rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Public policy determines the extent to which renewable energy (RE) is to be incorporated into a developed or developing country's generation mix. Energy sector regulators implement that policy—thus affecting the pace and pattern of RE investments and connections to the grid. Energy regulators often have authority to carry out a number of functions that have implications for the financial feasibility of renewable energy projects. Such functions include issuing licenses, setting performance standards, monitoring the performance of regulated firms, determining the price level and structure of tariffs, establishing uniform systems of accounts, arbitrating stakeholder disputes (like interconnection cost allocations), performing management audits, developing agency human resources (expertise), reporting sector and commission activities to government authorities, and coordinating decisions with other government agencies. Thus, regulators make a wide range of decisions that affect the financial outcomes associated with RE investments. In addition, the sector regulator is in a position to give advice to the government regarding the full implications of focusing on climate change or energy security. The energy sector regulator is the natural advocate for efficiency and cost-containment throughout the process of designing and implementing RE policies. Since policies are not self-implementing, energy sector regulators become a key facilitator (or blocker) of renewable energy investments.

Question: What determines the extent to which renewable energy is to be incorporated into a country's generation mix?
Answer: Public policy

Question: Who has the authority to carry out a number of functions that havae implications for the feasiblity of renewable energy projects?
Answer: Energy regulators

Question: Why have energy sector regulators become a key facilitator of renewable energy investments?
Answer: Since policies are not self-implementing
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

The driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU are the liberalized electricity markets and the RES Directive. According to the directive the EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed and therefore a "guarantee of origin" must be issued (article 15). Environmental organisations are using the voluntary market to create new renewables and improving sustainability of the existing power production. In the US the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions is Green-e program managed by Center for Resource Solutions. In Europe the main voluntary tool used by the NGOs to promote sustainable electricity production is EKOenergy label.

Question: What is the driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU?
Answer: liberalized electricity markets

Question: What states that EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed?
Answer: RES Directive

Question: In the US, what is the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions?
Answer: Green-e program
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda, including the US mid-term elections in November, which confirmed clean energy as a mainstream issue. Also in 2006, the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need not be incompatible with cutting energy consumption. According to a trend analysis from the United Nations Environment Programme, climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices and increasing government support are driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy and energy efficiency industries.

Question: What made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies?
Answer: Stern Review

Question: In what year did a number of events push renewable energy up the political agenda?
Answer: 2006

Question: What is driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy industry?
Answer: climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associated transportation programs. This policy-stimulus combination represents the largest federal commitment in U.S. history for renewables, advanced transportation, and energy conservation initiatives. Based on these new rules, many more utilities strengthened their clean-energy programs. Clean Edge suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will help countries around the world deal with the current economic malaise. Once-promising solar energy company, Solyndra, became involved in a political controversy involving U.S. President Barack Obama's administration's authorization of a $535 million loan guarantee to the Corporation in 2009 as part of a program to promote alternative energy growth. The company ceased all business activity, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and laid-off nearly all of its employees in early September 2011.

Question: What helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than other sectors?
Answer: New government spending, regulation, and policies

Question: What suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will hellp countries deal with economic malaise?
Answer: commercialization of clean energy

Question: Which company became invovled in a political controversy?
Answer: Solyndra

Question: What company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy?
Answer: Solyndra
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

As of 2012, renewable energy plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries globally. Renewables are becoming increasingly economic in both developing and developed countries. Prices for renewable energy technologies, primarily wind power and solar power, continued to drop, making renewables competitive with conventional energy sources. Without a level playing field, however, high market penetration of renewables is still dependent on a robust promotional policies. Fossil fuel subsidies, which are far higher than those for renewable energy, remain in place and quickly need to be phased out.

Question: What plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries?
Answer: renewable energy

Question: What is becoming increasingly economic in both developing and devloped countries?
Answer: Renewables

Question: As of 2012, prices for what commodity continued to drop?
Answer: renewable energy technologies
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that "renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity". In October 2011, he "announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group is to be co-chaired by Kandeh Yumkella, the chair of UN Energy and director general of the UN Industrial Development Organisation, and Charles Holliday, chairman of Bank of America".

Question: Who is United Nations' Secretary-General?
Answer: Ban Ki-moon

Question: Ban Ki-moon states that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity?
Answer: renewable energy

Question: Who is chair of UN Energy?
Answer: Kandeh Yumkella

Question: Who is chairman of Bank of America?
Answer: Charles Holliday
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new investments in these technologies declined during 2012. Worldwide investment in solar power in 2012 was $140.4 billion, an 11 percent decline from 2011, and wind power investment was down 10.1 percent, to $80.3 billion. But due to lower production costs for both technologies, total installed capacities grew sharply. This investment decline, but growth in installed capacity, may again occur in 2013. Analysts expect the market to triple by 2030. In 2015, investment in renewables exceeded fossils.

Question: In 2012, solar electricity consumption increased by what percentage?
Answer: 58 percent

Question: Use of wind power in 2012 increased by what percentage?
Answer: 18.1 percent

Question: How much was the worldwide investment in solar power in 2012?
Answer: $140.4 billion

Question: Analysts expect the market to triple by what year?
Answer: 2030

Question: In what year did investment in renewables exceed fossils?
Answer: 2015
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

The incentive to use 100% renewable energy, for electricity, transport, or even total primary energy supply globally, has been motivated by global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. In reviewing 164 recent scenarios of future renewable energy growth, the report noted that the majority expected renewable sources to supply more than 17% of total energy by 2030, and 27% by 2050; the highest forecast projected 43% supplied by renewables by 2030 and 77% by 2050. Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates anticipated. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. Also, Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow have developed a series of "stabilization wedges" that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change, and "renewable energy sources," in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their "wedges."

Question: What motivated the incentive to use 100 percent renewable energy?
Answer: global warming

Question: How many nations already have renewable energy contributing to more than 20 percent of energy supply?
Answer: at least 30 nations

Question: Who developed a series of stabilization wedges?
Answer: Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy Program says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson says that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs.

Question: Who is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University?
Answer: Mark Z. Jacobson

Question: What is a barrier to implementing the renewable energy plan?
Answer: social and political

Question: Who stated that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs?
Answer: Mark Z. Jacobson

Question: Jacobson says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power and hydropower is feasible by what year?
Answer: 2030
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that "sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security, and the escalation of energy costs … Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand." .

Question: Why is renewable energy an attractive option?
Answer: can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand

Question: In what country is the National Research Council located?
Answer: United States

Question: Sufficient domestic reneewable resources exist for what reason?
Answer: to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation
Title: Palermo

Palermo (Italian: [paˈlɛrmo] ( listen), Sicilian: Palermu, Latin: Panormus, from Greek: Πάνορμος, Panormos, Arabic: بَلَرْم‎, Balarm; Phoenician: זִיז, Ziz) is a city in Insular Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Question: For what is Palermo known?
Answer: history, culture, architecture and gastronomy

Question: How old is the city of Palermo?
Answer: 2,700 years old

Question: On what island is Palermo located?
Answer: Sicily
Title: Palermo

The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz ('flower'). Palermo then became a possession of Carthage, before becoming part of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire and eventually part of the Byzantine Empire, for over a thousand years. The Greeks named the city Panormus meaning 'complete port'. From 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became a capital. The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Balarm, the root for Palermo's present-day name. Following the Norman reconquest, Palermo became the capital of a new kingdom (from 1130 to 1816), the Kingdom of Sicily and the capital of the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor and Conrad IV of Germany, King of the Romans. Eventually Sicily would be united with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until the Italian unification of 1860.

Question: In what year was Palermo founded?
Answer: 734 BC

Question: What name was Palermo originally founded as?
Answer: Ziz

Question: What group of people founded Palermo?
Answer: the Phoenicians

Question: What did the Greeks name Palermo?
Answer: Panormus

Question: During which years was Palermo ruled by the Arabs?
Answer: 831 to 1072
Title: Palermo

Palermo is Sicily's cultural, economic and touristic capital. It is a city rich in history, culture, art, music and food. Numerous tourists are attracted to the city for its good Mediterranean weather, its renowned gastronomy and restaurants, its Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque churches, palaces and buildings, and its nightlife and music. Palermo is the main Sicilian industrial and commercial center: the main industrial sectors include tourism, services, commerce and agriculture. Palermo currently has an international airport, and a significant underground economy.[citation needed] In fact, for cultural, artistic and economic reasons, Palermo was one of the largest cities in the Mediterranean and is now among the top tourist destinations in both Italy and Europe. The city is also going through careful redevelopment, preparing to become one of the major cities of the Euro-Mediterranean area.

Question: What types of churches attract tourists to Palermo?
Answer: Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque

Question: Which town is Sicily's primary industrial and commercial center?
Answer: Palermo

Question: What are Palermo's four main industrial sectors?
Answer: tourism, services, commerce and agriculture
Title: Palermo

Palermo is surrounded by mountains, formed of calcar, which form a cirque around the city. Some districts of the city are divided by the mountains themselves. Historically, it was relatively difficult to reach the inner part of Sicily from the city because of the mounts. The tallest peak of the range is La Pizzuta, about 1,333 m (4,373 ft.) high. However, historically, the most important mount is Monte Pellegrino, which is geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain. The mount lies right in front of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Monte Pellegrino's cliff was described in the 19th century by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, as "The most beautiful promontory in the world", in his essay "Italian Journey".

Question: What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?
Answer: mountains

Question: What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?
Answer: mountains

Question: Which author desribed Monte Pelegrino as "The most beautiful promontory in the world?"
Answer: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,

Question: Which is the tallest mountain in Sicily?
Answer: La Pizzuta

Question: Where is Monte Pellegrino in relation to other peaks?
Answer: geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain
Title: Palermo

Today both the Papireto river and the Kemonia are covered up by buildings. However, the shape of the former watercourses can still be recognised today, because the streets that were built on them follow their shapes. Today the only waterway not drained yet is the Oreto river that divides the downtown of the city from the western uptown and the industrial districts. In the basins there were, though, many seasonal torrents that helped formed swampy plains, reclaimed during history; a good example of which can be found in the borough of Mondello.

Question: How can former rivers be recognised presently?
Answer: the streets that were built on them follow their shapes

Question: What is the only remaining waterway in Palermo?
Answer: Oreto river

Question: Which two former rivers in Palermo are currently building sites?
Answer: Papireto river and the Kemonia
Title: Palermo

During 734 BC the Phoenicians, a sea trading people from the north of ancient Canaan, built a small settlement on the natural harbor of Palermo. Some sources suggest they named the settlement "Ziz." It became one of the three main Phoenician colonies of Sicily, along with Motya and Soluntum. However, the remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area, making any excavation efforts costly and logistically difficult. The site chosen by the Phoenicians made it easy to connect the port to the mountains with a straight road that today has become Corso Calatifimi. This road helped the Phoenicians in trading with the populations that lived beyond the mountains that surround the gulf.

Question: What did Phoenicans name their settlement in 734BC?
Answer: "Ziz."

Question: Besides Ziz, what other two major settlements belonged to the Phoenicians
Answer: Motya and Soluntum

Question: Why cant artifacts from the Phoenicians be easily excavated?
Answer: remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area

Question: What is the current name of the road the Phoenicians used for trading?
Answer: Corso Calatifimi
Title: Palermo

The first settlement is defined as Paleapolis (Παλεάπολις), the Ancient Greek world for "old city", in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis (Νεάπολις), "new city". The neapolis was erected towards the east and along with it, monumental walls around the whole settlement were built to prevent attacks from foreign threats. Some part of this structure can still be seen in the Cassaro district. This district was named after the walls themselves; the word Cassaro deriving from the Arab al-qsr (castle, stronghold). Along the walls there were few doors to access and exit the city, suggesting that trade even toward the inner part of the island occurred frequently. Moreover, according to some studies, it may be possible that there were some walls that divided the old city from the new one too. The colony developed around a central street (decumanus), cut perpendicularly by minor streets. This street today has become the Corso Vittorio Emanuele.

Question: Why was the first settlement named Paleapolis?
Answer: in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis

Question: What were the walls of Neapolis meant to do?
Answer: prevent attacks from foreign threats

Question: Which district was named for the walls surrounding it?
Answer: Cassaro
Title: Palermo

Carthage was Palermo’s major trading partner under the Phoenicians and the city enjoyed a prolonged peace during this period. Palermo came into contact with the Ancient Greeks between the 6th and the 5th centuries BC which preceded the Sicilian Wars, a conflict fought between the Greeks of Syracuse and the Phoenicians of Carthage for control over the island of Sicily. During this war the Greeks named the settlement Panormos (Πάνορμος) from which the current name is derived, meaning "all port" due to the shape of its coast. It was from Palermo that Hamilcar I's fleet (which was defeated at the Battle of Himera) was launched. In 409 B.C. the city was looted by Hermocrates of Syracuse. The Sicilian Wars ended in 265 BC when Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War. In 276 BC, during the Pyrrhic War, Panormos briefly became a Greek colony after being conquered by Pyrrhus of Epirus, but returned to Phoenician Carthage in 275. In 254 BC Panormos was besieged and conquered by the Romans in the first battle of Panormus (the name Latin name). Carthage attempted to reconquer Panormus in 251 BC but failed.

Question: In which War did Greeks and Phoenicians fight over control of Sicily?
Answer: Sicilian Wars

Question: Why did the Sicilian Wars end?
Answer: Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War

Question: Who conquered Panormos and briefly turned it into a Greek colony?
Answer: Pyrrhus of Epirus

Question: Why did the Greeks name Palermo Panormos?
Answer: meaning "all port" due to the shape of its coast.
Title: Palermo

As the Roman Empire was falling apart, Palermo fell under the control of several Germanic tribes. The first were the Vandals in 440 AD under the rule of their king Geiseric. The Vandals had occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455 establishing themselves as a significant force. They acquired Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily shortly afterwards. However, they soon lost these newly acquired possessions to the Ostrogoths. The Ostrogothic conquest under Theodoric the Great began in 488; Theodoric supported Roman culture and government unlike the Germanic Goths. The Gothic War took place between the Ostrogoths and the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire. Sicily was the first part of Italy to be taken under control of General Belisarius who was commissioned by Eastern Emperor. Justinian I solidified his rule in the following years.

Question: How had the Vandals earned their strong reputation?
Answer: occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455

Question: Whom took control of the Vandal's territory after 488?
Answer: Ostrogoths

Question: How was Theodoric different than the Germanic Goths?
Answer: Theodoric supported Roman culture and government

Question: What name was the Eastern Roman Empire also known by?
Answer: Byzantine Empire