rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

After the war, Nasser returned to his role as an instructor at the Royal Military Academy. He sent emissaries to forge an alliance with the Muslim Brotherhood in October 1948, but soon concluded that the religious agenda of the Brotherhood was not compatible with his nationalism. From then on, Nasser prevented the Brotherhood's influence over his cadres' activities without severing ties with the organization. Nasser was sent as a member of the Egyptian delegation to Rhodes in February 1949 to negotiate a formal armistice with Israel, and reportedly considered the terms to be humiliating, particularly because the Israelis were able to easily occupy the Eilat region while negotiating with the Arabs in March.

Question: What did Nasser do after the war ended?
Answer: instructor at the Royal Military Academy

Question: What group did Nasser try to allign himself with?
Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: What was the reason Nasser rejected the Muslim Brotherhood?
Answer: religious agenda

Question: How did Nasser view the terms of the armisitce with Israel?
Answer: humiliating

Question: What region did the Israelis occupy during the talks?
Answer: Eilat
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser's return to Egypt coincided with Husni al-Za'im's Syrian coup d'état. Its success and evident popular support among the Syrian people encouraged Nasser's revolutionary pursuits. Soon after his return, he was summoned and interrogated by Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel Hadi regarding suspicions that he was forming a secret group of dissenting officers. According to secondhand reports, Nasser convincingly denied the allegations. Abdel Hadi was also hesitant to take drastic measures against the army, especially in front of its chief of staff, who was present during the interrogation, and subsequently released Nasser. The interrogation pushed Nasser to speed up his group's activities.

Question: What people had a coup around the time Nasser returned to Egypt?
Answer: Syrian

Question: Who questioned Nasser?
Answer: Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel

Question: What was Nasser's reaction to the questions he was asked?
Answer: convincingly denied the allegations

Question: What did the interrogation provoke Nasser to do?
Answer: speed up his group's activities
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In the 1950 parliamentary elections, the Wafd Party of el-Nahhas gained a victory—mostly due to the absence of the Muslim Brotherhood, which boycotted the elections—and was perceived as a threat by the Free Officers as the Wafd had campaigned on demands similar to their own. Accusations of corruption against Wafd politicians began to surface, however, breeding an atmosphere of rumor and suspicion that consequently brought the Free Officers to the forefront of Egyptian politics. By then, the organization had expanded to around ninety members; according to Khaled Mohieddin, "nobody knew all of them and where they belonged in the hierarchy except Nasser". Nasser felt that the Free Officers were not ready to move against the government and, for nearly two years, he did little beyond officer recruitment and underground news bulletins.

Question: What group boycotted the 1950 elections?
Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: What party advanced in the 1950 elections?
Answer: Wafd

Question: What were Wafd members accused of?
Answer: corruption

Question: What group became prominent in Egyptian politics?
Answer: Free Officers

Question: How long did Nasser swell the ranks of his Free Officers?
Answer: nearly two years
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 11 October 1951, the Wafd government abrogated the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, which had given the British control over the Suez Canal until 1956. The popularity of this move, as well as that of government-sponsored guerrilla attacks against the British, put pressure on Nasser to act. According to Sadat, Nasser decided to wage "a large scale assassination campaign". In January 1952, he and Hassan Ibrahim attempted to kill the royalist general Hussein Sirri Amer by firing their submachine guns at his car as he drove through the streets of Cairo. Instead of killing the general, the attackers wounded an innocent female passerby. Nasser recalled that her wails "haunted" him and firmly dissuaded him from undertaking similar actions in the future.

Question: What treaty did the Wafd government abrogate?
Answer: Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

Question: Who did Nasser's group try to assassinate?
Answer: Hussein Sirri Amer

Question: Who helped Nasser with the assassination attempt?
Answer: Hassan Ibrahim

Question: What was general Amer's political affiliation?
Answer: royalist

Question: Who was wounded in the assassination attempt?
Answer: an innocent female passerby
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Sirri Amer was close to King Farouk, and was nominated for the presidency of the Officer's Club—normally a ceremonial office—with the king's backing. Nasser was determined to establish the independence of the army from the monarchy, and with Amer as the intercessor, resolved to field a nominee for the Free Officers. They selected Muhammad Naguib, a popular general who had offered his resignation to Farouk in 1942 over British high-handedness and was wounded three times in the Palestine War. Naguib won overwhelmingly and the Free Officers, through their connection with a leading Egyptian daily, al-Misri, publicized his victory while praising the nationalistic spirit of the army.

Question: Who was nominated to the presidency of the Officer's Club?
Answer: Sirri Amer

Question: Who was Nassir's choice to represent the Free Officers?
Answer: Muhammad Naguib

Question: How many times was Naguib wounded?
Answer: three

Question: What media outlet advanced the Free Officer's agenda?
Answer: al-Misri

Question: In what war was Naguib wounded?
Answer: Palestine War
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 25 January 1952, a confrontation between British forces and police at Ismailia resulted in the deaths of 40 Egyptian policemen, provoking riots in Cairo the next day which left 76 people dead. Afterwards, Nasser published a simple six-point program in Rose al-Yūsuf to dismantle feudalism and British influence in Egypt. In May, Nasser received word that Farouk knew the names of the Free Officers and intended to arrest them; he immediately entrusted Free Officer Zakaria Mohieddin with the task of planning the government takeover by army units loyal to the association.

Question: In what year did riots cause the political situation in Egypt to rapidly deteriorate? 
Answer: 1952

Question: Where did British forces and Egyptian police clash?
Answer: Ismailia

Question: How many people were killed in the Cairo riots?
Answer: 76

Question: Who did Nasser enlist to plan the Free Officer's coup?
Answer: Zakaria Mohieddin

Question: What did Nasser want to end in Egypt?
Answer: feudalism
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

The Free Officers' intention was not to install themselves in government, but to re-establish a parliamentary democracy. Nasser did not believe that a low-ranking officer like himself (a lieutenant colonel) would be accepted by the Egyptian people, and so selected General Naguib to be his "boss" and lead the coup in name. The revolution they had long sought was launched on 22 July and was declared a success the next day. The Free Officers seized control of all government buildings, radio stations, and police stations, as well as army headquarters in Cairo. While many of the rebel officers were leading their units, Nasser donned civilian clothing to avoid detection by royalists and moved around Cairo monitoring the situation. In a move to stave off foreign intervention two days before the revolution, Nasser had notified the American and British governments of his intentions, and both had agreed not to aid Farouk. Under pressure from the Americans, Nasser had agreed to exile the deposed king with an honorary ceremony.

Question: What type of government did the Free Officer's want to establish?
Answer: parliamentary democracy

Question: Who did Nasser choose to lead his coup?
Answer: General Naguib

Question: What was teh fate of King Farouk after the coup?
Answer: exile

Question: What did Nasser wear during the coup?
Answer: civilian clothing

Question: What day did the revolution begin?
Answer: 22 July
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 18 June 1953, the monarchy was abolished and the Republic of Egypt declared, with Naguib as its first president. According to Aburish, after assuming power, Nasser and the Free Officers expected to become the "guardians of the people's interests" against the monarchy and the pasha class while leaving the day-to-day tasks of government to civilians. They asked former prime minister Ali Maher to accept reappointment to his previous position, and to form an all-civilian cabinet. The Free Officers then governed as the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) with Naguib as chairman and Nasser as vice-chairman. Relations between the RCC and Maher grew tense, however, as the latter viewed many of Nasser's schemes—agrarian reform, abolition of the monarchy, reorganization of political parties—as too radical, culminating in Maher's resignation on 7 September. Naguib assumed the additional role of prime minister, and Nasser that of deputy prime minister. In September, the Agrarian Reform Law was put into effect. In Nasser's eyes, this law gave the RCC its own identity and transformed the coup into a revolution.

Question: Who was the first president of the Republic of Egypt?
Answer: Naguib

Question: Who did Nasser want to handle the day-to-day operations of the government?
Answer: civilians

Question: Who did Nasser recruit to be Prime Minister?
Answer: Ali Maher

Question: What new name did the Free Officers take?
Answer: Revolutionary Command Council

Question: What law did Nasser view as the culmination of his revolutionary efforts?
Answer: Agrarian Reform Law
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Preceding the reform law, in August 1952, communist-led riots broke out at textile factories in Kafr el-Dawwar, leading to a clash with the army that left nine people dead. While most of the RCC insisted on executing the riot's two ringleaders, Nasser opposed this. Nonetheless, the sentences were carried out. The Muslim Brotherhood supported the RCC, and after Naguib's assumption of power, demanded four ministerial portfolios in the new cabinet. Nasser turned down their demands and instead hoped to co-opt the Brotherhood by giving two of its members, who were willing to serve officially as independents, minor ministerial posts.

Question: What group rioted at the textile factories?
Answer: communist

Question: How many people died in the textile factory riots?
Answer: nine

Question: What group supported the RCC?
Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: How many posts did the Muslim Brotherhood get in Naguib's cabinet?
Answer: two

Question: What was Nasser's position on executing the rioter's leaders?
Answer: opposed
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In January 1953, Nasser overcame opposition from Naguib and banned all political parties, creating a one-party system under the Liberation Rally, a loosely structured movement whose chief task was to organize pro-RCC rallies and lectures, with Nasser its secretary-general. Despite the dissolution order, Nasser was the only RCC member who still favored holding parliamentary elections, according to his fellow officer Abdel Latif Boghdadi. Although outvoted, he still advocated holding elections by 1956. In March 1953, Nasser led the Egyptian delegation negotiating a British withdrawal from the Suez Canal.

Question: What was Nasser's first title in the Liberation Rally?
Answer: secretary-general

Question: What did Nasser and naguib ban in 1953?
Answer: all political parties

Question: What was Nasser alone in supporting?
Answer: parliamentary elections

Question: What was Nasser negotiating in 1953?
Answer: British withdrawal from the Suez Canal
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 25 February 1954, Naguib announced his resignation after the RCC held an official meeting without his presence two days prior. On 26 February, Nasser accepted the resignation, put Naguib under house arrest, and the RCC proclaimed Nasser as both RCC chairman and prime minister. As Naguib intended, a mutiny immediately followed, demanding Naguib's reinstatement and the RCC's dissolution. While visiting the striking officers at Military Headquarters (GHQ) to call for the mutiny's end, Nasser was initially intimidated into accepting their demands. However, on 27 February, Nasser's supporters in the army launched a raid on the GHQ, ending the mutiny. Later that day, hundreds of thousands of protesters, mainly belonging to the Brotherhood, called for Naguib's return and Nasser's imprisonment. In response, a sizable group within the RCC, led by Khaled Mohieddin, demanded Naguib's release and return to the presidency. Nasser was forced to acquiesce, but delayed Naguib's reinstatement until 4 March, allowing him to promote Amer to Commander of the Armed Forces—a position formerly occupied by Naguib.

Question: Who resigned in 1954?
Answer: Naguib

Question: What two positions did Nasser assume?
Answer: RCC chairman and prime minister

Question: What group protested for Naguib's reinstatement?
Answer: Brotherhood

Question: What did the Muslim Brotherhood want to happen to Nasser?
Answer: imprisonment

Question: Who did Nasser promote to armed forces commander?
Answer: Amer
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 5 March, Nasser's security coterie arrested thousands of participants in the uprising. As a ruse to rally opposition against a return to the pre-1952 order, the RCC decreed an end to restrictions on monarchy-era parties and the Free Officers' withdrawal from politics. The RCC succeeded in provoking the beneficiaries of the revolution, namely the workers, peasants, and petty bourgeois, to oppose the decrees, with one million transport workers launching a strike and thousands of peasants entering Cairo in protest in late March. Naguib sought to crackdown on the protesters, but his requests were rebuffed by the heads of the security forces. On 29 March, Nasser announced the decrees' revocation in response to the "impulse of the street." Between April and June, hundreds of Naguib's supporters in the military were either arrested or dismissed, and Mohieddin was informally exiled to Switzerland to represent the RCC abroad. King Saud of Saudi Arabia attempted to mend relations between Nasser and Naguib, but to no avail.

Question: What group went on strike as a result of the turmoil?
Answer: transport workers

Question: What group claimed to be leaving the political scene?
Answer: Free Officers

Question: Who was sent to Switzerland?
Answer: Mohieddin

Question: What nation tried to mediate between Nasser and Naguib?
Answer: Saudi Arabia
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

The crowd roared in approval and Arab audiences were electrified. The assassination attempt backfired, quickly playing into Nasser's hands. Upon returning to Cairo, he ordered one of the largest political crackdowns in the modern history of Egypt, with the arrests of thousands of dissenters, mostly members of the Brotherhood, but also communists, and the dismissal of 140 officers loyal to Naguib. Eight Brotherhood leaders were sentenced to death, although the sentence of its chief ideologue, Sayyid Qutb, was commuted to a 15-year imprisonment. Naguib was removed from the presidency and put under house arrest, but was never tried or sentenced, and no one in the army rose to defend him. With his rivals neutralized, Nasser became the undisputed leader of Egypt.

Question: What event did Nasser exploit to his advantage?
Answer: assassination attempt

Question: To what group did many of the arrested dissenters belong?
Answer: Brotherhood

Question: Who avoided a death sentence in favor of 15 years in jail?
Answer: Sayyid Qutb

Question: Where did Naguib end up after the turmoil?
Answer: house arrest

Question: Who assumed total control of Egypt?
Answer: Nasser
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser's street following was still too small to sustain his plans for reform and to secure him in office. To promote himself and the Liberation Rally, he gave speeches in a cross-country tour, and imposed controls over the country's press by decreeing that all publications had to be approved by the party to prevent "sedition". Both Umm Kulthum and Abdel Halim Hafez, the leading Arab singers of the era, performed songs praising Nasser's nationalism. Others produced plays denigrating his political opponents. According to his associates, Nasser orchestrated the campaign himself. Arab nationalist terms such "Arab homeland" and "Arab nation" frequently began appearing in his speeches in 1954–55, whereas prior he would refer to the Arab "peoples" or the "Arab region". In January 1955, the RCC appointed him as their president, pending national elections.

Question: What was too small to keep Nasser in power?
Answer: street following

Question: What institution did Nasser closely control to prevent sedition?
Answer: press

Question: What phrases did Nasser use in many of his speeches?
Answer: "Arab homeland" and "Arab nation"

Question: Who were Umm Kulthum and Abdel Hafez?
Answer: singers

Question: In what year did the RCC appoint Nasser as president?
Answer: 1955
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954–55, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an "expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September.

Question: What country did Nasser make secret agreements with?
Answer: Israel

Question: What territory did Israel attack in 1955?
Answer: Gaza Strip

Question: What was Nasser's reaction to the attack?
Answer: did not retaliate militarily

Question: How did the Egyptian people feel about Nasser's response to the attack?
Answer: a blow to his growing popularity

Question: What did Nasser eventually do in the Straights of Titan?
Answer: blockade on Israeli shipping
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Simultaneous with Israel's February raid, the Baghdad Pact was formed between some regional allies of the UK. Nasser considered the Baghdad Pact a threat to his efforts to eliminate British military influence in the Middle East, and a mechanism to undermine the Arab League and "perpetuate [Arab] subservience to Zionism and [Western] imperialism". Nasser felt that if he was to maintain Egypt's regional leadership position he needed to acquire modern weaponry to arm his military. When it became apparent to him that Western countries would not supply Egypt under acceptable financial and military terms, Nasser turned to the Eastern Bloc and concluded a US$320,000,000 armaments agreement with Czechoslovakia on 27 September. Through the Czechoslovakian arms deal, the balance of power between Egypt and Israel was more or less equalized and Nasser's role as the Arab leader defying the West was enhanced.

Question: What agreement ran contrary to Nasser's efforts?
Answer: Baghdad Pact

Question: What did Nasser feel his military needed to oppose the West?
Answer: modern weaponry

Question: From what country did Nasser buy arms?
Answer: Czechoslovakia

Question: How much money did Nasser spend on weapons?
Answer: US$320,000,000

Question: How did the military relationship between Egypt and Israel change?
Answer: equalized
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser mediated discussions between the pro-Western, pro-Soviet, and neutralist conference factions over the composition of the "Final Communique" addressing colonialism in Africa and Asia and the fostering of global peace amid the Cold War between the West and the Soviet Union. At Bandung Nasser sought a proclamation for the avoidance of international defense alliances, support for the independence of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from French rule, support for the Palestinian right of return, and the implementation of UN resolutions regarding the Arab–Israeli conflict. He succeeded in lobbying the attendees to pass resolutions on each of these issues, notably securing the strong support of China and India.

Question: What document was meant to resolve lingering issues of colonialism?
Answer: Final Communique

Question: From what nation did Nasser support the independence of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco?
Answer: French

Question: What did Nasser pursue for Palestinians?
Answer: right of return

Question: What organization offered possible solutions Arab-Israeli conflict, which Nasser supported?
Answer: UN
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Following Bandung, Nasser officially adopted the "positive neutralism" of Yugoslavian president Josip Broz Tito and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as a principal theme of Egyptian foreign policy regarding the Cold War. Nasser was welcomed by large crowds of people lining the streets of Cairo on his return to Egypt on 2 May and was widely heralded in the press for his achievements and leadership in the conference. Consequently, Nasser's prestige was greatly boosted as was his self-confidence and image.

Question: What political philosophy did Nasser adopt?
Answer: positive neutralism

Question: What global period was Positive Neutralism meant to deal with?
Answer: Cold War

Question: How did the Egyptian people react to Nasser after the conference?
Answer: welcomed by large crowds

Question: How did the Egyptian press react to Nasser's accomplishments?
Answer: heralded
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In January 1956, the new Constitution of Egypt was drafted, entailing the establishment of a single-party system under the National Union (NU), a movement Nasser described as the "cadre through which we will realize our revolution". The NU was a reconfiguration of the Liberation Rally, which Nasser determined had failed in generating mass public participation. In the new movement, Nasser attempted to incorporate more citizens, approved by local-level party committees, in order to solidify popular backing for his government. The NU would select a nominee for the presidential election whose name would be provided for public approval.

Question: In what year did Egypt get a new constitution?
Answer: 1956

Question: What was the political party arrangement of the new constitution?
Answer: single-party system

Question: What was the dominant political party? 
Answer: National Union

Question: From what group did the National Union originate?
Answer: Liberation Rally

Question: Who did Nasser want more involved in his new political order?
Answer: citizens