rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Dominican_Order

The Order of Preachers (Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum, hence the abbreviation OP used by members), more commonly known after the 15th century as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzman in France and approved by Pope Honorius III (1216–27) on 22 December 1216. Membership in this "mendicant" order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, and lay or secular Dominicans (formerly known as tertiaries, though recently there has been a growing number of Associates, who are unrelated to the tertiaries) affiliated with the order.

Question: What is the Latin for Order of Preachers?
Answer: Ordo Praedicatorum

Question: What Pope approved of the Order of Preachers?
Answer: Pope Honorius III

Question: After the 15th century, what was the Order of Preachers known as?
Answer: the Dominican Order

Question: What religion does the Dominican Order belong to?
Answer: Roman Catholic

Question: What Spanish Priest founded the Order of Preachers?
Answer: Saint Dominic de Guzman
Title: Dominican_Order

Founded to preach the Gospel and to combat heresy, the teaching activity of the order and its scholastic organization placed the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages. The order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order, who is currently Bruno Cadoré. Members of the order generally carry the letters O.P., standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order of Preachers, after their names.

Question: During what time period did the Dominican Order do its best work?
Answer: the Middle Ages

Question: What was one reason why the Dominican Order was established?
Answer: to combat heresy

Question: The head of the Dominican Order is known as what?
Answer: Master of the Order

Question: Who is the current Master of the Order?
Answer: Bruno Cadoré

Question: What is the Order of Preachers known for?
Answer: its intellectual tradition
Title: Dominican_Order

The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way. Men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this ideal emerged two orders of mendicant friars: one, the Friars Minor, was led by Francis of Assisi; the other, the Friars Preachers, by Dominic of Guzman. Like his contemporary, Francis, Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization, and the quick growth of the Dominicans and Franciscans during their first century of existence confirms that the orders of mendicant friars met a need.

Question: During the Middle Ages, who was no longer expected to stay behind walls away from the common man?
Answer: Men of God

Question: How many orders of mendicant friars came out of the Middle Ages?
Answer: two

Question: Who led the Friars Minor order at this time?
Answer: Francis of Assisi

Question: Dominic of Guzman led what order of mendicant friars?
Answer: the Friars Preachers

Question: What two groups grew quickly during the Middle Ages?
Answer: the Dominicans and Franciscans
Title: Dominican_Order

Dominic sought to establish a new kind of order, one that would bring the dedication and systematic education of the older monastic orders like the Benedictines to bear on the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities, but with more organizational flexibility than either monastic orders or the secular clergy. Dominic's new order was to be a preaching order, trained to preach in the vernacular languages. Rather than earning their living on vast farms as the monasteries had done, the new friars would survive by begging, "selling" themselves through persuasive preaching.

Question: The Dominican Order received influence from what monastic order?
Answer: the Benedictines

Question: What type of order was the Dominican Order?
Answer: a preaching order

Question: What did previous religious orders do for a living?
Answer: farms

Question: How did the Dominican Order earn money?
Answer: by begging
Title: Dominican_Order

Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue, a deep recognition of the spiritual power of worldly deprivation and the religious state, and a highly developed governmental structure. At the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a "mixed" spirituality. They were both active in preaching, and contemplative in study, prayer and meditation. The brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits had an impact on the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics and made those characteristics their own. In England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart.

Question: How did Dominic inspire his followers?
Answer: with loyalty to learning and virtue

Question: What group especially benefited from the Dominican Order's mystical spirituality?
Answer: nuns

Question: In what country did Dominican Order nuns thrive in?
Answer: England

Question: What type of spirituality did Dominic want his followers to learn?
Answer: a "mixed" spirituality
Title: Dominican_Order

As an adolescent, he had a particular love of theology and the Scriptures became the foundation of his spirituality. During his studies in Palencia, Spain, he experienced a dreadful famine, prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books and other equipment to help his neighbors. After he completed his studies, Bishop Martin Bazan and Prior Diego d'Achebes appointed Dominic to the cathedral chapter and he became a regular canon under the Rule of St. Augustine and the Constitutions for the cathedral church of Osma. At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, he was ordained to the priesthood.

Question: What subject did Dominic particularly love?
Answer: theology

Question: Why did Dominic sell his books?
Answer: to help his neighbors

Question: In what country did Dominic experience a great famine?
Answer: Spain

Question: At around what age was Dominic ordained as a Priest?
Answer: twenty-five

Question: After completing his studies, under whose rule did he become a regular canon?
Answer: St. Augustine
Title: Dominican_Order

In 1203, Dominic joined Prior Diego de Acebo on an embassy to Denmark for the monarchy of Spain, to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark. At that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Duke of Albi, a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229). Dominic was fired by a reforming zeal after they encountered Albigensian Christians at Toulouse.

Question: With whom did Dominic travel with to Denmark?
Answer: Prior Diego de Acebo

Question: Who requested that Dominic travel to Denmark?
Answer: monarchy of Spain

Question: In 1203, what area was a stronghold of the Cathar?
Answer: south of France

Question: During what time period did the Albigensian Crusade occur?
Answer: 1209–1229

Question: Why did Dominic travel to Denmark in 1203?
Answer: to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark
Title: Dominican_Order

Prior Diego saw immediately one of the paramount reasons for the spread of the unorthodox movement: the representatives of the Holy Church acted and moved with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony. On the other hand, the Cathars lived in a state of self-sacrifice that was widely appealing. For these reasons, Prior Diego suggested that the papal legates begin to live a reformed apostolic life. The legates agreed to change if they could find a strong leader. The prior took up the challenge, and he and Dominic dedicated themselves to the conversion of the Albigensians. Despite this particular mission, in winning the Albigensians over by persuasion Dominic met limited success, "for though in his ten years of preaching a large number of converts were made, it has to be said that the results were not such as had been hoped for."

Question: How did Prior Diego think the members of the Holy Church acted?
Answer: with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony

Question: Who did Prior Diego admire more than the Holy Church?
Answer: the Cathars

Question: How did the Cathars live?
Answer: in a state of self-sacrifice

Question: In order to change to a better way of life, what did the legates request of Diego?
Answer: a strong leader

Question: Who did Diego and Dominic try to convert?
Answer: the Albigensians
Title: Dominican_Order

Dominic became the spiritual father to several Albigensian women he had reconciled to the faith, and in 1206 he established them in a convent in Prouille. This convent would become the foundation of the Dominican nuns, thus making the Dominican nuns older than the Dominican friars. Prior Diego sanctioned the building of a monastery for girls whose parents had sent them to the care of the Albigensians because their families were too poor to fulfill their basic needs. The monastery was at Prouille would later become Dominic's headquarters for his missionary effort there. After two years on the mission field, Prior Diego died while traveling back to Spain. When his preaching companions heard of his death, all save Dominic and a very small number of others returned to their homes.

Question: In what year did Dominic establish a convent?
Answer: 1206

Question: What women did Dominic convert for his convent?
Answer: Albigensian

Question: What group are older than the Dominican Friars?
Answer: Dominican nuns

Question: Why did families send their girls to Diego's monastery? 
Answer: too poor

Question: How long after his mission did Prior Diego die?
Answer: two years
Title: Dominican_Order

In July 1215, with the approbation of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse, Dominic ordered his followers into an institutional life. Its purpose was revolutionary in the pastoral ministry of the Catholic Church. These priests were organized and well trained in religious studies. Dominic needed a framework—a rule—to organize these components. The Rule of St. Augustine was an obvious choice for the Dominican Order, according to Dominic's successor, Jordan of Saxony, because it lent itself to the "salvation of souls through preaching". By this choice, however, the Dominican brothers designated themselves not monks, but canons-regular. They could practice ministry and common life while existing in individual poverty.

Question: What framework did Dominic use in order to build his institution?
Answer: Rule of St. Augustine

Question: In what year did Dominic order his followers into an institutional life?
Answer: 1215

Question: Who was the successor to Dominic?
Answer: Jordan of Saxony

Question: What did the Rule of St. Augustine believe in?
Answer: the "salvation of souls through preaching"

Question: What were the Dominican Brothers?
Answer: canons-regular
Title: Dominican_Order

Dominic's education at Palencia gave him the knowledge he needed to overcome the Manicheans. With charity, the other concept that most defines the work and spirituality of the order, study became the method most used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against the perils that hounded it, and also of enlarging its authority over larger areas of the known world. In Dominic's thinking, it was impossible for men to preach what they did not or could not understand. When the brethren left Prouille, then, to begin their apostolic work, Dominic sent Matthew of Paris to establish a school near the University of Paris. This was the first of many Dominican schools established by the brethren, some near large universities throughout Europe.

Question: Dominic studied in what city?
Answer: Palencia

Question: Dominic's education helped him to overcome who?
Answer: the Manicheans

Question: What helps define the work of the Dominican Order?
Answer: charity

Question: In what city did Dominic establish a school?
Answer: Paris

Question: Who did Dominic entrust to start his school?
Answer: Matthew of Paris
Title: Dominican_Order

In 1219 Pope Honorius III invited Saint Dominic and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina, which they did by early 1220. Before that time the friars had only a temporary residence in Rome at the convent of San Sisto Vecchio which Honorius III had given to Dominic circa 1218 intending it to become a convent for a reformation of nuns at Rome under Dominic's guidance. In May 1220 at Bologna the order's first General Chapter mandated that each new priory of the order maintain its own studium conventuale thus laying the foundation of the Dominican tradition of sponsoring widespread institutions of learning. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5, 1222. This studium was transformed into the order's first studium provinciale by Saint Thomas Aquinas in 1265. Part of the curriculum of this studium was relocated in 1288 at the studium of Santa Maria sopra Minerva which in the 16th century world be transformed into the College of Saint Thomas (Latin: Collegium Divi Thomæ). In the 20th century the college would be relocated to the convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus and would be transformed into the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum.

Question: Where did Dominic and his followers live during early 1220?
Answer: the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina

Question: Who invited Dominic to stay in the Roman Basilica of Santa Sabina?
Answer: Pope Honorius III

Question: What was required of each new priory?
Answer: its own studium conventuale

Question: When did Pope Honorius III transfer property to the Order of Preachers?
Answer: June 5, 1222

Question: The College of Saint Thomas became what institution of learning in the 20th Century?
Answer: the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum
Title: Dominican_Order

The Dominican friars quickly spread, including to England, where they appeared in Oxford in 1221. In the 13th century the order reached all classes of Christian society, fought heresy, schism, and paganism by word and book, and by its missions to the north of Europe, to Africa, and Asia passed beyond the frontiers of Christendom. Its schools spread throughout the entire Church; its doctors wrote monumental works in all branches of knowledge, including the extremely important Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Its members included popes, cardinals, bishops, legates, inquisitors, confessors of princes, ambassadors, and paciarii (enforcers of the peace decreed by popes or councils). The order was appointed by Pope Gregory IX the duty to carry out the Inquisition. In his Papal Bull Ad extirpanda of 1252, Pope Innocent IV authorised the Dominicans' use of torture under prescribed circumstances.

Question: What European country did the Dominican Friars quickly expand to?
Answer: England

Question: What British university did the Dominican Friars appear in?
Answer: Oxford

Question: What did the Dominican Order fight against?
Answer: paganism

Question: What is one branch of knowledge that the Dominican Order created works in?
Answer: Thomas Aquinas

Question: Who appointed the Dominican Order to begin the inquisition?
Answer: Pope Gregory IX
Title: Dominican_Order

The expansion of the order produced changes. A smaller emphasis on doctrinal activity favoured the development here and there of the ascetic and contemplative life and there sprang up, especially in Germany and Italy, the mystical movement with which the names of Meister Eckhart, Heinrich Suso, Johannes Tauler, and St. Catherine of Siena are associated. (See German mysticism, which has also been called "Dominican mysticism.") This movement was the prelude to the reforms undertaken, at the end of the century, by Raymond of Capua, and continued in the following century. It assumed remarkable proportions in the congregations of Lombardy and the Netherlands, and in the reforms of Savonarola in Florence.

Question: The term "Dominican mysticism" is also knows as what?
Answer: German mysticism

Question: In what European countries did the Dominican Order experience changes to how they thought?
Answer: Germany and Italy

Question: What saint is associated with the new Dominican mysticism?
Answer: St. Catherine of Siena

Question: Dominican mysticism also spread to what European country?
Answer: the Netherlands

Question: What friar helped to spread Dominican mysticism to Italy?
Answer: Savonarola
Title: Dominican_Order

At the same time the order found itself face to face with the Renaissance. It struggled against pagan tendencies in Renaissance humanism, in Italy through Dominici and Savonarola, in Germany through the theologians of Cologne but it also furnished humanism with such advanced writers as Francesco Colonna (probably the writer of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili) and Matteo Bandello. Many Dominicans took part in the artistic activity of the age, the most prominent being Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo.

Question: What historical period gave the Dominican Order a challenge?
Answer: the Renaissance

Question: What was it about the Renaissance that gave the Dominican Order problems?
Answer: pagan tendencies

Question: The theologians of what German city gave the Dominican Order resistance?
Answer: Cologne

Question: What writer fused humanism with the Dominican Order teachings?
Answer: Matteo Bandello

Question: What Dominican friar celebrated the arts of the Renaissance age?
Answer: Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo
Title: Dominican_Order

During this critical period, the number of Preachers seems never to have sunk below 3,500. Statistics for 1876 show 3,748, but 500 of these had been expelled from their convents and were engaged in parochial work. Statistics for 1910 show a total of 4,472 nominally or actually engaged in proper activities of the order. In the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows, 917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6058 Dominican friars, including 4,470 priests.

Question: In 1876, how many preachers were expelled from the Dominican Order?
Answer: 500

Question: In 1910, how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work?
Answer: 4,472

Question: How many Dominican friars were there in 2013?
Answer: 6058

Question: In what year were there 4,470 priests in the Dominican Order?
Answer: 2013

Question: How many student brothers were there in the year 2000?
Answer: 917
Title: Dominican_Order

In the revival movement France held a foremost place, owing to the reputation and convincing power of the orator, Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire (1802–1861). He took the habit of a Friar Preacher at Rome (1839), and the province of France was canonically erected in 1850. From this province were detached the province of Lyon, called Occitania (1862), that of Toulouse (1869), and that of Canada (1909). The French restoration likewise furnished many laborers to other provinces, to assist in their organization and progress. From it came the master general who remained longest at the head of the administration during the 19th century, Père Vincent Jandel (1850–1872). Here should be mentioned the province of St. Joseph in the United States. Founded in 1805 by Edward Fenwick, afterwards first Bishop of Cincinnati, Ohio (1821–1832), this province has developed slowly, but now ranks among the most flourishing and active provinces of the order. In 1910 it numbered seventeen convents or secondary houses. In 1905, it established a large house of studies at Washington, D.C., called the Dominican House of Studies. There are now four Dominican provinces in the United States.

Question: What country held a prominent place in the revival movement?
Answer: France

Question: What orator was very famous during the revival movement?
Answer: Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire

Question: When was the province of France canonically erected?
Answer: 1850

Question: What title did Pere Vincent Jandel hold during this time?
Answer: master general
Title: Dominican_Order

The province of France has produced a large number of preachers. The conferences of Notre-Dame-de-Paris were inaugurated by Père Lacordaire. The Dominicans of the province of France furnished Lacordaire (1835–1836, 1843–1851), Jacques Monsabré (1869–1870, 1872–1890), Joseph Ollivier (1871, 1897), Thomas Etourneau (1898–1902).[citation needed] Since 1903 the pulpit of Notre Dame has been occupied by a succession of Dominicans. Père Henri Didon (d. 1900) was a Dominican. The house of studies of the province of France publishes L'Année Dominicaine (founded 1859), La Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Theologiques (1907), and La Revue de la Jeunesse (1909). French Dominicans founded and administer the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem founded in 1890 by Père Marie-Joseph Lagrange O.P. (1855–1938), one of the leading international centres for Biblical research. It is at the École Biblique that the famed Jerusalem Bible (both editions) was prepared.

Question: What country has produced a large number of preachers?
Answer: France

Question: What Dominican Friar inugurated the conferences of Notre Dame of Paris?
Answer: Père Lacordaire

Question: What is the name of another French Dominican friar during this time?
Answer: Thomas Etourneau

Question: What is one of the leading international centers for biblical research?
Answer: the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem

Question: What was prepared at the Ecole Biblique?
Answer: Jerusalem Bible
Title: Dominican_Order

Doctrinal development has had an important place in the restoration of the Preachers. Several institutions, besides those already mentioned, played important parts. Such is the Biblical school at Jerusalem, open to the religious of the order and to secular clerics, which publishes the Revue Biblique. The faculty of theology at the University of Fribourg, confided to the care of the Dominicans in 1890, is flourishing, and has about 250 students. The Pontificium Collegium Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum established at Rome in 1908 by Master Hyacinth Cormier, opened its doors to regulars and seculars for the study of the sacred sciences. In addition to the reviews above are the Revue Thomiste, founded by Père Thomas Coconnier (d. 1908), and the Analecta Ordinis Prædicatorum (1893). Among numerous writers of the order in this period are: Cardinals Thomas Zigliara (d. 1893) and Zephirin González (d. 1894), two esteemed philosophers; Alberto Guillelmotti (d. 1893), historian of the Pontifical Navy, and Heinrich Denifle, one of the most famous writers on medieval history (d. 1905).[citation needed]

Question: What school publishes the Revue Biblique?
Answer: Biblical school at Jerusalem

Question: When was the University of Fribourg put into the Dominican Order's care?
Answer: 1890

Question: How many students does the University of Fribourg have?
Answer: 250

Question: What is the name of one Dominican Order institution of learning?
Answer: Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas

Question: What Dominican founded the Revue Thomiste?
Answer: Père Thomas Coconnier