rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Copyright_infringement

Article 10 of the Berne Convention mandates that national laws provide for limitations to copyright, so that copyright protection does not extend to certain kinds of uses that fall under what the treaty calls "fair practice," including but not limited to minimal quotations used in journalism and education. The laws implementing these limitations and exceptions for uses that would otherwise be infringing broadly fall into the categories of either fair use or fair dealing. In common law systems, these fair practice statutes typically enshrine principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents, and are considered essential to freedom of speech.

Question: What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright?
Answer: fair practice

Question: Where are minimal quotations commonly used?
Answer: journalism and education

Question: What categories do works that would normally be considered infringing fall into?
Answer: fair use or fair dealing

Question: What do these statutes represent?
Answer: principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents

Question: What are these statutes essential to?
Answer: freedom of speech
Title: Copyright_infringement

Another example is the practice of compulsory licensing, which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works, such as compilations and live performances of music. Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement occurs as long as a royalty, at a rate determined by law rather than private negotiation, is paid to the copyright owner or representative copyright collective. Some fair dealing laws, such as Canada's, include similar royalty requirements.

Question: What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?
Answer: compulsory licensing

Question: What are two examples of this licensing?
Answer: compilations and live performances of music

Question: What happens if a royalty is paid to the copyright owner or representative?
Answer: no infringement occurs

Question: What country has fair dealing laws?
Answer: Canada
Title: Copyright_infringement

In Europe, the copyright infringement case Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd had two prongs; one concerned whether a news aggregator service infringed the copyright of the news generators; the other concerned whether the temporary web cache created by the web browser of a consumer of the aggregator's service, also infringed the copyright of the news generators. The first prong was decided in favor of the news generators; in June 2014 the second prong was decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which ruled that the temporary web cache of consumers of the aggregator did not infringe the copyright of the news generators.

Question: Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?
Answer: Europe

Question: Whose copyright were news aggregators infringing on?
Answer: news generators

Question: When was the second part of the case decided?
Answer: June 2014

Question: What did the courts rule was NOT infringement?
Answer: temporary web cache of consumers
Title: Copyright_infringement

In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.

Question: If a work must include a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?
Answer: in a fixed medium

Question: What is NOT protected?
Answer: The idea itself

Question: What makes a copy of an original idea infringing?
Answer: it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea

Question: What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?
Answer: what qualifies as original
Title: Copyright_infringement

In the U.S., for example, copyright case law contains a substantial similarity requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC Test) to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing. Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D, effort and expense put into a work's creation doesn't affect copyright protection.

Question: Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?
Answer: U.S.

Question: What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?
Answer: Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test

Question: What has software case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?
Answer: doesn't affect copyright protection
Title: Copyright_infringement

Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventative measures to deter copyright infringement, with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement. Strategies include education, civil & criminal legislation, and international agreements, as well as publicizing anti-piracy litigation successes and imposing forms of digital media copy protection, such as controversial DRM technology and anti-circumvention laws, which limit the amount of control consumers have over the use of products and content they have purchased.

Question: Who takes different steps to prevent infringement?
Answer: Corporations and legislatures

Question: What is the major focus of these steps?
Answer: preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement

Question: What kinds of legislation are a strategy for preventing infringement?
Answer: civil & criminal

Question: What does DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?
Answer: limit the amount of control consumers have
Title: Copyright_infringement

Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions, nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and uses. For example, in the U.S., the DMCA, an implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty, considers digital transmissions of audio recordings to be licensed as long as a designated copyright collective's royalty and reporting requirements are met. The DMCA also provides safe harbor for digital service providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement, thus reducing the likelihood that the providers themselves will be considered directly infringing.

Question: How have governments lowered infringement rates?
Answer: narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing

Question: Besides upholding international treaty, what else have countries done specifically to digital works and uses?
Answer: enacted compulsory licensing laws

Question: What law in the US considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?
Answer: DMCA

Question: What else does this law provide to service providers?
Answer: safe harbor

Question: Who does this law target?
Answer: providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement
Title: Copyright_infringement

Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing strategies: rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission, the copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use, as long as they adhere to certain conditions. This has the effect of reducing infringement – and the burden on courts – by simply permitting certain types of uses under terms that the copyright owner considers reasonable. Examples include free software licenses, like the GNU General Public License (GPL), and the Creative Commons licenses, which are predominantly applied to visual and literary works.

Question: What do some copyright owners do by reducing the scope of infringement?
Answer: employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing

Question: What must a user do under a prepared license?
Answer: adhere to certain conditions

Question: Besides lessening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?
Answer: reducing infringement

Question: What is an example of a free software license?
Answer: GNU General Public License

Question: What works do Creative Commons licenses generally apply to?
Answer: visual and literary works
Title: Copyright_infringement

To prevent piracy of films, the standard drill of film distribution is to have a movie first released through movie theaters (theatrical window), on average approximately 16 and a half weeks, before having it released to Blu-Ray and DVD (entering its video window). During the theatrical window, digital versions of films are often transported in data storage devices by couriers rather than by data transmission. The data can be encrypted, with the key being made to work only at specific times in order to prevent leakage between screens. Coded Anti-Piracy marks can be added to films to identify the source of illegal copies and shut them down. As a result of these measures, the only versions of films available for piracy during the theatrical window are usually "cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens, which are of inferior quality compared to the original film version.

Question: How long is a movie typically released in theaters for?
Answer: approximately 16 and a half weeks

Question: During this time, how are digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?
Answer: by couriers

Question: What can be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?
Answer: encrypted

Question: What can be coded to films to find the source of illegal copies?
Answer: Anti-Piracy marks can be added

Question: What inferior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?
Answer: "cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens
Title: Copyright_infringement

The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained that the sources – a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estimate, a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) press release and a Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association estimate – "cannot be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology."

Question: What 2010 body found how difficult it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?
Answer: U.S. GAO

Question: How many commanly cited estimates did the body report on?
Answer: three

Question: What did the FBI use as a source?
Answer: estimate

Question: What report said the data could not be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?
Answer: GAO report
Title: Copyright_infringement

According to a 2007 BSA and International Data Corporation (IDC) study, the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy were: 1. Armenia (93%); 2. Bangladesh (92%); 3. Azerbaijan (92%); 4. Moldova (92%); and 5. Zimbabwe (91%). According to the study's results, the five countries with the lowest piracy rates were: 1. U.S. (20%); 2. Luxembourg (21%); 3. New Zealand (22%); 4. Japan (23%); and 5. Austria (25%). The 2007 report showed that the Asia-Pacific region was associated with the highest amount of loss, in terms of U.S. dollars, with $14,090,000, followed by the European Union, with a loss of $12,383,000; the lowest amount of U.S. dollars was lost in the Middle East/Africa region, where $2,446,000 was documented.

Question: Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?
Answer: BSA and International Data Corporation

Question: Which country had the lowest rate of software piracy?
Answer: U.S.

Question: Which region had the highest loss?
Answer: Asia-Pacific

Question: How much did the EU lose?
Answer: $12,383,000

Question: Where was the lowest amount of U.S. dollars lost?
Answer: Middle East/Africa region
Title: Copyright_infringement

In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs, the BSA stated: "Over half of the world's personal computer users – 57 percent – admit to pirating software." The ninth annual "BSA Global Software Piracy Study" claims that the "commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software" was worth US$63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$9,773,000). According to the 2011 study, Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate, at 92%, while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S., at 19%.

Question: Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2011 with?
Answer: IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs

Question: What percentage of people admit to pirating software?
Answer: 57 percent

Question: What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011?
Answer: US$63.4 billion

Question: What nation had the higest piracy rate?
Answer: Zimbabwe

Question: What was the U.S.'s piracy rate?
Answer: 19%
Title: Copyright_infringement

In 2007, the Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI) reported that music piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy. According to the study, musicians and those involved in the recording industry are not the only ones who experience losses attributed to music piracy. Retailers have lost over a billion dollars, while piracy has resulted in 46,000 fewer production-level jobs and almost 25,000 retail jobs. The U.S. government was also reported to suffer from music piracy, losing $422 million in tax revenue.

Question: Who reported that piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy?
Answer: Institute for Policy Innovation

Question: How much money have retailers lost?
Answer: over a billion dollars

Question: How many production-level jobs were lost?
Answer: 46,000

Question: Which government lost $422 million in potential tax money?
Answer: U.S. government
Title: Copyright_infringement

Professor Aram Sinnreich, in his book The Piracy Crusade, states that the connection between declining music sails and the creation of peer to peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous, based on correlation rather than causation. He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion, what he describes as a "'perfect bubble'—a confluence of economic, political, and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century".

Question: What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich write?
Answer: The Piracy Crusade

Question: What did Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?
Answer: tenuous

Question: What was the industry going through?
Answer: artificial expansion

Question: What does he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?
Answer: perfect bubble
Title: Copyright_infringement

The 2011 Business Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard, estimates the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $59 billion in 2010, with emerging markets accounting for $31.9 billion, over half of the total. Furthermore, mature markets for the first time received less PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010, making emerging markets now responsible for more than half of all computers in use worldwide. In addition with software infringement rates of 68 percent comparing to 24 percent of mature markets, emerging markets thus possess the majority of the global increase in the commercial value of counterfeit software. China continues to have the highest commercial value of such software at $8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $9.7 billion in 2011. In 2011, the Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa has been pirated (excluding South Africa).

Question: What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2010?
Answer: $59 billion

Question: Who accounted for over half the total?
Answer: emerging markets

Question:  What did the established markets receive for the first time?
Answer: less PC shipments than emerging economies

Question: What country has the highest retail value of software?
Answer: China

Question: What percentage of software in Africa is illegal?
Answer: 83 percent
Title: Greece

Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands (including the Dodecanese and Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres (9,573 ft).

Question: On what peninsula is Greece located?
Answer: Balkan peninsula

Question: How many geographic regions make up Greece?
Answer: nine

Question: How long is the coastline of Greece?
Answer: 8,498 mi

Question: How many of Greece's islands are inhabited?
Answer: 227

Question: What is the tallest mountain in Greece?
Answer: Mount Olympus
Title: Greece

Greece has one of the longest histories of any country, and is considered the cradle of Western civilization, and as such, is the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, the Olympic Games, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama, including both tragedy and comedy. Greece was first unified under Philip of Macedon in the fourth century BC. His son Alexander the Great rapidly conquered much of the ancient world, spreading Greek culture and science from the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus River. Annexed by Rome in the second century BC, Greece became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire. The first century AD saw the establishment of the Greek Orthodox Church, which shaped the modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World. Falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following the war of independence. Greece's rich historical legacy is reflected in large part by its 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe and the world.

Question: Who was the first person to bring all of Greece together?
Answer: Philip of Macedon

Question: Who was the son of Philip of Macedon?
Answer: Alexander the Great

Question: Greece came part of what empire in the 2nd century BC?
Answer: Rome

Question: When was the Greek Orthodox Church started?
Answer: first century AD

Question: What year is considered the beginning of modern Greece?
Answer: 1830
Title: Greece

Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the tenth member to join the European Communities (precursor to the European Union) and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. It is also a member of numerous other international institutions, including the Council of Europe, NATO,[a] OECD, OIF, OSCE and the WTO. Greece, which is one of the world's largest shipping powers, middle powers and top tourist destinations, has the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor.

Question: Greece is one of the members who founded what organization?
Answer: United Nations

Question: Which political philosophy does Greece follow?
Answer: democratic

Question: When did Greece join the Eurozone?
Answer: 2001

Question: Greece has the biggest economic power where?
Answer: Balkans
Title: Greece

The names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada (Greek: Ἑλλάς or Ελλάδα) and its official name is the Hellenic Republic, in English it is referred to as Greece, which comes from the Latin term Graecia as used by the Romans, which literally means 'the land of the Greeks', and derives from the Greek name Γραικός. However, the name Hellas is sometimes used in English as well.

Question: What is one of the names the Greeks call their country?
Answer: Hellas

Question: What is the official name of Greece?
Answer: Hellenic Republic

Question: From what word is Greece derived?
Answer: Graecia

Question: What does the work Graecia mean?
Answer: the land of the Greeks

Question: Who called Greece Graecia?
Answer: Romans
Title: Greece

The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, in the Greek province of Macedonia. All three stages of the stone age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic) are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries, as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the Near East to Europe.

Question: Humans in the Balkans have been dated to what year?
Answer: 270,000 BC

Question: Evidence of the earliest humans were found in what subterranean formation?
Answer: Petralona cave

Question: The Franchthi cave has evidence of what 3 ancient eras?
Answer: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic

Question: Greece has evidence of Stone Age people during what time period?
Answer: 7th millennium BC

Question: What activity led to Greece having some of the earliest Stone Age settlements?
Answer: farming
Title: Greece

Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is considered the birthplace of Western civilization,[citation clutter] beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3200 BC, the Minoan civilization in Crete (2700–1500 BC), and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland (1900–1100 BC). These civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, during a time of regional upheaval known as the Bronze Age collapse. This ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent.

Question: Ancient Greece is considered to be where what was born?
Answer: Western civilization

Question: What was the last civilization to rule Greece?
Answer: Mycenaean

Question: The Mycenaean civilization deteriorated in what time period? 
Answer: 1200 BC

Question: Around 1200 BC, what was the fall of the regional civilizations called?
Answer: Bronze Age collapse

Question: What is the time period called from which no writing can be found.
Answer: Greek Dark Ages