rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Near_East

The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), an independent agency under the Department of State established in place of the Marshall Plan for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid, does not use the term Near East. Its definition of Middle East corresponds to that of the State Department, which officially prefers the term Near East.

Question: What does USAID stand for?
Answer: U.S. Agency for International Development

Question: What is the independant agency under the Department of State for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid called?
Answer: USAID

Question: What term does USAID not use?
Answer: the term Near East
Title: Near_East

The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region, but not a Near East. Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea, ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region, and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic.

Question: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognizes what?
Answer: a Middle East and North Africa region

Question: What region does the Foreign and Commonwealth office of United Kingdom not recognize?
Answer: Near East

Question: What consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea?
Answer: Their original Middle East
Title: Near_East

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conducts "bilateral relationships" with the countries of the "Mediterranean – Middle East Region" but has formulated no Near East Region. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey also does not use the term Near East. Its regions include the Middle East, the Balkans and others.

Question: What does the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conduct?
Answer: "bilateral relationships"

Question: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey does not use what term?
Answer: Near East

Question: The Middle East, the Balkans and others are included in what republic?
Answer: Republic of Turkey
Title: Near_East

The Ancient Near East is a term of the 20th century intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history.[citation needed] The Near East may acquire varying meanings, but the Ancient Near East always has the same meaning: the ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent, a sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia and southward to the limits of Mesopotamia.

Question: What is a term of the 20th centrury intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history?
Answer: The Ancient Near East

Question: The ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent will always refer to what?
Answer: the Ancient Near East

Question: What is the sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia called?
Answer: Fertile Crescent
Title: Near_East

Resorting to this verbal device, however, did not protect the "Ancient Near East" from the inroads of "the Middle East." For example, a high point in the use of "Ancient Near East" was for Biblical scholars the Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament by James Bennett Pritchard, a textbook of first edition dated 1950. The last great book written by Leonard Woolley, British archaeologist, excavator of ancient Ur and associate of T.E. Lawrence and Arthur Evans, was The Art of the Middle East, Including Persia, Mesopotamia and Palestine, published in 1961. Woolley had completed it in 1960 two weeks before his death. The geographical ranges in each case are identical.

Question: James Bennett Pritchard wrote what?
Answer: Texts relating to the Old Testament

Question: When did James Bennett Pritchard write his textbook?
Answer: 1950

Question: Who was a British archaeologist?
Answer: Leonard Woolley

Question: Who excavated ancient Ur?
Answer: Leonard Woolley
Title: Near_East

Parallel with the growth of specialized agencies for conducting or supporting statescraft in the second half of the 20th century has been the collection of resources for scholarship and research typically in university settings. Most universities teaching the liberal arts have library and museum collections. These are not new; however, the erection of these into "centres" of national and international interest in the second half of the 20th century have created larger databases not available to the scholars of the past. Many of these focus on the Ancient Near East or Near East in the sense of Ancient Near East.

Question: What do most universities teaching liberal arts have? 
Answer: library and museum collections

Question: What has had parallel growth of in the 20th century?
Answer: the collection of resources

Question: What are these resources collected for?
Answer: for scholarship and research
Title: Near_East

One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at Oxford University, Great Britain. Among its many activities CSAD numbers "a long-term project to create a library of digitised images of Greek inscriptions." These it arranges by region. The Egypt and the Near East region besides Egypt includes Cyprus, Persia and Afghanistan but not Asia Minor (a separate region).

Question: What does CSAD stand for?
Answer: Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents

Question: Who founded the CSAD?
Answer: Oxford University

Question: Where is Oxford University?
Answer: Great Britain
Title: Near_East

A large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training in university departments named for the Near East. Similarly the journals associated with these fields of expertise include the words Near East or Near Eastern. The meaning of Near East in these numerous establishments and publications is Middle East. Expertise on the modern Middle East is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East, although often "Ancient Near East" is abbreviated to "Near East" without any implication of modern times. For example, "Near Eastern Languages" in the ancient sense includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian. In the modern sense, it is likely to mean any or all of the Arabic languages.

Question: Where did a large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training?
Answer: university departments named for the Near East

Question: What is the meaning of Near East in numerous establishments and publications?
Answer: Middle East

Question: What is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East?
Answer: Expertise on the modern Middle East

Question: What includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian?
Answer: Near Eastern Languages
Title: Zhejiang

 Zhejiang (help·info), formerly romanized as Chekiang, is an eastern coastal province of China. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.

Question: What was Zhejiang formerly romanized as?
Answer: Chekiang

Question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northwest?
Answer: Anhui

Question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the west?
Answer: Jiangxi

Question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the south?
Answer: Fujian

Question: Which body of water is to the east of Zhejiang?
Answer: East China Sea
Title: Zhejiang

The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江, Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually glossed as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River", from the meaning of Chinese 折, but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵 (the "water" radical used for river names) to phonetic 折 (pinyin zhé but reconstructed Old Chinese *tet), preserving a proto-Wu name of the local Yue, similar to Yuhang, Kuaiji, and Jiang.

Question: What is the former name of the Qiantang River?
Answer: Zhe River

Question: What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?
Answer: Hangzhou Bay

Question: What does Zhe mean in Chinese?
Answer: Crooked

Question: Which river does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?
Answer: Zhe River

Question: What does the Qiantang River flow past?
Answer: Hangzhou
Title: Zhejiang

Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu and Liangzhu. A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in the archeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River shows high frequencies of haplogroup O1 in the Liangzhu culture, linking them to Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples.

Question: What kind of cultures were the Hemudu and Liangzhu?
Answer: Neolithic

Question: Where was the site of the Hemudu and LIangzhu cultures?
Answer: Zhejiang

Question: What year was there an analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in Liangzhu culture?
Answer: 2007

Question: Which culture were the Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples linked to in the DNA analysis?
Answer: Liangzhu

Question: What haplogroup did a DNA analysis of the Liangzhu culture reveal?
Answer: O1
Title: Zhejiang

The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of the Shang civilization during the second millennium BC. Instead, this area was populated by peoples collectively known as the Hundred Yue, including the Dongyue and the Ouyue. The kingdom of Yue began to appear in the chronicles and records written during the Spring and Autumn Period. According to the chronicles, the kingdom of Yue was located in northern Zhejiang. Shiji claims that its leaders were descended from the Shang founder Yu the Great. Evidence suggests that Baiyue and the kingdom of Yue possessed their own culture and history that are different from those kingdoms in north and central China, whose cultures and histories were carefully recorded in chronicles and histories during the Spring and Autumn Period and into the Qin dynasty. The Song of the Yue Boatman (Chinese: 越人歌, p Yuèrén Gē, lit. "Song of the man of Yue") was transliterated into Chinese and recorded by authors in north China or inland China of Hebei and Henan around 528 BC. The song shows that the Yue people spoke a language that was mutually unintelligible with the dialects spoken in north and inland China. The Yue peoples seem to have had their own written script. The Sword of Goujian bears bird-worm seal script. Yuenü (Chinese: 越女; pinyin: Yuènǚ; Wade–Giles: Yüeh-nü; literally: "the Lady of Yue") was a swordswoman from the state of Yue. In order to check the growth of the kingdom of Wu, Chu pursued a policy of strengthening Yue. Under King Goujian, Yue recovered from its early reverses and fully annexed the lands of its rival in 473 BC. The Yue kings then moved their capital center from their original home around Mount Kuaiji in present-day Shaoxing to the former Wu capital at present-day Suzhou. With no southern power to turn against Yue, Chu opposed it directly and, in 333 BC, succeeded in destroying it. Yue's former lands were annexed by the Qin Empire in 222 BC and organized into a commandery named for Kuaiji in Zhejiang but initially headquartered in Wu in Jiangsu.

Question: Who populated the areas of Zhejiang in the 2nd millennium BC?
Answer: Hundred Yue

Question: When did the kingdom of Yue begin to appear?
Answer: Spring and Autumn Period

Question: Where was the kingdom of Yue located according to chronicles?
Answer: northern Zhejiang

Question: Who does Shiji claim that its leaders were descended from?
Answer: Yu the Great

Question: What does the Sword of Goujian bear?
Answer: bird-worm seal script
Title: Zhejiang

Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han. Under the Later Han, control of the area returned to the settlement below Mount Kuaiji but authority over the Minyue hinterland was nominal at best and its Yue inhabitants largely retained their own political and social structures.

Question: What was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion?
Answer: Kuaiji Commandery

Question: Who did the kingdom of Chu eventually fall to?
Answer: the Han

Question: In Later Han, which Mount did control of the area return to the settlement below?
Answer: Kuaiji

Question: Who led a rebellion with Xiang Liang against the Qin Empire?
Answer: Xiang Yu

Question: Which empire did Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu rebel against?
Answer: the Qin Empire
Title: Zhejiang

At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era (220–280 CE), Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye (present-day Nanjing), they continued development of the region and benefitted from influxes of refugees fleeing the turmoil in northern China. Industrial kilns were established and trade reached as far as Manchuria and Funan (south Vietnam).

Question: When was the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era?
Answer: 220–280 CE

Question: What was home to the warlord Yan Baihu?
Answer: Zhejiang

Question: What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish?
Answer: the Kingdom of Wu

Question: Where was their court in Kuaiji removed to?
Answer: Jianye

Question: Along with Manchuria, where did trade reach as far as?
Answer: Funan
Title: Zhejiang

Zhejiang was part of the Wu during the Three Kingdoms. Wu (229–280), commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, had been the economically most developed state among the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). The historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force. The story depicts how the states of Wei (魏) and Shu (蜀), lack of material resources, avoided direct confrontation with the Wu. In armed military conflicts with Wu, the two states relied intensively on tactics of camouflage and deception to steal Wu's military resources including arrows and bows.

Question: When was Zhejiang part of the Wu?
Answer: during the Three Kingdoms

Question: What is another name for Wu or Eastern Wu?
Answer: Sun Wu

Question: What was the most developed state among the Three Kingdoms?
Answer: Wu

Question: Which historical novel records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force?
Answer: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Question: Along with Wei, which state avoided direct conflict with Wu?
Answer: Shu
Title: Zhejiang

Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing (then known as Jiankang), the settlement of Qiantang, the former name of Hangzhou, remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China. The other two centers in the south were Jiankang and Chengdu. In 589, Qiangtang was raised in status and renamed Hangzhou.

Question: What was Nanjing formerly known as?
Answer: Jiankang

Question: What was the former name of Hangzhou?
Answer: Qiantang

Question: Besides Qiantang and Jiankang, what was the other major metropolitan center in the south?
Answer: Chengdu

Question: What year was Qiantang raised in status and renamed Hangzhou?
Answer: 589

Question: How many major metropolitan centers were there in the south at the time?
Answer: three
Title: Zhejiang

Following the fall of Wu and the turmoil of the Wu Hu uprising against the Jin dynasty (265–420), most of elite Chinese families had collaborated with the non-Chinese rulers and military conquerors in the north. Some may have lost social privilege, and took refugee in areas south to Yangtze River. Some of the Chinese refugees from north China might have resided in areas near Hangzhou. For example, the clan of Zhuge Liang (181–234), a chancellor of the state of Shu Han from Central Plain in north China during the Three Kingdoms period, gathered together at the suburb of Hangzhou, forming an exclusive, closed village Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun), consisting of villagers all with family name "Zhuge". The village has intentionally isolated itself from the surrounding communities for centuries to this day, and only recently came to be known in public. It suggests that a small number of powerful, elite Chinese refugees from the Central Plain might have taken refugee in south of the Yangtze River. However, considering the mountainous geography and relative lack of agrarian lands in Zhejiang, most of these refugees might have resided in some areas in south China beyond Zhejiang, where fertile agrarian lands and metropolitan resources were available, mainly north Jiangsu, west Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Anhui,and provinces where less cohesive, organized regional governments had been in place. Metropolitan areas of Sichuan was another hub for refugees, given that the state of Shu had long been founded and ruled by political and military elites from the Central Plain and north China. Some refugees from the north China might have found residence in south China depending on their social status and military power in the north. The rump Jin state or the Southern Dynasties vied against some elite Chinese from the Central Plain and south of the Yangtze River.

Question: When was the Jin Dynasty?
Answer: 265–420

Question: Where did the clan of Zhuge Liang gather together?
Answer: Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun)

Question: When did Zhuge Village isolate itself until?
Answer: this day

Question: What kind of geography is in Zhejiang?
Answer: mountainous

Question: When did Zhuge Liang live from?
Answer: 181–234
Title: Zhejiang

Zhejiang, as the heartland of the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta), remained the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties (220 or 222–589), Sui, and Tang. After being incorporated into the Sui dynasty, its economic richness was used for the Sui dynasty's ambitions to expand north and south, particularly into Korea and Vietnam. The plan led the Sui dynasty to restore and expand the network which became the Grand Canal of China. The Canal regularly transported grains and resources from Zhejiang, through its metropolitan center Hangzhou (and its hinterland along both the Zhe River and the shores of Hangzhou Bay), and from Suzhou, and thence to the North China Plain. The débâcle of the Korean war led to Sui's overthrow by the Tang, who then presided over a centuries-long golden age for the country. Zhejiang was an important economic center of the empire's Jiangnan East Circuit and was considered particularly prosperous. Throughout the Tang dynasty, The Grand Canal had remained effective, transporting grains and material resources to North China plain and metropolitan centers of the empire. As the Tang Dynasty disintegrated, Zhejiang constituted most of the territory of the regional kingdom of Wuyue.

Question: When did the Six Dynasties end?
Answer: 589

Question: What was the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties?
Answer: Zhejiang

Question: Which dynasty restored and expanded the network that became the Grand Canal of China?
Answer: the Sui dynasty

Question: What river was one of the Grand Canal of China's hinterlands?
Answer: the Zhe River
Title: Zhejiang

The Song dynasty reëstablished unity around 960. Under the Song, the prosperity of South China began to overtake that of North China. After the north was lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127 following the Jingkang Incident, Hangzhou became the capital of the Southern Song under the name Lin'an. Renowned for its prosperity and beauty, it may have been the largest city in the world at the time. From then on, north Zhejiang and neighboring south Jiangsu have been synonymous with luxury and opulence in Chinese culture. The Mongol conquest and the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1279 ended Hangzhou's political clout, but its economy continued to prosper. Marco Polo visited the city, which he called "Kinsay" (after the Chinese Jingshi, meaning "Capital City") claiming it was "the finest and noblest city in the world".

Question: When did the Song dynasty reestablish unity around?
Answer: 960

Question: When was the North lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty?
Answer: 1127

Question: What was Hangzhou known as while the capitol of the Southern Song?
Answer: Lin'an

Question: When was the Yuan dynasty established?
Answer: Lin'an

Question: What did Marco Polo call Lin'an when he visited it?
Answer: Kinsay
Title: Zhejiang

Greenware ceramics made from celadon had been made in the area since the 3rd-century Jin dynasty, but it returned to prominence—particularly in Longquan—during the Southern Song and Yuan. Longquan greenware is characterized by a thick unctuous glaze of a particular bluish-green tint over an otherwise undecorated light-grey porcellaneous body that is delicately potted. Yuan Longquan celadons feature a thinner, greener glaze on increasingly large vessels with decoration and shapes derived from Middle Eastern ceramic and metalwares. These were produced in large quantities for the Chinese export trade to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and (during the Ming) Europe. By the Ming, however, production was notably deficient in quality. It is in this period that the Longquan kilns declined, to be eventually replaced in popularity and ceramic production by the kilns of Jingdezhen in Jiangxi.

Question: What were greenware ceramics made from?
Answer: celadon

Question: What color tint is Longquan greenware characterized by?
Answer: bluish-green

Question: What period did Longquan ceramics decline?
Answer: the Ming

Question: What kilns were Longquan kilns replaced by in popularity and production?
Answer: Jingdezhen in Jiangxi

Question: What decorations are Yuan Longquan celadons derived from?
Answer: Middle Eastern
Title: Zhejiang

"In 1727 the to-min or 'idle people' of Cheh Kiang province (a Ningpo name still existing), the yoh-hu or 'music people' of Shanxi province, the si-min or 'small people' of Kiang Su (Jiangsu) province, and the Tanka people or 'egg-people' of Canton (to this day the boat population there), were all freed from their social disabilities, and allowed to count as free men." "Cheh Kiang" is another romanization for Zhejiang. The Duomin (Chinese: 惰民; pinyin: duò mín; Wade–Giles: to-min) are a caste of outcasts in this province.

Question: What do 'to-min' mean?
Answer: idle people

Question: What does 'yoh-hu' mean?
Answer: music people

Question: What does 'si-min' mean?
Answer: small people

Question: What does Tanka mean? 
Answer: egg-people

Question: What is 'Keh Chiang' a romanization for?
Answer: Zhejiang
Title: Zhejiang

During the First Opium War, the British navy defeated Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai. Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking, signed in 1843, Ningbo became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to virtually unrestricted foreign trade. Much of Zhejiang came under the control of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion, which resulted in a considerable loss of life in the province. In 1876, Wenzhou became Zhejiang's second treaty port.

Question: During which war did the British navy defeat Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai?
Answer: the First Opium War

Question: When was the Treaty of Nanking signed?
Answer: 1843

Question: What became one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking?
Answer: Ningbo

Question: What did much of Zhejiang come under control of during the Taiping Rebellion?
Answer: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

Question: When did Wenzhou become Zhejiang's second treaty port?
Answer: 1876