rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Buddhism

Suffering (Pāli: दुक्ख dukkha; Sanskrit दुःख duḥkha) is also a central concept in Buddhism. The word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in English including suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration. Although the term is often translated as "suffering", its philosophical meaning is more analogous to "disquietude" as in the condition of being disturbed. As such, "suffering" is too narrow a translation with "negative emotional connotations"[web 9] that can give the impression that the Buddhist view is pessimistic, but Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic, but realistic. In English-language Buddhist literature translated from Pāli, "dukkha" is often left untranslated, so as to encompass its full range of meaning.[note 8]

Question: The term dukkha corresponds to what English terms?
Answer: suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration

Question: Dukkha is often translated as suffering, but the philosophical meaning of dukkha of more closely related to what term?
Answer: disquietude

Question: Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic or optimistic, but what?
Answer: realistic

Question: Suffering is a central concept in what?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: The philosophical meaning of suffering is close what term?
Answer: disquietude

Question: The condition of being disturbed is what?
Answer: disquietude

Question: In translation what term is often left untranslated to keep of fuller definition?
Answer: dukkha
Title: Buddhism

Not-self (Pāli: anatta; Sanskrit: anātman) is the third mark of existence. Upon careful examination, one finds that no phenomenon is really "I" or "mine"; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind. In the Nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion, but as an approach for gaining release from suffering. In fact, the Buddha rejected both of the metaphysical assertions "I have a Self" and "I have no Self" as ontological views that bind one to suffering.[note 9] When asked if the self was identical with the body, the Buddha refused to answer. By analyzing the constantly changing physical and mental constituents (skandhas) of a person or object, the practitioner comes to the conclusion that neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self.

Question: What is the third mark of existence in Buddhism?
Answer: Not-self (Pāli: anatta; Sanskrit: anātman)

Question: The Buddha rejected the metaphysical assertions "I have a Self" and "I have no Self" as views that bind one to what?
Answer: suffering

Question: What was the answer given when the Buddha was asked if the body is the same as the self?
Answer: the Buddha refused to answer

Question: What is the conclusion that one comes to when analyzing the changing physical and mental components or  person or thing?
Answer: neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self

Question: What is the 3rd mark of existence?
Answer: Not-self

Question: In what form is anatta not meant as a metaphysical assertion?
Answer: Nikayas

Question: Buddha rejected the assertion "I have a Self" and what other related assertion?
Answer: "I have no Self"

Question: What is the term for constantly changing physical and mental parts?
Answer: skandhas
Title: Buddhism

The doctrine of pratītyasamutpāda, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamuppāda; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: 緣起) is an important part of Buddhist metaphysics. It states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect. It is variously rendered into English as "dependent origination", "conditioned genesis", "dependent relationship", "dependent co-arising", "interdependent arising", or "contingency".

Question: What is the name of the Buddhist doctrine that states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect?
Answer: pratītyasamutpāda, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamuppāda; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: 緣起)

Question: Translated into English, what does pratītyasamutpāda mean?
Answer: "dependent origination", "conditioned genesis", "dependent relationship", "dependent co-arising", "interdependent arising", or "contingency"

Question: The doctrine of pratityasumatupada is a important part of what type of metaphysics?
Answer: Buddhist
Title: Buddhism

The best-known application of the concept of pratītyasamutpāda is the scheme of Twelve Nidānas (from Pāli "nidāna" meaning "cause, foundation, source or origin"), which explain the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (saṃsāra) in detail.[note 10]

Question: What is the most common application of the concept of pratītyasamutpāda?
Answer: the scheme of Twelve Nidānas

Question: What does the scheme of Twelve Nidānas explain?
Answer: the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (saṃsāra) in detail.

Question: An application of the idea of pratityasamutpada is the scheme of what?
Answer: Twelve Nidānas

Question: What doe nidana mean?
Answer: cause, foundation, source or origin
Title: Buddhism

The Twelve Nidānas describe a causal connection between the subsequent characteristics or conditions of cyclic existence, each one giving rise to the next:

Question: What describes the connection between the conditions of cyclic existence?
Answer: The Twelve Nidānas

Question: What describes the causal connection between the subsequent conditions of cyclic existance?
Answer: The Twelve Nidānas
Title: Buddhism

Sentient beings always suffer throughout saṃsāra until they free themselves from this suffering (dukkha) by attaining Nirvana. Then the absence of the first Nidāna—ignorance—leads to the absence of the others.

Question: How are sentient beings freed from suffering?
Answer: by attaining Nirvana

Question: What is the first Nidāna?
Answer: ignorance

Question: The absence of ignorance leads to what?
Answer: the absence of the others

Question: Who always suffers throughout samsara?
Answer: Sentient beings

Question: What is suffering also called?
Answer: dukkha

Question: How do you free yourself of dukkha?
Answer: attaining Nirvana

Question: What is the first Nidana?
Answer: ignorance
Title: Buddhism

Mahayana Buddhism received significant theoretical grounding from Nagarjuna (perhaps c. 150–250 CE), arguably the most influential scholar within the Mahayana tradition. Nagarjuna's primary contribution to Buddhist philosophy was the systematic exposition of the concept of śūnyatā, or "emptiness", widely attested in the Prajñāpāramitā sutras that emerged in his era. The concept of emptiness brings together other key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautrantika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). For Nagarjuna, it is not merely sentient beings that are empty of ātman; all phenomena (dharmas) are without any svabhava (literally "own-nature" or "self-nature"), and thus without any underlying essence; they are "empty" of being independent; thus the heterodox theories of svabhava circulating at the time were refuted on the basis of the doctrines of early Buddhism. Nagarjuna's school of thought is known as the Mādhyamaka. Some of the writings attributed to Nagarjuna made explicit references to Mahayana texts, but his philosophy was argued within the parameters set out by the agamas. He may have arrived at his positions from a desire to achieve a consistent exegesis of the Buddha's doctrine as recorded in the Canon. In the eyes of Nagarjuna the Buddha was not merely a forerunner, but the very founder of the Mādhyamaka system.

Question: Nagarjuna's main contribution was the exposition of the concept of what?
Answer: śūnyatā

Question: What does sunyata mean?
Answer: emptiness

Question: Nagarjuna said that sentient beings are empty of what?
Answer: ātman

Question: What does dharmas mean?
Answer: phenomena
Title: Buddhism

Sarvastivada teachings—which were criticized by Nāgārjuna—were reformulated by scholars such as Vasubandhu and Asanga and were adapted into the Yogacara school. While the Mādhyamaka school held that asserting the existence or non-existence of any ultimately real thing was inappropriate, some exponents of Yogacara asserted that the mind and only the mind is ultimately real (a doctrine known as cittamatra). Not all Yogacarins asserted that mind was truly existent; Vasubandhu and Asanga in particular did not.[web 11] These two schools of thought, in opposition or synthesis, form the basis of subsequent Mahayana metaphysics in the Indo-Tibetan tradition.

Question: What teaching were criticized by Nagarjuna?
Answer: Sarvastivada teachings

Question: What scholars reformed Sarvastivada teachings?
Answer: Vasubandhu and Asanga

Question: What is the doctrine that says that the mind and only the mind are real?
Answer: cittamatra

Question: What Yogacarins asserted that the mind was not truly existent?
Answer: Vasubandhu and Asanga
Title: Buddhism

Besides emptiness, Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight (prajñāpāramitā) and Buddha-nature (tathāgatagarbha). There are conflicting interpretations of the tathāgatagarbha in Mahāyāna thought. The idea may be traced to Abhidharma, and ultimately to statements of the Buddha in the Nikāyas. In Tibetan Buddhism, according to the Sakya school, tathāgatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. In Nyingma, tathāgatagarbha also generally refers to inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. According to the Gelug school, it is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty (i.e. dependently originated). According to the Jonang school, it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc. when adventitious obscurations are removed. The "Tathāgatagarbha Sutras" are a collection of Mahayana sutras that present a unique model of Buddha-nature. Even though this collection was generally ignored in India, East Asian Buddhism provides some significance to these texts.

Question: What does tathagatagarbha mean?
Answer: Buddha-nature

Question: what does prajnaparamita mean?
Answer: perfected spiritual insight

Question: According to what school is tathgatagarbha the inseparability of clairty and emptiness of one's mind?
Answer: Sakya

Question: According to what school does it refer to the innate qualities of the mind that express themselves as omniscience?
Answer: Jonang

Question: What type of sutras were generally ignored in india?
Answer: tathāgatagarbha
Title: Buddhism

Nirvana (Sanskrit; Pali: "Nibbāna") means "cessation", "extinction" (of craving and ignorance and therefore suffering and the cycle of involuntary rebirths (saṃsāra)), "extinguished", "quieted", "calmed"; it is also known as "Awakening" or "Enlightenment" in the West. The term for anybody who has achieved nirvana, including the Buddha, is arahant.

Question: What term means cessation?
Answer: Nirvana

Question: What term means awakening?
Answer: nirvana

Question: What is the term for someone who has achieved nirvana?
Answer: arahant
Title: Buddhism

Bodhi (Pāli and Sanskrit, in devanagari: बॊधि) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally means "awakening", but it is more commonly translated into English as "enlightenment". In Early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only some different metaphors to describe the experience, which implies the extinction of raga (greed, craving),[web 12] dosa (hate, aversion)[web 13] and moha (delusion).[web 14] In the later school of Mahayana Buddhism, the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures, coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate, implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana, and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion:

Question: What is the term applied to the experience of the awakening of arahants?
Answer: Bodhi

Question: In early Buddhism Bodhi used a meaning synonymous to what word?
Answer: nirvana

Question: What is the term for greed or craving?
Answer: raga

Question: what is the word for hate or aversion?
Answer: dosa

Question: What does moha mean?
Answer: delusion
Title: Buddhism

Therefore, according to Mahayana Buddhism, the arahant has attained only nirvana, thus still being subject to delusion, while the bodhisattva not only achieves nirvana but full liberation from delusion as well. He thus attains bodhi and becomes a buddha. In Theravada Buddhism, bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning as in the early texts, that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion.

Question: What has achieved nirvana and also liberation from delusion?
Answer: bodhisattva

Question: If bodhi is attained what do you become?
Answer: a buddha

Question: In theravada buddhism, bodhi and what term have the same meaning?
Answer: nirvana
Title: Buddhism

The term parinirvana is also encountered in Buddhism, and this generally refers to the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at the moment of death, when the physical body expires.

Question: What term is used for the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at death?
Answer: parinirvana
Title: Buddhism

According to Buddhist traditions a Buddha is a fully awakened being who has completely purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion and ignorance. A Buddha is no longer bound by Samsara and has ended the suffering which unawakened people experience in life.

Question: Who is a fully awakened being who has purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion, and ignorance?
Answer: a Buddha

Question: A Buddha is no longer bound by what?
Answer: Samsara

Question: What do unawakend people experience?
Answer: suffering
Title: Buddhism

Buddhists do not consider Siddhartha Gautama to have been the only Buddha. The Pali Canon refers to many previous ones (see List of the 28 Buddhas), while the Mahayana tradition additionally has many Buddhas of celestial, rather than historical, origin (see Amitabha or Vairocana as examples, for lists of many thousands Buddha names see Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō numbers 439–448). A common Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist belief is that the next Buddha will be one named Maitreya (Pali: Metteyya).

Question: How many Buddhas are considered to have existed in the Pali Canon?
Answer: 28

Question: A Theravada and Mahayana belief is that the next Buddha will be one named what?
Answer: Maitreya

Question: Mahayana has many Buddhas of what origin?
Answer: celestial
Title: Buddhism

In Theravada doctrine, a person may awaken from the "sleep of ignorance" by directly realizing the true nature of reality; such people are called arahants and occasionally buddhas. After numerous lifetimes of spiritual striving, they have reached the end of the cycle of rebirth, no longer reincarnating as human, animal, ghost, or other being. The commentaries to the Pali Canon classify these awakened beings into three types:

Question: A person can awaken from the "sleep of ignorance" by acknowledging the true nature of what?
Answer: reality

Question: At the end of the cycle of rebirth a person is called what?
Answer: arahants
Title: Buddhism

Bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning, that of being freed from craving, hate, and delusion. In attaining bodhi, the arahant has overcome these obstacles. As a further distinction, the extinction of only hatred and greed (in the sensory context) with some residue of delusion, is called anagami.

Question: Nirvana and what term carry the same meaning?
Answer: Bodhi

Question: What is the term for extinction of only hatred and greed, with residue of delusion?
Answer: anagami
Title: Buddhism

In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself.

Question: In the Mahayana, who is thought to be an omnipresent being?
Answer: Buddha

Question: Who is thought to be beyond the range and reach of thought?
Answer: Buddha

Question: In what sutras are the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha viewed as One?
Answer: Mahayana
Title: Buddhism

The Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, he is living on in other planes of existence, and monks are therefore permitted to offer "new truths" based on his input. Mahayana also differs from Theravada in its concept of śūnyatā (that ultimately nothing has existence), and in its belief in bodhisattvas (enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn until all beings can be enlightened).

Question: Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, as he is living in other planes of what?
Answer: existence

Question: Who is permitted to offer "new truths" based on Buddhas input?
Answer: monks

Question: What is the term for the idea of ultimately nothing has existance?
Answer: śūnyatā

Question: Who are enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn?
Answer: bodhisattvas
Title: Buddhism


The method of self-exertion or "self-power"—without reliance on an external force or being—stands in contrast to another major form of Buddhism, Pure Land, which is characterized by utmost trust in the salvific "other-power" of Amitabha Buddha. Pure Land Buddhism is a very widespread and perhaps the most faith-orientated manifestation of Buddhism and centres upon the conviction that faith in Amitabha Buddha and the chanting of homage to his name liberates one at death into the Blissful (安樂), Pure Land (淨土) of Amitabha Buddha. This Buddhic realm is variously construed as a foretaste of Nirvana, or as essentially Nirvana itself. The great vow of Amitabha Buddha to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering is viewed within Pure Land Buddhism as universally efficacious, if only one has faith in the power of that vow or chants his name.

Question: What is characterized by the deep truts in the "other-power" of Amitabha Buddha
Answer: Pure Land

Question: What is perhaps the most faith-oriented for of Buddhism?
Answer: Pure Land

Question: What Buddha vowed to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering?
Answer: Amitabha
Title: Buddhism

Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha was the first to achieve enlightenment in this Buddha era and is therefore credited with the establishment of Buddhism. A Buddha era is the stretch of history during which people remember and practice the teachings of the earliest known Buddha. This Buddha era will end when all the knowledge, evidence and teachings of Gautama Buddha have vanished. This belief therefore maintains that many Buddha eras have started and ended throughout the course of human existence.[web 15][web 16] The Gautama Buddha, therefore, is the Buddha of this era, who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas in it (see types of Buddhas).

Question: Who is believed to have achieved enlightenment first?
Answer: Gautama Buddha

Question: What is the term for the stretch of history during which people rmember and practice the teachings of the earliest known buddha?
Answer: A Buddha era

Question: Who is the Buddha of this Buddha era?
Answer: Gautama Buddha

Question: Who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas?
Answer: Gautama Buddha
Title: Buddhism

In addition, Mahayana Buddhists believe there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes. A Theravada commentary says that Buddhas arise one at a time in this world element, and not at all in others. The understandings of this matter reflect widely differing interpretations of basic terms, such as "world realm", between the various schools of Buddhism.

Question: Who believes there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes?
Answer: Mahayana Buddhists

Question: What buddhist belief says that Buddhas come one at a time and not within other eras?
Answer: Theravada
Title: Buddhism

The idea of the decline and gradual disappearance of the teaching has been influential in East Asian Buddhism. Pure Land Buddhism holds that it has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path, so it may be best to rely on the power of Amitābha.

Question: What form of Buddhism has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path?
Answer: Pure Land
Title: Buddhism

Bodhisattva means "enlightenment being", and generally refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood. Traditionally, a bodhisattva is anyone who, motivated by great compassion, has generated bodhicitta, which is a spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. Theravada Buddhism primarily uses the term in relation to Gautama Buddha's previous existences, but has traditionally acknowledged and respected the bodhisattva path as well.[web 17]

Question: What does Bodhisattva mean?
Answer: enlightenment being

Question: What is the term for the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all beings?
Answer: bodhicitta
Title: Buddhism

According to Jan Nattier, the term Mahāyāna "Great Vehicle" was originally even an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayāna "Bodhisattva Vehicle." The Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra, an early and important Mahayana text, contains a simple and brief definition for the term bodhisattva: "Because he has enlightenment as his aim, a bodhisattva-mahāsattva is so called."

Question: What term means "great vehicle"?
Answer: Mahayana

Question: What is an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayana?
Answer: Mahayana

Question: The Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra is an important text of what type?
Answer: Mahayana
Title: Buddhism

Mahayana Buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas and to take the bodhisattva vow, where the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six pāramitās. According to Mahayana teachings, these perfections are: dāna, śīla, kṣanti, vīrya, dhyāna, and prajñā.

Question: What buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas?
Answer: Mahayana

Question: What is the idea there the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six paramitas?
Answer: bodhisattva vow

Question: What are the six perfections under Mahayana teachings?
Answer: dāna, śīla, kṣanti, vīrya, dhyāna, and prajñā
Title: Buddhism

A famous saying by the 8th-century Indian Buddhist scholar-saint Shantideva, which the 14th Dalai Lama often cites as his favourite verse, summarizes the Bodhisattva's intention (Bodhicitta) as follows: "For as long as space endures, and for as long as living beings remain, until then may I too abide to dispel the misery of the world."[citation needed]

Question: Which Dalai Lama cites Shantideva's famous saying?
Answer: the 14th Dalai Lama
Title: Buddhism

Devotion is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists. Devotional practices include bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. In Pure Land Buddhism, devotion to the Buddha Amitabha is the main practice. In Nichiren Buddhism, devotion to the Lotus Sutra is the main practice.

Question: Devotion is an important part of the practice of most what?
Answer: Buddhists

Question: What are the devotional practices?
Answer: bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting