rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Catalan_language

Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.

Question: What is Catalan a variety of?
Answer: Occitan language

Question: What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?
Answer: varying degrees

Question: What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan?
Answer: differences

Question: What does Catalan share with other Romance languages?
Answer: many traits

Question: Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages?
Answer: closely related
Title: Catalan_language

Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

Question: What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages?
Answer: many traits

Question: Where is the Catalan language mostly located?
Answer: Iberian Peninsula

Question: In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?
Answer: Ibero-Romance group

Question: What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages?
Answer: Spanish and Portuguese

Question: To what group is Catalan most closely related?
Answer: Occitan
Title: Catalan_language

According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.

Question: What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?
Answer: 87%

Question: Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese?
Answer: 85%

Question: What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish?
Answer: 80%

Question: What is the relationship similarity to Ladin?
Answer: 76%

Question: How related is Sardinian to Catalan?
Answer: 75%
Title: Catalan_language

During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French).

Question: What has Catalan often been considered?
Answer: dialect of Spanish

Question: During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect?
Answer: Francoist
Title: Catalan_language

There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.

Question: What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from?
Answer: rest of Roman Hispania

Question: What language branch did Catalan share a history with?
Answer: Occitan

Question: What is Occitan a branch of?
Answer: Western Romance
Title: Catalan_language

The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.

Question: What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish?
Answer: Germanic

Question: What is the origin of some Spanish words?
Answer: Latin origin

Question: What has different results in Spanish and Catalan?
Answer: Germanic superstrate
Title: Catalan_language

The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.

Question: What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan?
Answer: Arabic element

Question: What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan?
Answer: Arabic loanwords

Question: In which language is the Arabic element stand out more?
Answer: Spanish

Question: Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from?
Answer: of Arabic origin

Question: What is the origin of the Spanish word teja?
Answer: Latin origin
Title: Catalan_language

Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject".

Question: What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between?
Answer: Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance

Question: What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have?
Answer: unique

Question: What type of unique choices does Catalan have?
Answer: lexical

Question: What is the Catalan to miss somebody?
Answer: enyorar
Title: Catalan_language

These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

Question: What are the Paisos Catalans
Answer: Catalan Countries

Question: What is that determination based on?
Answer: cultural affinity and common heritage

Question: What status does Catalan Countries have?
Answer: no official status

Question: What is the interpretation of the term?
Answer: Various interpretations

Question: What is the term for Catalan Countries?
Answer: Països Catalans
Title: Catalan_language

In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").

Question: How is Catalan different from other Romance languages?
Answer: many monosyllabic words

Question: What other type of endings do Catalan words have?
Answer: consonant clusters

Question: What kind of final devoicing does the language have?
Answer: obstruent

Question: What do many words feature?
Answer: couplets
Title: Catalan_language

Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.

Question: What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
Answer: Central Catalan

Question: What is Central Catalan?
Answer: standard pronunciation

Question: What are the descriptions for?
Answer: standard pronunciation

Question: Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects?
Answer: section pronunciation
Title: Catalan_language

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Question: Where does Catalan get its vowel system?
Answer: Vulgar Latin

Question: How many stressed phenoms are there?
Answer: seven

Question: Where is this a common feature?
Answer: Western Romance

Question: What is the exception to this common characteristic?
Answer: Spanish

Question: What differs in vowel reduction?
Answer: Dialects
Title: Catalan_language

In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).

Question: How many  reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan?
Answer: three

Question: What vowel stays distinct?
Answer: /i/

Question: What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have?
Answer: different

Question: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?
Answer: In Central Catalan

Question: Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions?
Answer: section pronunciation
Title: Catalan_language

Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).

Question: What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world?
Answer: Catalan sociolinguistics

Question: What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?
Answer: Catalan sociolinguistics

Question: What is this a subdiscipline of?
Answer: Catalan philology

Question: What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality?
Answer: analyse the relation

Question: What outside affects does this study include?
Answer: other languages in contact
Title: Catalan_language

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

Question: What do the dialects of Catalan feature?
Answer: uniformity

Question: In comparison to what are the dialects uniform?
Answer: other Romance languages

Question: What is high among dialects?
Answer: intelligibility

Question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects?
Answer: 90% to 95%

Question: What dialect is the exception to intelligibility?
Answer: Alguerese
Title: Catalan_language

Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.

Question: What is the major difference between the two blocks?
Answer: treatment of unstressed a and e

Question: How are a and e in western dialects?
Answer: distinct

Question: What have a and e done in eastern dialects?
Answer: merged
Title: Catalan_language

Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian; the Eastern block comprises four dialects: Central Catalan, Balearic, Rossellonese, and Alguerese. Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects.

Question: What two dialects does Western Catalan include?
Answer: Northwestern Catalan and Valencian

Question: How many dialects are in the eastern group?
Answer: four

Question: To what division does Central Catalan belong?
Answer: Eastern block

Question: What other divisions can be made of dialects?
Answer: subdialects

Question: What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to?
Answer: Western Catalan
Title: Catalan_language

Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.

Question: What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
Answer: Central Catalan

Question: Where are the most speakers found?
Answer: Central Catalan

Question: In what densely populated area is it spoken?
Answer: Barcelona province

Question: What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken?
Answer: eastern half
Title: Catalan_language

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Question: What is the vowel system of Catalan?
Answer: Vulgar Latin

Question: How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan?
Answer: seven

Question: Where is this system common?
Answer: Western Romance

Question: What language is the exception?
Answer: Spanish

Question: What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction?
Answer: Dialects
Title: Catalan_language

In Eastern Catalan (except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. There are a few instances of unreduced [e], [o] in some words. Alguerese has lowered [ə] to [a].

Question: Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?
Answer: Eastern Catalan

Question: What is the exception to this reduction?
Answer: Majorcan

Question: Which vowel remains distinct?
Answer: /i/
Title: Catalan_language

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.

Question: In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four?
Answer: Majorcan

Question: What reduction pattern do some vowels follow?
Answer: Eastern Catalan

Question: What other pattern do other vowels follow?
Answer: Western Catalan

Question: What letter remains distinct?
Answer: /u/

Question: /u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan?
Answer: Western Catalan
Title: Catalan_language

In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

Question: What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan?
Answer: five

Question: Which letters remain distinct?
Answer: /a u i/

Question: Where did this pattern come from?
Answer: Proto-Romance

Question: In what other languages is this pattern found?
Answer: Italian and Portuguese

Question: What do other Western dialects sometimes  offer?
Answer: further reduction
Title: Catalan_language

Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.

Question: What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?
Answer: Balearic

Question: What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of?
Answer: /e/

Question: What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central,  Western and Belearic?
Answer: higher incidence
Title: Catalan_language

In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o.
E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations.
E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak').

Question: What language is parle or tem ?
Answer: Valencian

Question: What language  is parlo or temo ?
Answer: Northwestern

Question: What language is parl?
Answer: Balearic

Question: What language form is parli?
Answer: Northern
Title: Catalan_language

In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'.

Question: Where do you find medieval plurals?
Answer: nouns and adjectives

Question: What letter is lost in some words?
Answer: /n/

Question: When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word?
Answer: homes

Question: The medieval jovens becomes what what word?
Answer: joves

Question: What kind of plural words lose /n/?
Answer: proparoxytone
Title: Catalan_language

Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.

Question: What do the two blocks of Catalan display differences in?
Answer: word choices

Question: How can you explain differences in the language groups?
Answer: as an archaism

Question: What form is innovative?
Answer: Central Catalan

Question: What are the two blocks of Catalan?
Answer: Eastern and Western

Question: What does an archaism explain?
Answer: lexical divergence
Title: Catalan_language

Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia.

Question: What is Standard based on?
Answer: Eastern Catalan

Question: What form is excepted by most speakers?
Answer: Standard Catalan

Question: What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia?
Answer: traditional ones
Title: Catalan_language

The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use of ⟨tl⟩ (AVL) in some words instead of ⟨tll⟩ like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy').

Question: What is jo compro changed to ?
Answer: jo compre

Question: What common Valencian forms are used?
Answer: many verbal forms

Question: What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan?
Answer: verbal forms
Title: Catalan_language

In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be "cantam" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep').

Question: Where is IEC's standard used?
Answer: the Balearic Islands

Question: How is the standard used there?
Answer: adapted for the Balearic dialect

Question: What is a first person singular  feature of the Balearic standard?
Answer: non-ending
Title: Catalan_language

In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns.

Question: Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect?
Answer: Alghero

Question: What definite article is found rather than el?
Answer: lo

Question: What is -v- used for?
Answer: imperfect tense

Question: What dialect employs many archaic words?
Answer: Alguerese

Question: What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted?
Answer: weak pronouns
Title: Catalan_language

In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja.

Question: Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon?
Answer: La Franja

Question: When did the government of Aragon  degree the establishment of a language regulator?
Answer: 2011

Question: What language is the regulator meant to standardize?
Answer: Catalan

Question: Where is the language to be regulated located?
Answer: La Franja
Title: Catalan_language

Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)

Question: How is Valencian classified?
Answer: Western dialect

Question: What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia?
Answer: northwestern varieties

Question: Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona?
Answer: Western Catalonia

Question: What forms are mutually intelligible?
Answer: Catalan and Valencian

Question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: 90% to 95%
Title: Catalan_language

Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties.

Question: How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: as the same language

Question: How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: as the same language

Question: What is the official regulating body of  Valencian?
Answer: the Valencian Academy of Language

Question: Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: Valencian Academy of Language
Title: Catalan_language

The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an independent standard.

Question: Who established the AVL?
Answer: Valencian parliament

Question: Over what does the AVL  make rules governing?
Answer: use of Valencian

Question: What is the AVL standard based on?
Answer: Norms of Castelló

Question: Who uses this standard?
Answer: everyone who writes

Question: Who is exempt from the standard and uses their own?
Answer: Royal Academy of Valencian Culture