rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

Friedrich August von Hayek was born in Vienna to August von Hayek and Felicitas Hayek (née von Juraschek). Friedrich's father, from whom he received his middle name, was also born in Vienna in 1871. He was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health, with passion in botany, in which he wrote a number of monographs. August von Hayek was also a part-time botany lecturer at the University of Vienna. Friedrich's mother was born in 1875 to a wealthy, conservative, land-owning family. As her mother died several years prior to Friedrich's birth, Felicitas gained a significant inheritance which provided as much as half of her and August's income during the early years of their marriage. Hayek was the oldest of three brothers, Heinrich (1900–69) and Erich (1904–86), who were one-and-a-half and five years younger than him.

Question: Who was Hayek's father?
Answer: August von Hayek

Question: What was August von Hayek's occupation?
Answer: medical doctor

Question: What was August von Hayek particularly passionate about?
Answer: botany

Question: From whom did Felicitas inherit her wealth?
Answer: her mother

Question: How many children did August von Hayek and his wife have?
Answer: three
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

His father's career as a university professor influenced Friedrich's goals later in life. Both of his grandfathers, who lived long enough for Friedrich to know them, were scholars. Franz von Juraschek was a leading economist in Austria-Hungary and a close friend of Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, one of the founders of the Austrian School of Economics. Von Juraschek was a statistician and was later employed by the Austrian government. Friedrich's paternal grandfather, Gustav Edler von Hayek, taught natural sciences at the Imperial Realobergymnasium (secondary school) in Vienna. He wrote systematic works in biology, some of which are relatively well known.

Question: Who's occupation inspired Hayek when he was older?
Answer: His father's

Question: Eugen Bohm was friends with which of Hayek's grandfathers?
Answer: Franz von Juraschek

Question: What occupation did Hayek's grandfather's have?
Answer: scholars

Question: What did August von Hayek's father write?
Answer: systematic works in biology

Question: Who was August von Hayek's father?
Answer: Gustav Edler von Hayek
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

On his mother's side, Hayek was second cousin to the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein. His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters, and had known Ludwig well. As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921. Although Hayek met Wittgenstein on only a few occasions, Hayek said that Wittgenstein's philosophy and methods of analysis had a profound influence on his own life and thought. In his later years, Hayek recalled a discussion of philosophy with Wittgenstein, when both were officers during World War I. After Wittgenstein's death, Hayek had intended to write a biography of Wittgenstein and worked on collecting family materials; and he later assisted biographers of Wittgenstein.

Question: Who was among the first readers of Ludwig  Wittgenstein's book?
Answer: Hayek

Question: How often times did Hayek and Wittgenstein meet?
Answer: on only a few occasions

Question: Whose philosophy heavily influenced Hayek?
Answer: Ludwig Wittgenstein

Question: What did Wittgenstein and Hayek do during the first world war?
Answer: both were officers

Question: What was the name of the book Wittgenstein published in 1921?
Answer: Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

Hayek displayed an intellectual and academic bent from a very young age. He read fluently and frequently before going to school. At his father's suggestion, Hayek, as a teenager, read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach. In school Hayek was much taken by one instructor's lectures on Aristotle's ethics. In his unpublished autobiographical notes, Hayek recalled a division between him and his younger brothers who were only few years younger than him, but he believed that they were somehow of a different generation. He preferred to associate with adults.

Question: What did Hayek conclude regarding his brothers?
Answer: they were somehow of a different generation

Question: With whom did Hayek more frequently converse?
Answer: adults

Question: Prior to his schooling, what was the state of Hayek's reading skills?
Answer: read fluently and frequently

Question: Who told Hayek he should begin reading Hugo de Vries works?
Answer: his father

Question: Which philosopher did Hayek learn about in a school lecture?
Answer: Aristotle
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much of his time staining brain cells. Hayek's time in Monakow's lab, and his deep interest in the work of Ernst Mach, inspired Hayek's first intellectual project, eventually published as The Sensory Order (1952). It located connective learning at the physical and neurological levels, rejecting the "sense data" associationism of the empiricists and logical positivists. Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with Herbert Furth called the Geistkreis.

Question: Where did Hayek acquire his doctorates?
Answer: University of Vienna

Question: Where did Hayek learn about the brain?
Answer: Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy

Question: What was the name of Hayek's first work?
Answer: The Sensory Order

Question: With whom did Hayek establish the Geistkreis?
Answer: Herbert Furth

Question: Where did first show his work?
Answer: the Geistkreis
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government working on the legal and economic details of the Treaty of Saint Germain. Between 1923 and 1924 Hayek worked as a research assistant to Prof. Jeremiah Jenks of New York University, compiling macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the US Federal Reserve.

Question: What work did Hayek begin in 1923?
Answer: research assistant

Question: Where did Carl Menger and Friedrich von Wieser influence Hayek?
Answer: University of Vienna

Question: For whom did Hayek work upon being hired by Ludwig von Mises?
Answer: the Austrian government

Question: What was Hayek gathering during his time as a research assistant?
Answer: macroeconomic data

Question: What was the name of the professor Hayek worked for as a research assistant?
Answer: Jeremiah Jenks
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his university friends, including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann, and Gottfried Haberler, who were also participating in Hayek's own, more general, private seminar. It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin, with whom he retained a long-standing relationship.

Question: What ideology was Hayek originally in support of?
Answer: democratic socialism

Question: What caused Hayek to turn away from Wiser's ideology?
Answer: reading von Mises' book Socialism

Question: During his attendance to von Mises' seminars, who did Hayek become friends with?
Answer: Eric Voegelin

Question: What viewpoint did the book Socialism shift Hayek toward?
Answer: classical liberalism

Question: Who is the father of the ideology Hayek came to support?
Answer: Carl Menger
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world, and his development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba Lerner, and many others in the development of modern microeconomics.

Question: What position did Hayek gain at the Austrian Institute?
Answer: director

Question: Who requested that Hayek be employed by LSE?
Answer: Lionel Robbins

Question: What sort of recognition had Hayek received when he came to London?
Answer: one of the leading economic theorists in the world

Question: What subject did Hayek's works influence and inspire?
Answer: modern microeconomics

Question: In what year did Hayek come to London?
Answer: 1931
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to servitude." It was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944 and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it "that unobtainable book," also due in part to wartime paper rationing. When it was published in the United States by the University of Chicago in September of that year, it achieved greater popularity than in Britain. At the arrangement of editor Max Eastman, the American magazine Reader's Digest also published an abridged version in April 1945, enabling The Road to Serfdom to reach a far wider audience than academics. The book is widely popular among those advocating individualism and classical liberalism.

Question: What did Hayek write regarding fascism and socialism?
Answer: The Road to Serfdom

Question: Whose works served as inspiration for the title of Road to Serfdom?
Answer: Alexis de Tocqueville

Question: When was the Road to Serfdom published?
Answer: March 1944

Question: Where was Road to Serfdom more popular than it was in Britain?
Answer: United States

Question: Who is responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader's Digest in 1945?
Answer: Max Eastman
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicago faculty over departmental autonomy and control, and Hayek got caught in the middle of that battle. Hutchins had been attempting to force all departments to adopt the neo-Thomist Great Books program of Mortimer Adler, and the U. of Chicago economists were sick of Hutchins' meddling. As the result the Economics department rejected Hutchins' pressure to hire Hayek, and Hayek became a part of the new Committee on Social Thought.

Question: Upon leaving London, for what college did he choose to work?
Answer: University of Chicago

Question: Who supplied Hayek's salary?
Answer: an outside foundation

Question: What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty?
Answer: departmental autonomy and control

Question: Why did the economics department turn down Hayek's employment?
Answer: sick of Hutchins' meddling

Question: What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection?
Answer: Committee on Social Thought
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked on research projects sympathetic to some of Hayek's own, such as Aaron Director, who was active in the Chicago School in helping to fund and establish what became the "Law and Society" program in the University of Chicago Law School. Hayek, Frank Knight, Friedman and George Stigler worked together in forming the Mont Pèlerin Society, an international forum for libertarian economists. Hayek and Friedman cooperated in support of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, later renamed the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, an American student organisation devoted to libertarian ideas.

Question: Which of Hayek's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago?
Answer: The Road to Serfdom

Question: Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program?
Answer: Aaron Director

Question: What group did Hayek form with three other people?
Answer: Mont Pèlerin Society

Question: What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to?
Answer: Intercollegiate Studies Institute
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with publication in February 1960. Hayek was concerned "with that condition of men in which coercion of some by others is reduced as much as is possible in society". Hayek was disappointed that the book did not receive the same enthusiastic general reception as The Road to Serfdom had sixteen years before.

Question: What topic were Hayek's next two books going to cover?
Answer: the liberal order

Question: Which of Hayek's books was not as well received as The Road to Serfdom?
Answer: The Constitution of Liberty

Question: As of the release of his 1960 book, how long had it been since The Road to Serfdom was released?
Answer: sixteen years

Question: What was the title of the his 1960 book's second chapter?
Answer: The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization

Question: How did Hayek feel about the success of the book he released in 1960?
Answer: disappointed
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he continued work on Law, Legislation and Liberty, teaching a graduate seminar by the same name and another on the philosophy of social science. Primary drafts of the book were completed by 1970, but Hayek chose to rework his drafts and finally brought the book to publication in three volumes in 1973, 1976 and 1979.

Question: What country did Hayek move to in 1962?
Answer: West Germany

Question: What is the name of the book Hayek started upon his arrival in West Germany?
Answer: Law, Legislation and Liberty

Question: Where did Hayek spend an entire year after his retirement?
Answer: University of California, Los Angeles

Question: When was the final volume of Law, Legislation and Liberty released?
Answer: 1979

Question: During his time in Los Angeles, what was the topic of the seminars Hayek taught not related to his new book?
Answer: philosophy of social science
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on why the "middle way" was the pragmatic path the Conservative Party should take, avoiding the extremes of left and right. Before he had finished, Thatcher "reached into her briefcase and took out a book. It was Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty. Interrupting our pragmatist, she held the book up for all of us to see. 'This', she said sternly, 'is what we believe', and banged Hayek down on the table".

Question: What political party was Margaret Thatcher the head of in 1975?
Answer: British Conservative Party

Question: Who did Thatcher meet with shortly after she was elected as the head of her party?
Answer: Hayek

Question: What path was suggested as the right one for Margaret Thatcher's party by a speaker?
Answer: the "middle way"

Question: Which of Hayek's works did Thatcher produce at the Conservative Research Department?
Answer: The Constitution of Liberty
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, "May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a socialist government in power has lost all title to the name 'Liberal'. Certainly no liberal can in future vote 'Liberal'". Hayek was criticised by Liberal politicians Gladwyn Jebb and Andrew Phillips, who both claimed that the purpose of the pact was to discourage socialist legislation.

Question: What was the name of the agreement Hayek criticized in 1977?
Answer: Lib-Lab pact

Question: What did some Liberal politicians claim the pact was meant to do?
Answer: discourage socialist legislation

Question: The agreement Hayek criticized was between the British Labour government and which political party?
Answer: British Liberal Party

Question: What did Hayek believe was lost in the continued empowerment of a socialist government?
Answer: all title to the name 'Liberal'
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the connection between liberty and private enterprise than between liberty and democracy. Hayek claimed that a limited democracy might be better than other forms of limited government at protecting liberty but that an unlimited democracy was worse than other forms of unlimited government because "its government loses the power even to do what it thinks right if any group on which its majority depends thinks otherwise".

Question: Which party was criticized for being less concerned about liberty and democracy?
Answer: the Conservative Party

Question: With which political group was David Steel affiliated?
Answer: Liberal Party

Question: Who disagreed with David Steel's statements in 1978
Answer: Hayek

Question: Which type of government was more favorable than others according to Hayek?
Answer: limited democracy

Question: Hayek believed that which type of democracy was the worst of its alternatives?
Answer: unlimited
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a letter to his friends requesting that he be called the English version of Friedrich (Frederick) from now on. After his 20 min audience with the Queen, he was "absolutely besotted" with her according to his daughter-in-law, Esca Hayek. Hayek said a year later that he was "amazed by her. That ease and skill, as if she'd known me all my life." The audience with the Queen was followed by a dinner with family and friends at the Institute of Economic Affairs. When, later that evening, Hayek was dropped off at the Reform Club, he commented: "I've just had the happiest day of my life."

Question: What group was Hayek inducted into by the Queen of England?
Answer: Order of the Companions of Honour

Question: Who suggest Hayek for the honor of joining the Order?
Answer: Margaret Thatcher

Question: In 1984, what was Margaret Thatcher's position within the British government?
Answer: Prime Minister

Question: How did Hayek wish to be referred to after his 1984 award?
Answer: Frederick

Question: At the end of the same day Hayek met with the Queen of England, what did he say?
Answer: "I've just had the happiest day of my life."
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the northern outskirts of Vienna according to the Catholic rite. In 2011, his article The Use of Knowledge in Society was selected as one of the top 20 articles published in the American Economic Review during its first 100 years.

Question: What was the reason given for Hayek's 1991 award from the President?
Answer: a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon"

Question: Which President presented the award to Hayek?
Answer: George H. W. Bush

Question: Where was Hayek when he died?
Answer: Freiburg, Germany

Question: Where was Hayek buried in relation to his home town of Vienna?
Answer: northern outskirts

Question: Where was The Use of Knowledge in Society published?
Answer: American Economic Review
Title: Friedrich_Hayek

Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old British Currency School and of Swedish economist Knut Wicksell. Hayek used this body of work as a starting point for his own interpretation of the business cycle, elaborating what later became known as the "Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle". Hayek spelled out the Austrian approach in more detail in his book, published in 1929, an English translation of which appeared in 1933 as Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle. There he argued for a monetary approach to the origins of the cycle. In his Prices and Production (1931), Hayek argued that the business cycle resulted from the central bank's inflationary credit expansion and its transmission over time, leading to a capital misallocation caused by the artificially low interest rates. Hayek claimed that "the past instability of the market economy is the consequence of the exclusion of the most important regulator of the market mechanism, money, from itself being regulated by the market process".

Question: What is the name of Mises' 1912 book?
Answer: Theory of Money and Credit

Question: Hayek focused most of his economic works on the business cycle, money and what else?
Answer: capital

Question: What work did Hayek produce as a result of studying Mises' book?
Answer: Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle

Question: What is the English name for the book Hayek published in 1929?
Answer: Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle

Question: According to Hayek, what was the cause of the banks' wrongful allocation of funds?
Answer: artificially low interest rates