rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Throughout their history, the Liberals have been in electoral terms largely the party of the middle class (whom Menzies, in the era of the party's formation called "The forgotten people"), though such class-based voting patterns are no longer as clear as they once were. In the 1970s a left-wing middle class emerged that no longer voted Liberal.[citation needed] One effect of this was the success of a breakaway party, the Australian Democrats, founded in 1977 by former Liberal minister Don Chipp and members of minor liberal parties; other members of the left-leaning section of the middle-class became Labor supporters.[citation needed] On the other hand, the Liberals have done increasingly well in recent years among socially conservative working-class voters.[citation needed]However the Liberal Party's key support base remains the upper-middle classes; 16 of the 20 richest federal electorates are held by the Liberals, most of which are safe seats. In country areas they either compete with or have a truce with the Nationals, depending on various factors.

Question: Whom are referred to as "The forgoten people?"
Answer: the middle class

Question: In what year were the Australian Democrats founded?
Answer: 1977

Question: Which former liberal founded the Australian Democrats in 1977?
Answer: Don Chipp
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Domestically, Menzies presided over a fairly regulated economy in which utilities were publicly owned, and commercial activity was highly regulated through centralised wage-fixing and high tariff protection. Liberal leaders from Menzies to Malcolm Fraser generally maintained Australia's high tariff levels. At that time the Liberals' coalition partner, the Country Party, the older of the two in the coalition (now known as the "National Party"), had considerable influence over the government's economic policies. It was not until the late 1970s and through their period out of power federally in the 1980s that the party came to be influenced by what was known as the "New Right" – a conservative liberal group who advocated market deregulation, privatisation of public utilities, reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts.

Question: Did Mezies and Malcom Fraser raise, mainain, or lower tariff levels?
Answer: generally maintain

Question: Which group is currently known as the "National Party"?
Answer: the Country Party

Question: What is the "New Right"?
Answer: a conservative liberal group who advocated market deregulation, privatisation of public utilities, reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts

Question: Were utilities publically or privately owned in Menzie's economy?
Answer: publicly
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

The Liberals' immediate predecessor was the United Australia Party (UAP). More broadly, the Liberal Party's ideological ancestry stretched back to the anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments. The Commonwealth Liberal Party was a fusion of the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party in 1909 by the second prime minister, Alfred Deakin, in response to Labor's growing electoral prominence. The Commonwealth Liberal Party merged with several Labor dissidents (including Billy Hughes) to form the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917. That party, in turn, merged with Labor dissidents to form the UAP in 1931.

Question: Which group was predecessor to the Liberals?
Answer: United Australia Party (UAP)

Question: From where did the ideology of the Liberals stem?
Answer: anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments

Question: What did the Commonwealth Liberal Party merge to form?
Answer: Nationalist Party of Australia

Question: In what year was the Nationalist Party of Australia formed?
Answer: 1917
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

The UAP had been formed as a new conservative alliance in 1931, with Labor defector Joseph Lyons as its leader. The stance of Lyons and other Labor rebels against the more radical proposals of the Labor movement to deal the Great Depression had attracted the support of prominent Australian conservatives. With Australia still suffering the effects of the Great Depression, the newly formed party won a landslide victory at the 1931 Election, and the Lyons Government went on to win three consecutive elections. It largely avoided Keynesian pump-priming and pursued a more conservative fiscal policy of debt reduction and balanced budgets as a means of stewarding Australia out of the Depression. Lyons' death in 1939 saw Robert Menzies assume the Prime Ministership on the eve of war. Menzies served as Prime Minister from 1939 to 1941 but resigned as leader of the minority World War II government amidst an unworkable parliamentary majority. The UAP, led by Billy Hughes, disintegrated after suffering a heavy defeat in the 1943 election.

Question: What economic event influenced the 1931 Election?
Answer: the Great Depression

Question: How many consecutive elections did the Lyons Government win?
Answer: three

Question: What event caused Robert Menzies to become Prime Minister?
Answer: Lyons' death in 1939

Question: What years did Robert Menzies serve as Prime Minister?
Answer: 1939 to 1941
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Menzies called a conference of conservative parties and other groups opposed to the ruling Australian Labor Party, which met in Canberra on 13 October 1944 and again in Albury, New South Wales in December 1944. From 1942 onward Menzies had maintained his public profile with his series of "The Forgotten People" radio talks–similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt's "fireside chats" of the 1930s–in which he spoke of the middle class as the "backbone of Australia" but as nevertheless having been "taken for granted" by political parties.

Question: To what are Menzies' "Forgotten People" radio talks compared to?
Answer: Franklin D. Roosevelt's "fireside chats"

Question: How did Roosevelt refer to the middle class?
Answer: "backbone of Australia"

Question: Was the meeting at Canberra a group of people supporting or opposed to the Australian Labor Party?
Answer: opposed

Question: Where was the second anti-Labor Party held in 1944?
Answer: Albury, New South Wales
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

The formation of the party was formally announced at Sydney Town Hall on 31 August 1945. It took the name "Liberal" in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party. The new party was dominated by the remains of the old UAP; with few exceptions, the UAP party room became the Liberal party room. The Australian Women's National League, a powerful conservative women's organisation, also merged with the new party. A conservative youth group Menzies had set up, the Young Nationalists, was also merged into the new party. It became the nucleus of the Liberal Party's youth division, the Young Liberals. By September 1945 there were more than 90,000 members, many of whom had not previously been members of any political party.

Question: Where was the formation of the Liberal party officially announced?
Answer: Sydney Town Hall

Question: Where did the name "Liberal" come from?
Answer: in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party

Question: What was the name of the Liberal Party's youth division?
Answer: Young Liberals

Question: How many members were in the Young Liberals by Sept 1945?
Answer: more than 90,000
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

After an initial loss to Labor at the 1946 election, Menzies led the Liberals to victory at the 1949 election, and the party stayed in office for a record 23 years—still the longest unbroken run in government at the federal level. Australia experienced prolonged economic growth during the post-war boom period of the Menzies Government (1949–1966) and Menzies fulfilled his promises at the 1949 election to end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children, as well as for others. While himself an unashamed anglophile, Menzies' government concluded a number of major defence and trade treaties that set Australia on its post-war trajectory out of Britain's orbit; opened Australia to multi-ethnic immigration; and instigated important legal reforms regarding Aboriginal Australians.

Question: How many years did the Liberals stay in office after the 1949 election?
Answer: a record 23 years

Question: What promises did Menzies make in the 1949 election?
Answer: end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children

Question: During what period did Australia experience long-term economic growth?
Answer: the post-war boom period of the Menzies Government (1949–1966)
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Menzies came to power the year the Communist Party of Australia had led a coal strike to improve pit miners' working conditions. That same year Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb, and Mao Zedong led the Communist Party of China to power in China; a year later came the invasion of South Korea by Communist North Korea. Anti-communism was a key political issue of the 1950s and 1960s. Menzies was firmly anti-Communist; he committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war. The Labor Party split over concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement, leading to the foundation of the breakaway Democratic Labor Party whose preferences supported the Liberal and Country parties.

Question: What was a key political topic in the 1950s and 1960s?
Answer: Anti-communism

Question: What actions showed Menzies' anti-Communist beliefs?
Answer: committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war

Question: Over what did the Labor party divide?
Answer: concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement,
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate.

Question: Which treaty was Australia's first military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth?
Answer: ANZUS Treaty

Question: Which areas were involved in the ANZUS Treaty?
Answer: Australia, New Zealand and the United States

Question: What does the acronym SEATO stand for?
Answer: South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty

Question: Which group is a counterpart to NATO?
Answer: the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO)

Question: Where was the signing of the ANZUS Treaty held in 1951?
Answer: San Francisco
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Menzies continued the expanded immigration program established under Chifley, and took important steps towards dismantling the White Australia Policy. In the early 1950s, external affairs minister Percy Spender helped to establish the Colombo Plan for providing economic aid to underdeveloped nations in Australia's region. Under that scheme many future Asian leaders studied in Australia. In 1958 the government replaced the Immigration Act's arbitrarily applied European language dictation test with an entry permit system, that reflected economic and skills criteria. In 1962, Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act provided that all Indigenous Australians should have the right to enrol and vote at federal elections (prior to this, indigenous people in Queensland, Western Australia and some in the Northern Territory had been excluded from voting unless they were ex-servicemen). In 1949 the Liberals appointed Dame Enid Lyons as the first woman to serve in an Australian Cabinet. Menzies remained a staunch supporter of links to the monarchy and British Commonwealth but formalised an alliance with the United States and concluded the Agreement on Commerce between Australia and Japan which was signed in July 1957 and launched post-war trade with Japan, beginning a growth of Australian exports of coal, iron ore and mineral resources that would steadily climb until Japan became Australia's largest trading partner.

Question: What did the Immigration Act's entry permit system include?
Answer: economic and skills criteria

Question: Which ruling allowed indigenous Australians the right to vote?
Answer: Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act

Question: Who was the first women to serve on the Australian Cabinet?
Answer: Dame Enid Lyons
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Holt increased Australian commitment to the growing War in Vietnam, which met with some public opposition. His government oversaw conversion to decimal currency. Holt faced Britain's withdrawal from Asia by visiting and hosting many Asian leaders and by expanding ties to the United States, hosting the first visit to Australia by an American president, his friend Lyndon B. Johnson. Holt's government introduced the Migration Act 1966, which effectively dismantled the White Australia Policy and increased access to non-European migrants, including refugees fleeing the Vietnam War. Holt also called the 1967 Referendum which removed the discriminatory clause in the Australian Constitution which excluded Aboriginal Australians from being counted in the census – the referendum was one of the few to be overwhelmingly endorsed by the Australian electorate (over 90% voted 'yes'). By the end of 1967, the Liberals' initially popular support for the war in Vietnam was causing increasing public protest.

Question: Government under whom experienced the conversion to decimal currency?
Answer: Holt

Question: Which of Holt's stances received some public opposition?
Answer: commitment to the growing War in Vietnam

Question: Which Referendum allowed Indigenous Australians to be counted in the Census?
Answer: 1967 Referendum

Question: What overhelming percent of Australians voted for the 1967 Referendum?
Answer: 90%
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

The Gorton Government increased funding for the arts, setting up the Australian Council for the Arts, the Australian Film Development Corporation and the National Film and Television Training School. The Gorton Government passed legislation establishing equal pay for men and women and increased pensions, allowances and education scholarships, as well as providing free health care to 250,000 of the nation's poor (but not universal health care). Gorton's government kept Australia in the Vietnam War but stopped replacing troops at the end of 1970.

Question: Which government put an emphasis in supporting the arts?
Answer: The Gorton Government

Question: Which government established equal pay for men and women?
Answer: The Gorton Government

Question: What year did the Gorton Government stop replacing troups in Vietnam?
Answer: end of 1970
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Gorton maintained good relations with the United States and Britain, but pursued closer ties with Asia. The Gorton government experienced a decline in voter support at the 1969 election. State Liberal leaders saw his policies as too Centralist, while other Liberals didn't like his personal behaviour. In 1971, Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser, resigned and said Gorton was "not fit to hold the great office of Prime Minister". In a vote on the leadership the Liberal Party split 50/50, and although this was insufficient to remove him as the leader, Gorton decided this was also insufficient support for him, and he resigned.

Question: Which continent did Gorton wish to pursue closer ties with?
Answer: Asia

Question: Who commented that Gorton was not fit to be Prime Minister?
Answer: Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser

Question: Was Gorton impeached, voted out, or did he resign?
Answer: he resigned

Question: Which countries did Gorton maintain close relationships with?
Answer: United States and Britain
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

During McMahon's period in office, Neville Bonner joined the Senate and became the first Indigenous Australian in the Australian Parliament. Bonner was chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971 and celebrated his maiden parliamentary speech with a boomerang throwing display on the lawns of Parliament. Bonner went on to win election at the 1972 election and served as a Liberal Senator for 12 years. He worked on Indigenous and social welfare issues and proved an independent minded Senator, often crossing the floor on Parliamentary votes.

Question: Who became the first indigenous Austrailian in Parliament?
Answer: Neville Bonner

Question: How long did Bonner serve as a Liberal Senator?
Answer: 12 years

Question: How was Bonner appointed his position?
Answer: chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Following the 1974–75 Loans Affair, the Malcolm Fraser led Liberal-Country Party Coalition argued that the Whitlam Government was incompetent and delayed passage of the Government's money bills in the Senate, until the government would promise a new election. Whitlam refused, Fraser insisted leading to the divisive 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. The deadlock came to an end when the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr on 11 November 1975 and Fraser was installed as caretaker Prime Minister, pending an election. Fraser won in a landslide at the resulting 1975 election.

Question: On what day did the 1975 constitutional crisis deadlock end?
Answer: 11 November 1975

Question: How did the gridlock between Whitlam and Fraser end?
Answer: the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr

Question: Who won the 1975 election by large margin?
Answer: Fraser
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Fraser maintained some of the social reforms of the Whitlam era, while seeking increased fiscal restraint. His government included the first Aboriginal federal parliamentarian, Neville Bonner, and in 1976, Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976, which, while limited to the Northern Territory, affirmed "inalienable" freehold title to some traditional lands. Fraser established the multicultural broadcaster SBS, accepted Vietnamese refugees, opposed minority white rule in Apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia and opposed Soviet expansionism. A significant program of economic reform however was not pursued. By 1983, the Australian economy was suffering with the early 1980s recession and amidst the effects of a severe drought. Fraser had promoted "states' rights" and his government refused to use Commonwealth powers to stop the construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania in 1982. Liberal minister, Don Chipp split off from the party to form a new social liberal party, the Australian Democrats in 1977. Fraser won further substantial majorities at the 1977 and 1980 elections, before losing to the Bob Hawke led Australian Labor Party in the 1983 election.

Question: Which document allowed Indigenous peoples the right to some traditional lands?
Answer: Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976

Question: What environmental consequence affected the Australian economy by 1983?
Answer: a severe drought

Question: Which party did Don Chipp seperate to form in 1977?
Answer: Australian Democrats

Question: Who did Frazer eventually lose to in 1983?
Answer: Bob Hawke
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Howard differed from his Labor predecessor Paul Keating in that he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag, but like Keating he pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax (although Keating had dropped support for a GST by the time of his 1993 election victory). Howard's premiership coincided with Al Qaeda's 11 September attacks on the United States. The Howard Government invoked the ANZUS treaty in response to the attacks and supported America's campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Question: How was Howard different from Paul Keating?
Answer: he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag

Question: In what ways was Howard similar to Paul Keating?
Answer: pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax

Question: Which government supported the US's war Afghanistan and Iraq?
Answer: The Howard Government

Question: Under what agreement did the Australian government support the US?
Answer: the ANZUS treaty
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Through 2010, the party improved its vote in the Tasmanian and South Australian state elections and achieved state government in Victoria. In March 2011, the New South Wales Liberal-National Coalition led by Barry O'Farrell won government with the largest election victory in post-war Australian history at the State Election. In Queensland, the Liberal and National parties merged in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland (registered as the Queensland Division of the Liberal Party of Australia). In March 2012, the new party achieved Government in an historic landslide, led by former Brisbane Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman.

Question: Which parties merged in Queensland in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland?
Answer: the Liberal and National parties

Question: In March 2012, which party won by an historic landslide?
Answer: the new Liberal National Party of Queensland

Question: Who led the new Liberal National Party of Queensland through the election in March 2012?
Answer: former Brisbane Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

Following the 2007 Federal Election, Dr Brendan Nelson was elected leader by the Parliamentary Liberal Party. On 16 September 2008, in a second contest following a spill motion, Nelson lost the leadership to Malcolm Turnbull. On 1 December 2009, a subsequent leadership election saw Turnbull lose the leadership to Tony Abbott by 42 votes to 41 on the second ballot. Abbott led the party to the 2010 federal election, which saw an increase in the Liberal Party vote and resulted in the first hung parliament since the 1940 election.

Question: How close was the race betwen Turnbull and Abbott in 2009?
Answer: 42 votes to 41

Question: Who was elected to the Parliamentary Liberal Party after the 2007 Federal Election?
Answer: Dr Brendan Nelson

Question: To whom did Nelson lose the party to in 2008?
Answer: Malcolm Turnbull