rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

Himachal has a rich heritage of handicrafts. These include woolen and pashmina shawls, carpets, silver and metal ware, embroidered chappals, grass shoes, Kangra and Gompa style paintings, wood work, horse-hair bangles, wooden and metal utensils and various other house hold items. These aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts declined under competition from machine made goods and also because of lack of marketing facilities. But now the demand for handicrafts has increased within and outside the country.

Question: What does Himachal have a rich heritage of?
Answer: handicrafts

Question: Has the demand increased or decreased for handcrafts?
Answer: increased

Question: What handcrafts do they include?
Answer: woolen and pashmina shawls

Question: What declined under competition?
Answer: aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts

Question: Has the demand increased inside or outside the country?
Answer: within and outside the country
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Himachal Administrative Service and other Himachal state services. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.

Question: Who heads the Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate

Question: Who maintains law and order?
Answer: Superintendent of Police

Question: Who assists the Superintendent of Police?
Answer: the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five-year plan allocated ₹ 52.7 million to Himachal. More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated existence in far away areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in respect of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union.

Question: When did the era of planning start in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: 1948

Question: How much was allocated?
Answer: ₹ 52.7 million

Question: What kind of plan was it?
Answer: five-year plan

Question: Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita?
Answer: fourth

Question: What was more than 50% used on?
Answer: road construction
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

Census-wise, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%), Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%).

Question: Where did the state place on population chart?
Answer: 21st

Question: Who was 22nd of chart?
Answer: Tripura

Question: Who was top ranked in population strength?
Answer: Kangra district

Question: Who was last in population strength?
Answer: Lahaul Spiti
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

Other religions that form a small percentage are Buddhism and Sikhism. The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists. Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.16% of the state population. For example, they form 10% of the population in Una District adjoining the state of Punjab and 17% in Shimla, the state capital. The Buddhists constitute 1.15% are mainly natives and tribals from Lahaul and Spiti, where they form majority of 60% and Kinnaur where they form 40%, however the bulk are refugees from Tibet. The Muslims constitute slightly 2.18% of the population of Himachal Pradesh.

Question: What other religions form a small percentage?
Answer: Buddhism and Sikhism

Question: Who are mainly Buddhists?
Answer: Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti

Question: What is the Muslim population in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: slightly 2.18%

Question: Where do Sikhs mostly live?
Answer: towns and cities

Question: HOw much of the population do Sikh's make up?
Answer: 1.16%
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

The Gurkhas, a martial tribe, came to power in Nepal in the year 1768. They consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory. Gradually, the Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla. With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. However, Gurkhas could not capture Kangra fort which came under Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After the defeat, the Gurkhas began to expand towards the south of the state. However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of Siba State managed to capture the fort of Siba from the remnants of Lahore Darbar in Samvat 1846, during the First Anglo-Sikh War. They came into direct conflict with the British along the tarai belt after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the Satluj. The British gradually emerged as the paramount power. In the revolt of 1857, or first Indian war of independence, arising from a number of grievances against the British, the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in other parts of the country. They and their rulers, with the exception of Bushahr, remained more or less inactive. Some, including the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt.

Question: When did the Gurkhas come into power?
Answer: 1768

Question: Where did the Gurkhas come into power?
Answer: Nepal

Question: Who lead the Gorkas to siege Kangra?
Answer: Amar Singh Thapa

Question: In 1806 who did Gorkas defeat with the help of provincial chiefs?
Answer: Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra,

Question: Who rendered help to the British government during the revolt?
Answer: rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

Due to extreme variation in elevation, great variation occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal . The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very heavy rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and almost rainless. Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons: summer, winter, and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid-April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in the alpine zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 to 32 °C (82 to 90 °F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is common in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the higher and trans-Himalayan region).

Question: What occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal?
Answer: great variation

Question: What is the climate like?
Answer: varies from hot and subhumid tropical

Question: What three seasons does Himachal experience?
Answer: summer, winter, and rainy season

Question: How long does summer last?
Answer: mid-April till the end of June

Question: How long does winter last?
Answer: late November till mid March.
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 68 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.

Question: What does the Himachal legislature consist of?
Answer: elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members

Question: Who presides over meetings?
Answer: the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence

Question: Who is the Judiciary system made up of?
Answer: Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts.

Question: Who is the head of state appointed by the President of India?
Answer: The Governor

Question: How long are the terms of office?
Answer: 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

Railway Himachal is famous for its narrow gauge tracks railways, one is UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot–Jogindernagar. Total length of these two tracks is 259 kilometres (161 mi). Kalka-Shimla Railway track passes through many tunnels, while Pathankot–Jogindernagar gently meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. It also has standard gauge railway track which connect Amb (Una district) to Delhi. A survey is being conducted to extend this railway line to Kangra (via Nadaun). Other proposed railways in the state are Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.

Question: What is Railway Himachal famous for?
Answer: its narrow gauge tracks railways

Question: What are the 2 narrow gauge railways in the Railway Himachal?
Answer: UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot–Jogindernagar

Question: What are the other railways being proposed in the state?
Answer: Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.

Question: What is being conducted to extend the railway?
Answer: survey

Question: What is the total length of the railways?
Answer: 259 kilometres (161 mi)
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is famous for its abundant natural beauty. After the war between Nepal and Britain, also known as the Anglo-Gorkha War (1814–1816), the British colonial government came into power and the land now comprising Himachal Pradesh became part of the Punjab Province of British India. In 1950, Himachal was declared a union territory, but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is "In the lap of Himalayas". It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh.

Question: Who is famous for natural beauty?
Answer: Himachal Pradesh

Question: What years was the Anglo-Gorkha War?
Answer: 1814–1816

Question: What does HIma mean in Sanskirt?
Answer: snow

Question: What is the literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: In the lap of Himalayas

Question: Who was one of the great sanskirt scholars of Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

Though situated in a remote part of the country, Himachal Pradesh has an active community of journalists and publishers. Several newspapers and magazines are published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states. Radio and TV have permeated significantly. Judging by the number of people writing to these media, there is a very large media-aware population in the state. All major English daily newspapers are available in Shimla and district headquarters. Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal are Hindi daily newspaper with local editions are read widely.

Question: Who has an active community of journalists and publishers?
Answer: Himachal Pradesh

Question: What are the newspapers famous for?
Answer: published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states

Question: What is available in Shimla and district headquarters?
Answer: All major English daily newspapers

Question: What are the newspapers that are in Hindi and read widely?
Answer: Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal

Question: What has grown significantly?
Answer: Radio and TV
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP won 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats. BJP's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.

Question: Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India?
Answer: Virbhadra Singh

Question: How many seats did the BJP win?
Answer: 41 of the 68 seats

Question: Who is BJP's Chief MInister of Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: Prem Kumar Dhumal

Question: When did the BJP secure a landslide victory?
Answer: December 2007

Question: When was he sworn in?
Answer: 30 December 2007
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

Though the state is deficient in food grains, it has gained a lot in other spheres of agricultural production such as seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig. Seed potato is mostly grown in the Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas. Special efforts are being made to promote cultivation of crops like olives, figs, hops, mushrooms, flowers, pistachio nuts, sarda melon and saffron. Solan is the largest vegetable producing district in the state. The district of Sirmaur is also famous for growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state.

Question: What type of agriculture is in the state?
Answer: seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig

Question: Who is the largest vegetable producing district in the state?
Answer: Solan

Question: Where is seed potato mostly grown?
Answer: Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas

Question: What is the district of Sirmaur famous for?
Answer: growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state

Question: What is the state deficient in?
Answer: food grains
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

Himachal was one of the few states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its difficult terrain. With the technological advancements the state has changed very rapidly. It is a multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states. Some of the most commonly spoken languages includes Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri. The caste communities residing in Himachal include the Khatri, Brahmins of the Hindu Faith and the Sikh Brahmin Caste Bhatra, Rajputs, Gujjars, Gaddis, Ghirth (choudhary), Kannets, Rathis and Kolis, Sood There are tribal populations in the state which mainly comprise Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis.The people Of Himachal Pradesh are very simple and live a traditional ´Pahari' lifestyle.

Question: Who was largely untouched by external customs?
Answer: Himachal

Question: What has made the state change very rapidly?
Answer: technological advancements

Question: What are the common languages spoken?
Answer: Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri

Question: Who makes up the tribal populations?
Answer: Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis

Question: Himachal is?
Answer: multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Una the Central University Dharamshala, AP Goyal (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University, The Bahra University (Waknaghat, Solan) the Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi, IEC University, Shoolini University Of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Manav Bharti University Solan, the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the pioneer universities in the state. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar.

Question: When was the state run Nehru Government Engineering College started?
Answer: 2006 at Sundernagar

Question: What is the most renowned argricultural institues?
Answer: CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur

Question: What are a few pioneer universities in the state?
Answer: The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab)

Question: What is Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University earned?
Answer: unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Doordarshan Shimla also provides programs in Pahari language.Multi system operators provide a mix of Nepali, Hindi, English, and international channels via cable. All India Radio is a public radio station. Private FM stations are also available in few cities like Shimla. BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel are available cellular phone operators. Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.

Question: What is Doordarshan?
Answer: state-owned television broadcaster

Question: What is provided by BSNL and others throughout the state?
Answer: Dial-up access

Question: What is available in few cities?
Answer: Private FM stations

Question: Who are the cellular phone operators available?
Answer: BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel

Question: What is All India Radio?
Answer: public radio station
Title: Himachal_Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys, and 90% of the population lives in villages and towns. However, the state has achieved 100% hygiene and practically no single house is without a toilet. The villages are well connected to roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband. Shimla district has maximum urban population of 25%. According to a 2005 Transparency International survey, Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala. The hill stations of the state are among the most visited places in the country. The government has successfully imposed environmental protection and tourism development, meeting European standards, and it is the only state which forbids the use of polyethylene and tobacco products.[citation needed]

Question: Where do 90% of the population live in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: villages and towns

Question: No single house is without?
Answer: a toilet

Question: What are the villages well connected to?
Answer: roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband

Question: What is Himachal Pradesh rank according to the 2005 Transparency international survey?
Answer: second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala

Question: What are the most visited places in the country?
Answer: The hill stations
Title: Communication

Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages. Examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expression, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message. Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e.g. rhythm, intonation, tempo, and stress. There may even be a pheromone component. Research has shown that up to 55% of human communication may occur through non-verbal facial expressions, and a further 38% through paralanguage. It affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion.

Question: What is nonverbal communication?
Answer: conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages

Question: What is one example of nonverbal communication?
Answer: body language

Question: What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?
Answer: shaking a hand

Question: What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?
Answer: sweating

Question: What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions?
Answer: 55%