rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Memory

Much of the current knowledge of memory has come from studying memory disorders, particularly amnesia. Loss of memory is known as amnesia. Amnesia can result from extensive damage to: (a) the regions of the medial temporal lobe, such as the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subiculum, amygdala, the parahippocampal, entorhinal, and perirhinal cortices or the (b) midline diencephalic region, specifically the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus and the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus. There are many sorts of amnesia, and by studying their different forms, it has become possible to observe apparent defects in individual sub-systems of the brain's memory systems, and thus hypothesize their function in the normally working brain. Other neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease can also affect memory and cognition. Hyperthymesia, or hyperthymesic syndrome, is a disorder that affects an individual's autobiographical memory, essentially meaning that they cannot forget small details that otherwise would not be stored. Korsakoff's syndrome, also known as Korsakoff's psychosis, amnesic-confabulatory syndrome, is an organic brain disease that adversely affects memory by widespread loss or shrinkage of neurons within the prefrontal cortex.

Question: What is a term to describe memory loss?
Answer: amnesia.

Question: What diseases can have a major imact on memory?
Answer: Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease

Question: What is Korsakoff's syndrome?
Answer: an organic brain disease that adversely affects memory by widespread loss or shrinkage of neurons within the prefrontal cortex.

Question: Is amnesia only seen in one form?
Answer: There are many sorts of amnesia,

Question: What happens to a person whose autobiographic memory is damaged?
Answer: that they cannot forget small details that otherwise would not be stored
Title: Memory

Physical exercise, particularly continuous aerobic exercises such as running, cycling and swimming, has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain. Influences on the brain include increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The effects of exercise on memory have important implications for improving children's academic performance, maintaining mental abilities in old age, and the prevention and potential cure of neurological diseases.

Question: Does excersice have any role on cognitive brain function?
Answer: has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain.

Question: Is a child who excercies likely to perform better in school?
Answer: The effects of exercise on memory have important implications for improving children's academic performance

Question: What positive things can happen to your brain when you excersise?
Answer: increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus

Question: What type of excercise has shown the best benefit for the brain?
Answer: aerobic exercises
Title: Memory

However, memory performance can be enhanced when material is linked to the learning context, even when learning occurs under stress. A separate study by cognitive psychologists Schwabe and Wolf shows that when retention testing is done in a context similar to or congruent with the original learning task (i.e., in the same room), memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated. Seventy-two healthy female and male university students, randomly assigned to the SECPT stress test or to a control group, were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards – a computerized version of the card game "Concentration" or "Memory". The room in which the experiment took place was infused with the scent of vanilla, as odour is a strong cue for memory. Retention testing took place the following day, either in the same room with the vanilla scent again present, or in a different room without the fragrance. The memory performance of subjects who experienced stress during the object-location task decreased significantly when they were tested in an unfamiliar room without the vanilla scent (an incongruent context); however, the memory performance of stressed subjects showed no impairment when they were tested in the original room with the vanilla scent (a congruent context). All participants in the experiment, both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar.

Question: What can impact memory performance in a positive way?
Answer: when material is linked to the learning context,

Question: In their study what was the relationship that both groups shared?
Answer: both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar.

Question: What can the scent of vanilla be used for?
Answer: strong cue for memory.

Question: What did a study performed by Schwabe and wolf show?
Answer: memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated.

Question: In Schwabe and wolfs study what where particpants asked to memorize?
Answer: were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards –
Title: Memory

Interestingly, research has revealed that asking individuals to repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced could result in false memories. For instance, Goff and Roediger (1998) asked participants to imagine that they performed an act (e.g., break a toothpick) and then later asked them whether they had done such a thing. Findings revealed that those participants who repeatedly imagined performing such an act were more likely to think that they had actually performed that act during the first session of the experiment. Similarly, Garry and her colleagues (1996) asked college students to report how certain they were that they experienced a number of events as children (e.g., broke a window with their hand) and then two weeks later asked them to imagine four of those events. The researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children. That is, when asked to imagine the events they were more confident that they experienced the events.

Question: What can cause a person to have fake memories?
Answer: repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced

Question: Who performed a study that showed the similarirty of imaginging doing something and then later remembering actually doing that task?
Answer: Goff and Roediger

Question: What did a similar study done by Garry find?
Answer: researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children
Title: Memory

Although people often think that memory operates like recording equipment, it is not the case. The molecular mechanisms underlying the induction and maintenance of memory are very dynamic and comprise distinct phases covering a time window from seconds to even a lifetime. In fact, research has revealed that our memories are constructed. People can construct their memories when they encode them and/or when they recall them. To illustrate, consider a classic study conducted by Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer (1974) in which people were instructed to watch a film of a traffic accident and then asked about what they saw. The researchers found that the people who were asked, "How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?" gave higher estimates than those who were asked, "How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?" Furthermore, when asked a week later whether they have seen broken glass in the film, those who had been asked the question with smashed were twice more likely to report that they have seen broken glass than those who had been asked the question with hit. There was no broken glass depicted in the film. Thus, the wording of the questions distorted viewers’ memories of the event. Importantly, the wording of the question led people to construct different memories of the event – those who were asked the question with smashed recalled a more serious car accident than they had actually seen. The findings of this experiment were replicated around the world, and researchers consistently demonstrated that when people were provided with misleading information they tended to misremember, a phenomenon known as the misinformation effect.

Question: What has research shown about our memories?
Answer: our memories are constructed

Question: How does a person build their memories?
Answer: when they encode them and/or when they recall them.

Question: What did a study done by Elizabeth Loftus and John palmer show?
Answer: that when people were provided with misleading information they tended to misremember, a phenomenon known as the misinformation effect.

Question: In their study what did people say they say when they really hadn't due to having the word "smashed" inserted into the question?
Answer: broken glass
Title: Memory

Memorization is a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim. Rote learning is the method most often used. Methods of memorizing things have been the subject of much discussion over the years with some writers, such as Cosmos Rossellius using visual alphabets. The spacing effect shows that an individual is more likely to remember a list of items when rehearsal is spaced over an extended period of time. In contrast to this is cramming: an intensive memorization in a short period of time. Also relevant is the Zeigarnik effect which states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones. The so-called Method of loci uses spatial memory to memorize non-spatial information.

Question: What is the most widely used way in learing?
Answer: Rote learning

Question: What is the Zeigarnik effect?
Answer: states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones.

Question: What does memorization mean?
Answer: a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim

Question: What learning tool did Cosmos rosselliius write about?
Answer: using visual alphabets.

Question: What is the spacing effect?
Answer: shows that an individual is more likely to remember a list of items when rehearsal is spaced over an extended period of time
Title: Multiracial_American

In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were included as "Free people of color" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black.

Question: When was the first federal population census taken in the US?
Answer: 1790

Question: What were the two categories for race in the census?
Answer: white or "other."

Question: Who all was identified by name in the house holds?
Answer: Only the heads of households

Question: What were Indians categorized as after they were included as others?
Answer: "Free people of color"

Question: When was the first US federal population census taken?
Answer: In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States

Question: How were enumerators instructed to classify residents?
Answer: . Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other."

Question: Was every resident listed by name?
Answer: Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850.

Question: when did any changes to counting procedures  happen?
Answer: until the Civil War and end of slavery.

Question: Were all residents counted together or separately?
Answer: Slaves were counted separately from free persons

Question: When did the US begin to take census?
Answer: 1790

Question: At what point were all members of the household named on a census?
Answer: 1850

Question: What does mulatto mean?
Answer: visible European ancestry in addition to African

Question: Who were considered "free people of color"?
Answer: Native Americans

Question: Where would a Native American live to not be counted in the census?
Answer: Indian reservations
Title: Multiracial_American

By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.

Question: The Census Bureau had gone from two categories to how many by the 1990s?
Answer: more than a dozen

Question: By 2002, what percent of African Americans had multiracial ancestries?
Answer: over 75%

Question: Why were there more immigrants in the US?
Answer: due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s

Question: How had the Census Bureau changed its collection of data?
Answer: allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity

Question: What is one of the many outcomes of the Census data?
Answer: federal assistance

Question: How many different ethnic categories were listed on the modern census?
Answer: By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census,

Question: Can people self identify as more than one ethnicity on the US census currently?
Answer: The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity

Question: About how many African American have multiracial ancestries
Answer: According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.

Question: Do some ethnic groups have concerns about census changes?
Answer: Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as

Question: How is some federal assistance allocated to certain groups?
Answer: federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data

Question: Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when?
Answer: 1990

Question: When did laws allow for more immigrants?
Answer: in the 1960s

Question: How many African Americans identify as multiracial on the Census of 2002?
Answer: over 75%

Question: What type of federal assistance depends on Census data?
Answer: assistance to historically underserved groups
Title: Multiracial_American

Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.

Question: Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?
Answer: black (historically) or African American

Question: What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?
Answer: hypodescent

Question: Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?
Answer: European and sub-Saharan African ancestry

Question: What did many with European ancetry "marry white" and want to be part of the white society?
Answer: for its social and economic advantages

Question: Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?
Answer: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry

Question: What caused lower classification status for African Americans?
Answer: slavery became a racial caste

Question: How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?
Answer: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society

Question: What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black?
Answer: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation

Question: What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white?
Answer: Melungeons,

Question: What is Melungeon?
Answer: genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.

Question: What does it mean to have "marred white"?
Answer: assimilated into white society

Question: What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as?
Answer: black (historically) or African American

Question: What were slaves and Africans classified by?
Answer: hypodescent
Title: Multiracial_American

After a lengthy period of formal racial segregation in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era, and bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "pass" as white. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States, such as the large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. Loving Day). Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African American.

Question: What is the effect of there no longer being a stigma on interracial marriage?
Answer: more people are openly forming interracial unions

Question: What has caused more people of mixed races to the US?
Answer: Diverse immigration

Question: When was there a period of formal racial segregation?
Answer: in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era

Question: Who was elected and was the first multiracial president of the United States?
Answer: Barack Obama

Question: Why were Americans allowed to start checking more than one box to identify their race in the Census in 200?
Answer: Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins

Question: Who was the first multiracial president elected in the US
Answer: In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States

Question: When did the US begin to experience a growing multiracial identity movement?
Answer: Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement

Question: Who are "mestizos"?
Answer: large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos

Question: When did the US census start to allow residents to mark more than one ethno-racial identity on the census form?
Answer: the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial

Question: What has brought more mixed race people to the US?
Answer: . Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States

Question: What was it once considered socially advantageous to do?
Answer: try to "pass" as white

Question: What is an example of the multiracial identity movement at work?
Answer: Loving Day

Question: What does the first multiracial president identify as?
Answer: African American

Question: When did the census begin allowing multiple boxes to be checked?
Answer: 2000

Question: When was an African American president elected?
Answer: 2008
Title: Multiracial_American

Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the western US, there were greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.

Question: What were put in place to prevent the mix of races?
Answer: Anti-miscegenation laws

Question: Why did the anti-miscegenation not insure that there was no interracial mixing?
Answer: white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them

Question: Where was there greater numbers of Latinos and Asian residents?
Answer: In California and the western US

Question: When were the laws against marriage between Asians and Europeans lifted?
Answer: 1950s

Question: What races were prohibited from official relationships with whites?
Answer: Latino and Asian residents

Question: When were anti-miscegenation laws passed?
Answer: Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries

Question: Were Latino residents also prohibited from marrying whites? 
Answer: were prohibited from official relationships with whites.

Question: Did these laws change behavior of white slaveholders and other powerful white men?
Answer: this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines

Question: Which region has greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents?
Answer: In California and the western US,

Question: Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US?
Answer: White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s.

Question: In the western US, who were not allowed to have relationships with whites?
Answer: Latino and Asian residents

Question: When did laws stop banning marriage between whites and asians?
Answer: the 1950s

Question: Who were taking slaves as concubines?
Answer: white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men