rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: History_of_India

The most significant event between the 7th and 11th century was the Tripartite struggle centered on Kannauj that lasted for more than two centuries between the Pala Empire, Rashtrakuta Empire, and Gurjara Pratihara Empire. Southern India was ruled by the Chalukya, Chola, Pallava, Chera, Pandyan, and Western Chalukya Empires. The seventh century also saw the advent of Islam as a political power, though as a fringe, in the western part of the subcontinent, in modern-day Pakistan. The Chola dynasty conquered southern India and successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Bengal in the 11th century. The early medieval period Indian mathematics influenced the development of mathematics and astronomy in the Arab world and the Hindu numerals were introduced.

Question: Between what centuries was the Tripartite struggle focused on Kannauj?
Answer: 7th and 11th

Question: How long did the Tripartite struggle last?
Answer: two centuries

Question: When did Islam begin to become a political power in India?
Answer: seventh century

Question: What dynasty conquered southern India and parts of southeast Asia?
Answer: Chola dynasty

Question: What facet of Indian mathematics was introduced into the Arab areas in the early Medieval period?
Answer: Hindu numerals
Title: History_of_India

Muslim rule started in parts of north India in the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was founded in 1206 CE by the Central Asian Turks. The Delhi Sultanate ruled the major part of northern India in the early 14th century, but declined in the late 14th century when several powerful Hindu states such as the Vijayanagara Empire, Gajapati Kingdom, Ahom Kingdom, as well as Rajput dynasties and states, such as Mewar dynasty, emerged. The 15th century saw the emergence of Sikhism. In the 16th century, Mughals came from Central Asia and gradually covered most of India. The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century, which provided opportunities for the Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire and Mysore Kingdom to exercise control over large areas of the subcontinent.

Question: What group founded the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century?
Answer: Central Asian Turks

Question: When did the Delhi Sultanate decline in its rule of northern India?
Answer: late 14th century

Question: What belief system began in the 15th century?
Answer: Sikhism

Question: What empire covered most of India in the 16th century?
Answer: Mughal Empire

Question: During what century did the Mughal empire decline?
Answer: early 18th century
Title: History_of_India

From the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company of British Empire. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic stagnation. During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched with the leading party involved being the Indian National Congress which was later joined by other organizations. The subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states.

Question: What company annexed large areas of India in the 18th and 19th centuries?
Answer: British East India Company

Question: What effect did Company rule in India produce in 1857?
Answer: Indian Rebellion

Question: After the Rebellion who administered the British provinces of India?
Answer: British Crown

Question: The rapid development of what did British rule cause in India?
Answer: infrastructure

Question: What party was the leader in the Indian independence movement of the 20th century?
Answer: Indian National Congress
Title: History_of_India

Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity. The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers.[note 1]

Question: Who remarked Indian history is too devoted to the ranking of dynasties and invasions?
Answer: Romila Thapar

Question: What type of history period is often neglected in Indian histories?
Answer: social-economic

Question: What facet of social and economic conditions are displayed by Indian history?
Answer: strong continuity

Question: What type of conquests were gradual in nature?
Answer: Muslim conquests

Question: What part of India was never completely conquered?
Answer: south
Title: History_of_India

Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era, somewhere between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago. Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. The ancient history of the region includes some of South Asia's oldest settlements and some of its major civilisations. The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley. Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal.

Question: By what era was India inhabited by humans of some form?
Answer: Middle Pleistocene

Question: What type of remains were found in the Narmada Valley?
Answer: Homo erectus

Question: From how long ago do tools date in India?
Answer: two million years

Question: Where in the subcontinent is the oldest archaeological site?
Answer: Soan River valley

Question: What type of resident lived at the site in Soan River Valley?
Answer: palaeolithic hominid
Title: History_of_India

The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. Early Neolithic culture in South Asia is represented by the Bhirrana findings (7500 BCE) in Haryana, India & Mehrgarh findings (7000–9000 BCE) in Balochistan, Pakistan.

Question: What geologic period came after the Mesolithic period in India?
Answer: Neolithic

Question: What happened in India during the Neolithic period?
Answer: extensive settlement

Question: How long ago did the last ice age happen in India?
Answer: 12,000 years

Question: When did settlements appear in Madhya Pradesh?
Answer: 9,000 years ago

Question: During what time span were there findings of habitation in India and Pakistan?
Answer: 7000–9000 BCE
Title: History_of_India

The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, marking the beginning of urban civilisation on the subcontinent. The civilisation included urban centres such as Dholavira, Kalibangan, Ropar, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal in modern-day India, as well as Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan. The civilisation is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multistoreyed houses and is thought to have had some kind of municipal organization.

Question: When did the Mature Indus Civilization thrive? 
Answer: 2600 to 1900 BCE

Question: What stage of civilization did the Mature Indus represent?
Answer: urban

Question: What kind of organization did the Mature Indus have?
Answer: municipal

Question: Of what were the early cities of the Mature Indus civilization built?
Answer: brick

Question: How high were the buildings in the Mature Indus ?
Answer: multistoreyed
Title: History_of_India

The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest extant texts in India. The Vedic period, lasting from about 1750 to 500 BCE, and contributed the foundations of several cultural aspects of Indian subcontinent. In terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age in this period.

Question: For what culture is the Vedic period named?
Answer: Indo-Aryan

Question: Where was the Indo-Aryan culture located?
Answer: north-west India

Question: In what language did  the Vedic culture speak?
Answer: Vedic Sanskrit

Question: What sacred texts are some of the oldest in India?
Answer: The Vedas

Question: What was the duration of the Vedic culture?
Answer: 1750 to 500 BCE
Title: History_of_India

At the end of the Rigvedic period, the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, into the western Ganges plain. It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas, or social classes. This social structure was characterized both by syncretising with the native cultures of northern India, but also eventually by the excluding of indigenous peoples by labelling their occupations impure. During this period, many of the previous small tribal units and chiefdoms began to coalesce into monarchical, state-level polities.

Question: When did the Aryan culture begin its expansion?
Answer: Rigvedic period

Question: Into what area did the Aryan culture expand?
Answer: western Ganges plain

Question: What were the Aryan social classes called?
Answer: varnas

Question: What did the Aryans label as impure in the indigenous peoples in order to exclude them from certain social classes?
Answer: occupations

Question: What groupings formed up into larger monarchical groups?
Answer: small tribal units
Title: History_of_India

The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period, corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India, around 1200 – 800 BCE, as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda (the first Indian text to mention iron, as śyāma ayas, literally "black metal"). The Kuru state organized the Vedic hymns into collections, and developed the orthodox srauta ritual to uphold the social order. When the Kuru kingdom declined, the center of Vedic culture shifted to their eastern neighbours, the Panchala kingdom. The archaeological Painted Grey Ware culture, which flourished in the Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh regions of northern India from about 1100 to 600 BCE, is believed to correspond to the Kuru and Panchala kingdoms.

Question: What was the first state size society in the Vedic period?
Answer: Kuru kingdom

Question: What is the dating of the Kuru kingdom?
Answer: 1200 – 800 BCE

Question: At the beginning of what age are the dates of the Kuru kingdom?
Answer: Iron Age

Question: What is the first Indian text to mention iron?
Answer: Atharvaveda

Question: When the Kuru kingdom declined, to what kingdom did Vedic culture go?
Answer: Panchala
Title: History_of_India

In addition to the Vedas, the principal texts of Hinduism, the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period. The Mahabharata remains, today, the longest single poem in the world. Historians formerly postulated an "epic age" as the milieu of these two epic poems, but now recognize that the texts (which are both familiar with each other) went through multiple stages of development over centuries. For instance, the Mahabharata may have been based on a small-scale conflict (possibly about 1000 BCE) which was eventually "transformed into a gigantic epic war by bards and poets". There is no conclusive proof from archaeology as to whether the specific events of the Mahabharat have any historical basis. The existing texts of these epics are believed to belong to the post-Vedic age, between c. 400 BCE and 400 CE. Some even attempted to date the events using methods of archaeoastronomy which have produced, depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted, estimated dates ranging up to mid 2nd millennium BCE.

Question: What were the principle texts of Hinduism?
Answer: Vedas

Question: In what language were the Vedas ?
Answer: Sanskrit

Question: What were the core epics of the Vedas?
Answer: Ramayana and Mahabharata

Question: Which Vedic text is the longest single poem on Earth?
Answer: Mahabharata

Question: On what type of clash is the Mahabharata thought to have been based?
Answer: small-scale conflict
Title: History_of_India

During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed, from which originated Jainism and Buddhism. In the same period the first Upanishads were written. After 500 BCE, the so-called "Second urbanization" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially the Central Ganges plain. The Central Ganges Plain, where Magadha gained prominence, forming the base of the Mauryan Empire, was a distinct cultural area, with new states arising after 500 BC[web 1] during the so-called "Second urbanization".[note 3] It was influenced by the Vedic culture, but differed markedly from the Kuru-Panchala region. It "was the area of the earliest known cultivation of rice in South Asia and by 1800 BC was the location of an advanced neolithic population associated with the sites of Chirand and Chechar". In this region the Shramanic movements flourished, and Jainism and Buddhism originated.

Question: What philosophical movement appeared during 800-200 BCE?
Answer: Shramana-movement

Question: What was the origins of the Shramana movement?
Answer: Jainism and Buddhism

Question: During what time were the first Upanishads written?
Answer: between 800 and 200 BCE

Question: What period started after 500 BCE?
Answer: Second urbanization

Question: Where was the central location of the Muayan Empire?
Answer: Central Ganges Plain
Title: History_of_India

In the later Vedic Age, a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent, many mentioned in Vedic, early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 500 BCE. sixteen monarchies and "republics" known as the Mahajanapadas—Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa), Kuru, Panchala, Matsya (or Machcha), Shurasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, and Kamboja—stretched across the Indo-Gangetic Plain from modern-day Afghanistan to Bengal and Maharashtra. This period saw the second major rise of urbanism in India after the Indus Valley Civilisation.

Question: By what age had many small states covered the subcontinent?
Answer: later Vedic Age

Question: How many small states covered the Ganges Plain of India?
Answer: sixteen monarchies

Question: What were the sixteen kingdoms called?
Answer: Mahajanapadas

Question: What second period did the rise of the small kingdoms show?
Answer: urbanism

Question: What was the first major urbanization in India?
Answer: Indus Valley Civilisation
Title: History_of_India

Many smaller clans mentioned within early literature seem to have been present across the rest of the subcontinent. Some of these kings were hereditary; other states elected their rulers. Early "republics" such as the Vajji (or Vriji) confederation centered in the city of Vaishali, existed as early as the 6th century BCE and persisted in some areas until the 4th century CE. The educated speech at that time was Sanskrit, while the languages of the general population of northern India are referred to as Prakrits. Many of the sixteen kingdoms had coalesced to four major ones by 500/400 BCE, by the time of Gautama Buddha. These four were Vatsa, Avanti, Kosala, and Magadha. The Life of Gautam Budhha was mainly associated with these four kingdoms.

Question: Where was the Vajji confederation located?
Answer: Vaishali

Question: How early did the small republic states exist in India?
Answer: 6th century BCE

Question: Until what century did the republic states endure in India?
Answer: 4th century CE

Question: In what language did the educated Indian speak?
Answer: Sanskrit

Question: What was the general population's common language ?
Answer: Prakrits
Title: History_of_India

The 7th and 6th centuries BC witnessed the composition of the earliest Upanishads. Upanishads form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta (conclusion of the Vedas). The older Upanishads launched attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Self is called a domestic animal of the gods in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The Mundaka launches the most scathing attack on the ritual by comparing those who value sacrifice with an unsafe boat that is endlessly overtaken by old age and death.

Question: When were the earliest Upanishads composed?
Answer: 7th and 6th centuries BC

Question: Of what philosophical system do the Upanishads form the basis?
Answer: Hinduism

Question: What are the Upanishads called in Hinduism?
Answer: Vedanta

Question: What part of the Hinduism belief system did the Upanishads attack?
Answer: ritual

Question: What worship system is central to Hinduism?
Answer: Self
Title: History_of_India

Increasing urbanisation of India in 7th and 6th centuries BCE led to the rise of new ascetic or shramana movements which challenged the orthodoxy of rituals. Mahavira (c. 549–477 BC), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha (c. 563-483), founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement. Shramana gave rise to the concept of the cycle of birth and death, the concept of samsara, and the concept of liberation. Buddha found a Middle Way that ameliorated the extreme asceticism found in the Sramana religions.

Question: What did the shramana movements challenge?
Answer: orthodoxy of rituals

Question: Who was the founder of Jainism?
Answer: Mahavira

Question: What prominent icon founded Buddhism? 
Answer: Buddha

Question: What path did Buddha find to soothe the strictness of Sramana religions?
Answer: Middle Way

Question: What belief system taught the idea of samsara?
Answer: Shramana
Title: History_of_India

Magadha (Sanskrit: मगध) formed one of the sixteen Mahā-Janapadas (Sanskrit: "Great Countries") or kingdoms in ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its first capital was Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and Bengal with the conquest of Licchavi and Anga respectively, followed by much of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is heavily mentioned in Jain and Buddhist texts. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas. A state of Magadha, possibly a tribal kingdom, is recorded in Vedic texts much earlier in time than 600 BC. Magadha Empire had great rulers like Bimbisara and Ajatshatru.

Question: Of what was Magadha one of sixteen?
Answer: Mahā-Janapadas

Question: How does the Sanskrit translate Maha-Janapadas?
Answer: Great Countries

Question: Where was the center of Magadha?
Answer: Bihar

Question: Where were there early records of the Magadha kingdom?
Answer: Vedic texts

Question: What time do the texts locating Magadha kingdom predate?
Answer: 600 BC.
Title: History_of_India

The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha. These empires saw advancements in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy and were considered the Indian "Golden Age". The Magadha kingdom included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions.

Question: Where is the earliest mention of Magadha people?
Answer: Atharva-Veda

Question: In the development of which religions did Magadha participate?
Answer: Jainism and Buddhism

Question: Where was the location origin of the Maurya and Gupta empires?
Answer: Magadha

Question: Due to advances in science and culture, what are the Magadha region empires considered to represent?
Answer: Golden Age

Question: What were local villages' assemblies called in the Magadha kingdoms?
Answer: Gramakas
Title: History_of_India

In 530 BC Cyrus the Great, King of the Persian Achaemenid Empire crossed the Hindu-Kush mountains to seek tribute from the tribes of Kamboja, Gandhara and the trans-India region (modern Afghanistan and Pakistan). By 520 BC, during the reign of Darius I of Persia, much of the northwestern subcontinent (present-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan) came under the rule of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, as part of the far easternmost territories. The area remained under Persian control for two centuries. During this time India supplied mercenaries to the Persian army then fighting in Greece.

Question: What Persian king wanted tribute from the tribes of northern India?
Answer: Cyrus the Great

Question: By 520 BC what empire ruled the northwestern Indian subcontinent?
Answer: Persian Achaemenid Empire

Question: What king ruled Persia in 520 BC?
Answer: Darius I of Persia

Question: How long did the Persian empire control the northern India subcontinent?
Answer: two centuries

Question: What did India supply to the Persian war efforts against Greece?
Answer: mercenaries
Title: History_of_India

By 326 BC, Alexander the Great had conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire and had reached the northwest frontiers of the Indian subcontinent. There he defeated King Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes (near modern-day Jhelum, Pakistan) and conquered much of the Punjab. Alexander's march east put him in confrontation with the Nanda Empire of Magadha and the Gangaridai of Bengal. His army, exhausted and frightened by the prospect of facing larger Indian armies at the Ganges River, mutinied at the Hyphasis (modern Beas River) and refused to march further East. Alexander, after the meeting with his officer, Coenus, and learning about the might of Nanda Empire, was convinced that it was better to return.

Question: When did Alexander the Great reach India?
Answer: 326 BC

Question: Who did Alexander defeat in the area now Pakistan?
Answer: King Porus

Question: At what battle did Alexander beat King Porus?
Answer: Battle of the Hydaspes

Question: Where did Alexander's army finally mutiny?
Answer: Hyphasis

Question: The strength of what empire's army pushed Alexander to retreat?
Answer: Nanda Empire