rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Mexico_City

During Andrés López Obrador's administration a political slogan was introduced: la Ciudad de la Esperanza ("The City of Hope"). This motto was quickly adopted as a city nickname, but has faded since the new motto Capital en Movimiento ("Capital in Movement") was adopted by the administration headed by Marcelo Ebrard, though the latter is not treated as often as a nickname in media. Since 2013, to refer to the City particularly in relation to government campaigns, the abbreviation CDMX has been used (from Ciudad de México).

Question: Who termed the slogan "la Ciudad de la Esperanza?"
Answer: Andrés López Obrador

Question: What is the nickname of the city that the government is trying to push now?
Answer: Capital en Movimiento

Question: How is the city commonly abbreviated?
Answer: CDMX

Question: When did the abbreviation CDMX begin to take hold?
Answer: 2013

Question: Who more recently tried to change the nickname of Mexico city?
Answer: Marcelo Ebrard
Title: Mexico_City

The city is colloquially known as Chilangolandia after the locals' nickname chilangos. Chilango is used pejoratively by people living outside Mexico City to "connote a loud, arrogant, ill-mannered, loutish person". For their part those living in Mexico City designate insultingly those who live elsewhere as living in la provincia ("the provinces", the periphery) and many proudly embrace the term chilango. Residents of Mexico City are more recently called defeños (deriving from the postal abbreviation of the Federal District in Spanish: D.F., which is read "De-Efe"). They are formally called capitalinos (in reference to the city being the capital of the country), but "[p]erhaps because capitalino is the more polite, specific, and correct word, it is almost never utilized".

Question: What are locals of Mexico City called?
Answer: chilangos

Question: What do Mexicans call Mexico City?
Answer: Chilangolandia

Question: How do Mexicans take being called "chilangos?"
Answer: proudly

Question: What nickname are residents of Mexico given that more reflects the Spanish influence of the city?
Answer: defeños

Question: What is the "official" term to denote a citizen of Mexico City?
Answer: capitalinos
Title: Mexico_City

Between 2000 and 2004 an average of 478 crimes were reported each day in Mexico City; however, the actual crime rate is thought to be much higher "since most people are reluctant to report crime". Under policies enacted by Mayor Marcelo Ebrard between 2009 and 2011, Mexico City underwent a major security upgrade with violent and petty crime rates both falling significantly despite the rise in violent crime in other parts of the country. Some of the policies enacted included the installation of 11,000 security cameras around the city and a very large expansion of the police force. Mexico City has one of the world's highest police officer-to-resident ratios, with one uniformed officer per 100 citizens.

Question: How many crimes occurred around the turn of the latest century? 
Answer: average of 478 crimes were reported each day

Question: Why might more than 500 crimes have occurred each day at the turn of the century instead of the officially reported number?
Answer: most people are reluctant to report crime

Question: What Mexican mayor tried to crack down on crime immensely? 
Answer: Marcelo Ebrard

Question: What is one way the city tried to combat crime?
Answer: installation of 11,000 security cameras

Question: What is the ratio of cops to citizens in Mexico City?
Answer: one uniformed officer per 100 citizens
Title: Germans

Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans.[citation needed] There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil (mainly in the South Region of the country), Argentina, Canada, South Africa, the post-Soviet states (mainly in Russia and Kazakhstan), and France, each accounting for at least 1 million.[note 2] Thus, the total number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).

Question: Approximately how many of the world population speak German as a native language? 
Answer: 100 million

Question: Of the population that speaks German as a native language how many of them consider themselves to be German?
Answer: 80 million

Question: How many of the worlds population claim German ancestors?
Answer: 80 million

Question: what is the total number of Germans both native speaking and heredity in the world?
Answer: between 100 and more than 150 million

Question: Where in Brazil is most of the German descendants located?
Answer: mainly in the South Region of the country

Question: How many native German speakers in the world are there?
Answer: 100 million

Question: How many native German speakers consider themselves German?
Answer: 80 million

Question: How many people in the world claim to be from German ancestry?
Answer: 100 and more than 150 million
Title: Germans

Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine. Roman emperor Augustus in 12 BC ordered the conquest of the Germans, but the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest resulted in the Roman Empire abandoning its plans to completely conquer Germany. Germanic peoples in Roman territory were culturally Romanized, and although much of Germany remained free of direct Roman rule, Rome deeply influenced the development of German society, especially the adoption of Christianity by the Germans who obtained it from the Romans. In Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become a major influence in the development of a common German identity.

Question: What emperor forced the Germanic tribes to the east side of the Rhine?
Answer: Julius Caesar

Question: In what did Emperor Augustus order the conquest of the Germans? 
Answer: 12 BC

Question: The Romans suffered a horrible defeat in there conquest of the Germans in what battle? 
Answer: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

Question: Roman's adoption of what religion would greatly influence the German society? 
Answer: Christianity

Question: Through what act would Roman and German customs become intertwine? 
Answer: Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried

Question: Which Roman emperor ordered the conquest of the Germans?
Answer: Augustus

Question: What religion did Germans adopt?
Answer: Christianity

Question: What battle did Germans defeat the Romans?
Answer: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest r
Title: Germans

The Germanic peoples during the Migrations Period came into contact with other peoples; in the case of the populations settling in the territory of modern Germany, they encountered Celts to the south, and Balts and Slavs towards the east. The Limes Germanicus was breached in AD 260. Migrating Germanic tribes commingled with the local Gallo-Roman populations in what is now Swabia and Bavaria. The arrival of the Huns in Europe resulted in Hun conquest of large parts of Eastern Europe, the Huns initially were allies of the Roman Empire who fought against Germanic tribes, but later the Huns cooperated with the Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths, and large numbers of Germans lived within the lands of the Hunnic Empire of Attila. Attila had both Hunnic and Germanic families and prominent Germanic chiefs amongst his close entourage in Europe. The Huns living in Germanic territories in Eastern Europe adopted an East Germanic language as their lingua franca. A major part of Attila's army were Germans, during the Huns' campaign against the Roman Empire. After Attila's unexpected death the Hunnic Empire collapsed with the Huns disappearing as a people in Europe – who either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans.

Question: During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what groups in the east?
Answer: Balts and Slavs

Question: During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what group in the south?
Answer: Celts

Question: The Limes Germanicus was breached in what year?
Answer: AD 260

Question: Who allied with the Germans after previous fighting them along side the Romans?
Answer: the Huns

Question: What leader had both prominent German and Hun families in his entourage throughout Europe? 
Answer: Attila

Question: When was the Limes Germanicus breached?
Answer: AD 260

Question: Who did the Germans come in contact with to the south?
Answer: Celts

Question: Which Germanic tribe did the Huns cooperate with?
Answer: Ostrogoths

Question: What language did the Huns adopt?
Answer: East Germanic

Question: What happened to the Huns after Attila's death?
Answer: either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans
Title: Germans

The migration-period peoples who later coalesced into a "German" ethnicity were the Germanic tribes of the Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii. These five tribes, sometimes with inclusion of the Frisians, are considered as the major groups to take part in the formation of the Germans. The varieties of the German language are still divided up into these groups. Linguists distinguish low Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian, Thuringian and Alemannic varieties in modern German. By the 9th century, the large tribes which lived on the territory of modern Germany had been united under the rule of the Frankish king Charlemagne, known in German as Karl der Große. Much of what is now Eastern Germany became Slavonic-speaking (Sorbs and Veleti), after these areas were vacated by Germanic tribes (Vandals, Lombards, Burgundians and Suebi amongst others) which had migrated into the former areas of the Roman Empire.

Question: how many tribes are credited with the creation of the modern day germans?
Answer: five tribes

Question: In modern day what is still influenced by the  five tribes?
Answer: German language

Question: What king united the tribes in the 9th century? 
Answer: Charlemagne

Question: What part of Germany became mostly Slavonic-speaking due to migration?  
Answer: Eastern Germany

Question: The tribes that moved out of east Germany took to inhabit what fallen empires lands?
Answer: Roman Empire

Question: What five tribes are attributed with coalescing into a German ethnicity?
Answer: Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii

Question: What 6th tribe is sometimes included with the original 5 German tribes?
Answer: Frisians

Question: Who united the 5 tribes?
Answer: king Charlemagne

Question: What century did King Charlemagne reign? 
Answer: 9th
Title: Germans

A German ethnicity emerged in the course of the Middle Ages, ultimately as a result of the formation of the kingdom of Germany within East Francia and later the Holy Roman Empire, beginning in the 9th century. The process was gradual and lacked any clear definition, and the use of exonyms designating "the Germans" develops only during the High Middle Ages. The title of rex teutonicum "King of the Germans" is first used in the late 11th century, by the chancery of Pope Gregory VII, to describe the future Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation Henry IV. Natively, the term ein diutscher ("a German") is used for the people of Germany from the 12th century.

Question: What period in history do we see the emergence of German culture?
Answer: High Middle Ages

Question: The kingdom of Germany formed within what outer established empires?
Answer: East Francia

Question: When was the Title King of the Germans first used?
Answer: late 11th century

Question: Who coined the phrase "king of the Germans"
Answer: chancery of Pope Gregory VII,

Question: Who was given the prilavage of being called the first King of the Germans?
Answer: Henry IV

Question: When did a German ethnicity emerge?
Answer: the Middle Ages

Question: When is the title of rex teutonicum first used?
Answer: the late 11th century

Question: Who first used rex teutonicum?
Answer: Pope Gregory VII

Question: When is ein diutscher first used?
Answer: 12th century

Question: What does ein diutscher mean?
Answer: a German
Title: Germans

After Christianization, the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers led German expansion and settlement in areas inhabited by Slavs and Balts, known as Ostsiedlung. During the wars waged in the Baltic by the Catholic German Teutonic Knights; the lands inhabited by the ethnic group of the Old Prussians (the current reference to the people known then simply as the "Prussians"), were conquered by the Germans. The Old Prussians were an ethnic group related to the Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples. The former German state of Prussia took its name from the Baltic Prussians, although it was led by Germans who had assimilated the Old Prussians; the old Prussian language was extinct by the 17th or early 18th century. The Slavic people of the Teutonic-controlled Baltic were assimilated into German culture and eventually there were many intermarriages of Slavic and German families, including amongst the Prussia's aristocracy known as the Junkers. Prussian military strategist Karl von Clausewitz is a famous German whose surname is of Slavic origin. Massive German settlement led to the assimilation of Baltic (Old Prussians) and Slavic (Wends) populations, who were exhausted by previous warfare.

Question: The Expansion of Germany  by the Catholic Church into the areas of the Slavs and balts is know as what?
Answer: Ostsiedlung

Question: What was the name of the group that waged war in the Baltic?
Answer: Catholic German Teutonic Knights

Question: Who was the Old Prussians ethnic group related to?
Answer: Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples

Question: Although conquered the Persian language lived on till when?
Answer: 17th or early 18th century

Question: Who is a famous German that  name has Slavic origins?
Answer: Karl von Clausewitz

Question: When was the Prussian language extinct?
Answer: 17th or early 18th century

Question: What happened to the Slavic people of the Baltic?
Answer: were assimilated into German culture

Question: Who led the German expansion?
Answer: the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers

Question: What famous German military strategist has a name with Slavic origin?
Answer: Karl von Clausewitz

Question: What let to the assimilation of Baltic and Slavic populations?
Answer: Massive German settlement
Title: Germans

At the same time, naval innovations led to a German domination of trade in the Baltic Sea and parts of Eastern Europe through the Hanseatic League. Along the trade routes, Hanseatic trade stations became centers of the German culture. German town law (Stadtrecht) was promoted by the presence of large, relatively wealthy German populations, their influence and political power. Thus people who would be considered "Germans", with a common culture, language, and worldview different from that of the surrounding rural peoples, colonized trading towns as far north of present-day Germany as Bergen (in Norway), Stockholm (in Sweden), and Vyborg (now in Russia). The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German in any ethnic sense: many towns who joined the league were outside the Holy Roman Empire and a number of them may only loosely be characterized as German. The Empire itself was not entirely German either. It had a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual structure, some of the smaller ethnicities and languages used at different times were Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish.

Question: German's domination of trade in the Eastern Europe was credited to what?
Answer: naval innovations

Question: Because of the increased trade what places became the hubs of German culture?
Answer: Hanseatic trade stations

Question: What was promoted due to wealth and power of the German families?
Answer: Stadtrecht

Question: the holy roman empire due to its many different conquests was seen as what type of society?
Answer: multi-ethnic and multi-lingual

Question: What helped the Germans dominate trade?
Answer: naval innovations

Question: What is the German work for German town law?
Answer: Stadtrecht

Question: Was the Hanseatic league exclusively German?
Answer: The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German

Question: What other ethnicities, besides German were part of The Empire?
Answer: Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish
Title: Germans

By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture, including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language. Upon assimilating into German culture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish. However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries, with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language.

Question: By what time period had many of the Jewish  population joined the Holy Roman Empire?
Answer: Middle Ages

Question: The Jewish populations upon migrating into the German society mingled languages to form what new language? 
Answer: Yiddish

Question: What cause the tolerance and mixing  into German Society to end for the Jews?
Answer: Crusades

Question: What language did many of the Jews speak after the crusades? 
Answer: German

Question: What language did the Jews speak prior to assimilating into German culture?
Answer: Judeo-French

Question: After assimilating to German culture, what language did the Jews adopt?
Answer: Yiddish.

Question: When did Jewish assimilation end?
Answer: during the Crusades

Question: What happened to the Jews during the crusades?
Answer: forcefully expelled from Germany
Title: Germans

The Napoleonic Wars were the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, and ultimately the cause for the quest for a German nation state in 19th-century German nationalism. After the Congress of Vienna, Austria and Prussia emerged as two competitors. Austria, trying to remain the dominant power in Central Europe, led the way in the terms of the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna was essentially conservative, assuring that little would change in Europe and preventing Germany from uniting. These terms came to a sudden halt following the Revolutions of 1848 and the Crimean War in 1856, paving the way for German unification in the 1860s. By the 1820s, large numbers of Jewish German women had intermarried with Christian German men and had converted to Christianity. Jewish German Eduard Lasker was a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century.

Question: What was one of the main factors that caused the dissolve of the Holy Roman Empire?
Answer: Napoleonic Wars

Question: What assured  Europe would remain the same preventing Germany from becoming one country?
Answer: Congress of Vienna

Question: When was the Crimean War?
Answer: 1856

Question: When was Germany's unification? 
Answer: 1860s

Question: What prominent Jewish German  sought German unification in the mid 19th century?
Answer: Eduard Lasker

Question: What was the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire?
Answer: The Napoleonic Wars

Question: What two countries emerged as competitors after the Congress of Vienna?
Answer: Austria and Prussia

Question: Who led the way for the Congress of Vienna?
Answer: Austria

Question: In what decade was German unification?
Answer: 1860s

Question: Who was Eduard Lasker?
Answer: a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century
Title: Germans

In 1866, the feud between Austria and Prussia finally came to a head. There were several reasons behind this war. As German nationalism grew strongly inside the German Confederation and neither could decide on how Germany was going to be unified into a nation-state. The Austrians favoured the Greater Germany unification but were not willing to give up any of the non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire and take second place to Prussia. The Prussians however wanted to unify Germany as Little Germany primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia, whilst excluding Austria. In the final battle of the German war (Battle of Königgrätz) the Prussians successfully defeated the Austrians and succeeded in creating the North German Confederation.

Question: When did the strife between Austria and Prussia erupt?
Answer: 1866

Question: in What conflict of the German war did the Prussians successfully create the North German Confederation?
Answer: (Battle of Königgrätz

Question: What was Germany going to be called if Prussian won?
Answer: Little Germany

Question: What was Austria not willing to give up to settle the conflict?
Answer: non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire

Question: When did Austria and Prussia go to war?
Answer: 1866

Question: Who won the battle of Koniggratz?
Answer: Prussia

Question: What did the Prussians want Germany to unify under?
Answer: Little Germany

Question: What was created when the Prussians defeated Austria??
Answer: North German Confederation
Title: Germans

In 1870, after France attacked Prussia, Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany (among them Bavaria) were victorious in the Franco-Prussian War. It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state, effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein. Integrating the Austrians nevertheless remained a strong desire for many people of Germany and Austria, especially among the liberals, the social democrats and also the Catholics who were a minority within the Protestant Germany.

Question: When did France attack Prussia? 
Answer: 1870

Question: Who won the Franco-Prussian War?
Answer: Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany

Question: When was the German Empire founded?
Answer: 1871

Question: What regions was excluded from the German Empire?
Answer: effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy

Question: What was the primary religion of Germany?
Answer: Protestant

Question: When was the German empire created?
Answer: 1871

Question: Who was excluded from the German Nation State?
Answer: Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein

Question: What religion was a majority in Germany?
Answer: Protestant

Question: What did many people in Germany still want to do?
Answer: Integrating the Austrians
Title: Germans

The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, attempted to unite all the people they claimed were "Germans" (Volksdeutsche) into one realm, including ethnic Germans in eastern Europe, many of whom had emigrated more than one hundred fifty years before and developed separate cultures in their new lands. This idea was initially welcomed by many ethnic Germans in Sudetenland, Austria, Poland, Danzig and western Lithuania, particularly the Germans from Klaipeda (Memel). The Swiss resisted the idea. They had viewed themselves as a distinctly separate nation since the Peace of Westphalia of 1648.

Question: What leader tried to unite all people considered themselves "German"
Answer: Adolf Hitler

Question: Who resisted the uniting of people under Hitler?
Answer: The Swiss

Question: The Swiss has viewed themselves as their own country since what year?
Answer: 1648

Question: Who welcomed the idea in area such as Sudetenland and Poland?
Answer: ethnic Germans

Question: Who headed the Nazis?
Answer: Adolf Hitler

Question: Who resisted the Nazi idea of uniting all Germans from the get go?
Answer: The Swiss

Question: Since when had the Swiss viewed themselves as a different nation?
Answer: 1648

Question: When was the Peace of Westphalia?
Answer: 1648

Question: Who wanted to unite all of the Germans all over the area?
Answer: The Nazis