rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Beer

Cask-conditioned ales (or cask ales) are unfiltered and unpasteurised beers. These beers are termed "real ale" by the CAMRA organisation. Typically, when a cask arrives in a pub, it is placed horizontally on a frame called a "stillage" which is designed to hold it steady and at the right angle, and then allowed to cool to cellar temperature (typically between 11–13 °C or 52–55 °F), before being tapped and vented—a tap is driven through a (usually rubber) bung at the bottom of one end, and a hard spile or other implement is used to open a hole in the side of the cask, which is now uppermost. The act of stillaging and then venting a beer in this manner typically disturbs all the sediment, so it must be left for a suitable period to "drop" (clear) again, as well as to fully condition—this period can take anywhere from several hours to several days. At this point the beer is ready to sell, either being pulled through a beer line with a hand pump, or simply being "gravity-fed" directly into the glass.

Question: What would you call a frame that holds the cask of beer horizontally when it arrives at the pub?
Answer: stillage

Question: What temperature are cask ales stored at before being tapped?
Answer: 52–55 °F

Question: What would you call a beer that has not been filtered or pasteurized?
Answer: Cask-conditioned ales

Question: How long does it take for sediment to settle and clear after a cask ale has been tapped?
Answer: from several hours to several days

Question: What tool is used to pull beer from a cask to serve?
Answer: a hand pump
Title: Beer

Beer contains ethyl alcohol, the same chemical that is present in wine and distilled spirits and as such, beer consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the beer and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors. Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia, vomiting (death may occur due to inhalation of vomit (pulmonary aspiration) while unconscious and respiratory depression (potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a coma (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning. As with all alcoholic drinks, drinking while driving, operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident; many countries have penalties against drunk driving.

Question: What type of alcohol is found in beer?
Answer: ethyl alcohol

Question: How is alcohol measured in the human body?
Answer: blood alcohol concentration

Question: What type of alcohol is found in wine and distilled spirits?
Answer: ethyl alcohol

Question: What is it called when someone dies from inhaling vomit?
Answer: pulmonary aspiration

Question: What could be caused by a 0.80% Blood alcohol content in a human?
Answer: fatal alcohol poisoning
Title: Beer

Beer is sold in bottles and cans; it may also be available on draught, particularly in pubs and bars. The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. The strength of beer is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by volume (abv), although it may vary between 0.5% and 20%, with some breweries creating examples of 40% abv and above. Beer forms part of the culture of beer-drinking nations and is associated with social traditions such as beer festivals, as well as a rich pub culture involving activities like pub crawling, and pub games such as bar billiards.

Question: What types of containers is beer generally sold in?
Answer: bottles and cans

Question: In addition to bottles and cans, How is beer often sold in bars?
Answer: draught

Question: In general, what is usually the alcohol content in most beer?
Answer: around 4% to 6%

Question: What festivals are a social tradition in many beer drinking countries?
Answer: beer festivals,

Question: What is a pub game that is popular in many beer drinking nations?
Answer: bar billiards
Title: Beer

Beer is composed mostly of water. Regions have water with different mineral components; as a result, different regions were originally better suited to making certain types of beer, thus giving them a regional character. For example, Dublin has hard water well-suited to making stout, such as Guinness; while the Plzeň Region has soft water well-suited to making Pilsner (pale lager), such as Pilsner Urquell. The waters of Burton in England contain gypsum, which benefits making pale ale to such a degree that brewers of pale ales will add gypsum to the local water in a process known as Burtonisation.

Question: What is the main ingredient in beer?
Answer: water

Question: What type of water is good for making stout beer, like Guinness?
Answer: hard water

Question: What type of water is best for making pale lager?
Answer: soft water

Question: What is the process called when gypsum is added to water?
Answer: Burtonisation

Question: What type of beer benefits most from water that contains gypsum?
Answer: pale ale
Title: Beer

In 1516, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, adopted the Reinheitsgebot (purity law), perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century, according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water, hops and barley-malt. Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a domestic scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced and sold by European monasteries. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century. The development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process and greater knowledge of the results.

Question: In what year did William IV adopt a purity law pertaining to beer?
Answer: 1516

Question: What was the title of William IV in 1516?
Answer: Duke of Bavaria

Question: What was the name of the purity law that regulated beer in 1516, and is still in use today?
Answer: Reinheitsgebot

Question: Aside from water and hops, what is the only other ingredient allowed in beer?
Answer: barley-malt

Question: Who was the Duke of Bavaria in 1516?
Answer: William IV
Title: Beer

Hops contain several characteristics that brewers desire in beer. Hops contribute a bitterness that balances the sweetness of the malt; the bitterness of beers is measured on the International Bitterness Units scale. Hops contribute floral, citrus, and herbal aromas and flavours to beer. Hops have an antibiotic effect that favours the activity of brewer's yeast over less desirable microorganisms and aids in "head retention", the length of time that a foamy head created by carbonation will last. The acidity of hops is a preservative.

Question: What is the main cause for the bitterness in beer?
Answer: Hops

Question: What is the main goals for the sweetness of beer?
Answer: malt

Question: How is the bitterness in most beers generally measured?
Answer: the International Bitterness Units scale

Question: The acidity of what ingredient acts as a preservative in beer?
Answer: hops

Question: What do you call the length of time that foam is on top of beer because of carbonation?
Answer: head retention
Title: Beer

The first step, where the wort is prepared by mixing the starch source (normally malted barley) with hot water, is known as "mashing". Hot water (known as "liquor" in brewing terms) is mixed with crushed malt or malts (known as "grist") in a mash tun. The mashing process takes around 1 to 2 hours, during which the starches are converted to sugars, and then the sweet wort is drained off the grains. The grains are now washed in a process known as "sparging". This washing allows the brewer to gather as much of the fermentable liquid from the grains as possible. The process of filtering the spent grain from the wort and sparge water is called wort separation. The traditional process for wort separation is lautering, in which the grain bed itself serves as the filter medium. Some modern breweries prefer the use of filter frames which allow a more finely ground grist.

Question: What is the first step of brewing when malted barley is mixed with hot water?
Answer: mashing

Question: How is hot water referred to by brewers?
Answer: liquor

Question: How long does the mashing step in the brewing process last?
Answer: 1 to 2 hours

Question: In brewing, what do starches become during the mashing process?
Answer: sugars

Question: What is it called when used grain is separated in the brewing process?
Answer: wort separation
Title: Beer

The basic ingredients of beer are water; a starch source, such as malted barley, able to be saccharified (converted to sugars) then fermented (converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide); a brewer's yeast to produce the fermentation; and a flavouring such as hops. A mixture of starch sources may be used, with a secondary starch source, such as maize (corn), rice or sugar, often being termed an adjunct, especially when used as a lower-cost substitute for malted barley. Less widely used starch sources include millet, sorghum and cassava root in Africa, and potato in Brazil, and agave in Mexico, among others. The amount of each starch source in a beer recipe is collectively called the grain bill.

Question: What causes fermentation during the brewing process when making a beer?
Answer: yeast

Question: Which ingredient gives beer its flavor?
Answer: hops

Question: What vegetable is sometimes used as a grain source for beer in Brazil?
Answer: potato

Question: What is a popular grain source for brewing beer in Mexico?
Answer: agave

Question: In a recipe, what would you call the list of each source of starch in beer?
Answer: the grain bill
Title: Beer

The first historical mention of the use of hops in beer was from 822 AD in monastery rules written by Adalhard the Elder, also known as Adalard of Corbie, though the date normally given for widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer is the thirteenth century. Before the thirteenth century, and until the sixteenth century, during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring, beer was flavoured with other plants; for instance, grains of paradise or alehoof. Combinations of various aromatic herbs, berries, and even ingredients like wormwood would be combined into a mixture known as gruit and used as hops are now used. Some beers today, such as Fraoch' by the Scottish Heather Ales company and Cervoise Lancelot by the French Brasserie-Lancelot company, use plants other than hops for flavouring.

Question: In what year were hops first known to be used in beer?
Answer: 822 AD

Question: What name was Adalhard the Elder also known as in 822 AD?
Answer: Adalard of Corbie

Question: In which century were hops first widely cultivated for making beer?
Answer: the thirteenth century

Question: In which century did hops become the most popular flavoring for beer?
Answer: the sixteenth century

Question: What would you call a mixture of ingredients used for brewing before the 16th century?
Answer: gruit
Title: Beer

Stout and porter are dark beers made using roasted malts or roast barley, and typically brewed with slow fermenting yeast. There are a number of variations including Baltic porter, dry stout, and Imperial stout. The name Porter was first used in 1721 to describe a dark brown beer popular with the street and river porters of London. This same beer later also became known as stout, though the word stout had been used as early as 1677. The history and development of stout and porter are intertwined.

Question: In what year was the name Porter first used for a dark beer?
Answer: 1721

Question: In what year was the name stout first used to describe a dark beer?
Answer: 1677

Question: What do you call a dark beer that is brewed with roasted malts or barley?
Answer: Stout and porter

Question: What type of yeast is used to make stout and porter beers?
Answer: slow fermenting yeast

Question: In what country was Porter beer popular in 1721?
Answer: London
Title: Beer

Many beers are sold in cans, though there is considerable variation in the proportion between different countries. In Sweden in 2001, 63.9% of beer was sold in cans. People either drink from the can or pour the beer into a glass. A technology developed by Crown Holdings for the 2010 FIFA World Cup is the 'full aperture' can, so named because the entire lid is removed during the opening process, turning the can into a drinking cup. Cans protect the beer from light (thereby preventing "skunked" beer) and have a seal less prone to leaking over time than bottles. Cans were initially viewed as a technological breakthrough for maintaining the quality of a beer, then became commonly associated with less expensive, mass-produced beers, even though the quality of storage in cans is much like bottles. Plastic (PET) bottles are used by some breweries.

Question: What percentage of beer was sold in cans in Sweden in 2001?
Answer: 63.9%

Question: What company first created the full aperture can for beer?
Answer: Crown Holdings

Question: In what year did Crown holdings create a can with a removable lid for beer?
Answer: 2010

Question: What is it called when light damages beer that is not in a can?
Answer: "skunked" beer

Question: What were cans originally believed to maintain in beer?
Answer: quality
Title: Beer

The product claimed to be the strongest beer made is Schorschbräu's 2011 Schorschbock 57 with 57,5%. It was preceded by The End of History, a 55% Belgian ale, made by BrewDog in 2010. The same company had previously made Sink The Bismarck!, a 41% abv IPA, and Tactical Nuclear Penguin, a 32% abv Imperial stout. Each of these beers are made using the eisbock method of fractional freezing, in which a strong ale is partially frozen and the ice is repeatedly removed, until the desired strength is reached, a process that may class the product as spirits rather than beer. The German brewery Schorschbräu's Schorschbock, a 31% abv eisbock, and Hair of the Dog's Dave, a 29% abv barley wine made in 1994, used the same fractional freezing method. A 60% abv blend of beer with whiskey was jokingly claimed as the strongest beer by a Dutch brewery in July 2010.

Question: How much alcohol is in Schorschbock 57?
Answer: 57,5%

Question: How much alcohol was in The End of History beer?
Answer: 55%

Question: What company made The End of History beer in 2010?
Answer: BrewDog

Question: What is a strong ale called when it is frozen partially, and then the ice is removed again and again?
Answer: fractional freezing

Question: How much alcohol was contained in the beer Sink The Bismarck?
Answer: 41%
Title: Beer

Most beers are cleared of yeast by filtering when packaged in bottles and cans. However, bottle conditioned beers retain some yeast—either by being unfiltered, or by being filtered and then reseeded with fresh yeast. It is usually recommended that the beer be poured slowly, leaving any yeast sediment at the bottom of the bottle. However, some drinkers prefer to pour in the yeast; this practice is customary with wheat beers. Typically, when serving a hefeweizen wheat beer, 90% of the contents are poured, and the remainder is swirled to suspend the sediment before pouring it into the glass. Alternatively, the bottle may be inverted prior to opening. Glass bottles are always used for bottle conditioned beers.

Question: What kind of containers are used for bottle conditioned beers?
Answer: Glass bottles

Question: What do bottle conditioned beers contain that most fears do not?
Answer: yeast

Question: What ingredient is filtered out of most beers when it is packaged in bottles and cans?
Answer: yeast

Question: What are the recommendations for pouring bottle conditioned beers?
Answer: slowly

Question: What type of bottle conditioned beer is customarily poured with the yeast in it?
Answer: wheat beers
Title: Beer

It is considered that overeating and lack of muscle tone is the main cause of a beer belly, rather than beer consumption. A 2004 study, however, found a link between binge drinking and a beer belly. But with most overconsumption, it is more a problem of improper exercise and overconsumption of carbohydrates than the product itself. Several diet books quote beer as having an undesirably high glycemic index of 110, the same as maltose; however, the maltose in beer undergoes metabolism by yeast during fermentation so that beer consists mostly of water, hop oils and only trace amounts of sugars, including maltose.

Question: In addition to a lack of muscle tone, what is believed to be the main cause of the beer belly?
Answer: overeating

Question: What condition was attributed to binge drinking in a 2004 study?
Answer: beer belly

Question: What is believed to be the glycemic index in beer?
Answer: 110

Question: What is the glycemic index in maltose?
Answer: 110
Title: Beer

Around the world, there are many traditional and ancient starch-based drinks classed as beer. In Africa, there are various ethnic beers made from sorghum or millet, such as Oshikundu in Namibia and Tella in Ethiopia. Kyrgyzstan also has a beer made from millet; it is a low alcohol, somewhat porridge-like drink called "Bozo". Bhutan, Nepal, Tibet and Sikkim also use millet in Chhaang, a popular semi-fermented rice/millet drink in the eastern Himalayas. Further east in China are found Huangjiu and Choujiu—traditional rice-based beverages related to beer.

Question: What type of starch is used to make the beer Oshikundu?
Answer: sorghum or millet

Question: In what country is the beer Oshikundu produced?
Answer: Namibia

Question: In what country is the beer Tella produced? 
Answer: Ethiopia

Question: What is the name of the millet based porridge like beer made in Kyrgystan?
Answer: Bozo

Question: What is a beer-like beverage in China that is made with rice?
Answer: Choujiu
Title: Beer

The earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500–3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. Some of the earliest Sumerian writings contain references to beer; examples include a prayer to the goddess Ninkasi, known as "The Hymn to Ninkasi", which served as both a prayer as well as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people, and the ancient advice (Fill your belly. Day and night make merry) to Gilgamesh, recorded in the Epic of Gilgamesh, by the ale-wife Siduri may, at least in part, have referred to the consumption of beer. The Ebla tablets, discovered in 1974 in Ebla, Syria, show that beer was produced in the city in 2500 BC. A fermented beverage using rice and fruit was made in China around 7000 BC. Unlike sake, mould was not used to saccharify the rice (amylolytic fermentation); the rice was probably prepared for fermentation by mastication or malting.

Question: When does evidence show the earliest known barley beer was produced?
Answer: circa 3500–3100 BC

Question: In what country was the earliest chemical evidence of barley beer found?
Answer: Iran

Question: What country are the Zargos Mountains located in?
Answer: Iran

Question: What year were the elbow tablet first discovered?
Answer: 1974

Question: What ingredient is used for amylotytic fermentation in sake?
Answer: mould
Title: Beer

The sweet wort collected from sparging is put into a kettle, or "copper" (so called because these vessels were traditionally made from copper), and boiled, usually for about one hour. During boiling, water in the wort evaporates, but the sugars and other components of the wort remain; this allows more efficient use of the starch sources in the beer. Boiling also destroys any remaining enzymes left over from the mashing stage. Hops are added during boiling as a source of bitterness, flavour and aroma. Hops may be added at more than one point during the boil. The longer the hops are boiled, the more bitterness they contribute, but the less hop flavour and aroma remains in the beer.

Question: What is a kettle called that is used to boil sweet wort after sparging?
Answer: copper

Question: How long is sweet wort boiled for after sparging?
Answer: about one hour

Question: What does boiling sweet wort destroy?
Answer: enzymes

Question: What affect do hops have in brewing when they brew for a long time?
Answer: bitterness
Title: Beer

The starch source in a beer provides the fermentable material and is a key determinant of the strength and flavour of the beer. The most common starch source used in beer is malted grain. Grain is malted by soaking it in water, allowing it to begin germination, and then drying the partially germinated grain in a kiln. Malting grain produces enzymes that convert starches in the grain into fermentable sugars. Different roasting times and temperatures are used to produce different colours of malt from the same grain. Darker malts will produce darker beers.

Question: What is generally used as starch in most beer?
Answer: malted grain

Question: How does grain become malted?
Answer: by soaking it in water

Question: What kind of container is partially germinated grain dried in?
Answer: a kiln

Question: What happens to grain when it is soaked in water?
Answer: germination

Question: What does a grains starch become after an is malted?
Answer: fermentable sugars
Title: Beer

The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. More than 133 billion litres (35 billion gallons) are sold per year—producing total global revenues of $294.5 billion (£147.7 billion) in 2006. The history of breweries has been one of absorbing smaller breweries in order to ensure economy of scale. In 2002 South African Breweries bought the North American Miller Brewing Company to found SABMiller, becoming the second largest brewery, after North American Anheuser-Bush. In 2004 the Belgian Interbrew was the third largest brewery by volume and the Brazilian AmBev was the fifth largest. They merged into InBev, becoming the largest brewery. In 2007, SABMiller surpassed InBev and Anheuser-Bush when it acquired Royal Grolsch, brewer of Dutch premium beer brand Grolsch in 2007. In 2008, InBev (the second-largest) bought Anheuser-Busch (the third largest), the new Anheuser-Busch InBev company became again the largest brewer in the world. As of 2015[update] AB InBev is the largest brewery, with SABMiller second, and Heineken International third.

Question: How many liters of beer are bought and sold every year?
Answer: More than 133 billion

Question: How much revenue did beer bring in in 2006?
Answer: $294.5 billion

Question: What year was the brewing Company SABMiller founded?
Answer: 2002

Question: What company acquired the Anheuser-Busch brewing Company in 2008?
Answer: InBev

Question: What was the largest brewing company in the world in 2015?
Answer: AB InBev