rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Black_people

Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent. They today mainly come from Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal. Additionally, many Afro-Spaniards born in Spain are from the former Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea. Today, there are an estimated 683,000 Afro-Spaniards in Spain.

Question: What are Afro-Spaniards?
Answer: Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent

Question: Where do Afro-Spaniards come from?
Answer: Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal

Question: Which Spanish colony do Afro-Spaniards reside?
Answer: Equatorial Guinea

Question: How many Afro-Spaniards currently live in Spain?
Answer: an estimated 683,000
Title: Black_people

According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush. The preferred official umbrella term is "black and minority ethnic" (BME), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of "African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin".

Question: In 2001 how many black people lived in the UK?
Answer: over a million black

Question: What percentage of the population was "Black Caribbean"?
Answer: 1%

Question: What percentage of the population was "Black African"?
Answer: 0.8%

Question: What percentage of the population was "Black other"?
Answer: 0.2%

Question: When did Britain encourage immigration of workers?
Answer: after World War II
Title: Black_people

As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia. Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many Black Africans. This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc.

Question: When did African states become independent?
Answer: 1960s

Question: Who offered many Africans a chance to study in their country?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: How many students moved from Africa to Russia?
Answer: about 400,000

Question: Why did students move to Russia?
Answer: to pursue higher studies

Question: Migration to Russia continued into many countries where?
Answer: Eastern bloc.
Title: Black_people

Due to the Ottoman slave trade that had flourished in the Balkans, the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community. As a consequence of the slave trade and privateer activity, it is told how until 1878 in Ulcinj 100 black people lived. The Ottoman Army also deployed an estimated 30,000 Black African troops and cavalrymen to its expedition in Hungary during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18.

Question: Where did the Ottoman slave trade flourish?
Answer: in the Balkans

Question: What town had it's own black community?
Answer: Ulcinj

Question: What country is Ulcinj in?
Answer: Montenegro

Question: How many black people lived in Ulcinj until 1878?
Answer: 100

Question: How many blacks served in the Ottoman Army during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18?
Answer: an estimated 30,000
Title: Black_people

Indigenous Australians have been referred to as "black people" in Australia since the early days of European settlement. While originally related to skin colour, the term is used to today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation.

Question: Who has been referred to as "black people"?
Answer: Indigenous Australians

Question: What was the original term related to?
Answer: skin colour

Question: Since when have Indigenous Australians been referred to as black?
Answer: since the early days of European settlement

Question: What does the term relate to know in reference to Australians? 
Answer: to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry
Title: Black_people

Being identified as either "black" or "white" in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries was critical in one's employment and social prospects. Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over the lives of Indigenous Australians – where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents. Aborigines were not allowed to vote and were often confined to reserves and forced into low paid or effectively slave labour. The social position of mixed-race or "half-caste" individuals varied over time. A 1913 report by Sir Baldwin Spencer states that:

Question: What was established to control the Indigenous Australians?
Answer: Aboriginal Protection Boards

Question: What did the Aboriginal Protection Boards control?
Answer: where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents.

Question: Were Aborigines allowed to vote?
Answer: Aborigines were not allowed to vote

Question: Who reported how the Aborigines were treated?
Answer: Sir Baldwin Spencer

Question: What year was his report from?
Answer: 1913
Title: Black_people

After the First World War, however, it became apparent that the number of mixed-race people was growing at a faster rate than the white population, and by 1930 fear of the "half-caste menace" undermining the White Australia ideal from within was being taken as a serious concern. Dr. Cecil Cook, the Northern Territory Protector of Natives, noted that:

Question: Which race was growing faster after the First World War?
Answer: mixed-race people

Question: What did people fear in 1930?
Answer: "half-caste menace"

Question: What did this menace undermine?
Answer: the White Australia ideal

Question: Who noted this particular fear?
Answer: Dr. Cecil Cook

Question: Who is Dr. Cecil Cook?
Answer: the Northern Territory Protector of Natives,
Title: Black_people

The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: "Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white". This led to different treatment for "black" and "half-caste" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as "white" people, restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs, a process now known as the Stolen Generation.

Question: Who did the government want raised as white?
Answer: "half-caste" individuals

Question: What was the goal of removing mixed races from their homes?
Answer: Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white"

Question: What were the mixed race individuals kept from doing?
Answer: speaking their native language and practising traditional customs

Question: What was this process referred to?
Answer: the Stolen Generation
Title: Black_people

The second half of the 20th century to the present has seen a gradual shift towards improved human rights for Aboriginal people. In a 1967 referendum over 90% of the Australian population voted to end constitutional discrimination and to include Aborigines in the national census. During this period many Aboriginal activists began to embrace the term "black" and use their ancestry as a source of pride. Activist Bob Maza said:

Question: When did human rights for Aboriginal people begin to improve?
Answer: The second half of the 20th century

Question: What year was constitutional discrimination ended?
Answer: 1967

Question: What else was included in the 1967 referendum?
Answer: to include Aborigines in the national census.

Question: What term was embraced during this period?
Answer: "black"

Question: Who said the Aboriginal people started to embrace their ancestry?
Answer: Activist Bob Maza
Title: Black_people

In 1978 Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert received the National Book Council award for his book Living Black: Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert, a collection of Aboriginal people's stories, and in 1998 was awarded (but refused to accept) the Human Rights Award for Literature for Inside Black Australia, a poetry anthology and exhibition of Aboriginal photography. In contrast to previous definitions based solely on the degree of Aboriginal ancestry, in 1990 the Government changed the legal definition of Aboriginal to include any:

Question: Who wrote "Living Black?
Answer: Kevin Gilbert

Question: What year was Gilbert awarded for his efforts?
Answer: 1978

Question: What was Living Black about?
Answer: a collection of Aboriginal people's stories

Question: What award did Gilbert refuse in 1998?
Answer: the Human Rights Award for Literature

Question: What was the award in 1998 for?
Answer: Inside Black Australia
Title: Black_people

This nationwide acceptance and recognition of Aboriginal people led to a significant increase in the number of people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The reappropriation of the term "black" with a positive and more inclusive meaning has resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture, including public media outlets, government agencies, and private companies. In 2012, a number of high-profile cases highlighted the legal and community attitude that identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is not dependent on skin colour, with a well-known boxer Anthony Mundine being widely criticised for questioning the "blackness" of another boxer and journalist Andrew Bolt being successfully sued for publishing discriminatory comments about Aboriginals with light skin.

Question: What did the improvements in quality of life increase?
Answer: people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander

Question: What has the reappropriation of the word "black" done?
Answer: resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture,

Question: In what year were there several cases that helped to redefine Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?
Answer: 2012

Question: What well known boxer was criticized for question someone's blackness?
Answer: Anthony Mundine

Question: Which Journalist was sued for publishing discriminatory comments?
Answer: Andrew Bolt
Title: Black_people

In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name "Begraafplaats van de Neger" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625. Thomas Jefferson also used the term "black" in his Notes on the State of Virginia in allusion to the slave populations.

Question: Who described slaves as negars?
Answer: John Rolfe

Question: Where was John Rolfe?
Answer: Colonial America

Question: Where were slaves shipped to from West Africa?
Answer: Virginia colony

Question: What was the name of the African burial ground in New York City?
Answer: "Begraafplaats van de Neger"

Question: What does "Begraafplaats van de Neger" mean?
Answer: Cemetery of the Negro
Title: Black_people

By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word for African Americans at a time when black was considered more offensive. This term was accepted as normal, including by people classified as Negroes, until the later Civil Rights movement in the late 1960s. One well-known example is the identification by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. of his own race as "Negro" in his famous speech of 1963, I Have a Dream. During the American Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, some African-American leaders in the United States, notably Malcolm X, objected to the word Negro because they associated it with the long history of slavery, segregation, and discrimination that treated African Americans as second-class citizens, or worse. Malcolm X preferred Black to Negro, but later gradually abandoned that as well for Afro-American after leaving the Nation of Islam.

Question: When did "nigger" become a pejorative word?
Answer: By the 1900s

Question: What term replaced negro as mainstream?
Answer: colored

Question: What term followed "negro" and "colored"?
Answer: "black"

Question: What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric? 
Answer: the African-American Civil rights movement

Question: Who led the Civil Rights movement?
Answer: Reverend Martin Luther King
Title: Black_people

In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof. However, when the first captives were brought to the Americas, they were often combined with other groups from West Africa, and individual ethnic affiliations were not generally acknowledged by English colonists. In areas of the Upper South, different ethnic groups were brought together. This is significant as the captives came from a vast geographic region: the West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast such as Mozambique. A new African-American identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various ethnic groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the Black church and Black English. This new identity was based on provenance and slave status rather than membership in any one ethnic group.[citation needed] By contrast, slave records from Louisiana show that the French and Spanish colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans, including ethnicities and given tribal names.

Question: How did black people identify in early America?
Answer: by their specific ethnic group

Question: What was not acknowledged by English colonists?
Answer: individual ethnic affiliations

Question: How vast was the backgrounds of the captives?
Answer: West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast

Question: How was the new African American identity defined?
Answer: This new identity was based on provenance and slave status

Question: Which colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans?
Answer: French and Spanish colonists
Title: Black_people

The US racial or ethnic classification "black" refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation, from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have West African ancestry (in any discernible percentage), or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being "African American". As a result, in the United States the term "black people" is not an indicator of skin color or ethnic origin but is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. Relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of "whiteness", and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for "blackness" in a particular setting.

Question: What type of skin pigment does "Black" refer to?
Answer: the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors

Question: In the United States the term "black people" is an indicator for?
Answer: socially based racial classification related to being African American,

Question: Where does the US base family history of African Americans from?
Answer: a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.

Question: How are people defined as "black" or "white"?
Answer: they fulfill the social criteria
Title: Black_people

By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating black people back to Africa. In 1835, black leaders called upon Black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "Negro" or "Colored American". A few institutions chose to keep their historic names, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church. African Americans popularly used the terms "Negro" or "colored" for themselves until the late 1960s.

Question: Why did the use of "African" become an issue?
Answer: the majority of black people in the United States were native-born

Question: Why did blacks fear to identify as African?
Answer: would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US.

Question: What year did Black leaders call for this change in language?
Answer: 1835,

Question: What group decided to keep the "African" in their name?
Answer: the African Methodist Episcopal Church

Question: What terms did African Americans use instead?
Answer: "Negro" or "colored"
Title: Black_people

In 1988, the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term "African American" because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants, such as German American, Italian American, etc. Since then, African American and black have often had parallel status. However, controversy continues over which if any of the two terms is more appropriate. Maulana Karenga argues that the term African-American is more appropriate because it accurately articulates their geographical and historical origin.[citation needed] Others have argued that "black" is a better term because "African" suggests foreignness, although Black Americans helped found the United States. Still others believe that the term black is inaccurate because African Americans have a variety of skin tones. Some surveys suggest that the majority of Black Americans have no preference for "African American" or "Black", although they have a slight preference for "black" in personal settings and "African American" in more formal settings.

Question: Who argued for Americans to use the term "African American"?
Answer: Jesse Jackson

Question: What year did Jesse Jackson make this argument?
Answer: 1988

Question: Why did Jackson want this term to be used?
Answer: it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants

Question: Who also argued for the term "African American"?
Answer: African-American

Question: Why did some argue that "black" was the better term?
Answer: because "African" suggests foreignness
Title: Black_people

The U.S. census race definitions says a "black" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Census Bureau notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological. Most African Americans also have European ancestry in varying amounts; a lesser proportion have some Native American ancestry. For instance, genetic studies of African Americans show an ancestry that is on average 17–18% European.

Question: How does the U.S. census define "black" Americans?
Answer: having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa

Question: What classification are given?
Answer: socio-political constructs

Question: What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry?
Answer: 17–18%

Question: What is the Census definition not based on?
Answer: scientific or anthropological
Title: Black_people

From the late 19th century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry. This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century. Legally the definition varied from state to state. Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th and 19th centuries before the American Civil War. For instance, President Thomas Jefferson held persons who were legally white (less than 25% black) according to Virginia law at the time, but, because they were born to slave mothers, they were born into slavery, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which Virginia adopted into law in 1662.

Question: What did the "one-drop" rule do?
Answer: classify as black a person of any known African ancestry

Question: When was the "one-drop" rule put into place?
Answer: early 20th century.

Question: When was racial definition more flexible?
Answer: 18th and 19th centuries

Question: What war changed the way the United States looked at race?
Answer: the American Civil War

Question: When did Virginia adopt The Principle of Partus Sequitur Ventrem?
Answer: 1662
Title: Black_people

The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior. Blackness can be contrasted with "acting white", where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music, and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of black youth, academic achievement.

Question: How is blackness described in the US?
Answer: the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values.

Question: What defines "blackness"?
Answer: political orientation, culture and behavior

Question: What is the opposite of "blackness"?
Answer: "acting white"

Question: How does one "act white"?
Answer: black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans

Question: In what regards can one "act white"?
Answer: with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music,