rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Political_corruption

Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds. It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public. A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources; for example, when an official assigns public employees to renovate his own house.

Question: When entrusted funds are stolen, it is called what?
Answer: Embezzlement

Question: It is considered political when it involves what kind of money?
Answer: public

Question: One form of political embezzlement is when a politician uses government resources for what use?
Answer: personal
Title: Political_corruption

A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding. For example, suppose that a politician is in charge of choosing how to spend some public funds. He can give a contract to a company that is not the best bidder, or allocate more than they deserve. In this case, the company benefits, and in exchange for betraying the public, the official receives a kickback payment, which is a portion of the sum the company received. This sum itself may be all or a portion of the difference between the actual (inflated) payment to the company and the (lower) market-based price that would have been paid had the bidding been competitive.

Question: What is the public official's share called when involved in corrupt bidding?
Answer: kickback

Question: A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what?
Answer: bidder
Title: Political_corruption

Kickbacks are not limited to government officials; any situation in which people are entrusted to spend funds that do not belong to them are susceptible to this kind of corruption.

Question: What is not limited to just government officials?
Answer: Kickbacks
Title: Political_corruption

An unholy alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups for ad hoc or hidden gain, generally some influential non-governmental group forming ties with political parties, supplying funding in exchange for the favorable treatment. Like patronage, unholy alliances are not necessarily illegal, but unlike patronage, by its deceptive nature and often great financial resources, an unholy alliance can be much more dangerous to the public interest. An early use of the term was by former US President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt:

Question: When groups that are antagonistic to each other form a coalition for hidden gain, it is called what?
Answer: unholy alliance

Question: While not illegal, an unholy alliance can be more dangerous to the public than what?
Answer: patronage
Title: Political_corruption

An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader. The relationship kept the flow of profits from the gang's gambling dens, prostitution, and protection rackets undisturbed.[citation needed]

Question: When was Jinrong a police chief in this area?
Answer: 1920s and 1930s

Question: Who was a local gang ringleader in the same area?
Answer: Du Yuesheng

Question: In addition to being a police chief, Jinrong was also what?
Answer: a gang boss
Title: Political_corruption

The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega.

Question: What was Noriega's government accused of being?
Answer: narcokleptocracy

Question: What country did Noriega rule?
Answer: Panama

Question: What country invaded Panama to capture Noriega?
Answer: United States

Question: What is a narcokleptocracy?
Answer: government profiting on illegal drug trade

Question: What is Noriega's first name?
Answer: Manuel
Title: Political_corruption

Thomas Jefferson observed a tendency for "The functionaries of every government ... to command at will the liberty and property of their constituents. There is no safe deposit [for liberty and property] ... without information. Where the press is free, and every man able to read, all is safe."

Question: According to Thomas Jefferson, when the media is free and people are literate they are what?
Answer: safe
Title: Political_corruption

Recent research supports Jefferson's claim. Brunetti and Weder found "evidence of a significant relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries." They also presented "evidence which suggests that the direction of causation runs from higher press freedom to lower corruption." Adserà, Boix, and Payne found that increases in newspaper readership led to increased political accountability and lower corruption in data from roughly 100 countries and from different states in the US.

Question: Who found evidence that where the media had freedom there was less political corruption?
Answer: Brunetti and Weder

Question: Who discovered that more people reading newspapers resulted in higher political accountability?
Answer: Adserà, Boix, and Payne

Question: About 100 countries and what else was information gathered from to show that more people reading newspapers had higher political accountability?
Answer: different states in the US.
Title: Political_corruption

Snyder and Strömberg found "that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less likely to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lower in areas where there is less press coverage of the local members of congress." Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido found that the year after the Cincinnati Post closed in 2007, "fewer candidates ran for municipal office in the Kentucky suburbs most reliant on the Post, incumbents became more likely to win reelection, and voter turnout and campaign spending fell.

Question: Who discovered the correlation that congressman who have less local press coverage work less for the people who elected them?
Answer: Snyder and Strömberg

Question: What newspaper stopped publishing in 2007?
Answer: Cincinnati Post

Question: Who was most likely to get reelected after the Post shut down?
Answer: incumbents

Question: Campaign spending and what fell after the Post stopped publishing?
Answer: voter turnout
Title: Political_corruption

An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet: "The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression [and] information [but] has had mixed effects on freedom of the press": It has disrupted traditional sources of funding, and new forms of Internet journalism have replaced only a tiny fraction of what's been lost.

Question: What did the analysis show mixed results for?
Answer: growth of the Internet

Question: What was disrupted by Internet growth for the press?
Answer: traditional sources of funding

Question: How much has new types of Internet journalism replaced what has been lost in the press?
Answer: a tiny fraction
Title: Political_corruption

Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annually: a CPI (based on aggregating third-party polling of public perceptions of how corrupt different countries are); a Global Corruption Barometer (based on a survey of general public attitudes toward and experience of corruption); and a Bribe Payers Index, looking at the willingness of foreign firms to pay bribes. The Corruption Perceptions Index is the best known of these metrics, though it has drawn much criticism and may be declining in influence. In 2013 Transparency International published a report on the "Government Defence Anti-corruption Index". This index evaluates the risk of corruption in countries' military sector.

Question: How many measures does Transparency International publish right now?
Answer: three

Question: What is the measure that Transparency International publishes that looks at the willingness of a foreign company to pay a bribe?
Answer: Bribe Payers Index

Question: What is the measure that it publishes that involves polling to determine the public's take on how corrupt various countries are?
Answer: CPI

Question: When was the CPI first released?
Answer: 1995

Question: Which index studies the correlation of corruption and military in a country?
Answer: Government Defence Anti-corruption Index
Title: Political_corruption

The World Bank collects a range of data on corruption, including survey responses from over 100,000 firms worldwide and a set of indicators of governance and institutional quality. Moreover, one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption, which is defined as "the extent to which power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as 'capture' of the state by elites and private interests." While the definition itself is fairly precise, the data aggregated into the Worldwide Governance Indicators is based on any available polling: questions range from "is corruption a serious problem?" to measures of public access to information, and not consistent across countries. Despite these weaknesses, the global coverage of these datasets has led to their widespread adoption, most notably by the Millennium Challenge Corporation.

Question: How many firms throughout the world have been surveyed by the World Bank in regards to its corruption study?
Answer: over 100,000

Question: How many dimensions of governance are measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators?
Answer: six

Question: One of the dimensions is the extent to which power is exercised for personal gain, which is called what?
Answer: Control of Corruption

Question: Which organization is most notable for adopting the global coverage of these studies?
Answer: Millennium Challenge Corporation
Title: Political_corruption

A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to try and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesser known local groups. These metrics include the Global Integrity Index, first published in 2004. These second wave projects aim to create policy change by identifying resources more effectively and creating checklists toward incremental reform. Global Integrity and the International Budget Partnership each dispense with public surveys and instead uses in-country experts to evaluate "the opposite of corruption" – which Global Integrity defines as the public policies that prevent, discourage, or expose corruption. These approaches compliment the first wave, awareness-raising tools by giving governments facing public outcry a checklist which measures concrete steps toward improved governance.

Question: A second set of corruption metrics has been compiled by Global Integrity and what other organization?
Answer: International Budget Partnership

Question: When was the Global Integrity Index first published?
Answer: 2004

Question: Both companies no longer use what means of collecting of data?
Answer: public surveys

Question: Instead of public surveys, the organizations use what to study corruption?
Answer: in-country experts
Title: Political_corruption

Typical second wave corruption metrics do not offer the worldwide coverage found in first wave projects, and instead focus on localizing information gathered to specific problems and creating deep, "unpackable"[clarification needed] content that matches quantitative and qualitative data.

Question: The second wave of metrics focuses on what level of corruption?
Answer: local

Question: Unlike the first wave, the second wave does not offer what type of coverage?
Answer: worldwide
Title: Political_corruption

Alternative approaches, such as the British aid agency's Drivers of Change research, skips numbers and promotes understanding corruption via political economy analysis of who controls power in a given society.

Question: What is the British aid agency's research called?
Answer: Drivers of Change

Question: What does Drivers of Change skip?
Answer: numbers

Question: What does Drivers of Change promote?
Answer: understanding corruption
Title: Political_corruption

Extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideological. The argument that corruption necessarily follows from the opportunity is weakened by the existence of countries with low to non-existent corruption but large public sectors, like the Nordic countries. These countries score high on the Ease of Doing Business Index, due to good and often simple regulations, and have rule of law firmly established. Therefore, due to their lack of corruption in the first place, they can run large public sectors without inducing political corruption. Recent evidence that takes both the size of expenditures and regulatory complexity into account has found that high-income democracies with more expansive state sectors do indeed have higher levels of corruption.

Question: Public spending has risks of kickbacks, embezzlement and what?
Answer: cronyism

Question: What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending?
Answer: Complicated

Question: The potential for corruption in public spending are one of the arguments that favor what?
Answer: privatization and deregulation

Question: What countries have big public sectors but low corruption?
Answer: Nordic

Question: What do the low corruption countries have solidly established?
Answer: rule of law
Title: Political_corruption

Like other governmental economic activities, also privatization, such as in the sale of government-owned property, is particularly at the risk of cronyism. Privatizations in Russia, Latin America, and East Germany were accompanied by large-scale corruption during the sale of the state owned companies. Those with political connections unfairly gained large wealth, which has discredited privatization in these regions. While media have reported widely the grand corruption that accompanied the sales, studies have argued that in addition to increased operating efficiency, daily petty corruption is, or would be, larger without privatization, and that corruption is more prevalent in non-privatized sectors. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that extralegal and unofficial activities are more prevalent in countries that privatized less.

Question: Selling government property is highly at risk for what?
Answer: cronyism

Question: What type of people got wealthy from the sale of state-owned companies?
Answer: Those with political connections

Question: Where is corruption even more prevalent?
Answer: non-privatized sectors

Question: Countries that what have more extralegal and unofficial things going on?
Answer: privatized less
Title: Political_corruption

In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should be provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will be noticed. In contrast, in a centralized authority, even minute proportions of public funds can be large sums of money.

Question: Providing a government service from the lowest form of local government that can adequately provide the service is called what?
Answer: principle of subsidiarity

Question: What does distributing money into multiple instances discourage?
Answer: embezzlement

Question: Even small amounts of public money can be a lot in what type of authority?
Answer: centralized
Title: Political_corruption

If the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned productive industries. A number of corrupt governments have enriched themselves via foreign aid, which is often spent on showy buildings and armaments.

Question: What is it called when higher ups in government embezzle from the government's treasury?
Answer: kleptocracy

Question: What examples of natural resources do some corrupt officials in government take?
Answer: diamonds and oil

Question: Some corrupt governments use what type of money coming in?
Answer: foreign aid

Question: Foreign aid money is sometimes used to build fancy structures and to buy what?
Answer: armaments
Title: Political_corruption

A corrupt dictatorship typically results in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of law disintegrate. In addition, corrupt dictators routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth and power.

Question: In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what?
Answer: economic and social problems
Title: Political_corruption

The classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu's regime. Another classic case is Nigeria, especially under the rule of General Sani Abacha who was de facto president of Nigeria from 1993 until his death in 1998. He is reputed to have stolen some US$3–4 billion. He and his relatives are often mentioned in Nigerian 419 letter scams claiming to offer vast fortunes for "help" in laundering his stolen "fortunes", which in reality turn out not to exist. More than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.

Question: Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997?
Answer: Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko

Question: What did Zaire used to be known as?
Answer: Democratic Republic of the Congo

Question: What term became more popular as Mobutu ruled?
Answer: kleptocracy

Question: Who ruled Nigeria until he died in 1998?
Answer: General Sani Abacha
Title: Political_corruption

More recently, articles in various financial periodicals, most notably Forbes magazine, have pointed to Fidel Castro, General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba since 1959, of likely being the beneficiary of up to $900 million, based on "his control" of state-owned companies. Opponents of his regime claim that he has used money amassed through weapons sales, narcotics, international loans, and confiscation of private property to enrich himself and his political cronies who hold his dictatorship together, and that the $900 million published by Forbes is merely a portion of his assets, although that needs to be proven.

Question: What magazine had articles about Castro benefiting from corruption?
Answer: Forbes

Question: The $900 million Forbes said Castro took may only be what of his total assets?
Answer: a portion

Question: What is Fidel Castro's official title?
Answer: General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba
Title: Political_corruption

Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption.

Question: What is OAS?
Answer: Organization of American States

Question: Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who?
Answer: the African Union

Question: What organization joined at the universal level?
Answer: the United Nations Convention against Corruption

Question: When did the United Nations Convention against Corruption join?
Answer: 2003
Title: Political_corruption

Measuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While "corruption" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption, such as public perceptions of the extent of the problem.

Question: Why is it difficult to measure corruption?
Answer: imprecise definitions of corruption

Question: When did indices on corruption first appear?
Answer: 1995

Question: What was the first index on corruption, in 1995?
Answer: the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI
Title: Political_corruption

There are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary. The proper national wealth distribution including the government spending on the judiciary is subject of the constitutional economics. Judicial corruption can be difficult to completely eradicate, even in developed countries.

Question: How many methods of judiciary corruption are there?
Answer: two

Question: What part of the government controls the judiciary budget in many developing countries?
Answer: executive

Question: What does executive branch control over judiciary money undermine?
Answer: separation of powers

Question: What type of corruption is hard to get rid of even in developed countries?
Answer: judiciary
Title: Political_corruption

Mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being prepared.

Question: Radio broadcasts and what help deter corruption?
Answer: Mobile telecommunications

Question: What country is used as an example for limited forms of communications?
Answer: Africa

Question: Who works against corruption in India?
Answer: the anti-corruption bureau

Question: What new ombudsman bill is being readied in India?
Answer: Jan Lokpal Bill
Title: Political_corruption

In the 1990s, initiatives were taken at an international level (in particular by the European Community, the Council of Europe, the OECD) to put a ban on corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, for instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action against Corruption and, subsequently, issued a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments:

Question: What decade saw international initiatives to combat corruption?
Answer: 1990s

Question: Who started the Programme of Action?
Answer: Ministers of the Council of Europe

Question: What did the Programme of Action issue?
Answer: a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments