rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Sexual_orientation

As there is no research indicating which of the three components is essential in defining sexual orientation, all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation. Savin Williams (2006) discusses this issue and notes that by basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population. For example, if homosexual is defined by same sex behavior, gay virgins are omitted, heterosexuals engaging in same sex behavior for other reasons than preferred sexual arousal are miscounted, and those with same sex attraction who only have opposite-sex relations are excluded. Because of the limited populations that each component captures, consumers of research should be cautious in generalizing these findings.

Question: How are the three component used to determine sexual orientation?
Answer: all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation

Question: When did Savin WIlliams talk about the issues with these components?
Answer: (2006)

Question: What issues to Savin address during this talk?
Answer: basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population

Question: Why does basing sexual orientation on one component cause problems?
Answer: Because of the limited populations that each component captures

Question: How should consumers of the research approach these findings?
Answer: should be cautious in generalizing these findings.
Title: Sexual_orientation

More recently, scientists have started to focus on measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal, by using brain-scanning techniques. A study on how heterosexual and homosexual men's brains react to seeing pictures of naked men and women has found that both hetero- and homosexual men react positively to seeing their preferred sex, using the same brain regions. The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala, a brain region known to be involved in regulating fear.

Question: What have scientists started spending the most time on?
Answer: measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal

Question: How do scientiest measure brain activity?
Answer: by using brain-scanning techniques

Question: How did both gay and straight men react to pictures of both naked men and women?
Answer: positively

Question: What was the only difference in the study between gay and straight men?
Answer: The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala,

Question: What does the amygdala region of the brain do?
Answer: known to be involved in regulating fear.
Title: Sexual_orientation

Perceived sexual orientation may affect how a person is treated. For instance, in the United States, the FBI reported that 15.6% of hate crimes reported to police in 2004 were "because of a sexual-orientation bias". Under the UK Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003, as explained by Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service, "workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation, their perceived sexual orientation or because they associate with someone of a particular sexual orientation".

Question: What can affect how a person is treated?
Answer: Perceived sexual orientation

Question: What percent of hate crimes did the FBI relate to sexual orientation bias?
Answer: 15.6%

Question: When was the UK emloyment eequality (sexual orientation) regulations law take effect?
Answer: 2003,

Question: Under this law what does this state that is required by employers?
Answer: workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation
Title: Sexual_orientation

Most definitions of sexual orientation include a psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component, which focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s. Some people prefer simply to follow an individual's self-definition or identity. Scientific and professional understanding is that "the core attractions that form the basis for adult sexual orientation typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence". Sexual orientation differs from sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.

Question: What do the majority of defintions surronding sexual orientation include?
Answer: psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component

Question: What does a behaviorial component focus on when defining sexual orientation?
Answer: focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s.

Question: What do other people use to determine a persons sexual idenity?
Answer: an individual's self-definition

Question: When do scientists and professions agree that sexual orientation shows in a person?
Answer: typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence

Question: What is the difference between sexual idenity and sexual orientation?
Answer: sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.
Title: Sexual_orientation

In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), by Alfred C. Kinsey et al., people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual. Kinsey reported that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual — i.e., most people have some attraction to either sex, although usually one sex is preferred. According to Kinsey, only a minority (5–10%) can be considered fully heterosexual or homosexual.[citation needed] Conversely, only an even smaller minority can be considered fully bisexual (with an equal attraction to both sexes). Kinsey's methods have been criticized as flawed, particularly with regard to the randomness of his sample population, which included prison inmates, male prostitutes and those who willingly participated in discussion of previously taboo sexual topics. Nevertheless, Paul Gebhard, subsequent director of the Kinsey Institute for Sex Research, reexamined the data in the Kinsey Reports and concluded that removing the prison inmates and prostitutes barely affected the results.

Question: Which two studies where created by Alfred C. KInsey?
Answer: In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953

Question: What where people asked to do in these research studies?
Answer: people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual.

Question: What did KInsey find during these studies ?
Answer: that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual

Question: In Kinseys mind what percentage of people are considered to be fully heterosexual or homosexual?
Answer: (5–10%

Question: Why do people say KInseys work is not correct?
Answer: the randomness of his sample population,
Title: Sexual_orientation

Innate bisexuality is an idea introduced by Sigmund Freud. According to this theory, all humans are born bisexual in a very broad sense of the term, that of incorporating general aspects of both sexes. In Freud's view, this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality. Freud believed that in the course of sexual development the masculine side would normally become dominant in men and the feminine side in women, but that as adults everyone still has desires derived from both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures. Freud did not claim that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders.

Question: What idea did Sigmund Freud bring to the table?
Answer: Innate bisexuality

Question: What does Sigmunds idea theorize?
Answer: all humans are born bisexual

Question: Why did SIgmund believe all humans are born bisexual?
Answer: this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality

Question: What does Sigmund believe we all as adults desire?
Answer: both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures

Question: Even though Sigmund believed all people where born bisexual what did he not believe to be true?
Answer: that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders
Title: Sexual_orientation

These categories are aspects of the more nuanced nature of sexual identity and terminology. For example, people may use other labels, such as pansexual or polysexual, or none at all. According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation "also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions". Androphilia and gynephilia are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual orientation as an alternative to a gender binary conceptualization. Androphilia describes sexual attraction to masculinity; gynephilia describes the sexual attraction to femininity. The term sexual preference largely overlaps with sexual orientation, but is generally distinguished in psychological research. A person who identifies as bisexual, for example, may sexually prefer one sex over the other. Sexual preference may also suggest a degree of voluntary choice, whereas the scientific consensus is that sexual orientation is not a choice.

Question: Whar words may people use for sexual idenity?
Answer: pansexual or polysexual,

Question: What does the American Pyschological Association say sexual orientation refers to?
Answer: a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions

Question: What terms does behavorial science use instead of using gender binary conceptualization?
Answer: Androphilia and gynephilia

Question: What is androphilia used to describe?
Answer: sexual attraction to masculinity

Question: What is gynephilia used to describe?
Answer: the sexual attraction to femininity
Title: Sexual_orientation

The American Psychological Association states that "[s]exual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes" and that "[t]his range of behaviors and attractions has been described in various cultures and nations throughout the world. Many cultures use identity labels to describe people who express these attractions. In the United States, the most frequent labels are lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes). However, some people may use different labels or none at all". They additionally state that sexual orientation "is distinct from other components of sex and gender, including biological sex (the anatomical, physiological, and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (the psychological sense of being male or female), and social gender role (the cultural norms that define feminine and masculine behavior)". According to psychologists, sexual orientation also refers to a person’s choice of sexual partners, who may be homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual.

Question: What does the American Physocological Association say that sexual orientation refers to?
Answer: an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes

Question: What do a lot of cultures use to describe homosexual people?
Answer: identity labels

Question: What are the most used labels in America to describe homosexuals?
Answer: lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes).

Question: What do psychologists says sexual orientation can also mean?
Answer: a person’s choice of sexual partners
Title: Sexual_orientation

The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH), which describes itself as a "professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality," disagrees with the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy, both on its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality, or as a disease, but as a continuum of intensities of sexual attractions and emotional affect. The American Psychological Association and the Royal College of Psychiatrists expressed concerns that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish.

Question: What does NARTH stand for?
Answer: The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality

Question: What does NARTH consider itself to be?
Answer: a "professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality,

Question: What does NARTH disagree with?
Answer: the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy

Question: What does NARTH state is wrong with the mainstream mental healths stand on conversion therapy?
Answer: its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality

Question: What concerns did both the American Psychological Association and the Royal College of PSychiatrist have with NARTH?
Answer: that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish
Title: Sexual_orientation

Using androphilia and gynephilia can avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people. Psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal explains that androphilia, along with gynephilia, "is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexual orientation of trans men and trans women. For instance, it is difficult to decide whether a trans man erotically attracted to males is a heterosexual female or a homosexual male; or a trans woman erotically attracted to females is a heterosexual male or a lesbian female. Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject." Sexologist Milton Diamond writes, "The terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people. This usage is particularly advantageous when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals. These newer terms also do not carry the social weight of the former ones."

Question: What do the terms andophilia and gynephilia help prevent?
Answer: confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people

Question: Why does psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal say androphilia and gynephilia are needed terms?
Answer: the affected s

Question: What can attempting to label members of the LGBT community cause?
Answer: confusion

Question: What does MIlton Diamond say about the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual?
Answer: are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people.

Question: What advantages do the terms androphilia and gynephilia have?
Answer: when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals
Title: Sexual_orientation

The Kinsey scale has been praised for dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality. However, the scale has been criticized because it is still not a true continuum. Despite seven categories being able to provide a more accurate description of sexual orientation than a dichotomous scale it is still difficult to determine which category individuals should be assigned to. In a major study comparing sexual response in homosexual males and females, Masters and Johnson discuss the difficulty of assigning the Kinsey ratings to participants. Particularly, they found it difficult to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale. They report finding it difficult to assign ratings 2-4 for individuals with a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences. When, there is a lot of heterosexual and homosexual experiences in one's history it becomes difficult for that individual to be fully objective in assessing the relative amount of each.

Question: What has the KInsey scaled been praised for?
Answer: dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality.

Question: What has the Kinsey scale been critisized for?
Answer: because it is still not a true continuum

Question: How many categories are used in the KInsey scale?
Answer: seven

Question: In a study by Masters and Johnson what did the find difficult about KIneys ratings?
Answer: to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale

Question: What in somebodys past caused problems for the Kinsey scale?
Answer: a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences
Title: Sexual_orientation

The SASO consists of 12 questions. Six of these questions assess sexual attraction, four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity. For each question on the scale that measures homosexuality there is a corresponding question that measures heterosexuality giving six matching pairs of questions. Taken all together, the six pairs of questions and responses provide a profile of an individual's sexual orientation. However, results can be further simplified into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.

Question: How many questions does the SASO contain?
Answer: 12

Question: What do six of the questions asses?
Answer: sexual attraction

Question: What do the other six questions asses?
Answer: four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity

Question: What questions corresponds to the homosexual ones?
Answer: heterosexuality

Question: How are the results simplified when using the SASO?
Answer: into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.
Title: Sexual_orientation

The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established. To date, a lot of research has been conducted to determine the influence of genetics, hormonal action, development dynamics, social and cultural influences—which has led many to think that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it. It was once thought that homosexuality was the result of faulty psychological development, resulting from childhood experiences and troubled relationships, including childhood sexual abuse. It has been found that this was based on prejudice and misinformation.

Question: Has the cause for sexual orientation been found yet?
Answer: The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established

Question: What has the research that has been conducted for the influence of genetics made many people think?
Answer: that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it

Question: What was once thought to cause homosexuality?
Answer: the result of faulty psychological development

Question: What was found out about the theory of faulty psychological development being the cause for homosexuality?
Answer: this was based on prejudice and misinformation.
Title: Sexual_orientation

One of the uses for scales that assess sexual orientation is determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population. Depending on subject's age, culture and sex, the prevalence rates of homosexuality vary depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed: sexual attraction, sexual behavior, or sexual identity. Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population whereby the proportion of individuals indicating they are same sex attracted is two to three times greater than the proportion reporting same sex behavior or identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Furthermore, reports of same sex behavior usually exceed those of gay, lesbian, or bisexual identification. The following chart demonstrates how widely the prevalence of homosexuality can vary depending on what age, location and component of sexual orientation is being assessed:

Question: What can the scales for sexual orientation be used for?
Answer: determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population

Question: What will cause the amount of homosexuality to vary?
Answer: which component of sexual orientation is being assessed

Question: Out of sexual attraction, sexual behovior, and sexual identity which will show more accurately the amount of homosexuals in a population?
Answer: Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population
Title: Sexual_orientation

As female fetuses have two X chromosomes and male ones a XY pair, the chromosome Y is the responsible for producing male differentiation on the defect female development. The differentiation process is driven by androgen hormones, mainly testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The newly formed testicles in the fetus are responsible for the secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain. This results in sexual differences between males and females. This fact has led some scientists to test in various ways the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life.

Question: Which chromosome is responsible for produlcing male differentiation on defect female development?
Answer: chromosome Y

Question: What is the differentiation process driven by?
Answer: androgen hormones,

Question: What results in sexual differences in males and females?
Answer: secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain

Question: What have scientist began to test due to the fact that adrogen results in sexual differences?
Answer: the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life