rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

William Pitt, who entered the cabinet in 1756, had a grand vision for the war that made it entirely different from previous wars with France. As prime minister Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire, especially its possessions in North America and India. Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy, which could control the seas and bring as many invasion troops as were needed. He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies, working under the command of British regulars, to invade new France. In order to tie the French army down he subsidized his European allies. Pitt Head of the government from 1756 to 1761, and even after that the British continued his strategy. It proved completely successful. Pitt had a clear appreciation of the enormous value of imperial possessions, and realized how vulnerable was the French Empire.

Question: What was the grand strategy of prime minister William Pitt?
Answer: a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire

Question: What was Pitt's primary military advantage?
Answer: Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy

Question: What locations did Pitt want from France?
Answer: North America and India

Question: How did Pitt plan to augment the British regular troops?
Answer: He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies

Question: How did Pitt's strategy affect Britain's future plans?
Answer: even after that the British continued his strategy
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

The British Prime Minister, the Duke of Newcastle, was optimistic that the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe. However, a large French force was assembled at Toulon, and the French opened the campaign against the British by an attack on Minorca in the Mediterranean. A British attempt at relief was foiled at the Battle of Minorca, and the island was captured on 28 June (for which Admiral Byng was court-martialed and executed). War between Britain and France had been formally declared on 18 May nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country.

Question: What was the reason that the British Prime Minister thought that ware in Europe could be prevented?
Answer: the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe

Question: What country initiated conflict?
Answer: the French opened the campaign against the British by an attack on Minorca

Question: What was the result for Admiral Byng?
Answer: Admiral Byng was court-martialed and executed

Question: When was war declared between Britain and France?
Answer: War between Britain and France had been formally declared on 18 May

Question: How did the timing of the declaration of war compare to the conflicts in North America between Britain and France?
Answer: nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country.
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

Frederick II of Prussia had received reports of the clashes in North America and had formed an alliance with Great Britain. On 29 August 1756, he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria. He intended this as a bold pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia. He had three goals in his new war on Austria. First, he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia, then using the Saxon army and treasury to aid the Prussian war effort. His second goal was to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense. Thirdly, he wanted to invade Moravia from Silesia, seize the fortress at Olmütz, and advance on Vienna to force an end to the war.

Question: How did Frederick II of Prussia respond to news of British and French clashes in North America?
Answer: he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony

Question: What country was Saxony aligned with?
Answer: Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria

Question: Fpr what possession of Prussia was the Saxony invasion a distraction?
Answer: pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia

Question: What was one goal of the invasion of Saxony?
Answer: he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia

Question: What was another goal of the invasion of Saxony?
Answer: to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army marched in three columns. On the right was a column of about 15,000 men under the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. On the left was a column of 18,000 men under the command of the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern. In the centre was Frederick II, himself with Field Marshal James Keith commanding a corps of 30,000 troops. Ferdinand of Brunswick was to close in on the town of Chemnitz. The Duke of Brunswick-Bevern was to traverse Lusatia to close in on Bautzen. Meanwhile, Frederick and Field Marshal Keith would make for Dresden.

Question: How did Frederick protect Silesia when he went to invade Saxony?
Answer: leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary

Question: How did Frederick protect East Prussia when he went to invade Saxony?
Answer: leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east

Question: Describe the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick.
Answer: a column of about 15,000 men

Question: Describe the command of the Duke ofBrunswich-Bevern.
Answer: a column of 18,000 men

Question: Describe the command of Field Marshall James Keith 
Answer: a corps of 30,000 troops.
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered. Frederick occupied Dresden with little or no opposition from the Saxons. At the Battle of Lobositz on 1 October 1756, Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne. The Prussians then occupied Saxony; after the Siege of Pirna, the Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army. The attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage across Europe and led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition. The only significant Austrian success was the partial occupation of Silesia. Far from being easy, Frederick's early successes proved indecisive and very costly for Prussia's smaller army. This led him to remark that he did not fight the same Austrians as he had during the previous war.

Question: How much resistance did Frederick encounter in Saxon?
Answer: Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered.

Question: What reinforcements were the Saxons expecting?
Answer: Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne

Question: What happened to the Saxon army?
Answer: Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army

Question: What was the result of the fury of Europe?
Answer: led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition

Question: What characteristic of Saxony caused Europe to be mad?
Answer: attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

Britain had been surprised by the sudden Prussian offensive but now began shipping supplies and ₤670,000 (equivalent to ₤89.9 million in 2015) to its new ally. A combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover from French invasion, under the command of the Duke of Cumberland. The British attempted to persuade the Dutch Republic to join the alliance, but the request was rejected, as the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral. Despite the huge disparity in numbers, the year had been successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to disappointing British campaigns in North America.

Question: How did Britain Protect Hanover?
Answer: combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover

Question: How did the British support Prussia?
Answer: shipping supplies and ₤670,000

Question: Why did the Dutch reject Britain's offer to join the alliance?
Answer: the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral

Question: Who had done better, the Prussians in Europe or the Brits in North America?
Answer: successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to disappointing British campaigns in North America.

Question: Who led the force to defend Hanover?
Answer: under the command of the Duke of Cumberland
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

In early 1757, Frederick II again took the initiative by marching into the Kingdom of Bohemia, hoping to inflict a decisive defeat on Austrian forces. After winning the bloody Battle of Prague on 6 May 1757, in which both forces suffered major casualties, the Prussians forced the Austrians back into the fortifications of Prague. The Prussian army then laid siege to the city. Following the battle at Prague, Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia. Austrian Marshal Daun arrived too late to participate in the battle of Prague, but picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague. The Prussian army was too weak to simultaneously besiege Prague and keep Daun away, and Frederick was forced to attack prepared positions. The resulting Battle of Kolin was a sharp defeat for Frederick, his first military defeat. His losses further forced him to lift the siege and withdraw from Bohemia altogether.

Question: Where did the Austrians retreat in May of 1757?
Answer: the fortifications of Prague

Question: What were casualties like in the 1757 battle in Prague?
Answer: both forces suffered major casualties

Question: Who led the Prussian assault on Prague in 1757
Answer: Frederick II

Question: Why did Frederick reduce his manpower at Prague?
Answer: Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia

Question: How did Austrian Marshall Daun reverse the situation at Prague?
Answer: picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague.
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf on 30 August 1757. However, it was not yet able to take Königsberg and retreated soon afterward. Still, it was a new threat to Prussia. Not only was Frederick forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia, he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory. His defeats on the battlefield brought still more opportunist nations into the war. Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men. Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts.

Question: What led to the defeat of the Prussians at Memel?
Answer: five days of artillery bombardment

Question: How did the Russians used the captured Memel?
Answer: used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia

Question: What caused the Russians based in Memel to be successful deeper into Prussia?
Answer: defeated a smaller Prussian force

Question: What was Frederick's response to the Russian invasion?
Answer: he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory

Question: What additional country felt emboldened to invade Prussia?
Answer: Sweden
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

Things were looking grim for Prussia now, with the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west. However, in November and December of 1757, the whole situation in Germany was reversed. First, Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757 and then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757 With these victories, Frederick once again established himself as Europe's premier general and his men as Europe's most accomplished soldiers. In spite of this, the Prussians were now facing the prospect of four major powers attacking on four fronts (France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North). Meanwhile, a combined force from a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership, thus threatening Prussian control of Saxony.

Question: What were reasons that the late 1757 time frame looked bad for Prussia?
Answer: the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west

Question: What was the initial result of the French invasion?
Answer: Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757

Question: What was the result of the Austrian invasion?
Answer: then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757

Question: Name the four opponents of Prussia.
Answer: (France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North)

Question: What German areas were beginning to oppose Prussia?
Answer: a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland was defeated at the Battle of Hastenbeck and forced to surrender entirely at the Convention of Klosterzeven following a French Invasion of Hanover. The Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war, leaving the Western approach to Prussian territory extremely vulnerable. Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance, as he was now without any outside military support for his forces in Germany.

Question: What Hanoverian leader lost the Battle of Hastenbeck?
Answer: Cumberland

Question: What country won the battle at Hanover?
Answer: French

Question: How would one describe the future participation of Hanover?
Answer: Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war

Question: How did Frederick respond to the defeat at Hanover?
Answer: Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758, Frederick moved the bulk of his eastern forces to Pomerania under the command of Marshal Lehwaldt where they were to repel the Swedish invasion. In short order, the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania, and blockaded its capital Stralsund. George II of Great Britain, on the advice of his British ministers, revoked the Convention of Klosterzeven, and Hanover reentered the war. Over the winter the new commander of the Hanoverian forces, Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine. The British had suffered further defeats in North America, particularly at Fort William Henry. At home, however, stability had been established. Since 1756, successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition government that gave new, firmer direction to the war effort. The new strategy emphasised both Newcastle's commitment to British involvement on the Continent, particularly in defence of Germany, and William Pitt's determination to use naval power to seize French colonies around the globe. This "dual strategy" would dominate British policy for the next five years.

Question: Why did Ferdinand feel comfortable withdrawing troops from the eastern front?
Answer: Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758

Question: What was the result of Prussian resistance to Sweden?
Answer: the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania

Question: What area of Sweden was occupied by Prussia?
Answer: occupied most of Swedish Pomerania

Question: What favorable developments occurred for Prussia in Hanover?
Answer: Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine.

Question: What political development shaped the policy of the British?
Answer: successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count András Hadik, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history. When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars, around the Prussians and occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night. The city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers. When Frederick heard about this humiliating occupation, he immediately sent a larger force to free the city. Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines. Subsequently, Hadik was promoted to the rank of Marshal in the Austrian army.

Question: What Hungarian general humiliated the Prussians?
Answer: Count András Hadik

Question: What city did Hadik occupy?
Answer: occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night

Question: How was Berlin spared?
Answer: city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers

Question: How did Hadik respond to the Frederick force?
Answer: Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines

Question: What was Frederick's response to the occupation by Hadik?
Answer: he immediately sent a larger force to free the city
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

In early 1758, Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia, and laid siege to Olmütz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic). Following an Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz, Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia. It marked the end of his final attempt to launch a major invasion of Austrian territory. East Prussia had been occupied by Russian forces over the winter and would remain under their control until 1762, although Frederick did not see the Russians as an immediate threat and instead entertained hopes of first fighting a decisive battle against Austria that would knock them out of the war.

Question: Where did Frederick invade in 1758
Answer: Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia

Question: What city did Frederick lay siege to?
Answer: Olmütz

Question: What turned the battle for Olmutz against Frederick?
Answer: Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz,

Question: How did Frederick respond to the loss of a supply convoy?
Answer: Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia.
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

In April 1758, the British concluded the Anglo-Prussian Convention with Frederick in which they committed to pay him an annual subsidy of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt. Ferdinand had succeeded in driving the French from Hanover and Westphalia and re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces, which caused alarm in France. Despite Ferdinand's victory over the French at the Battle of Krefeld and the brief occupation of Düsseldorf, he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine.

Question: What was the annual financial commitment by Britain to Frederick?
Answer: an annual subsidy of £670,000

Question: How did Britain assist the defense of Hanover?
Answer: Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army

Question: What caused alarm in France?
Answer: re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces

Question: Who did Ferdinand repel from Ha nover?
Answer: the French

Question: Did Ferdinand permanently occupy France?
Answer: he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it. Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-Neumark, at the Battle of Zorndorf (now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on Aug. 25, 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by Count William Fermor. Both sides suffered heavy casualties – the Prussians 12,800, the Russians 18,000 – but the Russians withdrew, and Frederick claimed victory. In the undecided Battle of Tornow on 25 September, a Swedish army repulsed six assaults by a Prussian army but did not push on Berlin following the Battle of Fehrbellin.

Question: How did Frederick respond to the Russian occupation of east Prussia?
Answer: marched to counter it.

Question: How large a force did Frederick send against the occupying Russians?
Answer: 35,000 men

Question: How many Russians were in defense?
Answer: Russian army of 43,000

Question: Which army withdrew?
Answer: the Russians withdrew

Question: What country was Prussia fighting on another front?
Answer: Swedish
Title: Seven_Years%27_War

The war was continuing indecisively when on 14 October Marshal Daun's Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the Battle of Hochkirch in Saxony. Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order, helped by dense woods. The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough. After a thwarted attempt to take Dresden, Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter, so that Saxony remained under Prussian occupation. At the same time, the Russians failed in an attempt to take Kolberg in Pomerania (now Kołobrzeg, Poland) from the Prussians.

Question: What Austrian General surprised the Prussian at Hochkirch?
Answer: Marshal Daun

Question: What was the major loss for Prussia at Hochkirch?
Answer: lost much of his artillery

Question: Why was Frederick able to retreat successfully?
Answer: retreated in good order, helped by dense woods

Question: What was the result of the victory for the Austrians?
Answer: The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough

Question: How did the Austrian troops spend the winter?
Answer: , Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter