rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

Industries slowly brought the city and its inhabitants back to a renewed vitality and jobs attracted new residents. As the city's commerce improved, residents worked to restore or create community institutions. In 1865, the Avery Normal Institute was established by the American Missionary Association as the first free secondary school for Charleston's African American population. General William T. Sherman lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy, an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war. Porter Military Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now a university-preparatory school, Porter-Gaud School.

Question: What association founded the Avery Normal Institute?
Answer: the American Missionary Association

Question: What type of school was the Avery Normal Institute?
Answer: free secondary school

Question: Who attended the Avery Normal Institute?
Answer: Charleston's African American population

Question: What general supported the conversion of a US Arsenal into Porter Military Academy?
Answer: William T. Sherman

Question: Soldiers and boys helped by Porter Military Academy were affected by what?
Answer: war
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

In 1875, blacks made up 57% of the city's population, and 73% of Charleston County. With leadership by members of the antebellum free black community, historian Melinda Meeks Hennessy described the community as "unique" in being able to defend themselves without provoking "massive white retaliation", as occurred in numerous other areas during Reconstruction. In the 1876 election cycle, two major riots between black Republicans and white Democrats occurred in the city, in September and the day after the election in November, as well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint discussion meeting.

Question: What percentage of Charleston's population was black in 1875?
Answer: 57%

Question: What percentage of Charleston County's was black in 1875?
Answer: 73%

Question: In 1876, Charleston's Black Republicans fought against whom?
Answer: white Democrats

Question: The second riot of 1876 happened when?
Answer: the day after the election in November

Question: How many major riots between blacks and whites occurred in Charleston in 1876?
Answer: two
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

Violent incidents occurred throughout the Piedmont of the state as white insurgents struggled to maintain white supremacy in the face of social changes after the war and granting of citizenship to freedmen by federal constitutional amendments. After former Confederates were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by white Democratic paramilitary groups, known as the Red Shirts. Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby Cainhoy on October 15, both in association with political meetings before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident was the only one statewide in which more whites were killed than blacks. The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as governor, and taking back control of the state legislature. Another riot occurred in Charleston the day after the election, when a prominent Republican leader was mistakenly reported killed.

Question: What were white Democratic paramilitary groups in Charleston known as?
Answer: the Red Shirts

Question: What granted Freeman were American citizenship?
Answer: federal constitutional amendments.

Question: The Cainhoy Incident occurred on what day?
Answer: October 15

Question: The violent 1876 incident that took place on King's street happened on what day?
Answer: September 6

Question: Who won the 1876 election as a result of voter intimidation?
Answer: Wade Hampton
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

On August 31, 1886, Charleston was nearly destroyed by an earthquake. The shock was estimated to have a moment magnitude of 7.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). It was felt as far away as Boston to the north, Chicago and Milwaukee to the northwest, as far west as New Orleans, as far south as Cuba, and as far east as Bermuda. It damaged 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $6 million worth of damage ($133 million in 2006 dollars), at a time when all the city's buildings were valued around $24 million ($531 million in 2006 dollars).

Question: What nearly destroyed Charleston in 1886?
Answer: an earthquake

Question: What date was the Charleston earthquake of 1886?
Answer: August 31, 1886

Question: How many buildings were damaged by the 1886 earthquake in Charleston?
Answer: 2,000 buildings

Question: What was the cost of the damage of the 1886 earthquake to the city of Charleston?
Answer: $6 million

Question: What was the total value of all of Charleston's city buildings before the earthquake?
Answer: $24 million
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

Investment in the city continued. The William Enston Home, a planned community for the city's aged and infirm, was built in 1889. An elaborate public building, the United States Post Office and Courthouse, was completed by the federal government in 1896 in the heart of the city. The Democrat-dominated state legislature passed a new constitution in 1895 that disfranchised blacks, effectively excluding them entirely from the political process, a second-class status that was maintained for more than six decades in a state that was majority black until about 1930.

Question: Which party dominated South Carolina's state legislature?
Answer: Democrat

Question: What year was a new constitution passed that discriminated against blacks were passed?
Answer: 1896

Question: The William Enston Home was built in what year?
Answer: 1889.

Question: Blacks were the majority in South Carolina until what year?
Answer: 1930

Question: A large post office and courthouse was built in what year?
Answer: 1896
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old Dylann Roof entered the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church during a Bible study and killed nine people. Senior pastor Clementa Pinckney, who also served as a state senator, was among those killed during the attack. The deceased also included congregation members Susie Jackson, 87; Rev. Daniel Simmons Sr., 74; Ethel Lance, 70; Myra Thompson, 59; Cynthia Hurd, 54; Rev. Depayne Middleton-Doctor, 49; Rev. Sharonda Coleman-Singleton, 45; and Tywanza Sanders, 26. The attack garnered national attention, and sparked a debate on historical racism, Confederate symbolism in Southern states, and gun violence. On July 10, 2015, the Confederate battle flag was removed from the South Carolina State House. A memorial service on the campus of the College of Charleston was attended by President Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, Jill Biden, and Speaker of the House John Boehner.

Question: On what day were nine people killed in the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church?
Answer: June 17, 2015

Question: What was the name of 21 year old that killed nine church members in Charleston, South Carolina?
Answer: Dylann Roof

Question: Clementa Pinckney served what public office for the state of South Carolina?
Answer: state senator

Question: A memorial service for the nine victims was held on which college's campus?
Answer: College of Charleston

Question: On what day was the Confederate flag removed from South Carolina State House?
Answer: July 10, 2015
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

Charleston is known for its unique culture, which blends traditional Southern U.S., English, French, and West African elements. The downtown peninsula has gained a reputation for its art, music, local cuisine, and fashion. Spoleto Festival USA, held annually in late spring, has become one of the world's major performing arts festivals. It was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Gian Carlo Menotti, who sought to establish a counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi (the Festival of Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy.

Question: What season is Spoleto Festival USA held?
Answer: spring

Question: Spoleto Festival USA is a counterpart to what Italian festival?
Answer: Festival dei Due Mondi

Question: What year was Spoleto Festival USA founded?
Answer: 1977

Question: What  the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?
Answer: composer

Question: What major award did Gian Carlo Menotti win?
Answer: Pulitzer Prize
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

Charleston's oldest community theater group, the Footlight Players, has provided theatrical productions since 1931. A variety of performing arts venues includes the historic Dock Street Theatre. The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers, journalists, and clients from across the nation. Charleston is known for its local seafood, which plays a key role in the city's renowned cuisine, comprising staple dishes such as gumbo, she-crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and shrimp and grits. Rice is the staple in many dishes, reflecting the rice culture of the Low Country. The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and French elements.

Question: What is Charleston's oldest community theater group?
Answer: the Footlight Players

Question: Where is the  annual Charleston Fashion week held?
Answer: Marion Square

Question: The Footlight Players  started creating theatrical productions in what year?
Answer: 1931

Question: Charleston is known for what type of food?
Answer: seafood

Question: Charleston cuisine is influenced by what two cultures?
Answer: British and French
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

The traditional Charleston accent has long been noted in the state and throughout the South. It is typically heard in wealthy white families who trace their families back generations in the city. It has ingliding or monophthongal long mid-vowels, raises ay and aw in certain environments, and is nonrhotic. Sylvester Primer of the College of Charleston wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th-century works: "Charleston Provincialisms" (1887)  and "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms", published in a German journal. He believed the accent was based on the English as it was spoken by the earliest settlers, therefore derived from Elizabethan England and preserved with modifications by Charleston speakers. The rapidly disappearing "Charleston accent" is still noted in the local pronunciation of the city's name. Some elderly (and usually upper-class) Charleston natives ignore the 'r' and elongate the first vowel, pronouncing the name as "Chah-l-ston". Some observers attribute these unique features of Charleston's speech to its early settlement by French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews (who were primarily English speakers from London), both of whom played influential roles in Charleston's early development and history.[citation needed]

Question: "Charleston's Provincialisms" was published in what year?
Answer: 1887

Question: To which two early cultures are the unique characteristics of Charleston's accent attributed to?
Answer: French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews

Question: To which college did Sylvester Primer belong?
Answer: College of Charleston

Question: Who was the author of the work entitled, "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms"?
Answer: Sylvester Primer

Question: What type of journal were Primer's work on Charleston's accent published?
Answer: German journal
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines. The Spoleto Festival is internationally recognized as America's premier performing arts festival. The annual Piccolo Spoleto festival takes place at the same time and features local performers and artists, with hundreds of performances throughout the city. Other festivals and events include Historic Charleston Foundation's Festival of Houses and Gardens and Charleston Antiques Show, the Taste of Charleston, The Lowcountry Oyster Festival, the Cooper River Bridge Run, The Charleston Marathon, Southeastern Wildlife Exposition (SEWE), Charleston Food and Wine Festival, Charleston Fashion Week, the MOJA Arts Festival, and the Holiday Festival of Lights (at James Island County Park), and the Charleston International Film Festival.

Question: How many days does the Spoleto Festival USA run each year?
Answer: 17

Question: What kind of festival is Spoleto Festival USA?
Answer: art festival

Question: The Holiday Festival of Lights are held where?
Answer: James Island County Park

Question: About how many performances are there in the Spoleto Festival USA?
Answer: over 100 performances

Question: Who founded the Spoleto Festival USA?
Answer: Gian Carlo Menotti
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

As it has on every aspect of Charleston culture, the Gullah community has had a tremendous influence on music in Charleston, especially when it comes to the early development of jazz music. In turn, the music of Charleston has had an influence on that of the rest of the country. The geechee dances that accompanied the music of the dock workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspired Eubie Blake's "Charleston Rag" and later James P. Johnson's "The Charleston", as well as the dance craze that defined a nation in the 1920s. "Ballin' the Jack", which was a popular dance in the years before "The Charleston", was written by native Charlestonian Chris Smith.

Question: Who wrote the "Charleston"?
Answer: Chris Smith

Question: What decade was the Charleston dance popular nationally?
Answer: 1920s

Question: Who created the song "Charleston Rag"?
Answer: Eubie Blake

Question: Which Charleston community had a large influence on jazz music?
Answer: the Gullah community

Question: Geechee dances are associated with the music of what type of worker?
Answer: dock workers
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

The Jenkins Orphanage was established in 1891 by the Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston. The orphanage accepted donations of musical instruments and Rev. Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to tutor the boys in music. As a result, Charleston musicians became proficient on a variety of instruments and were able to read music expertly. These traits set Jenkins musicians apart and helped land some of them positions in big bands with Duke Ellington and Count Basie. William "Cat" Anderson, Jabbo Smith, and Freddie Green are but a few of the alumni from the Jenkins Orphanage band who became professional musicians in some of the best bands of the day. Orphanages around the country began to develop brass bands in the wake of the Jenkins Orphanage Band's success. At the Colored Waif's Home Brass Band in New Orleans, for example, a young trumpeter named Louis Armstrong first began to draw attention.

Question: What year was the Jenkins Orphanage created?
Answer: 1891

Question: What type of donations did the Jerkins Orphanage accept?
Answer: donations of musical instruments

Question: What Charleston Reverend established the Jenkins Orphanage?
Answer: Daniel J. Jenkins

Question: Whose graduates tutored many boys from the Jenkins Orphanage?
Answer: Avery Institute Graduates

Question: What city was Louis Armstrong from?
Answer: New Orleans
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

As many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s. The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parades of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft and toured the USA and Europe. The band also played on Broadway for the play "Porgy" by DuBose and Dorothy Heyward, a stage version of their novel of the same title. The story was based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on hiring the real Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage. Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated with George and Ira Gershwin to turn his novel into the now famous opera, Porgy and Bess (so named so as to distinguish it from the play). George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 at Folly Beach outside of Charleston writing this "folk opera", as Gershwin called it. Porgy and Bess is considered the Great American Opera[citation needed] and is widely performed.

Question: What other president did the Jenkins Orphanage play for other than Taft?
Answer: Theodore Roosevelt

Question: What play did the Jenkins Orphanage band play for on Broadway ?
Answer: Porgy

Question: What was the name of the "folk opera" based on 'Porgy'?
Answer: Porgy and Bess

Question: Where did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera?
Answer: Folly Beach outside of Charleston

Question: When did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera?
Answer: summer of 1934
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

The City of Charleston Fire Department consists over 300 full-time firefighters. These firefighters operate out of 19 companies located throughout the city: 16 engine companies, two tower companies, and one ladder company. Training, Fire Marshall, Operations, and Administration are the divisions of the department. The department operates on a 24/48 schedule and had a Class 1 ISO rating until late 2008, when ISO officially lowered it to Class 3. Russell (Rusty) Thomas served as Fire Chief until June 2008, and was succeeded by Chief Thomas Carr in November 2008.

Question: How many companies are there in the City of Charleston Fire Department?
Answer: 19

Question: How many full time firefighters do Charleston have?
Answer: 300

Question: Who was the Fire Chief until June 2008?
Answer: Russell (Rusty) Thomas

Question: Who became the Fire Chief in November 2008?
Answer: Chief Thomas Carr

Question: How many tower companies does the fire department have?
Answer: two
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

The City of Charleston Police Department, with a total of 452 sworn officers, 137 civilians, and 27 reserve police officers, is South Carolina's largest police department. Their procedures on cracking down on drug use and gang violence in the city are used as models to other cities to do the same.[citation needed] According to the final 2005 FBI Crime Reports, Charleston crime level is worse than the national average in almost every major category. Greg Mullen, the former Deputy Chief of the Virginia Beach, Virginia Police Department, serves as the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department. The former Charleston police chief was Reuben Greenberg, who resigned August 12, 2005. Greenberg was credited with creating a polite police force that kept police brutality well in check, even as it developed a visible presence in community policing and a significant reduction in crime rates.

Question: What is the largest police department of South Carolina?
Answer: The City of Charleston Police Department

Question: How many reserve police officers do the Charleston Police Department have?
Answer: 27

Question: How many civilians serve on the Charleston Police Department?
Answer: 137

Question: Who is the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department?
Answer: Greg Mullen

Question: What year did Reuben Greenberg retire as Chief of Charleston Police Department?
Answer: 2005
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

Charleston is the primary medical center for the eastern portion of the state. The city has several major hospitals located in the downtown area: Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center (MUSC), Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, and Roper Hospital. MUSC is the state's first school of medicine, the largest medical university in the state, and the sixth-oldest continually operating school of medicine in the United States. The downtown medical district is experiencing rapid growth of biotechnology and medical research industries coupled with substantial expansions of all the major hospitals. Additionally, more expansions are planned or underway at another major hospital located in the West Ashley portion of the city: Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital. The Trident Regional Medical Center located in the City of North Charleston and East Cooper Regional Medical Center located in Mount Pleasant also serve the needs of residents of the city of Charleston.

Question: What is the state's first school of medicine?
Answer: Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center

Question: Where is East Cooper Regional Medical Center?
Answer: Mount Pleasant

Question: Where is the Trident Regional Medical Center is located?
Answer: City of North Charleston

Question: Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital is located at what portion of the city?
Answer: West Ashley portion

Question: What medical district is experiencing growth in biotechnology and medical research field?
Answer: The downtown medical district
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

The City of Charleston is served by the Charleston International Airport. It is located in the City of North Charleston and is about 12 miles (20 km) northwest of downtown Charleston. It is the busiest passenger airport in South Carolina (IATA: CHS, ICAO: KCHS). The airport shares runways with the adjacent Charleston Air Force Base. Charleston Executive Airport is a smaller airport located in the John's Island section of the city of Charleston and is used by noncommercial aircraft. Both airports are owned and operated by the Charleston County Aviation Authority.

Question: What airport provides service to the City to Charleston?
Answer: Charleston International Airport

Question: The Charleston International Airport is located in what city?
Answer: North Charleston

Question: How far is the airport from downtown Charleston?
Answer: 12 miles (20 km)

Question: Charleston Executive Airport is located where?
Answer: the John's Island section of the city of Charleston

Question: What military base is located near the airport?
Answer: Charleston Air Force Base
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

Interstate 26 begins in downtown Charleston, with exits to the Septima Clark Expressway, the Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge and Meeting Street. Heading northwest, it connects the city to North Charleston, the Charleston International Airport, Interstate 95, and Columbia. The Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge and Septima Clark Expressway are part of U.S. Highway 17, which travels east-west through the cities of Charleston and Mount Pleasant. The Mark Clark Expressway, or Interstate 526, is the bypass around the city and begins and ends at U.S. Highway 17. U.S. Highway 52 is Meeting Street and its spur is East Bay Street, which becomes Morrison Drive after leaving the east side. This highway merges with King Street in the city's Neck area (industrial district). U.S. Highway 78 is King Street in the downtown area, eventually merging with Meeting Street.

Question: What area in Charleston is considered the 'industrial area'?
Answer: the city's Neck area

Question: What highways is King Street in downtown Charleston?
Answer: U.S. Highway 78

Question: U.S. Highway 78 merges with what street?
Answer: Meeting Street

Question: Interstate 526 begins and ends at what Highway?
Answer: U.S. Highway 17

Question: Interstate 26 begins on what part of Charleston?
Answer: downtown Charleston
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge across the Cooper River opened on July 16, 2005, and was the second-longest cable-stayed bridge in the Americas at the time of its construction.[citation needed] The bridge links Mount Pleasant with downtown Charleston, and has eight lanes plus a 12-foot lane shared by pedestrians and bicycles. It replaced the Grace Memorial Bridge (built in 1929) and the Silas N. Pearman Bridge (built in 1966). They were considered two of the more dangerous bridges in America and were demolished after the Ravenel Bridge opened.

Question: What year did the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge open?
Answer: 2005

Question: What is linked to downtown Charleston by the bridge?
Answer: Mount Pleasant

Question: What year was the Grace Memorial Bridge built?
Answer: 1929

Question: What year was the Silas N. Pearman Bridge built?
Answer: 1966

Question: The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge crosses what river?
Answer: Cooper River