rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Plymouth

On the northern outskirts of the city, Crownhill Fort is a well restored example of a "Palmerston's Folly". It is owned by the Landmark Trust and is open to the public.

Question: What structure was referred to as a "Palmerston's Folly"?
Answer: Crownhill Fort

Question: In what cardinal direction is Crownhill Fort located outside the city?
Answer: north

Question: Who runs Crownhill Fort?
Answer: the Landmark Trust
Title: Plymouth

To the west of the city is Devonport, one of Plymouth's historic quarters. As part of Devonport's millennium regeneration project, the Devonport Heritage Trail has been introduced, complete with over 70 waymarkers outlining the route.

Question: In what cardinal direction outside Plymouth is Devonport located?
Answer: west

Question: How many waymarkers are present on the Devonport Heritage Trail?
Answer: over 70
Title: Plymouth

Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular.

Question: Visitors to what region's beaches often stop at Plymouth?
Answer: south-east Cornwall

Question: Along with Whitsand Bay and Cawsand, what Plymouth-area beaches are popular with tourists?
Answer: Kingsand

Question: Visitors to what local valley often stop over in Plymouth?
Answer: Tamar Valley
Title: Plymouth

The Roland Levinsky building, the landmark building of the University of Plymouth, is located in the city's central quarter. Designed by leading architect Henning Larsen, the building was opened in 2008 and houses the University's Arts faculty. It has been consistently considered one of the UK's most beautiful university buildings.

Question: Who designed the Roland Levinsky building?
Answer: Henning Larsen

Question: When did the Roland Levinsky building open?
Answer: 2008

Question: Of what university is the Roland Levinsky building a part?
Answer: University of Plymouth

Question: What academic discipline at the university is based in the Roland Levinsky building?
Answer: Arts

Question: What part of Plymouth is the Roland Levinsky building situated in?
Answer: the city's central quarter
Title: Plymouth

People from Plymouth are known as Plymothians or less formally as Janners. Its meaning is described as a person from Devon, deriving from Cousin Jan (the Devon form of John), but more particularly in naval circles anyone from the Plymouth area.

Question: What are Plymouth residents commonly called?
Answer: Plymothians

Question: What colloquial term is used for Plymouth residents?
Answer: Janners

Question: After what figure are Janners named?
Answer: Cousin Jan

Question: In Devon, Jan is another way of saying what common English name?
Answer: John
Title: Plymouth

The Elizabethan navigator, Sir Francis Drake was born in the nearby town of Tavistock and was the mayor of Plymouth. He was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and was known by the Spanish as El Draco meaning "The Dragon" after he raided many of their ships. He died of dysentery in 1596 off the coast of Puerto Rico. In 2002 a mission to recover his body and bring it to Plymouth was allowed by the Ministry of Defence. His cousin and contemporary John Hawkins was a Plymouth man. Painter Sir Joshua Reynolds, founder and first president of the Royal Academy was born and educated in nearby Plympton, now part of Plymouth. William Cookworthy born in Kingsbridge set up his successful porcelain business in the city and was a close friend of John Smeaton designer of the Eddystone Lighthouse. On 26 January 1786, Benjamin Robert Haydon, an English painter who specialised in grand historical pictures, was born here. The naturalist Dr William Elford Leach FRS, who did much to pave the way in Britain for Charles Darwin, was born at Hoe Gate in 1791.

Question: What was the birthplace of Sir Francis Drake?
Answer: Tavistock

Question: What did the Spanish nickname Sir Francis Drake?
Answer: El Draco

Question: In what year did Sir Francis Drake die?
Answer: 1596

Question: What was Sir Francis Drake's cause of death?
Answer: dysentery

Question: What notable artist and Royal Academician was born in Plympton?
Answer: Sir Joshua Reynolds
Title: Plymouth

Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.

Question: What artist died in Plymouth in 2002?
Answer: Robert Lenkiewicz

Question: Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study?
Answer: Plymouth College of Art

Question: What genre of music does John Surman play?
Answer: Jazz

Question: What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO?
Answer: Keith Rowe

Question: Where do the family of Michael Foot live?
Answer: Trematon Castle
Title: Plymouth

Notable athletes include swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer Trevor Francis. Other past residents include composer journalist and newspaper editor William Henry Wills, Ron Goodwin, and journalist Angela Rippon and comedian Dawn French. Canadian politician and legal scholar Chris Axworthy hails from Plymouth. America based actor Donald Moffat, whose roles include American Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the film The Right Stuff, and fictional President Bennett in Clear and Present Danger, was born in Plymouth.

Question: What is the occupation of Trevor Francis?
Answer: footballer

Question: What is the current nationality of former Plymouth resident Chris Axworthy?
Answer: Canadian

Question: What United States vice president did Donald Moffat play?
Answer: Lyndon B. Johnson

Question: In what film did Donald Moffat play President Bennett?
Answer: Clear and Present Danger

Question: What is Dawn French's job?
Answer: comedian
Title: Heresy

Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things.

Question: What is heresy mainly at odds with?
Answer: established beliefs or customs

Question: What is a person called is practicing heresy?
Answer: A heretic
Title: Heresy

The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It is used in particular in reference to Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism.

Question: What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?
Answer: Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism
Title: Heresy

In certain historical Christian, Islamic and Jewish cultures, among others, espousing ideas deemed heretical has been and in some cases still is subjected not merely to punishments such as excommunication, but even to the death penalty.

Question: What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic?
Answer: Christian, Islamic and Jewish
Title: Heresy

The term heresy is from Greek αἵρεσις originally meant "choice" or "thing chosen", but it came to mean the "party or school of a man's choice" and also referred to that process whereby a young person would examine various philosophies to determine how to live. The word "heresy" is usually used within a Christian, Jewish, or Islamic context, and implies slightly different meanings in each. The founder or leader of a heretical movement is called a heresiarch, while individuals who espouse heresy or commit heresy are known as heretics. Heresiology is the study of heresy.

Question: What language does the term heresy find its roots in?
Answer: Greek

Question: What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?
Answer: slightly different

Question: What is the head person of a heretical movement called?
Answer: heresiarch

Question: What is the study of heresy?
Answer: Heresiology

Question: What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?
Answer: "choice" or "thing chosen"
Title: Heresy

According to Titus 3:10 a divisive person should be warned two times before separating from him. The Greek for the phrase "divisive person" became a technical term in the early Church for a type of "heretic" who promoted dissension. In contrast correct teaching is called sound not only because it builds up in the faith, but because it protects against the corrupting influence of false teachers.

Question: How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways?
Answer: two times

Question: What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord?
Answer: divisive person

Question: What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher?
Answer: sound
Title: Heresy

The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]" Saint Peter of Antioch referred to Christians that refused to venerate religious images as having "Jewish minds".

Question: What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?
Answer: Jews and Judaism

Question: What religion were these Fathers of the Church?
Answer: Orthodox Christianity

Question: Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity?
Answer: Tertullian
Title: Heresy

The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos "straight" + δόξα, doxa "belief") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical.[citation needed] He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments.

Question: Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?
Answer: Irenaeus

Question: What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?
Answer: orthodox

Question: What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?
Answer: apostolic succession
Title: Heresy

Constantine the Great, who along with Licinius had decreed toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire by what is commonly called the "Edict of Milan", and was the first Roman Emperor baptized, set precedents for later policy. By Roman law the Emperor was Pontifex Maximus, the high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) of all recognized religions in ancient Rome. To put an end to the doctrinal debate initiated by Arius, Constantine called the first of what would afterwards be called the ecumenical councils and then enforced orthodoxy by Imperial authority.

Question: Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized?
Answer: Constantine the Great

Question: What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire?
Answer: Edict of Milan

Question: What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called?
Answer: Pontifex Maximus

Question: What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority?
Answer: the ecumenical councils
Title: Heresy

The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.

Question: In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?
Answer: AD 380

Question: Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?
Answer: Thessalonica of Theodosius I

Question: What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?
Answer: state-sponsored support

Question: What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?
Answer: state powers of legal enforcement

Question: What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?
Answer: death sentence
Title: Heresy

Within six years of the official criminalization of heresy by the Emperor, the first Christian heretic to be executed, Priscillian, was condemned in 386 by Roman secular officials for sorcery, and put to death with four or five followers. However, his accusers were excommunicated both by Ambrose of Milan and Pope Siricius, who opposed Priscillian's heresy, but "believed capital punishment to be inappropriate at best and usually unequivocally evil". For some years after the Reformation, Protestant churches were also known to execute those they considered heretics, including Catholics. The last known heretic executed by sentence of the Roman Catholic Church was Spanish schoolmaster Cayetano Ripoll in 1826. The number of people executed as heretics under the authority of the various "ecclesiastical authorities"[note 1] is not known.[note 2] One of the first examples of the word as translated from the Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter was" they will cleave to the name of a dead man thinking that they will become pure. But they will become greatly defiled and they will fall into the name of error and into the hands of an evil cunning man and a manifold dogma, and they will be ruled heretically".

Question: Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?
Answer: Priscillian

Question: What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?
Answer: excommunicated

Question: What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?
Answer: Catholics

Question: Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?
Answer: Cayetano Ripoll

Question: From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy?
Answer: Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter
Title: Heresy

In the Roman Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had always dealt harshly with strands of Christianity that it considered heretical, but before the 11th century these tended to centre around individual preachers or small localised sects, like Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism. The diffusion of the almost Manichaean sect of Paulicians westwards gave birth to the famous 11th and 12th century heresies of Western Europe. The first one was that of Bogomils in modern day Bosnia, a sort of sanctuary between Eastern and Western Christianity. By the 11th century, more organised groups such as the Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of northern Italy, southern France and Flanders.

Question: What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?
Answer: obstinate and willful manifest heresy

Question: What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith?
Answer: The Codex Justinianus

Question: What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?
Answer: Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism

Question: What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?
Answer: Paulicians

Question: What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century?
Answer: Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars
Title: Heresy

In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heretical Perversity) and for the European wars of religion associated with the Protestant Reformation.

Question: In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement?
Answer: France

Question: What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc?
Answer: The Cathar Crusade

Question: What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion?
Answer: Heresy
Title: Heresy

Galileo Galilei was brought before the Inquisition for heresy, but abjured his views and was sentenced to house arrest, under which he spent the rest of his life. Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to "abjure, curse and detest" those opinions.

Question: Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life?
Answer: Galileo Galilei

Question: What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church?
Answer: the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe
Title: Heresy

Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction." The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law,

Question: Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings?
Answer: Pope St. Gregory

Question: What were the Jews described as enemies of?
Answer: Christ

Question: According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?
Answer: Jewish

Question: In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together?
Answer: Roman-Christian law
Title: Heresy

In Eastern Christianity heresy most commonly refers to those beliefs declared heretical by the first seven Ecumenical Councils.[citation needed] Since the Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation, various Christian churches have also used the concept in proceedings against individuals and groups those churches deemed heretical. The Orthodox Church also rejects the early Christian heresies such as Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm.

Question: What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy?
Answer: Eastern Christianity

Question: After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy?
Answer: Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation

Question: What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time?
Answer: Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm
Title: Heresy

In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (sic) and a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually "blind" and "surely possessed by all devils." Luther calls the members of the Orthodox Catholic Church "papists" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision.

Question: What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?
Answer: "On the Jews and Their Lies"

Question: What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer?
Answer: blasphemous

Question: What is said to be a special spiritual problem?
Answer: Jewish circumcision
Title: Heresy

In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "...a subversive fifth column." The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity.

Question: What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?
Answer: European Reformation

Question: During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?
Answer: Henry VIII

Question: What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?
Answer: Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher

Question: Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?
Answer: Edward VI

Question: In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?
Answer: 1612