rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Queen_Victoria

Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts. Through early January, she felt "weak and unwell", and by mid-January she was "drowsy ... dazed, [and] confused". She died on Tuesday, 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81. Her son and successor King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, were at her deathbed. Her favourite pet Pomeranian, Turri, was laid upon her deathbed as a last request.

Question: Where did Victoria spend the Christmas of 1900?
Answer: Osborne House

Question: Where was osborne House that Victoria spent christmas at located?
Answer: on the Isle of Wight

Question: What had caused Victoria to be lame?
Answer: Rheumatism in her legs

Question: Why was Victorias eyesight clouded?
Answer: cataracts

Question: What was the date of Queen Victorias death?
Answer: 22 January 1901

Question: Where was Osborne House located?
Answer: Isle of Wight

Question: When did Queen Victoria die? 
Answer: Tuesday, 22 January 1901

Question: How old was Queen Victoria upon her death? 
Answer: 81

Question: Who was Queen Victoria's successor after her death? 
Answer: King Edward VII

Question: Who did she wish to see on her deathbed, making it her last request? 
Answer: pet Pomeranian, Turri

Question: Where did Victoria usually spend Christmases?
Answer: Osborne House on the Isle of Wight

Question: What caused Victoria limited mobility later in life?
Answer: Rheumatism

Question: Whaen did Queen Victoria die?
Answer: Tuesday, 22 January 1901

Question: How old was Victoria when she died?
Answer: 81

Question: Who was Queen Victoria's successor?
Answer: King Edward VII
Title: Queen_Victoria

In the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported. She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England. He also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from 1 May 1876. The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877.

Question: What Act did Disraeli push through Parliment in 1876?
Answer: Royal Titles Act 1876

Question: In 1876 Victoria held what title?
Answer: Empress of India

Question: What year was the Public Worship Regulation Act passed?
Answer: 1874

Question: What Church did Victoria consider herself aligned with?
Answer: presbyterian Church of Scotland

Question: In a general election of what year was Disraeli returned to power?
Answer: 1874

Question: What removed Catholic Rituals from Anglican services? 
Answer: Public Worship Regulation Act 1874

Question: Which church did Queen Victoria consider her favorite? 
Answer: presbyterian Church of Scotland

Question: Who published the Royal Titles Act of 1876?
Answer: Disraeli

Question: When was Queen Victoria named the Empress of India? 
Answer: 1 May 1876

Question: Where was the new title of Empress of India proclaimed? 
Answer: Delhi Durbar

Question: When was Disraeli returned to office?
Answer: 1874

Question: What change, supported by Victoria, did Disraeli make to the Anglician liturgy?
Answer: removed Catholic rituals

Question: Where did Victoria really align herself when it came to religion?
Answer: presbyterian Church of Scotland

Question: What allowed Victoria to become the Empress of India?
Answer: Royal Titles Act 1876

Question: Whic act, passed by Disraeli, allowed him to alter the Anglician liturgy?
Answer: Public Worship Regulation Act 1874
Title: Queen_Victoria

Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch. In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn". As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the "family monarchy", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified.

Question: What kind of monarchy was formed under Queen Victoria?
Answer: modern constitutional monarchy

Question: Reforms to what system increased the power of the house fo commons?
Answer: the voting system

Question: As Victorias rule became less polital, what values were emphasized?
Answer: morality and family values

Question: What type of monarchy was established as time went on in Victorias rule?
Answer: family monarchy

Question: How did the reforms of Britains voting system affect the House of Commons? 
Answer: increased the power

Question: What was most important as the monarchy under Queen Victoria shifted from political to symbolic? 
Answer: emphasis on morality and family values

Question: What idea was solidified to which the increasing middle classes in Britain could identify with?
Answer: family monarchy

Question: What was Queen Victoria's reign considered? 
Answer: modern constitutional monarchy

Question: What kind of government was Victoria's reign leaning towards?
Answer: modern constitutional monarchy

Question: What increased the power in the House of Commons?
Answer: Reforms of the voting system

Question: Who paid the price for the reforms of the voting system?
Answer: House of Lords and the monarch

Question: Rather than political, what was Victoria's monarchy seen as?
Answer: symbolic

Question: What was a monarchy that the more middle clas could get behind and support?
Answer: family
Title: Queen_Victoria

Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated. She thought his government was "the worst I have ever had", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a "half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man". Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated. In the ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again.

Question: What year did Gladstone resign?
Answer: 1885

Question: Gladstone resigned after what was defeted?
Answer: his budget

Question: Victoria blamed Gladstone for the death of who?
Answer: General Gordon at Khartoum.

Question: Who replaced Gladstone after he resigned?
Answer: Lord Salisbury

Question: How long did Lord Salisburys government last?
Answer: a few months

Question: What man was Gladstone blamed for after his death at Khartoum?
Answer: General Gordon

Question: Who replaced Gladstone for only a few short months? 
Answer: Lord Salisbury

Question: What did the bill Gladstone failed to pass state, much to Queen Victoria's pleasure? 
Answer: granting Ireland home rule

Question: Who defeated Gladstone yet again in the general elction?
Answer: Salisbury

Question: Why did Gladstone resign in 1885? 
Answer: his budget was defeated

Question: When did Gladstone resign?
Answer: 1885

Question: Why did Gladstone resign?
Answer: his budget was defeated

Question: How did Victoria feel about the resignation of Gladstone?
Answer: pleased

Question: Who's death did Victoria blame on Gladstone?
Answer: General Gordon

Question: Who replaced Gladstone?
Answer: Lord Salisbury
Title: Queen_Victoria

According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes. After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process. Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them. Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others.

Question: How many words a day did Victoria write?
Answer: average of 2,500

Question: What year did Victoria begin keeping a journal?
Answer: 1832

Question: How many volumes was Queen Victorias journal?
Answer: 122

Question: Who was Victorias youngest daughter?
Answer: Princess Beatrice

Question: What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries after her death?
Answer: transcribed and edited

Question: How many journals did Queen Victoria write in her lifetime?
Answer: 122

Question: What did Beatrice do with the journals after she transcribed and edited them? 
Answer: burned the originals

Question: Who was appointed as Queen Victoria's literary executor upon her death? 
Answer: Princess Beatrice

Question: Who transcribed Queen Victoria's journals from 1832 to 1861? 
Answer: Lord Esher

Question: What biographer said Queen Victoria wrote an average of 2500 words a day in her journals?
Answer: Giles St Aubyn

Question: How avid of a writer was the Queen?
Answer: Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day

Question: How many volumes did her journal span?
Answer: 122 volumes

Question: What did Beatrice do with her mother's journals?
Answer: transcribed and edited

Question: Who was Victoria's literary executer?
Answer: her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice

Question: What did Beatrice do with the origional volumes of her mother's diaries?
Answer: burned
Title: Freemasonry

Relations between Grand Lodges are determined by the concept of Recognition. Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises. When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other, they are said to be in amity, and the brethren of each may visit each other's Lodges and interact Masonically. When two Grand Lodges are not in amity, inter-visitation is not allowed. There are many reasons why one Grand Lodge will withhold or withdraw recognition from another, but the two most common are Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity.

Question: What concept determines relationships between Grand Lodges?
Answer: Recognition

Question: What must two lodges be in, in order to inter-visit?
Answer: amity

Question: What, besides Recognition, must happen between two Grand Lodges in order for them to be considered in amity? 
Answer: Masonic communication

Question: What can be causes of one Grand Lodge withdrawing Recognition from another?
Answer: Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity

Question: What are the members of a Grand Lodge called?
Answer: brethren

Question: Gran Lodges are in what when they are in Masonic Communication with each other?
Answer: amity

Question: What concept is used to determine relations between Grand Lodges?
Answer: Recognition

Question: What does each Grand Lodge maintain?
Answer: a list

Question: What is not allowed when Grand Lodges are not in amity? 
Answer: inter-visitation

Question: What are the two most common reasons one Grand Lodge will withhold recognition from another?
Answer: Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity
Title: Freemasonry

Since the middle of the 19th century, Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges, dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century. Alluding to the membership of a lodge of operative masons, they relate a mythologised history of the craft, the duties of its grades, and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining. The fifteenth century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia.

Question: When did ceremonial regalia first appear in the Masonic culture?
Answer: The fifteenth century

Question: How long have historians been seeking information about the Masonic movement?
Answer: middle of the 19th century

Question: What kind of an oath do Masons take when they join?
Answer: fidelity

Question: What is the oldest written document about Freemasonary?
Answer: Regius Poem

Question: When was the Regius Poem written?
Answer: 1425

Question: When did Masonic historians star seeking the origins of the Masonic Movement?
Answer: middle of the 19th century

Question: What are the old Masonic document referred as?
Answer: Old Charges

Question: The Old Charges are dated from when to when?
Answer: about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century

Question: The fifteenth century also shows evidence of what in Masonic history?
Answer: ceremonial regalia.

Question: The duties of its grades is an example of what historic documents?
Answer: Old Charges
Title: Freemasonry

A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity", the existence of God and the immortality of the soul being struck out. It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time. The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of England, a situation that continues today.

Question: Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry shouldn't require religious belief?
Answer: Freemasonry was not a religion

Question: What was removed from the Freemasonry constitution?
Answer: existence of God and the immortality of the soul

Question: Who withdrew recognition from the Grand Orient de France?
Answer: United Grand Lodge of England

Question: What was a possible condition that made the United Grand Lodge of England withdraw it's recognition of the Grand Orient de France?
Answer: political tension between France and Britain

Question: How was the belief of the existance of God and the immortal soul replaced in the constitution?
Answer: Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity

Question: What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was not a religion?
Answer: 1875

Question: What Grand Lodge had a withdrawal of recognition by the United Grand Lodge of England?
Answer: Grand Orient of France

Question: What was a motivation of the Grand Lodge of England's objection?
Answer: political tension between France and Britain

Question: Who disputed the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils?
Answer: Grand Orient de France
Title: Freemasonry

At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era, during the 1720s, James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons, the basis for most subsequent constitutions, which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry. As Freemasonry spread, continental masons began to include their ladies in Lodges of Adoption, which worked three degrees with the same names as the men's but different content. The French officially abandoned the experiment in the early 19th century. Later organisations with a similar aim emerged in the United States, but distinguished the names of the degrees from those of male masonry.

Question: When were the first constitutions for Freemasonry printed?
Answer: during the 1720s

Question: Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasonry?
Answer: James Anderson

Question: Which group was specifically excluded from Freemasonry in the printed constitutions?
Answer: women

Question: What was created for women as Freemasonry began to spread?
Answer: Lodges of Adoption

Question: When was the idea of the Lodges for Adoption abandoned?
Answer: early 19th century

Question: When was the dawn of the Grand Lodge era?
Answer: during the 1720s

Question: Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons?
Answer: James Anderson

Question: Who is excluded from Freemasonry?
Answer: women

Question: What were lodges called that included women?
Answer: Lodges of Adoption

Question: Who abandoned the including of women in Freemasonry experiment in the early 19'th century?
Answer: The French
Title: Freemasonry

In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism, Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism. Masonic scholar Albert Pike is often quoted (in some cases misquoted) by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues. However, Pike, although undoubtedly learned, was not a spokesman for Freemasonry and was also controversial among Freemasons in general. His writings represented his personal opinion only, and furthermore an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA. Notably, his book carries in the preface a form of disclaimer from his own Grand Lodge. No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry.

Question: What are some Protestant objections to Freemasonry?
Answer: mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism

Question: What are Catholic objections to Freemasonry?
Answer: rationalism and naturalism

Question: Who is generally accepted as the voice of Freemasonry?
Answer: No one voice

Question: Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the absolute authority on the use of mysticism, Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry?
Answer: Albert Pike

Question: What was Albert Pike actually more of an expert in?
Answer: late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA

Question: What religion alleged Freemasons as Satanic?
Answer: Protestant

Question: What religion alleged Freemasons as unnatural and irrational? 
Answer: Catholic

Question: Who was controversial among Freemasons?
Answer: Albert Pike

Question: Who has spoke for all Freemasons?
Answer: No one

Question: Albert Pike's opinions were grounded in what?
Answer: late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA
Title: Freemasonry

In 1799, English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation. In the wake of the French Revolution, the Unlawful Societies Act 1799 banned any meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation. The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister William Pitt (who was not a Freemason) and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work. As a result, Freemasonry was specifically exempted from the terms of the Act, provided that each private lodge's Secretary placed with the local "Clerk of the Peace" a list of the members of his lodge once a year. This continued until 1967 when the obligation of the provision was rescinded by Parliament.

Question: What put English Freemasonry at risk?
Answer: Parliamentary proclamation

Question: What did the Unlawful Socities Act ban?
Answer: meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation

Question: When was the Unlawful Socities Act implemented?
Answer: 1799

Question: What was each private lodge required to provide to the Clerk of Peace every year?
Answer: a list of the members of his lodge

Question: Who did the Grand Masters call upon to explain that Freemasonry was not an unlawful society?
Answer: Prime Minister William Pitt

Question: English Freemasonry almost came to a halt in what year?
Answer: 1799

Question: Why did English Freemasonry almost come to a halt in 1799?
Answer: Parliamentary proclamation

Question: What act was made in 1799 banning any meeting of groups that had to take an oath or obligation?
Answer: the Unlawful Societies Act 1799

Question: Who gave the Freemasons an exemption of the Act of 1799?
Answer: Prime Minister William Pitt

Question: What year did parliament rescind the exemption of 1799 given to the Freemasons?
Answer: 1967
Title: Freemasonry

In some countries anti-Masonry is often related to antisemitism and anti-Zionism. For example, In 1980, the Iraqi legal and penal code was changed by Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party, making it a felony to "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including Freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations". Professor Andrew Prescott of the University of Sheffield writes: "Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, antisemitism has gone hand in hand with anti-masonry, so it is not surprising that allegations that 11 September was a Zionist plot have been accompanied by suggestions that the attacks were inspired by a masonic world order".

Question: What are two things that anit-masonry usually associated with?
Answer: antisemitism and anti-Zionism

Question: What year did the Ba'ath Party make Freemasonry a felony?
Answer: 1980

Question: Who wrote that it was not suprising that the blame for 9/11 was trying to be blamed on a masonic world order?
Answer: Professor Andrew Prescott

Question: According to  Professor Andrew Prescott, how long has antisemitism gone together with anti-masonry?
Answer: Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Question: In some countries, anti-Masonry is related to what?
Answer: antisemitism and anti-Zionism

Question: Who change the Iraqi legal and penal code in 1980?
Answer: Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party

Question: Who suggested the September 11 attacks on the United States were inspired by a masonic world order?
Answer: Professor Andrew Prescott
Title: Freemasonry

The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies. Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a separate ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft, and finally they will be raised to the degree of Master Mason. In all of these ceremonies, the candidate is entrusted with passwords, signs and grips peculiar to his new rank. Another ceremony is the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge. In some jurisdictions Installed Master is valued as a separate rank, with its own secrets to distinguish its members. In other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge.

Question: What do most masonic rituals consist of?
Answer: degree ceremonies

Question: What is the first degree of Masonry?
Answer: Entered Apprentice

Question: What is the second degree of Masonry?
Answer: Fellowcraft

Question: What is the final degree of Masonry?
Answer: Master Mason

Question: What things come with each new degree in Freemasonry?
Answer: passwords, signs and grips

Question: The bulk of Masonic rituals consist of what?
Answer: degree ceremonies

Question: What comes after the degree of Entered Apprentice?
Answer: the degree of Fellowcraft

Question: What is the first of degree ceremonies?
Answer: the degree of Entered Apprentice

Question: What is the final degree in the Freemasons?
Answer: the degree of Master Mason

Question: What annual ceremony do Freemasons have?
Answer: the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge