rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said that the freedom of conscience and assembly allowed under such a system has led to a "remarkable religiosity" in the United States that isn't present in other industrialized nations. Wood believes that the U.S. operates on "a sort of civic religion," which includes a generally-shared belief in a creator who "expects better of us." Beyond that, individuals are free to decide how they want to believe and fill in their own creeds and express their conscience. He calls this approach the "genius of religious sentiment in the United States."

Question: What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of religions to do?
Answer: flourish

Question: Who has argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing?
Answer: Robert S. Wood

Question: Where is the Center for New Religions located?
Answer: Toronto

Question: What does Wood believe the U.S. operates on?
Answer: a sort of civic religion

Question: What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they want to believe?
Answer: genius of religious sentiment in the United States
Title: Protestantism

Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation,[a] a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Anglicanism is sometimes considered to be independent from Protestantism.[b] The term derives from the letter of protestation from Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical.

Question: What type of faith is Protestantism?
Answer: Christian

Question: Whose teachings were once considered to be heretical?
Answer: Martin Luther

Question: Other than Protestantism, what are the other two divisions of Christianity?
Answer: Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy

Question: Who wrote a letter protesting the condemnation of Martin Luther?
Answer: Lutheran princes

Question: What was the name of the movement that started Protestantism?
Answer: the Protestant Reformation
Title: Protestantism

All Protestant denominations reject the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal and generally deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but they disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The various denominations generally emphasize the priesthood of all believers, the doctrine of justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than by or with good works, and a belief in the Bible alone (rather than with Catholic tradition) as the highest authority in matters of faith and morals (sola scriptura). The "Five solae" summarize the reformers' basic differences in theological beliefs in opposition to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church of the day.

Question: What do all Protestantism denominations reject?
Answer: the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal

Question: What Catholic doctrine is usually denied in Protestantism?
Answer: transubstantiation,

Question: What is the term to describe using only faith for justification?
Answer: sola fide

Question: What is the highest authority in Protestantism for morals?
Answer: the Bible

Question: What is the term to describe the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism?
Answer: Five solae
Title: Protestantism

Protestantism spread in Europe during the 16th century. Lutheranism spread from Germany into its surrounding areas,[c] Denmark,[d] Norway,[e] Sweden,[f] Finland,[g] Prussia,[h] Latvia,[i], Estonia,[j] and Iceland,[k] as well as other smaller territories. Reformed churches were founded primarily in Germany and its adjacent regions,[l] Hungary,[m] the Netherlands,[n] Scotland,[o] Switzerland,[p] and France[q] by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox. Arminianism[r] gained supporters in the Netherlands and parts of Germany. In 1534, King Henry VIII put an end to all papal jurisdiction in England[s] after the Pope failed to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon; this opened the door to reformational ideas, notably during the following reign of Edward VI, through Thomas Cranmer, Richard Hooker, Matthew Parker and other theologians. There were also reformational efforts throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation—a response to perceived corruption in both the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Reformation led by Luther and various other reformers—which gave rise to Anabaptist, Moravian, and other Pietistic movements. In later centuries, Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, and other fields.

Question: Where did Lutheranism begin?
Answer: Germany

Question: Name three early Protestant reformers.
Answer: John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox

Question: Where did Arminianism take hold?
Answer: the Netherlands and parts of Germany

Question: Who ended Catholic supremecy in England?
Answer: King Henry VIII

Question: Who made large contributions in the sciences in latter centuries?
Answer: Protestants
Title: Protestantism

Collectively encompassing more than 900 million adherents, or nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, Protestantism is present on all populated continents.[t] The movement is more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either Eastern Orthodoxy or Roman Catholicism, lacking both structural unity and central human authority. Some Protestant churches do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership (notably, the Anglican Communion), while others are confined to a single country, or even are solitary church bodies or congregations (such as the former Prussian Union of churches). Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity.

Question: What percentage of Christians are Protestant?
Answer: nearly forty percent

Question: Which continents have some form of Protestantism?
Answer: all populated continents

Question: What types of Protestantism are increasing?
Answer: Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches

Question: What Protestant church has members around the world?
Answer: the Anglican Communion

Question: How many people are considered Protestant?
Answer: more than 900 million
Title: Protestantism

During the Reformation, the term was hardly used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical (German: evangelisch), which refers to the gospel, was much more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations, above all the ones in the German-speaking area such as the EKD. The German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and therefore not to Protestantism as a whole. It traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. The word reformatorisch is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Reformed theologians.

Question: From what language does the term evangelical originate?
Answer: German

Question: What German word refers to the gospel or being Protestant?
Answer: evangelisch

Question: What English word for a church began with the Puritans in England?
Answer: evangelical

Question: Name two contributors to Reformed churches.
Answer: John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli

Question: Who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S.?
Answer: the Puritans
Title: Protestantism

The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching principle of sola scriptura (by scripture alone). This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone (sufficiency); that everything taught in the Bible is correct (inerrancy); and that, by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin, believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself, though understanding is difficult, so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church (clarity).

Question: What is the term for teaching by only scripture?
Answer: sola scriptura

Question: How many primary doctrines are focused on the Bible?
Answer: four

Question: What is the term that means all in the Bible is true?
Answer: inerrancy

Question: What power can help someone overcome sin?
Answer: the Holy Spirit

Question: What is the term for needing the Bible for salvation?
Answer: necessity
Title: Protestantism

The necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas, garnering little criticism, though they later came under debate from outside during the Enlightenment. The most contentious idea at the time though was the notion that anyone could simply pick up the Bible and learn enough to gain salvation. Though the reformers were concerned with ecclesiology (the doctrine of how the church as a body works), they had a different understanding of the process in which truths in scripture were applied to life of believers, compared to the Catholics' idea that certain people within the church, or ideas that were old enough, had a special status in giving understanding of the text.

Question: Which ideas had little criticism for the most part?
Answer: necessity and inerrancy

Question: What is the term for how the church as a whole works?
Answer: ecclesiology

Question: What group believes that some in the church have a special status to understand the bible?
Answer: Catholics

Question: At what period was inerrancy debated?
Answer: the Enlightenment

Question: What item could be learned to gain salvation?
Answer: the Bible
Title: Protestantism

The second main principle, sola fide (by faith alone), states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation. Though argued from scripture, and hence logically consequent to sola scriptura, this is the guiding principle of the work of Luther and the later reformers. Because sola scriptura placed the Bible as the only source of teaching, sola fide epitomises the main thrust of the teaching the reformers wanted to get back to, namely the direct, close, personal connection between Christ and the believer, hence the reformers' contention that their work was Christocentric.

Question: What was Luther's main principle?
Answer: sola fide (by faith alone)

Question: What principle made the Bible the one source for teaching?
Answer: sola scriptura

Question: What did reformers considered their beliefs to be, in terms of focus?
Answer: Christocentric

Question: What is the second principle of Protestantism?
Answer: sola fide (by faith alone)

Question: Faith can bring what eternal benefit?
Answer: salvation
Title: Protestantism

The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to-late 16th century. One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the Eucharist. Early Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation, which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ. They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion.

Question: When did Protestantism begin to split?
Answer: the mid-to-late 16th century

Question: What was one of the main causes of the split in Protestantism?
Answer: controversy over the Eucharist

Question: What Catholic belief did early Protestants not agree with?
Answer: transubstantiation

Question: What two substances are used in a Catholic Mass?
Answer: bread and wine

Question: Whose body and blood is considered present in Holy Communion?
Answer: Christ
Title: Protestantism

In the late 1130s, Arnold of Brescia, an Italian canon regular became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church. After his death, his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency among Arnoldists, and later more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans, though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. In the early 1170s, Peter Waldo founded the Waldensians. He advocated an interpretation of the Gospel that led to conflicts with the Roman Catholic Church. By 1215, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution. Despite that, the movement continues to exist to this day in Italy, as a part of the wider Reformed tradition.

Question: Who was one of the first to try to reform the Catholic Church?
Answer: Arnold of Brescia

Question: When were the Waldensians created?
Answer: the early 1170s

Question: In what year were the Waldensians labeled as heretics?
Answer: 1215

Question: Where does the Waldensian movement still exist currently?
Answer: Italy

Question: What teachings originated with Arnold of Brescia?
Answer: apostolic poverty
Title: Protestantism

Beginning in first decade of the 15th century, Jan Hus—a Roman Catholic priest, Czech reformist and professor—influenced by John Wycliffe's writings, founded the Hussite movement. He strongly advocated his reformist Bohemian religious denomination. He was excommunicated and burned at the stake in Constance, Bishopric of Constance in 1415 by secular authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After his execution, a revolt erupted. Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope.

Question: Who started the Hussite movement?
Answer: Jan Hus

Question: Whose words were an inspiration for Jan Hus?
Answer: John Wycliffe

Question: How many crusades were waged against the Hussites?
Answer: five

Question: Who called the crusades against the Hussites?
Answer: the Pope

Question: How did Jan Hus die?
Answer: burned at the stake
Title: Protestantism

On 31 October 1517, Martin Luther supposedly nailed his 95 theses against the selling of indulgences at the door of the All Saints', the Castle Church in Wittenberg. The theses debated and criticised the Church and the papacy, but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, and the authority of the pope. He would later write works on the Catholic devotion to Virgin Mary, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, the sacraments, mandatory clerical celibacy, monasticism, further on the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and excommunication, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and the sacraments.

Question: When did Martin Luther attach his 95 theses on the door of the church?
Answer: 31 October 1517

Question: What did the theses argue against selling?
Answer: indulgences

Question: What Catholic devotion would Martin Luther write about after the 95 theses/
Answer: Virgin Mary

Question: Where was All Saints' Church?
Answer: Wittenberg

Question: Who did Martin Luther criticize in the 95 theses?
Answer: the Church and the papacy
Title: Protestantism

Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the Bern reformer William Farel, Calvin was asked to use the organisational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the "fallen city" of Geneva. His Ordinances of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the City council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The faith continued to spread after Calvin's death in 1563.

Question: Who condemned the Reformation?
Answer: the Pope

Question: Who wrote the Ordinances of 1541?
Answer: John Calvin

Question: What city became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement?
Answer: Geneva

Question: When did John Calvin die?
Answer: 1563

Question: What type of missionaries were taught in Geneva?
Answer: Calvinist
Title: Protestantism

Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France, where the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots. Calvin continued to take an interest in the French religious affairs from his base in Geneva. He regularly trained pastors to lead congregations there. Despite heavy persecution, the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. French Protestantism came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. This established the preconditions for a series of conflicts, known as the French Wars of Religion. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II of France in 1559. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of August 1572, when the Roman Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when Henry IV of France issued the Edict of Nantes, promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. Roman Catholicism remained the official state religion, and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Roman Catholicism the sole legal religion once again. In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam, giving free passage to Huguenot refugees. In the late 17th century many Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Switzerland, and the English and Dutch overseas colonies. A significant community in France remained in the Cévennes region.

Question: What was the nickname for French Protestants?
Answer: Huguenots

Question: What did the French find alienating about Catholicism?
Answer: the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment

Question: When were French nobles converted to Protestantism?
Answer: the 1550s

Question: When was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?
Answer: August 1572

Question: Whose death caused an increase in the French civil wars?
Answer: Henry II
Title: Protestantism

Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Zwingli was a scholar and preacher, who in 1518 moved to Zurich. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, some unresolved differences kept them separate. A long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has become infamous for its failure. The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine.

Question: Who began the Protestant movement in Switzerland?
Answer: Huldrych Zwingli

Question: Which two areas had a long history of resentment?
Answer: the German states and the Swiss Confederation

Question: What was the name of the meeting to make an alliance between Zwingli and Luther?
Answer: the Colloquy of Marburg

Question: What Prince hosted the Colloquy of Marburg?
Answer: Prince Philip of Hesse

Question: What did the Colloquy of Marburg become infamous for?
Answer: its failure
Title: Protestantism

The political separation of the Church of England from Rome under Henry VIII brought England alongside this broad Reformation movement. Reformers in the Church of England alternated between sympathies for ancient Catholic tradition and more Reformed principles, gradually developing into a tradition considered a middle way (via media) between the Roman Catholic and Protestant traditions. The English Reformation followed a particular course. The different character of the English Reformation came primarily from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII. King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognized Henry as the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England. Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. Following a brief Roman Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary I, a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. The compromise was uneasy and was capable of veering between extreme Calvinism on the one hand and Roman Catholicism on the other. It was relatively successful until the Puritan Revolution or English Civil War in the 17th century.

Question: Under whose reign did the Church of England part from Rome?
Answer: Henry VIII

Question: When was the Act of Supremacy passed?
Answer: 1534

Question: What made Anglicanism into a more distinct tradition?
Answer: The Elizabethan Religious Settlement

Question: In what years were the Dissolution of the Monasteries carried out?
Answer: Between 1535 and 1540

Question: Who was made the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1534?
Answer: King Henry
Title: Protestantism

The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age. The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England. The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially Geneva. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists, eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations.

Question: The growth of Puritanism happened during what age?
Answer: the Elizabethan Age

Question: What did the Puritans want the Church of England to emulate?
Answer: the Protestant churches of Europe

Question: The Puritan movement worked on reforming what church?
Answer: the Church of England

Question: What was another name for the later Puritan movement?
Answer: dissenters and nonconformists

Question: What did the later Puritan movement create?
Answer: various Reformed denominations