rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Association_football

A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time. The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is called additional time in FIFA documents, but is most commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time, while loss time can also be used as a synonym. The duration of stoppage time is at the sole discretion of the referee. The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time he intends to add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee. Added time was introduced because of an incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa. Trailing 1–0 and with just two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty. Villa's goalkeeper kicked the ball out of the ground, and by the time the ball had been recovered, the 90 minutes had elapsed and the game was over. The same law also states that the duration of either half is extended until the penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed, thus no game shall end with a penalty to be taken.

Question: How many periods are in a standard football match?
Answer: two

Question: How long are each period in a standard football match?
Answer: 45

Question: What are the periods in a football match called?
Answer: halves

Question: Who gets to decide how long stoppage time can go on for?
Answer: referee

Question: In what year did an incident help introduce added time?
Answer: 1891
Title: Association_football

In league competitions, games may end in a draw. In knockout competitions where a winner is required various methods may be employed to break such a deadlock, some competitions may invoke replays. A game tied at the end of regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods count toward the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored in a penalty shootout not making up part of the final score).

Question: Matches where a winner must be decided is called what type of competitions?
Answer: knockout

Question: Extra time has two periods which each are how long in minutes?
Answer: 15

Question: What are penalty shootouts officially known as in the Laws of the Game?
Answer: kicks from the penalty mark

Question: Which goals count to the final score of the game? 
Answer: Goals scored during extra time
Title: Association_football

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the IFAB experimented with ways of creating a winner without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen as an undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal), or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time (silver goal). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in 1998 and 2002. The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France's victory over Paraguay in 1998. Germany was the first nation to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic in the final of Euro 1996. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004. Both these experiments have been discontinued by IFAB.

Question: What is the golden goal?
Answer: the first goal in extra time

Question: Who was the first team to win using the golden goal to their advantage?
Answer: France

Question: Who experimented with creating winners without requiring penalty shootouts?
Answer: the IFAB

Question: What team did France beat in 1998?
Answer: Paraguay

Question: What year did the Czech Republic lose in the final of Euro?
Answer: 1996
Title: Association_football

The referee may punish a player's or substitute's misconduct by a caution (yellow card) or dismissal (red card). A second yellow card at the same game leads to a red card, and therefore to a dismissal. A player given a yellow card is said to have been "booked", the referee writing the player's name in his official notebook. If a player has been dismissed, no substitute can be brought on in their place. Misconduct may occur at any time, and while the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. A referee can show a yellow or red card to a player, substitute or substituted player. Non-players such as managers and support staff cannot be shown the yellow or red card, but may be expelled from the technical area if they fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner.

Question: Which card does a referee use to signal a caution to a player?
Answer: yellow card

Question: How many yellow cards lead to a red card?
Answer: A second

Question: A referee gives out a yellow card and writes down the players name in his notebook which is called being what?
Answer: booked

Question: Managers and support staff is considered what and thus cannot be shown a card?
Answer: Non-players

Question: What does a red card mean?
Answer: dismissal
Title: Association_football

Along with the general administration of the sport, football associations and competition organisers also enforce good conduct in wider aspects of the game, dealing with issues such as comments to the press, clubs' financial management, doping, age fraud and match fixing. Most competitions enforce mandatory suspensions for players who are sent off in a game. Some on-field incidents, if considered very serious (such as allegations of racial abuse), may result in competitions deciding to impose heavier sanctions than those normally associated with a red card. Some associations allow for appeals against player suspensions incurred on-field if clubs feel a referee was incorrect or unduly harsh.

Question: Players who are sent off in a game are often faced with what?
Answer: mandatory suspensions

Question: Sometimes clubs can do what if they feel that a punishment was too harsh?
Answer: appeals

Question: Football associations enforce what kind of conduct?
Answer: good
Title: Association_football

There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles. Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as the World Cup. Originally, the event was for amateurs only; however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics, professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. The Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team. A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.

Question: Which year was there not a Summer Olympic Game?
Answer: 1932

Question: In what year was a women's tournament added to the Summer Olympics?
Answer: 1996

Question: What year were professional players allowed to play in the  Summer Olympics? 
Answer: 1984

Question: What is the age limit on the Olympic men's tournament? 
Answer: Under-23

Question: What was the first year that there was a football tournament at the Summer Olympics? 
Answer: 1900
Title: Association_football

After the World Cup, the most important international football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams. These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC). The FIFA Confederations Cup is contested by the winners of all six continental championships, the current FIFA World Cup champions and the country which is hosting the Confederations Cup. This is generally regarded as a warm-up tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and does not carry the same prestige as the World Cup itself. The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores in South America. The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA Club World Cup.

Question: What does UEFA Stand for?
Answer: European Championship

Question: The FIFA Confederations Cups is usually considered a warm-up for what?
Answer: FIFA World Cup

Question: What do winners of the continental competition get to do?
Answer: contest the FIFA Club World Cup

Question: What does CAF stand for?
Answer: African Cup of Nations
Title: Association_football

The governing bodies in each country operate league systems in a domestic season, normally comprising several divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results. Teams are placed into tables, placing them in order according to points accrued. Most commonly, each team plays every other team in its league at home and away in each season, in a round-robin tournament. At the end of a season, the top team is declared the champion. The top few teams may be promoted to a higher division, and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are relegated to a lower division.

Question: What do teams gain for doing well throughout the season?
Answer: points

Question: What is the name for the type of tournament teams play in regular season?
Answer: round-robin

Question: What could happen to the top few teams at the end of the season?
Answer: promoted to a higher division

Question: Who operate league systems?
Answer: governing bodies

Question: What happens to the teams at the bottom of the ranks at the end of the season?
Answer: relegated to a lower division
Title: Association_football

A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three, though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match. IFAB recommends "that a match should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team." Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations.

Question: What is one who replaces a player during a game called?
Answer: substitutes

Question: What is the maximum number of substitutions during most professional games?
Answer: three

Question: Who decides on who's rewarded points for abandoned games?
Answer: individual football associations
Title: Georgian_architecture

Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as Neo-Georgian architecture; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture. In America the term "Georgian" is generally used to describe all building from the period, regardless of style; in Britain it is generally restricted to buildings that are "architectural in intention", and have stylistic characteristics that are typical of the period, though that covers a wide range.

Question: Who were the British monarchs of the House of Hanover from August 1714 to June 1830?
Answer: George I, George II, George III, and George IV

Question: What was the 19th century revival of Georgian architecture in the United States referred to as?
Answer: Colonial Revival

Question: Between what years was Georgian architecture in style?
Answer: between 1714 and 1830

Question: What was the name given to the 20th century Great British revival Georgian architecture.
Answer: Neo-Georgian

Question: What was the name of the house of the monarchs in power from 1714 and 1830?
Answer: House of Hanover
Title: Georgian_architecture

The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the classical architecture of Greece and Rome, as revived in Renaissance architecture. Ornament is also normally in the classical tradition, but typically rather restrained, and sometimes almost completely absent on the exterior. The period brought the vocabulary of classical architecture to smaller and more modest buildings than had been the case before, replacing English vernacular architecture (or becoming the new vernacular style) for almost all new middle-class homes and public buildings by the end of the period.

Question: What classical architecture is Georgian architecture based on?
Answer: Greece and Rome

Question: What type of architecture did Georgian replace?
Answer: English vernacular architecture

Question: Where is ornament typically not found in Georgian architecture?
Answer: the exterior
Title: Georgian_architecture

In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, and rows of identical terraced houses became the norm. Even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an enormous amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world, and the standards of construction were generally high. Where they have not been demolished, large numbers of Georgian buildings have survived two centuries or more, and they still form large parts of the core of cities such as London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol.

Question: During the period of Georgian architecture what did landowners turn into?
Answer: property developers

Question: Where do many buildings constructed during the period of Georgian architecture still exist today?
Answer: London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol

Question: What benefit convinced many wealthy people to move into town during this time?
Answer: a square of garden

Question: What part of the world was mostly dominated by Georgian architecture?
Answer: all over the English-speaking world

Question: What quality were the buildings constructed during that time?
Answer: generally high
Title: Georgian_architecture

The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession; before the mid-century "the high-sounding title, 'architect' was adopted by anyone who could get away with it". But most buildings were still designed by builders and landlords together, and the wide spread of Georgian architecture, and the Georgian styles of design more generally, came from dissemination through pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings. This contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny (active 1723–1755) received editions in America as well as Britain. From the mid-18th century, Georgian styles were assimilated into an architectural vernacular that became part and parcel of the training of every architect, designer, builder, carpenter, mason and plasterer, from Edinburgh to Maryland.

Question: What high sounding title was adopted by anyone who could get away with it?
Answer: architect

Question: How did most Georgian design styles disseminate?
Answer: pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings

Question: How did styles disseminate before Georgian architecture?
Answer: the apprenticeship system

Question: Which American author received editions of Georgian architecture?
Answer: William Halfpenny

Question: What years were William Halfpenny active?
Answer: 1723–1755
Title: Georgian_architecture

Georgian succeeded the English Baroque of Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh, Thomas Archer, William Talman, and Nicholas Hawksmoor; this in fact continued into at least the 1720s, overlapping with a more restrained Georgian style. The architect James Gibbs was a transitional figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century, but he adjusted his style after 1720. Major architects to promote the change in direction from baroque were Colen Campbell, author of the influential book Vitruvius Britannicus (1715-1725); Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and his protégé William Kent; Isaac Ware; Henry Flitcroft and the Venetian Giacomo Leoni, who spent most of his career in England. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the Elder. The European Grand Tour became very common for wealthy patrons in the period, and Italian influence remained dominant, though at the start of the period Hanover Square, Westminster (1713 on), developed and occupied by Whig supporters of the new dynasty, seems to have deliberately adopted German stylisic elements in their honour, especially vertical bands connecting the windows.

Question: What style did Georgian succeed?
Answer: English Baroque

Question: Which architect was a transitional figure?
Answer: James Gibbs

Question: What became very popular with wealthy patrons during this period?
Answer: The European Grand Tour

Question: Which book did Colen Campbell write?
Answer: Vitruvius Britannicus

Question: What Venetian spent most of his career in England?
Answer: Giacomo Leoni
Title: Georgian_architecture

The styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture— and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking world's equivalent of European Rococo. From the mid-1760s a range of Neoclassical modes were fashionable, associated with the British architects Robert Adam, James Gibbs, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt, George Dance the Younger, Henry Holland and Sir John Soane. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, he was responsible for designing large areas of London. Greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke.

Question: What are the whimsical alternatives of Palladian architecture?
Answer: Gothic and Chinoiserie

Question: Gothic and Chinoiserie were the English-speaking world's equivalent of what style?
Answer: European Rococo

Question: John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of which style?
Answer: The Regency style

Question: Around what year was the Greek Revival added to the repertory?
Answer: around 1750

Question: Who were two leading exponent of the Greek Revival style?
Answer: William Wilkins and Robert Smirke
Title: Georgian_architecture

Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube. Regularity, as with ashlar (uniformly cut) stonework, was strongly approved, imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules: the lack of symmetry, where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible, was deeply felt as a flaw, at least before Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles. Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century, Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece.

Question: Georgian architecture is characterized by?
Answer: its proportion and balance

Question: What was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning?
Answer: Regularity of housefronts

Question: What was considered a deep flaw of Georgian architecture?
Answer: lack of symmetry

Question: What decorative vocabulary did Georgian designs draw from?
Answer: ancient Rome or Greece
Title: Georgian_architecture

Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture. Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided. In grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. Typically the basement area or "rustic", with kitchens, offices and service areas, as well as male guests with muddy boots, came some way above ground, and was lit by windows that were high on the inside, but just above ground level outside. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court.

Question: What revived style dominated English country house architecture?
Answer: Palladian

Question: What was done to make houses look more impressive from a distance?
Answer: made wide and relatively shallow

Question: Where was the height generally highest in Palladian architecture?
Answer: the centre

Question: Where were areas such as kitchens, offices, and service areas generally found?
Answer: basement area

Question: What floor were the main receptions rooms generally located?
Answer: mezzanine floor
Title: Georgian_architecture

Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid; this was partly to minimize window tax, which was in force throughout the period in the United Kingdom. Some windows were subsequently bricked-in. Their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable. Before this the internal plan and function of the rooms can generally not be deduced from the outside. To open these large windows the sash window, already developed by the 1670s, became very widespread. Corridor plans became universal inside larger houses.

Question: What tax was in force throughout the United Kingdom during this time?
Answer: window tax

Question: When was the sash window developed?
Answer: the 1670s

Question: What plans became universal inside larger houses?
Answer: Corridor plans

Question: What cannot be generally deduced from the outside?
Answer: the internal plan and function of the rooms

Question: What aspect of windows generally varied between floors?
Answer: Their height