rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Macintosh

Jobs stated during the Macintosh's introduction "we expect Macintosh to become the third industry standard", after the Apple II and IBM PC. Although outselling every other computer, it did not meet expectations during the first year, especially among business customers. Only about ten applications including MacWrite and MacPaint were widely available, although many non-Apple software developers participated in the introduction and Apple promised that 79 companies including Lotus, Digital Research, and Ashton-Tate were creating products for the new computer. After one year, it had less than one quarter of the software selection available compared to the IBM PC—including only one word processor, two databases, and one spreadsheet—although Apple had sold 280,000 Macintoshes compared to IBM's first year sales of fewer than 100,000 PCs.

Question: What did Jobs state that he expected Macintosh to become?
Answer: the third industry standard

Question: How many applications were widely available during Macintosh's introduction?
Answer: Only about ten

Question: How many companies did Apple promise were develping products for the new computer?
Answer: 79

Question: How many Macintoshes had Apple sold after one year?
Answer: 280,000

Question: How many databases did Apple have available the first year?
Answer: two
Title: Macintosh

Updated Motorola CPUs made a faster machine possible, and in 1987 Apple took advantage of the new Motorola technology and introduced the Macintosh II at $5500, powered by a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor. The primary improvement in the Macintosh II was Color QuickDraw in ROM, a color version of the graphics language which was the heart of the machine. Among the many innovations in Color QuickDraw were the ability to handle any display size, any color depth, and multiple monitors. The Macintosh II marked the start of a new direction for the Macintosh, as now for the first time it had an open architecture with several NuBus expansion slots, support for color graphics and external monitors, and a modular design similar to that of the IBM PC. It had an internal hard drive and a power supply with a fan, which was initially fairly loud. One third-party developer sold a device to regulate fan speed based on a heat sensor, but it voided the warranty. Later Macintosh computers had quieter power supplies and hard drives.

Question: Whose technology did Apple take advantage of when introducing the Macintosh II?
Answer: Motorola

Question: What powered the Macintosh II?
Answer: a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor

Question: How much did the Macintosh II sell for?
Answer: $5500

Question: What marked the start of a new direction for Macintosh?
Answer: The Macintosh II

Question: What was the Macintosh II's new modular design similar to?
Answer: the IBM PC
Title: Macintosh

Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990, and according to a common saying at the time "Windows was not as good as Macintosh, but it was good enough for the average user". Though still a graphical wrapper that relied upon MS-DOS, 3.0 was the first iteration of Windows which had a feature set and performance comparable to the much more expensive Macintosh platform. It also did not help matters that during the previous year Jean-Louis Gassée had steadfastly refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers. Finally, there was a component shortage that rocked the exponentially-expanding PC industry in 1989, forcing Apple USA head Allan Loren to cut prices which dropped Apple's margins.

Question: When Microsfot Windows 3.0 was released, what was it commonly said to not be as good as?
Answer: Macintosh

Question: Who was Microsoft Windows 3.0 commonly said to be good enough for?
Answer: the average user

Question: What was responsible for the drop in Apple's margins in 1989?
Answer: a component shortage

Question: Who made the decision in 1989 to cut prices on Mac computers?
Answer: Apple USA head Allan Loren

Question: What was Microsoft Windows 3.0's performance comparable to?
Answer: Macintosh platform
Title: Macintosh

Intel had tried unsuccessfully to push Apple to migrate the Macintosh platform to Intel chips. Apple concluded that Intel's CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) architecture ultimately would not be able to compete against RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processors. While the Motorola 68040 offered the same features as the Intel 80486 and could on a clock-for-clock basis significantly outperform the Intel chip, the 486 had the ability to be clocked significantly faster without suffering from overheating problems, especially the clock-doubled i486DX2 which ran the CPU logic at twice the external bus speed, giving such equipped IBM compatible systems a significant performance lead over their Macintosh equivalents. Apple's product design and engineering didn't help matters as they restricted the use of the '040 to their expensive Quadras for a time while the 486 was readily available to OEMs as well as enthusiasts who put together their own machines. In late 1991, as the higher-end Macintosh desktop lineup transitioned to the '040, Apple was unable to offer the '040 in their top-of-the-line PowerBooks until early 1994 with the PowerBook 500 series, several years after the first 486-powered IBM compatible laptops hit the market which cost Apple considerable sales. In 1993 Intel rolled out the Pentium processors as the successor to the 486, while the Motorola 68050 was never released, leaving the Macintosh platform a generation behind IBM compatibles in the latest CPU technology. In 1994, Apple abandoned Motorola CPUs for the RISC PowerPC architecture developed by the AIM alliance of Apple Computer, IBM, and Motorola. The Power Macintosh line, the first to use the new chips, proved to be highly successful, with over a million PowerPC units sold in nine months. However, in the long run, spurning Intel for the PowerPC was a mistake as the commoditization of Intel-architecture chips meant Apple couldn't compete on price against "the Dells of the world".

Question: What did Intel unsuccessfully try to push Apple to migrate to?
Answer: Intel chips

Question: Which platform did Apple choose to use?
Answer: Motorola 68040

Question: Who first rolled out Pentium processors in 1993?
Answer: Intel

Question: How far behind was Macintosh set back compared to the new IBM compatibles?
Answer: a generation

Question: When did Apple abandon Motorola CPU's?
Answer: 1994
Title: Macintosh

In 1998, Apple introduced its new iMac which, like the original 128K Mac, was an all-in-one computer. Its translucent plastic case, originally Bondi blue and later various additional colors, is considered an industrial design landmark of the late 1990s. The iMac did away with most of Apple's standard (and usually proprietary) connections, such as SCSI and ADB, in favor of two USB ports. It replaced a floppy disk drive with a CD-ROM drive for installing software, but was incapable of writing to CDs or other media without external third-party hardware. The iMac proved to be phenomenally successful, with 800,000 units sold in 139 days. It made the company an annual profit of US$309 million, Apple's first profitable year since Michael Spindler took over as CEO in 1995. This aesthetic was applied to the Power Macintosh and later the iBook, Apple's first consumer-level laptop computer, filling the missing quadrant of Apple's "four-square product matrix" (desktop and portable products for both consumers and professionals). More than 140,000 pre-orders were placed before it started shipping in September, and by October proved to be a large success.

Question: What color was Apples new iMac, which was introduced in 1998?
Answer: Bondi blue

Question: What did the iMac replace most of Apple's standard connections with?
Answer: two USB ports

Question: What did the iMac replace the floppy disk drive with?
Answer: a CD-ROM drive

Question: What did the iMac need to use in order to write CDs or other media?
Answer: external third-party hardware

Question: How many iMac units sold in the first 139 days?
Answer: 800,000
Title: Macintosh

Apple discontinued the use of PowerPC microprocessors in 2006. At WWDC 2005, Steve Jobs announced this transition, revealing that Mac OS X was always developed to run on both the Intel and PowerPC architectures. All new Macs now use x86 processors made by Intel, and some were renamed as a result. Intel-based Macs running OS X 10.6 and below (support has been discontinued since 10.7) can run pre-existing software developed for PowerPC using an emulator called Rosetta, although at noticeably slower speeds than native programs. However, the Classic environment is unavailable on the Intel architecture. Intel chips introduced the potential to run the Microsoft Windows operating system natively on Apple hardware, without emulation software such as Virtual PC. In March 2006, a group of hackers announced that they were able to run Windows XP on an Intel-based Mac. The group released their software as open source and has posted it for download on their website. On April 5, 2006, Apple announced the availability of the public beta of Boot Camp, software that allows owners of Intel-based Macs to install Windows XP on their machines; later versions added support for Windows Vista and Windows 7. Classic was discontinued in Mac OS X 10.5, and Boot Camp became a standard feature on Intel-based Macs.

Question: When did Apple discontinue the use of PowerPC microprocessors?
Answer: 2006

Question: Who announced the capability to run Windows XP on an Intel-based Mac in 2006?
Answer: a group of hackers

Question: How did hackers release their software for running Windows on Macs?
Answer: for download on their website

Question: When did Apple announce software that would allow Windows XP to be run on Intel-based Macs?
Answer: April 5, 2006

Question: What is the name of the software that Apple introduced for running Windows XP?
Answer: Boot Camp
Title: Macintosh

Apple was initially reluctant to embrace mice with multiple buttons and scroll wheels. Macs did not natively support pointing devices that featured multiple buttons, even from third parties, until Mac OS X arrived in 2001. Apple continued to offer only single button mice, in both wired and Bluetooth wireless versions, until August 2005, when it introduced the Mighty Mouse. While it looked like a traditional one-button mouse, it actually had four buttons and a scroll ball, capable of independent x- and y-axis movement. A Bluetooth version followed in July 2006. In October 2009, Apple introduced the Magic Mouse, which uses multi-touch gesture recognition (similar to that of the iPhone) instead of a physical scroll wheel or ball. It is available only in a wireless configuration, but the wired Mighty Mouse (re-branded as "Apple Mouse") is still available as an alternative. Since 2010, Apple has also offered the Magic Trackpad as a means to control Macintosh desktop computers in a way similar to laptops.

Question: Who was initially reluctant to embrace mice with multiple buttons and scroll wheels?
Answer: Apple

Question: What was the name of the 1st multiple button mouse introduced by Apple?
Answer: Mighty Mouse

Question: How many buttons did the Mighty Mouse have?
Answer: four

Question: What did Apple introduce to take the place of a physical scroll wheel in 2009?
Answer: multi-touch gesture recognition

Question: What Apple mouse 1st used multi-touch gesture recognition?
Answer: Magic Mouse
Title: Macintosh

Following the release of Intel-based Macs, third-party platform virtualization software such as Parallels Desktop, VMware Fusion, and VirtualBox began to emerge. These programs allow users to run Microsoft Windows or previously Windows-only software on Macs at near native speed. Apple also released Boot Camp and Mac-specific Windows drivers that help users to install Windows XP or Vista and natively dual boot between Mac OS X and Windows. Though not condoned by Apple, it is possible to run the Linux operating system using Boot camp or other virtualization workarounds. Unlike most PCs, however, Macs are unable to run many legacy PC operating systems. In particular, Intel-based macs lack the A20 gate.

Question: What type of software began to emerge following the release of Intel-based Macs?
Answer: third-party platform virtualization

Question: At what speed do programs such as VirtualBox allow Microsoft Windows to run on Macs?
Answer: at near native speed

Question: What is possible to run by using Boot camp, even though it is not condoned by Apple?
Answer: the Linux operating system

Question: What do Macs lack that makes them unable to run many legacy PC operating systems?
Answer: the A20 gate
Title: Macintosh

Although the PC market declined, Apple still managed to ship 2.8 million MacBooks in Q2 2012 (the majority of which are the MacBook Air) compared to 500,000 total Ultrabooks, although there were dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11-inch and 13-inch models of the MacBook Air. The Air has been the best-selling ultra-portable in certain countries over Windows Ultrabooks, particularly the United States. While several Ultrabooks were able to claim individual distinctions such as being the lightest or thinnest, the Air was regarded by reviewers as the best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable in regard to "OS X experience, full keyboard, superior trackpad, Thunderbolt connector and the higher-quality, all-aluminum unibody construction". The Air was among the first to receive Intel's latest CPUs before other PC manufacturers, and OS X has gained market share on Windows in recent years. Through July 1, 2013, the MacBook Air took in 56 percent of all Ultrabook sales in the United States, although being one of the higher-priced competitors, though several Ultrabooks with better features were often more expensive than the MacBook Air. The competitive pricing of MacBooks was particularly effective when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks, as this contradicted the established "elitist aura" perception that Apple products cost more but were higher quality, which made these most expensive Ultrabooks seem exorbitant no matter how valid their higher prices were.

Question: What has been the best-selling ultra-portable over Windows Ultrabooks in the U.S.?
Answer: MacBook Air

Question: What earned the title as best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable?
Answer: MacBook Air

Question: What did the Air receive before other PC manufacturers?
Answer: Intel's latest CPUs

Question: Through 7/1/13, what percentage of all Ultrabook sales in the U.S. were MacBook Airs?
Answer: 56

Question: When was the competetive pricing of MacBooks especially effective?
Answer: when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Anti-aircraft warfare or counter-air defence is defined by NATO as "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action." They include ground-and air-based weapon systems, associated sensor systems, command and control arrangements and passive measures (e.g. barrage balloons). It may be used to protect naval, ground, and air forces in any location. However, for most countries the main effort has tended to be 'homeland defence'. NATO refers to airborne air defence as counter-air and naval air defence as anti-aircraft warfare. Missile defence is an extension of air defence as are initiatives to adapt air defence to the task of intercepting any projectile in flight.

Question: What is another term for anti-aircraft warfare?
Answer: counter-air defence

Question: NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare as measures to reduce what?
Answer: the effectiveness of hostile air action

Question: Barrage balloons are an example of what type of weapons system?
Answer: passive measures

Question: What is the primary effort been for most countries when it comes to anti-aircraft warfare?
Answer: homeland defence

Question: What does NATO ascribe naval air defence as?
Answer: anti-aircraft warfare
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Non-English terms for air defence include the German Flak (Fliegerabwehrkanone, "aircraft defence cannon", also cited as Flugabwehrkanone), whence English flak, and the Russian term Protivovozdushnaya oborona (Cyrillic: Противовозду́шная оборо́на), a literal translation of "anti-air defence", abbreviated as PVO. In Russian the AA systems are called zenitnye (i.e. "pointing to zenith") systems (guns, missiles etc.). In French, air defence is called DCA (Défense contre les aéronefs, "aéronef" being the generic term for all kind of airborne device (airplane, airship, balloon, missile, rocket, etc.)).

Question: What is the Russian term for air defence?
Answer: Protivovozdushnaya oborona

Question: What are the AA systems called in Russian?
Answer: zenitnye

Question: How is the Russian term for air defence abbreviated?
Answer: PVO

Question: What is air defence called in French?
Answer: DCA

Question: What is the generic term for an airplane or rocket in French?
Answer: aéronef
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain created an integrated system for ADGB that linked the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command, although field-deployed air defence relied on less sophisticated arrangements. NATO later called these arrangements an "air defence ground environment", defined as "the network of ground radar sites and command and control centres within a specific theatre of operations which are used for the tactical control of air defence operations".

Question: When were sensors initially developed?
Answer: during the First World War

Question: Radar was supplemented by what in the 1980s?
Answer: optronics

Question: What country created an integrated system for ADGB?
Answer: Britain

Question: What did the integrated system for ADGB link?
Answer: the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command

Question: What agency stated that the arrangements were an air defence ground environment?
Answer: NATO
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

The most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided into two arms, PVO Strany, the Strategic Air defence Service responsible for Air Defence of the Homeland, created in 1941 and becoming an independent service in 1954, and PVO SV, Air Defence of the Ground Forces. Subsequently these became part of the air force and ground forces respectively

Question: Which country had the most severe case?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: This separate service  was known as what in the Soviet Union?
Answer: Voyska PVO

Question: What two systems did Voyska PVO have?
Answer: fighter aircraft and ground-based systems

Question: What year did the PVO Strany become independent?
Answer: 1954

Question: What was the arm that was the Air Defence of the Ground Forces?
Answer: PVO SV
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

On 30 September 1915, troops of the Serbian Army observed three enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac. Soldiers shot at them with shotguns and machine-guns but failed to prevent them from dropping 45 bombs over the city, hitting military installations, the railway station and many other, mostly civilian, targets in the city. During the bombing raid, private Radoje Ljutovac fired his cannon at the enemy aircraft and successfully shot one down. It crashed in the city and both pilots died from their injuries. The cannon Ljutovac used was not designed as an anti-aircraft gun, it was a slightly modified Turkish cannon captured during the First Balkan War in 1912. This was the first occasion in military history that a military aircraft was shot down with ground-to-air fire.

Question: When did Serbian troops notice enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac? 
Answer: 30 September 1915

Question: How many bombs did the three aircraft drop on the city?
Answer: 45

Question: Which private shot down one aircraft with a cannon?
Answer: Radoje Ljutovac

Question: What happened to the pilots that were in the aircraft shot down?
Answer: both pilots died

Question: Which war was the cannon used in prior to this event?
Answer: First Balkan War in 1912
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

AA gunnery was a difficult business. The problem was of successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position, with various factors affecting the shells' predicted trajectory. This was called deflection gun-laying, 'off-set' angles for range and elevation were set on the gunsight and updated as their target moved. In this method when the sights were on the target, the barrel was pointed at the target's future position. Range and height of the target determined fuse length. The difficulties increased as aircraft performance improved.

Question: What was the problem with AA gunnery?
Answer: successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position

Question: Different things could affect what with the shell?
Answer: predicted trajectory

Question: What was updated on the gunsight as a target moved?
Answer: 'off-set' angles for range and elevation

Question: Where was the barrel pointed when the sights were on a target?
Answer: the target's future position

Question: What two things figured the fuse length?
Answer: Range and height of the target
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

World War I demonstrated that aircraft could be an important part of the battlefield, but in some nations it was the prospect of strategic air attack that was the main issue, presenting both a threat and an opportunity. The experience of four years of air attacks on London by Zeppelins and Gotha G.V bombers had particularly influenced the British and was one of if not the main driver for forming an independent air force. As the capabilities of aircraft and their engines improved it was clear that their role in future war would be even more critical as their range and weapon load grew. However, in the years immediately after World War I the prospect of another major war seemed remote, particularly in Europe where the most militarily capable nations were, and little financing was available.

Question: What showed that aircraft could be a significant contribution to the battlefield?
Answer: World War I

Question: In addition to Zeppelins, what attacked London for four years with air attacks?
Answer: Gotha G.V bombers

Question: The four year air attack was instrumental in Britain forming what?
Answer: an independent air force

Question: The future of aircraft in war situations was important because of the growth in what two areas?
Answer: their range and weapon load

Question: Where were most of the nations who had the strongest military after World War I?
Answer: Europe
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

From the early 1930s eight countries developed radar, these developments were sufficiently advanced by the late 1930s for development work on sound locating acoustic devices to be generally halted, although equipment was retained. Furthermore, in Britain the volunteer Observer Corps formed in 1925 provided a network of observation posts to report hostile aircraft flying over Britain. Initially radar was used for airspace surveillance to detect approaching hostile aircraft. However, the German Würzburg radar was capable of providing data suitable for controlling AA guns and the British AA No 1 Mk 1 GL radar was designed to be used on AA gun positions.

Question: How many different countries developed radar starting in the 1930s?
Answer: eight

Question: Where was the Observer Corps based?
Answer: Britain

Question: When was the Observer Corps formed?
Answer: 1925

Question: What did the Observer Corps observe and report on?
Answer: hostile aircraft flying over Britain

Question: What was originally used to see hostile aircraft approaching?
Answer: radar