rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Sexual_orientation

One of the earliest sexual orientation classification schemes was proposed in the 1860s by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs in a series of pamphlets he published privately. The classification scheme, which was meant only to describe males, separated them into three basic categories: dionings, urnings and uranodionings. An urning can be further categorized by degree of effeminacy. These categories directly correspond with the categories of sexual orientation used today: heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual. In the series of pamphlets, Ulrichs outlined a set of questions to determine if a man was an urning. The definitions of each category of Ulrichs' classification scheme are as follows:

Question: Who created on of the earliest sexual classification schemes?
Answer: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs

Question: When did Karl Heinrich Ulrichs develop this classification scheme?
Answer: in the 1860s

Question: Was his classification scheme meant for males or females?
Answer: meant only to describe males

Question: What three categories are used in Ulrichs scheme?
Answer: dionings, urnings and uranodionings

Question: What did these three categories correspond with?
Answer: the categories of sexual orientation used today:
Title: Sexual_orientation

Weinrich et al. (1993) and Weinberg et al. (1994) criticized the scale for lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories. When applying the scale, Kinsey considered two dimensions of sexual orientation: overt sexual experience and psychosexual reactions. Valuable information was lost by collapsing the two values into one final score. A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience. It would have been quite simple for Kinsey to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information. Furthermore, there are more than two dimensions of sexuality to be considered. Beyond behavior and reactions, one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle etc. This is addressed by the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid.

Question: What did both Weinrich and Weinberg critisize the KInsey scale for?
Answer: lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories.

Question: What caused valuable information to be lost while using the KInsey scale?
Answer: collapsing the two values into one final score

Question: Why was collapsing the two values into one score a problem?
Answer: A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience

Question: How could Kinsey have avoided losing this crucial information?
Answer: to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information

Question: Besides behavior and reactions what else could have been used in the KInsey scale?
Answer: one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle
Title: Sexual_orientation

Of all the questions on the scale, Sell considered those assessing sexual attraction to be the most important as sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation which he defined as "extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither" than either sexual identity or sexual behavior. Identity and behavior are measured as supplemental information because they are both closely tied to sexual attraction and sexual orientation. Major criticisms of the SASO have not been established, but a concern is that the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined.

Question: What questions did Sell consider the most important on the KInsey scale?
Answer: those assessing sexual attraction

Question: Why did Sell consider the questions regarding sexual attraction the most important?
Answer: sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation

Question: Rather than define sexual orientation as sexual idenity or behavior what did Sell define it as?
Answer: extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither

Question: What is a huge concern for SASO?
Answer: the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined.
Title: Sexual_orientation

The variance in prevalence rates is reflected in people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time. Laumann et al., (1994) found that among U.S. adults 20% of those who would be considered homosexual on one component of orientation were homosexual on the other two dimensions and 70% responded in a way that was consistent with homosexuality on only one of the three dimensions. Furthermore, sexuality is fluid such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life. Diamond (2003) found that over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once, with many reporting that the label was not adequate in capturing the diversity of their sexual or romantic feelings. Furthermore, women who relinquished bisexual and lesbian identification did not relinquish same sex sexuality and acknowledged the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour. One woman stated "I'm mainly straight but I'm one of those people who, if the right circumstance came along, would change my viewpoint". Therefore, individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed and when the assessment is made making it difficult to pin point who is homosexual and who is not and what the overall prevalence within a population may be.

Question: What reflects the prevalence rates varying?
Answer: people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time

Question: What does it mean when someones sexualiity is fluid?
Answer: such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life.

Question: What did Diamond find about the women?
Answer: over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once,

Question: What did women acknowledge who considered themselves as lesbian or bisexual?
Answer: the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour

Question: What makes it difficult to determine if someone is homosexual or not?
Answer: individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed
Title: Sexual_orientation

Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional, some academics and researchers, especially in queer studies, have argued that it is a historical and social construction. In 1976, philosopher and historian Michel Foucault argued in The History of Sexuality that homosexuality as an identity did not exist in the eighteenth century; that people instead spoke of "sodomy," which referred to sexual acts. Sodomy was a crime that was often ignored, but sometimes punished severely (see sodomy law). He wrote, "'Sexuality' is an invention of the modern state, the industrial revolution, and capitalism."

Question: Why do researches in homosexual studies argued that it is a social and historical constuction?
Answer: Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional

Question: Which philosopher argued homosexuality did not exist as an idenity in the eighteenth century?
Answer: Michel Foucault

Question: In what year did Michel Foucalt publish The History Of Sexuality?
Answer: 1976

Question: What did he state was an invention of the modern state?
Answer: 'Sexuality

Question: What was a crime in the eighteenth century that could cause severe punishment but was mostly ignored?
Answer: Sodomy
Title: Sexual_orientation

Some researchers who study sexual orientation argue that the concept may not apply similarly to men and women. A study of sexual arousal patterns found that women, when viewing erotic films which show female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match their declared sexual orientations as well as men's. That is, heterosexual and lesbian women's sexual arousal to erotic films do not differ significantly by the genders of the participants (male or female) or by the type of sexual activity (heterosexual or homosexual). On the contrary, men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations, with heterosexual men showing more penis arousal to female-female sexual activity and less arousal to female-male and male-male sexual stimuli, and homosexual and bisexual men being more aroused by films depicting male-male intercourse and less aroused by other stimuli.

Question: What do some researchers argue about the idea of sexual orientation?
Answer: the concept may not apply similarly to men and women

Question: What have studies found about women and their believed sexual orientations?
Answer: female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match

Question: What did the studies reveal about men and their declared sexual preference?
Answer: men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations,
Title: Sexual_orientation

Research suggests that sexual orientation is independent of cultural and other social influences, but that open identification of one's sexual orientation may be hindered by homophobic/hetereosexist settings. Social systems such as religion, language and ethnic traditions can have a powerful impact on realization of sexual orientation. Influences of culture may complicate the process of measuring sexual orientation. The majority of empirical and clinical research on LGBT populations are done with largely white, middle-class, well-educated samples, however there are pockets of research that document various other cultural groups, although these are frequently limited in diversity of gender and sexual orientation of the subjects. Integration of sexual orientation with sociocultural identity may be a challenge for LGBT individuals. Individuals may or may not consider their sexual orientation to define their sexual identity, as they may experience various degrees of fluidity of sexuality, or may simply identify more strongly with another aspect of their identity such as family role. American culture puts a great emphasis on individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant. In contrast, East Asian cultures put a great emphasis on a person's social role within social hierarchies, and view the self as fluid and malleable. These differing cultural perspectives have many implications on cognitions of the self, including perception of sexual orientation.

Question: What does research show about sexual orientation?
Answer: is independent of cultural and other social influences

Question: What can being openly gay be hindered by?
Answer: homophobic/hetereosexist settings.

Question: What group of the LGBT community are the most researched?
Answer: white, middle-class, well-educated

Question: What social systems can greatly influence someone realization of their sexual preference?
Answer: religion, language and ethnic traditions

Question: What does the american culture put a large emphasis on?
Answer: individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant.
Title: Sexual_orientation

Some other cultures do not recognize a homosexual/heterosexual/bisexual distinction. It is common to distinguish a person's sexuality according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated). In this distinction, the passive role is typically associated with femininity and/or inferiority, while the active role is typically associated with masculinity and/or superiority. For example, an investigation of a small Brazilian fishing village revealed three sexual categories for men: men who have sex only with men (consistently in a passive role), men who have sex only with women, and men who have sex with women and men (consistently in an active role). While men who consistently occupied the passive role were recognized as a distinct group by locals, men who have sex with only women, and men who have sex with women and men, were not differentiated. Little is known about same-sex attracted females, or sexual behavior between females in these cultures.

Question: What is a common way to determine a persons sexuality?
Answer: according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated)

Question: When deteerming sexual preference this way what is the passive role associated with?
Answer: femininity and/or inferiority

Question: When determining sexual preference this way what is the active role associated with?
Answer: masculinity and/or superiority

Question: How much is known about lesbians and bisexual women in these cultures?
Answer: Little
Title: Sexual_orientation

Though researchers generally believe that sexual orientation is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences, with biological factors involving a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause. They believe that sexual orientation is not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception. That is, individuals do not choose to be homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual, or asexual. While current scientific investigation usually seeks to find biological explanations for the adoption of a particular sexual orientation, there are yet no replicated scientific studies supporting any specific biological etiology for sexual orientation. However, scientific studies have found a number of statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals, which may result from the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself.

Question: What do researchers generally believe causes sexual orientation?
Answer: a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences

Question: What biological factors do they believe plays a complicated part in sexual orientation?
Answer: a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause

Question: What do they believe about sexual orientation?
Answer: not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception.

Question: What differences hace scientist found in certain studies?
Answer: statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals

Question: What can these results be caused from?
Answer: the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself
Title: Sexual_orientation

Sexual orientation is argued as a concept that evolved in the industrialized West, and there is a controversy as to the universality of its application in other societies or cultures. Non-westernized concepts of male sexuality differ essentially from the way sexuality is seen and classified under the Western system of sexual orientation.[unreliable source?] The validity of the notion of sexual orientation as defined in the West, as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period, has also been questioned within the industrialized Western society).

Question: What concept is sexual orientation argued as?
Answer: a concept that evolved in the industrialized West

Question: What is causing contreversy as to the concept of sexual orientation?
Answer: the universality of its application in other societies or cultures

Question: What is the notion of sexual orientation in west defined as?
Answer: as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period
Title: Sexual_orientation

Some researchers, such as Bruce Bagemihl, have criticized the labels "heterosexual" and "homosexual" as confusing and degrading. Bagemihl writes, "...the point of reference for 'heterosexual' or 'homosexual' orientation in this nomenclature is solely the individual's genetic sex prior to reassignment (see for example, Blanchard et al. 1987, Coleman and Bockting, 1988, Blanchard, 1989). These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around." Bagemihl goes on to take issue with the way this terminology makes it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.

Question: What does Bruce criticize the labels heterosexual and homsexual as?
Answer: confusing and degrading

Question: What does Bruce Bagemilh write about the labels homosexual and heterosexual terms?
Answer: . These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around

Question: What does Bagemihl say a major issue with this terminology is?
Answer: it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.
Title: Sexual_orientation

Often, sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished, which can impact accurately assessing sexual identity and whether or not sexual orientation is able to change; sexual orientation identity can change throughout an individual's life, and may or may not align with biological sex, sexual behavior or actual sexual orientation. While the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and American Psychiatric Association state that sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others, the American Psychological Association distinguishes between sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).

Question: What can impact accurately assesing sexual identity?
Answer: sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished

Question: What does the Centre For Addiction and Mental heal along with the American Psychiatric association state about sexual orientation?
Answer: sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others,

Question: What does the American Psychological Assocation distinguish between?
Answer: sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).
Title: Sexual_orientation

Known as the fraternal birth order (FBO) effect, this theory has been backed up by strong evidence of its prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism. However, research suggests that this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy, which becomes increasingly likely after every male gestation. As a result of this immune effect, alterations in later-born males' prenatal development have been thought to occur. This process, known as the maternal immunization hypothesis (MIH), would begin when cells from a male fetus enter the mother's circulation during pregnancy or while giving birth. These Y-linked proteins would not be recognized in the mother's immune system because she is female, causing her to develop antibodies which would travel through the placental barrier into the fetal compartment. From here, the anti-male bodies would then cross the blood/brain barrier (BBB) of the developing fetal brain, altering sex-dimorphic brain structures relative to sexual orientation, causing the exposed son to be more attracted to men over women.

Question: What does the FBO effect stand for?
Answer: fraternal birth order

Question: What does this theory entail?
Answer: prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism

Question: What does research show about the FBO effect?
Answer: this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy,

Question: What does MIH stand for?
Answer: maternal immunization hypothesis

Question: What does BBB stand for?
Answer: blood/brain barrier
Title: Sexual_orientation

The Kinsey scale, also called the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale, was first published in Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) by Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin and also featured in Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953). The scale was developed to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual and that these two types represent antitheses in the sexual world. Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior and psychic responses, Kinsey et al., stated:

Question: What other name does the KInsey scale go by?
Answer: Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale

Question: When was the KInsey scale first published?
Answer: 1948

Question: Why was the KInsey scale developed?
Answer: to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual

Question: What did KInsey state as his reasoning for the scale?
Answer: Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior

Question: Who else was featured in The sexual behavior of the human male?
Answer: Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin
Title: Sexual_orientation

In response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation, Fritz Klein developed the Klein sexual orientation grid (KSOG), a multidimensional scale for describing sexual orientation. Introduced in Klein's book The Bisexual Option, the KSOG uses a 7-point scale to assess seven different dimensions of sexuality at three different points in an individual's life: past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice).

Question: What does KSOG stand for?
Answer: Klein sexual orientation grid

Question: Who invented the KSOG?
Answer: Fritz Klein

Question: Why did pritz klein come up with the KSOG?
Answer: response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation

Question: What kind of scale does the KSOG use?
Answer: a 7-point scale

Question: What three points in life does the KSOG evaluate?
Answer: past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice).