless deaths brought by his rule: historian Victor Davis Hanson writes, "After all, the military record is unquestioned—17 years of wars, perhaps six million Europeans dead, France bankrupt, her overseas colonies lost." McLynn notes that, "He can be viewed as the man who set back European economic life for a generation by the dislocating impact of his wars." However, Vincent Cronin replies that such criticism relies on the flawed premise that Napoleon was responsible for the wars which bear his name, when in fact France was the victim of a series of coalitions which aimed to destroy the ideals of the Revolution.

Question: Which historian describes Napoleon's legacy in terms of years spent at war, numbers of European dead, and France's bankruptcy and loss of colonies?
Answer: Victor Davis Hanson

Question: Which historian views Napoleon's legacy as one of having set back the European economy for a generation through war?
Answer: McLynn

Question: Which historian counters criticism of Napoleon by suggesting that the wars he fought were the responsibility of enemies of the Revolution, rather than that of Napoleon?
Answer: Vincent Cronin

Question: How many years of wars does Victor Davis Hanson claim are part of Napoleon's military record?
Answer: 17

Question: Approximately how many Europeans dead does Victor Davis Hanson assert are part of Napoleon's military record?
Answer: six million
Title: Napoleon

Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his régime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship, controlling aspects of the press, books, theater, and art, was part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France. The propagandistic rhetoric changed in relation to events and to the atmosphere of Napoleon's reign, focusing first on his role as a general in the army and identification as a soldier, and moving to his role as emperor and a civil leader. Specifically targeting his civilian audience, Napoleon fostered an important, though uneasy, relationship with the contemporary art community, taking an active role in commissioning and controlling different forms of art production to suit his propaganda goals.

Question: Napoleon's skillful employment of what technique aided his rise to power, legitimized his rule, and improved his posthumous reputation?
Answer: propaganda

Question: Napoleon employed what practice in controlling aspects of the media, books, and the arts?
Answer: censorship

Question: Napoleon's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country?
Answer: France

Question: Napoleon created a relationship with the art community to commission work specifically targeting what segment of his audience?
Answer: civilian
Title: Napoleon

Widespread rumors of Napoleon's return from St. Helena and Napoleon as an inspiration for patriotism, individual and collective liberties, and political mobilization manifested themselves in seditious materials, displaying the tricolor and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations—they demonstrated the prevailing and successful goal of the varied supporters of Napoleon to constantly destabilize the Bourbon regime.

Question: Rumors of Napoleon's return from what location were often used as an inspiration for his followers?
Answer: St. Helena

Question: Anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign were sometimes celebrated in an effort to disrupt what?
Answer: royal celebrations

Question: Destabilization of what regime was the main goal of Napoleon's followers?
Answer: the Bourbon regime

Question: Seditious material distributed by Napoleon's followers often displayed the tricolor, and what other design?
Answer: rosettes
Title: Napoleon

Datta (2005) shows that, following the collapse of militaristic Boulangism in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Concentrating on two plays and two novels from the period—Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-Gêne (1893), Maurice Barrès's Les Déracinés (1897), Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon (1900), and André de Lorde and Gyp's Napoléonette (1913) Datta examines how writers and critics of the Belle Époque exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends.

Question: When did militaristic Boulangism collapse?
Answer: the late 1880s

Question: What year was Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-Gêne written?
Answer: 1893

Question: What year was Maurice Barrès's Les Déracinés written?
Answer: 1897

Question: In what year was Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon written?
Answer: 1900

Question: In what year was André de Lorde and Gyp's Napoléonette written?
Answer: 1913
Title: Napoleon

After the fall of Napoleon, not only was Napoleonic Code retained by conquered countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec. The memory of Napoleon in Poland is favorable, for his support for independence and opposition to Russia, his legal code, the abolition of serfdom, and the introduction of modern middle class bureaucracies.

Question: After the fall of Napoleon, many countries retained what system of law?
Answer: Napoleonic Code

Question: Outside Europe, Napoleonic Code has been used as the basis for certain parts of what?
Answer: law

Question: How can the memory of Napoleon in Poland be characterized as?
Answer: favorable

Question: Poland views Napoleon in a positive light partially based on his opposition to what country?
Answer: Russia

Question: One reason Poland views Napoleon favorably is due to his abolition of what form of indentured servitude?
Answer: serfdom
Title: Napoleon

Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union.

Question: Napoleon is viewed by some as a founder of what modern nation?
Answer: Germany

Question: What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved?
Answer: the Holy Roman Empire

Question: How many German states were there before Napoleon began to reduce their numbers?
Answer: 300

Question: How many German states remained after Napoleon reduced their numbers?
Answer: less than 50

Question: How much did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for?
Answer: 15 million dollars
Title: Napoleon

Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796, when he was 26; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution. Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as "Rose", a name which he disliked. He called her "Joséphine" instead, and she went by this name henceforth. Bonaparte often sent her love letters while on his campaigns. He formally adopted her son Eugène and cousin Stéphanie and arranged dynastic marriages for them. Joséphine had her daughter Hortense marry Napoleon's brother Louis.

Question: Who did Napoleon marry in 1796?
Answer: Joséphine de Beauharnais

Question: In what year did Napoleon marry Joséphine de Beauharnais?
Answer: 1796

Question: How old was Napoleon when he married Joséphine de Beauharnais?
Answer: 26

Question: How old was Joséphine de Beauharnais when she was married to Napoleon?
Answer: 32

Question: What was the disliked name Joséphine de Beauharnais was known as before she met Napoleon?
Answer: Rose
Title: Napoleon

Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles Léon (1806–1881) by Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne. Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810–1868), the son of his mistress Maria Walewska, although acknowledged by Walewska's husband, was also widely known to be his child, and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been used to help confirm Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype. He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well, such as Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld by Emilie Victoria Kraus and Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte (1816–1907) by Albine de Montholon.

Question: What was the name of the illegitimate son acknowledged by Napoleon?
Answer: Charles Léon

Question: Who was the mother of Charles Léon?
Answer: Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne

Question: Who was Napoleon's illegitimate son by his mistress, Maria Walewska?
Answer: Alexandre Colonna-Walewski

Question:  DNA from Alexandre Colonna-Walewski's descendants has been used to confirm what attribute of Napoleon's?
Answer: Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype

Question: Who was the child of Emilie Victoria Kraus who might have been another of Napoleon's illegitimate children?
Answer: Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld