rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower adhered to a political philosophy of dynamic conservatism. A self-described "progressive conservative," he continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. He implemented integration in the Armed Services in two years, which had not been completed under Truman.

Question: How did Eisenhower describe his political views?
Answer: progressive conservative

Question: How many people were added to the Social Security rolls by Eisenhower?
Answer: ten million

Question: What New deal program did Eisenhower particularly support?
Answer: Social Security

Question: What cabinet agency did Eisenhower make Social Security a part of?
Answer: Department of Health, Education and Welfare

Question: What policy in regard to the military did Eisenhower see to completion?
Answer: integration
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

As the 1954 congressional elections approached, and it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses, Eisenhower was among those blaming the Old Guard for the losses, and took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP. Eisenhower then articulated his position as a moderate, progressive Republican: "I have just one purpose ... and that is to build up a strong progressive Republican Party in this country. If the right wing wants a fight, they are going to get it ... before I end up, either this Republican Party will reflect progressivism or I won't be with them anymore."

Question: What wing of the GOP was Eisenhower opposed to?
Answer: right

Question: In what year were the first federal elections after Eisenhower became president?
Answer: 1954

Question: What type of Republican did Eisenhower characterize himself as?
Answer: moderate, progressive

Question: Prior to the 1954 elections, who had majorities in Congress?
Answer: Republicans
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Initially Eisenhower planned on serving only one term, but as with other decisions, he maintained a position of maximum flexibility in case leading Republicans wanted him to run again. During his recovery from a heart attack late in 1955, he huddled with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP's potential candidates; the group, in addition to his doctor, concluded a second term was well advised, and he announced in February 1956 he would run again. Eisenhower was publicly noncommittal about Nixon's repeating as the Vice President on his ticket; the question was an especially important one in light of his heart condition. He personally favored Robert B. Anderson, a Democrat, who rejected his offer; Eisenhower then resolved to leave the matter in the hands of the party. In 1956, Eisenhower faced Adlai Stevenson again and won by an even larger landslide, with 457 of 531 electoral votes and 57.6% of the popular vote. The level of campaigning was curtailed out of health considerations.

Question: Upon election, how many terms did Eisenhower believe he would serve?
Answer: one

Question: In what year did Eisenhower have a heart attack?
Answer: 1955

Question: When did Eisenhower make an announcement stating that he would run for a second term?
Answer: February 1956

Question: Who did Eisenhower want as his 1956 running mate?
Answer: Robert B. Anderson

Question: Who did Eisenhower defeat in the 1956 presidential election?
Answer: Adlai Stevenson
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower's goal to create improved highways was influenced by difficulties encountered during his involvement in the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy. He was assigned as an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of U.S. Army vehicles coast to coast. His subsequent experience with encountering German autobahn limited-access road systems during the concluding stages of World War II convinced him of the benefits of an Interstate Highway System. Noticing the improved ability to move logistics throughout the country, he thought an Interstate Highway System in the U.S. would not only be beneficial for military operations, but provide a measure of continued economic growth. The legislation initially stalled in the Congress over the issuance of bonds to finance the project, but the legislative effort was renewed and the law was signed by Eisenhower in June 1956.

Question: What event led Eisenhower to want to improve highways in the US?
Answer: the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy

Question: What German transportation project influenced Eisenhower on highways?
Answer: autobahn

Question: When did Eisenhower sign the law to create the Interstate Highway System?
Answer: June 1956

Question: Along with military benefits, what did Eisenhower see as the benefit of the highway project?
Answer: economic growth

Question: Why did Congress hold up the highway bill?
Answer: issuance of bonds to finance the project
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In 1953, the Republican Party's Old Guard presented Eisenhower with a dilemma by insisting he disavow the Yalta Agreements as beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch; however, the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 made the matter a practical moot point. At this time Eisenhower gave his Chance for Peace speech in which he attempted, unsuccessfully, to forestall the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union by suggesting multiple opportunities presented by peaceful uses of nuclear materials. Biographer Stephen Ambrose opined that this was the best speech of Eisenhower's presidency.

Question: What agreements did the GOP Old Guard want Eisenhower to abandon?
Answer: Yalta

Question: Why did the Old Guard say Eisenhower should void the Yalta Agreements?
Answer: beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch

Question: What world leader died in March of 1953?
Answer: Joseph Stalin

Question: What speech did Eisenhower give after Stalin died?
Answer: Chance for Peace

Question: Who called the Chance for Peace speech the best one Eisenhower gave as president?
Answer: Stephen Ambrose
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The U.N. speech was well received but the Soviets never acted upon it, due to an overarching concern for the greater stockpiles of nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal. Indeed, Eisenhower embarked upon a greater reliance on the use of nuclear weapons, while reducing conventional forces, and with them the overall defense budget, a policy formulated as a result of Project Solarium and expressed in NSC 162/2. This approach became known as the "New Look", and was initiated with defense cuts in late 1953.

Question: What did Eisenhower reduce as he increased nuclear weapons stockpiles?
Answer: conventional forces

Question: What was the policy of increasing nuclear weapons while decreasing conventional forces called?
Answer: New Look

Question: When did Eisenhower begin to cut the defense budget?
Answer: 1953

Question: Along with NSC 162/2, what influenced the development of the New Look policy?
Answer: Project Solarium
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In 1955 American nuclear arms policy became one aimed primarily at arms control as opposed to disarmament. The failure of negotiations over arms until 1955 was due mainly to the refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections. In talks located in London that year, they expressed a willingness to discuss inspections; the tables were then turned on Eisenhower, when he responded with an unwillingness on the part of the U.S. to permit inspections. In May of that year the Russians agreed to sign a treaty giving independence to Austria, and paved the way for a Geneva summit with the U.S., U.K. and France. At the Geneva Conference Eisenhower presented a proposal called "Open Skies" to facilitate disarmament, which included plans for Russia and the U.S. to provide mutual access to each other's skies for open surveillance of military infrastructure. Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev dismissed the proposal out of hand.

Question: Why did nuclear arms negotiations with Russia fail prior to 1955?
Answer: refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections

Question: In what city did the US and Russia conduct nuclear talks in 1955?
Answer: London

Question: Who refused to permit nuclear weapons inspections in the wake of the 1955 talks?
Answer: Eisenhower

Question: In May of 1955, a treaty was signed giving independence to what country?
Answer: Austria

Question: What was the plan Eisenhower presented at the Geneva Conference called?
Answer: Open Skies
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India. Likewise, the fall of Guatemala would end with the fall of neighboring Mexico. That year the loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism, saying "Long faces don't win wars". As he had threatened the French in their rejection of EDC, he afterwards moved to restore West Germany, as a full NATO partner.

Question: What country did Eisenhower believe communists would conquer if they took over Guatemala?
Answer: Mexico

Question: The domino theory was applied to Central America and what other region?
Answer: Southeast Asia

Question: In what year was Eisenhower's EDC rejected?
Answer: 1954

Question: What country was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC?
Answer: West Germany

Question: According to Eisenhower, all of Southeast Asia would become communist if the communist insurgency won in what country?
Answer: Vietnam
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out."

Question: Who was the director of the CIA?
Answer: Dulles

Question: What was the code name of the overthrow of the Iranian government?
Answer: Operation Ajax

Question: What CIA operation toppled the Guatemalan government?
Answer: Pbsuccess

Question: What company made the U-2?
Answer: Lockheed

Question: Under what president did the Bay of Pigs Invasion take place?
Answer: John F. Kennedy
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Over New York City in 1953, Eastern Airlines Flight 8610, a commercial flight, had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610, a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II, while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower. This prompted the adoption of the unique call sign Air Force One, to be used whenever the president is on board any US Air Force aircraft. Columbine II is the only presidential aircraft to have ever been sold to the public and is the only remaining presidential aircraft left unrestored and not on public display.

Question: What make and model aircraft was Air Force Flight 8610?
Answer: Lockheed C-121 Constellation

Question: What aircraft had an incident with Air Force Flight 8610?
Answer: Eastern Airlines Flight 8610

Question: What call sign does an Air Force aircraft have when a president is traveling on it?
Answer: Air Force One

Question: What was the name of the Lockheed C-121 Constellation that carried Eisenhower?
Answer: Columbine II

Question: In what year was Eisenhower involved in an incident while flying?
Answer: 1953
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

On the whole, Eisenhower's support of the nation's fledgling space program was officially modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige around the world. He then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and higher education. His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory, created NASA as a civilian space agency, signed a landmark science education law, and fostered improved relations with American scientists.

Question: What caused Eisenhower to kickstart the US space program?
Answer: Soviet launch of Sputnik

Question: What was the legal status of the U-2 flyovers?
Answer: illegal

Question: Along with the U-2 flyovers, what did Eisenhower try to legitimize with the Open Skies Policy?
Answer: Project Genetrix

Question: What was the name of the civilian space agency created by Eisenhower?
Answer: NASA

Question: With whom did Eisenhower try to improve relations?
Answer: American scientists
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In late 1952 Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate. Once in office, when the Chinese began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary, he threatened to use nuclear force if an armistice was not concluded. His earlier military reputation in Europe was effective with the Chinese. The National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Strategic Air Command (SAC) devised detailed plans for nuclear war against China. With the death of Stalin in early March 1953, Russian support for a Chinese hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue.

Question: Where did the Chinese begin to increase forces after Eisenhower entered the White House?
Answer: Kaesong sanctuary

Question: What did Eisenhower threaten to do if there was no armistice in Korea?
Answer: use nuclear force

Question: Along with the Joint Chiefs and SAC, what body was involved with formulating plans for nuclear war with China?
Answer: National Security Council

Question: What event led to decreased Russian support for China?
Answer: death of Stalin

Question: What was SAC an abbreviation of?
Answer: Strategic Air Command
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In July 1953, an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950. The armistice and boundary remain in effect today, with American soldiers stationed there to guarantee it. The armistice, concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, and also within Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration. Eisenhower had the insight to realize that unlimited war in the nuclear age was unthinkable, and limited war unwinnable.

Question: The boundary line of what year formed the 1953 armistice line?
Answer: 1950

Question: In what month in 1953 did the armistice come into being?
Answer: July

Question: Who was the President of South Korea at the time of the armistice?
Answer: Syngman Rhee

Question: What American official notably opposed the armistice?
Answer: Secretary Dulles

Question: Who described the armistice as Eisenhower's greatest presidential accomplishment?
Answer: Ambrose
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations, and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt. Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, which were published in 1965.

Question: Along with the British and Israelis, what forces invaded Egypt in 1956?
Answer: French

Question: What was the combined Israeli-British-French invasion in response to?
Answer: Suez Crisis

Question: Who was the leader of Egypt at the time of the Suez Crisis?
Answer: Gamal Abdel Nasser

Question: Who invaded Hungary in 1956?
Answer: Soviet

Question: What year saw the publication of Eisenhower's memoirs?
Answer: 1965
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. "Iron Mike" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that "this war would absorb our troops by divisions."

Question: What war was being fought by France in 1953?
Answer: First Indochina War

Question: What was John W. O'Daniel's nickname?
Answer: Iron Mike

Question: Who convinced Eisenhower not to intervene in Vietnam?
Answer: Matthew Ridgway

Question: Who was providing supplies to the Vietnamese communists fighting against France?
Answer: China

Question: How large of a military deployment did Ridgway say would be necessary in Vietnam?
Answer: massive
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet – allied participation and congressional approval. When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954, Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urgings from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice President and the head of NCS.

Question: Aside from bombers, what aid did Eisenhower provide to the French?
Answer: non-combat personnel

Question: What did American bombers drop on Vietnam?
Answer: napalm

Question: When did Dien Bien Phu fall to the communists?
Answer: May 1954

Question: Along with the Vice President and NCS head, who urged Eisenhower to intervene after the fall of Dien Bien Phu?
Answer: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

Question: What arguably impossible conditions did Eisenhower set for further intervention on behalf of the French?
Answer: allied participation and congressional approval
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Alliance with the U.K., France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism. At that time the French and Chinese reconvened Geneva peace talks; Eisenhower agreed the U.S. would participate only as an observer. After France and the Communists agreed to a partition of Vietnam, Eisenhower rejected the agreement, offering military and economic aid to southern Vietnam. Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the U.S out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had in the end put the U.S. back into the conflict.

Question: What is SEATO?
Answer: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

Question: Along with the United States, the United Kingdom and France, who formed SEATO?
Answer: New Zealand and Australia

Question: What was the purpose of SEATO?
Answer: defense of Vietnam against communism

Question: What group did France split Vietnam with?
Answer: Communists

Question: Who met in peace talks with France at Geneva?
Answer: Chinese
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In late 1954, Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to "Free Vietnam" (the term South Vietnam came into use in 1955), effectively elevating the country to sovereign status. Collins' instructions were to support the leader Ngo Dinh Diem in subverting communism, by helping him to build an army and wage a military campaign. In February 1955, Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army. After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, commonly known as South Vietnam) in October, Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance.

Question: What was South Vietnam called in 1955?
Answer: Free Vietnam

Question: Who was the first ambassador to South Vietnam?
Answer: J. Lawton Collins

Question: When did Eisenhower first send military advisers to South Vietnam?
Answer: February 1955

Question: Who was the leader of South Vietnam in 1954?
Answer: Ngo Dinh Diem

Question: Along with Free Vietnam, what was another term for South Vietnam?
Answer: Republic of Vietnam
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men. This was due to North Vietnam's support of "uprisings" in the south and concern the nation would fall. In May 1957 Diem, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States for ten days. President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diem's honor in New York City. Although Diem was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives.

Question: How many days did the President of South Vietnam visit the US for in 1957?
Answer: ten

Question: Where was a parade held for the President of South Vietnam?
Answer: New York City

Question: How many soldiers did Eisenhower ultimately send to Vietnam?
Answer: 900

Question: Who was Secretary of State in 1957?
Answer: John Foster Dulles

Question: According to Dulles, why was Diem made president of Vietnam?
Answer: there were no better alternatives
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

On May 1, 1960, a U.S. one-man U-2 spy plane was reportedly shot down at high altitude over Soviet Union airspace. The flight was made to gain photo intelligence before the scheduled opening of an East–West summit conference, which had been scheduled in Paris, 15 days later. Captain Francis Gary Powers had bailed out of his aircraft and was captured after parachuting down onto Russian soil. Four days after Powers disappeared, the Eisenhower Administration had NASA issue a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of Turkey. It speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the autopilot was still engaged, and falsely claimed that "the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties."

Question: When was a U-2 downed over the Soviet Union?
Answer: May 1, 1960

Question: What was the downed U-2 gathering intelligence in advance of?
Answer: East–West summit conference

Question: What was the rank of the pilot of the downed U-2?
Answer: Captain

Question: Where was the East-West summit to have taken place?
Answer: Paris