rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Pope_Paul_VI

Unlike his predecessors and successors, Paul VI refused to excommunicate the opponents. He admonished but did not punish those with other views. The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful. New demands were voiced, which were taboo at the Council, the reintegration of divorced Catholics, the sacramental character of the confession, and the role of women in the Church and its ministries. Conservatives complained, that "women wanted to be priests, priests wanted to get married, bishops became regional popes and theologians claimed absolute teaching authority. Protestants claimed equality, homosexuals and divorced called for full acceptance." Changes such as the reorientation of the liturgy, alterations to the ordinary of the Mass, alterations to the liturgical calendar in the motu proprio Mysterii Paschalis, and the relocation of the tabernacle were controversial among some Catholics.

Question: Who did Paul VI refuse to excommunicate?
Answer: opponents

Question: What did many other Catholics and Christians consider Paul VI reforms to be?
Answer: controversial

Question: To what can the dissent among Catholics be attributed to during Paul VI's papacy?
Answer: theological freedoms

Question: What was the reintroduction of divorced Catholics into the church considered to be by the Council?
Answer: taboo
Title: Pope_Paul_VI

Some critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that. During the pontificate of Paul VI, five such synods took place, and he is on record of implementing all their decisions. Related questions were raised about the new National Bishop Conferences, which became mandatory after Vatican II. Others questioned his Ostpolitik and contacts with Communism and the deals he engaged in for the faithful.

Question: How many Synod of Bishops took place during Paul VI's papacy?
Answer: five

Question: What conferences became a requirement after Vatican II?
Answer: National Bishop Conferences

Question: What political movement was Paul VI criticized for having a relationship with?
Answer: Communism

Question: The Council, under Paul VI, decided whom could make decisions independently of Rome?
Answer: Bishops

Question: How many of his bishop's decisions did Paul VI end up enacting?
Answer: all
Title: Pope_Paul_VI

From his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After communion, the pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he continued to live for three hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo. According to his will, he was buried in the grottos of the Vatican not in an ornate tomb, but in a grave in the ground. He is buried beneath the floor of Saint Peter's Basilica with other popes. In his will, he requested to be buried in the "true earth" and therefore, he does not have an ornate sarcophagus but an in-ground grave.

Question: How long did Paul VI live for after experiencing a massive heart attack in 1978?
Answer: three hours

Question: At what time did Paul VI die?
Answer: 21:41

Question: On what day did Paul VI die?
Answer: 6 August

Question: From where did Paul VI conduct mass on the day of his death?
Answer: bed

Question: What residence was the Paul VI staying in on the day of his death?
Answer: Castel Gandolfo
Title: Pope_Paul_VI

With the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalization policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives. Several prominent Latin Americans like Eduardo Francisco Pironio of Argentina; Luis Aponte Martinez of Puerto Rico and Eugênio de Araújo Sales and Aloisio Lorscheider from Brazil were also elevated by him. There were voices within the Church at the time saying that the European period of the Church was coming to a close, a view shared by Britain's Cardinal Basil Hume. At the same time, the members of the College of Cardinals lost some of their previous influences, after Paul VI decreed, that not only cardinals but also bishops too may participate in committees of the Roman Curia. The age limit of eighty years imposed by the Pope, a numerical increase of Cardinals by almost 100%, and a reform of the regal vestments of the "Princes of the Church" further contributed to a service-oriented perception of Cardinals under his pontificate. The increased number of Cardinals from the Third World and the papal emphasis on related issues was nevertheless welcomed by many in Western Europe.

Question: How many cardinals were from Africa in 1976?
Answer: five

Question: What country did Cardinal Eduardo Francisco Pironi represent?
Answer: Argentina

Question: What country did Cardinal Araujo Sales represent?
Answer: Brazil

Question: What group's committees did Paul VI declare both bishops and cardinals could participate in?
Answer: Roman Curia

Question: What type of clothing did Paul VI enact reform on?
Answer: regal vestments
Title: Pope_Paul_VI

Paul VI did renounce many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries, he got rid of them. He became the first pope to visit five continents. Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors, to turn the Euro-centric Church into a Church of the world, by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened. His 6 August 1967 motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane opened the Roman Curia to the bishops of the world. Until then, only Cardinals could be leading members of the Curia.

Question: What type of theatrical uniforms did Paul VI eradicate from the Vatican?
Answer: army

Question: Who was the first pope to visit five continents?
Answer: Paul VI

Question: Where did Paul Vi turn the focus of the church toward during his papacy?
Answer: world

Question: What group of clergy did Paul VI include in Vatican decision making that had previously been denied influence in this realm?
Answer: bishops

Question: What papal statement under Paul VI opened the Vatican doors to global influences?
Answer: motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane
Title: George_VI

During George's reign the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated. The parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the country's constitution on the day of his accession. From 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth, except Ireland, was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively. Though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained as king of both countries, but the title Emperor of India was abandoned in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year. George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by health problems in the later years of his reign. His elder daughter, Elizabeth, succeeded him.

Question: For which country did George VI stop using the title Emperor but continue to use the title of King?
Answer: India

Question: In what month and year did George VI discontinue using the title Emperor of India?
Answer: June 1948

Question: In 1949 what country solely proclaimed independence from the Commonwealth?
Answer: Ireland

Question: What Child of George VI ascended the throne?
Answer: Elizabeth

Question: What was the name used after the dissolution of the British Empire?
Answer: Commonwealth of Nations

Question: What year was Britain and allies victorious in the war?
Answer: 1945

Question: When did India and Pakistan gain independence?
Answer: 1947

Question: What title did George have in India prior to 1948?
Answer: Emperor of India

Question: What did Ireland declare itself in 1950?
Answer: republic
Title: George_VI

His birthday (14 December 1895) was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Prince Albert, the Prince Consort. Uncertain of how the Prince Consort's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been "rather distressed". Two days later, he wrote again: "I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her". Queen Victoria was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: "I am all impatience to see the new one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good". Consequently, he was baptised "Albert Frederick Arthur George" at St. Mary Magdalene's Church near Sandringham three months later.[a] As a great-grandson of Queen Victoria, he was known formally as His Highness Prince Albert of York from birth. Within the family, he was known informally as "Bertie". His maternal grandmother, the Duchess of Teck, did not like the first name the baby had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name "may supplant the less favoured one".

Question: What month and day was the death of Prince Albert?
Answer: 14 December

Question: Who was Prince Albert's great grandmother?
Answer: Queen Victoria

Question: What was Prince Albert's nickname?
Answer: Bertie

Question: In which church was Prince Albert baptized?
Answer: St. Mary Magdalene's Church
Title: George_VI

Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada. He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913, and spent three months in the Mediterranean. His fellow officers gave him the nickname "Mr. Johnson". One year after his commission, he began service in the First World War. He was mentioned in despatches for his action as a turret officer aboard Collingwood in the Battle of Jutland (31 May – 1 June 1916), an indecisive engagement with the German navy that was the largest naval action of the war. He did not see further combat, largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer, for which he had an operation in November 1917.

Question: Which ship did Alber train on in 1913?
Answer: HMS Cumberland

Question: How many months did Albert spend in the Mediterranean in 1913?
Answer: three months

Question: Which war did Albert serve in?
Answer: First World War

Question: Who gave Albert the nickname of "Mr Johnson"?
Answer: fellow officers

Question: What was the cause of Albert's ill health in 1917?
Answer: duodenal ulcer
Title: George_VI

In February 1918, he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell. With the establishment of the Royal Air Force two months later and the transfer of Cranwell from Navy to Air Force control, he transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force. He was appointed Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918, before reporting to the RAF's Cadet School at St Leonards-on-Sea where he completed a fortnight's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing. He was the first member of the royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot. During the closing weeks of the war, he served on the staff of the RAF's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy, France. Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918, he remained on the Continent for two months as a staff officer with the Royal Air Force until posted back to Britain. He accompanied the Belgian monarch King Albert on his triumphal reentry into Brussels on 22 November. Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and gained a promotion to squadron leader on the following day.

Question: What position was Albert appointed at Cranwell?
Answer: Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service

Question: Which number squadron was Albert appointed commanding officer in 1918?
Answer: 4

Question: What year did Albert become a RAF pilot?
Answer: 1919

Question: Who was the king of Belgium  in 1918?
Answer: King Albert
Title: George_VI

In October 1919, Albert went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, economics and civics for a year. On 4 June 1920, he was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney. He began to take on more royal duties. He represented his father, and toured coal mines, factories, and railyards. Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the "Industrial Prince". His stammer, and his embarrassment over it, together with his tendency to shyness, caused him to appear much less impressive than his older brother, Edward. However, he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis. He played at Wimbledon in the Men's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926, losing in the first round. He developed an interest in working conditions, and was President of the Industrial Welfare Society. His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds.

Question: What did Albert study in Trinity College?
Answer: history, economics and civics

Question: What was Albert's nickname as he toured coal mines, factories, and railyards?
Answer: Industrial Prince

Question: Who is Albert's older brother?
Answer: Edward

Question: Which sport was Albert proficient at?
Answer: tennis

Question: Which society was Albert the president of?
Answer: Industrial Welfare Society
Title: George_VI

In a time when royals were expected to marry fellow royals, it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife. An infatuation with the already-married Australian socialite Sheila, Lady Loughborough, came to an end in April 1920 when the King, with the promise of the dukedom of York, persuaded Albert to stop seeing her. That year, he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne. He became determined to marry her. She rejected his proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family. In the words of Lady Elizabeth's mother, Albert would be "made or marred" by his choice of wife. After a protracted courtship, Elizabeth agreed to marry him.

Question: Who was Albert infatuated with?
Answer: Sheila, Lady Loughborough

Question: Who was the youngest daughter of Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne?
Answer: Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon

Question: How many times did Elizabeth reject Albert's proposal?
Answer: twice

Question: Who were royals usually expected to marry?
Answer: fellow royals
Title: George_VI

Because of his stammer, Albert dreaded public speaking. After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners, he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian-born speech therapist. The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises, and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently. Subsequently, he was able to speak with less hesitation. With his delivery improved, the Duke opened the new Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, during a tour of the empire in 1927. His journey by sea to Australia, New Zealand and Fiji took him via Jamaica, where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man, which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races.

Question: Why did Albert fear speaking in public?
Answer: his stammer

Question: Who helped Albert improve in public speaking?
Answer: Lionel Logue

Question: What did Albert play partnered with a black man?
Answer: doubles tennis

Question: What did the Duke open in Australia in 1927? 
Answer: Parliament House
Title: George_VI

The Duke and Duchess of York had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret. The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly. They were a close and loving family. One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister, R. B. Bennett, considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931—a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J. H. Thomas.

Question: What was Elizabeth's nickname?
Answer: Lilibet

Question: Who were the Duke and Duchess of York's children?
Answer: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret

Question: What was the name of Duke of York's London residence?
Answer: 145 Piccadilly

Question: Who advised against the Duke becoming the Governor General of Canada? 
Answer: J. H. Thomas

Question: What position did J. H. Thomas hold?
Answer: Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs
Title: George_VI

As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne. Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward VIII abdicated in order to marry his mistress, Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second. Edward had been advised by British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands. Edward chose abdication in preference to abandoning his marriage plans. Thus Albert became king, a position he was reluctant to accept. The day before the abdication, he went to London to see his mother, Queen Mary. He wrote in his diary, "When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child."

Question: Why was Albert the heir presumptive to the throne?
Answer: Edward was unmarried and had no children

Question: What was wrong with Edward marrying Wallis Simpson?
Answer: divorced woman with two living ex-husbands

Question: What did Edward do to marry Wallis Simpson?
Answer: abdication

Question: Who is Edward's mother?
Answer: Queen Mary

Question: How did Edward react when he became heir to the throne?
Answer: broke down and sobbed like a child
Title: George_VI

On the day of the abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution. The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties. The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth.

Question: What is the Oireachtas?
Answer: the parliament of the Irish Free State

Question: What did the Oireachtas remove from the Irish constitution?
Answer: all direct mention of the monarch

Question: Which act gave the monarch limited authority in Ireland?
Answer: External Relations Act

Question: What day did the Oireachtas pass an act that started to establish Ireland as a republic?
Answer: day of the abdication
Title: George_VI

Albert assumed the regnal name "George VI" to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy. The beginning of George VI's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother, whose titles, style and position were uncertain. He had been introduced as "His Royal Highness Prince Edward" for the abdication broadcast, but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles, including "Royal Highness". In settling the issue, George's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title and style "His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor", but the Letters Patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles. George VI was also forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House, as these were private properties and did not pass to George VI automatically. Three days after his accession, on his 41st birthday, he invested his wife, the new queen consort, with the Order of the Garter.

Question: What regnal name did Albert adopt?
Answer: George VI

Question: What title did Albert give Edward?
Answer: His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor

Question: What did Albert bestow onto his wife on his 41st birthday?
Answer: the Order of the Garter

Question: Which two residences did Albert buy from Edward?
Answer: Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House
Title: George_VI

George VI's coronation took place on 12 May 1937, the date previously intended for Edward's coronation. In a break with tradition, Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son. There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI, as had occurred for his father, as the cost would have been a burden to the government of India. Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal couple would have received likely to be muted at best, and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War. Two overseas tours were undertaken, to France and to North America, both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war.

Question: What day did George VI become coronated?
Answer: 12 May 1937

Question: Who attended the coronation that was a break from tradition?
Answer: Queen Mary

Question: How many overseas tours happened after the coronation to France and North America?
Answer: Two

Question: In which city are Durbars usually held?
Answer: Delhi
Title: George_VI

The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI. The King was constitutionally bound to support Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler. However, when the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them. This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional, as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family. While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe the King's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as "the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century".

Question: Which prime minister was the King constitutionally bound to support?
Answer: Neville Chamberlain

Question: Which agreement was signed in 1938?
Answer: Munich Agreement

Question: The balcony in which palace is famous for being where the royal family makes appearances?
Answer: Buckingham Palace

Question: Which historian commented that the king's act in associating with Chamberlain as unconstitutional?
Answer: John Grigg