rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Han_dynasty

During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang, Han lost control over the Tarim Basin, which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in AD 63 and used as a base to invade Han's Hexi Corridor in Gansu. Dou Gu (d. 88 AD) defeated the Northern Xiongnu at the Battle of Yiwulu in AD 73, evicting them from Turpan and chasing them as far as Lake Barkol before establishing a garrison at Hami. After the new Protector General of the Western Regions Chen Mu (d. AD 75) was killed by allies of the Xiongnu in Karasahr and Kucha, the garrison at Hami was withdrawn. At the Battle of Ikh Bayan in AD 89, Dou Xian (d. AD 92) defeated the Northern Xiongnu chanyu who then retreated into the Altai Mountains. After the Northern Xiongnu fled into the Ili River valley in AD 91, the nomadic Xianbei occupied the area from the borders of the Buyeo Kingdom in Manchuria to the Ili River of the Wusun people. The Xianbei reached their apogee under Tanshihuai (檀石槐) (d. AD 180), who consistently defeated Chinese armies. However, Tanshihuai's confederation disintegrated after his death.

Question: Which Basin did the Han lose authority of?
Answer: Tarim

Question: When did Chen Mu die?
Answer: AD 75

Question: Where did the Northern Xiongnu flee to in AD 91?
Answer: Ili River valley

Question: Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions?
Answer: Chen Mu

Question: Who conquered the Tarim Basin in AD 63?
Answer: the Northern Xiongnu
Title: Han_dynasty

Ban Chao (d. AD 102) enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire, occupying the area of modern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana. When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises (r. c. 90–c. 100 AD) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90, he sent his forces to Wakhan (Afghanistan) to attack Ban Chao. The conflict ended with the Kushans withdrawing because of lack of supplies. In AD 91, the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao.

Question: Which ruler requested a marriage alliance with the Han in AD 90?
Answer: Vima Kadphises

Question: Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions in AD 91?
Answer: Ban Chao

Question: Which empire sent armies to attack Ban Chao?
Answer: Kushan

Question: Which empire was asked to help subdue Kashgar?
Answer: Kushan

Question: Who was allied with Kashgar?
Answer: Sogdiana
Title: Han_dynasty

In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans, the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire, from a king in modern Burma, from a ruler in Japan, and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin (Rome) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary. A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180 AD) is recorded in the Hou Hanshu to have reached the court of Emperor Huan of Han (r. AD 146–168) in AD 166, yet Rafe de Crespigny asserts that this was most likely a group of Roman merchants. Other travelers to Eastern-Han China included Buddhist monks who translated works into Chinese, such as An Shigao of Parthia, and Lokaksema from Kushan-era Gandhara, India.

Question: Who translated written works into Chinese?
Answer: Buddhist monks

Question: Which member of the Han Empire was sent to Daqin in AD 97?
Answer: Gan Ying

Question: When did Emperor Huan's reign begin?
Answer: AD 146

Question: Who reached the court of Emperor Huan in AD 166?
Answer: A Roman embassy

Question: Which empire sent the Han gifts?
Answer: Parthian
Title: Han_dynasty

Emperor Zhang's (r. 75–88 AD) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house. Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by eunuch intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans. With the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong (d. 107 AD), Emperor He (r. 88–105 AD) had Empress Dowager Dou (d. 97 AD) put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power. This was in revenge for Dou's purging of the clan of his natural mother—Consort Liang—and then concealing her identity from him. After Emperor He's death, his wife Empress Deng Sui (d. 121 AD) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD.

Question: Who was prevented from leaving their house?
Answer: Empress Dowager Dou

Question: Who managed the state after the death of Emperor He?
Answer: Empress Deng Sui

Question: When did Emperor He's reign end?
Answer: 105 AD

Question: Who concealed the identity of Emperor He's mother?
Answer: Empress Dowager Dou

Question: When did the Qiang rebellion end?
Answer: 118 AD
Title: Han_dynasty

When Empress Dowager Deng died, Emperor An (r. 106–125 AD) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run (李閏) and Jiang Jing (江京) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him. An dismissed Deng's clan members from office, exiled them and forced many to commit suicide. After An's death, his wife, Empress Dowager Yan (d. 126 AD) placed the child Marquess of Beixiang on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family. However, palace eunuch Sun Cheng (d. 132 AD) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han (r. 125–144 AD). Yan was placed under house arrest, her relatives were either killed or exiled, and her eunuch allies were slaughtered. The regent Liang Ji (d. 159 AD), brother of Empress Liang Na (d. 150 AD), had the brother-in-law of Consort Deng Mengnü (later empress) (d. 165 AD) killed after Deng Mengnü resisted Liang Ji's attempts to control her. Afterward, Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji, who was then forced to commit suicide.

Question: Who had forced a large number of Empress Dowager Deng's clan members to kill themselves?
Answer: Emperor An

Question: Which person plotted to overthrew the regime of Empress Dowager Yan?
Answer: Sun Cheng

Question: Who did Emperor Huan hire to depose Liang Ji?
Answer: eunuchs

Question: Relatives of what family were exiled after Sun Cheng had overthrown the regime?
Answer: Yan

Question: How did Liang Ji die?
Answer: forced to commit suicide
Title: Han_dynasty

Students from the Imperial University organized a widespread student protest against the eunuchs of Emperor Huan's court. Huan further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of concubines in his harem at a time of economic crisis. Palace eunuchs imprisoned the official Li Ying (李膺) and his associates from the Imperial University on a dubious charge of treason. In 167 AD, the Grand Commandant Dou Wu (d. 168 AD) convinced his son-in-law, Emperor Huan, to release them. However the emperor permanently barred Li Ying and his associates from serving in office, marking the beginning of the Partisan Prohibitions.

Question: On what charge was Li Ying jailed for?
Answer: treason

Question: Who was responsible for imprisoning Li Ying?
Answer: Palace eunuchs

Question: During what type of crisis did Emperor Huan alienate the bureaucracy?
Answer: economic

Question: Students from what university led a protest against members of Huan's court?
Answer: Imperial

Question: When did Dou Wu die?
Answer: 168 AD
Title: Han_dynasty

Following Huan's death, Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan (陳蕃) (d. 168 AD) attempted a coup d'état against the eunuchs Hou Lan (d. 172 AD), Cao Jie (d. 181 AD), and Wang Fu (王甫). When the plot was uncovered, the eunuchs arrested Empress Dowager Dou (d. 172 AD) and Chen Fan. General Zhang Huan (張奐) favored the eunuchs. He and his troops confronted Dou Wu and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other. When the retainers gradually deserted Dou Wu, he was forced to commit suicide.

Question: Who arrested Chen Fan in a failed plot?
Answer: the eunuchs

Question: How did Dou Wu pass away?
Answer: he was forced to commit suicide

Question: Who made accusations of treason against Dou Wu?
Answer: General Zhang Huan

Question: Which group was favorable to Zhang Huan?
Answer: the eunuchs

Question: What type of action was attempted on the eunuchs?
Answer: coup d'état
Title: Han_dynasty

The Partisan Prohibitions were repealed during the Yellow Turban Rebellion and Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion in 184 AD, largely because the court did not want to continue to alienate a significant portion of the gentry class who might otherwise join the rebellions. The Yellow Turbans and Five-Pecks-of-Rice adherents belonged to two different hierarchical Daoist religious societies led by faith healers Zhang Jue (d. 184 AD) and Zhang Lu (d. 216 AD), respectively. Zhang Lu's rebellion, in modern northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi, was not quelled until 215 AD. Zhang Jue's massive rebellion across eight provinces was annihilated by Han forces within a year, however the following decades saw much smaller recurrent uprisings. Although the Yellow Turbans were defeated, many generals appointed during the crisis never disbanded their assembled militia forces and used these troops to amass power outside of the collapsing imperial authority.

Question: In what year did the Partisan Prohibitions end?
Answer: 184 AD

Question: In what year did Zhang Lu's rebellion end?
Answer: 215 AD

Question: How many provinces did Zhang Jue's rebellion take place in?
Answer: eight

Question: What type of healer was Zhang Jue?
Answer: faith

Question: What religion did Zhang Jue practice?
Answer: Daoist
Title: Han_dynasty

General-in-Chief He Jin (d. 189 AD), half-brother to Empress He (d. 189 AD), plotted with Yuan Shao (d. 202 AD) to overthrow the eunuchs by having several generals march to the outskirts of the capital. There, in a written petition to Empress He, they demanded the eunuchs' execution. After a period of hesitation, Empress He consented. When the eunuchs discovered this, however, they had her brother He Miao (何苗) rescind the order. The eunuchs assassinated He Jin on September 22, 189 AD. Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyang's Northern Palace while his brother Yuan Shu (d. 199 AD) besieged the Southern Palace. On September 25 both palaces were breached and approximately two thousand eunuchs were killed. Zhang Rang had previously fled with Emperor Shao (r. 189 AD) and his brother Liu Xie—the future Emperor Xian of Han (r. 189–220 AD). While being pursued by the Yuan brothers, Zhang committed suicide by jumping into the Yellow River.

Question: Who was assassinated on September 22, 189 AD?
Answer: He Jin

Question: Who agreed to the execuation of the eunuchs?
Answer: Empress He

Question: Who negated the execution order on the eunuchs?
Answer: He Miao

Question: Who was the family member that Emperor Shao escaped with?
Answer: Liu Xie

Question: What did General-in-Chief He petition Empress He for?
Answer: the eunuchs' execution
Title: Han_dynasty

General Dong Zhuo (d. 192 AD) found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside. He escorted them safely back to the capital and was made Minister of Works, taking control of Luoyang and forcing Yuan Shao to flee. After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian, Yuan Shao led a coalition of former officials and officers against Dong, who burned Luoyang to the ground and resettled the court at Chang'an in May 191 AD. Dong Zhuo later poisoned Emperor Shao.

Question: How was Luoyang destroyed?
Answer: burned

Question: Who demoted Emperor Shao?
Answer: Dong Zhuo

Question: What position would the young Liu Xie eventually be promoted to?
Answer: Emperor Xian

Question: Who had taken control of Luoyang?
Answer: General Dong Zhuo

Question: When did Dong Zhuo die?
Answer: 192 AD
Title: Han_dynasty

After Cao's defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD, China was divided into three spheres of influence, with Cao Cao dominating the north, Sun Quan (182–252 AD) dominating the south, and Liu Bei (161–223 AD) dominating the west. Cao Cao died in March 220 AD. By December his son Cao Pi (187–226 AD) had Emperor Xian relinquish the throne to him and is known posthumously as Emperor Wen of Wei. This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states: Cao Wei, Eastern Wu, and Shu Han.

Question: Who was defeated at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD?
Answer: Cao

Question: Who did Emperor Xian give his throne to?
Answer: Cao Pi

Question: What state was in a conflict with Eastern Wu, and Shu Han?
Answer: Cao Wei

Question: Who was in control of the south of China?
Answer: Sun Quan

Question: In what month did Cao Cao die?
Answer: March
Title: Han_dynasty

Each successive rank gave its holder greater pensions and legal privileges. The highest rank, of full marquess, came with a state pension and a territorial fiefdom. Holders of the rank immediately below, that of ordinary marquess, received a pension, but had no territorial rule. Officials who served in government belonged to the wider commoner social class and were ranked just below nobles in social prestige. The highest government officials could be enfeoffed as marquesses. By the Eastern Han period, local elites of unattached scholars, teachers, students, and government officials began to identify themselves as members of a larger, nationwide gentry class with shared values and a commitment to mainstream scholarship. When the government became noticeably corrupt in mid-to-late Eastern Han, many gentrymen even considered the cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships more important than serving in public office.

Question: During what period was it obvious that corruption was widespread in the government?
Answer: mid-to-late Eastern Han

Question: What rank provided its holder territorial rule?
Answer: full marquess

Question: What class did individuals who served as officials in the government belong to?
Answer: commoner social

Question: What was considered to be more important to some than serving the local government?
Answer: cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships

Question: What rank is below that of full marquess?
Answer: ordinary marquess
Title: Han_dynasty

The farmer, or specifically the small landowner-cultivator, was ranked just below scholars and officials in the social hierarchy. Other agricultural cultivators were of a lower status, such as tenants, wage laborers, and in rare cases slaves. Artisans and craftsmen had a legal and socioeconomic status between that of owner-cultivator farmers and common merchants. State-registered merchants, who were forced by law to wear white-colored clothes and pay high commercial taxes, were considered by the gentry as social parasites with a contemptible status. These were often petty shopkeepers of urban marketplaces; merchants such as industrialists and itinerant traders working between a network of cities could avoid registering as merchants and were often wealthier and more powerful than the vast majority of government officials. Wealthy landowners, such as nobles and officials, often provided lodging for retainers who provided valuable work or duties, sometimes including fighting bandits or riding into battle. Unlike slaves, retainers could come and go from their master's home as they pleased. Medical physicians, pig breeders, and butchers had a fairly high social status, while occultist diviners, runners, and messengers had low status.

Question: Who were considered to be below the social rank that scholars held?
Answer: The farmer

Question: What color of clothing were merchants that had registered with the state forced to wear?
Answer: white-colored

Question: Who was commonly considered by some to be social parasites?
Answer: State-registered merchants

Question: Who would retainers in the employ of nobles occasionally have to fight?
Answer: bandits

Question: How could a merchant prevent having to register as one?
Answer: working between a network of cities
Title: Han_dynasty

The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry.

Question: How many family members would commonly live in a single household during the Han era?
Answer: four to five

Question: Whose opinion on the spouse of an arranged marriage was considered to be more important?
Answer: the father's

Question: Who were rich enough to afford multiple lovers?
Answer: nobles and high officials

Question: What type of family was your typical Han era family considered to be?
Answer: patrilineal

Question: What type of marriage was thought of as a normal occurrence in this era?
Answer: Arranged marriages
Title: Han_dynasty

Apart from the passing of noble titles or ranks, inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture; each son received an equal share of the family property. Unlike the practice in later dynasties, the father usually sent his adult married sons away with their portions of the family fortune. Daughters received a portion of the family fortune through their marriage dowries, though this was usually much less than the shares of sons. A different distribution of the remainder could be specified in a will, but it is unclear how common this was.

Question: How did daughters get their portion of the family fortune?
Answer: marriage dowries

Question: What type of title could be passed down?
Answer: noble

Question: What type of document could be produced to distribute some of an inheritance?
Answer: a will

Question: Was is guaranteed that a first born son would receive all of the family's fortune?
Answer: inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture

Question: Which family member commonly sent an adult married offspring away with their portion of the families fortune?
Answer: the father
Title: Han_dynasty

Women were expected to obey the will of their father, then their husband, and then their adult son in old age. However, it is known from contemporary sources that there were many deviations to this rule, especially in regard to mothers over their sons, and empresses who ordered around and openly humiliated their fathers and brothers. Women were exempt from the annual corvée labor duties, but often engaged in a range of income-earning occupations aside from their domestic chores of cooking and cleaning.

Question: Which gender was exempt from performing the yearly corvee labor duties?
Answer: Women

Question: What emotional state would empresses commonly place their immediate family members in?
Answer: openly humiliated

Question: What type of occupation did women commonly take part in?
Answer: income-earning

Question: Who were women obligated to obey in their old age?
Answer: their adult son

Question: Which parental figures often avoided the common familial rules?
Answer: mothers
Title: Han_dynasty

The early Western Han court simultaneously accepted the philosophical teachings of Legalism, Huang-Lao Daoism, and Confucianism in making state decisions and shaping government policy. However, the Han court under Emperor Wu gave Confucianism exclusive patronage. He abolished all academic chairs or erudites (bóshì 博士) not dealing with the Confucian Five Classics in 136 BC and encouraged nominees for office to receive a Confucian-based education at the Imperial University that he established in 124 BC. Unlike the original ideology espoused by Confucius, or Kongzi (551–479 BC), Han Confucianism in Emperor Wu's reign was the creation of Dong Zhongshu (179–104 BC). Dong was a scholar and minor official who aggregated the ethical Confucian ideas of ritual, filial piety, and harmonious relationships with five phases and yin-yang cosmologies. Much to the interest of the ruler, Dong's synthesis justified the imperial system of government within the natural order of the universe. The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30,000 by the 2nd century AD. A Confucian-based education was also made available at commandery-level schools and private schools opened in small towns, where teachers earned respectable incomes from tuition payments.

Question: What philosophy was given exclusivity in the court during the rule of Emperor Wu?
Answer: Confucianism

Question: Who put an end to all erudites?
Answer: Emperor Wu

Question: How many students were in the Imperial University by the second century?
Answer: over 30,000

Question: What type of philosophy was available for individuals at the commanderies?
Answer: Confucian

Question: Where did teachers make their money from at private schools?
Answer: tuition payments
Title: Han_dynasty

Some important texts were created and studied by scholars. Philosophical works written by Yang Xiong (53 BC – 18 AD), Huan Tan (43 BC – 28 AD), Wang Chong (27–100 AD), and Wang Fu (78–163 AD) questioned whether human nature was innately good or evil and posed challenges to Dong's universal order. The Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Tan (d. 110 BC) and his son Sima Qian (145–86 BC) established the standard model for all of imperial China's Standard Histories, such as the Book of Han written by Ban Biao (3–54 AD), his son Ban Gu (32–92 AD), and his daughter Ban Zhao (45–116 AD). There were dictionaries such as the Shuowen Jiezi by Xu Shen (c. 58 – c. 147 AD) and the Fangyan by Yang Xiong. Biographies on important figures were written by various gentrymen. Han dynasty poetry was dominated by the fu genre, which achieved its greatest prominence during the reign of Emperor Wu.

Question: Who had produced biographies of individuals of significant importance?
Answer: various gentrymen

Question: What type of poetry had much influence in the Han dynasty?
Answer: fu

Question: Who had written the dictionary Fangyan?
Answer: Yang Xiong

Question: Which person had authored the Book of Han?
Answer: Ban Biao

Question: What was the name of Ban Biao's female offspring?
Answer: Ban Zhao
Title: Han_dynasty

Various cases for rape, physical abuse and murder were prosecuted in court. Women, although usually having fewer rights by custom, were allowed to level civil and criminal charges against men. While suspects were jailed, convicted criminals were never imprisoned. Instead, punishments were commonly monetary fines, periods of forced hard labor for convicts, and the penalty of death by beheading. Early Han punishments of torturous mutilation were borrowed from Qin law. A series of reforms abolished mutilation punishments with progressively less-severe beatings by the bastinado.

Question: What type of torture was acquired from Qin law?
Answer: mutilation

Question: What eventually replaced torturous mutilation as a type of punishment?
Answer: progressively less-severe beatings

Question: What could a criminal in this era expect not to happen if he was convicted of a crime?
Answer: criminals were never imprisoned

Question: What type of extreme punishment was likely to be laid upon those who committed the harshest of crimes?
Answer: death by beheading

Question: What did women commonly have less of?
Answer: rights