rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Black_people

Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Africa.

Question: Where was the Arab Slave Trade?
Answer: North Africa

Question: When were the Arab Invasions?
Answer: the 7th century

Question: Where were numerous dark-skinned communities? 
Answer: North Africa

Question: When did these communities begin?
Answer: some dating from prehistoric communities.

Question: Who are they descendants of?
Answer: Trans-Saharan trade in peoples
Title: Black_people

In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission.

Question: When did Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail live?
Answer: (1672–1727)

Question: How many black slaves did he own?
Answer: 150,000

Question: What did he call his slave army?
Answer: Black Guard

Question: What did the Black Guard do?
Answer: coerced the country into submission.

Question: When did the Black Guard exist?
Answer: In the 18th century
Title: Black_people

According to Dr. Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's University of the State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world, including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America. He claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry.

Question: Why would a black-looking Arab consider himself white?
Answer: because they have some distant white ancestry.

Question: Where does Dr. Carlos Moore work?
Answer: Brazil's University of the State of Bahia

Question: How do Afro-multiracials identify in the 21st century?
Answer: in ways that resemble multi-racials
Title: Black_people

Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman and a father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian. In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish".

Question: Who was the Egyptian President?
Answer: Anwar Sadat

Question: What ethnicity was his mother?
Answer: Nubian Sudanese

Question: What ethnicity was his father?
Answer: Egyptian

Question: What color did he refer to himself as?
Answer: reddish
Title: Black_people

Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males. The men interpreted the Qur'an to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex), leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as umm walad or "mother of a child", a status that granted her privileged rights. The child was given rights of inheritance to the father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers' social status at birth and were born free.

Question: Who was enslaved more often?
Answer: black women

Question: What did the Qur'an permit?
Answer: sexual relations between a male master and his female slave

Question: What were female slaves used for?
Answer: domestic service and agriculture

Question: What is the term for a pregnant slave?
Answer: umm walad

Question: What does umm walad mean?
Answer: "mother of a child"
Title: Black_people

Some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of a slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically "free", was not so common in Morocco. The long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd (Arabic: عبد‎,) (meaning "slave"); it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people.

Question: Who was the ruler in Morocco?
Answer: Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur

Question: When did Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur rule?
Answer: from 1578 to 1608

Question: What ethnicity was his mother?
Answer: Fulani

Question: What Arabic term is still used for black people?
Answer: (Arabic: عبد‎,) (meaning "slave")

Question: Who still had the term "slave" used in reference to them?
Answer: sub-Saharan peoples
Title: Black_people

In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically people of sub-Saharan African descent). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.

Question: When did the Arab apartheid intensify? 
Answer: early 1991

Question: Who felt persecuted due to the apartheid?
Answer: non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe

Question: Where did these people live?
Answer: Sudan

Question: Who controlled the government?
Answer: Sudanese Arabs

Question: What was the government being accused of?
Answer: deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.
Title: Black_people

American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid.

Question: Who accused the Arab government of practicing acts of racism?
Answer: George Ayittey

Question: Who executed the apartheid?
Answer: the Arab government

Question: Who was excluded?
Answer: blacks

Question: Where were they?
Answer: Sudan

Question: What is George Ayittey's profession? 
Answer: economist
Title: Black_people

Alan Dershowitz described Sudan as an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid." Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation.

Question: Who was the Canadian Minister of Justice?
Answer: Irwin Cotler

Question: How did Alan Dershozitz describe the Sudan?
Answer: an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid."

Question: Who argeed with Dershowitz?
Answer: Irwin Cotler

Question: Where did Irwin Cotler live?
Answer: Canadian
Title: Black_people

In South Africa, the period of colonization resulted in many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As the Europeans acquired territory and imposed rule over the Africans, they generally pushed mixed-race and Africans into second-class status. During the first half of the 20th century, the Afrikaaner-dominated government classified the population according to four main racial groups: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian), and Coloured. The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent (with some Malay ancestry, especially in the Western Cape). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary political position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa. It imposed a system of legal racial segregation, a complex of laws known as apartheid.

Question: What did the colonization of South Africa result in?
Answer: many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes

Question: What was a result of these marriages?
Answer: mixed-race children

Question: What class were Africans and Mixed Race children considered?
Answer: second-class

Question: Who was included in the Coloured group?
Answer: Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent

Question: What does apartheid mean?
Answer: a system of legal racial segregation
Title: Black_people

The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be considered Coloured or Black, the "pencil test" was used. A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil, rather than having it pass through, as it would with smoother hair. If so, the person was classified as Black. Such classifications sometimes divided families.

Question: What act determined what class a citizen belonged to?
Answer: the Population Registration Act of 1945

Question: What test was used to determine if someone was coloured or black?
Answer: pencil test

Question: How did the pencil test work?
Answer: A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil

Question: Who administered the "Pencil Test"?
Answer: Minor officials
Title: Black_people

Sandra Laing is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture, although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based on her anomalous appearance disrupted her family and adult life. She was the subject of the 2008 biographical dramatic film Skin, which won numerous awards.

Question: Who was featured in the movie "Skin"?
Answer: Sandra Laing

Question: What year was the movie "Skin" made?
Answer: 2008

Question: At was age was Sandra Laing expelled from school?
Answer: age 10

Question: What is Sandra Laing's ethnicity? 
Answer: South African

Question: How many generations of European Ancestors does Sandra Laing have?
Answer: three
Title: Black_people

During the apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black". The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townships located away from the cities as areas for Blacks.

Question: Who was oppressed and discriminated against?
Answer: those classed as "Coloured"

Question: What era did this discrimination take place?
Answer: During the apartheid era

Question: Who were "Coloured" people above in the class system?
Answer: those classed as "Black"

Question: Where were the "black" areas?
Answer: large townships located away from the cities
Title: Black_people

In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared the country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians". Some affirmative action policies favor "Africans" over "Coloureds" in terms of qualifying for certain benefits. Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" say that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. "Coloured" South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying, "we were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under the ANC (African National Congress)".[citation needed]

Question: What laws did they introduce to support blacks?
Answer: affirmative action policies

Question: Who does the term "black" people include?
Answer: "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians"

Question: What did South Africa's Constitution Declare to be?
Answer: a "Non-racial democracy"

Question: Who makes the "Coloured" people feel "Not black enough"?
Answer: ANC (African National Congress)

Question: Who is favored more under the affirmative action policies? 
Answer: "Africans
Title: Black_people

In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as "Black people," solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination. Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid do not qualify for such benefits.

Question: Who declared Chinese South Africans as "Black People"?
Answer: the High Court in South Africa

Question: What year did this ruling happen?
Answer: 2008

Question: Why was this classification made?
Answer: solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits

Question: What Chinese people did not qualify for benefits?
Answer: Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid

Question: Why did some Chinese citizens qualify for benefits? 
Answer: they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination.
Title: Black_people

Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language, as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.

Question: What is another way "Coloureds" can be distinguished from "Blacks"?
Answer: language

Question: What languages are most common?
Answer: Afrikaans or English

Question: What are less common languages spoken?
Answer: Zulu or Xhosa

Question: What types of names do "coloureds" have?
Answer: European-sounding names

Question: What type of names do "blacks" have?
Answer: Bantu names
Title: Black_people

Historians estimate that between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved by Arab slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the number of slaves who were taken to the Americas. Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies: The traders shipped more female slaves than males, as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Male slaves were castrated in order to serve as harem guards. The death toll of Black African slaves from forced labor was high. The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system. As a result, few distinctive Afro-Arab black communities have survived in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries.

Question: How many sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved?
Answer: 10 to 18 million

Question: In what time frame were these people enslaved?
Answer: between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century

Question: Who enslaved these people?
Answer: Arab slave traders

Question: Why were women slaves more popular?
Answer: for them to serve as concubines

Question: Who was assimilated into the Arab slave owner families?
Answer: The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners
Title: Black_people

Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, with an average of 38% of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent, 16% in Oman-Qatar, and 10% in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates.

Question: How many people in Yemen have African lineage? 
Answer: average of 38%

Question: How many people in Oman-Qatar have African lineage?
Answer: 16%

Question: How many people in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates have African lineage?
Answer: 10%

Question: Genetic studies have found which gene in Arab communities?
Answer: African female-mediated gene
Title: Black_people

Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people, and they attest to a history of discrimination. African-Iraquis have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of their population. According to Alamin M. Mazrui et al., generally in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, most of those of visible African descent are still classified and identify as Arab, not black.

Question: Who is seeking minority status from the government?
Answer: African-Iraquis

Question: Where would they be represented if minority status is granted?
Answer: Parliament

Question: How are Africans classified in the Arabian Peninsula?
Answer: as Arab

Question: What types of communities have been reported in Iraq?
Answer: Distinctive and self-identified black communities

Question: Who gave information on how blacks were classified in the Arabian Peninsula?
Answer: Alamin M. Mazrui et al.
Title: Black_people

About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia. In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are descendants of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in the Negev town of Dimona. Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

Question: How many East African and black people live in Israel?
Answer: About 150,000

Question: What percent of Israel's population is black?
Answer: just over 2%

Question: When did they migrate to Israel?
Answer: during the 1980s and 1990s

Question: Where did they migrate from?
Answer: Ethiopia.

Question: Where are most of the black converts from?
Answer: the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.
Title: Black_people

Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea, particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains; some are illegal immigrants.

Question: How many non-jewish African immigrants live in Israel?
Answer: around 60,000

Question: What have these immigrants sought?
Answer: asylum

Question: Where are most of them from?
Answer: Sudan and Eritrea

Question: What languages do they speak?
Answer: Niger-Congo

Question: Where are the non jewish immigrants from?
Answer: southern Nuba Mountains
Title: Black_people

Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire, tens of thousands of Black Africans were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey. Some of their descendants remained in situ, and many migrated to larger cities and towns. Other blacks slaves were transported to Crete, from where they or their descendants later reached the İzmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, or indirectly from Ayvalık in pursuit of work.

Question: When did the slave trade begin?
Answer: during the period of the Ottoman Empire

Question: Where were the slaves brought?
Answer: Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey

Question: Where did former slaves go for work once freed?
Answer: İzmir area

Question: What year did they begin to migrate to Izmir?
Answer: 1923
Title: Black_people

The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is actually derived from "Sayyid", the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area. In the Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan, these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani. There was a brief "Black Power" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry.

Question: Who are the Siddi?
Answer: an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan

Question: Who did the Siddi descend from?
Answer: Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa

Question: What does the word "Siddi" derive from?
Answer: "Sayyid"

Question: Where does the term Sayyid come from?
Answer: the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area

Question: When was the "black power" movement in Sindh?
Answer: 1960s
Title: Black_people

The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia. Once inhabiting Taiwan, Vietnam, and various other parts of Asia, they are now confined primarily to Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i.e., "little black person"); it is what the Spaniards called the short-statured, hunter-gatherer autochthones that they encountered in the Philippines. Despite this, Negritos are never referred to as black today, and doing so would cause offense. The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia, where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang, although this term actually refers to a specific group. The common Thai word for Negritos literally means "frizzy hair".

Question: Who were the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia?
Answer: The Negritos

Question: Where do the Negritos reside currently?
Answer: Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Question: What does Negrito mean?
Answer: "little black people"

Question: What language does the term Negrito come from?
Answer: Spanish

Question: What term is interchangable with Negrito?
Answer: Semang
Title: Black_people

The term "Moors" has been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans alike.

Question: What does the term "Moors" refer to?
Answer: Muslims

Question: What descent of Muslims does "Moors" refer to?
Answer: Arab or Berber descent

Question: In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together?
Answer: Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans

Question: Where did "Moors" migrate from?
Answer: North Africa or Iberia

Question: What kind of term is "Moors"?
Answer: derogatory
Title: Black_people

Isidore of Seville, writing in the 7th century, claimed that the Latin word Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron, μαύρον, which is the Greek word for black. Indeed, by the time Isidore of Seville came to write his Etymologies, the word Maurus or "Moor" had become an adjective in Latin, "for the Greeks call black, mauron". "In Isidore’s day, Moors were black by definition…"

Question: Who claimed that Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron?
Answer: Isidore of Seville

Question: When was this claim made?
Answer: 7th century,

Question: What does mauron mean?
Answer: black

Question: What is the compilation of Isidore of Seville's work called?
Answer: Etymologies

Question: What was "Black by definition"?
Answer: Moors