rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

In October 2014, the trial of six senior staff and journalists at The Sun newspaper began. All six were charged with conspiring to commit misconduct in a public office. They included The Sun's head of news Chris Pharo, who faced six charges, while ex-managing editor Graham Dudman and ex-Sun deputy news editor Ben O'Driscoll were accused of four charges each. Thames Valley district reporter Jamie Pyatt and picture editor John Edwards were charged with three counts each, while ex-reporter John Troup was accused of two counts. The trial related to illegal payments allegedly made to public officials, with prosecutors saying the men conspired to pay officials from 2002–11, including police, prison officers and soldiers. They were accused of buying confidential information about the Royal Family, public figures and prison inmates. They all denied the charges. On 16 January 2015, Troup and Edwards were cleared by the jury of all charges against them. The jury also partially cleared O'Driscoll and Dudman but continued deliberating over other counts faced by them, as well as the charges against Pharo and Pyatt. On 21 January 2015, the jury told the court that it was unable to reach unanimous verdicts on any of the outstanding charges and was told by the judge, Richard Marks, that he would accept majority verdicts. Shortly afterwards, one of the jurors sent a note to the judge and was discharged. The judge told the remaining 11 jurors that their colleague had been "feeling unwell and feeling under a great deal of pressure and stress from the situation you are in", and that under the circumstances he was prepared to accept majority verdicts of "11 to zero or 10 to 1". On 22 January 2015, the jury was discharged after failing to reach verdicts on the outstanding charges. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) announced that it would seek a retrial.

Question: What were Sun staff accused of in a 2014 trial?
Answer: conspiring to commit misconduct in a public office

Question: What was at issue in the 2014 trial?
Answer: illegal payments allegedly made to public officials

Question: Who were The Sun staffers accused of buying information about?
Answer: the Royal Family, public figures and prison inmates

Question: Who was the judge in this particular case?
Answer: Richard Marks

Question: What was the outcome of the jury's deliberation in the trial?
Answer: failing to reach verdicts on the outstanding charges
Title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

On 6 February 2015, it was announced that Judge Richard Marks is to be replaced by Judge Charles Wide at the retrial. Two days earlier, Marks had emailed counsel for the defendants telling them: "It has been decided (not by me but by my elders and betters) that I am not going to be doing the retrial". Reporting the decision in UK newspaper The Guardian, Lisa O’Carroll wrote: "Wide is the only judge so far to have presided in a case which has seen a conviction of a journalist in relation to allegations of unlawful payments to public officials for stories. The journalist, who cannot be named for legal reasons, is appealing the verdict". Defence counsel for the four journalists threatened to take the decision to judicial review, with the barrister representing Pharo, Nigel Rumfitt QC, saying: "The way this has come about gives rise to the impression that something has been going on behind the scenes which should not have been going on behind the scenes and which should have been dealt with transparently". He added that the defendants were "extremely concerned" and "entitled" to know why Marks was being replaced by Wide.

Question: Who was appointed presiding judge over the retrial in 2015?
Answer: Charles Wide

Question: In which newspaper did Lisa O'Carroll report the choice of judge?
Answer: The Guardian

Question: Who was Pharo's lawyer in the case?
Answer: Nigel Rumfitt QC

Question: What did Rumfit state that the defendants should have been informed about?
Answer: why Marks was being replaced by Wide

Question: What did the lawyers for the defendants threaten to do?
Answer: take the decision to judicial review
Title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

On 22 May 2015, Sun reporter Anthony France was found guilty of aiding and abetting misconduct in a public office between 2008 and 2011. France’s trial followed the London Metropolitan Police's Operation Elveden, an ongoing investigation into alleged payments to police and officials in exchange for information. He had paid a total of more than £22,000 to PC Timothy Edwards, an anti-terrorism police officer based at Heathrow Airport. The police officer had already pleaded guilty to misconduct in a public office and given a two-year gaol sentence in 2014, but the jury in France’s trial was not informed of this. Following the passing of the guilty verdict, the officer leading Operation Elveden, Detective Chief Superintendent Gordon Briggs said France and Edwards had been in a "long-term, corrupt relationship".

Question: Who was found guilty in 2015?
Answer: Anthony France

Question: Who was responsible for Operation Elveden?
Answer: the London Metropolitan Police

Question: Which Sun reporter was found guilty in 2015?
Answer: Anthony France

Question: Who was responsible for Operation Elveden?
Answer: London Metropolitan Police

Question: How much did Anthony France pay to a police officer?
Answer: more than £22,000

Question: Who was the policeman leading Operation Elveden?
Answer: Detective Chief Superintendent Gordon Briggs

Question: How did Briggs characterize the relationship between France and Edwards?
Answer: "long-term, corrupt relationship"
Title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

The BBC reported that France was the first journalist to face trial and be convicted under Operation Elveden since the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) had revised its guidance in April 2015 so that prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time. As a result of the change in the CPS’ policy, charges against several journalists who had made payments to other types of public officials – including civil servants, health workers and prison staff - had been dropped. In July 2015, Private Eye magazine reported that at a costs hearing at the Old Bailey The Sun's parent company had refused to pay for the prosecution costs relating to France’s trial, leading the presiding judge to express his "considerable disappointment" at this state of affairs. Judge Timothy Pontius said in court that France’s illegal actions had been part of a "clearly recognised procedure at The Sun", adding that, "There can be no doubt that News International bears some measure of moral responsibility if not legal culpability for the acts of the defendant". The Private Eye report noted that despite this The Sun's parent organisation was "considering disciplinary actions" against France whilst at the same time it was also preparing to bring a case to the Investigatory Powers Tribunal against the London Metropolitan Police Service for its actions relating to him and two other journalists.

Question: Who was the first journalist convicted as a result of Operation Elveden since it had been revised?
Answer: France

Question: What was the change made to Operation Elveden by the Crown Prosecution Service?
Answer: prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time

Question: Which judge commented on France's unlawful activities?
Answer: Timothy Pontius

Question: Who else did Judge Pontius believe should be blamed for France's actions?
Answer: News International

Question: Who was News International considering bringing a case against?
Answer: the London Metropolitan Police Service
Title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

In August 2013, The Irish Sun ended the practice of featuring topless models on Page 3. The main newspaper was reported to have followed in 2015 with the edition of 16 January supposedly the last to carry such photographs after a report in The Times made such an assertion. After substantial coverage in the media about an alleged change in editorial policy, Page 3 returned to its usual format on 22 January 2015. A few hours before the issue was published, the Head of PR at the newspaper said the reputed end of Page 3 had been "speculation" only.

Question: What did The Irish Sun stop doing in 2013?
Answer: featuring topless models on Page 3

Question: What was stated to be the last edition of the regular Sun to publish topless models?
Answer: the edition of 16 January

Question: Which newspaper claimed that The Sun stopped featuring topless models in 2013?
Answer: The Times

Question: What happened on 22 January 2015?
Answer: Page 3 returned to its usual format

Question: What did The Sun's Head of PR say about the reported editorial change at The Sun?
Answer: the reputed end of Page 3 had been "speculation" only
Title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

On 17 April 2015, The Sun's columnist Katie Hopkins called migrants to Britain "cockroaches" and "feral humans" and said they were "spreading like the norovirus". Her remarks were condemned by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights. In a statement released on 24 April 2015, High Commissioner Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein stated that Hopkins' used "language very similar to that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide", and noted that both media organizations were subsequently convicted by an international tribunal of public incitement to commit genocide.

Question: Which Sun columnist made controversial remarks about migrants to Britain in April 2015?
Answer: Katie Hopkins

Question: What terms did Katie Hopkins use to describe migrants to Britain?
Answer: "cockroaches" and "feral humans" and said they were "spreading like the norovirus"

Question: Which organization sharply rebuked Hopkins' comments?
Answer: the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights

Question: Who was the High Commissioner of the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights?
Answer: Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein

Question: What did Hussein compare Hopkins' remarks to?
Answer: that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide
Title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

Hopkins' column also drew criticism on Twitter, including from Russell Brand, to whom Hopkins responded by accusing Brand's "champagne socialist humanity" of neglecting taxpayers. Simon Usborne, writing in The Independent, compared her use of the word "cockroach" to previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators. He suspected that if any other contributor had written the piece it would not have been published and questioned her continued employment by the newspaper. Zoe Williams commented in The Guardian: "It is no joke when people start talking like this. We are not 'giving her what she wants' when we make manifest our disgust. It is not a free speech issue. I’m not saying gag her: I’m saying fight her".

Question: On Twitter what famous person condemned Hopkins' remarks?
Answer: Russell Brand

Question: Who wrote critically in The Independent about Hopkins?
Answer: Simon Usborne

Question: With whom did Usborne draw parallels to Hopkins as a result of Hopkins' comments?
Answer: previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators

Question: Which writer in The Guardian was critical of Hopkins?
Answer: Zoe Williams

Question: What did Williams say should be done about Hopkins?
Answer: I’m not saying gag her: I’m saying fight her
Title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

On 9 March 2016, The Sun's front page proclaimed that Queen Elizabeth II was backing "Brexit", a common term for a British withdrawal from the European Union. It claimed that in 2011 at Windsor Castle, while having lunch with Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, the monarch criticised the union. Clegg denied that the Queen made such a statement, and a Buckingham Palace spokesperson confirmed that a complaint had been made to the Independent Press Standards Organisation over a breach of guidelines relating to accuracy.

Question: What is an often used term for British withdrawal from the European Union?
Answer: Brexit

Question: Who did The Sun say was in favor of British withdrawal from the European Union?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth II

Question: Where was Queen Elizabeth II said to have made critical remarks about the European Union?
Answer: Windsor Castle

Question: Who refuted the statement that the Queen was critical of the European Union?
Answer: Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg

Question: With whom was a complaint lodged alleging breach of guidelines in accuracy after the incident involving Queen Elizabeth II?
Answer: Independent Press Standards Organisation
Title: Carnival

The term Carnival is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence. However, the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the Manila Carnival after 1939, the last carnival in the country. In historically Lutheran countries, the celebration is known as Fastelavn, and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists, pre-Lenten celebrations, along with penitential observances, occur on Shrove Tuesday. In Eastern Orthodox nations, Maslenitsa is celebrated during the last week before Great Lent. In German-speaking Europe and the Netherlands, the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the Advent season or with harvest celebrations of St. Martin's Day.

Question: When does Fastelavn occur?
Answer: Shrove Tuesday

Question: The Philippines stopped celebrating Carnival after what year? 
Answer: 1939

Question: Maslenitsa is celebrated in what type of nation?
Answer: Eastern Orthodox

Question: What is the Carnival celebration known as in Lutheran countries?
Answer: Fastelavn

Question: When does Carnival typically begin in the Netherlands?
Answer: on 11/11

Question: The term Carnival is very common in areas with a large presence of which religious sect?
Answer: Catholic

Question: What country no longer celebrates Carnival?
Answer: the Philippines

Question: The Manila Carnival was dissolved after what year?
Answer: 1939

Question: What is the Carnival known as in countries which are mostly Lutheran?
Answer: Fastelavn

Question: What is the name of the festival celebrated in Eastern Orthodox nations during the last week before Great Lent?
Answer: Maslenitsa
Title: Carnival

Traditionally a carnival feast was the last opportunity to eat well before the time of food shortage at the end of the winter during which one was limited to the minimum necessary. On what nowadays is called vastenavond (the days before fasting) all the remaining winter stores of lard, butter and meat which were left would be eaten, for it would soon start to rot and decay. The selected livestock had in fact already been slaughtered in November and the meat would be no longer preservable. All the food that had survived the winter had to be eaten to assure that everyone was fed enough to survive until the coming spring would provide new food sources.

Question: What does vastenavond mean?
Answer: the days before fasting

Question: What month was the livestock typically slaughtered?
Answer: November

Question: A carnival feast is the last time to do what before winter?
Answer: eat well

Question: Why were the winter stores of lard and meat eaten before fasting?
Answer: it would soon start to rot and decay

Question: Why was the carnival feast typically the last opportunity to eat well?
Answer: food shortage at the end of the winter

Question: What was one limited to during the winter?
Answer: the minimum necessary

Question: Why would all the remaining stores of lard, butter and meat left at vastenavond be eaten?
Answer: it would soon start to rot and decay

Question: What does "vastenavond" mean?
Answer: the days before fasting)

Question: When would new food sources be available for those who survived the winter?
Answer: spring
Title: Carnival

Several Germanic tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight. A predominant deity was during this jubilee driven around in a noisy procession on a ship on wheels. The winter would be driven out, to make sure that fertility could return in spring. A central figure was possibly the fertility goddess Nerthus. Also there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus or Freyr was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women's clothes. Aboard the ship would the marriage of a man and woman be consummated as a fertility ritual.

Question: Whose effigy was placed on a ship on wheels?
Answer: Nerthus or Freyr

Question: What type of tribe celebrated daylight returning?
Answer: Germanic

Question: What season did fertility typically return?
Answer: spring

Question: What typically accompanied the effigy of Nerthus? 
Answer: a procession of people in animal disguise

Question: What typically happened aboard the ship on wheels?
Answer: the marriage of a man and woman be consummated

Question: What did a bunch of Germanic tribes celebrate?
Answer: the returning of the daylight

Question: How was the ship carrying a predominant deity moved around during the jubilee?
Answer: on wheels

Question: Why was the winter driven out?
Answer: to make sure that fertility could return in spring

Question: What is Nerthus the goddess of?
Answer: fertility

Question: How would the marriage of a man and woman on the ship serve as a fertility ritual?
Answer: be consummated
Title: Carnival

Carnival (see other spellings and names) is a Christian festive season that occurs before the Christian season of Lent. The main events typically occur during February or early March, during the period historically known as Shrovetide (or Pre-Lent). Carnival typically involves a public celebration and/or parade combining some elements of a circus, masks and public street party. People wear masks and costumes during many such celebrations, allowing them to lose their everyday individuality and experience a heightened sense of social unity. Excessive consumption of alcohol, meat, and other foods proscribed during Lent is extremely common. Other common features of carnival include mock battles such as food fights; social satire and mockery of authorities; the grotesque body displaying exaggerated features especially large noses, bellies, mouths, and phalli or elements of animal bodies; abusive language and degrading acts; depictions of disease and gleeful death; and a general reversal of everyday rules and norms.

Question: What's the name of the Christian festive season that occurs before the season of Lent?
Answer: Carnival

Question: When do the main events of the Christian festival occur?
Answer: February

Question: Who is the Carnival open to?
Answer: public

Question: What do participants of the Carnival experience a heightened sense of?
Answer: social unity

Question: What is consumed in excessive amounts during Lent?
Answer: alcohol
Title: Carnival

Tacitus wrote in his Germania: Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator – "The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance." Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur – "Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake."

Question: Who wrote the Germania?
Answer: Tacitus

Question: What do the Germans feel it inconsistent to confine gods within?
Answer: walls

Question: Germans do not liken the gods to whose countenance?
Answer: human

Question: When is the car used in the ritual purified? 
Answer: Afterwards

Question: Where is the divinity herself purified? 
Answer: a secret lake
Title: Carnival

Traditionally the feast also applied to sexual desires, which were supposed to be suppressed during the following fasting. Before Lent began, all rich food and drink were consumed in what became a giant celebration that involved the whole community, and is thought to be the origin of Carnival. The Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar, the six weeks directly before Easter, was originally marked by fasting and other pious or penitential practices. During Lent, no parties or celebrations were held, and people refrained from eating rich foods, such as meat, dairy, fat and sugar.

Question: What desires were expected to be suppressed during the fasting period?
Answer: sexual

Question: All rich food and drink were consumed before what named event?
Answer: Lent

Question: The giant celebration that involved the whole community is thought to be the origin of what festivity?
Answer: Carnival

Question: How long is the Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar?
Answer: six weeks

Question: What type of rich foods did people refrain from eating during Lent?
Answer: meat, dairy, fat and sugar
Title: Carnival

While christian festivals such as corpus christi were church-sanctioned celebrations, Carnival was also a manifestation of European folk culture. In the Christian tradition the fasting is to commemorate the 40 days that Jesus fasted in the desert according to the New Testament and also to reflect on Christian values. As with many other Christian festivals such as Christmas which was originally a pagan midwinter festival, the Christian church has found it easier to turn the pagan Carnaval in a catholic tradition than to eliminate it.  Unlike today, carnival in the Middle Ages took not just a few days, but it covered almost the entire period between Christmas and the beginning of Lent. In those two months, several Catholic holidays were seized by the Catholic population as an outlet for their daily frustrations.

Question: What was one of the festivals sanctioned by the church?
Answer: corpus christi

Question: Carnival was also a result of what area's folk culture?
Answer: European

Question: How many days is Jesus traditionally said to have fasted in the desert?
Answer: 40

Question: What pagan midwinter festival did the church find easier to subvert than eliminate?
Answer: Christmas

Question: Why were multiple holidays seized by the Catholic population?
Answer: outlet for their daily frustrations
Title: Carnival

In the year 743 the synod in Leptines (Leptines is located near Binche in Belgium) spoke out furiously against the excesses in the month of February. Also from the same period dates the phrase: "Whoever in February by a variety of less honorable acts tries to drive out winter is not a Christian, but a pagan." Confession books from around 800 contain more information about how people would dress as an animal or old woman during the festivities in January and February, even though this was a sin with no small penance. Also in Spain, San Isidoro de Sevilla is written complaint in the seventh century that people coming out into the streets disguised in many cases the opposite gender.

Question: In what year did the synod in Leptines rant against the excesses of the festival?
Answer: 743

Question: In what month did the excesses occur?
Answer: February

Question: What type of books from around 800 contain more information of people's traditions during this period?
Answer: Confession

Question: What was it a sin with no small penance to dress up as?
Answer: an animal or old woman

Question: What would some people in Spain go out disguised as?
Answer: the opposite gender