rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: San_Diego

The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile. Sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site 'San Miguel'. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast. Arriving on his flagship San Diego, Vizcaíno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for the Catholic Saint Didacus, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego de Alcalá. On November 12, 1602, the first Christian religious service of record in Alta California was conducted by Friar Antonio de la Ascensión, a member of Vizcaíno's expedition, to celebrate the feast day of San Diego.

Question: Who was sent to survey the California coast in 1602?
Answer: Sebastián Vizcaíno

Question: Who was the harbor named for?
Answer: Catholic Saint Didacus

Question: Who conducted the first Christian service to be recorded in Alta?
Answer: Friar Antonio de la Ascensión

Question: What was the name of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo's ship?
Answer: San Salvador

Question: Where did Cabrillo leave from to embark on his journey to the West Coast?
Answer: Navidad, New Spain
Title: San_Diego

In May 1769, Gaspar de Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California. In July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Franciscan friars under Junípero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in and around the mission proper. Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks.

Question: Who did Junipero Serra commission to found the Mission San Diego de Alcala in 1769?
Answer: Franciscan friars

Question: What historic trail starting point developed at Mission San Diego?
Answer: El Camino Real

Question: What was developed on a hill by the San Diego River?
Answer: Fort Presidio of San Diego

Question: How many neophytes resided in the San Diego area in 1797?
Answer: 1,400

Question: What are the Presidio and Mission considered today?
Answer: National Historic Landmarks
Title: San_Diego

In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the coastal territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the level land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, and most of the Mission lands were sold to wealthy Californio settlers. The 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde ("municipal magistrate"), defeating Pío Pico in the vote. (See, List of pre-statehood mayors of San Diego.) However, San Diego had been losing population throughout the 1830s and in 1838 the town lost its pueblo status because its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents. Beyond town Mexican land grants expanded the number of California ranchos that modestly added to the local economy.

Question: Who was elected as the Mission's first municipal magistrate?
Answer: Juan María Osuna

Question: What was the name of the Mexican territory San Diego became part of in 1821?
Answer: Alta California

Question: Why did San Diego lose its pueblo status in 1838?
Answer: its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents

Question: What happened as the population shifted to more level ground below Presidio Hill?
Answer: The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned

Question: Who was in the running for the first alcalde position, but was defeated in the election?
Answer: Pío Pico
Title: San_Diego

In 1846, the United States went to war against Mexico and sent a naval and land expedition to conquer Alta California. At first they had an easy time of it capturing the major ports including San Diego, but the Californios in southern Alta California struck back. Following the successful revolt in Los Angeles, the American garrison at San Diego was driven out without firing a shot in early October 1846. Mexican partisans held San Diego for three weeks until October 24, 1846, when the Americans recaptured it. For the next several months the Americans were blockaded inside the pueblo. Skirmishes occurred daily and snipers shot into the town every night. The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo hoping to starve the Americans and their Californio supporters out. On December 1 the Americans garrison learned that the dragoons of General Stephen W. Kearney were at Warner's Ranch. Commodore Robert F. Stockton sent a mounted force of fifty under Captain Archibald Gillespie to march north to meet him. Their joint command of 150 men, returning to San Diego, encountered about 93 Californios under Andrés Pico. In the ensuing Battle of San Pasqual, fought in the San Pasqual Valley which is now part of the city of San Diego, the Americans suffered their worst losses in the campaign. Subsequently a column led by Lieutenant Gray arrived from San Diego, rescuing Kearny's battered and blockaded command.

Question: Who commissioned Captain Archibald Gillespie to lead 50 men on horseback to the north?
Answer: Commodore Robert F. Stockton

Question: What battle took place in the San Pasqual Valley?
Answer: Battle of San Pasqual

Question: What extreme measure did the Californios take to try to draw the Americans out of the pueblo?
Answer: The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo

Question: Who led the group from San Diego that rescued Kearny's men?
Answer: Lieutenant Gray

Question: How many weeks did Mexican partisans hold San Diego before it was recaptured by Americans?
Answer: three weeks
Title: San_Diego

Stockton and Kearny went on to recover Los Angeles and force the capitulation of Alta California with the "Treaty of Cahuenga" on January 13, 1847. As a result of the Mexican–American War of 1846–48, the territory of Alta California, including San Diego, was ceded to the United States by Mexico, under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The Mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico, but the Americans insisted that San Diego was "for every commercial purpose of nearly equal importance to us with that of San Francisco," and the Mexican-American border was eventually established to be one league south of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay, so as to include the entire bay within the United States.

Question: What treaty was used by Stockton and Kearny on January 1, 1847?
Answer: Treaty of Cahuenga

Question: What was established after negotiations over San Diego between the Mexcians and Americans?
Answer: Mexican-American border

Question: Which war played a role in ceding San Diego to the United States?
Answer: Mexican–American War of 1846–48

Question: What was the name of the treaty developed between Mexico and the United States in 1848?
Answer: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Question: Why was the border between Mexico and the United States established one league south of San Diego Bay's most southern tip?
Answer: to include the entire bay within the United States
Title: San_Diego

The state of California was admitted to the United States in 1850. That same year San Diego was designated the seat of the newly established San Diego County and was incorporated as a city. Joshua H. Bean, the last alcalde of San Diego, was elected the first mayor. Two years later the city was bankrupt; the California legislature revoked the city's charter and placed it under control of a board of trustees, where it remained until 1889. A city charter was re-established in 1889 and today's city charter was adopted in 1931.

Question: In what year did San Diego officially become a city?
Answer: 1850

Question: Who was San Diego's first mayor?
Answer: Joshua H. Bean

Question: What happened two years after San Diego elected it's first mayor?
Answer: the city was bankrupt

Question: Who controlled San Diego's charter for 2 years after it was revoked by California legislature?
Answer: a board of trustees

Question: When was San Diego's current charter adopted?
Answer: 1931
Title: San_Diego

The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the Bay shore called "New San Diego", several miles south of the original settlement; however, for several decades the new development consisted only a few houses, a pier and an Army depot. In the late 1860s, Alonzo Horton promoted a move to the bayside area, which he called "New Town" and which became Downtown San Diego. Horton promoted the area heavily, and people and businesses began to relocate to New Town because of its location on San Diego Bay convenient to shipping. New Town soon eclipsed the original settlement, known to this day as Old Town, and became the economic and governmental heart of the city. Still, San Diego remained a relative backwater town until the arrival of a railroad connection in 1878.

Question: What was the main flaw of San Diego's original location?
Answer: several miles away from navigable water

Question: Who developed New San Diego that was south of the first location?
Answer: William Heath Davis

Question: Who was largely responsible for the population growth of Downtown San Diego?
Answer: Alonzo Horton

Question: What happened in 1878 that played a role in San Diego's economic growth?
Answer: the arrival of a railroad connection

Question: What was San Diego's downtown area originally called?
Answer: New Town
Title: San_Diego

In the early part of the 20th century, San Diego hosted two World's Fairs: the Panama-California Exposition in 1915 and the California Pacific International Exposition in 1935. Both expositions were held in Balboa Park, and many of the Spanish/Baroque-style buildings that were built for those expositions remain to this day as central features of the park. The buildings were intended to be temporary structures, but most remained in continuous use until they progressively fell into disrepair. Most were eventually rebuilt, using castings of the original façades to retain the architectural style. The menagerie of exotic animals featured at the 1915 exposition provided the basis for the San Diego Zoo. During the 1950s there was a citywide festival called Fiesta del Pacifico highlighting the area's Spanish and Mexican past. In the 2010s there was a proposal for a large-scale celebration of the 100th anniversary of Balboa Park, but the plans were abandoned when the organization tasked with putting on the celebration went out of business.

Question: What park in San Diego hosted two World Fairs near the beginning of the 20th century?
Answer: Balboa Park

Question: Where did many of the San Diego Zoo's exotic animals come from?
Answer: Panama-California Exposition in 1915

Question: What festival was celebrated in the 1950s in recognition of the city's Mexican and Spanish past?
Answer: Fiesta del Pacifico

Question: What happened to many of the structures developed for the World Fairs?
Answer: Most were eventually rebuilt, using castings of the original façades to retain the architectural style.

Question: Which World Fair was hosted in San Diego in 1935?
Answer: California Pacific International Exposition
Title: San_Diego

The southern portion of the Point Loma peninsula was set aside for military purposes as early as 1852. Over the next several decades the Army set up a series of coastal artillery batteries and named the area Fort Rosecrans. Significant U.S. Navy presence began in 1901 with the establishment of the Navy Coaling Station in Point Loma, and expanded greatly during the 1920s. By 1930, the city was host to Naval Base San Diego, Naval Training Center San Diego, San Diego Naval Hospital, Camp Matthews, and Camp Kearny (now Marine Corps Air Station Miramar). The city was also an early center for aviation: as early as World War I, San Diego was proclaiming itself "The Air Capital of the West". The city was home to important airplane developers and manufacturers like Ryan Airlines (later Ryan Aeronautical), founded in 1925, and Consolidated Aircraft (later Convair), founded in 1923. Charles A. Lindbergh's plane The Spirit of St. Louis was built in San Diego in 1927 by Ryan Airlines.

Question: What names was given to coastal artillery batteries erected shortly after 1852?
Answer: Fort Rosecrans

Question: What was the name of Charles A. Lindbergh's plane that was built in San Diego by Ryan Airlines?
Answer: Spirit of St. Louis

Question: What was the original name of today's Marine Corps Air Station Miramar?
Answer: Camp Kearny

Question: What branch of the military began to have a strong presence in San Diego in 1901?
Answer: U.S. Navy

Question: What airplane developer was founded in San Diego in 1923?
Answer: Consolidated Aircraft
Title: San_Diego

During World War II, San Diego became a major hub of military and defense activity, due to the presence of so many military installations and defense manufacturers. The city's population grew rapidly during and after World War II, more than doubling between 1930 (147,995) and 1950 (333,865). During the final months of the war, the Japanese had a plan to target multiple U.S. cities for biological attack, starting with San Diego. The plan was called "Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night" and called for kamikaze planes filled with fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis) to crash into civilian population centers in the city, hoping to spread plague in the city and effectively kill tens of thousands of civilians. The plan was scheduled to launch on September 22, 1945, but was not carried out because Japan surrendered five weeks earlier.

Question: When did San Diego's population grow so rapidly that it nearly doubled?
Answer: during and after World War II

Question: What was the name of the attack the Japanese had planned against San Diego?
Answer: Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night

Question: What were the Japanese originally going to drop on San Diego from their kamikaze planes?
Answer: fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis)

Question: Why didn't the Japanese launch their planned attack on September 22, 1945?
Answer: Japan surrendered five weeks earlier

Question: How many civilians were the Japanese hoping to kill during their planned attack on San Diego?
Answer: tens of thousands of civilians
Title: San_Diego

From the start of the 20th century through the 1970s, the American tuna fishing fleet and tuna canning industry were based in San Diego, "the tuna capital of the world". San Diego's first tuna cannery was founded in 1911, and by the mid-1930s the canneries employed more than 1,000 people. A large fishing fleet supported the canneries, mostly staffed by immigrant fishermen from Japan, and later from the Portuguese Azores and Italy whose influence is still felt in neighborhoods like Little Italy and Point Loma. Due to rising costs and foreign competition, the last of the canneries closed in the early 1980s.

Question: What nickname was San Diego given by the tuna canning industry in the 1970s?
Answer: the tuna capital of the world

Question: How many jobs were created by the mid-1930s thanks to San Diego's tuna cannery that was developed in 1911?
Answer: more than 1,000

Question: Why were the canneries ultimately closed by the early 1980s?
Answer: rising costs and foreign competition

Question: Immigrants from what country were primarily hired by the fishing fleets that supported the canneries??
Answer: Japan

Question: From what region in Portugal did immigrants come from to work in San Diego's fishing industry?
Answer: Portuguese Azores
Title: San_Diego

The city lies on approximately 200 deep canyons and hills separating its mesas, creating small pockets of natural open space scattered throughout the city and giving it a hilly geography. Traditionally, San Diegans have built their homes and businesses on the mesas, while leaving the urban canyons relatively wild. Thus, the canyons give parts of the city a segmented feel, creating gaps between otherwise proximate neighborhoods and contributing to a low-density, car-centered environment. The San Diego River runs through the middle of San Diego from east to west, creating a river valley which serves to divide the city into northern and southern segments. The river used to flow into San Diego Bay and its fresh water was the focus of the earliest Spanish explorers.[citation needed] Several reservoirs and Mission Trails Regional Park also lie between and separate developed areas of the city.

Question: In what direction does the San Diego River run through the city?
Answer: east to west

Question: What bodies of water can be found separating different developed areas of the city?
Answer: reservoirs

Question: What is created by the many canyons and hills throughout San Diego?
Answer: small pockets of natural open space

Question: What divides the city's northern and southern segments?
Answer: San Diego River

Question: Where did the San Diego River once flow to?
Answer: San Diego Bay
Title: San_Diego

Downtown San Diego is located on San Diego Bay. Balboa Park encompasses several mesas and canyons to the northeast, surrounded by older, dense urban communities including Hillcrest and North Park. To the east and southeast lie City Heights, the College Area, and Southeast San Diego. To the north lies Mission Valley and Interstate 8. The communities north of the valley and freeway, and south of Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, include Clairemont, Kearny Mesa, Tierrasanta, and Navajo. Stretching north from Miramar are the northern suburbs of Mira Mesa, Scripps Ranch, Rancho Peñasquitos, and Rancho Bernardo. The far northeast portion of the city encompasses Lake Hodges and the San Pasqual Valley, which holds an agricultural preserve. Carmel Valley and Del Mar Heights occupy the northwest corner of the city. To their south are Torrey Pines State Reserve and the business center of the Golden Triangle. Further south are the beach and coastal communities of La Jolla, Pacific Beach, Mission Beach, and Ocean Beach. Point Loma occupies the peninsula across San Diego Bay from downtown. The communities of South San Diego, such as San Ysidro and Otay Mesa, are located next to the Mexico–United States border, and are physically separated from the rest of the city by the cities of National City and Chula Vista. A narrow strip of land at the bottom of San Diego Bay connects these southern neighborhoods with the rest of the city.

Question: What community covers the area from Downtown San Diego to the peninsula?
Answer: Point Loma

Question: Where is Otay Mesa found within the city?
Answer: next to the Mexico–United States border

Question: Which valley is encompassed by the most northeast portion of San Diego?
Answer: San Pasqual Valley

Question: What is the only coastal community in San Diego without the word "beach" in its name?
Answer: La Jolla
Title: San_Diego

The development of skyscrapers over 300 feet (91 m) in San Diego is attributed to the construction of the El Cortez Hotel in 1927, the tallest building in the city from 1927 to 1963. As time went on multiple buildings claimed the title of San Diego's tallest skyscraper, including the Union Bank of California Building and Symphony Towers. Currently the tallest building in San Diego is One America Plaza, standing 500 feet (150 m) tall, which was completed in 1991. The downtown skyline contains no super-talls, as a regulation put in place by the Federal Aviation Administration in the 1970s set a 500 feet (152 m) limit on the height of buildings due to the proximity of San Diego International Airport. An iconic description of the skyline includes its skyscrapers being compared to the tools of a toolbox.

Question: What was the first skyscraper built in San Diego that was over 300-feet tall?
Answer: El Cortez Hotel

Question: How tall is One America Plaza?
Answer: 500 feet

Question: What played a role in determining the maximum height skyscrapers can be in San Diego?
Answer: San Diego International Airport

Question: What organization regulates building heights in San Diego?
Answer: Federal Aviation Administration

Question: What bank spent time as being the tallest building in San Diego?
Answer: Union Bank of California Building
Title: San_Diego

San Diego is one of the top-ten best climates in the Farmers' Almanac and is one of the two best summer climates in America as scored by The Weather Channel. Under the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system, the San Diego area has been variously categorized as having either a semi-arid climate (BSh in the original classification and BSkn in modified Köppen classification) or a Mediterranean climate (Csa and Csb). San Diego's climate is characterized by warm, dry summers and mild winters with most of the annual precipitation falling between December and March. The city has a mild climate year-round, with an average of 201 days above 70 °F (21 °C) and low rainfall (9–13 inches [230–330 mm] annually). Dewpoints in the summer months range from 57.0 °F (13.9 °C) to 62.4 °F (16.9 °C).

Question: When does San Diego receive most of its precipitation?
Answer: between December and March

Question: How many days of the year does San Diego typically experience temperatures above 70 degrees Fahrenheit ?
Answer: 201 days

Question: What ranked San Diego as having the country's best summer climate?
Answer: Weather Channel

Question: What type of weather can one expect to experience in San Diego in the winter?
Answer: mild

Question: What type of climate is San Diego classified as having?
Answer: semi-arid climate
Title: San_Diego

The climate in San Diego, like most of Southern California, often varies significantly over short geographical distances resulting in microclimates. In San Diego, this is mostly because of the city's topography (the Bay, and the numerous hills, mountains, and canyons). Frequently, particularly during the "May gray/June gloom" period, a thick "marine layer" cloud cover will keep the air cool and damp within a few miles of the coast, but will yield to bright cloudless sunshine approximately 5–10 miles (8.0–16.1 km) inland. Sometimes the June gloom can last into July, causing cloudy skies over most of San Diego for the entire day. Even in the absence of June gloom, inland areas tend to experience much more significant temperature variations than coastal areas, where the ocean serves as a moderating influence. Thus, for example, downtown San Diego averages January lows of 50 °F (10 °C) and August highs of 78 °F (26 °C). The city of El Cajon, just 10 miles (16 km) inland from downtown San Diego, averages January lows of 42 °F (6 °C) and August highs of 88 °F (31 °C).

Question: What areas experience the most significant temperature variations?
Answer: inland areas

Question: What is the average high temperature in El Cajon in August?
Answer: 88 °F

Question: What frequently blankets San Diego in May and June?
Answer: a thick "marine layer" cloud cover

Question: What is the average January low temperature in downtown San Diego?
Answer: 50 °F (10 °C)

Question: What effect does the springtime cloud cover have on the temperature?
Answer: keep the air cool and damp