rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Cotton

Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy to grow picker varieties of cotton, and usually after application of a chemical defoliant or the natural defoliation that occurs after a freeze. Cotton is a perennial crop in the tropics, and without defoliation or freezing, the plant will continue to grow.

Question: How is most cotton harvested?
Answer: mechanically

Question: What is the cotton harvesting machine that removes the boll with damaging the plant?
Answer: cotton picker

Question: What machine strips off the entire head of the cotton plant?
Answer: cotton stripper

Question: What weather conditions mandate the planting of stripper types of cotton?
Answer: windy

Question: What type of plant is cotton?
Answer: perennial
Title: Cotton

The era of manufactured fibers began with the development of rayon in France in the 1890s. Rayon is derived from a natural cellulose and cannot be considered synthetic, but requires extensive processing in a manufacturing process, and led the less expensive replacement of more naturally derived materials. A succession of new synthetic fibers were introduced by the chemicals industry in the following decades. Acetate in fiber form was developed in 1924. Nylon, the first fiber synthesized entirely from petrochemicals, was introduced as a sewing thread by DuPont in 1936, followed by DuPont's acrylic in 1944. Some garments were created from fabrics based on these fibers, such as women's hosiery from nylon, but it was not until the introduction of polyester into the fiber marketplace in the early 1950s that the market for cotton came under threat. The rapid uptake of polyester garments in the 1960s caused economic hardship in cotton-exporting economies, especially in Central American countries, such as Nicaragua, where cotton production had boomed tenfold between 1950 and 1965 with the advent of cheap chemical pesticides. Cotton production recovered in the 1970s, but crashed to pre-1960 levels in the early 1990s.

Question: What was the first manufactured fiber?
Answer: rayon

Question: When was rayon first made in France?
Answer: 1890s

Question: What type of industry produced a growing chain of synthetic fibers?
Answer: chemicals industry

Question: What company produced nylon and acrylic in the 1930s and 1940s?
Answer: DuPont

Question: What was manufactured completely from petrochemicals?
Answer: Nylon
Title: Cotton

Beginning as a self-help program in the mid-1960s, the Cotton Research and Promotion Program (CRPP) was organized by U.S. cotton producers in response to cotton's steady decline in market share. At that time, producers voted to set up a per-bale assessment system to fund the program, with built-in safeguards to protect their investments. With the passage of the Cotton Research and Promotion Act of 1966, the program joined forces and began battling synthetic competitors and re-establishing markets for cotton. Today, the success of this program has made cotton the best-selling fiber in the U.S. and one of the best-selling fibers in the world.[citation needed]

Question: What prompted a help program produced by cotton producers in the 1960s?
Answer: decline in market share

Question: What law was passed in 1966 to aid cotton producers?
Answer: Cotton Research and Promotion Act

Question: What type of competitors does the 1966 act help combat?
Answer: synthetic competitors

Question: Where has the Cotton Research and Promotion Act made cotton the best selling fiber?
Answer: U.S.

Question: What did producers of cotton have to re-establish after the market declined?
Answer: markets for cotton
Title: Cotton

Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth for highly absorbent bath towels and robes; denim for blue jeans; cambric, popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from which we get the term "blue-collar"); and corduroy, seersucker, and cotton twill. Socks, underwear, and most T-shirts are made from cotton. Bed sheets often are made from cotton. Cotton also is used to make yarn used in crochet and knitting. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester. It can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a stretchier thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans.

Question: For what is cotton used to make?
Answer: textile products

Question: Besides new cotton fibers, what type of fibers can be used to make cotton products?
Answer: recycled or recovered cotton

Question: With what is cotton often blended to make a new style of fabric?
Answer: synthetic fibers

Question: What kinds of fabrics can be made from blended fibers?
Answer: knitted or woven

Question: For what can cotton yarn be used?
Answer: crochet and knitting
Title: Cotton

The cottonseed which remains after the cotton is ginned is used to produce cottonseed oil, which, after refining, can be consumed by humans like any other vegetable oil. The cottonseed meal that is left generally is fed to ruminant livestock; the gossypol remaining in the meal is toxic to monogastric animals. Cottonseed hulls can be added to dairy cattle rations for roughage. During the American slavery period, cotton root bark was used in folk remedies as an abortifacient, that is, to induce a miscarriage. Gossypol was one of the many substances found in all parts of the cotton plant and it was described by the scientists as 'poisonous pigment'. It also appears to inhibit the development of sperm or even restrict the mobility of the sperm. Also, it is thought to interfere with the menstrual cycle by restricting the release of certain hormones.

Question: For what is cottonseed used after it is separate from the fibers?
Answer: cottonseed oil

Question: What product is processed cottonseed oil?
Answer: vegetable oil.

Question: What is cottonseed meal used for feed?
Answer: ruminant livestock

Question: For what purpose are cottonseed hulls used in feed?
Answer: roughage

Question: As what did early scientists describe gossypol ?
Answer: poisonous pigment
Title: Cotton

Cotton linters are fine, silky fibers which adhere to the seeds of the cotton plant after ginning. These curly fibers typically are less than 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) long. The term also may apply to the longer textile fiber staple lint as well as the shorter fuzzy fibers from some upland species. Linters are traditionally used in the manufacture of paper and as a raw material in the manufacture of cellulose. In the UK, linters are referred to as "cotton wool". This can also be a refined product (absorbent cotton in U.S. usage) which has medical, cosmetic and many other practical uses. The first medical use of cotton wool was by Sampson Gamgee at the Queen's Hospital (later the General Hospital) in Birmingham, England.

Question: What part of the cotton plant is used for paper manufacture?
Answer: Cotton linters

Question: What do cotton linters look like?
Answer: fine, silky fibers

Question: What are cotton linters called in the UK?
Answer: cotton wool

Question: What is cotton wool called in the US?
Answer: absorbent cotton

Question: What individual first used cotton wool medically?
Answer: Sampson Gamgee
Title: Cotton

Cotton lisle is a finely-spun, tightly twisted type of cotton that is noted for being strong and durable. Lisle is composed of two strands that have each been twisted an extra twist per inch than ordinary yarns and combined to create a single thread. The yarn is spun so that it is compact and solid. This cotton is used mainly for underwear, stockings, and gloves. Colors applied to this yarn are noted for being more brilliant than colors applied to softer yarn. This type of thread was first made in the city of Lisle, France (now Lille), hence its name.

Question: What is a fine, tightly twisted type of cotton fabric?
Answer: Cotton lisle

Question: What is lisle considered to be as a fabric?
Answer: strong and durable

Question: What does extra twisting of lisle thread produce?
Answer: single thread

Question: Where was the lisle thread originally made?
Answer: Lisle, France

Question: How is color perceived to be for lisle in comparison to softer yarns? 
Answer: more brilliant
Title: Cotton

The largest producers of cotton, currently (2009), are China and India, with annual production of about 34 million bales and 33.4 million bales, respectively; most of this production is consumed by their respective textile industries. The largest exporters of raw cotton are the United States, with sales of $4.9 billion, and Africa, with sales of $2.1 billion. The total international trade is estimated to be $12 billion. Africa's share of the cotton trade has doubled since 1980. Neither area has a significant domestic textile industry, textile manufacturing having moved to developing nations in Eastern and South Asia such as India and China. In Africa, cotton is grown by numerous small holders. Dunavant Enterprises, based in Memphis, Tennessee, is the leading cotton broker in Africa, with hundreds of purchasing agents. It operates cotton gins in Uganda, Mozambique, and Zambia. In Zambia, it often offers loans for seed and expenses to the 180,000 small farmers who grow cotton for it, as well as advice on farming methods. Cargill also purchases cotton in Africa for export.

Question: In 2009 what were the largest producers of cotton?
Answer: China and India

Question: How do the US and Africa rank as exporters of cotton?
Answer: largest exporters

Question: What is the combined international trade in cotton?
Answer: $12 billion

Question: What company is the top cotton broker in Africa?
Answer: Dunavant Enterprises

Question: Where is Dunavant Enterprises based?
Answer: Memphis, Tennessee
Title: Cotton

The 25,000 cotton growers in the United States of America are heavily subsidized at the rate of $2 billion per year although China now provides the highest overall level of cotton sector support. The future of these subsidies is uncertain and has led to anticipatory expansion of cotton brokers' operations in Africa. Dunavant expanded in Africa by buying out local operations. This is only possible in former British colonies and Mozambique; former French colonies continue to maintain tight monopolies, inherited from their former colonialist masters, on cotton purchases at low fixed prices.

Question: How many subsidized cotton growers are in the US?
Answer: 25,000

Question: What is the rate of subsidies of cotton growers in the US?
Answer: $2 billion per year

Question: What country provides the highest rate of support for cotton growers?
Answer: China

Question: Which former colonies still have tight monopolies on cotton brokering?
Answer: French

Question: Where in Africa is it possible to buy out brokerages in cotton?
Answer: former British colonies
Title: Cotton

While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry, a group of four least-developed African countries – Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali – also known as "Cotton-4" have been the leading protagonist for the reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations. The four introduced a "Sectoral Initiative in Favour of Cotton", presented by Burkina Faso's President Blaise Compaoré during the Trade Negotiations Committee on 10 June 2003.

Question: What was Brazil's argument against the US cotton industry?
Answer: heavily subsidized

Question: What are the African countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali referred to as in the cotton industry?
Answer: Cotton-4

Question: What has the Cotton-4 been in regards to the US cotton subsidies?
Answer: leading protagonist

Question: What could the US do that would please the foreign cotton industry concerning cotton subsidies?
Answer: reduction

Question: What organization has Brazil tried to use to curb US cotton subsidies?
Answer: WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism
Title: Cotton

In addition to concerns over subsidies, the cotton industries of some countries are criticized for employing child labor and damaging workers' health by exposure to pesticides used in production. The Environmental Justice Foundation has campaigned against the prevalent use of forced child and adult labor in cotton production in Uzbekistan, the world's third largest cotton exporter. The international production and trade situation has led to "fair trade" cotton clothing and footwear, joining a rapidly growing market for organic clothing, fair fashion or "ethical fashion". The fair trade system was initiated in 2005 with producers from Cameroon, Mali and Senegal.

Question: What type of labor have some countries come under fire for employing?
Answer: child

Question: What usage that causes worker damage have some countries been reported doing? 
Answer: exposure to pesticides

Question: What country has been accused of forced child and adult labor?
Answer: Uzbekistan

Question: Where does Uzbekistan rank as a cotton exporter?
Answer: third largest

Question: What system was started in 2005 to deal with organic and ethically produced products?
Answer: fair trade
Title: Cotton

A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, tetraploid cotton. "Tetraploid" means that cultivated cotton actually has two separate genomes within its nucleus, referred to as the A and D genomes. The sequencing consortium first agreed to sequence the D-genome relative of cultivated cotton (G. raimondii, a wild Central American cotton species) because of its small size and limited number of repetitive elements. It is nearly one-third the number of bases of tetraploid cotton (AD), and each chromosome is only present once.[clarification needed] The A genome of G. arboreum would be sequenced next. Its genome is roughly twice the size of G. raimondii's. Part of the difference in size between the two genomes is the amplification of retrotransposons (GORGE). Once both diploid genomes are assembled, then research could begin sequencing the actual genomes of cultivated cotton varieties. This strategy is out of necessity; if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of the AD genomes would co-assemble and the repetitive elements of AD genomes would assembly independently into A and D sequences respectively. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts.

Question: What is the final sequencing goal of sequencing diploid cotton genomes first ?
Answer: tetraploid cotton

Question: What type of cotton has two separate genomes within its nucleus? 
Answer: Tetraploid

Question: When did a group of researchers decide to sequence the genomic structure of tetraploid cotton?
Answer: 2007

Question: What type of genome must be sequenced first to prevent confusion before the tetraploid form?
Answer: diploid

Question: In order to understand the tetraploid forms, what must be used as a comparison in cotton gene sequencing?
Answer: diploid counterparts
Title: Cotton

The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The public-sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, two companies (Monsanto and Illumina), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G. raimondii about 50x. They announced that they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but a lot of hard work remains.

Question: What companies finished much of the sequencing of the D genome?
Answer: Monsanto and Illumina

Question: When was the sequencing of D genome of G.  raimondii mostly completed?
Answer: 2010

Question: What did Monsanto and Illumina say they would do with the research?
Answer: donate

Question: What is the seeming result of donating genetic cotton sequencing to the public?
Answer: public relations

Question: What plants are the goal of sequencing wild forms of cotton?
Answer: cultivated varieties
Title: Data_compression

In signal processing, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Compression can be either lossy or lossless. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. No information is lost in lossless compression. Lossy compression reduces bits by identifying unnecessary information and removing it. The process of reducing the size of a data file is referred to as data compression. In the context of data transmission, it is called source coding (encoding done at the source of the data before it is stored or transmitted) in opposition to channel coding.

Question: What involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation?
Answer: data compression

Question: What can be either lossy or lossless?
Answer: Compression

Question: What reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy? 
Answer: Lossless compression

Question: What is the process called of reducing the size of a data file?
Answer: data compression

Question: What is the process called of encoding at the source of the data before it's processed?
Answer: source coding
Title: Data_compression

Compression is useful because it helps reduce resource usage, such as data storage space or transmission capacity. Because compressed data must be decompressed to use, this extra processing imposes computational or other costs through decompression; this situation is far from being a free lunch. Data compression is subject to a space–time complexity trade-off. For instance, a compression scheme for video may require expensive hardware for the video to be decompressed fast enough to be viewed as it is being decompressed, and the option to decompress the video in full before watching it may be inconvenient or require additional storage. The design of data compression schemes involves trade-offs among various factors, including the degree of compression, the amount of distortion introduced (when using lossy data compression), and the computational resources required to compress and decompress the data.

Question: What helps reduce resource usage?
Answer: Compression

Question: What must be decompressed? 
Answer: compressed data

Question: What is subject to a space-time complexity trade off? 
Answer: Data compression

Question: What type of scheme involves trade offs among other things?
Answer: data compression
Title: Data_compression

Lossless data compression algorithms usually exploit statistical redundancy to represent data without losing any information, so that the process is reversible. Lossless compression is possible because most real-world data exhibits statistical redundancy. For example, an image may have areas of colour that do not change over several pixels; instead of coding "red pixel, red pixel, ..." the data may be encoded as "279 red pixels". This is a basic example of run-length encoding; there are many schemes to reduce file size by eliminating redundancy.

Question: What usually exploits statistical redundancy?
Answer: Lossless data compression algorithms

Question: What represents statistical redundancy?
Answer: Lossless compression

Question: What may have colors that do not change over several pixels?
Answer: an image
Title: Data_compression

The Lempel–Ziv (LZ) compression methods are among the most popular algorithms for lossless storage. DEFLATE is a variation on LZ optimized for decompression speed and compression ratio, but compression can be slow. DEFLATE is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG. LZW (Lempel–Ziv–Welch) is used in GIF images. Also noteworthy is the LZR (Lempel-Ziv–Renau) algorithm, which serves as the basis for the Zip method.[citation needed] LZ methods use a table-based compression model where table entries are substituted for repeated strings of data. For most LZ methods, this table is generated dynamically from earlier data in the input. The table itself is often Huffman encoded (e.g. SHRI, LZX). Current LZ-based coding schemes that perform well are Brotli and LZX. LZX is used in Microsoft's CAB format.

Question: What compression methods are among the most popular?
Answer: Lempel–Ziv (LZ)

Question: What is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG?
Answer: DEFLATE

Question: What serves as the basis of the Zip method?
Answer: LZR

Question: What is a current LZ based coding scheme that does well?
Answer: Brotli

Question: What is used in Microsoft's CAB format?
Answer: LZX
Title: Data_compression

In a further refinement of the direct use of probabilistic modelling, statistical estimates can be coupled to an algorithm called arithmetic coding. Arithmetic coding is a more modern coding technique that uses the mathematical calculations of a finite-state machine to produce a string of encoded bits from a series of input data symbols. It can achieve superior compression to other techniques such as the better-known Huffman algorithm. It uses an internal memory state to avoid the need to perform a one-to-one mapping of individual input symbols to distinct representations that use an integer number of bits, and it clears out the internal memory only after encoding the entire string of data symbols. Arithmetic coding applies especially well to adaptive data compression tasks where the statistics vary and are context-dependent, as it can be easily coupled with an adaptive model of the probability distribution of the input data. An early example of the use of arithmetic coding was its use as an optional (but not widely used) feature of the JPEG image coding standard. It has since been applied in various other designs including H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and HEVC for video coding.

Question: What can be paired with an algorithm called arithmetic coding?
Answer: statistical estimates

Question: What can achieve superior compression?
Answer: Arithmetic coding

Question: What uses an internal memory state?
Answer: Huffman algorithm
Title: Data_compression

Lossy data compression is the converse of lossless data compression. In these schemes, some loss of information is acceptable. Dropping nonessential detail from the data source can save storage space. Lossy data compression schemes are designed by research on how people perceive the data in question. For example, the human eye is more sensitive to subtle variations in luminance than it is to the variations in color. JPEG image compression works in part by rounding off nonessential bits of information. There is a corresponding trade-off between preserving information and reducing size. A number of popular compression formats exploit these perceptual differences, including those used in music files, images, and video.

Question: What type of data compression is the converse of lossless date data compression?
Answer: Lossy

Question: What can save storage space?
Answer: Dropping nonessential detail from the data source

Question: What helps by eliminating off nonessential bits of information?
Answer: JPEG image compression