rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Daylight_saving_time

In 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving in Queensland, Australia, a referendum on daylight saving was held and defeated with a 54.5% 'no' vote – with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, while those in the metropolitan south-east were in favor. In 2005, the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the National Association of Convenience Stores successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to US DST. In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time zone arrangement for Daylight Saving in South East Queensland while the rest of the state maintains standard time. DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland State election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the statewide primary vote, equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested. After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed. On 14 April 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington, introduced the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into Queensland Parliament, calling for a referendum to be held at the next State election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time zone arrangement. The Bill was defeated in Queensland Parliament on 15 June 2011.

Question: What percentage of Queensland voted against the daylight saving referendum in 1992?
Answer: 54.5%

Question: What was the name of Queensland's political party set up solely to support their particular DST arrangement?
Answer: Daylight Saving for South East Queensland

Question: In Australia, were rural or urban areas generally more strongly opposed to DST?
Answer: rural

Question: What member of Queensland Parliament was responsible for finally bringing the DST for South East Queensland referendum to a vote?
Answer: Peter Wellington
Title: Daylight_saving_time

In the UK the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supports a proposal to observe SDST's additional hour year-round, but is opposed in some industries, such as postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK.

Question: What was the name of the organization that supported adding an additional hour to their clocks all year?
Answer: the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents

Question: Joining farmers, what other kind of workers opposed SDST?
Answer: postal workers

Question: What regions of the United Kingdom were generally against SDST?
Answer: northern regions
Title: Daylight_saving_time

In some Muslim countries DST is temporarily abandoned during Ramadan (the month when no food should be eaten between sunrise and sunset), since the DST would delay the evening dinner. Ramadan took place in July and August in 2012. This concerns at least Morocco and Palestine, although Iran keeps DST during Ramadan. Most Muslim countries do not use DST, partially for this reason.

Question: What do Muslims call the month when they fast between sunup and sundown?
Answer: Ramadan

Question: What would DST delay if observed during the Muslim holy month?
Answer: the evening dinner

Question: What Muslim country continues to observe DST during Ramadan?
Answer: Iran

Question: When was Ramadan in 2012?
Answer: July and August
Title: Daylight_saving_time

The 2011 declaration by Russia that it would not turn its clocks back and stay in DST all year long was subsequently followed by a similar declaration from Belarus. The plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of wintertime morning, and thus was abandoned in 2014. The country changed its clocks to Standard Time on 26 October 2014 - and intends to stay there permanently.

Question: What year did Russia decide to never turn its clocks back?
Answer: 2011

Question: What country other than Russia declared they'd stay in DST all year?
Answer: Belarus

Question: Was Russia or Belarus first in their declaration?
Answer: Russia

Question: Which season's dark mornings led to people complaining about the switch from DST?
Answer: winter

Question: What year did Russia give up on the all-year DST and go back to Standard Time?
Answer: 2014
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime, or is good for business. Groups that tend to support DST are urban workers, retail businesses, outdoor sports enthusiasts and businesses, tourism operators, and others who benefit from increased light during the evening in summer.

Question: Which group is more likely to support DST: urban workers or rural farmers?
Answer: urban workers

Question: If people have more daylight in the evenings, what season might see a rise in outdoor activity?
Answer: summer

Question: Would those in favor of DST argue that it causes people to use more electricity or saves energy?
Answer: saves energy
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Opponents argue that actual energy savings are inconclusive, that DST increases health risks such as heart attack, that DST can disrupt morning activities, and that the act of changing clocks twice a year is economically and socially disruptive and cancels out any benefit. Farmers have tended to oppose DST.

Question: What major health risk do people who oppose DST say it increases?
Answer: heart attack

Question: What profession is more likely to want to repeal DST: farmers or shopkeepers?
Answer: Farmers

Question: What adjective would those against DST use to describe the energy savings touted by supporters?
Answer: inconclusive

Question: What time of day do opponents of daylight savings believe is disrupted the most by the time shift?
Answer: morning
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Common agreement about the day's layout or schedule confers so many advantages that a standard DST schedule has generally been chosen over ad hoc efforts to get up earlier. The advantages of coordination are so great that many people ignore whether DST is in effect by altering their nominal work schedules to coordinate with television broadcasts or daylight. DST is commonly not observed during most of winter, because its mornings are darker; workers may have no sunlit leisure time, and children may need to leave for school in the dark. Since DST is applied to many varying communities, its effects may be very different depending on their culture, light levels, geography, and climate; that is why it is hard to make generalized conclusions about the absolute effects of the practice. Some areas may adopt DST simply as a matter of coordination with others rather than for any direct benefits.

Question: Most people agree that a standardized schedule by DST is more practical than trying to do what in the morning on our own?
Answer: get up earlier

Question: What electronic device might people work their schedules around instead of paying close attention to DST?
Answer: television

Question: During what season is DST usually not observed because of the detriments of dark mornings?
Answer: winter

Question: What indirect benefit of DST might cause some areas to observe it even though they don't get any direct benefits like cost or energy savings?
Answer: coordination with others
Title: Daylight_saving_time

DST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning. As Franklin's 1784 satire pointed out, lighting costs are reduced if the evening reduction outweighs the morning increase, as in high-latitude summer when most people wake up well after sunrise. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity. Although energy conservation remains an important goal, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then, and recent research is limited and reports contradictory results. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, making it hard to generalize from single studies.

Question: What percentage of all electricity usage in the U.S. and Canada is from residential lighting?
Answer: 3.5%

Question: DST will reduce electricity use in the evening but increase it during what time of the day?
Answer: morning

Question: When DST was first proposed, what type of lighting was consuming the most electricity?
Answer: incandescent

Question: Along with geography and economics, what variable often affects how much electricity an area uses?
Answer: climate

Question: Whose satire that was published in 1784 pointed out that daylight saving would only reduce electricity usage if the increase in the mornings was less than the savings in the evenings?
Answer: Franklin
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption. The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST.

Question: Have studies shown DST generally increases or reduces gas consumption from cars?
Answer: increases

Question: What year was the DOE report about fuel consumption published?
Answer: 2008

Question: What happened regarding DST in 2007 in the United States that probably led to the DOE investigation?
Answer: extension of DST
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Retailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-Eleven stores, and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $200 million to $300 million. A 1999 study estimated that DST increases the revenue of the European Union's leisure sector by about 3%.

Question: What category of goods that are used in outdoor activities benefit from the extra hour of daylight from DST?
Answer: sporting goods

Question: What organization predicted a $100 million increase for the golf sector because of extended DST?
Answer: the National Golf Foundation

Question: What year did Fortune magazine make predictions about the increased revenue an extended daylight savings would provide?
Answer: 1984

Question: According to a study in 1999, daylight savings has caused what approximate percentage of increase in leisure industry revenue in the European Union?
Answer: 3%

Question: How much extra money from DST did Fortune predict for 7-Eleven on account of DST?
Answer: $30 million
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. Dairy farmers are another group who complain of the change. Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking, so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems. Today some farmers' groups are in favor of DST.

Question: Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates?
Answer: after

Question: What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing?
Answer: cows

Question: What does earlier milk delivery do to cows?
Answer: disrupts their systems

Question: Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier?
Answer: earlier

Question: Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun?
Answer: parents of young children
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Changing clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost opportunity cost at around $1.7 billion USD. Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency, and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on US stock exchanges, the estimated numbers depend on the methodology. The results have been disputed, and the original authors have refuted the points raised by disputers.

Question: What year did a change in DST policy cost North America somewhere between $500 million and $1 billion in extra work?
Answer: 2007

Question: Who is the economist who said there was about $1.7 billion in lost opportunity costs because of the 2007 changes?
Answer: William F. Shughart II

Question: What have some people argued correlates with time shifts from daylight savings?
Answer: decreased economic efficiency

Question: What do some call the effect that they say caused a one-day loss for stock exchanges of approximately $31 billion in the year 2000?
Answer: the daylight-saving effect

Question: What factor determines the numbers people reach for estimates when studying DST?
Answer: methodology
Title: Daylight_saving_time

In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. However, accidents do increase by as much as 11% during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time. It is not clear whether sleep disruption contributes to fatal accidents immediately after the spring clock shifts. A correlation between clock shifts and traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. A 2009 US study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST, workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less, and are injured at work more often and more severely.

Question: In what year did the NBS revisit the DOT's 1975 study and find traffic fatalities unaffected?
Answer: 1976

Question: What organization made their own estimation in 1995 of a drop in traffic deaths by 1.2%?
Answer: the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

Question: What's the abbreviation for Single/Double Summer Time?
Answer: SDST

Question: In the two weeks following the time change ending British Summer Time, what percentage hike is there in traffic accidents?
Answer: 11%

Question: How much less, on average, do workers in the U.S. sleep on Mondays after switching to DST, according to the 2009 study?
Answer: 40 minutes
Title: Daylight_saving_time

In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.

Question: What did the LEAA say was reduced 10% to 13% in Washington, DC during daylight savings?
Answer: violent crime rate

Question: How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion?
Answer: two

Question: How many cities of those the LEAA studied showed any reduction in crime?
Answer: one

Question: In what decade did the LEAA conduct their investigation of crime and DST?
Answer: 1970s
Title: Daylight_saving_time

In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans, inspecting vehicle lights, checking storage areas for hazardous materials, reprogramming thermostats, and seasonal vaccinations. Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders.

Question: There are more fires in the fall and winter because people burn more candles and turn what on to keep warm?
Answer: heating

Question: In addition to smoke detectors, what do fire safety officials suggest people replace batteries in when they set their clocks twice a year?
Answer: carbon monoxide detectors

Question: If your area doesn't observe DST, what can you use instead as a twice-yearly reminder?
Answer: the first days of spring and autumn

Question: What part of your vehicle should you remember to check twice a year?
Answer: lights

Question: What should you check storage spaces in your home for twice-yearly?
Answer: hazardous materials
Title: Daylight_saving_time

DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.

Question: What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST?
Answer: outdoor exercise

Question: What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb?
Answer: vitamin D

Question: What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S.?
Answer: Gordon Gund

Question: What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun?
Answer: skin cancer

Question: Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what?
Answer: rise earlier
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season. A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition, and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005. In March 2011, Dmitri Medvedev, president of Russia, claimed that "stress of changing clocks" was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long. Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides.

Question: What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes?
Answer: circadian rhythm

Question: In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST?
Answer: Kazakhstan

Question: Which Russian president argued that the country should stay in DST year-round because of the stresses of time shifts?
Answer: Dmitri Medvedev

Question: According to the Swedish study in 2008, for how many weekdays following the "spring forward" do you have a higher risk of heart attack?
Answer: three
Title: Daylight_saving_time

An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours.

Question: Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn?
Answer: higher

Question: Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after?
Answer: before dawn

Question: What kind of pollution is caused by emissions from cars while they're sitting in traffic?
Answer: air pollution
Title: Daylight_saving_time

DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.

Question: During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?
Answer: twice

Question: What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?
Answer: confusion

Question: What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST?
Answer: change their clocks

Question: What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of?
Answer: multiple DST rules
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.

Question: What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST?
Answer: 1993

Question: For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility?
Answer: one hour

Question: Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change?
Answer: software developers

Question: What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time?
Answer: Coordinated Universal Time

Question: What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time?
Answer: Unix-based
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented.

Question: Willett's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often?
Answer: weekly

Question: What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process?
Answer: complexity

Question: What could be avoided by changing clocks more gradually more often?
Answer: Some clock-shift problems