rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Crimean_War

Peace negotiations at the Congress of Paris resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 30 March 1856. In compliance with article III, Russia restored to the Ottoman Empire the city and citadel of Kars in common with "all other parts of the Ottoman territory of which the Russian troop were in possession". Russia ceded some land in Bessarabia at the mouth of the Danube to Moldavia. By article IV The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey restored to Russia "the towns and ports of Sevastopol, Balaklava, Kamish, Eupatoria, Kerch, Jenikale, Kinburn, as well as all other territories occupied by the allied troops". In conformity with article XI and XIII, the Tsar and the Sultan agreed not to establish any naval or military arsenal on the Black Sea coast. The Black Sea clauses weakened Russia, and it no longer posed a naval threat to the Ottomans. The principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were nominally returned to the Ottoman Empire; in practice they became independent. The Great Powers pledged to respect the independence and territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire.:432–33

Question: Where was the Treaty of Paris signed?
Answer: the Congress of Paris

Question: What year was the Treaty of Paris signed?
Answer: 1856

Question: Who agreed to not have any military arsenal on the Black Sea coast?
Answer: the Tsar and the Sultan

Question: Who were the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia later return to?
Answer: the Ottoman Empire

Question: Who returned towns and seaports to Russia?
Answer: The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey
Title: Crimean_War

The Treaty of Paris stood until 1871, when France was defeated by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. While Prussia and several other German states united to form a powerful German Empire, the Emperor of the French, Napoleon III, was deposed to permit the formation of a Third French Republic. During his reign, Napoleon III, eager for the support of the United Kingdom, had opposed Russia over the Eastern Question. Russian interference in the Ottoman Empire, however, did not in any significant manner threaten the interests of France. Thus, France abandoned its opposition to Russia after the establishment of a republic. Encouraged by the decision of the French, and supported by the German minister Otto von Bismarck, Russia renounced the Black Sea clauses of the treaty agreed to in 1856. As the United Kingdom alone could not enforce the clauses, Russia once again established a fleet in the Black Sea.

Question: What year did the Treaty of Paris fall?
Answer: 1871

Question: In what war was France defeated by Prussia?
Answer: Franco-Prussian War

Question: Between what years did the  Franco-Prussian War take place?
Answer: 1870–1871

Question: Napoleon III was removed to form what?
Answer: a Third French Republic

Question: Who renounced the Black Sea clause?
Answer: Russia
Title: Crimean_War

Although it was Russia that was punished by the Paris Treaty, in the long run it was Austria that lost the most from the Crimean War despite having barely taken part in it.:433 Having abandoned its alliance with Russia, Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war,:433 which contributed to its disastrous defeats in the 1859 Franco-Austrian War that resulted in the cession of Lombardy to the Kingdom of Sardinia, and later in the loss of the Habsburg rule of Tuscany and Modena, which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy. Furthermore, Russia did not do anything to assist its former ally, Austria, in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War:433 with its loss of Venetia and more important than that, its influence in most German-speaking lands. The status of Austria as a great power, with the unifications of Germany and Italy was now severely questioned. It had to compromise with Hungary, the two countries shared the Danubian Empire and Austria slowly became a little more than a German satellite. With France now hostile to Germany, allied with Russia, and Russia competing with the newly renamed Austro-Hungarian Empire for an increased role in the Balkans at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, the foundations were in place for creating the diplomatic alliances that would lead to World War I.

Question: Who lost the most due to the Crimean War?
Answer: Austria

Question: Russia failed to help Austria during what war that took place in 1866?
Answer: Austro-Prussian War

Question: Who became diplomatically isolated after the war?
Answer: Kingdom of Sardinia
Title: Crimean_War

The Crimean War marked the ascendancy of France to the position of pre-eminent power on the Continent,:411 the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire, and the beginning of a decline for Tsarist Russia. As Fuller notes, "Russia had been beaten on the Crimean peninsula, and the military feared that it would inevitably be beaten again unless steps were taken to surmount its military weakness." The Crimean War marks the demise of the Concert of Europe, the balance of power that had dominated Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and which had included France, Russia, Austria and the United Kingdom.

Question: France rose to power after what war?
Answer: The Crimean War

Question: What empire declined after the Crimean War?
Answer: the Ottoman Empire

Question: The Crimean war marked the end of what dominant European power?
Answer: Concert of Europe
Title: Crimean_War

This view of 'diplomatic drift' as the cause of the war was first popularised by A. W, Kinglake, who portrayed the British as victims of newspaper sensationalism and duplicitous French and Ottoman diplomacy. More recently, the historians Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart have argued that, first, Britain was following a geopolitical strategy in aiming to destroy a fledgling Russian Navy which might challenge the Royal Navy for control of the seas, and second that the war was a joint European response to a century of Russian expansion not just southwards but also into western Europe.

Question: Who made the view of diplomatic drift popular?
Answer: A. W, Kinglake

Question: What did A.W Kinglake make the British out to be?
Answer: as victims

Question: Who believed Britain was following a strategy when trying to destroy Russian Navy?
Answer: Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart
Title: Crimean_War

Russia feared losing Russian America without compensation in some future conflict, especially to the British. While Alaska attracted little interest at the time, the population of nearby British Columbia started to increase rapidly a few years after hostilities ended. Therefore, the Russian emperor, Alexander II, decided to sell Alaska. In 1859 the Russians offered to sell the territory to the United States, hoping that its presence in the region would offset the plans of Russia's greatest regional rival, the United Kingdom.

Question: What did the Russians fear losing without compensation?
Answer: British Columbia

Question: What province became more popular and saw a increase in population after the war?
Answer: British Columbia

Question: Who made the call to sell Alaska?
Answer: Alexander II

Question: Who did the Russians offer to sell Alaska to?
Answer: the United States

Question: Who is Russia's largest regional rival?
Answer: the United Kingdom
Title: Crimean_War

Notable documentation of the war was provided by William Howard Russell (writing for The Times newspaper) and the photographs of Roger Fenton.:306–309 News from war correspondents reached all nations involved in the war and kept the public citizenry of those nations better informed of the day-to-day events of the war than had been the case in any other war to that date. The British public was very well informed regarding the day-to-day realities of the war in the Crimea. After the French extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea during the winter of 1854, the news reached London in two days. When the British laid an underwater cable to the Crimean peninsula in April 1855, news reached London in a few hours. The daily news reports energised public opinion, which brought down the Aberdeen government and carried Lord Palmerston into office as prime minister.:304–11

Question: Who provided notable documentation of the war?
Answer: William Howard Russell

Question:  William Howard Russell wrote for what newspaper at the time?
Answer: The Times

Question: Who's photographs accompanied William Howard Russell documentation?
Answer: Roger Fenton

Question: Who extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea?
Answer: the French

Question: After the telegraph was extended to the coast of the Black Sea, how long did it take news of the war to reach London?
Answer: two days
Title: Crimean_War

As the memory of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. Public opinion in the UK was outraged at the logistical and command failures of the war; the newspapers demanded drastic reforms, and parliamentary investigations demonstrated the multiple failures of the Army. However, the reform campaign was not well organized, and the traditional aristocratic leadership of the Army pulled itself together, and blocked all serious reforms. No one was punished. The outbreak of the Indian Revolution in 1857 shifted attention to the heroic defense of British interest by the army, and further talk of reform went nowhere. The demand for professionalization was, however, achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering and publicizing modern nursing while treating the wounded.:469–71

Question: Who demanded drastic reforms after the war?
Answer: the newspapers

Question: The outbreak of the Indian Revolution took place in what year?
Answer: 1857

Question: What poem demonstrates that the war became a symbol of failures?
Answer: Charge of the Light Brigade
Title: Crimean_War

The Crimean War also saw the first tactical use of railways and other modern inventions, such as the electric telegraph, with the first "live" war reporting to The Times by William Howard Russell. Some credit Russell with prompting the resignation of the sitting British government through his reporting of the lacklustre condition of British forces deployed in Crimea. Additionally, the telegraph reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London due to such rapid communications. Newspaper readership informed public opinion in the United Kingdom and France as never before. It was the first European war to be photographed.

Question: The tactical use of railways was first used during what war?
Answer: The Crimean War

Question: Who gave the first live war report?
Answer: William Howard Russell

Question: Due to his reporting skills, some give Russell credit for doing what?
Answer: prompting the resignation of the sitting British government

Question: What reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London?
Answer: the telegraph

Question: What was the first European war to be photographed?
Answer: The Crimean War
Title: Literature

Literature consists of written productions, often restricted to those deemed to have artistic or intellectual value. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura (derived itself from littera, letter or handwriting) was used to refer to all written accounts, but intertwined with the roman concept of cultura: learning or cultivation. Literature often uses language differently than ordinary language (see literariness). Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorised according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).

Question: What two key elements that distinguish literature as a written form of art?
Answer: deemed to have artistic or intellectual value

Question: What are two major divisions of literature?
Answer: fiction or non-fiction

Question: Besides this major division, what are two other sub-divisions to describe literature?
Answer: poetry or prose

Question: Prose literature can be sub-divided into what formats?
Answer: the novel, short story or drama

Question: What words are the Latin roots of the word "literature?"
Answer: literatura/litteratura
Title: Literature

Definitions of literature have varied over time; it is a "culturally relative definition". In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth century, literature as a term indicated all books and writing. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature. Contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of analysis both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works.

Question: The changing nature of the meaning of the term "literature" can be described as what?
Answer: a "culturally relative definition"

Question: In Western Europe until the 1700s, literature was a term used to describe what?
Answer: all books and writing

Question: During what literary movement did the definition of literature begin to narrow?
Answer: the Romantic period

Question: During that 18th century period, literature began to be applied how?
Answer: it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature
Title: Literature

The value judgement definition of literature considers it to exclusively include writing that possesses high quality or distinction, forming part of the so-called belles-lettres ('fine writing') tradition. This is the definition used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–11) when it classifies literature as "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing." However, this has the result that there is no objective definition of what constitutes "literature"; anything can be literature, and anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded, since value-judgements can change over time.

Question: What is the main component of the qualitative judgment definition of literature?
Answer: writing that possesses high quality or distinction

Question: What French term for value-based literature literally translates as "fine writing?"
Answer: belles-lettres

Question: Encyclopedia Britannica defined literature in its 1911 editions how?
Answer: "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing."

Question: What effect does the evolving definition of literature have?
Answer: anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded
Title: Literature

The formalist definition is that the history of "literature" foregrounds poetic effects; it is the "literariness" or "poeticity" of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing (e.g., journalism). Jim Meyer considers this a useful characteristic in explaining the use of the term to mean published material in a particular field (e.g., "scientific literature"), as such writing must use language according to particular standards. The problem with the formalist definition is that in order to say that literature deviates from ordinary uses of language, those uses must first be identified; this is difficult because "ordinary language" is an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history.

Question: A definition of literature that incorporates style and the poetic nature of prose is what?
Answer: formalist

Question: What is one example of writing that the formalist definition distinguishes literature from?
Answer: journalism

Question: What element of the formalist definition makes it difficult to apply?
Answer: "ordinary language"

Question: What part of ordinary language makes it difficult to apply the formalist definition?
Answer: an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history

Question: The formalist definition when applied to industry writing allows it to be called literature when it does what?
Answer: must use language according to particular standards
Title: Literature

Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem. Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses". Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition; hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.

Question: What elements of language make for poetic literature?
Answer: aesthetic and rhythmic qualities

Question: Poetry is usually differentiated from prose by what factor?
Answer: verse

Question: If prose uses sentences, what is the equivalent in poetry?
Answer: lines

Question: Poetry was considered to need lines and meter until when?
Answer: the nineteenth century

Question: The structure of poetry may have existed before what?
Answer: literacy
Title: Literature

Drama is literature intended for performance. The form is often combined with music and dance, as in opera and musical theatre. A play is a subset of this form, referring to the written dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic or theatrical performance rather than at reading. A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page. Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently.

Question: Literature intended for performance is what?
Answer: Drama

Question: Drama is sometimes blended with what other elements?
Answer: music and dance

Question: What are two types of drama that incorporate music or dance?
Answer: opera and musical theatre

Question: Drama meant to be performed in a theater is what?
Answer: A play

Question: What do we call the author of a play?
Answer: a playwright
Title: Literature

Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama of which we have substantial knowledge. Tragedy, as a dramatic genre, developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes. Tragedies generally presented very serious themes. With the advent of newer technologies, scripts written for non-stage media have been added to this form. War of the Worlds (radio) in 1938 saw the advent of literature written for radio broadcast, and many works of Drama have been adapted for film or television. Conversely, television, film, and radio literature have been adapted to printed or electronic media.

Question: The earliest form of drama we know of was part of what culture?
Answer: Greek

Question: Tragedy was a dramatic style that evolved from what?
Answer: performance associated with religious and civic festivals

Question: A tragedy typically involved what subject matter?
Answer: historical or mythological themes

Question: What media was the play War Of The Worlds written for?
Answer: radio

Question: In what year was War Of The Worlds originally presented?
Answer: 1938
Title: Literature

“The roots of all our modern academic fields can be found within the pages of literature.”  Literature in all its forms can be seen as written records, whether the literature itself be factual or fictional, it is still quite possible to decipher facts through things like characters’ actions and words or the authors’ style of writing and the intent behind the words. The plot is for more than just entertainment purposes; within it lies information about economics, psychology, science, religions, politics, cultures, and social depth. Studying and analyzing literature becomes very important in terms of learning about our history. Through the study of past literature we are able to learn about how society has evolved and about the societal norms during each of the different periods all throughout history. This can even help us to understand references made in more modern literature because authors often make references to Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments. Not only is there literature written on each of the aforementioned topics themselves, and how they have evolved throughout history (like a book about the history of economics or a book about evolution and science, for example) but we can also learn about these things in fictional works. Authors often include historical moments in their works, like when Lord Byron talks about the Spanish and the French in ‘‘Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: Canto I’’ and expresses his opinions through his character Childe Harold. Through literature we are able to continuously uncover new information about history. It is easy to see how all academic fields have roots in literature. Information became easier to pass down from generation to generation once we began to write it down. Eventually everything was written down, from things like home remedies and cures for illness, or how to build shelter to traditions and religious practices. From there people were able to study literature, improve on ideas, further our knowledge, and academic fields such as the medical field or trades could be started. In much the same way as the literature that we study today continue to be updated as we continue to evolve and learn more and more.

Question: Literature, regardless of how the definition is applied, can be interpreted as what?
Answer: written records

Question: We can learn what by carefully examining our literature?
Answer: our history

Question: Who wrote "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto I"?
Answer: Lord Byron

Question: Passing information down through generations was made easier when our society did what?
Answer: once we began to write it down

Question: Authors of literature frequently reference what antecedents?
Answer: Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments