rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Thuringia

Early-years education is quite common in Thuringia. Since the 1950s, nearly all children have been using the service, whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany. Its inventor Friedrich Fröbel lived in Thuringia and founded the world's first Kindergartens there in the 19th century. The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon. At the age of ten, pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the Gymnasium or the Regelschule. The former leads to the Abitur exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education, while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years, comparable to the Hauptschule and Realschule found elsewhere in Germany.

Question: How long is Thuringian primary school?
Answer: four years

Question: For how long have Thuringian children been using the current education system?
Answer: Since the 1950s

Question: When do children graduate from primary school in Thuringia?
Answer: At the age of ten

Question: Who invented the early years education in Thuringia? 
Answer: Friedrich Fröbel

Question: How many years of school do students attend after primary?
Answer: eight years
Title: Thuringia

The German higher education system comprises two forms of academic institutions: universities and polytechnics (Fachhochschule). The University of Jena is the biggest amongst Thuringia's four universities and offers nearly every discipline. It was founded in 1558, and today has 21,000 students. The second-largest is the Technische Universität Ilmenau with 7,000 students, founded in 1894, which offers many technical disciplines such as engineering and mathematics. The University of Erfurt, founded in 1392, has 5,000 students today and an emphasis on humanities and teacher training. The Bauhaus University Weimar with 4,000 students is Thuringia's smallest university, specialising in creative subjects such as architecture and arts. It was founded in 1860 and came to prominence as Germany's leading art school during the inter-war period, the Bauhaus.

Question: What is the biggest school in Thuringia?
Answer: The University of Jena

Question: How many universities are there in Thuringia?
Answer: four

Question: How many students attend The University of Erfurt?
Answer: 5,000

Question: What is Germany's leading art school in Thuringia?
Answer: The Bauhaus University Weimar

Question: When was The Bauhaus University Weimar founded?
Answer: 1860
Title: Thuringia

The polytechnics of Thuringia are based in Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden (3,000 students). In addition, there is a civil service college in Gotha with 500 students, the College of Music "Franz Liszt" in Weimar (800 students) as well as two private colleges, the Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule in Erfurt (500 students) and the SRH College for nursing and allied medical subjects (SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera) in Gera (500 students). Finally, there are colleges for those studying for a technical qualification while working in a related field (Berufsakademie) at Eisenach (600 students) and Gera (700 students).

Question: Where is the civil service college of Thuringia?
Answer: Gotha

Question: How many students attend the college of music in Thuringia?
Answer: 800

Question: How many schools offer polytechnics?
Answer: Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden
Title: Thuringia

Thuringia's leading research centre is Jena, followed by Ilmenau. Both focus on technology, in particular life sciences and optics at Jena and information technology at Ilmenau. Erfurt is a centre of Germany's horticultural research, whereas Weimar and Gotha with their various archives and libraries are centres of historic and cultural research. Most of the research in Thuringia is publicly funded basic research due to the lack of large companies able to invest significant amounts in applied research, with the notable exception of the optics sector at Jena.

Question: What is the focus of Thuringia's research center, Jena?
Answer: life sciences and optics

Question: Which universities are known for their historic and cultural aspects?
Answer: Weimar and Gotha

Question: How is most research in Thuringia funded?
Answer: publicly funded

Question:   What is one company that is able to get investments from large companies?
Answer: the optics sector at Jena.
Title: Thuringia

The first railways in Thuringia had been built in the 1840s and the network of main lines was finished around 1880. By 1920, many branch lines had been built, giving Thuringia one of the densest rail networks in the world before World War II with about 2,500 km of track. Between 1950 and 2000 most of the branch lines were abandoned, reducing Thuringia's network by half compared to 1940. On the other hand, most of the main lines were refurbished after 1990, resulting in improved speed of travel. The most important railway lines at present are the Thuringian Railway, connecting Halle and Leipzig via Weimar, Erfurt, Gotha and Eisenach with Frankfurt and Kassel and the Saal Railway from Halle/Leipzig via Jena and Saalfeld to Nuremberg. The former has an hourly ICE/IC service from Dresden to Frankfurt while the latter is served hourly by ICE trains from Berlin to Munich. In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened, diverting long-distance services from these mid-19th century lines. Both ICE routes will then use the Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway, and the Berlin-Munich route will continue via the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway. Only the segment west of Erfurt of the Frankfurt-Dresden line will continue to be used by ICE trains after 2017, with an increased line speed of 200 km/h (currently 160 km/h). Erfurt's central station, which was completely rebuilt for this purpose in the 2000s (decade), will be the new connection between both ICE lines. The most important regional railway lines in Thuringia are the Neudietendorf–Ritschenhausen railway from Erfurt to Würzburg and Meiningen, the Weimar–Gera railway from Erfurt to Chemnitz, the Sangerhausen–Erfurt railway from Erfurt to Magdeburg, the Gotha–Leinefelde railway from Erfurt to Göttingen, the Halle–Kassel railway from Halle via Nordhausen to Kassel and the Leipzig–Hof railway from Leipzig via Altenburg to Zwickau and Hof. Most regional and local lines have hourly service, but some run only every other hour.

Question: When was Thuringia's first railway built?
Answer: the 1840s

Question: When were most of the branch lines of the railway abandoned? 
Answer: Between 1950 and 2000

Question: When will the new high speed train be open? 
Answer: In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened,
Title: Predation

In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of the prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption. Thus predation is often, though not always, carnivory. Other categories of consumption are herbivory (eating parts of plants), fungivory (eating parts of fungi), and detritivory (the consumption of dead organic material (detritus)). All these consumption categories fall under the rubric of consumer-resource systems. It can often be difficult to separate various types of feeding behaviors. For example, some parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on it while it continues to live in or on its decaying corpse after it has died. The key characteristic of predation however is the predator's direct impact on the prey population. On the other hand, detritivores simply eat dead organic material arising from the decay of dead individuals and have no direct impact on the "donor" organism(s).

Question: What must a species do in order to be classified as a predator?
Answer: direct impact on the prey population

Question: How would you describe a predator that primarily eats plants?
Answer: herbivory

Question: A predator must do what to the prey after it is killed? 
Answer: absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption

Question: A species that uses a host body to survive and reproduce is classified as a what?
Answer: parasitic species

Question: How would you describe a diet of a species that eats primarily dead organic material? 
Answer: detritivory

Question: What does an herbivore eat?
Answer: plants

Question: Do detritivores have a direct impact on "donor" organisms?
Answer: no

Question: What term is given to an organism that is being hunted?
Answer: prey

Question: What term is given to the biological interaction where a predator feeds upon prey?
Answer: predation

Question: What is the key characteristic of predation?
Answer: the predator's direct impact on the prey population

Question: What do detritivores eat?
Answer: dead organic material

Question: What is the key characteristic of predation?
Answer: predator's direct impact on the prey population
Title: Predation

Classification of predators by the extent to which they feed on and interact with their prey is one way ecologists may wish to categorize the different types of predation. Instead of focusing on what they eat, this system classifies predators by the way in which they eat, and the general nature of the interaction between predator and prey species. Two factors are considered here: How close the predator and prey are (in the latter two cases the term prey may be replaced with host) and whether or not the prey are directly murdered by the predator is considered, with true predation and parasitoidism involving certain death.

Question: How many synergetic qualities are there in the predator-prey mechanism? 
Answer: Two factors

Question: Proximity and the ending of life is called? 
Answer: true predation

Question: If the prey is not killed the predator-prey interaction is called? 
Answer: parasitoidism

Question: Instead of what predators eat, how else can they be classified?
Answer: the way in which they eat

Question: Certain death is involved with true predation and what other classification?
Answer: parasitoidism

Question: The study in which ecologists examine the way predators interact with their prey is called what?
Answer: predation
Title: Predation

A true predator can commonly be known as one that kills and eats another living thing. Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them. Predators may hunt actively for prey in pursuit predation, or sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance, as in ambush predators. Some predators kill large prey and dismember or chew it prior to eating it, such as a jaguar or a human; others may eat their (usually much smaller) prey whole, as does a bottlenose dolphin swallowing a fish, or a snake, duck or stork swallowing a frog. Some animals that kill both large and small prey for their size (domestic cats and dogs are prime examples) may do either depending upon the circumstances; either would devour a large insect whole but dismember a rabbit. Some predation entails venom that subdues a prey creature before the predator ingests the prey by killing, which the box jellyfish does, or disabling it, found in the behavior of the cone shell. In some cases, the venom, as in rattlesnakes and some spiders, contributes to the digestion of the prey item even before the predator begins eating. In other cases, the prey organism may die in the mouth or digestive system of the predator. Baleen whales, for example, eat millions of microscopic plankton at once, the prey being broken down well after entering the whale. Seed predation and egg predation are other forms of true predation, as seeds and eggs represent potential organisms. Predators of this classification need not eat prey entirely. For example, some predators cannot digest bones, while others can. Some may eat only part of an organism, as in grazing (see below), but still consistently cause its direct death.

Question: What do household animals prey upon? 
Answer: large and small prey

Question: Name an exemplar of an predator that uses digestion to kill and gain nutrients from it's prey.
Answer: Baleen whales

Question: To be classified as a predator, what action must be performed?
Answer: harm their prey in some way

Question: What requirement must a true predator fulfill?
Answer: kills and eats another living thing

Question: What is different about a true predator?
Answer: Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them

Question: All types of predators do what?
Answer: harm their prey in some way

Question: How do ambush predators hunt?
Answer: sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance

Question: What do box jellyfish use to hunt their pray?
Answer: venom
Title: Predation

Grazing organisms may also kill their prey species, but this is seldom the case. While some herbivores like zooplankton live on unicellular phytoplankton and therefore, by the individualized nature of the organism, kill their prey, many only eat a small part of the plant. Grazing livestock may pull some grass out at the roots, but most is simply grazed upon, allowing the plant to regrow once again. Kelp is frequently grazed in subtidal kelp forests, but regrows at the base of the blade continuously to cope with browsing pressure. Animals may also be 'grazed' upon; female mosquitos land on hosts briefly to gain sufficient proteins for the development of their offspring. Starfish may be grazed on, being capable of regenerating lost arms.

Question: Animals that consume parts of their prey are considered to be
Answer: Grazing organisms

Question: Prey that can regrow leaves or arms have learned to deal with what?
Answer: browsing pressure

Question: Give an example of a predator that specializes in eating autotrophic species
Answer: zooplankton

Question: Give an example of an animal that feeds off of other animals for reproduction? 
Answer: mosquitos

Question: What is an organism that grazes upon other animals?
Answer: female mosquitos

Question: What is an organism that can regrow lost arms?
Answer: Starfish

Question: Do grazing organisms often kill their prey?
Answer: seldom

Question: How do grass and kelp deal with being grazed upon?
Answer: regrows at the base
Title: Predation

Parasites can at times be difficult to distinguish from grazers. Their feeding behavior is similar in many ways, however they are noted for their close association with their host species. While a grazing species such as an elephant may travel many kilometers in a single day, grazing on many plants in the process, parasites form very close associations with their hosts, usually having only one or at most a few in their lifetime. This close living arrangement may be described by the term symbiosis, "living together", but unlike mutualism the association significantly reduces the fitness of the host. Parasitic organisms range from the macroscopic mistletoe, a parasitic plant, to microscopic internal parasites such as cholera. Some species however have more loose associations with their hosts. Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) larvae may feed parasitically on only a single plant, or they may graze on several nearby plants. It is therefore wise to treat this classification system as a continuum rather than four isolated forms.

Question: Species that rely on few or a single prey are called?
Answer: Parasites

Question: Predator and prey relationships that improve fitness for both species are classified as this type of relationship.
Answer: mutualism

Question: Give an example of an animal that will travel several miles in a single day.
Answer: elephant

Question: What plant associated with kissing during the holidays is also parasitic? 
Answer: mistletoe

Question: How are parasites distiguished from grazers?
Answer: close association with their host species

Question: How many hosts do parasites typically have?
Answer: one or at most a few in their lifetime

Question: How should parasite classification be viewed instead of as four isolated forms?
Answer: a continuum

Question: What does the term symbiosis mean?
Answer: living together
Title: Predation

Parasitoids are organisms living in or on their host and feeding directly upon it, eventually leading to its death. They are much like parasites in their close symbiotic relationship with their host or hosts. Like the previous two classifications parasitoid predators do not kill their hosts instantly. However, unlike parasites, they are very similar to true predators in that the fate of their prey is quite inevitably death. A well-known example of a parasitoids are the ichneumon wasps, solitary insects living a free life as an adult, then laying eggs on or in another species such as a caterpillar. Its larva(e) feed on the growing host causing it little harm at first, but soon devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system resulting in prey death. By this stage the young wasp(s) are developed sufficiently to move to the next stage in their life cycle. Though limited mainly to the insect order Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera parasitoids make up as much as 10% of all insect species.

Question: This species relies on other species to provide a reproductive host for their offspring.
Answer: ichneumon wasps

Question: It is believed that parasitoids account for what percentage of the total insect population? 
Answer: 10%

Question: During a parasitoid-host interaction what will happen to the host?
Answer: death

Question: What is the term given to organisms living and feeding on their host?
Answer: Parasitoids

Question: How many organisms in the insect species are Diptera or Cleoptera parasitoids?
Answer: 10%

Question: Which type of wasp is a well-known example of a parasitoid?
Answer: ichneumon

Question: How do the larvae of the parasitoid wasps kill their prey?
Answer: devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system
Title: Predation

Among predators there is a large degree of specialization. Many predators specialize in hunting only one species of prey. Others are more opportunistic and will kill and eat almost anything (examples: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators). The specialists are usually particularly well suited to capturing their preferred prey. The prey in turn, are often equally suited to escape that predator. This is called an evolutionary arms race and tends to keep the populations of both species in equilibrium. Some predators specialize in certain classes of prey, not just single species. Some will switch to other prey (with varying degrees of success) when the preferred target is extremely scarce, and they may also resort to scavenging or a herbivorous diet if possible.[citation needed]

Question: Species that aren't considered specialized are called what? 
Answer: opportunistic

Question: Predator and prey interactions that involve specialization result in a balance called?
Answer: equilibrium

Question: When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets, it's like because it's primary food source is?
Answer: scarce

Question: What do specialized predators and prey rely on to get the upper hand? 
Answer: evolution

Question: What are some predators that will kill and eat nearly anything?
Answer: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators

Question: What term is used for predators and prey being well suited to hunt and evade each other?
Answer: evolutionary arms race

Question: What is the purpose of an evolutionary arms race?
Answer: keep the populations of both species in equilibrium

Question: If scavengers' food becomes scarce, they may turn to what type of diet?
Answer: herbivorous
Title: Predation

Predators are often another organism's prey, and likewise prey are often predators. Though blue jays prey on insects, they may in turn be prey for cats and snakes, and snakes may be the prey of hawks. One way of classifying predators is by trophic level. Organisms that feed on autotrophs, the producers of the trophic pyramid, are known as herbivores or primary consumers; those that feed on heterotrophs such as animals are known as secondary consumers. Secondary consumers are a type of carnivore, but there are also tertiary consumers eating these carnivores, quartary consumers eating them, and so forth. Because only a fraction of energy is passed on to the next level, this hierarchy of predation must end somewhere, and very seldom goes higher than five or six levels, and may go only as high as three trophic levels (for example, a lion that preys upon large herbivores such as wildebeest, which in turn eat grasses). A predator at the top of any food chain (that is, one that is preyed upon by no organism) is called an apex predator; examples include the orca, sperm whale, anaconda, Komodo dragon, tiger, lion, tiger shark, Nile crocodile, and most eagles and owls—and even omnivorous humans and grizzly bears. An apex predator in one environment may not retain this position as a top predator if introduced to another habitat, such as a dog among alligators, a skunk in the presence of the great horned owl immune to skunk spray, or a snapping turtle among jaguars; a predatory species introduced into an area where it faces no predators, such as a domestic cat or a dog in some insular environments, can become an apex predator by default.

Question: What is the the strata of predator prey interaction called?
Answer: trophic level

Question: What is the top predator in an environment called? 
Answer: apex predator

Question: When a new apex predator moves into an area this changes. 
Answer: trophic pyramid

Question: What limits the size of a trophic pyramid? 
Answer: energy

Question: Which organisms are known as primary consumers?
Answer: Organisms that feed on autotrophs

Question: What makes an organism a secondary consumer?
Answer: feed on heterotrophs

Question: What is an organism at the top of the food chain called?
Answer: apex predator

Question: How many levels does a predatory pyramid or heirarchy typically climb?
Answer: five or six levels

Question: In what pyramid position is an organism not preyed upon by any other predators?
Answer: the top
Title: Predation

Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain and, thus, make this classification problematic. A carnivore may eat both secondary and tertiary consumers, and its prey may itself be difficult to classify for similar reasons. Organisms showing both carnivory and herbivory are known as omnivores. Even herbivores such as the giant panda may supplement their diet with meat. Scavenging of carrion provides a significant part of the diet of some of the most fearsome predators. Carnivorous plants would be very difficult to fit into this classification, producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap. Organisms that eat detritivores or parasites would also be difficult to classify by such a scheme.

Question: Dead animals that died as a result of natural causes or non-fatal injuries are called?
Answer: carrion

Question: Why are species can be difficult to classify because they?
Answer: eat from multiple levels of the food chain

Question: What are plants that eat both living species and consume sunlight for energy called? 
Answer: Carnivorous plants

Question: What are organisms called that show carnivory and herbivory?
Answer: omnivores

Question: What can make classification of predators problematic when using a food pyramid?
Answer: Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain

Question: Why would carnivourous plants be difficult to classify into a food pyramid?
Answer: producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap

Question: Would it be easy or difficult to classify organims that eat parasites in a food pyramid?
Answer: difficult