rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Printed_circuit_board

The printed circuit board industry defines heavy copper as layers exceeding three ounces of copper, or approximately 0.0042 inches (4.2 mils, 105 μm) thick. PCB designers and fabricators often use heavy copper when design and manufacturing circuit boards in order to increase current-carrying capacity as well as resistance to thermal strains. Heavy copper plated vias transfer heat to external heat sinks. IPC 2152 is a standard for determining current-carrying capacity of printed circuit board traces.

Question: What's the minimum amount of copper a layer in a PCB can have to be considered "heavy copper"?
Answer: three ounces

Question: About how thick would a PCB layer be if it contained three oz. of copper?
Answer: 0.0042 inches

Question: What will a circuit board with heavy copper carry very well?
Answer: current

Question: What would a PCB designer use heavy copper to make their circuit board resist?
Answer: thermal strains

Question: Where does the heat go when it leaves heavy copper-plated vias?
Answer: external heat sinks
Title: Printed_circuit_board

Since it was quite easy to stack interconnections (wires) inside the embedding matrix, the approach allowed designers to forget completely about the routing of wires (usually a time-consuming operation of PCB design): Anywhere the designer needs a connection, the machine will draw a wire in straight line from one location/pin to another. This led to very short design times (no complex algorithms to use even for high density designs) as well as reduced crosstalk (which is worse when wires run parallel to each other—which almost never happens in Multiwire), though the cost is too high to compete with cheaper PCB technologies when large quantities are needed.

Question: What arduous aspect of the process can designers skip in Multiwire?
Answer: routing of wires

Question: What does the machine create by drawing a straight line between two points on the board?
Answer: a connection

Question: Along with quick design times, what problem does Multiwire cut down on?
Answer: crosstalk

Question: What makes Multiwire impractical to use when large quantities of a board are needed?
Answer: cost

Question: In simple language, what are the interconnections in an embedding matrix?
Answer: wires
Title: Printed_circuit_board

Cordwood construction can save significant space and was often used with wire-ended components in applications where space was at a premium (such as missile guidance and telemetry systems) and in high-speed computers, where short traces were important. In cordwood construction, axial-leaded components were mounted between two parallel planes. The components were either soldered together with jumper wire, or they were connected to other components by thin nickel ribbon welded at right angles onto the component leads. To avoid shorting together different interconnection layers, thin insulating cards were placed between them. Perforations or holes in the cards allowed component leads to project through to the next interconnection layer. One disadvantage of this system was that special nickel-leaded components had to be used to allow the interconnecting welds to be made. Differential thermal expansion of the component could put pressure on the leads of the components and the PCB traces and cause physical damage (as was seen in several modules on the Apollo program). Additionally, components located in the interior are difficult to replace. Some versions of cordwood construction used soldered single-sided PCBs as the interconnection method (as pictured), allowing the use of normal-leaded components.

Question: What type of construction is best for applications that need to portion space carefully?
Answer: Cordwood

Question: What gets mounted in the middle of two parallel planes in a cordwood construction?
Answer: axial-leaded components

Question: What type of component has to be used in cordwood construction to its detriment?
Answer: nickel-leaded

Question: What do insulating cards prevent between interconnection layers?
Answer: shorting

Question: What force caused the physical damage to components that affected the Apollo program?
Answer: Differential thermal expansion
Title: Printed_circuit_board

Development of the methods used in modern printed circuit boards started early in the 20th century. In 1903, a German inventor, Albert Hanson, described flat foil conductors laminated to an insulating board, in multiple layers. Thomas Edison experimented with chemical methods of plating conductors onto linen paper in 1904. Arthur Berry in 1913 patented a print-and-etch method in Britain, and in the United States Max Schoop obtained a patent to flame-spray metal onto a board through a patterned mask. Charles Ducas in 1927 patented a method of electroplating circuit patterns.

Question: Who was the German inventor who wrote in 1903 about conductors being laminated in layers to a board?
Answer: Albert Hanson

Question: What material did Thomas Edison experiment with by trying to chemically attach conductors to it?
Answer: linen paper

Question: What year did Arthur Berry patent his print-and-etch method?
Answer: 1913

Question: In Max Schoop's method, what was used to create the flame-sprayed pattern on the board?
Answer: a patterned mask

Question: Who obtained a patent in 1927 for his method of electroplating circuit patterns?
Answer: Charles Ducas
Title: Printed_circuit_board

The Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the invention for commercial use. Printed circuits did not become commonplace in consumer electronics until the mid-1950s, after the Auto-Sembly process was developed by the United States Army. At around the same time in Britain work along similar lines was carried out by Geoffrey Dummer, then at the RRDE.

Question: What was Paul Eisler making when he came up with the printed circuit?
Answer: a radio set

Question: What event prompted the United States to adopt the printed circuit to make proximity fuses?
Answer: World War II

Question: When was the printed circuit released for commercial use in the U.S.?
Answer: 1948

Question: Who was working on the same type of large-scale application of printed circuits as the U.S. in Britain in the mid-1950s?
Answer: Geoffrey Dummer

Question: What process was created by the U.S. Army that led to innovation in consumer electronics?
Answer: Auto-Sembly
Title: Printed_circuit_board

During World War II, the development of the anti-aircraft proximity fuse required an electronic circuit that could withstand being fired from a gun, and could be produced in quantity. The Centralab Division of Globe Union submitted a proposal which met the requirements: a ceramic plate would be screenprinted with metallic paint for conductors and carbon material for resistors, with ceramic disc capacitors and subminiature vacuum tubes soldered in place. The technique proved viable, and the resulting patent on the process, which was classified by the U.S. Army, was assigned to Globe Union. It was not until 1984 that the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) awarded Mr. Harry W. Rubinstein, the former head of Globe Union's Centralab Division, its coveted Cledo Brunetti Award for early key contributions to the development of printed components and conductors on a common insulating substrate. As well, Mr. Rubinstein was honored in 1984 by his alma mater, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, for his innovations in the technology of printed electronic circuits and the fabrication of capacitors.

Question: What company developed the first electronic circuit that could be mass produced and was durable enough to be fired from a gun?
Answer: Globe Union

Question: Who was in charge of the Centralab Division of Globe Union when the PCB used in anti-aircraft fuses was invented?
Answer: Harry W. Rubinstein

Question: Where did Harry Rubinstein attend college?
Answer: University of Wisconsin-Madison

Question: What was the plate used for anti-aircraft proximity fuses in World War II made out of?
Answer: ceramic

Question: What award did Rubinstein win in 1984 for his contributions?
Answer: Cledo Brunetti Award
Title: Printed_circuit_board

Originally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The components' leads were then passed through the holes and soldered to the PCB trace. This method of assembly is called through-hole construction. In 1949, Moe Abramson and Stanislaus F. Danko of the United States Army Signal Corps developed the Auto-Sembly process in which component leads were inserted into a copper foil interconnection pattern and dip soldered. The patent they obtained in 1956 was assigned to the U.S. Army. With the development of board lamination and etching techniques, this concept evolved into the standard printed circuit board fabrication process in use today. Soldering could be done automatically by passing the board over a ripple, or wave, of molten solder in a wave-soldering machine. However, the wires and holes are wasteful since drilling holes is expensive and the protruding wires are merely cut off.

Question: What type of construction was originally used for all electronic components?
Answer: through-hole

Question: In what year was the Auto-Sembly process created?
Answer: 1949

Question: What year was the patent for the Auto-Sembly process granted?
Answer: 1956

Question: Although two men developed the Auto-Sembly process, to whom was the patent officially granted?
Answer: U.S. Army

Question: Which part of the Auto-Sembly manufacturing process is the most costly?
Answer: drilling holes
Title: Premier_League

The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders. Seasons run from August to May. Teams play 38 matches each (playing each team in the league twice, home and away), totalling 380 matches in the season. Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons; others during weekday evenings. It is currently sponsored by Barclays Bank and thus officially known as the Barclays Premier League and is colloquially known as the Premiership. Outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League (EPL).

Question: How many club members are there?
Answer: The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders

Question: How many matches does each team play?
Answer: Teams play 38 matches each (playing each team in the league twice, home and away), totalling 380 matches in the season.

Question: What days are most games played?
Answer: Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons; others during weekday evenings

Question: Who sponsors the Premier League?
Answer: It is currently sponsored by Barclays Bank and thus officially known as the Barclays Premier League and is colloquially known as the Premiership.

Question: What name is the Premier League known as outside of the United Kingdom?
Answer: Outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League (EPL).

Question: How many member clubs are shareholders in the Premier League?
Answer: 20

Question: When do Premier League seasons run from?
Answer: August to May

Question: How many matches do each team play?
Answer: 38

Question: Who sponsors the Premier League?
Answer: Barclays Bank

Question: What is the Premier League commonly referred to outside the UK?
Answer: English Premier League
Title: Premier_League

The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League, which was originally founded in 1888, and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal. The deal was worth £1 billion a year domestically as of 2013–14, with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively. The league generates €2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights. In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of £1.6 billion.

Question: What date was the Premier League formed?
Answer: The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992

Question: Who secured the domestic rights to broadcast games 116 and 38 respectively?
Answer: BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively.

Question: How much was the deal worth?
Answer: The deal was worth £1 billion a year domestically as of 2013–14

Question: How much revenue does the league generate in domestic and international television rights?
Answer: The league generates €2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights

Question: In 2014/15, how much were the teams apportioned in revenues?
Answer: In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of £1.6 billion.

Question: When was the Premier League originally formed?
Answer: 20 February 1992

Question: When was the Football League originally founded?
Answer: 1888

Question: How many games were secured to broadcast by BSkyB?
Answer: 116

Question: How many games were secured to broadcast by BT Group?
Answer: 38

Question: How much income does the Premier League generate per year in worldwide television rights?
Answer: €2.2 billion
Title: Premier_League

The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world, broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people. In the 2014–15 season, the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000, second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga's 43,500. Most stadium occupancies are near capacity. The Premier League rank second in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons.

Question: Is the Premier League the most watched football league in the world?
Answer: The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world,

Question: How many territories is the Premier League broadcast to?
Answer: broadcast in 212 territories

Question: What is the potential television audience of the Premier League?
Answer: a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people

Question: What is the Premier League's UEFA co-efficients of leagues rank?
Answer: The Premier League rank second in the UEFA coefficients of leagues

Question: What is the average game attendance for the league?
Answer: the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000

Question: To how many homes is the Premier League broadcast to?
Answer: 643 million

Question: What average attendance number was exceeded by the Premier League in the 2014-15 season?
Answer: 36,000

Question: Which league has the highest average attendance in professional football?
Answer: Bundesliga

Question: To how many territories is the Premier League broadcast to?
Answer: 212

Question: What is the potential television audience of the Premier League?
Answer: 4.7 billion
Title: Premier_League

Despite significant European success during the 1970s and early 1980s, the late '80s had marked a low point for English football. Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife, and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985. The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888, was well behind leagues such as Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga in attendances and revenues, and several top English players had moved abroad.

Question: When was the low point for English football?
Answer: the late '80s had marked a low point for English football

Question: Why was there a low point for English football?
Answer: Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife

Question: Why were the English clubs banned from European competition in the 1980's?
Answer: English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985.

Question: Had the Football League First Division ever been in the top level?
Answer: The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888

Question: In which year were English football clubs banned from competition in Europe?
Answer: 1985

Question: How long were the clubs banned for?
Answer: five years

Question: What did English players do after the ban?
Answer: moved abroad

Question: When attendance dropped to the Football League First Division, what else decreased?
Answer: revenues
Title: Premier_League

However, by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse; England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals. UEFA, European football's governing body, lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 (resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1991) and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards, which proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster, was published in January of that year.

Question: When did the downward trend of the English Football start to turn around?
Answer: by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse

Question: Was England successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup?
Answer: England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals.

Question: Did the UEFA remove the 5 year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990?
Answer: UEFA, European football's governing body, lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990

Question: What did the removal of the ban result in?
Answer: (resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1991

Question: Did the Taylor Report on stadiums safety standards propose expensive upgrades to stadiums?
Answer: proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster

Question: In which year did English football's downward trend stop thanks to England making it to the FIFA World Cup semi-finals?
Answer: 1990

Question: In which year was the English club ban lifted by UEFA?
Answer: 1990

Question: In which year shortly thereafter did Manchester United win the UEFA Winners' Cup?
Answer: 1991

Question: In which month was the Taylor Report published?
Answer: January

Question: In which year was the Taylor Report published?
Answer: 1990
Title: Premier_League

Television money had also become much more important; the Football League received £6.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986, but when that deal was renewed in 1988, the price rose to £44 million over four years. The 1988 negotiations were the first signs of a breakaway league; ten clubs threatened to leave and form a "super league", but were eventually persuaded to stay. As stadiums improved and match attendance and revenues rose, the country's top teams again considered leaving the Football League in order to capitalise on the growing influx of money being pumped into the sport.

Question: How much money did the Football League receive in revenues from television money for a two year agreement in 1986?
Answer: the Football League received £6.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986

Question: In 1998, the deal was renewed for what amount over four years?
Answer: deal was renewed in 1988, the price rose to £44 million over four years.

Question: In 1988, how many clubs threateded to leave and form another league?
Answer: ten clubs threatened to leave and form a "super league"

Question: Why did some of the top teams consider leaving the Football league?
Answer: to capitalise on the growing influx of money being pumped into the sport.

Question: What did the Football League's television agreement price rise to in 1988?
Answer: £44 million

Question: When was the first year that clubs threatened to leave the Football League?
Answer: 1988

Question: What price was set for Football League television rights in 1986?
Answer: £6.3 million

Question: For how many years was the 1986 television rights contract?
Answer: two

Question: For how many years was the 1988 television rights contract?
Answer: four
Title: Premier_League

At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall. The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991 by the game's top-flight clubs, established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League. The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League, giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements. The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe.

Question: In 1991, was a proposal for a new league postponed?
Answer: At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled

Question: What did this agreement establish?
Answer: established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League.

Question: When was the Founder Members Agreement signed?
Answer: The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991

Question: Would the new top division have commerical independence from the Football Association as well as the Football League?
Answer: The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League

Question: Would the FA Premier League be able to negotiate their broadcasting and sponsorship agreements?
Answer: giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements.

Question: On which day was the Founder Members Agreement signed?
Answer: 17 July 1991

Question: What was the argument made for the splitting off of the FA Premier League which would lead to being able to compete across Europe?
Answer: extra income

Question: In which year was the proposal for a new league tabled?
Answer: 1991