rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Presbyterianism

Above the sessions exist presbyteries, which have area responsibilities. These are composed of teaching elders and ruling elders from each of the constituent congregations. The presbytery sends representatives to a broader regional or national assembly, generally known as the General Assembly, although an intermediate level of a synod sometimes exists. This congregation / presbytery / synod / general assembly schema is based on the historical structure of the larger Presbyterian churches, such as the Church of Scotland or the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.); some bodies, such as the Presbyterian Church in America and the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, skip one of the steps between congregation and General Assembly, and usually the step skipped is the Synod. The Church of Scotland has now abolished the Synod.[citation needed]

Question: Which group from the Presbyterian church in rank is above sessions?
Answer: presbyteries

Question: What responsibilities so Presbyterians have?
Answer: area responsibilities

Question: What are the area of responsibilities made up of?
Answer: teaching elders and ruling elders

Question: In the American and Ireland Presbyterian church, which step is generally skipped?
Answer: Synod

Question: Which step was recently abolished by Scotland?
Answer: Synod
Title: Presbyterianism

Presbyterianism is historically a confessional tradition. This has two implications. The obvious one is that confessional churches express their faith in the form of "confessions of faith," which have some level of authoritative status. However this is based on a more subtle point: In confessional churches, theology is not solely an individual matter. While individuals are encouraged to understand Scripture, and may challenge the current institutional understanding, theology is carried out by the community as a whole. It is this community understanding of theology that is expressed in confessions.

Question: Presbyterianism is based on this type of tradition, what is it?
Answer: confessional tradition

Question: Confessional churches express this form of confession, what is it named?
Answer: confessions of faith

Question: What is not a sole matter individually in a confessional church?
Answer: theology

Question: How is theology carried out in a confessional church?
Answer: by the community as a whole
Title: Presbyterianism

Some Presbyterian traditions adopt only the Westminster Confession of Faith as the doctrinal standard to which teaching elders are required to subscribe, in contrast to the Larger and Shorter catechisms, which are approved for use in instruction. Many Presbyterian denominations, especially in North America, have adopted all of the Westminster Standards as their standard of doctrine which is subordinate to the Bible. These documents are Calvinistic in their doctrinal orientation. The Presbyterian Church in Canada retains the Westminster Confession of Faith in its original form, while admitting the historical period in which it was written should be understood when it is read.

Question: What traditions do some Presbyterian churches only adopt as their doctrinal standard?
Answer: Westminster Confession of Faith

Question: Many Presbyterian churches in America have adopted this doctrine as their standard, what is it?
Answer: Westminster Standards

Question: The Presbyterian church in Canada has retains which Doctrine in its original form?
Answer: Westminster Confession of Faith
Title: Presbyterianism

The Westminster Confession is "The principal subordinate standard of the Church of Scotland" but "with due regard to liberty of opinion in points which do not enter into the substance of the Faith" (V). This formulation represents many years of struggle over the extent to which the confession reflects the Word of God and the struggle of conscience of those who came to believe it did not fully do so (e.g. William Robertson Smith). Some Presbyterian Churches, such as the Free Church of Scotland, have no such "conscience clause".

Question: To the church of Scotland, what is the sub standard doctrine?
Answer: The Westminster Confession

Question: Who was one person who did not fully believe the struggle of conscience?
Answer: William Robertson Smith

Question: The Free Church in Scotland  has something in place that only a few churches have implemented, what is it called?
Answer: conscience clause
Title: Presbyterianism

The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) has adopted the Book of Confessions, which reflects the inclusion of other Reformed confessions in addition to the Westminster Standards. These other documents include ancient creedal statements (the Nicene Creed, the Apostles' Creed), 16th-century Reformed confessions (the Scots Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism, the Second Helvetic Confession), and 20th century documents (The Theological Declaration of Barmen, Confession of 1967 and A Brief Statement of Faith).

Question: Which book has the Presbyterian church of America adopted?
Answer: Book of Confessions

Question: The Book of Confessions reflects the inclusion of another confession, what is it called?
Answer: Westminster Standards

Question: Which statements did these other documents include from the Westminster Standards?
Answer: the Nicene Creed, the Apostles' Creed

Question: I what year was the The Theological Declaration of Barmen document created?
Answer: 1967
Title: Presbyterianism

Presbyterian denominations that trace their heritage to the British Isles usually organise their church services inspired by the principles in the Directory of Public Worship, developed by the Westminster Assembly in the 1640s. This directory documented Reformed worship practices and theology adopted and developed over the preceding century by British Puritans, initially guided by John Calvin and John Knox. It was enacted as law by the Scottish Parliament, and became one of the foundational documents of Presbyterian church legislation elsewhere.

Question: The Presbyterian denominations from the British Isles were inspired by these principles in what document?
Answer: Directory of Public Worship

Question: When was the Directory of Public Worship developed?
Answer: 1640s

Question: Which government enacted the Directory of Public Worship teachings into law?
Answer: Scottish Parliament
Title: Presbyterianism

Over subsequent centuries, many Presbyterian churches modified these prescriptions by introducing hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments into worship. However, there is not one fixed "Presbyterian" worship style. Although there are set services for the "Lord's Day", one can find a service to be evangelical and even revivalist in tone (especially in some conservative denominations), or strongly liturgical, approximating the practices of Lutheranism or Anglicanism (especially where Scottish tradition is esteemed),[clarification needed] or semi-formal, allowing for a balance of hymns, preaching, and congregational participation (favored by probably most American Presbyterians). Most Presbyterian churches follow the traditional liturgical year and observe the traditional holidays, holy seasons, such as Advent, Christmas, Ash Wednesday, Holy Week, Easter, Pentecost, etc. They also make use of the appropriate seasonal liturgical colors, etc. Many, incorporate ancient liturgical prayers and responses into the communion services and follow a daily, seasonal, and festival lectionary. Other Presbyterians, however, such as the Reformed Presbyterians, would practice a cappella exclusive psalmody, as well as eschew the celebration of holy days.

Question: What did many Presbyterian churches introduce as a result of modifying prescriptions? 
Answer: hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments

Question: What is favored by most American Presbyterian churches that is semi-formal service for the "lords Day"?
Answer: hymns, preaching, and congregational participation

Question: What do reformed Presbyterians practice?
Answer: cappella exclusive psalmody
Title: Presbyterianism

Among the paleo-orthodox and emerging church movements in Protestant and evangelical churches, in which some Presbyterians are involved, clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown to such vestments as the alb and chasuble, but also cassock and surplice (typically a full length Old English style surplice which resembles the Celtic alb, an ungirdled liturgical tunic of the old Gallican Rite), which some, particularly those identifying with the Liturgical Renewal Movement, hold to be more ancient and representative of a more ecumenical past.

Question: Among the emerging Protestant and Evangelical churches what are clergy moving away from?
Answer: black Geneva gown

Question: A Cassock and Surplice typically consisted of?
Answer: full length Old English style surplice

Question: Which movement was representative of the ecumenical past?
Answer: Liturgical Renewal Movement
Title: Presbyterianism

Early Presbyterians were careful to distinguish between the "church," which referred the members, and the "meeting house," which was the building in which the church met. Until the late 19th century, very few Presbyterians ever referred to their buildings as "churches." Presbyterians believed that meeting-houses (now called churches) are buildings to support the worship of God. The decor in some instances was austere so as not to detract from worship. Early Presbyterian meeting-houses were extremely plain. No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images were to be found in the meeting-house. The pulpit, often raised so as only to be accessible by a staircase, was the centerpiece of the building.

Question: Presbyterians had to distinguished between "Church" and "Meeting house" What was "Church" referring too?
Answer: the members

Question: What did "Meeting house" refer to?
Answer: building

Question: What were churches called before the 19th century?
Answer: meeting house

Question: Early churches were extremely plain, what did most churches not have in them?
Answer: No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images
Title: Presbyterianism

Usually a Presbyterian church will not have statues of saints, nor the ornate altar more typical of a Roman Catholic church. Instead, one will find a "communion table," usually on the same level as the congregation. There may be a rail between the communion table and the "Chancel" behind it, which may contain a more decorative altar-type table, choir loft, or choir stalls, lectern and clergy area. The altar is called the communion table and the altar area is called the Chancel by Presbyterians. In a Presbyterian (Reformed Church) there may be an altar cross, either on the communion table or on a table in the chancel. By using the "empty" cross, or cross of the resurrection, Presbyterians emphasize the resurrection and that Christ is not continually dying, but died once and is alive for all eternity. Some Presbyterian church buildings are often decorated with a cross that has a circle around the center, or Celtic cross. This not only emphasized the resurrection, but also acknowledges historical aspects of Presbyterianism. A baptismal font will be located either at the entrance or near the chancel area. Presbyterian architecture generally makes significant use of symbolism. You may also find decorative and ornate stained glass windows depicting scenes from the bible. Some Presbyterian churches will also have ornate statues of Christ or Graven Scenes from the Last Supper located behind the Chancel. St. Giles Cathedral ( Church Of Scotland- The Mother Church of Presbyterians) does have a Crucifix next to one of the Pulpits that hangs alongside. The image of Christ is more of faint image and more modern design.

Question: What did Presbyterian churches have in them?
Answer: communion table

Question: What is the alter called in the Presbyterian church?
Answer: communion table

Question: What is the alter area refered to as in the Presbyterian church?
Answer: Chancel

Question: What is a decorated cross called in a Presbyterian church?
Answer: Celtic cross

Question: What did the Celtic Cross represent?
Answer: the resurrection
Title: Presbyterianism

John Knox (1505–1572), a Scot who had spent time studying under Calvin in Geneva, returned to Scotland and urged his countrymen to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines. After a period of religious convulsion and political conflict culminating in a victory for the Protestant party at the Siege of Leith the authority of the Church of Rome was abolished in favour of Reformation by the legislation of the Scottish Reformation Parliament in 1560. The Church was eventually organised by Andrew Melville along Presbyterian lines to become the national Church of Scotland. King James VI and I moved the Church of Scotland towards an episcopal form of government, and in 1637, James' successor, Charles I and William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, attempted to force the Church of Scotland to use the Book of Common Prayer. What resulted was an armed insurrection, with many Scots signing the Solemn League and Covenant. The Covenanters would serve as the government of Scotland for nearly a decade, and would also send military support to the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War. Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles II, despite the initial support that he received from the Covenanters, reinstated an episcopal form of government on the church.

Question: What year did John Knox past away?
Answer: 1572

Question: What did John Knox do when he returned to Scotland after studying under Calvin?
Answer: to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines

Question: The church of Scotland was organized by this person, whats his name?
Answer: Andrew Melville

Question: In what year was the Government of church reinstated? 
Answer: 1660
Title: Presbyterianism

However, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 the Church of Scotland was finally unequivocally recognised as a Presbyterian institution by the monarch due to Scottish Presbyterian support for the aforementioned revolution and the Acts of Union 1707 between Scotland and England guaranteed the Church of Scotland's form of government. However, legislation by the United Kingdom parliament allowing patronage led to splits in the Church. In 1733, a group of ministers seceded from the Church of Scotland to form the Associate Presbytery, another group seceded in 1761 to form the Relief Church and the Disruption of 1843 led to the formation of the Free Church of Scotland. Further splits took place, especially over theological issues, but most Presbyterians in Scotland were reunited by 1929 union of the established Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland.

Question: In what year was the Church of Scotland recognized as a Presbyterian institution by the moncarh?
Answer: 1688

Question: Which group was formed when ministries seceded from The Church of Scotland in 1733?
Answer: Associate Presbytery

Question: What year were most Presbyterians in Scotland reunited?
Answer: 1929

Question: Which two groups were involved in the reuniting of Scotland's Presbyterian churches?
Answer: Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland
Title: Presbyterianism

In England, Presbyterianism was established in secret in 1592. Thomas Cartwright is thought to be the first Presbyterian in England. Cartwright's controversial lectures at Cambridge University condemning the episcopal hierarchy of the Elizabethan Church led to his deprivation of his post by Archbishop John Whitgift and his emigration abroad. Between 1645 and 1648, a series of ordinances of the Long Parliament established Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England. Presbyterian government was established in London and Lancashire and in a few other places in England, although Presbyterian hostility to the execution of Charles I and the establishment of the republican Commonwealth of England meant that Parliament never enforced the Presbyterian system in England. The re-establishment of the monarchy in 1660 brought the return of Episcopal church government in England (and in Scotland for a short time); but the Presbyterian church in England continued in Non-Conformity, outside of the established church. In 1719 a major split, the Salter's Hall controversy, occurred; with the majority siding with nontrinitarian views. Thomas Bradbury published several sermons bearing on the controversy, and in 1719, "An answer to the reproaches cast on the dissenting ministers who subscribed their belief of the Eternal Trinity.". By the 18th century many English Presbyterian congregations had become Unitarian in doctrine.

Question: In what year was the Presbyterianism church formed in England?
Answer: 1592

Question: Who was the first known Presbyterian in England?
Answer: Thomas Cartwright

Question: Between what years were the ordinances enacted Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England?
Answer: 1645 and 1648

Question: In what year did Salter's Hall controversy, occur that would lead to a split?
Answer: 1719

Question: When did the result in English Presbyterian congregations becomingUnitarian in doctrine?
Answer: 18th century
Title: Presbyterianism

A number of new Presbyterian Churches were founded by Scottish immigrants to England in the 19th century and later. Following the 'Disruption' in 1843 many of those linked to the Church of Scotland eventually joined what became the Presbyterian Church of England in 1876. Some, that is Crown Court (Covent Garden, London), St Andrew's (Stepney, London) and Swallow Street (London), did not join the English denomination, which is why there are Church of Scotland congregations in England such as those at Crown Court, and St Columba's, Pont Street (Knightsbridge) in London. There is also a congregation in the heart of London's financial district called London City Presbyterian Church that is also affiliated with Free Church of Scotland.

Question: When was the earliest Presbyterian churches founded by Scotland in England?
Answer: 19th century

Question: In what year during the Presbyterian movement in England was referred to as the "Disruption"?
Answer: 1843
Title: Presbyterianism

In 1972, the Presbyterian Church of England (PCofE) united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales to form the United Reformed Church (URC). Among the congregations the PCofE brought to the URC were Tunley (Lancashire), Aston Tirrold (Oxfordshire) and John Knox Presbyterian Church, Stepney, London (now part of Stepney Meeting House URC) – these are among the sole survivors today of the English Presbyterian churches of the 17th century. The URC also has a presence in Scotland, mostly of former Congregationalist Churches. Two former Presbyterian congregations, St Columba's, Cambridge (founded in 1879), and St Columba's, Oxford (founded as a chaplaincy by the PCofE and the Church of Scotland in 1908 and as a congregation of the PCofE in 1929), continue as congregations of the URC and university chaplaincies of the Church of Scotland.

Question: In what year did the Church of England and the Congregational Church in England  and Waled unite?
Answer: 1972

Question: What are the two former Presbyterian congregations in England?
Answer: St Columba's, Cambridge (founded in 1879), and St Columba's, Oxford

Question: What was the name of the group that was created whenPresbyterian Church of England (PCofE) united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales were united?
Answer: United Reformed Church
Title: Presbyterianism

Presbyterianism is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland and the second largest on the island of Ireland (after the Anglican Church of Ireland),[citation needed] and was brought by Scottish plantation settlers to Ulster who had been strongly encouraged to emigrate by James VI of Scotland, later James I of England. An estimated 100,000 Scottish Presbyterians moved to the northern counties of Ireland between 1607 and the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.[citation needed] The Presbytery of Ulster was formed in 1642 separately from the established Anglican Church. Presbyterians, along with Roman Catholics in Ulster and the rest of Ireland, suffered under the discriminatory Penal Laws until they were revoked in the early 19th century. Presbyterianism is represented in Ireland by the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, the Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland, the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church.

Question: What is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland?
Answer: Presbyterianism

Question: What is the largest denomination of the entire Ireland Island?
Answer: Anglican Church of Ireland

Question: How many Scottie Presbyterians moved to the northern counties in Ireland?
Answer: 100,000

Question: When was he Presbytery of Ulster formed?
Answer: 1642
Title: Presbyterianism

Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia. In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789. The nation's largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) – PC (USA) – can trace their heritage back to the original PCUSA, as can the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), the Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians (ECO).

Question: When did Presbyterianism arrive in America?
Answer: 1703

Question: In what city was the first Presbytery formed?
Answer: Philadelphia

Question: In what year would the original churches evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America?
Answer: 1789

Question: What is the name of the largest denomination of the Presbyterian Church in America?
Answer: the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)
Title: Presbyterianism

Other Presbyterian bodies in the United States include the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP), the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States (RPCUS), the Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly, the Reformed Presbyterian Church – Hanover Presbytery, the Covenant Presbyterian Church, the Presbyterian Reformed Church, the Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States, the Korean American Presbyterian Church, and the Free Presbyterian Church of North America.

Question: What is the name of the first three listed reformed Presbyterian Church's in the United States?
Answer: Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP), the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States (RPCUS)

Question: What is the name of the Asian Presbyterian Church in the United States?
Answer: Korean American Presbyterian Church

Question: What is the full name of this American Presbyterian church under this abbreviation (ARP)?
Answer: Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church
Title: Presbyterianism

In the late 1800s, Presbyterian missionaries established a presence in what is now northern New Mexico. This provided an alternative to the Catholicism, which was brought to the area by the Spanish Conquistadors and had remained unchanged. The area experienced a "mini" reformation, in that many converts were made to Presbyterianism, prompting persecution. In some cases, the converts left towns and villages to establish their own neighboring villages. The arrival of the United States to the area prompted the Catholic church to modernize and make efforts at winning the converts back, many of which did return. However, there are still stalwart Presbyterians and Presbyterian churches in the area.

Question: Around when did Presbyterian missionaries arrived in New Mexico?
Answer: 1800s

Question: The established Presbyterian church in New Mexico provided an alternative to which religion?
Answer: Catholicism

Question: Who brought Catholicism into New Mexico?
Answer: Spanish Conquistadors