rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Until this time the British, at RAF insistence, continued their World War I use of machine guns, and introduced twin MG mountings for AAAD. The army was forbidden from considering anything larger than .50-inch. However, in 1935 their trials showed that the minimum effective round was an impact fused 2 lb HE shell. The following year they decided to adopt the Bofors 40 mm and a twin barrel Vickers 2-pdr (40 mm) on a modified naval mount. The air-cooled Bofors was vastly superior for land use, being much lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom, and UK production of the Bofors 40 mm was licensed. The Predictor AA No 3, as the Kerrison Predictor was officially known, was introduced with it.

Question: Who wanted the British to keep using machine guns in World War I?
Answer: RAF

Question: The military was not allowed to use anything that was bigger than what?
Answer: .50-inch

Question: What was determined to be the smallest effective round in 1935?
Answer: an impact fused 2 lb HE shell

Question: What was lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom?
Answer: The air-cooled Bofors

Question: What is the Kerrison Predictor's official name?
Answer: The Predictor AA No 3
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

During the 1930s solid fuel rockets were under development in the Soviet Union and Britain. In Britain the interest was for anti-aircraft fire, it quickly became clear that guidance would be required for precision. However, rockets, or 'unrotated projectiles' as they were called could the used for anti-aircraft barrages. A 2-inch rocket using HE or wire obstacle warheads was introduced first to deal with low-level or dive bombing attacks on smaller targets such as airfields. The 3-inch was in development at the end of the inter-war period.

Question: What was under development in both the Soviet Union and Britain in the 1930s?
Answer: solid fuel rockets

Question: Why was Britain mainly interested in solid fuel rockets?
Answer: for anti-aircraft fire

Question: What were rockets called at this time?
Answer: unrotated projectiles

Question: How big was the rocket that was introduced to handle dive bombing attacks?
Answer: 2-inch

Question: What size rocket was being developed at the end of the war?
Answer: 3-inch
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

The British had already arranged licence building of the Bofors 40 mm, and introduced these into service. These had the power to knock down aircraft of any size, yet were light enough to be mobile and easily swung. The gun became so important to the British war effort that they even produced a movie, The Gun, that encouraged workers on the assembly line to work harder. The Imperial measurement production drawings the British had developed were supplied to the Americans who produced their own (unlicensed) copy of the 40 mm at the start of the war, moving to licensed production in mid-1941.

Question: What did the British get a license to build?
Answer: the Bofors 40 mm

Question: While light, the Bofors 40mm were powerful enough to take down what size aircraft?
Answer: aircraft of any size

Question: What was produced to inspire people on the assembly line to work harder?
Answer: a movie

Question: What was the movie made to inspire assembly line workers called?
Answer: The Gun

Question: Who started making an unlicensed version of the 40mm at the beginning of the war?
Answer: Americans
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

The interceptor aircraft (or simply interceptor) is a type of fighter aircraft designed specifically to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft, particularly bombers, usually relying on high speed and altitude capabilities. A number of jet interceptors such as the F-102 Delta Dagger, the F-106 Delta Dart, and the MiG-25 were built in the period starting after the end of World War II and ending in the late 1960s, when they became less important due to the shifting of the strategic bombing role to ICBMs. Invariably the type is differentiated from other fighter aircraft designs by higher speeds and shorter operating ranges, as well as much reduced ordnance payloads.

Question: What kind of aircraft is used to intercept and destroy other aircraft?
Answer: The interceptor aircraft

Question: What particular aircraft did the interceptor target most?
Answer: bombers

Question: When were interceptors like the F-102 Delta Dagger first built?
Answer: after the end of World War II

Question: When were interceptors like the F-106 Delta Dart not being built anymore?
Answer: the late 1960s

Question: The interceptors were no longer built because of the shift of the bombing role to what?
Answer: ICBMs
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Another potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered "experimental usefulness". In particular the Tactical High Energy Laser can be used in the anti-aircraft and anti-missile role. If current developments continue, some[who?] believe it is reasonable to suggest that lasers will play a major role in air defence starting in the next ten years.

Question: What is another possible weapon for anti-aircraft use?
Answer: the laser

Question: When did personnel first start thinking about using lasers in combat?
Answer: the late 1960s

Question: What laser can currently be used in the type of role that was first thought of in the late 1960s?
Answer: Tactical High Energy Laser

Question: The use of lasers in anti-aircraft warfare is currently considered what?
Answer: experimental usefulness

Question: When do some people believe that lasers can play a more prominent role in air defence?
Answer: in the next ten years
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Area air defence, the air defence of a specific area or location, (as opposed to point defence), have historically been operated by both armies (Anti-Aircraft Command in the British Army, for instance) and Air Forces (the United States Air Force's CIM-10 Bomarc). Area defence systems have medium to long range and can be made up of various other systems and networked into an area defence system (in which case it may be made up of several short range systems combined to effectively cover an area). An example of area defence is the defence of Saudi Arabia and Israel by MIM-104 Patriot missile batteries during the first Gulf War, where the objective was to cover populated areas.

Question: What is the air defence of a certain area called?
Answer: Area air defence

Question: Armies as well as what group have operated area air defences?
Answer: Air Forces

Question: What U.S. Air Forces operated area air defence?
Answer: CIM-10 Bomarc

Question: What range do area defence systems have?
Answer: medium to long range

Question: What was the objective of the MIM-104 Patriot Missile batteries during the first Gulf War?
Answer: to cover populated areas
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

The term air defence was probably first used by Britain when Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was created as a Royal Air Force command in 1925. However, arrangements in the UK were also called 'anti-aircraft', abbreviated as AA, a term that remained in general use into the 1950s. After the First World War it was sometimes prefixed by 'Light' or 'Heavy' (LAA or HAA) to classify a type of gun or unit. Nicknames for anti-aircraft guns include AA, AAA or triple-A, an abbreviation of anti-aircraft artillery; "ack-ack" (from the spelling alphabet used by the British for voice transmission of "AA"); and archie (a World War I British term probably coined by Amyas Borton and believed to derive via the Royal Flying Corps from the music-hall comedian George Robey's line "Archibald, certainly not!").

Question: Which country probably coined the term air defence?
Answer: Britain

Question: What does ADGB stand for?
Answer: Air Defence of Great Britain

Question: What year was the ADGB created?
Answer: 1925

Question: Who is probably the one who coined the term archie for anti-aircraft guns?
Answer: Amyas Borton

Question: What George Robey line is believed to have started the archie nickname?
Answer: "Archibald, certainly not!"
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

The essence of air defence is to detect hostile aircraft and destroy them. The critical issue is to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space; an attack must not only match these three coordinates, but must do so at the time the target is at that position. This means that projectiles either have to be guided to hit the target, or aimed at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it, taking into account speed and direction of both the target and the projectile.

Question: What is the first purpose of air defence?
Answer: detect hostile aircraft

Question: What is the second purpose of air defence?
Answer: destroy them

Question: What is the critical issue in air defence?
Answer: to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space

Question: Projectiles must either be guided to the target or aimed where?
Answer: at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it

Question: What two things must be considered in regards to the projectile and target?
Answer: speed and direction
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Passive air defence is defined by NATO as "Passive measures taken for the physical defence and protection of personnel, essential installations and equipment in order to minimize the effectiveness of air and/or missile attack". It remains a vital activity by ground forces and includes camouflage and concealment to avoid detection by reconnaissance and attacking aircraft. Measures such as camouflaging important buildings were common in the Second World War. During the Cold War the runways and taxiways of some airfields were painted green.

Question: What does NATO define as passive measures to protect people, buildings and equipment from air or missile attacks?
Answer: Passive air defence

Question: Which group is heavily responsible for passive air defence?
Answer: ground forces

Question: Passive air defence includes camouflage and what?
Answer: concealment

Question: What was camouflaged during World War II?
Answer: important buildings

Question: Some airfield runways were painted green during what war?
Answer: the Cold War
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

The basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries often deploy across an area with individual launchers several kilometres apart. When MANPADS is operated by specialists, batteries may have several dozen teams deploying separately in small sections; self-propelled air defence guns may deploy in pairs.

Question: How many guns or missile launchers are typically in a battery?
Answer: 2 to 12

Question: In addition to guns or missile launchers, what else comprises the battery?
Answer: fire control elements

Question: Where do batteries typically get deployed?
Answer: in a small area

Question: Which missile batteries often have individual launchers several kilometres from one another?
Answer: SHORAD

Question: Several dozen teams can deploy individually in small sections when what is handled by a specialist?
Answer: MANPADS
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

The first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses were not well suited for anti-aircraft use. The fuse length was determined by time of flight, but the burning rate of the gunpowder was affected by altitude. The British pom-poms had only contact-fused ammunition. Zeppelins, being hydrogen filled balloons, were targets for incendiary shells and the British introduced these with airburst fuses, both shrapnel type-forward projection of incendiary 'pot' and base ejection of an incendiary stream. The British also fitted tracers to their shells for use at night. Smoke shells were also available for some AA guns, these bursts were used as targets during training.

Question: It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where?
Answer: in the air

Question: In addition to high explosive, what else was used?
Answer: shrapnel

Question: Airburst fuses could be which two things?
Answer: igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork)

Question: What were hydrogen filled balloons called?
Answer: Zeppelins

Question: What was used as targets in training practices?
Answer: Smoke shells
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Two assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire; first, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. This HAA was to engage targets up to 24,000 feet. Mechanical, as opposed to igniferous, time fuses were required because the speed of powder burning varied with height so fuse length was not a simple function of time of flight. Automated fire ensured a constant rate of fire that made it easier to predict where each shell should be individually aimed.

Question: What was the primary method for HAA fire?
Answer: aimed fire

Question: Along with predicting the gun data from tracking the target, what else needed to be known about the target to enable the aimed fire?
Answer: its height

Question: Another assumption was that the target would maintain a steady course along with what other two factors?
Answer: speed and height

Question: Targets could be how many feet for the HAA to engage them?
Answer: 24,000 feet

Question: What kind of fuses were needed?
Answer: Mechanical
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

The US ended World War I with two 3-inch AA guns and improvements were developed throughout the inter-war period. However, in 1924 work started on a new 105 mm static mounting AA gun, but only a few were produced by the mid-1930s because by this time work had started on the 90 mm AA gun, with mobile carriages and static mountings able to engage air, sea and ground targets. The M1 version was approved in 1940. During the 1920s there was some work on a 4.7-inch which lapsed, but revived in 1937, leading to a new gun in 1944.

Question: When were improvements developed for these guns?
Answer: throughout the inter-war period

Question: What year was the M1 version approved?
Answer: 1940

Question: Only a few of the 105 mm static mounting AA guns were produced because work had started on which other gun?
Answer: 90 mm AA gun

Question: When did work begin on the 105 mm static mounting AA gun?
Answer: 1924

Question: What kind of guns did the United States end WW I with?
Answer: two 3-inch AA guns
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

In some countries, such as Britain and Germany during the Second World War, the Soviet Union and NATO's Allied Command Europe, ground based air defence and air defence aircraft have been under integrated command and control. However, while overall air defence may be for homeland defence including military facilities, forces in the field, wherever they are, invariably deploy their own air defence capability if there is an air threat. A surface-based air defence capability can also be deployed offensively to deny the use of airspace to an opponent.

Question: Which country's air defence and aircraft has been under integrated command and control?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What other group has also been under this integrated command and control?
Answer: NATO's Allied Command Europe

Question: Who will deploy their own air defence if their is an air threat?
Answer: forces in the field

Question: What can be deployed as an offensive measure to refuse airspace use to an opponent?
Answer: A surface-based air defence capability
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned.

Question: What did the United States Army begin to develop after the first World War?
Answer: a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon

Question: Who designed this cannon?
Answer: John M. Browning

Question: How many rounds did this cannon fire per second?
Answer: 125

Question: What replaced the Browning 37nn because of jamming issues?
Answer: Bofors 40 mm

Question: What other US group was interested in the Bofors?
Answer: US Navy
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Germany's high-altitude needs were originally going to be filled by a 75 mm gun from Krupp, designed in collaboration with their Swedish counterpart Bofors, but the specifications were later amended to require much higher performance. In response Krupp's engineers presented a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36. First used in Spain during the Spanish Civil War, the gun proved to be one of the best anti-aircraft guns in the world, as well as particularly deadly against light, medium, and even early heavy tanks.

Question: High altitude needs in Germany were going to be handled by what?
Answer: a 75 mm gun from Krupp

Question: Who also collaborated in the design of the 75 mm gun?
Answer: Bofors

Question: Because higher performance was needed, Krupp's workers designed what?
Answer: a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36

Question: Where was the first place the FlaK 36 was used?
Answer: Spain

Question: What war was the FlaK first used in?
Answer: Spanish Civil War
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

A plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces, and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons, seeing service on both land and sea. The similar Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems of the American forces were also quite capable, although they receive little attention. Their needs could cogently be met with smaller-calibre ordnance beyond using the usual singly-mounted M2 .50 caliber machine gun atop a tank's turret, as four of the ground-used "heavy barrel" (M2HB) guns were mounted together on the American Maxson firm's M45 Quadmount weapons system (as a direct answer to the Flakvierling),which were often mounted on the back of a half-track to form the Half Track, M16 GMC, Anti-Aircraft. Although of less power than Germany's 20 mm systems, the typical 4 or 5 combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread many kilometers apart from each other, rapidly attaching and detaching to larger ground combat units to provide welcome defence from enemy aircraft.

Question: What was one of the most often seen weapons that was used both on land and sea?
Answer: 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system

Question: What weapons system did American troops use but received minute attention?
Answer: Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems

Question: How many of the M2HB guns were mounted together on the M45 Quadmount weapons system?
Answer: four

Question: This system was a direct answer to what?
Answer: the Flakvierling

Question: The combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread how far apart from each other?
Answer: many kilometers
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Another aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets. The balloon, a simple blimp tethered to the ground, worked in two ways. Firstly, it and the steel cable were a danger to any aircraft that tried to fly among them. Secondly, to avoid the balloons, bombers had to fly at a higher altitude, which was more favorable for the guns. Barrage balloons were limited in application, and had minimal success at bringing down aircraft, being largely immobile and passive defences.

Question: What acted as a physical obstacle to anti-aircraft defence?
Answer: barrage balloons

Question: What were barrage balloons initially used as an obstacle to?
Answer: bomber aircraft over cities

Question: How was a barrage balloon tethered to the ground?
Answer: steel cable

Question: What did pilots have to do to avoid the barrage balloons?
Answer: fly at a higher altitude

Question: What kind of success did barrage balloons have as far as bringing down aircraft?
Answer: minimal
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

The maximum distance at which a gun or missile can engage an aircraft is an important figure. However, many different definitions are used but unless the same definition is used, performance of different guns or missiles cannot be compared. For AA guns only the ascending part of the trajectory can be usefully used. One term is 'ceiling', maximum ceiling being the height a projectile would reach if fired vertically, not practically useful in itself as few AA guns are able to fire vertically, and maximum fuse duration may be too short, but potentially useful as a standard to compare different weapons.

Question: What is an important number when it comes to guns engaging an aircraft?
Answer: The maximum distance

Question: What can be used to determine the maximum distance for an AA gun?
Answer: only the ascending part of the trajectory

Question: What is the term used to describe the height that a projectile would go to if it was fired vertically?
Answer: maximum ceiling

Question: Few AA guns are able to fire which way?
Answer: vertically
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

As this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough to be mounted on armored cars and tank chassis. These started replacing, or at least supplanting, similar gun-based SPAAG systems in the 1960s, and by the 1990s had replaced almost all such systems in modern armies. Man-portable missiles, MANPADs as they are known today, were introduced in the 1960s and have supplanted or even replaced even the smallest guns in most advanced armies.

Question: The missile started being used more often instead of what weapon?
Answer: guns

Question: Small missiles were designed that could be mounted on what?
Answer: armored cars and tank chassis

Question: When did these missiles start to supplant gun-based SPAAG systems?
Answer: in the 1960s

Question: What are man-portable missiles better known as?
Answer: MANPADs

Question: When were MANPADs introduced?
Answer: the 1960s