rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Anthropology

This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems, has arrived; for example, the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene. Organization has reached global level. For example, the World Council of Anthropological Associations (WCAA), "a network of national, regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology", currently contains members from about three dozen nations.

Question: What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into?
Answer: majority of the world's higher educational institutions

Question: What was anthropology diversified into dozens of?
Answer: subdivisions

Question: What type of anthropology is used to solve specific problems?
Answer: Practical

Question: What does a forensic archaeologist become stimulated to do in the presence of buried victims?
Answer: recreate the final scene

Question: From how many nations does the WCAA boast members from?
Answer: about three dozen
Title: Anthropology

Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s.

Question: What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media?
Answer: Media anthropology

Question: Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context?
Answer: ethnographic

Question: Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years?
Answer: early 1990s

Question: Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context?
Answer: media reception

Question: What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search?
Answer: cyber
Title: Anthropology

Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology.

Question: What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film?
Answer: Visual

Question: What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under?
Answer: visual representation

Question: What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology?
Answer: all

Question: What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with?
Answer: ethnographic film
Title: Anthropology

Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective.

Question: Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior?
Answer: Economic

Question: Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior?
Answer: historic, geographic and cultural

Question: What is economic anthropology highly critical of?
Answer: discipline of economics

Question: Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology?
Answer: Bronislaw Malinowski

Question: What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon?
Answer: exchange
Title: Anthropology

Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world.

Question: What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to?
Answer: traditional concerns

Question: What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture?
Answer: history and colonialism

Question: Who were the original affluent society?
Answer: Hunter-gatherers

Question: What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world?
Answer: population

Question: What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of?
Answer: industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism
Title: Anthropology

Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to Development anthropology (distinct from the more critical Anthropology of development).

Question: What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems?
Answer: Applied

Question: What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce?
Answer: change or stability

Question: What type of action does applied anthropology initiate?
Answer: direct

Question: What side of anthropology is applied anthropology?
Answer: the practical side

Question: Included in applied anthropology is researcher involvement as well as activism in what communities?
Answer: participating
Title: Anthropology

Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short why does so much planned development fail?

Question: What perspective does development anthropology view development from?
Answer: critical

Question: What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of?
Answer: pondering

Question: Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty, that poverty is doing what?
Answer: increasing

Question: When it comes to plans and outcomes, what do development anthropologists look at between them?
Answer: gap

Question: What does a lot of planned development apparently do?
Answer: fail
Title: Anthropology

Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", "cognates", and even "fictive kinship". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage.

Question: What can refer to the study of patterns in human cultures?
Answer: Kinship

Question: What has developed a number of related concepts and terms?
Answer: anthropology

Question: When has anthropology developed related terms?
Answer: Over its history

Question: What does it mean if people are related by descent?
Answer: one's social relations during development

Question: Kinship patterns can included people who are relatives by what cultural ritual involving the exchange of rings and sometimes dowry?
Answer: marriage
Title: Anthropology

Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such 'peripheral' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world. Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory. Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization.

Question: What type of anthropology focuses on a political agenda rather than on contributing to science?
Answer: Feminist

Question: What does feminist anthropology self-reports as seeking to reduce in research findings?
Answer: male bias

Question: What do feminist anthropologists claim their research helps to correct?
Answer: systematic bias

Question: What are feminist anthropologists centrally concerned about?
Answer: gender

Question: What type of anthropology do feminist anthropologists inclusively specialize in?
Answer: birth anthropology
Title: Anthropology

Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization. Nutritional status affects overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people.

Question: What division of anthropology concerns itself with food security?
Answer: Nutritional

Question: Nutritional anthropologists investigate the interplay between economic systems and what?
Answer: food security

Question: If environmental changes in a community affect access to food, then there is an eventual connection to what?
Answer: globalization

Question: What affects overall health status?
Answer: Nutritional status

Question: What can having ready access to food affect the overall potential development of?
Answer: economic
Title: Anthropology

Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories—shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes.

Question: What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes? 
Answer: Psychological

Question: What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group?
Answer: humans' development and enculturation

Question: What aspects define a cultural group?
Answer: its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories

Question: What shapes processes of human cognition?
Answer: cultural group

Question: Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processes are informed by what?
Answer: understanding
Title: Anthropology

Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.

Question: What type of anthology deals with patterns of shared knowledge?
Answer: Cognitive

Question: What methods and theories do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cultural innovation?
Answer: cognitive sciences

Question: What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive science?
Answer: experimental psychology and evolutionary biology

Question: Cognitive anthropologists want to know how the way people perceive and related to the world around them is linked to what?
Answer: implicit knowledge
Title: Anthropology

Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. The turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels. First of all, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Second of all, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field today. Geertz' comparative work on "Negara", the Balinese state is an early, famous example.

Question: What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems?
Answer: Political

Question: From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems?
Answer: structure of societies

Question: When did the new development of a stateless society come about?
Answer: the 1960s

Question: The presence of states, bureaucracies and markets makes for what type of social setting?
Answer: "complex"

Question: Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state?
Answer: Geertz
Title: Anthropology

Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings.

Question: What type of anthropology originated as a sub-focus group?
Answer: Cyborg

Question: When did the division of cyborg anthropology originate?
Answer: 1993

Question: What the sub-group of cyborg anthropology very closely related to, in addition to STS?
Answer: the Society for the Social Studies of Science

Question: Who published a Cyborg Manifesto?
Answer: Donna Haraway

Question: What does cyborg anthropology study about humankind and technological systems humans have built?
Answer: its relations
Title: Anthropology

Environmental anthropology is a sub-specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time. The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more. The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park.

Question: Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment?
Answer: Environmental

Question: What is the focus of most of the field work in environmental anthropology today?
Answer: political ecology

Question: What do many characterize the new perspective as being more informed with?
Answer: culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more.

Question: The data interpretation of environmental anthropology can be used to prevent what type of exploitation?
Answer: corporate

Question: Who does Melissa Checker have a relationship with?
Answer: people of Hyde Park
Title: Anthropology

Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts. Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names.

Question: How does an someone interested in ethnohistory learn more about cultures and customs?
Answer: by examining historical records

Question: Ethnohistory can study the history of what types of groups which may or may not exist today?
Answer: ethnic

Question: What does ethnohistory use both historical and ethnographic data as?
Answer: its foundation

Question: What do the methods of ethnohistory go beyond the standard use of?
Answer: documents and manuscripts

Question: Who recognizes the utility of music, folkore and language?
Answer: Practitioners
Title: Anthropology

Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were "a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition". Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the "Third World" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of "specialists in 'other cultures'" closer to their homes. There are two principle approaches in urban anthropology: by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city.

Question: What division of anthropology is concerned with poverty?
Answer: Urban

Question: Who is fond of quoting a remark from the 1960s?
Answer: Ulf Hannerz

Question: What is a stereotype of traditional anthropologists? 
Answer: notoriously agoraphobic

Question: How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology?
Answer: two

Question: One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were looking directly at different what?
Answer: social issues
Title: Anthropology

Anthrozoology (also known as "human–animal studies") is the study of interaction between living things. It is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy.[n 7]

Question: What is Anthrozoology also known as?
Answer: human–animal studies

Question: What is the study of interaction between living things?
Answer: Anthrozoology

Question: What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with?
Answer: number of other disciplines

Question: What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research?
Answer: positive

Question: What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from?
Answer: anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy