rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Sexual_orientation

A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale, making one a tradeoff of the other. Research in the 1970s on masculinity and femininity found that concepts of masculinity and femininity are more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum, with each end representing opposite extremes. When compared on the same scale, they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa. However, if they are considered as separate dimensions one can be simultaneously very masculine and very feminine. Similarly, considering heterosexuality and homosexuality on separate scales would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either. When they are measured independently, the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual as determined using the Kinsey Scale.

Question: What was a concern of the Kinsey scale?
Answer: it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality

Question: How are masculinity and femininity more appropriately measured?
Answer: as independent concepts on a separate scale

Question: What happens if the concepts are measured on the same scale?
Answer: they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa

Question: What is the advantage of measuring these elements separately?
Answer: the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual

Question: What is considered to be a problem with the Kinsey scale?
Answer: inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale

Question: What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity?
Answer: more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum

Question: What would be possible if homesexuality and heterosexuality where measured on different scales?
Answer: would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either.

Question: What is another benefit of measuring sexuality on two scaless verses just the Kinsey scale?
Answer: the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined,
Title: Sexual_orientation

Research focusing on sexual orientation uses scales of assessment to identify who belongs in which sexual population group. It is assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation. However, it is difficult to determine an individual's sexual orientation through scales of assessment, due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation. Generally, there are three components of sexual orientation used in assessment. Their definitions and examples of how they may be assessed are as follows:

Question: How does research identify sexual population groups?
Answer: scales of assessment

Question: What is the understanding of the scales used?
Answer: to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation

Question: Why might the scales fail?
Answer: due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation

Question: How many components are used in assessment?
Answer: three components

Question: What does the research on sexual orientation use to determine who belongs in which sexual populaiton group?
Answer: scales of assessment

Question: What is the general idea regading these scales that are used?
Answer: assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation.

Question: What can cause problems with these scales that are used?
Answer: ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation

Question: How many components are used in an assessment?
Answer: there are three components of sexual orientation
Title: Sexual_orientation

Depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed and referenced, different conclusions can be drawn about the prevalence rate of homosexuality which has real world consequences. Knowing how much of the population is made up of homosexual individuals influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies. For example, if homosexual individuals constitute only 1% of the general population they are politically easier to ignore or than if they are known to be a constituency that surpasses most ethnic and ad minority groups. If the number is relatively minor then it is difficult to argue for community based same sex programs and services, mass media inclusion of gay role models, or Gay/Straight Alliances in schools. For this reason, in the 1970s Bruce Voeller, the chair of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force perpetuated a common myth that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women. Voeller generalized this finding and used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that "we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere".

Question: What myth did Bruce Voeller perpetuate in the 70's?
Answer: that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population

Question: What were the calculations of this myth?
Answer: averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women

Question: What message did Voeller deliver using this myth?
Answer: we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere

Question: What comes along with defining how much of the population is homosexual?
Answer: influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies

Question: What does knowing the sexual population influence?
Answer: how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies

Question: Who was the cahir of the national gay and lesbian task force in the 1970s?
Answer: Bruce Voeller

Question: What did Bruce Voeller do with his findings?
Answer: used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that "we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere".

Question: What myth did Bruce Voeller preserve in the 1970s?
Answer: that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women
Title: Sexual_orientation

Another study on men and women's patterns of sexual arousal confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations. The study found that women's genitals become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual) and from videos showing non-human primates (bonobos) having sex. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli, their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).

Question: Do men and women's patterns of arousal differ?
Answer: men and women have different patterns of arousal

Question: Are the patterns related to orientation?
Answer: independent of their sexual orientations

Question: What types of stimuli were found to arouse women?
Answer: both human and nonhuman stimuli

Question: What stimuli did men show no arousal towards?
Answer: to non-human visual stimuli

Question: Men's arousal patterns were found to be with?
Answer: their specific sexual interest

Question: What did a study on men and womens sexual arousal show?
Answer: confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations

Question: Did women in the studys become aroused to heterosexual stimulation?
Answer: become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual

Question: Did men have any arousal from non human videos containing sex?
Answer: x. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli,

Question: Did mens arousal relate to the sexual interests?
Answer: , their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).
Title: Sexual_orientation

Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia) are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual attraction, as an alternative to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization. They are used for identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject. Related terms such as pansexual and polysexual do not make any such assignations to the subject. People may also use terms such as queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.

Question: What science terms are used to describe sexual attraction?
Answer: Androphilia and gynephilia

Question: These terms are an alternative to what conceptualization?
Answer: to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization

Question: What are these terms not attributing to the subject/person being described?
Answer: a sex assignment or gender identity

Question: What are other terms that do not make similar assignments?
Answer: pansexual and polysexual

Question: What are other terms used in the same vein as pansexual?
Answer: queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual

Question: Which terms are used in describing sexual desires?
Answer: Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia

Question: What are two other words for androphilia and gynephlia?
Answer: homosexual and heterosexual

Question: What are the terms androphilia and gynephial use for?
Answer: identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject

Question: What are other common words that people may use for homosexual and heterosexual people?
Answer: queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.
Title: Sexual_orientation

Translation is a major obstacle when comparing different cultures. Many English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language. Translation and vocabulary obstacles are not limited to the English language. Language can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation. Language can also be used to signal sexual orientation to others. The meaning of words referencing categories of sexual orientation are negotiated in the mass media in relation to social organization. New words may be brought into use to describe new terms or better describe complex interpretations of sexual orientation. Other words may pick up new layers or meaning. For example, the heterosexual Spanish terms marido and mujer for "husband" and "wife", respectively, have recently been replaced in Spain by the gender-neutral terms cónyuges or consortes meaning "spouses".

Question: What tends to be a major obstacle when comparing cultures?
Answer: Translation

Question: What can force individuals to identify with a label that may not reflect true orientation?
Answer: Language

Question: Where are the meanings of words negotiated?
Answer: mass media

Question: What can be brought into play to describe interpretations of sexual orientation?
Answer: New words

Question: What is a major hurdle when studying different cultures?
Answer: Translation

Question: Why does translation cause such issues among different cultures?
Answer: English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language.

Question: What problems can arise due to translation issues?
Answer: can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation

Question: What can be used to signal sexual idenitys to others?
Answer: Language
Title: Sexual_orientation

The earliest writers on sexual orientation usually understood it to be intrinsically linked to the subject's own sex. For example, it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa. This understanding was shared by most of the significant theorists of sexual orientation from the mid nineteenth to early twentieth century, such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud, as well as many gender-variant homosexual people themselves. However, this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time, and, through the second half of the twentieth century, gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation. Transgender and cisgender people may be attracted to men, women, or both, although the prevalence of different sexual orientations is quite different in these two populations. An individual homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or androgynous, and in addition, many members and supporters of lesbian and gay communities now see the "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual" as negative stereotypes. Nevertheless, studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker found a majority of the gay men and lesbians sampled reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years.

Question: Early writers linked orientation to what concept?
Answer: the subject's own sex

Question: What theorists agreed with this concept?
Answer: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud,

Question: What two things became to be seen as distinct from one another?
Answer: gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation

Question: What negative stereotypes have emerged from this understanding?
Answer: gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual

Question: What did a majority of gay men and women experience in their childhood?
Answer: gender-nonconformity

Question: What did gender idenity become to be seen as?
Answer: phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation

Question: What can be considered to be bad stereotypes to gay communities?
Answer: "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual"

Question: Who performed the studies that found most homosexual people having different degrees of gender issues?
Answer: Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker

Question: What was thought of early lesbians and gay men?
Answer: it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa.

Question: In these studies when was the gender-noncomformity experienced?
Answer: during their childhood years.
Title: Sexual_orientation

In the United States, non-Caucasian LGBT individuals may find themselves in a double minority, where they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group. Many people experience racism in the dominant LGBT community where racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes, such that Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine, while African-American LGBTs are viewed as more masculine and aggressive. There are a number of culturally specific support networks for LGBT individuals active in the United States. For example, "Ô-Môi" for Vietnamese American queer females.

Question: Who is finding themselves in a double minority in the US?
Answer: non-Caucasian LGBT

Question: What is an example of a stereotype found in this double minority?
Answer: Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine

Question: What do the non-Caucasian LGBT experience?
Answer: neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group

Question: What is an example of a culturally specific support network?
Answer: Ô-Môi" for Vietnamese American queer females.

Question: Where can lgbt people who are not white find themselves in the united states?
Answer: in a double minority,

Question: What does it mean for the LGBT people who are in a double monority?
Answer: they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group

Question: What do many people in the dominant LGBT community face?
Answer: racism

Question: Why is racism so bad in the non white LGBT community?
Answer: racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes

Question: What is the name of the Vietnamese American support network for the LGBT community?
Answer: Ô-Môi
Title: Sexual_orientation

Some research suggests that "[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span..." "There... [was, as of 1995,] essentially no research on the longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span... It [was]... still an unanswered question whether... [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time'] will predict future behavior or orientation. Certainly, it is... not a good predictor of past behavior and self-identity, given the developmental process common to most gay men and lesbians (i.e., denial of homosexual interests and heterosexual experimentation prior to the coming-out process)." Some studies report that "[a number of] lesbian women, and some heterosexual women as well, perceive choice as an important element in their sexual orientations."

Question: Can a persons sexual interest change over different times in their life?
Answer: Some research suggests that "[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span

Question: Until 1995 what had no studies done concerning sexual orientation?
Answer: longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span.

Question: What can possibly predict the future orientation a persons sexual idenity?
Answer: . [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time']

Question: What do some lesbian woman see as important part of the sexual orientation?
Answer: choice
Title: Sexual_orientation

In 2012, the Pan American Health Organization (the North and South American branch of the World Health Organization) released a statement cautioning against services that purport to "cure" people with non-heterosexual sexual orientations as they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people, and noted that the global scientific and professional consensus is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexuality and cannot be regarded as a pathological condition. The Pan American Health Organization further called on governments, academic institutions, professional associations and the media to expose these practices and to promote respect for diversity. The World Health Organization affiliate further noted that gay minors have sometimes been forced to attend these "therapies" involuntarily, being deprived of their liberty and sometimes kept in isolation for several months, and that these findings were reported by several United Nations bodies. Additionally, the Pan American Health Organization recommended that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation, as they constitute a violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.

Question: When did part of the world health organization release a statement about curing homosexuals?
Answer: 2012,

Question: Why did the Pan American Health Organization release this statement?
Answer: they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people,

Question: What condition do they state cannot be linked to homosexuality?
Answer: pathological condition

Question: What did the Pan American Health organization say these treatments violated?
Answer: violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.

Question: What did the Pan American Health Organization reccomend for those who used treatment to stop homosexuality?
Answer: that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation,
Title: Sexual_orientation

The Kinsey scale provides a classification of sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time. The classification scheme works such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories. The position on the scale is based on the relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history, rather than the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response. An individual can be assigned a position on the scale in accordance with the following definitions of the points of the scale:

Question: What does the Kinsey scale provide a classification for?
Answer: sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time.

Question: How does the classifiacation scheme work on the Kinsey scale?
Answer: such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories

Question: What is the position on the Kinsey scale based on?
Answer: relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history

Question: What positions does the KInsey scale not use?
Answer: the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response
Title: Sexual_orientation

The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation (SASO) was developed to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid and as such, measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately. Rather than providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation, the SASO is meant to provoke discussion and debate about measurements of sexual orientation.

Question: What does SASO stand for?
Answer: Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation

Question: Why was SASO created?
Answer: to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid

Question: What did SASO find wrong with the KInsey scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid?
Answer: measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately

Question: What is one of SASO's main goals?
Answer: providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation

Question: What is SASO causing discussion and debate about?
Answer: measurements of sexual orientation.