rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Carnival

While forming an integral part of the Christian calendar, particularly in Catholic regions, many Carnival traditions resemble those antedating Christianity. Italian Carnival is sometimes thought to be derived from the ancient Roman festivals of Saturnalia and Bacchanalia. The Saturnalia, in turn, may be based on the Greek Dionysia and Oriental festivals. For the start of the Roman Saturnalia, on December 17 authorities chose an enemy of the Roman people to represent the Lord of Misrule in each community. These men and women were forced to indulge in food and physical pleasures throughout the week, horribly murdered on December 25th: "destroying the forces of darkness".

Question: Many Carnival traditions form an integral part of whose calendar?
Answer: Christian

Question: What two ancient Roman festivals is Carnival thought to stem from?
Answer: Saturnalia and Bacchanalia

Question: The Saturnalia is potentially based on what Greek festival?
Answer: Dionysia

Question: On which month and day did Saturnalia start?
Answer: December 17

Question: What happened to the men and women chosen to represent the Lord of Misrule?
Answer: horribly murdered
Title: Carnival

While medieval pageants and festivals such as Corpus Christi were church-sanctioned, Carnival was also a manifestation of medieval folk culture. Many local Carnival customs are claimed to derive from local pre-Christian rituals, such as elaborate rites involving masked figures in the Swabian–Alemannic Fastnacht. However, evidence is insufficient to establish a direct origin from Saturnalia or other ancient festivals. No complete accounts of Saturnalia survive and the shared features of feasting, role reversals, temporary social equality, masks and permitted rule-breaking do not necessarily constitute a coherent festival or link these festivals. These similarities may represent a reservoir of cultural resources that can embody multiple meanings and functions. For example, Easter begins with the resurrection of Jesus, followed by a liminal period and ends with rebirth. Carnival reverses this as King Carnival comes to life, a liminal period follows before his death. Both feasts are calculated by the lunar calendar. Both Jesus and King Carnival may be seen as expiatory figures who make a gift to the people with their deaths. In the case of Jesus, the gift is eternal life in heaven and in the case of King Carnival, the acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life. Besides Christian anti-Judaism, the commonalities between church and Carnival rituals and imagery suggest a common root. Christ's passion is itself grotesque: Since early Christianity Christ is figured as the victim of summary judgement, is tortured and executed by Romans before a Jewish mob ("His blood is on us and on our children!" Matthew 27:24–25). Holy Week processions in Spain include crowds who vociferously insult the figure of Jesus. Irreverence, parody, degradation and laughter at a tragicomic effigy God can be seen as intensifications of the sacred order. In 1466, the Catholic Church under Pope Paul II revieved customs of the Saturnalia carnival: Jews were forced to race naked through the streets of the city of Rome. “Before they were to run, the Jews were richly fed, so as to make the race more difficult for them and at the same time more amusing for spectators. They ran… amid Rome’s taunting shrieks and peals of laughter, while the Holy Father stood upon a richly ornamented balcony and laughed heartily”, an eyewitness reports.

Question: What is insufficient to establish a direct origin from ancient festivals to Carnival?
Answer: evidence

Question: What festival did no complete accounts describing survive?
Answer: Saturnalia

Question: How do both Jesus and King Carnival make a gift to the people?
Answer: with their deaths

Question: What is the gift of King Carnival?
Answer: acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life

Question: Who was forced to race naked through the streets of Rom by Pope Paul II?
Answer: Jews
Title: Carnival

Some of the best-known traditions, including carnal parades and masquerade balls, were first recorded in medieval Italy. The carnival of Venice was, for a long time, the most famous carnival (although Napoleon abolished it in 1797 and only in 1979 was the tradition restored). From Italy, Carnival traditions spread to Spain, Portugal and France and from France to New France in North America. From Spain and Portugal it spread with colonization to the Caribbean and Latin America. In the early 19th century in the German Rhineland and Southern Netherlands, the weakened medieval tradition also revive. Continuously in the 18th and 19th centuries CE, as part of the annual Saturnalia abuse of the carnival in Rome, rabbis of the ghetto were forced to march through the city streets wearing foolish guise, jeered upon and pelted by a variety of missiles from the crowd. A petition of the Jewish community of Rome sent in 1836 to Pope Gregory XVI to stop the annual anti-semitic Saturnalia abuse got a negation: “It is not opportune to make any innovation.”

Question: Where were some of the best-known traditions first recorded?
Answer: Italy

Question: What city's carnival was the most famous for a long time?
Answer: Venice

Question: What was the first place in North America with a Carnival tradition?
Answer: New France

Question: What were rabbis from the ghettos forced to march through the city streets wearing?
Answer: foolish guise

Question: Who dismissed the petition of the Jewish community to stop the abuse of them?
Answer: Pope Gregory XVI
Title: Carnival

Carnival was introduced by Portuguese settlers. The celebration is celebrated on each of the archipelago's nine inhabited islands. In Mindelo, São Vicente groups challenge each other for a yearly prize. It has imported various Brazilian carnival traditions. The celebration in SãoNicolau is more traditional, where established groups parade through the Ribeira Brava, gathering in the town square, although it has adopted drums, floats and costumes from Brazil. In São Nicolau three groups, Copa Cabana, Estrela Azul and Brilho Da Zona constructs a painted float using fire, newspaper for the mold, iron and steel to for structure. Carnival São Nicolau is celebrated over three days: dawn Saturday, Sunday afternoon, and Tuesday.

Question: What nationality were the settlers from who introduced Carnival?
Answer: Portuguese

Question: How many of the inhabited islands is Carnival celebrated on?
Answer: nine

Question: Three groups in São Nicolau make use of fire in the construction of what conveyance? 
Answer: a painted float

Question: What do groups in Mindelo challenge each other for?
Answer: a yearly prize

Question: Over how many days is São Nicolau's Carnival celebrated? 
Answer: three
Title: Carnival

In India, Carnival is celebrated only in the state of Goa and a Roman Catholic tradition, where it is known as Intruz which means swindler while Entrudo, the appropriate word in Portuguese for Carnival. The largest celebration takes place in the city of Panjim which was part of Velha Conquista, Goa, but now is celebrate throughout the state. The tradition was introduced by the Portuguese who ruled Goa for over four centuries. On Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday, the European Tradition of Fat Tuesday is celebrated with the partaking of eating of crepes also called as "AleBelle." The crepes are filled with freshly grated coconut and heat condensed coconut sap that sequentially converts it into a brown sweet molasses and additional heat concentration solidifies it to jaggery. The celebrations of Carnival peak for three days and nights and precede Ash Wednesday. When the legendary King Momo takes over the state. All-night parades occur throughout the state with bands, dances and floats and grand balls are held in the evenings.

Question: What is the only state in India in which Carnival is celebrated?
Answer: Goa

Question: What does the Indian word "Intruz" mean?
Answer: swindler

Question: The largest Carnival celebration takes place in which city?
Answer: Panjim

Question: What is eaten on Fat Tuesday to partake in the celebration?
Answer: crepes

Question: What legendary king eventually takes over the state?
Answer: Momo
Title: Carnival

The Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarmê. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarmê is a pure walloon and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarmê Sunday is the most important and insteresting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The Cwarmê is a "street carnival" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the Cwarmê of Malmedy are the Haguète, the Longuès-Brèsses and the Long-Né.

Question: Whose Carnival is known local as Cwarmê?
Answer: Malmedy

Question: Despite being located in East Belgium, Malmedy's Carnival harks purely to what area?
Answer: Latin

Question: How many days does Malmedy's festival take place before Shrove Tuesday?
Answer: 4

Question: Where can all the traditional costumes be seen parading on the Sunday of the festival?
Answer: in the street

Question: What do disguised people pass through during the festival?
Answer: the crowd
Title: Carnival

Some Belgian cities hold Carnivals during Lent. One of the best-known is Stavelot, where the Carnival de la Laetare takes place on Laetare Sunday, the fourth Sunday of Lent. The participants include the Blancs-Moussis, who dress in white, carry long red noses and parade through town attacking bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders. The town of Halle also celebrates on Laetare Sunday. Belgium's oldest parade is the Carnival Parade of Maaseik, also held on Laetare Sunday, which originated in 1865.

Question: What do some Belgian cities hold during Lent?
Answer: Carnivals

Question: What Carnival takes place on Laetare Sunday?
Answer: the Carnival de la Laetare

Question: What group of participants attack bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders?
Answer: Blancs-Moussis

Question: What day does the town of Halle engage in its celebration?
Answer: Laetare Sunday

Question: What's the name of Belgium's oldest parade? 
Answer: Carnival Parade of Maaseik
Title: Carnival

Many towns in Croatia's Kvarner region (and in other parts of the country) observe the Carnival period, incorporating local traditions and celebrating local culture. Just before the end of Carnival, every Kvarner town burns a man-like doll called a "Jure Piškanac", who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year. The Zvončari, or bell-ringers, wear bells and large head regalia representing their areas of origin (for example, those from Halubje wear regalia in the shape of animal heads). The traditional Carnival food is fritule, a pastry. This festival can also be called Poklade.

Question: Many towns in what region of Croatia observe the Carnival period?
Answer: Kvarner

Question: What does every Kvarner town burn just before the end of the Carnival?
Answer: a man-like doll

Question: Who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year?
Answer: Jure Piškanac

Question: What does the head regalia of the bell-ringers represent?
Answer: their areas of origin

Question: What is the traditional Carnival food?
Answer: fritule
Title: Carnival

Carnival has been celebrated for centuries. The tradition was likely established under Venetian rule around the 16th century. It may have been influenced by Greek traditions, such as festivities for deities such as Dionysus. The celebration originally involved dressing in costumes and holding masked balls or visiting friends. In the twentieth century it became an organized event held during the 10 days preceding Lent (according to the Greek Orthodox calendar). The festival is celebrated almost exclusively in the city of Limassol.

Question: How long has Carnival been celebrated?
Answer: centuries

Question: Under whose rule was Carnival established in the 16th century?
Answer: Venetian

Question: Dionysus was a deity in whose tradition? 
Answer: Greek

Question: In what century did the Carnival become an organized event?
Answer: twentieth

Question: What city almost exclusively celebrates the Carnival?
Answer: Limassol
Title: Carnival

Three main parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, during which the "Carnival King" (either a person in costume or an effigy) rides through the city on his carriage. The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival and the participants are mainly children. The third and largest takes place on the last day of Carnival and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town's longest avenue. The latter two parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate.

Question: How many parades take place during Carnival?
Answer: Three

Question: Who rides through the city on a carriage?
Answer: the "Carnival King

Question: Which of the festivals is comprised of participants who are mainly children?
Answer: The second

Question: What do people walk along the town's longest avenue in?
Answer: costume

Question: Who are the last two parades open for participation by?
Answer: anyone who wishes to participate
Title: Carnival

In Norway, students having seen celebrations in Paris introduced Carnival processions, masked balls and Carnival balls to Christiana in the 1840s and 1850s. From 1863, the artist federation kunstnerforeningen held annual Carnival balls in the old Freemasons lodge, which inspired Johan Svendsens compositions "Norsk Kunstnerkarneval" and "Karneval in Paris". The following year, Svendsens Festpolonaise was written for the opening procession. Edvard Grieg attended and wrote "aus dem Karneval" (folkelivsbilleder Op. 19). Since 1988, the student organization Tårnseilerne has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo, with masks, costumes and processions after attending an opera performance. The Carnival season also includes Fastelavens søndag (with cream buns) and fastelavensris with decorated branches.

Question: Where did students in Norway originally see the celebrations?
Answer: Paris

Question: Where did the artist federation hold their annual balls?
Answer: in the old Freemasons lodge

Question: Who composed the song "Karneval in Paris"?
Answer: Johan Svendsens

Question: What organization has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo since 1988?
Answer: Tårnseilerne

Question: When do the processions occur after?
Answer: an opera performance
Title: Carnival

The "Rheinische" Carnival is held in the west of Germany, mainly in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia or Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rhineland Palatinate or Rheinland-Pfalz, but also in Hessen [including Oberhessen], Bavaria and other states. Some cities are more famous for celebrations such as parades and costume balls. Köln or Cologne Carnival, as well as Mainz and Düsseldorf are the largest and most famous. Other cities have their own, often less well-known celebrations, parades and parties such as Worms am Rhein, Speyer, Kaiserslautern, Frankfurt, Darmstadt, Mannheim, Ludwigshafen, Stuttgart, Augsburg and München [Munich] Nürnberg. On Carnival Thursday (called "Old Women Day" or "The Women's Day") in commemoration of an 1824 revolt by washer-women, women storm city halls, cut men's ties, and are allowed to kiss any passing man.

Question: Which Carnival is held in Germany's west?
Answer: The "Rheinische"

Question: Cologne Carnival is one of the largest Carnivals and also is the most what?
Answer: famous

Question: What is colloquially known as Old Women Day?
Answer: Nürnberg. On Carnival Thursday

Question: Who revolted in 1824?
Answer: washer-women

Question: What are the women who stormy city halls allowed to do to any passing man?
Answer: kiss
Title: Carnival

In Greece Carnival is also known as the Apokriés (Greek: Αποκριές, "saying goodbye to meat"), or the season of the "Opening of the Triodion", so named after the liturgical book used by the church from then until Holy Week. One of the season's high points is Tsiknopempti, when celebrants enjoy roast beef dinners; the ritual is repeated the following Sunday. The following week, the last before Lent, is called Tyrinē (Greek: Τυρινή, "cheese [week]") because meat is forbidden, although dairy products are not. Lent begins on "Clean Monday", the day after "Cheese Sunday". Throughout the Carnival season, people disguise themselves as maskarádes ("masqueraders") and engage in pranks and revelry.

Question: What is the Greece Carnival also called?
Answer: the Apokriés

Question: What does the Opening of the Triodion derive from?
Answer: the liturgical book used by the church

Question: What is one of the festival season's high points?
Answer: Tsiknopempti

Question: What types of dinners do people enjoy during the season's high point?
Answer: roast beef

Question: What do people engage in after they've disguised themselves?
Answer: pranks and revelry
Title: Carnival

Other regions host festivities of smaller extent, focused on the reenactment of traditional carnevalic customs, such as Tyrnavos (Thessaly), Kozani (West Macedonia), Rethymno (Crete) and in Xanthi (East Macedonia and Thrace). Tyrnavos holds an annual Phallus festival, a traditional "phallkloric" event in which giant, gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of papier maché are paraded, and which women are asked to touch or kiss. Their reward for so doing is a shot of the famous local tsipouro alcohol spirit. Every year, from 1 to 8 January, mostly in regions of Western Macedonia, Carnival fiestas and festivals erupt. The best known is the Kastorian Carnival or "Ragoutsaria" (Gr. "Ραγκουτσάρια") [tags: Kastoria, Kastorian Carnival, Ragoutsaria, Ραγκουτσαρια, Καστοριά]. It takes place from 6 to 8 January with mass participation serenaded by brass bands, pipises, Macedonian and grand casa drums. It is an ancient celebration of nature's rebirth (fiestas for Dionysus (Dionysia) and Kronos (Saturnalia)), which ends the third day in a dance in the medieval square Ntoltso where the bands play at the same time.

Question: Who holds an annual Phallus festival?
Answer: Tyrnavos

Question: What are the giant, gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of?
Answer: papier maché

Question: What are women rewarded with for kissing the giant phalluses?
Answer: a shot of the famous local tsipouro alcohol spirit

Question: What is the ancient celebration for?
Answer: nature's rebirth

Question: In what square do the bands all play at once?
Answer: Ntoltso
Title: Carnival

Carnival in the Netherlands is called Carnaval, Vastenavond or Vastelaovend(j), and is most celebrated in traditionally Catholic regions, mainly the southern provinces North Brabant and Limburg. Dutch Carnaval is officially celebrated on the Sunday through Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday. Although traditions vary from town to town, some common characteristics of Dutch Carnaval include a parade, a "prince" plus cortège ("Jester/adjutant and Council of 11"), a Peasant Wedding (boerenbruiloft), and eating herring (haring happen) on Ash Wednesday.

Question: In what provinces is the Carnival mainly celebrated in the Netherlands?
Answer: southern

Question: Dutch Carnaval is celebrated until which Wednesday?
Answer: Ash

Question: What vary from town to town in regards to the Carnival?
Answer: traditions

Question: What is consumed on Ash Wednesday?
Answer: herring

Question: What is dutch for "Peasant Wedding"?
Answer: boerenbruiloft
Title: Carnival

The Strumica Carnival (Macedonian: Струмички Карневал, translated Strumichki Karneval) has been held since at least 1670, when the Turkish author Evlija Chelebija wrote while staying there, "I came into a town located in the foothills of a high hillock and what I saw that night was masked people running house–to–house, with laughter, scream and song." The Carnival took an organized form in 1991; in 1994, Strumica became a member of FECC and in 1998 hosted the XVIII International Congress of Carnival Cities. The Strumica Carnival opens on a Saturday night at a masked ball where the Prince and Princess are chosen; the main Carnival night is on Tuesday, when masked participants (including groups from abroad) compete in various subjects. As of 2000, the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms has been held as part of Strumica's Carnival celebrations.

Question: How long has the Strumica Carnival been going on?
Answer: since at least 1670

Question: What nationality was Evlija Chelebija?
Answer: Turkish

Question: Who ran from house to house, laughing, screaming, and singing?
Answer: masked people

Question: What day is the main Carnival Night observed on?
Answer: Tuesday

Question: What year was the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms added to Strumica's Carnival celebrations?
Answer: 2000
Title: Carnival

The Slovenian countryside displays a variety of disguised groups and individual characters among which the most popular and characteristic is the Kurent (plural: Kurenti), a monstrous and demon-like, but fluffy figure. The most significant festival is held in Ptuj (see: Kurentovanje). Its special feature are the Kurents themselves, magical creatures from another world, who visit major events throughout the country, trying to banish the winter and announce spring's arrival, fertility, and new life with noise and dancing. The origin of the Kurent is a mystery, and not much is known of the times, beliefs, or purposes connected with its first appearance. The origin of the name itself is obscure.

Question: What countryside has multiple groups and individuals in disguise?
Answer: Slovenian

Question: Kurent is monstrous and demon-like, but also what?
Answer: fluffy

Question: Where is the most significant Slovenian festival held?
Answer: Ptuj

Question: Who are magical creatures from another world?
Answer: the Kurents

Question: What do the Kurents try to banish?
Answer: winter
Title: Carnival

The most famous groups are the chirigotas, choirs and comparsas. The chirigotas are well known witty, satiric popular groups who sing about politics, new times and household topics, wearing the same costume, which they prepare for the whole year. The Choirs (coros) are wider groups that go on open carts through the streets singing with an orchestra of guitars and lutes. Their signature piece is the "Carnival Tango", alternating comical and serious repertory. The comparsas are the serious counterpart of the chirigota in Cádiz, and the poetic lyrics and the criticism are their main ingredients. They have a more elaborated polyphony that is easily recognizable by the typical countertenor voice.

Question: The chirigotas, choirs and comparsas are the most famous of what?
Answer: groups

Question: What do the chirigotas sing about?
Answer: politics, new times and household topics

Question: How long does it take for a chirigota to prepare their costume?
Answer: the whole year

Question: Which group rides around in open carts through the streets?
Answer: The Choirs

Question: Who has the most elaborated polyphony?
Answer: The comparsas