rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Zhejiang

Since ancient times, north Zhejiang and neighbouring south Jiangsu have been famed for their prosperity and opulence[citation needed], and simply inserting north Zhejiang place names (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, a practice followed by many noted poets. In particular, the fame of Hangzhou (as well as Suzhou in neighbouring Jiangsu province) has led to the popular saying: "Above there is heaven; below there is Suzhou and Hangzhou" (上有天堂，下有苏杭), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities.

Question: What neighbours north Zhejiang to the south?
Answer: Jiangsu

Question: What neighbours south Jiangsu to the north?
Answer: Zhejiang

Question: North Zhejiang and south Jiangsu are famed for their opulence and what else?
Answer: prosperity

Question: Inserting north Zhejiang names into poetry gave an effect of what?
Answer: dreaminess

Question: The fame of where led to a popular saying?
Answer: Hangzhou
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The Ministry of Defence (MoD) is the British government department responsible for implementing the defence policy set by Her Majesty's Government, and is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces.

Question: Which government's Ministry of Defence is mentioned here?
Answer: British

Question: What does MoD stand for?
Answer: Ministry of Defence

Question: Who sets the defence policy in Great Britain?
Answer: Her Majesty's Government

Question: For which part of the government is the MoD the headquarters?
Answer: British Armed Forces
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The MoD states that its principal objectives are to defend the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its interests and to strengthen international peace and stability. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the MoD does not foresee any short-term conventional military threat; rather, it has identified weapons of mass destruction, international terrorism, and failed and failing states as the overriding threats to Britain's interests. The MoD also manages day-to-day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and defence procurement.

Question: What does the MoD wish to strengthen?
Answer: international peace and stability

Question: The UK consists of what two areas?
Answer: Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Question: What does the MoD defend?
Answer: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Question: What are the threats that the MoD has identified?
Answer: weapons of mass destruction, international terrorism, and failed and failing states

Question: What does the MoD manage?
Answer: day-to-day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and defence procurement
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

During the 1920s and 1930s, British civil servants and politicians, looking back at the performance of the state during World War I, concluded that there was a need for greater co-ordination between the three Services that made up the armed forces of the United Kingdom—the British Army, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Air Force. The formation of a united ministry of defence was rejected by David Lloyd George's coalition government in 1921; but the Chiefs of Staff Committee was formed in 1923, for the purposes of inter-Service co-ordination. As rearmament became a concern during the 1930s, Stanley Baldwin created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence. Lord Chatfield held the post until the fall of Neville Chamberlain's government in 1940; his success was limited by his lack of control over the existing Service departments and his limited political influence.

Question: What three services make up the armed forces of the UK?
Answer: the British Army, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Air Force

Question: What did David Lloyd George's coalition government reject in 1921?
Answer: The formation of a united ministry of defence

Question: When was the Chiefs of Staff Committee formed?
Answer: 1923

Question: Who created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence?
Answer: Stanley Baldwin

Question: What post did Lord Chatfield hold until 1940?
Answer: Minister for Coordination of Defence
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

Winston Churchill, on forming his government in 1940, created the office of Minister of Defence to exercise ministerial control over the Chiefs of Staff Committee and to co-ordinate defence matters. The post was held by the Prime Minister of the day until Clement Attlee's government introduced the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946. The new ministry was headed by a Minister of Defence who possessed a seat in the Cabinet. The three existing service Ministers—the Secretary of State for War, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and the Secretary of State for Air—remained in direct operational control of their respective services, but ceased to attend Cabinet.

Question: Who created the office of Minister of Defence?
Answer: Winston Churchill

Question: When was the Ministry of Defence Act introduced?
Answer: 1946

Question: When did Winstron Churchill form his government?
Answer: 1940

Question: The new ministry, according to the Act of 1946, was headed by a Minister of Defence who possessed what?
Answer: a seat in the Cabinet

Question: Who stopped attending Cabinet with the passage of the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946?
Answer: the Secretary of State for War, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and the Secretary of State for Air
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

From 1946 to 1964 five Departments of State did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence: the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aviation, and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence. These departments merged in 1964; the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merged into the Ministry of Defence in 1971.

Question: During what years did the five Departments of State do the work of the modern Ministry of Defence?
Answer: 1946 to 1964

Question: What were the five Departments of State that did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence?
Answer: the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aviation, and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence

Question: When did the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merge into the Ministry of Defence?
Answer: 1971

Question: All former Departments of State (except the Ministry of Aviation Supply) merged in what year?
Answer: 1964
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff are supported by a number of civilian, scientific and professional military advisors. The Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence (generally known as the Permanent Secretary) is the senior civil servant at the MoD. His or her role is to ensure the MoD operates effectively as a department of the government.

Question: Who is supported by civilian, scientific, and professional military advisors?
Answer: The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff

Question: What is the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence generally known as?
Answer: Permanent Secretary

Question: Where does the Permanent Secretary serve as the senior civil servant?
Answer: MoD

Question: What is the role of the Permanent Secretary?
Answer: to ensure the MoD operates effectively as a department of the government
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The current Chief of the Defence Staff, the professional head of the British Armed Forces, is General Sir Nicholas Houghton, late Green Howards. He is supported by the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, by the professional heads of the three services of HM Armed Forces and by the Commander of Joint Forces Command.

Question: What is the name of the person who is the current Chief of the Defence Staff?
Answer: General Sir Nicholas Houghton

Question: Who is the professional head of the British Armed Forces?
Answer: Chief of the Defence Staff

Question: The professional heads of what three services support the Chief of the Defence Staff?
Answer: HM Armed Forces

Question: Which person in the Joint Forces Command supports the Chief of the Defence Staff?
Answer: the Commander
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

There are also three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff with particular remits, Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Capability), Deputy CDS (Personnel and Training) and Deputy CDS (Operations). The Surgeon General, represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff, and is the clinical head of that service.

Question: How many Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff are there?
Answer: three

Question: What are the three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff?
Answer: Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Capability), Deputy CDS (Personnel and Training) and Deputy CDS (Operations)

Question: Who represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff?
Answer: The Surgeon General

Question: Who leads the Defence Medical Services?
Answer: The Surgeon General
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

Additionally, there are a number of Assistant Chiefs of Defence Staff, including the Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Reserves and Cadets) and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom, who is also the Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Personnel).

Question: One of the Assistant Chiefs of the Defence Staff is for Reserves and what?
Answer: Cadets

Question: The Personnel Chief is also known as what?
Answer: the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom

Question: There is a Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the what?
Answer: Sovereign

Question: Who are two of the Assistant Chiefs of the Defence Staff?
Answer: Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Reserves and Cadets) and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The 1998 Strategic Defence Review and the 2003 Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper outlined the following posture for the British Armed Forces:

Question: In what year was there a Strategic Defence Review?
Answer: 1998

Question: What paper was published in 2003?
Answer: Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper

Question: Which part of the Britsh government were the two publications listed concerning?
Answer: British Armed Forces
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The MoD has since been regarded as a leader in elaborating the post-Cold War organising concept of "defence diplomacy". As a result of the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010, Prime Minister David Cameron signed a 50-year treaty with French President Nicolas Sarkozy that would have the two countries co-operate intensively in military matters. The UK is establishing air and naval bases in the Persian Gulf, located in the UAE and Bahrain. A presence in Oman is also being considered.

Question: In what concept is the MoD considered a leader?
Answer: defence diplomacy

Question: Who was the PM of Britain in 2010?
Answer: David Cameron

Question: Who was the president of France in 2010?
Answer: Nicolas Sarkozy

Question: In which two countries is the UK installing military bases?
Answer: UAE and Bahrain

Question: In which other country is the UK thinking about installing a military base?
Answer: Oman
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 included £178 billion investment in new equipment and capabilities. The review set a defence policy with four primary missions for the Armed Forces:

Question: How much was the investment in new equipment and capabilities worth?
Answer: £178 billion

Question: In which year was a £178 billion investment made?
Answer: 2015

Question: How many primary missions were included in the 2015 Review?
Answer: four

Question: What is the name of the yearly statement released by the MoD?
Answer: The Strategic Defence and Security Review
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

Following the end of the Cold War, the threat of direct conventional military confrontation with other states has been replaced by terrorism. Sir Richard Dannatt predicted British forces to be involved in combating "predatory non-state actors" for the foreseeable future, in what he called an "era of persistent conflict". He told the Chatham House think tank that the fight against al-Qaeda and other militant Islamist groups was "probably the fight of our generation".

Question: What was the new threat that arose after the end of the Cold War?
Answer: terrorism
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

Dannatt criticised a remnant "Cold War mentality", with military expenditures based on retaining a capability against a direct conventional strategic threat; He said currently only 10% of the MoD's equipment programme budget between 2003 and 2018 was to be invested in the "land environment"—at a time when Britain was engaged in land-based wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Question: Military spending that is based on conventional threats has been dismissed as what?
Answer: Cold War mentality

Question: How much of the MoD's equipment budget is invested in the "land environment"?
Answer: 10%

Question: Where was Britain involved in a land war when some thought that land wars were basically a thing of the past?
Answer: Afghanistan and Iraq

Question: Which years make up the time span mentioned for the military budget numbers?
Answer: 2003 and 2018
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The Defence Committee—Third Report "Defence Equipment 2009" cites an article from the Financial Times website stating that the Chief of Defence Materiel, General Sir Kevin O’Donoghue, had instructed staff within Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S) through an internal memorandum to reprioritize the approvals process to focus on supporting current operations over the next three years; deterrence related programmes; those that reflect defence obligations both contractual or international; and those where production contracts are already signed. The report also cites concerns over potential cuts in the defence science and technology research budget; implications of inappropriate estimation of Defence Inflation within budgetary processes; underfunding in the Equipment Programme; and a general concern over striking the appropriate balance over a short-term focus (Current Operations) and long-term consequences of failure to invest in the delivery of future UK defence capabilities on future combatants and campaigns. The then Secretary of State for Defence, Bob Ainsworth MP, reinforced this reprioritisation of focus on current operations and had not ruled out "major shifts" in defence spending. In the same article the First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff, Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, Royal Navy, acknowledged that there was not enough money within the defence budget and it is preparing itself for tough decisions and the potential for cutbacks. According to figures published by the London Evening Standard the defence budget for 2009 is "more than 10% overspent" (figures cannot be verified) and the paper states that this had caused Gordon Brown to say that the defence spending must be cut. The MoD has been investing in IT to cut costs and improve services for its personnel.

Question: Who was the Chief of Defence Materiel in 2009?
Answer: General Sir Kevin O’Donoghue

Question: Which department is overseen by the Chief of Defence Materiel?
Answer: Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S)

Question: Which programme was mentioned as being underfunded?
Answer: Equipment Programme

Question: Who was the Secretary of State for Defence in 2009?
Answer: Bob Ainsworth MP

Question: Which publication said the 2009 defence budget was more than 10% overbudget?
Answer: London Evening Standard
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The Ministry of Defence is one of the United Kingdom's largest landowners, owning 227,300 hectares of land and foreshore (either freehold or leasehold) at April 2014, which was valued at "about £20 billion". The MoD also has "rights of access" to a further 222,000 hectares. In total, this is about 1.8% of the UK land mass. The total annual cost to support the defence estate is "in excess of £3.3 billion".

Question: How much land is owned by the MoD?
Answer: 227,300 hectares

Question: How much is the land owned by the MoD worth?
Answer: £20 billion

Question: The MoD owns or has rights of access to what percentage of the UK's total land?
Answer: 1.8%

Question: How much is the annual cost to support the defence estate?
Answer: in excess of £3.3 billion

Question: Who is one of the largest landowners in the UK?
Answer: The Ministry of Defence
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The defence estate is divided as training areas & ranges (84.0%), research & development (5.4%), airfields (3.4%), barracks & camps (2.5%), storage & supply depots (1.6%), and other (3.0%). These are largely managed by the Defence Infrastructure Organisation.

Question: What percentage of the defence estate makes up training areas and ranges?
Answer: 84.0%

Question: What makes up the smallest portion of the defence estate?
Answer: storage & supply depots

Question: What percentage of the defence estate is taken up by airfields?
Answer: (3.4%

Question: Who manages the defence estate?
Answer: Defence Infrastructure Organisation

Question: Barracks and camps are what percentage of the defence estate?
Answer: (2.5%
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The headquarters of the MoD are in Whitehall and are now known as Main Building. This structure is neoclassical in style and was originally built between 1938 and 1959 to designs by Vincent Harris to house the Air Ministry and the Board of Trade. The northern entrance in Horse Guards Avenue is flanked by two monumental statues, Earth and Water, by Charles Wheeler. Opposite stands the Gurkha Monument, sculpted by Philip Jackson and unveiled in 1997 by Queen Elizabeth II. Within it is the Victoria Cross and George Cross Memorial, and nearby are memorials to the Fleet Air Arm and RAF (to its east, facing the riverside). A major refurbishment of the building was completed under a PFI contract by Skanska in 2004.

Question: In what city are the headquarters of the MoD?
Answer: Whitehall

Question: Who designed the headquarters of the MoD?
Answer: Vincent Harris

Question: Who designed the statues that are on either side of the northern entrance to the MoD headquarters?
Answer: Charles Wheeler

Question: What is the headquarters of the MoD called?
Answer: Main Building

Question: Who made the Gurkha Monument?
Answer: Philip Jackson
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

Henry VIII's wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall, built in 1514–1516 for Cardinal Wolsey, is in the basement of Main Building, and is used for entertainment. The entire vaulted brick structure of the cellar was encased in steel and concrete and relocated nine feet to the west and nearly 19 feet (5.8 m) deeper in 1949, when construction was resumed at the site after World War II. This was carried out without any significant damage to the structure.

Question: Who had a wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall?
Answer: Henry VIII

Question: Where is Henry VIII's wine cellar?
Answer: the basement of Main Building

Question: When was the cellar in the basement of Main Building built?
Answer: 1514–1516

Question: What is the main material used to build the cellar in the basement of Main Building?
Answer: brick

Question: When was the cellar relocated?
Answer: 1949
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The most notable fraud conviction was that of Gordon Foxley, head of defence procurement at the Ministry of Defence from 1981 to 1984. Police claimed he received at least £3.5m in total in corrupt payments, such as substantial bribes from overseas arms contractors aiming to influence the allocation of contracts.

Question: Who in the MoD was convicted of fraud?
Answer: Gordon Foxley

Question: What position was held by Foxley?
Answer: head of defence procurement

Question: What years was Foxley employed by the MoD?
Answer: 1981 to 1984

Question: How much money was Foxley accused of taking?
Answer: at least £3.5m

Question: What do the police believe the bribes were intended to do?
Answer: influence the allocation of contracts
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told." The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. Still, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of Porton Down who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons." Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: "It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research." It is unknown whether or not the harmlessness of the trials was known at the time of their occurrence.

Question: What publication released a report about the Ministry of Defence in 2002?
Answer: the Guardian

Question: What was the MoD accused of doing to the public?
Answer: secret germ warfare tests

Question: What are the children of some families in the area of the testing experiencing?
Answer: children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps

Question: When was the supposed germ warfare testing taking place?
Answer: between 1940 and 1979

Question: When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria?
Answer: between 1961 and 1968
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as £500m.

Question: How much did the MoD spend on Chinook helicopters?
Answer: £240m

Question: When were the helicopters ordered?
Answer: 1995

Question: Which office reported that the helicopters were being stored, rather than used?
Answer: National Audit Office

Question: In what year were the helicopters brought into service?
Answer: 2010

Question: What is the estimated total cost of the Chinook helicopter project?
Answer: £500m
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

In April 2008, a £90m contract was signed with Boeing for a "quick fix" solution, so they can fly by 2010: QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks—stripping out some of their more advanced equipment.

Question: Which aircraft manufacturer got a contract with the MoD?
Answer: Boeing

Question: When was the Boeing contract signed?
Answer: April 2008

Question: Who is downgrading the Chinook helicopters?
Answer: QinetiQ

Question: How much was the Boeing contract worth?
Answer: £90m

Question: What was removed from the Chinook helicopters?
Answer: more advanced equipment