rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: History_of_India

Akbar's son, Jahangir more or less followed father's policy. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji. Historian Sir. J.N. Sarkar wrote, "All seemed to have been gained by Aurangzeb now, but in reality all was lost." The same was echoed by Vincent Smith: "The Deccan proved to be the graveyard not only of Aurangzeb's body but also of his empire".

Question: By what date did the Mughal dynasty rule most of India?
Answer: 1600

Question: What famous monument did Shah Jahan build at Agra?
Answer: Taj Mahal

Question: What reached it height during the reign of Shah Jehan?
Answer: Mughal architecture

Question: What actions caused the decline of the Mughal Empire?
Answer: Maratha military resurgence

Question: During whose reign did the Mughal Empire reach its greatest expanse?
Answer: Aurangzeb
Title: History_of_India

The empire went into decline thereafter. The Mughals suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas and Afghans. During the decline of the Mughal Empire, several smaller states rose to fill the power vacuum and themselves were contributing factors to the decline. In 1737, the Maratha general Bajirao of the Maratha Empire invaded and plundered Delhi. Under the general Amir Khan Umrao Al Udat, the Mughal Emperor sent 8,000 troops to drive away the 5,000 Maratha cavalry soldiers. Baji Rao, however, easily routed the novice Mughal general and the rest of the imperial Mughal army fled. In 1737, in the final defeat of Mughal Empire, the commander-in-chief of the Mughal Army, Nizam-ul-mulk, was routed at Bhopal by the Maratha army. This essentially brought an end to the Mughal Empire. In 1739, Nader Shah, emperor of Iran, defeated the Mughal army at the Battle of Karnal. After this victory, Nader captured and sacked Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne. The Mughal dynasty was reduced to puppet rulers by 1757. The remnants of the Mughal dynasty were finally defeated during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also called the 1857 War of Independence, and the remains of the empire were formally taken over by the British while the Government of India Act 1858 let the British Crown assume direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj.

Question: What groups invaded and damaged the Mughals?
Answer: Marathas and Afghans

Question: Who attacked and plundered Delhi in 1737?
Answer: Maratha general Bajirao

Question: Who was the final Commander-in-chief of the Mughal army?
Answer: Nizam-ul-mulk

Question: What was the site of the final battle for the Mughals?
Answer: Bhopal

Question: What was the Indian Rebellion of 1857 also called?
Answer: 1857 War of Independence
Title: History_of_India

The Mughals were perhaps the richest single dynasty to have ever existed. During the Mughal era, the dominant political forces consisted of the Mughal Empire and its tributaries and, later on, the rising successor states – including the Maratha Empire – which fought an increasingly weak Mughal dynasty. The Mughals, while often employing brutal tactics to subjugate their empire, had a policy of integration with Indian culture, which is what made them successful where the short-lived Sultanates of Delhi had failed. This period marked vast social change in the subcontinent as the Hindu majority were ruled over by the Mughal emperors, most of whom showed religious tolerance, liberally patronising Hindu culture. The famous emperor Akbar, who was the grandson of Babar, tried to establish a good relationship with the Hindus. However, later emperors such as Aurangazeb tried to establish complete Muslim dominance, and as a result several historical temples were destroyed during this period and taxes imposed on non-Muslims. Akbar declared "Amari" or non-killing of animals in the holy days of Jainism. He rolled back the jizya tax for non-Muslims. The Mughal emperors married local royalty, allied themselves with local maharajas, and attempted to fuse their Turko-Persian culture with ancient Indian styles, creating a unique Indo-Saracenic architecture. It was the erosion of this tradition coupled with increased brutality and centralization that played a large part in the dynasty's downfall after Aurangzeb, who unlike previous emperors, imposed relatively non-pluralistic policies on the general population, which often inflamed the majority Hindu population.

Question: What was the richest of all the dynasties?
Answer: The Mughals

Question: What policy made the Mughals a successful dynasty? 
Answer: integration with Indian culture

Question: Which Mughal ruler tried to form a good relationship with non-Muslims?
Answer: emperor Akbar

Question: Which Mughal ruler tried to establish complete dominance over the Hindu populace?
Answer: Aurangazeb

Question: With what styles did Mughal Rulers merge their Tuko-Persian culture?
Answer: ancient Indian
Title: History_of_India

The post-Mughal era was dominated by the rise of the Maratha suzerainty as other small regional states (mostly late Mughal tributary states) emerged, and also by the increasing activities of European powers. There is no doubt that the single most important power to emerge in the long twilight of the Mughal dynasty was the Maratha confederacy. The Maratha kingdom was founded and consolidated by Chatrapati Shivaji, a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhonsle clan who was determined to establish Hindavi Swarajya. Sir J.N. Sarkar described Shivaji as "the last great constructive genius and nation builder that the Hindu race has produced". However, the credit for making the Marathas formidable power nationally goes to Peshwa Bajirao I. Historian K.K. Datta wrote about Bajirao I:

Question: The rise of what dynasty followed the era of the Mughals?
Answer: Maratha suzerainty

Question: What founding was of importance in the  decline of the Mughals?
Answer: Maratha confederacy

Question: Who consolidated the Maratha kingdom?
Answer: Chatrapati Shivaji

Question: What did J.N. Sarkar say of Shivaji's nation building?
Answer: great constructive genius

Question: Who made the Marathas a strong power?
Answer: Peshwa Bajirao I
Title: History_of_India

By the early 18th century, the Maratha Kingdom had transformed itself into the Maratha Empire under the rule of the Peshwas (prime ministers). In 1737, the Marathas defeated a Mughal army in their capital, Delhi itself in Battle of Delhi (1737). The Marathas continued their military campaigns against Mughals, Nizam, Nawab of Bengal and Durrani Empire to further extend their boundaries. Gordon explained how the Maratha systematically took control over new regions. They would start with annual raids, followed by collecting ransom from villages and towns while the declining Mughal Empire retained nominal control and finally taking over the region. He explained it with the example of Malwa region. Marathas built an efficient system of public administration known for its attention to detail. It succeeded in raising revenue in districts that recovered from years of raids, up to levels previously enjoyed by the Mughals. For example, the cornerstone of the Maratha rule in Malwa rested on the 60 or so local tax collectors who advanced the Maratha ruler Peshwa a portion of their district revenues at interest. By 1760, the domain of the Marathas stretched across practically the entire subcontinent. The north-western expansion of the Marathas was stopped after the Third Battle of Panipat (1761). However, the Maratha authority in the north was re-established within a decade under Peshwa Madhavrao I. The defeat of Marathas by British in third Anglo-Maratha Wars brought end to the empire by 1820. The last peshwa, Baji Rao II, was defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. With the defeat of the Marathas, no native power represented any significant threat for the British afterwards.

Question: By when had the Maratha kingdom become an empire?
Answer: early 18th century

Question: Who ruled the Maratha Empire?
Answer: Peshwas

Question: What were Peshwas?
Answer: prime ministers

Question: By what year had the Maratha Empire covered most of the subcontinent?
Answer: 1760

Question: In the end, what empire defeated the Maratha Empire?
Answer: British
Title: History_of_India

The Punjabi kingdom, ruled by members of the Sikh religion, was a political entity that governed the region of modern-day Punjab. The empire, based around the Punjab region, existed from 1799 to 1849. It was forged, on the foundations of the Khalsa, under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) from an array of autonomous Punjabi Misls. He consolidated many parts of northern India into a kingdom. He primarily used his highly disciplined Sikh army that he trained and equipped to be the equal of a European force. Ranjit Singh proved himself to be a master strategist and selected well qualified generals for his army. In stages, he added the central Punjab, the provinces of Multan and Kashmir, the Peshawar Valley, and the Derajat to his kingdom. This came in the face of the powerful British East India Company. At its peak, in the 19th century, the empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south, running along Sutlej river to Himachal in the east. This was among the last areas of the subcontinent to be conquered by the British. The first Anglo-Sikh war and second Anglo-Sikh war marked the downfall of the Sikh Empire.

Question: Followers what religion were the rulers of the Punjabi Kingdom?
Answer: Sikh religion

Question: What was the time span of the Punjabi Kingdom?
Answer: 1799 to 1849

Question: Who was the leader of the Punjabis? 
Answer: Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Question: On what was the disciplined force Singh relied? 
Answer: Sikh army

Question: Who finally was able to conquer the Sikh Empire?
Answer: British
Title: History_of_India

There were several other kingdoms which ruled over parts of India in the later medieval period prior to the British occupation. However, most of them were bound to pay regular tribute to the Marathas. The rule of Wodeyar dynasty which established the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India in around 1400 CE by was interrupted by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan in the later half of the 18th century. Under their rule, Mysore fought a series of wars sometimes against the combined forces of the British and Marathas, but mostly against the British, with Mysore receiving some aid or promise of aid from the French.

Question: To what Kingdom did many small kingdoms pay tribute?
Answer: Marathas

Question: What kingdom was founded in Mysore in 1400 CE?
Answer: Wodeyar

Question: What groups was Mysore fighting in the later half of the 18th century?
Answer: British and Marathas

Question: What country promised aid to Mysore to fight the British?
Answer: the French

Question: Who took over rule of Mysore in the 18th century?
Answer: Hyder Ali
Title: History_of_India

The next to arrive were the Dutch, with their main base in Ceylon. The British—who set up a trading post in the west coast port of Surat in 1619—and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British islanders, with the exception of the French outposts of Pondichéry and Chandernagore, the Dutch port of Travancore, and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu.[citation needed]

Question: In what country was the trading base for the Dutch?
Answer: Ceylon

Question: Where did the British initially establish a trading base?
Answer: port of Surat

Question: What was the third European country to establish trading with India?
Answer: French

Question: What actions by the Indian kingdoms gave the European traders the opportunity to acquire lands and influence?
Answer: internal conflicts

Question: To whom did the foreigners lose most of their acquired lands?
Answer: British
Title: History_of_India

The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah, the de facto ruler of the Bengal province, opposed British attempts to use these permits. This led to the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757, in which the Bengal Army of the East India Company, led by Robert Clive, defeated the French-supported Nawab's forces. This was the first real political foothold with territorial implications that the British acquired in India. Clive was appointed by the company as its first 'Governor of Bengal' in 1757. This was combined with British victories over the French at Madras, Wandiwash and Pondichéry that, along with wider British successes during the Seven Years' War, reduced French influence in India. The British East India Company extended its control over the whole of Bengal. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company acquired the rights of administration in Bengal from de jure Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II; this marked the beginning of its formal rule, which within the next century engulfed most of India. The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal-like structure in Bengal, often with zamindars set in place.

Question: What ruler opposed the British use of permits and ended up at war?
Answer: Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah

Question: What British company was heavily involved in the defeat of the Nawab's forces?
Answer: East India Company

Question: Who did the East India Company appoint as Governor of Bengal?
Answer: Robert Clive

Question: What type of land taxation system did the East India Company instigate in Bengal?
Answer: feudal

Question: How did the East India Company handle trade in Bengal?
Answer: monopolized
Title: History_of_India

As a result of the three Carnatic Wars, the British East India Company gained exclusive control over the entire Carnatic region of India. The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras; the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766–1799) and later the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772–1818) led to control of the vast regions of India. Ahom Kingdom of North-east India first fell to Burmese invasion and then to British after Treaty of Yandabo in 1826. Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir were annexed after the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849; however, Kashmir was immediately sold under the Treaty of Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu and thereby became a princely state. The border dispute between Nepal and British India, which sharpened after 1801, had caused the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16 and brought the defeated Gurkhas under British influence. In 1854, Berar was annexed, and the state of Oudh was added two years later.

Question: What whole region did the East India company get control over after the Carnatic Wars?
Answer: Carnatic

Question: During what time were the Anglo-Mysore Wars?
Answer: 1766–1799

Question: When were the Anglo-Maratha Wars fought?
Answer: 1772–1818

Question: To what dynasty was Kashmir sold in 1849?
Answer: Dogra Dynasty of Jammu

Question: After the sale of Kashmir, what did the area become?
Answer: princely state
Title: History_of_India

The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a large-scale rebellion by soldiers employed by the British East India in northern and central India against the Company's rule. The rebels were disorganized, had differing goals, and were poorly equipped, led, and trained, and had no outside support or funding. They were brutally suppressed and the British government took control of the Company and eliminated many of the grievances that caused it. The government also was determined to keep full control so that no rebellion of such size would ever happen again.

Question: What did the soldiers rebel against in the Indian Rebellion of 1857?
Answer: Company's rule

Question: What happened to the rebels of the Rebellion?
Answer: brutally suppressed

Question: What force took control of the company and the situation?
Answer: British government

Question: What did the British government intend to keep in regards to India?
Answer: full control

Question: What did the British government remove that had caused the Rebellion?
Answer: grievances
Title: History_of_India

In the aftermath, all power was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown, which began to administer most of India as a number of provinces. The Crown controlled the Company's lands directly and had considerable indirect influence over the rest of India, which consisted of the Princely states ruled by local royal families. There were officially 565 princely states in 1947, but only 21 had actual state governments, and only three were large (Mysore, Hyderabad and Kashmir). They were absorbed into the independent nation in 1947–48.

Question: To what entity was all the power of the East India Company transferred?
Answer: British Crown

Question: How did Britain govern the vast area of India?
Answer: provinces

Question: Over what did Britain have direct control?
Answer: Company's lands

Question: What kind of influence did the British Crown have over the rest of India that was not under Company rule?
Answer: indirect influence

Question: How many princely states were there in India in 1947?
Answer: 565
Title: History_of_India

After 1857, the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system, legal procedures, and statutes. The Indian Penal Code came into being. In education, Thomas Babington Macaulay had made schooling a priority for the Raj in his famous minute of February 1835 and succeeded in implementing the use of English as the medium of instruction. By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated. The Indian economy grew at about 1% per year from 1880 to 1920, and the population also grew at 1%. However, from 1910s Indian private industry began to grow significantly. India built a modern railway system in the late 19th century which was the fourth largest in the world. The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure, including canals and irrigation systems in addition to railways, telegraphy, roads and ports. However, historians have been bitterly divided on issues of economic history, with the Nationalist school arguing that India was poorer at the end of British rule than at the beginning and that impoverishment occurred because of the British.

Question: What did the Colonial government expand by legal means?
Answer: infrastructure

Question: What new law was created?
Answer: Indian Penal Code

Question: Who insisted that schooling be a priority in India?
Answer: Thomas Babington Macaulay

Question: When did India build the forth largest rail system in the world?
Answer: late 19th century

Question: In what feature of management did the British invest heavily?
Answer: infrastructure
Title: History_of_India

In 1905, Lord Curzon split the large province of Bengal into a largely Hindu western half and "Eastern Bengal and Assam", a largely Muslim eastern half. The British goal was said to be for efficient administration but the people of Bengal were outraged at the apparent "divide and rule" strategy. It also marked the beginning of the organized anti-colonial movement. When the Liberal party in Britain came to power in 1906, he was removed. Bengal was reunified in 1911. The new Viceroy Gilbert Minto and the new Secretary of State for India John Morley consulted with Congress leaders on political reforms. The Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 provided for Indian membership of the provincial executive councils as well as the Viceroy's executive council. The Imperial Legislative Council was enlarged from 25 to 60 members and separate communal representation for Muslims was established in a dramatic step towards representative and responsible government. Several socio-religious organizations came into being at that time. Muslims set up the All India Muslim League in 1906. It was not a mass party but was designed to protect the interests of the aristocratic Muslims. It was internally divided by conflicting loyalties to Islam, the British, and India, and by distrust of Hindus. The Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) sought to represent Hindu interests though the later always claimed it to be a "cultural" organization. Sikhs founded the Shiromani Akali Dal in 1920. However, the largest and oldest political party Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, is perceived to have attempted to keep a distance from the socio-religious movements and identity politics.

Question: What administer divided the province of Bengal in half?
Answer: Lord Curzon

Question: What was the majority of the population of the western half of Bengal?
Answer: Hindu

Question: What was the religion of the western half of Bengal?
Answer: Muslim

Question: What movement did the division of Bengal start?
Answer: anti-colonial

Question: What was the biggest and oldest political party in India?
Answer: Indian National Congress
Title: History_of_India

The Bengali Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Bengal region of India during the period of British rule dominated by English educated Bengali Hindus. The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), although many stalwarts thereafter continued to embody particular aspects of the unique intellectual and creative output of the region. Nineteenth century Bengal was a unique blend of religious and social reformers, scholars, literary giants, journalists, patriotic orators, and scientists, all merging to form the image of a renaissance, and marked the transition from the 'medieval' to the 'modern'.

Question: What was the social reform movement centered in Bengal in the 19th to early 20th century?
Answer: Bengali Renaissance

Question: What group lead the Bengali Renaissance?
Answer: English educated Bengali Hindus

Question: With whom did the Renaissance movement begin?
Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Question: With whom was it said the the movement ended?
Answer: Rabindranath Tagore

Question: From what did the Renaissance Movement mark the change?
Answer: medieval' to the 'modern
Title: History_of_India

During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century, although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the challenge and influence of alien colonialism. This movement questioned existing orthodoxies, particularly with respect to women, marriage, the dowry system, the caste system, and religion. One of the earliest social movements that emerged during this time was the Young Bengal movement, which espoused rationalism and atheism as the common denominators of civil conduct among upper caste educated Hindus. It played an important role in reawakening Indian minds and intellect across the sub-continent.

Question: What did the Bengali Renaissance resemble?
Answer: Renaissance in Europe

Question: What did the Movement question?
Answer: existing orthodoxies

Question: What early social movement occurred during this time of awakening?
Answer: Young Bengal

Question: What factors did the Young Bengal movement  say were needed for civil conduct?
Answer: rationalism and atheism

Question: What did the movements in Bengal serve to awaken in Indians?
Answer: minds and intellect