rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Iranian_languages

The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian.

Question: What is another term for Western Iran?
Answer: Khuzestan

Question: What are two languages that were forced out by the spread of Arabic?
Answer: Sogdian and Bactrian

Question: By what century had the area inhabited by Sarmatians been absorbed by pre-Slavic people?
Answer: 6th century AD

Question: Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found?
Answer: Zarafshan valley

Question: Ossetic is a version of which Scythian language?
Answer: Saka
Title: Lighting

Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants.

Question: What is used a main source of light for a building during the day?
Answer: Daylighting

Question: What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological?
Answer: positive

Question: Using natural illumination instead of artificial light sources help with what?
Answer: energy consumption

Question: Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what?
Answer: artificial light sources

Question: The use of light to achieve an aesthetic effect is know as?
Answer: Lighting or illumination

Question: What can be used a main source of light for a building during the day?
Answer: Daylighting

Question: Lamps and light fixtures  are a form of what?
Answer: Lighting

Question: What kind of effects can proper lighting have on a persons psychologically?
Answer: positive

Question: What does using natural illumination instead of artificial lighting help with?
Answer: energy consumption

Question: What is the used to achieve a practical effect?
Answer: Lighting or illumination
Title: Lighting

Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects.

Question: What type of fixtures do you use for indoor lighting?
Answer: light fixtures

Question: What is considered a key part of interior design?
Answer: Indoor lighting

Question: What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping?
Answer: lighting

Question: What type of fixtures are used typically used for indoor lighting?
Answer: light fixtures

Question: What can be used as a intrinsic component of landscape projects?
Answer: lighting
Title: Lighting

Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with fluorescent lighting (first available at the 1939 World's Fair) or rope light, occasionally with neon lighting, and recently with LED strip lighting. It is a form of backlighting.

Question: When was fluorescent lighting first available?
Answer: 1939
Title: Lighting

Recessed lighting (often called "pot lights" in Canada, "can lights" or 'high hats" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED.

Question: What type of lighting can be mounted in the ceiling to appear flush?
Answer: Recessed lighting
Title: Lighting

With the discovery of fire, the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of "light fixture".

Question: Peking man kindled fire as early as?
Answer: 400,000 BCE

Question: Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick?
Answer: birds and fish

Question: What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting?
Answer: campfires or torches

Question: The hollow worked stones lamps found in Lascaux caves date back how far?
Answer: 15,000 years
Title: Lighting

Major reductions in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil and kerosene. Gas lighting was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in price came about with the incandescent light bulb powered by electricity.

Question: What type of lighting was powered by electricity?
Answer: incandescent light

Question: When did gas powered street lights became economically available.
Answer: early 1800s
Title: Lighting

Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime.

Question: Street lights help reduce?
Answer: urban crime.
Title: Lighting

Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes.

Question: What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions?
Answer: Lighting fixtures

Question: Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid?
Answer: visual glare
Title: Lighting

An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability.

Question: Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit?
Answer: lumen per watt
Title: Lighting

Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect.

Question: How many Kelvins is daylight measured at?
Answer: 6400

Question: What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin?
Answer: incandescent bulb

Question: It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum?
Answer: blue-white

Question: A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be?
Answer: Lower color temperature
Title: Lighting

Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture.

Question: A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification?
Answer: light produced by the fixture.
Title: Lighting

Track lighting, invented by Lightolier, was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall. It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of the fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting, where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension.

Question: Who invented track lighting?
Answer: Lightolier

Question: What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer.
Answer: master transformer

Question: What  type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables?
Answer: cable lighting

Question: How many volts does a track lighting system usually use?
Answer: 12 or 24 volts
Title: Lighting

A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torchiere is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce.

Question: What is a uplight used for ambient lighting?
Answer: torchiere
Title: Lighting

The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices. The standard lamp and shade that sits on a table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting.

Question: What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices?
Answer: table lamp

Question: Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? 
Answer: task lighting
Title: Lighting

The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in a dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting.

Question: When would neon lighting be considered general lighting?
Answer: dark nightclub

Question: What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights?
Answer: illuminated ceiling

Question: Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting?
Answer: accent lighting
Title: Lighting

In a movie theater, steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions.

Question: What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings?
Answer: small lights

Question: What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters?
Answer: LED based versions

Question: What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in?
Answer: translucent tube
Title: Lighting

Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures.

Question: What is used to light walkways at night?
Answer: Street Lights

Question: What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency?
Answer: photovoltaic luminaires
Title: Lighting

Floodlights can be used to illuminate outdoor playing fields or work zones during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights.

Question: What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night?
Answer: Floodlights
Title: Lighting

Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights.

Question: Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called?
Answer: security lighting
Title: Lighting

Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration.

Question: What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property?
Answer: Entry lights
Title: Lighting

Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in the reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements.

Question: What color are tail lights?
Answer: red

Question: What color are headlamps on a vehicle?
Answer: white or selective yellow

Question: When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges?
Answer: late 1950s

Question: What color are reversing indicator lamps?
Answer: White

Question: What indicates that a driver is intending to change position?
Answer: turn signals
Title: Lighting

Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp.

Question: What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture?
Answer: light bulbs

Question: What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation?
Answer: electrical energy

Question: Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb.
Answer: 60 w

Question: How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce?
Answer: 800 lumens
Title: Lighting

Lighting design as it applies to the built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in an internal space by using Daylight factor calculation. For simple installations, hand-calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or optimized designs now routinely use mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance which can allow an Architect to quickly undertake complex calculations to review the benefit of a particular design.

Question: What is designing as it applies to built environments?
Answer: architectural lighting design

Question: Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design?
Answer: kno

Question: What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment?
Answer: Radiance

Question: Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data?
Answer: tabular

Question: What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space.
Answer: Daylight factor calculation.
Title: Lighting

In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design.

Question: What type of paint tends to absorb light?
Answer: dark paint

Question: What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter?
Answer: light paint
Title: Lighting

Photometric studies (also sometimes referred to as "layouts" or "point by points") are often used to simulate lighting designs for projects before they are built or renovated. This enables architects, lighting designers, and engineers to determine whether a proposed lighting setup will deliver the amount of light intended. They will also be able to determine the contrast ratio between light and dark areas. In many cases these studies are referenced against IESNA or CIBSE recommended lighting practices for the type of application. Depending on the type of area, different design aspects may be emphasized for safety or practicality (i.e. such as maintaining uniform light levels, avoiding glare or highlighting certain areas). Specialized software is often used to create these, which typically combine the use of two-dimensional digital CAD drawings and lighting calculation software (i.e. AGi32or Dialux).

Question: What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs?
Answer: Photometric studies
Title: Lighting

Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in a live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics.[citation needed] The setup of stage lighting is tailored for each scene of each production. Dimmers, colored filters, reflectors, lenses, motorized or manually aimed lamps, and different kinds of flood and spot lights are among the tools used by a stage lighting designer to produce the desired effects. A set of lighting cues are prepared so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments.

Question: What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator?
Answer: lighting cues
Title: Lighting

Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources emit less heat.

Question: Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting?
Answer: stage lighting
Title: Lighting

Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm).

Question: What is the basic SI unit of measurement?
Answer: candela (cd)

Question: What is the SI unit for lumiance?
Answer: cd/m2

Question: What is the CGS unit of lumiance?
Answer: stilb

Question: What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? 
Answer: lumen (lm)
Title: Lighting

The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux. It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, "lux" is used in both singular and plural.

Question: What is a standardized model of human visual brightness?
Answer: luminosity function

Question: What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance?
Answer: Lux