rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Szlachta

The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won by John I Albert. For the duration of the Jagiellonian Dynasty, only members of that royal family were considered for election; later, there would be no restrictions on the choice of candidates.

Question: When did the first free election take place?
Answer: 1492

Question: What was different about later elections then first free election?
Answer: no restrictions on the choice of candidates.

Question: Who only voted in the election of 1492?
Answer: senators

Question: Who won the election of 1492?
Answer: John I Albert

Question: What dynasty was in reign during the election of 1492?
Answer: Jagiellonian Dynasty
Title: Szlachta

On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfolk (Polish: "mieszczaństwo") were prohibited from owning land; and positions in the Church hierarchy could be given only to nobles.

Question: Who granted the privilege of Piotrkow?
Answer: King John I Albert

Question: Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when?
Answer: On April 26, 1496

Question: WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power?
Answer: increasing

Question: Who was allowed to leave the village?
Answer: one son (not the eldest)

Question: What were the townsfolk prohibited from doing?
Answer: owning land
Title: Szlachta

On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to reduce the power of the magnates with a law that made them impeachable before the Senate for malfeasance. However the Act of Mielno (Polish: Przywilej mielnicki) of 25 October did more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility. The nobles were given the right to disobey the King or his representatives—in the Latin, "non praestanda oboedientia"—and to form confederations, an armed rebellion against the king or state officers if the nobles thought that the law or their legitimate privileges were being infringed.

Question: When did the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union reform?
Answer: 23 October 1501

Question: Where was the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union refromed?
Answer: Union of Mielnik

Question: Where was the  coronation Sejm founded?
Answer: Union of Mielnik

Question: What did the actof of milno do?
Answer: more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility

Question: What right was given to the nobles?
Answer: disobey the King or his representatives
Title: Szlachta

On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the nobility's political position. Basically, this act transferred legislative power from the king to the Sejm. This date commonly marks the beginning of the First Rzeczpospolita, the period of a szlachta-run "Commonwealth".

Question: When did the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" happen?
Answer: 3 May 1505

Question: Who granted the act Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu"?
Answer: King Alexander I Jagiellon

Question: What did The Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" Do
Answer: forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility

Question: What happened to the notabilities political position?
Answer: greatly strengthened

Question: What has happened to the legislative power?
Answer: legislative power from the king to the Sejm.
Title: Szlachta

About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased crown lands to the king, and the king to create a standing army (wojsko kwarciane). One of the most famous members of this movement was Jan Zamoyski. After his death in 1605, the movement lost its political force.

Question: What was the movement called also known as execution of laws?
Answer: "executionist movement

Question: What were the intentions of executionists movement?
Answer: seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country

Question: what did the Sejm in Piotrków forced the magnates to do?
Answer: return many leased crown lands to the king,

Question: WHen did Jan Zamoyski. die?
Answer: 1605

Question: What happened when Jan Zamoyski died?
Answer: movement lost its political force.
Title: Szlachta

Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign two documents—the Pacta conventa ("agreed pacts")—a confirmation of the king's pre-election promises, and Henrican articles (artykuły henrykowskie, named after the first freely elected king, Henry of Valois). The latter document served as a virtual Polish constitution and contained the basic laws of the Commonwealth:

Question: Who was the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty?
Answer: Sigismund II Augustus

Question: What stopped after the death of Sigismund II Augustus?
Answer: monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family

Question: After 1573 who could become a polish-lithuanian monarch?
Answer: any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood

Question: How many documents should the new elected king sign?
Answer: two documents

Question: What was contained in the Henrican articles and the Pacta conventa?
Answer: basic laws of the Commonwealth
Title: Szlachta

In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuania, the Lithuanian Tribunal.

Question: The crown tribunal was created when?
Answer: 1578

Question: Who created the crown tribunal?
Answer: king Stefan Batory

Question: What was the crown tribunal supposed to do?
Answer: reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court

Question: Where was a lot of power placed in result of the crown tribunal?
Answer: the nobility class

Question: WHo joined the crown tribunal eventually?
Answer: Lithuanian Tribunal
Title: Szlachta

For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generations and own at least 20 villages or estates. He should also hold a major office in the Commonwealth.

Question: What did powerful leaders of szlachta sought?
Answer: gain legal privileges over their peers

Question: What were most szlachtas class?
Answer: Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates

Question: What is another name for magnates?
Answer: Crimsons

Question: A proper magnates own what?
Answer: own at least 20 villages or estates.

Question: Who is properly in the major office in the commonwealth?
Answer: magnates
Title: Szlachta

Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on Poland's politics.

Question: Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta?
Answer: 1%

Question: Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates? 
Answer: 200–300

Question: Out of one million how many people could be viewed with significant impact politically?
Answer: 30–40
Title: Szlachta

Magnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the laws—which demanded that all such possessions are returned to their proper owner, the king).

Question: Magnates recieved gifts often from who?
Answer: monarchs

Question: What significantly increased the magnates wealth?
Answer: Magnates

Question: What terms were these gifts given?
Answer: temporary leases

Question: What did the magnates do eventually with the gifts?
Answer: never returned
Title: Szlachta

One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of the king and were important power bases for the magnates.

Question: The right to create ordynacja's was important to what group?
Answer: magnates

Question: When did the right to create ordynacja's happen?
Answer: late 16th century

Question: What did the right to create ordynacja's entail?
Answer: ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this

Question: What did the powerful families do with the kings estates?
Answer: often rivalled

Question: What was an important power basis for the magnates?
Answer: estates of the king
Title: Szlachta

The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy.

Question: When did the sovereignty of szlachta end?
Answer: 1795

Question: Who ended the sovereignty of szlachta?
Answer: Partitions of Poland

Question: UNtil 1918 whos legal status was dependent on the russian empiresovereignty of szlachta?
Answer: szlachta
Title: Szlachta

In the 1840s Nicholas I reduced 64,000 szlachta to commoner status. Despite this, 62.8% of Russia's nobles were szlachta in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897. Serfdom was abolished in Russian Poland on February 19, 1864. It was deliberately enacted in a way that would ruin the szlachta. It was the only area where peasants paid the market price in redemption for the land (the average for the empire was 34% above the market price). All land taken from Polish peasants since 1846 was to be returned without redemption payments. The ex serfs could only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta. 90% of the ex serfs in the empire who actually gained land after 1861 were in the 8 western provinces. Along with Romania, Polish landless or domestic serfs were the only ones to be given land after serfdom was abolished. All this was to punish the szlachta's role in the uprisings of 1830 and 1863. By 1864 80% of szlachta were déclassé, 1/4 petty nobles were worse off than the average serf, 48.9% of land in Russian Poland was in peasant hands, nobles still held 46%. In Second Polish Republic the privileges of the nobility were lawfully abolished by the March Constitution in 1921 and as such not granted by any future Polish law.

Question: Who redused 64,000 szlachta to commoner status?
Answer: Nicholas I

Question: IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles?
Answer: 62.8%

Question: When and who abolished the serfdom?
Answer: Russian Poland on February 19, 1864

Question: Who could the ex serfs sell their land to?
Answer: only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta

Question: How much land was held by the peasants? 
Answer: 48.9%
Title: Szlachta

The Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the king, and the political system evolved into an oligarchy.

Question: What was different between the polish nobility and others?
Answer: European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy

Question: What happened to nobility at expense of the king?
Answer: actually gained power

Question: What did the political system eventually evolve into?
Answer: oligarchy

Question: What did the ruler strive for?
Answer: absolute monarchy
Title: Szlachta

Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1–3%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921.

Question: How much of the total population was polish common wealth?
Answer: 10–12%

Question: IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population?
Answer: 8%

Question: Polish szlachta usually incorporated who?
Answer: most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania

Question: How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania?
Answer: 1–3%

Question: What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy?
Answer: March Constitution of Poland
Title: Szlachta

There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence over the country's politics, in some ways even greater than that enjoyed by the citizens of modern democratic countries. Between 1652 and 1791, any nobleman could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm (Commonwealth parliament) or sejmik (Commonwealth local parliament) by exercising his individual right of liberum veto (Latin for "I do not allow"), except in the case of a confederated sejm or confederated sejmik.

Question: What class was polands nobility?
Answer: closed class

Question: Who could rise into polish ennoblement?
Answer: Many low-born individuals

Question: How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics?
Answer: enormous influence

Question: WHo could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm?
Answer: any nobleman

Question: What is is called to nullify proceedings?
Answer: liberum veto
Title: Szlachta

All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general sejm).

Question: Children inherited polish nobility from whom?
Answer: noble mother and father

Question: What does an individual do to attain ennoblement?
Answer: special services to the state

Question: WHo could naturalize a polish noble?
Answer: Polish king

Question: What is another name for ennoblement? 
Answer: nobilitacja

Question: WHat is another name for polish noble?
Answer: indygenat
Title: Szlachta

In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime. Some tenancies became hereditary and went with both privilege and titles. Nobles who were not direct barons of the Crown but held land from other lords were only peers "de iure".

Question: In theory how were all polish noblemen viewed?
Answer: equals

Question: Was was unique about the dignities?
Answer: not hereditary

Question: If one is high in dignities they are also high in what other form?
Answer: ritual

Question: Nobles held land form whom?
Answer: other lords were only peers "de iure"
Title: Szlachta

Note that the Polish landed gentry (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo) was composed of any nobility that owned lands: thus of course the magnates, the middle nobility and that lesser nobility that had at least part of the village. As manorial lordships were also opened to burgesses of certain privileged royal cities, not all landed gentry had a hereditary title of nobility.

Question: Who could compose the polish landed gentry?
Answer: any nobility that owned lands

Question: whats is another name for polish landed gentry?
Answer: (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo

Question: Did all hold title of nobility?
Answer: no
Title: Szlachta

Coats of arms were very important to the Polish nobility. Its heraldic system evolved together with its neighbours in Central Europe, while differing in many ways from the heraldry of other European countries. Polish knighthood families had its counterparts, links or roots in Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany (i.e. Junosza).

Question: What was very important to the polish nobility?
Answer: Coats of arms

Question: What kind of system was the coats of arms?
Answer: heraldic system

Question: how did the polish nobility system compare to other heraldy countries?
Answer: differing in many ways

Question: Where did polish knightshood originate?
Answer: Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany
Title: Szlachta

The most notable difference is that, contrary to other European heraldic systems, the Jews, Muslim Tatars or another minorities would be given the noble title. Also, most families sharing origin would also share a coat-of-arms. They would also share arms with families adopted into the clan (these would often have their arms officially altered upon ennoblement). Sometimes unrelated families would be falsely attributed to the clan on the basis of similarity of arms. Also often noble families claimed inaccurate clan membership. Logically, the number of coats of arms in this system was rather low and did not exceed 200 in late Middle Ages (40,000 in the late 18th century).

Question: What is the most notable difference between countries?
Answer: minorities would be given the noble title

Question: Coat of arms would be shared with who else?
Answer: most families sharing origin

Question: How would unrelated families be attributed to the clan?
Answer: on the basis of similarity of arms

Question: Did number of cat of arms in the late middle ages fall?
Answer: low and did not exceed 200
Title: Szlachta

Also, the tradition of differentiating between the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women did not develop in Poland. Usually men inherited the coat of arms from their fathers. Also, the brisure was rarely used.

Question: What was rarely used?
Answer: brisure

Question: Where did the  coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women not develoupe?
Answer: Poland

Question: Where did men get their coat of arms usually?
Answer: their fathers
Title: Szlachta

The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalted traditional village life, peace and pacifism. It was also manifested in oriental-style apparel (the żupan, kontusz, sukmana, pas kontuszowy, delia); and made the scimitar-like szabla, too, a near-obligatory item of everyday szlachta apparel. Sarmatism served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility as it created an almost nationalistic sense of unity and pride in the szlachta's "Golden Liberty" (złota wolność). Knowledge of Latin was widespread, and most szlachta freely mixed Polish and Latin vocabulary (the latter, "macaronisms"—from "macaroni") in everyday conversation.

Question: What was the prevalent mentality and ideology called? 
Answer: Sarmatism

Question: Where did the name sarmatism originate?
Answer: powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians

Question: How did sarmatism effect szlachta culture?
Answer: served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility

Question: What was also pushed for by result of sarmatism?
Answer: peace and pacifism

Question: What languages were freely mixed?
Answer: Polish and Latin
Title: Szlachta

Prior to the Reformation, the Polish nobility were mostly either Roman Catholic or Orthodox with a small group of Muslims. Many families, however, soon adopted the Reformed faiths. After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic, despite the fact that Roman Catholicism was not the majority religion in Commonwealth (the Catholic and Orthodox churches each accounted for some 40% of all citizens population, with the remaining 20% being Jews or members of Protestant denominations). In the 18th century, many followers of Jacob Frank joined the ranks of Jewish-descended Polish gentry. Although Jewish religion wasn't usually a pretext to block or deprive of noble status, some laws favoured religious conversion from Judaism to Christianity (see: Neophyte) by rewarding it with ennoblement.

Question: What two religions were most common?
Answer: Roman Catholic or Orthodox

Question: What was the minority group in the polish nobility?
Answer: Muslims

Question: What was rewarding for switching judiasm to christianity?
Answer: ennoblement

Question: What happened after the roman catholic church regained power in Poland?
Answer: the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic

Question: What was the smallest amount of religion in the noble?
Answer: Jews