rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Buckingham_Palace

During World War II, the palace was bombed nine times, the most serious and publicised of which resulted in the destruction of the palace chapel in 1940. Coverage of this event was played in cinemas all over the UK to show the common suffering of rich and poor. One bomb fell in the palace quadrangle while King George VI and Queen Elizabeth were in residence, and many windows were blown in and the chapel destroyed. War-time coverage of such incidents was severely restricted, however. The King and Queen were filmed inspecting their bombed home, the smiling Queen, as always, immaculately dressed in a hat and matching coat seemingly unbothered by the damage around her. It was at this time the Queen famously declared: "I'm glad we have been bombed. Now I can look the East End in the face". The royal family were seen as sharing their subjects' hardship, as The Sunday Graphic reported:

Question: How many times was the palace bombed in WWII?
Answer: nine times

Question: What was destroyed in 1940?
Answer: the palace chapel

Question: Which monarchs were in residence at Buckingham Palace during WWII?
Answer: King George VI and Queen Elizabeth

Question: The bombing of Buckingham Palace showed what to the public?
Answer: the common suffering of rich and poor

Question: What was destroyed in one of the bombing that hit the palace in WWII?
Answer: the chapel

Question: The King and Queen were filmed doing what after a bombing?
Answer: inspecting their bombed home

Question: The royal family was seen as sharing what with their subjects after the bombings?
Answer: their subjects' hardship
Title: Buckingham_Palace

On 15 September 1940, known as the Battle of Britain Day, an RAF pilot, Ray Holmes of No. 504 Squadron RAF rammed a German bomber he believed was going to bomb the Palace. Holmes had run out of ammunition and made the quick decision to ram it. Holmes bailed out. Both aircraft crashed. In fact the Dornier Do 17 bomber was empty. It had already been damaged, two of its crew had been killed and the remainder bailed out. Its pilot, Feldwebel Robert Zehbe, landed, only to die later of wounds suffered during the attack. During the Dornier's descent, it somehow unloaded its bombs, one of which hit the Palace. It then crashed into the forecourt of London Victoria station. The bomber's engine was later exhibited at the Imperial War Museum in London. The British pilot became a King's Messenger after the war, and died at the age of 90 in 2005.

Question: What is the date of the Battle of Britain Day?
Answer: 15 September 1940

Question: What did Ray Holmes think the German pilot was going to bomb?
Answer: the Palace

Question: What type of airplane was the German craft Holmes rammed into?
Answer: Dornier Do 17 bomber

Question: After the war what did Holmes become?
Answer: King's Messenger

Question: What year did Ray Holmes die?
Answer: 2005

Question: What is September 15, 1940 known as?
Answer: the Battle of Britain Day

Question: What did Ray Holmes believe the German pilot was targeting?
Answer: the Palace

Question: What did Holmes do to stop the German Plane?
Answer: ram it

Question: What type of aircraft was the German Plane?
Answer: Dornier Do 17 bomber

Question: When did Holmes die?
Answer: 2005
Title: Incandescent_light_bulb

An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to a high temperature, by passing an electric current through it, until it glows with visible light (incandescence). The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated. In a halogen lamp, filament evaporation is prevented by a chemical process that redeposits metal vapor onto the filament, extending its life. The light bulb is supplied with electric current by feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support and electrical connections.

Question: What type of energy makes an incandescent light bulb glow?
Answer: electric current

Question: Which part of the incandescent light bulb is heated?
Answer: wire filament

Question: What part of a halogen light bulb supplies electric current?
Answer: feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass

Question: What provides the electricity to most light bulbs?
Answer: a socket

Question: Which type of light bulb uses inert gas?
Answer: incandescent light bulb
Title: Incandescent_light_bulb

Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of electric lighting; incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light, with standard light bulbs averaging about 2.2%. The remaining energy is converted into heat. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt, compared with 60 lm/W for a compact fluorescent bulb or 150 lm/W for some white LED lamps. Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the heat generated by the filament. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy. Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around 1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and 30,000 hours for lighting LEDs.

Question: Are incandescent bulbs more or less efficient than most electric lighting?
Answer: less efficient

Question: What percentage of energy does a standard light bulb actually convert to visible light?
Answer: 2.2%

Question: Which is more efficient: compact fluorescent or LED lights?
Answer: LED

Question: How long does a typical incandescent light bulb last?
Answer: 1,000 hours

Question: What happens to the energy that an incandescent bulb does not convert into light?
Answer: The remaining energy is converted into heat.
Title: Incandescent_light_bulb

Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED). Some jurisdictions, such as the European Union, China, Canada and United States, are in the process of phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs while others, including Colombia, Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil and Australia, have prohibited them already.

Question: What law did Australia make about incandescent light bulbs?
Answer: prohibited them already

Question: How is the United States treating incandescent light bulbs?
Answer: phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs

Question: What does the acronym CCFL refer to?
Answer: cold cathode fluorescent lamps

Question: What does the acronym CFL refer to?
Answer: compact fluorescent lamps

Question: What does the acronym LED refer to?
Answer: light-emitting diode
Title: Incandescent_light_bulb

In 1872, Russian Alexander Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb and obtained a Russian patent in 1874. He used as a burner two carbon rods of diminished section in a glass receiver, hermetically sealed, and filled with nitrogen, electrically arranged so that the current could be passed to the second carbon when the first had been consumed. Later he lived in the USA, changed his name to Alexander de Lodyguine and applied and obtained patents for incandescent lamps having chromium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, molybdenum and tungsten filaments, and a bulb using a molybdenum filament was demonstrated at the world fair of 1900 in Paris.

Question: Who patented an incandescent light bulb in Russia in 1874?
Answer: Alexander Lodygin

Question: What did Lodygin use as a burner in his lamp?
Answer: two carbon rods

Question: In what year did Lodygin demonstrate a lamp at the World's Fair?
Answer: 1900

Question: What did Lodygin change his name to after moving to the USA?
Answer: Alexander de Lodyguine

Question: When did Lodygin invent his first lamp?
Answer: 1872
Title: Incandescent_light_bulb

With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, and Swan gave a working demonstration at their meeting on 17 January 1879. It was also shown to 700 who attended a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne on 3 February 1879. These lamps used a carbon rod from an arc lamp rather than a slender filament. Thus they had low resistance and required very large conductors to supply the necessary current, so they were not commercially practical, although they did furnish a demonstration of the possibilities of incandescent lighting with relatively high vacuum, a carbon conductor, and platinum lead-in wires. Besides requiring too much current for a central station electric system to be practical, they had a very short lifetime. Swan turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament and the means of attaching its ends. He devised a method of treating cotton to produce 'parchmentised thread' and obtained British Patent 4933 in 1880. From this year he began installing light bulbs in homes and landmarks in England. His house was the first in the world to be lit by a lightbulb and also the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectric power. In 1878 the home of Lord Armstrong at Cragside was also among the first houses to be lit by electricity. In the early 1880s he had started his company. In 1881, the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London was lit by Swan incandescent lightbulbs, which was the first theatre, and the first public building in the world, to be lit entirely by electricity.

Question: Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879?
Answer: at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society

Question: Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp?
Answer: Charles Stearn

Question: Why was Swan's first lamp not commercially viable?
Answer: 'parchmentised thread'

Question: When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread?
Answer: 1880

Question: What was the first public building to install electric lighting?
Answer: the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London
Title: Incandescent_light_bulb

Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In Electric Lights" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals, in the end Edison returned to a carbon filament. The first successful test was on 22 October 1879, and lasted 13.5 hours. Edison continued to improve this design and by 4 November 1879, filed for a US patent for an electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected ... to platina contact wires." Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including using "cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways," Edison and his team later discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last more than 1200 hours. In 1880, the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company steamer, Columbia, became the first application for Edison's incandescent electric lamps (it was also the first ship to execute use of a dynamo).

Question: When did Edison begin research into incandescent lighting?
Answer: 1878

Question: With what material did Edison make his first filament?
Answer: carbon

Question: How long did Edison's light burn during his first successful test in 1879?
Answer: 13.5 hours

Question: What type of wood did Edison use in his improved filament?
Answer: bamboo

Question: What was the name of the first ship to use Edison's lamp?
Answer: Columbia
Title: Incandescent_light_bulb

Albon Man, a New York lawyer, started Electro-Dynamic Light Company in 1878 to exploit his patents and those of William Sawyer. Weeks later the United States Electric Lighting Company was organized. This company didn't made their first commercial installation of incandescent lamps until the fall of 1880 at the Mercantile Safe Deposit Company in New York City, about six months after the Edison incandescent lamps had been installed on the Columbia. Hiram S. Maxim was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company.

Question: Who founded Electro-Dynamic Light Company?
Answer: Albon Man

Question: Who was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company?
Answer: Hiram S. Maxim

Question: Where did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?
Answer: Mercantile Safe Deposit Company

Question: When did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?
Answer: fall of 1880

Question: Which company was organized first, Electro-Dynamic Light Company or United States Electric Lighting Company?
Answer: Electro-Dynamic Light Company
Title: Incandescent_light_bulb

Lewis Latimer, employed at the time by Edison, developed an improved method of heat-treating carbon filaments which reduced breakage and allowed them to be molded into novel shapes, such as the characteristic "M" shape of Maxim filaments. On 17 January 1882, Latimer received a patent for the "Process of Manufacturing Carbons", an improved method for the production of light bulb filaments, which was purchased by the United States Electric Light Company. Latimer patented other improvements such as a better way of attaching filaments to their wire supports.

Question: Who developed a heat-treating method that allowed carbon filaments to be molded into shapes?
Answer: Lewis Latimer

Question: When did Latimer patent his "Process of Manufacturing Carbons"?
Answer: 17 January 1882

Question: Which company purchased Latimer's patent?
Answer: United States Electric Light Company

Question: Who employed Latimer when he developed his first patent?
Answer: Edison
Title: Incandescent_light_bulb

On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often called Tungsram-bulbs in many European countries. Filling a bulb with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen retards the evaporation of the tungsten filament compared to operating it in a vacuum. This allows for greater temperatures and therefore greater efficacy with less reduction in filament life.

Question: Which inventors patented the tungsten filament lamp?
Answer: Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman

Question: When did Just and Hanaman receive their patent for the tungsten filament lamp?
Answer: 13 December 1904

Question: Which company first marketed the tungsten filament lamp?
Answer: Tungsram

Question: What type of gas fills a tungsten filament bulb?
Answer: argon or nitrogen

Question: What is a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe?
Answer: Tungsram-bulbs
Title: Incandescent_light_bulb

Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power input to the source, such as a lamp. Visible light is measured in lumens, a unit which is defined in part by the differing sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light. Not all wavelengths of visible electromagnetic energy are equally effective at stimulating the human eye; the luminous efficacy of radiant energy (LER) is a measure of how well the distribution of energy matches the perception of the eye. The units of luminous efficacy are "lumens per watt" (lpw). The maximum LER possible is 683 lm/W for monochromatic green light at 555 nanometers wavelength, the peak sensitivity of the human eye.

Question: What does the acronym LER refer to?
Answer: radiant luminous efficacy

Question: What is the maximum LER possible?
Answer: 683 lm/W

Question: In how many ways can one define luminous efficacy of a light source?
Answer: two ways

Question: What is the definition of radiant luminous efficacy?
Answer: the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths

Question: What does the acronym LES refer to?
Answer: source luminous efficacy
Title: Incandescent_light_bulb

The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiation at temperatures where they remain solid – below 3,695 K (3,422 °C; 6,191 °F). Donald L. Klipstein explains it this way: "An ideal thermal radiator produces visible light most efficiently at temperatures around 6,300 °C (6,600 K; 11,400 °F). Even at this high temperature, a lot of the radiation is either infrared or ultraviolet, and the theoretical luminous efficacy (LER) is 95 lumens per watt." No known material can be used as a filament at this ideal temperature, which is hotter than the sun's surface. An upper limit for incandescent lamp luminous efficacy (LER) is around 52 lumens per watt, the theoretical value emitted by tungsten at its melting point.

Question: At what temperature does a thermal radiator most efficiently produce light?
Answer: 6,300 °C

Question: What is the upper limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?
Answer: 52 lumens per watt

Question: What type of radiation makes up the majority of tungsten filament emissions?
Answer: infrared radiation

Question: What is the flaw in the color of light produced by an incandescent bulb?
Answer: the light emitted does not appear white,

Question: What is the theoretical LER value of tungsten at its melting point?
Answer: 52 lumens per watt
Title: Incandescent_light_bulb

Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-balancing is still required to avoid too "warm" or "cool" colors, but this is a simple process that requires only the color temperature in Kelvin as input for modern, digital visual reproduction equipment such as video or still cameras unless it is completely automated. The color-rendering performance of incandescent lights cannot be matched by LEDs or fluorescent lights, although they can offer satisfactory performance for non-critical applications such as home lighting. White-balancing such lights is therefore more complicated, requiring additional adjustments to reduce for example green-magenta color casts, and even when properly white-balanced, the color reproduction will not be perfect.

Question: What is the purpose of white-balancing?
Answer: to avoid too "warm" or "cool" colors

Question: Of incandescent lights, fluorescent lights and LEDs, which has the best color-rendering performance?
Answer: incandescent lights

Question: What is the color rendering index of an incandescent light?
Answer: 100

Question: Why do incandescent lights have superior color rendering?
Answer: the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament

Question: What is the highest possible color rendering index score?
Answer: 100
Title: Incandescent_light_bulb

There are many non-incandescent light sources, such as the fluorescent lamp, high-intensity discharge lamps and LED lamps, which have higher luminous efficiency, and some have been designed to be retrofitted in fixtures for incandescent lights. These devices produce light by luminescence. These lamps produce discrete spectral lines and do not have the broad "tail" of invisible infrared emissions. By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used, and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution, the spectrum emitted can be tuned to mimic the appearance of incandescent sources, or other different color temperatures of white light. Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum, the light is not ideal for applications such as photography and cinematography.

Question: Do fluorescent lights have a higher or lower luminous efficiency than incandescents?
Answer: higher

Question: How can luminescent light sources be modified to resemble the appearance of incandescents?
Answer: By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used, and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution

Question: Why are luminescent light sources not ideal for photography?
Answer: Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum
Title: Incandescent_light_bulb

The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as they age; this may be an inconvenience, or may reduce effective lifetime due to lamp replacement before total failure. A comparison of incandescent lamp operating cost with other light sources must include illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used, effect of lamp operation on heating and air conditioning systems. When used for lighting in houses and commercial buildings, the energy lost to heat can significantly increase the energy required by a building's air conditioning system. During the heating season heat produced by the bulbs is not wasted, although in most cases it is more cost effective to obtain heat from the heating system. Regardless, over the course of a year a more efficient lighting system saves energy in nearly all climates.

Question: What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting?
Answer: a building's air conditioning system

Question: Do incandescent lights have a longer or shorter life than other lighting sources?
Answer: shorter

Question: What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting?
Answer: illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used

Question: Do incandescent lights emit more, less, or the same amount of light as they age?
Answer: less

Question: What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system?
Answer: heat from the heating system