rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Asthma

Many other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses. Bronchiolitis and other viral infections may also produce wheezing. In adults, COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors should be considered. In both populations vocal cord dysfunction may present similarly.

Question: What is a condition that can cause symptoms of astham in children?
Answer: allergic rhinitis and sinusitis

Question: What are some other causes of airway obstruction?
Answer: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses

Question: What other conditions can cause wheezing?
Answer: Bronchiolitis and other viral infections

Question: In adults, what conditions can cause the symptoms of asthma?
Answer: COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors
Title: Asthma

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi. However, this level of investigation is not performed due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management: corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation. It closely resembles asthma in symptoms, is correlated with more exposure to cigarette smoke, an older age, less symptom reversibility after bronchodilator administration, and decreased likelihood of family history of atopy.

Question: What is a complication of chronic asthma?
Answer: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question: If you are 65 years old and have an obstructive airway disesase, you are more likely to have what other conditions?
Answer: asthma and COPD

Question: How is COPD differentiated?
Answer: by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi

Question: Why is this not determined in a patient with COPD?
Answer: due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management

Question: What are the principles of management for asthma and COPD?
Answer: corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation
Title: Asthma

The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication. Early pet exposure may be useful. Results from exposure to pets at other times are inconclusive and it is only recommended that pets be removed from the home if a person has allergic symptoms to said pet. Dietary restrictions during pregnancy or when breast feeding have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended. Reducing or eliminating compounds known to sensitive people from the work place may be effective. It is not clear if annual influenza vaccinations effects the risk of exacerbations. Immunization; however, is recommended by the World Health Organization. Smoking bans are effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma.

Question: What is weak that is not helping prevent the development of asthma?
Answer: The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent

Question: What preventative measures always work to prevent asthma?
Answer: none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication

Question: What has been determined about dietry restrictions during pregnancy and when breast feeding?
Answer: have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended

Question: Why are smoking bans in place?
Answer: effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma

Question: Who recoomends immunizations?
Answer: World Health Organization
Title: Asthma

Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the effectiveness of medications such as corticosteroids. Laws that limit smoking decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma. Dust mite control measures, including air filtration, chemicals to kill mites, vacuuming, mattress covers and others methods had no effect on asthma symptoms. Overall, exercise is beneficial in people with stable asthma. Yoga could provide small improvements in quality of life and symptoms in people with asthma.

Question: What is a key component of control and preventing asthma attacks?
Answer: Avoidance of triggers

Question: What are some of the more common triggers?
Answer: allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods

Question: What can reduce the effectiveness of medications?
Answer: Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke

Question: What did law that limit smoking accomplish? 
Answer: decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma

Question: What type of exercise can provide small improvements?
Answer: Yoga
Title: Asthma

For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs, bronchial thermoplasty may be an option. It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies. While it may increase exacerbation frequency in the first few months it appears to decrease the subsequent rate. Effects beyond one year are unknown. Evidence suggests that sublingual immunotherapy in those with both allergic rhinitis and asthma improve outcomes.

Question: What type of person would use bronchial thermoplasty as an option?
Answer: For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs

Question: What does bronchial thermoplasty consist of?
Answer: It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies

Question: What effect does bronchial thermoplasty have?
Answer: it appears to decrease the subsequent rate.

Question: What treatment helps improve those with allergic rhinitis and asthma?
Answer: sublingual immunotherapy
Title: Asthma

The prognosis for asthma is generally good, especially for children with mild disease. Mortality has decreased over the last few decades due to better recognition and improvement in care. Globally it causes moderate or severe disability in 19.4 million people as of 2004 (16 million of which are in low and middle income countries). Of asthma diagnosed during childhood, half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade. Airway remodeling is observed, but it is unknown whether these represent harmful or beneficial changes. Early treatment with corticosteroids seems to prevent or ameliorates a decline in lung function.

Question: What is the prognosis for asthma? 
Answer: generally good

Question: What has caused the mortality rate to decrease?
Answer: due to better recognition and improvement in care

Question: Worldwide, how many people suffer from asthma?
Answer: 19.4 million people as of 2004

Question: How many cases that are diagnosed in childhood make it past 10 years with asthma?
Answer: half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade
Title: Asthma

As of 2011, 235–330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma, and approximately 250,000–345,000 people die per year from the disease. Rates vary between countries with prevalences between 1 and 18%. It is more common in developed than developing countries. One thus sees lower rates in Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa. Within developed countries it is more common in those who are economically disadvantaged while in contrast in developing countries it is more common in the affluent. The reason for these differences is not well known. Low and middle income countries make up more than 80% of the mortality.

Question: By 2011, how many people were affected by asthma?
Answer: 235–330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma

Question: How many people die per year from asthma?
Answer: 250,000–345,000 people

Question: What countries is asthma more commonly seen?
Answer: It is more common in developed than developing countries

Question: Why are different countries effected differently?
Answer: The reason for these differences is not well known
Title: Asthma

From 2000 to 2010, the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay in the United States for children remained relatively stable at about $3,600, whereas the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay for adults increased from $5,200 to $6,600. In 2010, Medicaid was the most frequent primary payer among children and adults aged 18–44 years in the United States; private insurance was the second most frequent payer. Among both children and adults in the lowest income communities in the United States there is a higher rates of hospital stays for asthma in 2010 than those in the highest income communities.

Question: How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for children??
Answer: about $3,600

Question: How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for adults?
Answer: from $5,200 to $6,600

Question: Who was the most frequent primary payer amount children and adults?
Answer: Medicaid

Question: Who was more likely to seek hospital help in the US for asthma reasons?
Answer: the lowest income communities
Title: Asthma

In 1873, one of the first papers in modern medicine on the subject tried to explain the pathophysiology of the disease while one in 1872, concluded that asthma can be cured by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment. Medical treatment in 1880, included the use of intravenous doses of a drug called pilocarpin. In 1886, F.H. Bosworth theorized a connection between asthma and hay fever. Epinephrine was first referred to in the treatment of asthma in 1905. Oral corticosteroids began to be used for this condition in the 1950s while inhaled corticosteroids and selective short acting beta agonist came into wide use in the 1960s.

Question: When was the first paper written about asthma?
Answer: In 1873

Question: What was first used as a cure for asthma?
Answer: by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment

Question: In 1880 what was used intraveniously for asthma?
Answer: pilocarpin

Question: When did inhaled corticosteroids and short acting beta agonist start being used? 
Answer: in the 1960s
Title: LaserDisc

Although the format was capable of offering higher-quality video and audio than its consumer rivals, the VHS and Betamax videocassette systems, LaserDisc never managed to gain widespread use in North America, largely due to high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming. It also remained a largely obscure format in Europe and Australia. By contrast, the format was much more popular in Japan and in the more affluent regions of Southeast Asia, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia, being the prevalent rental video medium in Hong Kong during the 1990s. Its superior video and audio quality did make it a somewhat popular choice among videophiles and film enthusiasts during its lifespan.

Question: Did LaserDisks offer higher or lower quality sound and picture than VHS?
Answer: higher-quality

Question: Why didn't LaserDisk gain popularity in North America?
Answer: high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming

Question: With whom was LaserDisk a popular choice for it's picture and sound quality?
Answer: videophiles and film enthusiasts

Question: In what city was LaserDisk used as a popular rental medium in the 1990s?
Answer: Hong Kong
Title: LaserDisc

LaserDisc was first available on the market, in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 15, 1978, two years after the introduction of the VHS VCR, and four years before the introduction of the CD (which is based on laser disc technology). Initially licensed, sold, and marketed as MCA DiscoVision (also known as simply "DiscoVision") in North America in 1978, the technology was previously referred to internally as Optical Videodisc System, Reflective Optical Videodisc, Laser Optical Videodisc, and Disco-Vision (with a dash), with the first players referring to the format as "Video Long Play".

Question: Where was LaserDisc first available?
Answer: Atlanta, Georgia

Question: How many years after VHS was LaserDisk released?
Answer: two years

Question: Under what name was LaserDisc originally marketed?
Answer: MCA DiscoVision

Question: How did the first viewers refer to the media?
Answer: "Video Long Play"
Title: LaserDisc

Pioneer Electronics later purchased the majority stake in the format and marketed it as both LaserVision (format name) and LaserDisc (brand name) in 1980, with some releases unofficially referring to the medium as "Laser Videodisc". Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs. The Philips-MCA cooperation was not successful, and discontinued after a few years. Several of the scientists responsible for the early research (Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow) founded Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus).

Question: Who purchased the majority stake and re-marketed the product in 1980?
Answer: Pioneer Electronics

Question: Was Laserdisk officially or unofficially reffered to as "Laser Videodisc"?
Answer: unofficially

Question: Did MCA produce the disc or the players after being bought out?
Answer: discs

Question: Who were the scientists that worked on the early research for Laserdiscs?
Answer: Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow

Question: What company did the early Laserdisc researchers later found?
Answer: Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus)
Title: LaserDisc

By the early 2000s, LaserDisc was completely replaced by DVD in the North American retail marketplace, as neither players nor software were then produced. Players were still exported to North America from Japan until the end of 2001. The format has retained some popularity among American collectors, and to a greater degree in Japan, where the format was better supported and more prevalent during its life. In Europe, LaserDisc always remained an obscure format. It was chosen by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for the BBC Domesday Project in the mid-1980s, a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England. From 1991 up until the early 2000s, the BBC also used LaserDisc technology to play out the channel idents.

Question: What product replaced LaserDisc in North America by the early 2000s?
Answer: DVD

Question: Who chose LaserFisc for their Domesday Project in the mid-1980s?
Answer: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

Question: What was the BBC Domesday Project?
Answer: a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England

Question: Which country still exported players to North America until 2001?
Answer: Japan
Title: LaserDisc

The standard home video LaserDisc was 30 cm (12 in) in diameter and made up of two single-sided aluminum discs layered in plastic. Although appearing similar to compact discs or DVDs, LaserDiscs used analog video stored in the composite domain (having a video bandwidth approximately equivalent to the 1-inch (25 mm) C-Type VTR format) with analog FM stereo sound and PCM digital audio. The LaserDisc at its most fundamental level was still recorded as a series of pits and lands much like CDs, DVDs, and even Blu-ray Discs are today. However, while the encoding is of a binary nature, the information is encoded as analog pulse width modulation with a 50% duty cycle, where the information is contained in the lengths and spacing of the pits. In true digital media the pits, or their edges, directly represent 1s and 0s of a binary digital information stream. Early LaserDiscs featured in 1978 were entirely analog but the format evolved to incorporate digital stereo sound in CD format (sometimes with a TOSlink or coax output to feed an external DAC), and later multi-channel formats such as Dolby Digital and DTS.

Question: How large was a standard LaserDisc?
Answer: 30 cm (12 in) in diameter

Question: What numbers are used in Binary information coding?
Answer: 1s and 0s

Question: Were the ealiest LaserDiscs in 1978 analog or digitally formatted?
Answer: analog
Title: LaserDisc

As Pioneer introduced Digital Audio to LaserDisc in 1985, they further refined the CAA format. CAA55 was introduced in 1985 with a total playback capacity per side of 55 minutes 5 seconds, reducing the video capacity to resolve bandwidth issues with the inclusion of Digital Audio. Several titles released between 1985 and 1987 were analog audio only due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc (e.g., Back to the Future). By 1987, Pioneer had overcome the technical challenges and was able to once again encode in CAA60, allowing a total of 60 minutes 5 seconds. Pioneer further refined CAA, offering CAA45, encoding 45 minutes of material, but filling the entire playback surface of the side. Used on only a handful of titles, CAA65 offered 65 minutes 5 seconds of playback time per side. There are a handful of titles pressed by Technidisc that used CAA50. The final variant of CAA is CAA70, which could accommodate 70 minutes of playback time per side. There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market.

Question: What was the length capacity of the CAA55 format?
Answer: 55 minutes 5 seconds

Question: Why was Back to the Future released with analog sound?
Answer: due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc

Question: What was the maximum length of the CAA60 format?
Answer: 60 minutes 5 seconds

Question: How many works were released to the public with the CAA70 format?
Answer: There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market
Title: LaserDisc

Sound could be stored in either analog or digital format and in a variety of surround sound formats; NTSC discs could carry two analog audio tracks, plus two uncompressed PCM digital audio tracks, which were (EFM, CIRC, 16-bit and 44.056 kHz sample rate). PAL discs could carry one pair of audio tracks, either analog or digital and the digital tracks on a PAL disc were 16-bit 44.1 kHz as on a CD; in the UK, the term "LaserVision" is used to refer to discs with analog sound, while "LaserDisc" is used for those with digital audio. The digital sound signal in both formats are EFM-encoded as in CD. Dolby Digital (also called AC-3) and DTS—which are now common on DVD titles—first became available on LaserDisc, and Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999) which was released on LaserDisc in Japan, is among the first home video releases ever to include 6.1 channel Dolby Digital EX Surround. Unlike DVDs, which carry Dolby Digital audio in digital form, LaserDiscs store Dolby Digital in a frequency modulated form within a track normally used for analog audio. Extracting Dolby Digital from a LaserDisc required a player equipped with a special "AC-3 RF" output and an external demodulator in addition to an AC-3 decoder. The demodulator was necessary to convert the 2.88 MHz modulated AC-3 information on the disc into a 384 kbit/s signal that the decoder could handle. DTS audio, when available on a disc, replaced the digital audio tracks; hearing DTS sound required only an S/PDIF compliant digital connection to a DTS decoder.

Question: What was the difference between LaserDisc and LaserVision in the UK?
Answer: "LaserVision" is used to refer to discs with analog sound, while "LaserDisc" is used for those with digital audio

Question: The Phantom Menace was one of the first home videos to use what sound format?
Answer: 6.1 channel Dolby Digital EX Surround.

Question: What sound formatting do DVDs use?
Answer: Dolby Digital audio in digital form
Title: LaserDisc

In the mid to late 1990s many higher-end AV receivers included the demodulator circuit specifically for the LaserDisc players RF modulated Dolby Digital AC-3 signal. By the late 1990s with LaserDisc players and disc sales declining due to DVD's growing popularity the AV receiver manufacturers removed the demodulator circuit. Although DVD players were capable of playing Dolby Digital tracks, the signal out of DVD player were not in a modulated form and not compatible with the inputs designed for LaserDisc AC-3. Outboard demodulators were available for a period that convert the AC-3 signal to standard Dolby Digital signal that was compatible with the standard Dolby Digital/PCM inputs on capable AV receivers. Another type marketed by Onkyo and others converted the RF AC-3 signal to 6-channel analog audio.

Question: What competition caused LaserDisc sales to decline?
Answer: DVD's growing popularity

Question: Did all AV receivers carry the demodulator circuits necessary for LaserDiscs, or only high-end models?
Answer: higher-end

Question: What did the Onkyo outboard demodulator covert the RF AC-2 signal to?
Answer: 6-channel analog audio
Title: LaserDisc

At least where the digital audio tracks were concerned, the sound quality was unsurpassed at the time compared to consumer videotape, but the quality of the analog soundtracks varied greatly depending on the disc and, sometimes, the player. Many early and lower-end LD players had poor analog audio components, and many early discs had poorly mastered analog audio tracks, making digital soundtracks in any form most desirable to serious enthusiasts. Early DiscoVision and LaserDisc titles lacked the digital audio option, but many of those movies received digital sound in later re-issues by Universal, and the quality of analog audio tracks generally got far better as time went on. Many discs that had originally carried old analog stereo tracks received new Dolby Stereo and Dolby Surround tracks instead, often in addition to digital tracks, helping boost sound quality. Later analog discs also applied CX Noise Reduction, which improved the signal-noise ratio of their audio.

Question: Was sound quality from disc to disc and between players consistent or varied?
Answer: varied greatly

Question: Was analog or digital formatting more popular with enthusiasts?
Answer: digital

Question: What result did adding CX Noise Reduction have on analog discs?
Answer: improved the signal-noise ratio of their audio

Question: Which company added digital sound option when re-releasing movies?
Answer: Universal