rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Videoconferencing

Videoconferencing provides students with the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Furthermore, teachers and lecturers worldwide can be brought to remote or otherwise isolated educational facilities. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one another, although language barriers will continue to persist. Such students are able to explore, communicate, analyze and share information and ideas with one another. Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world to speak with their peers, and visit museums and educational facilities. Such virtual field trips can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those in geographically isolated locations, and to the economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses, such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered.

Question: What can videoconferencing offer students?
Answer: participating in two-way communication forums

Question: Who can benefit from two-way communication forums?
Answer: students

Question: What is a major barrier to videoconferencing between some communities?
Answer: language

Question: What is one example of how students can benefit from videoconferencing?
Answer: virtual field trips

Question: What is one experience that students using videoconferencing can achieve?
Answer: visit museums
Title: Videoconferencing

One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT&T's videophone (trademarked as the "Picturephone") was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World's Fair –two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city. Various universities and other organizations, including British Telecom's Martlesham facility, have also conducted extensive research on signing via videotelephony. The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow analogue copper phone lines, coupled with the high cost of better quality ISDN (data) phone lines. Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient video codecs and the advent of lower cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services in the 1990s.

Question: What company introduced the first device to help deaf people communicate through telecommunications?
Answer: AT&T

Question: What was the name of AT&T's videophone device?
Answer: Picturephone

Question: In what year was AT&T's "Picturephone" device introduced?
Answer: 1964

Question: Where was AT&T's "Picturephone" device unveiled?
Answer: 1964 New York World's Fair

Question: In what decade were more efficient ways of using sign language via video-telephony developed?
Answer: 1990s
Title: Videoconferencing

In the increasingly globalized film industry, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film Frozen, Burbank-based Walt Disney Animation Studios hired the New York City-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez to write the songs, which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.

Question: In what industry has videoconferencing become useful?
Answer: film

Question: On what film was videoconferencing widely used?
Answer: Frozen

Question: What year was the movie Frozen released?
Answer: 2013

Question: In what city were the songwriting team of Frozen located?
Answer: New York City

Question: How many months did the songwriters work on the movie via videoconferencing?
Answer: 14
Title: Videoconferencing

A videoconference system is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A videoconference (also known as a videoteleconference) allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a multipoint control unit (a centralized distribution and call management system) or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit. Again, technology improvements have circumvented traditional definitions by allowing multiple party videoconferencing via web-based applications.

Question: What is a video-conference also known as?
Answer: videoteleconference

Question: What does a video-conference use that allows communication in live situations?
Answer: a multipoint control unit

Question: What is a multi-point control unit?
Answer: call management system

Question: How does video-conferencing allow multiple parties to communicate with each other?
Answer: web-based applications

Question: How many locations can one use videoconferencing for?
Answer: two or more
Title: Videoconferencing

This technique was very expensive, though, and could not be used for applications such as telemedicine, distance education, and business meetings. Attempts at using normal telephony networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by AT&T Corporation, first researched in the 1950s, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient video compression techniques. The greater 1 MHz bandwidth and 6 Mbit/s bit rate of the Picturephone in the 1970s also did not achieve commercial success, mostly due to its high cost, but also due to a lack of network effect —with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world, users had extremely few contacts they could actually call to, and interoperability with other videophone systems would not exist for decades.

Question: What is one area where teleconferencing could not be used?
Answer: telemedicine

Question: Who developed the first systems to transmit slow-scan video?
Answer: AT&T Corporation

Question: When was the first slow-scan video systems researched?
Answer: the 1950s

Question: What was the bit rate of AT&T's Picturephone?
Answer: 6 Mbit/s

Question: What was the bandwidth of AT&T's Picturephone?
Answer: 1 MHz
Title: Videoconferencing

While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years, Project DIANE (Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to utilize a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, neighborhood centers, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, public assistance centers, and other community oriented organizations.

Question: What year did one the first community service usages of videoconferencing take place?
Answer: 1992

Question: What company helped in the creation of community service videoconferencing?
Answer: IBM

Question: What is the videoconferencing product that both IBM and PictureTel worked on?
Answer: PCS/1

Question: What does DIANE in Project DIANE stand for?
Answer: Diversified Information and Assistance Network

Question: How many years did it take for Project DIANE to grow?
Answer: 15
Title: Videoconferencing

Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible by means of a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a similar way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU, or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to participate, in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software, and others which are a combination of hardware and software. An MCU is characterised according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle, its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols, and features such as Continuous Presence, in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once. MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices, or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units.

Question: What enables videoconferencing to connect three or more remote points?
Answer: Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)

Question: What is one type of MCU bridge?
Answer: IP

Question: In what way can an MCU be characterized?
Answer: the number of simultaneous calls it can handle

Question: What feature enables an MCU to allow for multiple parties to be seen on screen at the same time?
Answer: Continuous Presence

Question: Where can an MCU be embedded?
Answer: dedicated videoconferencing units
Title: Videoconferencing

Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as VoIP can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread offices. The technology is also used for telecommuting, in which employees work from home. One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to video conferencing used it “all of the time” or “frequently”.

Question: In what one way can videoconferencing help a person?
Answer: money savings

Question: What technology can be used along with videoconferencing?
Answer: VoIP

Question: What is another use of VoIP?
Answer: telecommuting

Question: What is telecommuting?
Answer: work from home

Question: What is the percentage of people who use videoconferencing a majority of the time?
Answer: 54%
Title: Videoconferencing

Finally, in the 1990s, Internet Protocol-based videoconferencing became possible, and more efficient video compression technologies were developed, permitting desktop, or personal computer (PC)-based videoconferencing. In 1992 CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the first public videoconference between North America and Africa took place, linking a technofair in San Francisco with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in Cape Town. At the Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Nagano, Japan, Seiji Ozawa conducted the Ode to Joy from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony simultaneously across five continents in near-real time.

Question: In what decade was Internet video-conferencing made possible?
Answer: 1990s

Question: In what device was videoconferencing finally able to be used in?
Answer: desktop

Question: In what year was CU-SeeMe, a desktop-based videoconferencing tool, developed?
Answer: 1992

Question: In what year did the first public video-conference take place?
Answer: 1995

Question: What South African city participated in the first public video-conference?
Answer: Cape Town
Title: Videoconferencing

The core technology used in a videoconferencing system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or software that performs compression is called a codec (coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled packets, which are then transmitted through a digital network of some kind (usually ISDN or IP). The use of audio modems in the transmission line allow for the use of POTS, or the Plain Old Telephone System, in some low-speed applications, such as videotelephony, because they convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves in the audio spectrum range.

Question: What is the software that performs audio and/or video compression?
Answer: a codec (coder/decoder)

Question: How high can compression rates go?
Answer: 1:500

Question: What is one digital network through which a digital stream can be transmitted?
Answer: IP

Question: What does POTS stand for?
Answer: Plain Old Telephone System

Question: What do POTS do?
Answer: convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves
Title: Videoconferencing

Typical use of the various technologies described above include calling or conferencing on a one-on-one, one-to-many or many-to-many basis for personal, business, educational, deaf Video Relay Service and tele-medical, diagnostic and rehabilitative use or services. New services utilizing videocalling and videoconferencing, such as teachers and psychologists conducting online sessions, personal videocalls to inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries, and videoconferencing to resolve airline engineering issues at maintenance facilities, are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis.

Question: What is a common use of conferencing technology?
Answer: deaf Video Relay Service

Question: What profession utilizes videoconferencing technology to conduct online sessions?
Answer: teachers

Question: What is one way that videocalling can be used?
Answer: personal videocalls to inmates

Question: What is a common use of conferencing technology?
Answer: tele-medical
Title: Videoconferencing

Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications, such as diagnosis, consulting, transmission of medical images, etc... With videoconferencing, patients may contact nurses and physicians in emergency or routine situations; physicians and other paramedical professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in Ohio, United States, used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital 70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $10,000 per transfer.

Question: What is one way that videoconferencing is useful?
Answer: real-time telemedicine

Question: What areas benefit especially from videoconferencing? 
Answer: Rural

Question: In what US state did a rural area use videoconferencing to help reduce the number of transfers of sick infants to hospitals? 
Answer: Ohio

Question: How far away was the hospital from this rural area?
Answer: 70 miles

Question: How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save?
Answer: $10,000 per transfer
Title: Videoconferencing

VRS services have become well developed nationally in Sweden since 1997 and also in the United States since the first decade of the 2000s. With the exception of Sweden, VRS has been provided in Europe for only a few years since the mid-2000s, and as of 2010 has not been made available in many European Union countries, with most European countries still lacking the legislation or the financing for large-scale VRS services, and to provide the necessary telecommunication equipment to deaf users. Germany and the Nordic countries are among the other leaders in Europe, while the United States is another world leader in the provisioning of VRS services.

Question: In what European country has VRS services become well developed?
Answer: Sweden

Question: What is one of the reasons why VRS services are not in most European countries?
Answer: financing

Question: What European country is a leader in providing VRS services to its citizens?
Answer: Germany

Question: What country is a world leader in providing VRS services?
Answer: United States
Title: Videoconferencing

In May 2005, the first high definition video conferencing systems, produced by LifeSize Communications, were displayed at the Interop trade show in Las Vegas, Nevada, able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720 display resolution. Polycom introduced its first high definition video conferencing system to the market in 2006. As of the 2010s, high definition resolution for videoconferencing became a popular feature, with most major suppliers in the videoconferencing market offering it.

Question: What year was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?
Answer: 2005

Question: Who produced the first high definition video conferencing system?
Answer: LifeSize Communications

Question: Where was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?
Answer: Las Vegas, Nevada

Question: What company introduced the first HD video conferencing system to the general market?
Answer: Polycom

Question: What was the resolution of the first HD video conferencing system?
Answer: 1280 by 720
Title: Videoconferencing

Some systems are capable of multipoint conferencing with no MCU, stand-alone, embedded or otherwise. These use a standards-based H.323 technique known as "decentralized multipoint", where each station in a multipoint call exchanges video and audio directly with the other stations with no central "manager" or other bottleneck. The advantages of this technique are that the video and audio will generally be of higher quality because they don't have to be relayed through a central point. Also, users can make ad-hoc multipoint calls without any concern for the availability or control of an MCU. This added convenience and quality comes at the expense of some increased network bandwidth, because every station must transmit to every other station directly.

Question: What do systems with no MCU use in order to perform multipoint conferencing?
Answer: a standards-based H.323 technique

Question: What is one advantage of using an H.323 technique?
Answer: higher quality

Question: What is one disadvantage of using the H.323 technique?
Answer: increased network bandwidth

Question: What is the H.323 technique also known as?
Answer: decentralized multipoint

Question: Why is the video and audio of the H.323 technique higher quality?
Answer: they don't have to be relayed through a central point
Title: Videoconferencing

The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA), which oversees the world's largest administrative judicial system under its Office of Disability Adjudication and Review (ODAR), has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2009, the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) conducted 86,320 videoconferenced hearings, a 55% increase over FY 2008. In August 2010, the SSA opened its fifth and largest videoconferencing-only National Hearing Center (NHC), in St. Louis, Missouri. This continues the SSA's effort to use video hearings as a means to clear its substantial hearing backlog. Since 2007, the SSA has also established NHCs in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Baltimore, Maryland, Falls Church, Virginia, and Chicago, Illinois.

Question: Who has the world's largest administrative judicial system?
Answer: U.S.

Question: What US Department oversees the World's largest administrative judicial system?
Answer: Social Security Administration (SSA)

Question: In what year did the SSA see a 55% increase in videoconferenced hearings?
Answer: 2009

Question: When did the SSA open its largest videoconferencing-only center?
Answer: August 2010

Question: Where is the SSA's fifth videoconferencing only center located?
Answer: St. Louis, Missouri
Title: Gregorian_calendar

To unambiguously specify the date, dual dating or Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) are sometimes used with dates. Dual dating uses two consecutive years because of differences in the starting date of the year, or includes both the Julian and Gregorian dates. Old Style and New Style (N.S.) indicate either whether the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (N.S.) even though documents written at the time use a different start of year (O.S.), or whether a date conforms to the Julian calendar (O.S.) rather than the Gregorian (N.S.).

Question: What does duel dating use to show the date?
Answer: two consecutive years

Question: What is the Old Style date mean?
Answer: Julian calendar

Question: What is N.S. stand for?
Answer: New Style

Question: What are New Style dates?
Answer: Gregorian

Question: Why use two consecutive year dates?
Answer: starting date of the year
Title: Gregorian_calendar

The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582. The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day, it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria (see Easter for the issues which arose).

Question: Who revised the Julian calendar?
Answer: Pope Gregory XIII

Question: When was the Gregorian Calendar introduced?
Answer: 1582

Question: What calendar was used in the reform to create the Gregorian calendar?
Answer: Julian calendar

Question: What holiday was the inducement to revise the Julian calendar?
Answer: Easter

Question: When did the First Council of Nicaea rule that Easter be celebrated by all Christians?
Answer: on the same day
Title: Gregorian_calendar

Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, which affected much of Roman Catholic Europe, as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy. In these territories, as well as in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (ruled by Anna Jagiellon) and in the Papal States, the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull, with Julian Thursday, 4 October 1582, being followed by Gregorian Friday, 15 October 1582. The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication.

Question: What ruler decreed the change to the Gregorian calendar?
Answer: Philip II of Spain

Question: Besides part of Italy, over what areas did Phillip rule?
Answer: Spain and Portugal

Question: What was the first day selected to be the first day using the new calendar?
Answer: Friday, 15 October 1582

Question: What was the last day the Julian calendar was used?
Answer: Thursday, 4 October 1582

Question: Why did the Spanish colonies lag behind in adopting the calendar?
Answer: delay in communication
Title: Gregorian_calendar

During the period between 1582, when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar, and 1923, when the last European country adopted it, it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar, for example, "10/21 February 1750/51", where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date. Even before 1582, the year sometimes had to be double dated because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries. Woolley, writing in his biography of John Dee (1527–1608/9), notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers "customarily" used "two dates" on their letters, one OS and one NS.

Question: When did the last country to adopt the Gregorian calendar start using it?
Answer: 1923

Question: At what date did the first country start using the new calendar?
Answer: 1582

Question: How which calendar did some countries notate the date?
Answer: in both

Question: Who said that English writers usually used both dates on writings?
Answer: Woolley

Question: What difference in dating caused the use of double-dating documents?
Answer: different beginnings of the year