rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Zinc

There are many important organozinc compounds. Organozinc chemistry is the science of organozinc compounds describing their physical properties, synthesis and reactions. Among important applications is the Frankland-Duppa Reaction in which an oxalate ester(ROCOCOOR) reacts with an alkyl halide R'X, zinc and hydrochloric acid to the α-hydroxycarboxylic esters RR'COHCOOR, the Reformatskii reaction which converts α-halo-esters and aldehydes to β-hydroxy-esters, the Simmons–Smith reaction in which the carbenoid (iodomethyl)zinc iodide reacts with alkene(or alkyne) and converts them to cyclopropane, the Addition reaction of organozinc compounds to carbonyl compounds. The Barbier reaction (1899) is the zinc equivalent of the magnesium Grignard reaction and is better of the two. In presence of just about any water the formation of the organomagnesium halide will fail, whereas the Barbier reaction can even take place in water. On the downside organozincs are much less nucleophilic than Grignards, are expensive and difficult to handle. Commercially available diorganozinc compounds are dimethylzinc, diethylzinc and diphenylzinc. In one study the active organozinc compound is obtained from much cheaper organobromine precursors:

Question: What does organozinc chemisty describe?
Answer: physical properties, synthesis and reactions.

Question: What is the zinc equivalent of the Grinard reaction?
Answer: The Barbier reaction

Question: When will organomagnesium halide formation fail?
Answer: presence of just about any water

Question: What are dimethylzinc, dietylzinc and diphenylzinc?
Answer: Commercially available diorganozinc compounds
Title: Zinc

Zinc serves a purely structural role in zinc fingers, twists and clusters. Zinc fingers form parts of some transcription factors, which are proteins that recognize DNA base sequences during the replication and transcription of DNA. Each of the nine or ten Zn2+ ions in a zinc finger helps maintain the finger's structure by coordinately binding to four amino acids in the transcription factor. The transcription factor wraps around the DNA helix and uses its fingers to accurately bind to the DNA sequence.

Question: What role does zinc play in fingers, twists and clusters?
Answer: structural

Question: What are proteins that druing replication and transcription of DNA, recognize base DNA?
Answer: transcription factors,

Question: How many amino acids do the Zn2+ ions bind to?
Answer: four

Question: What does the transcription factor wrap around?
Answer: DNA helix
Title: Zinc

Other sources include fortified food and dietary supplements, which come in various forms. A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide, one of the most common supplements in the United States, and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body. This review cited studies which found low plasma zinc concentrations after zinc oxide and zinc carbonate were consumed compared with those seen after consumption of zinc acetate and sulfate salts. However, harmful excessive supplementation is a problem among the relatively affluent, and should probably not exceed 20 mg/day in healthy people, although the U.S. National Research Council set a Tolerable Upper Intake of 40 mg/day.

Question: What is the most common supplement in the US?
Answer: zinc oxide

Question: Why is zinc carbonate poorly absorbed in the body?
Answer: nearly insoluble

Question: What is the recommended daily dose of zinc supplement in healthy adults?
Answer: 20 mg/day

Question: What is the Tolderable Upper intake of zinc?
Answer: 40 mg/day
Title: Zinc

For fortification, however, a 2003 review recommended zinc oxide in cereals as cheap, stable, and as easily absorbed as more expensive forms. A 2005 study found that various compounds of zinc, including oxide and sulfate, did not show statistically significant differences in absorption when added as fortificants to maize tortillas. A 1987 study found that zinc picolinate was better absorbed than zinc gluconate or zinc citrate. However, a study published in 2008 determined that zinc glycinate is the best absorbed of the four dietary supplement types available.

Question: Zinc oxide is used to fortify what product?
Answer: cereals

Question: In what product did  various compounds of zinc show little difference in absorption?
Answer: maize tortillas

Question: What compound is better absorbed than zinc gluconate?
Answer: zinc picolinate

Question: What is the best absorbed dietary zinc compound?
Answer: zinc glycinate
Title: Zinc

Symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are diverse. Clinical outcomes include depressed growth, diarrhea, impotence and delayed sexual maturation, alopecia, eye and skin lesions, impaired appetite, altered cognition, impaired host defense properties, defects in carbohydrate utilization, and reproductive teratogenesis. Mild zinc deficiency depresses immunity, although excessive zinc does also. Animals with a diet deficient in zinc require twice as much food in order to attain the same weight gain as animals given sufficient zinc.

Question: Symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions are from what?
Answer: mild zinc deficiency

Question: What is a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess?
Answer: depresses immunity

Question: What is required for animals with zinc deficiency to gain the same weight as animals with sufficient zinc?
Answer: twice as much food
Title: Zinc

Despite some concerns, western vegetarians and vegans have not been found to suffer from overt zinc deficiencies any more than meat-eaters. Major plant sources of zinc include cooked dried beans, sea vegetables, fortified cereals, soyfoods, nuts, peas, and seeds. However, phytates in many whole-grains and fiber in many foods may interfere with zinc absorption and marginal zinc intake has poorly understood effects. The zinc chelator phytate, found in seeds and cereal bran, can contribute to zinc malabsorption. There is some evidence to suggest that more than the US RDA (15 mg) of zinc daily may be needed in those whose diet is high in phytates, such as some vegetarians. These considerations must be balanced against the fact that there is a paucity of adequate zinc biomarkers, and the most widely used indicator, plasma zinc, has poor sensitivity and specificity. Diagnosing zinc deficiency is a persistent challenge.

Question: What is one way that vegetarians and vegans obtain zinc?
Answer: plant sources

Question: What is found in whole grains that can interfere with zinc absorption?
Answer: phytates

Question: Where is zinc chelator phytate found?
Answer: seeds and cereal bran,

Question: What kind of diet may require more than 15mg of zinc daily?
Answer: diet is high in phytates,
Title: Zinc

Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc. In children it causes an increase in infection and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year. The World Health Organization advocates zinc supplementation for severe malnutrition and diarrhea. Zinc supplements help prevent disease and reduce mortality, especially among children with low birth weight or stunted growth. However, zinc supplements should not be administered alone, because many in the developing world have several deficiencies, and zinc interacts with other micronutrients.

Question: What are two billion people in the world deficient in?
Answer: zinc

Question: 800,000 children worldwide die each year due to what?
Answer: deficient in zinc

Question: What is recommended by the WHO for malnutrition and diarrhea?
Answer: zinc supplementation

Question: Why shouldn't zinc be given alone to those with several deficiencies?
Answer: zinc interacts with other micronutrients.
Title: Zinc

Zinc deficiency is crop plants' most common micronutrient deficiency; it is particularly common in high-pH soils. Zinc-deficient soil is cultivated in the cropland of about half of Turkey and India, a third of China, and most of Western Australia, and substantial responses to zinc fertilization have been reported in these areas. Plants that grow in soils that are zinc-deficient are more susceptible to disease. Zinc is primarily added to the soil through the weathering of rocks, but humans have added zinc through fossil fuel combustion, mine waste, phosphate fertilizers, pesticide (zinc phosphide), limestone, manure, sewage sludge, and particles from galvanized surfaces. Excess zinc is toxic to plants, although zinc toxicity is far less widespread.

Question: In what type of soil is zinc deficiency most common?
Answer: high-pH soils

Question: Growing plants in zinc deficient soil makes them more susceptible to what?
Answer: disease.

Question: Excess zinc has what effect on plants?
Answer: toxic

Question: How is zinc primarily added to soil?
Answer: weathering of rocks
Title: Zinc

There is evidence of induced copper deficiency in those taking 100–300 mg of zinc daily. A 2007 trial observed that elderly men taking 80 mg daily were hospitalized for urinary complications more often than those taking a placebo. The USDA RDA is 11 and 8 mg Zn/day for men and women, respectively. Levels of 100–300 mg may interfere with the utilization of copper and iron or adversely affect cholesterol. Levels of zinc in excess of 500 ppm in soil interfere with the ability of plants to absorb other essential metals, such as iron and manganese. There is also a condition called the zinc shakes or "zinc chills" that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed zinc oxide formed during the welding of galvanized materials. Zinc is a common ingredient of denture cream which may contain between 17 and 38 mg of zinc per gram. There have been claims of disability, and even death, due to excessive use of these products.

Question: What kind of deficiency is common from taking 100-300mg of zinc daily?
Answer: copper

Question: What kind of complications were seen in men taking 80mg zinc a day?
Answer: urinary

Question: Having an excess of 500ppm of zinc in soil interferes with what?
Answer: ability of plants to absorb other essential metals

Question: What is caused by inhaling freshly formed zinc oxide?
Answer: zinc shakes or "zinc chills"

Question: People have claimed that the excessive use of what common product has caused disability and death?
Answer: denture cream
Title: Zinc

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that zinc damages nerve receptors in the nose, which can cause anosmia. Reports of anosmia were also observed in the 1930s when zinc preparations were used in a failed attempt to prevent polio infections. On June 16, 2009, the FDA said that consumers should stop using zinc-based intranasal cold products and ordered their removal from store shelves. The FDA said the loss of smell can be life-threatening because people with impaired smell cannot detect leaking gas or smoke and cannot tell if food has spoiled before they eat it. Recent research suggests that the topical antimicrobial zinc pyrithione is a potent heat shock response inducer that may impair genomic integrity with induction of PARP-dependent energy crisis in cultured human keratinocytes and melanocytes.

Question: What can zinc cause damage to in the nose?
Answer: nerve receptors

Question: Why was zinc being used in the 1930's?
Answer: polio infections

Question: What did the FDA order removed from stores in 2009?
Answer: zinc-based intranasal cold products

Question: What product is suggest as a potent heat shock response inducer?
Answer: antimicrobial zinc pyrithione
Title: Zinc

In 1982, the US Mint began minting pennies coated in copper but made primarily of zinc. With the new zinc pennies, there is the potential for zinc toxicosis, which can be fatal. One reported case of chronic ingestion of 425 pennies (over 1 kg of zinc) resulted in death due to gastrointestinal bacterial and fungal sepsis, whereas another patient, who ingested 12 grams of zinc, only showed lethargy and ataxia (gross lack of coordination of muscle movements). Several other cases have been reported of humans suffering zinc intoxication by the ingestion of zinc coins.

Question: What coin, as of 1982, is now primarily made of zinc?
Answer: pennies

Question: What is a concern with the new zinc pennies?
Answer: zinc toxicosis

Question: Ingesting zinc can cause lack of muscle movement and coordination called what?
Answer: ataxia

Question: Why have people reported zinc intoxication?
Answer: ingestion of zinc coins
Title: Zinc

Pennies and other small coins are sometimes ingested by dogs, resulting in the need for medical treatment to remove the foreign body. The zinc content of some coins can cause zinc toxicity, which is commonly fatal in dogs, where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia, and also liver or kidney damage; vomiting and diarrhea are possible symptoms. Zinc is highly toxic in parrots and poisoning can often be fatal. The consumption of fruit juices stored in galvanized cans has resulted in mass parrot poisonings with zinc.

Question: What are dogs known to ingest?
Answer: Pennies

Question: What does the zinc coins ingested by dogs cause?
Answer: zinc toxicity

Question: In what animal is zinc toxic to the point of poisonous?
Answer: parrots

Question: What has been a cause of mass parrot poisonings attributed to zinc?
Answer: juices stored in galvanized cans
Title: Neoclassical_architecture

Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas and Edmund Burke's conception of the sublime. Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally such ideas give rise to "architecture parlante".

Question: Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects?
Answer: Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux

Question: What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe?
Answer: eternality

Question: What Edmund Burke concept is linked to Boullee's ideas?
Answer: sublime

Question: What concept did Ledoux address?
Answer: architectural character

Question: As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer?
Answer: building should immediately communicate its function
Title: Neoclassical_architecture

The baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: Vitruvius Britannicus (Colen Campbell 1715), Palladio's Four Books of Architecture (1715), De Re Aedificatoria (1726) and The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs (1727). The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell. The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book mainly featured the work of Inigo Jones, but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain.

Question: What century were most four influential books published?
Answer: 18th century

Question: Who wrote Vitruvius Britannicus?
Answer: Colen Campbell

Question: In what century did Palladian architecture become well established?
Answer: 18th-century

Question: When was "The Designs of Inigo Jones" book published?
Answer: 1727
Title: Neoclassical_architecture

At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic "architect earl", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington; in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk. The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance.

Question: Who was the "architect earl"?
Answer: Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington

Question: When was Chiswick House designed?
Answer: 1729

Question: What was the original building that Chiswick House design was reinterpretation?
Answer: Palladio's Villa Capra

Question: What is 1734 design is considered one of the finest example of Palladian architecture in England, built in Norfolk?
Answer: Holkham Hall
Title: Neoclassical_architecture

By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam, was pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia.

Question: What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century?
Answer: Ancient Greece

Question: What englishman excavated pompeii?
Answer: Sir William Hamilton

Question: In what city did a generation of French art students study that propelled neoclassical architecture and incorporation broader styles?
Answer: Rome

Question: What other countries adopted the style of neoclassical?
Answer: Sweden and Russia.
Title: Neoclassical_architecture

A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.[according to whom?]

Question: When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture?
Answer: Napoleonic Empire

Question: What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France?
Answer: Louis XVI style

Question: What is the second wave of neoclassicism in France called?
Answer: "Directoire" or Empire

Question: Up until Napoleaoic regimes, what style remained popular in Italy?
Answer: The Rococo style
Title: Neoclassical_architecture

Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicising interiors of the Baroque, or the most "Roman" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts.

Question: What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism?
Answer: Pompeii and Herculaneum.

Question: What tightly controlled book brought appeal for classic interior to masses?
Answer: Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum).

Question: What are some examples of the changes of interior of neoclassicism from ancient rediscoveries?
Answer: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts

Question: What were William Kent's interior designs based from?
Answer: basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in
Title: Neoclassical_architecture

The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu ("like cameos"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Goût grec ("Greek style"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the "Louis XVI" style to court.

Question: What were interiors seeking to recreate?
Answer: authentically Roman

Question: What colors were utilized for interiors?
Answer: "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours

Question: Who brought Louis XVI style to the court?
Answer: Marie Antoinette

Question: What types of techniques were used to style motifs?
Answer: flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones

Question: What were styles in France initially?
Answer: Parisian
Title: Neoclassical_architecture

A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam repertory available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams.

Question: Who began the new phase of neoclassical design?
Answer: Robert and James Adam

Question: Where were the inspirations for the new phase of neoclassicism centered?
Answer: Italy and Dalmatia

Question: What book outlines the new trends of neoclassicism in this phase?
Answer: The Works in Architecture

Question: During the later 18th century the trend of neoclassic design attempted to simplify what styles?
Answer: rococo and baroque styles

Question: This new style was an attempt to give what different feel to design?
Answer: lighter and more elegant feel
Title: Neoclassical_architecture

From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little to no direct knowledge of Greek civilization before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe, when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England, the garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59). A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons, including Joseph Bonomi and John Soane, but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century.

Question: From around 1800 an influx of etchings and engravings came from where?
Answer: Greek architectural

Question: What was this new phase of neoclassicism?
Answer: Greek Revival

Question: Prior to what century had there been little contact between western europe and greek civilization?
Answer: 18th century

Question: Who led an expedition to Greece in 1751?
Answer: James Stuart and Nicholas Revett

Question: What was the first Greek building in England?
Answer: garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59)