rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser's nomination for the post and the new constitution were put to public referendum on 23 June and each was approved by an overwhelming majority. A 350-member National Assembly was established, elections for which were held in July 1957. Nasser had ultimate approval over all the candidates. The constitution granted women's suffrage, prohibited gender-based discrimination, and entailed special protection for women in the workplace. Coinciding with the new constitution and Nasser's presidency, the RCC dissolved itself and its members resigned their military commissions as part of the transition to civilian rule. During the deliberations surrounding the establishment of a new government, Nasser began a process of sidelining his rivals among the original Free Officers, while elevating his closest allies to high-ranking positions in the cabinet.

Question: Who could approve or reject candidates for the National Assembly?
Answer: Nasser

Question: Who received new and special protections in the new constitution?
Answer: women

Question: What group dissolved when the new constitution was enacted?
Answer: RCC

Question: Among the original Free Officers, what did Nasser do to his opponents? 
Answer: sidelining

Question: What did Nasser's allies receive in the new arrangement?
Answer: high-ranking positions in the cabinet
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

After the three-year transition period ended with Nasser's official assumption of power, his domestic and independent foreign policies increasingly collided with the regional interests of the UK and France. The latter condemned his strong support for Algerian independence, and the UK's Eden government was agitated by Nasser's campaign against the Baghdad Pact. In addition, Nasser's adherence to neutralism regarding the Cold War, recognition of communist China, and arms deal with the Eastern bloc alienated the United States. On 19 July 1956, the US and UK abruptly withdrew their offer to finance construction of the Aswan Dam, citing concerns that Egypt's economy would be overwhelmed by the project.

Question: With what two nations did Nasser's foreign policy clash?
Answer: UK and France

Question: What construction project suffered from foreign political retaliation against Nasser?
Answer: Aswan Dam

Question: What communist country did Nasser and Egypt recognize?
Answer: China

Question: France was angered by Nasser's support of the independence of what people?
Answer: Algerian

Question: The UK was chafed by Nasser's opposition to what agreement?
Answer: Baghdad Pact
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser was informed of the British–American withdrawal via a news statement while aboard a plane returning to Cairo from Belgrade, and took great offense. Although ideas for nationalizing the Suez Canal were in the offing after the UK agreed to withdraw its military from Egypt in 1954 (the last British troops left on 13 June 1956), journalist Mohamed Hassanein Heikal asserts that Nasser made the final decision to nationalize the waterway between 19 and 20 July. Nasser himself would later state that he decided on 23 July, after studying the issue and deliberating with some of his advisers from the dissolved RCC, namely Boghdadi and technical specialist Mahmoud Younis, beginning on 21 July. The rest of the RCC's former members were informed of the decision on 24 July, while the bulk of the cabinet was unaware of the nationalization scheme until hours before Nasser publicly announced it. According to Ramadan, Nasser's decision to nationalize the canal was a solitary decision, taken without consultation.

Question: How did Nasser react to the news the the US and UK had blocked construction of th Aswan Dam?
Answer: took great offense

Question: What piece of infrastructure did Nasser propose to nationalize? 
Answer: Suez Canal

Question: What was Nasser's cabinet's knowledge of the nationalization scheme before Nasser announced it?
Answer: unaware

Question: When did the last British troops leave Egypt?
Answer: 1956
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 26 July 1956, Nasser gave a speech in Alexandria announcing the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company as a means to fund the Aswan Dam project in light of the British–American withdrawal. In the speech, he denounced British imperialism in Egypt and British control over the canal company's profits, and upheld that the Egyptian people had a right to sovereignty over the waterway, especially since "120,000 Egyptians had died (sic)" building it. The motion was technically in breach of the international agreement he had signed with the UK on 19 October 1954, although he ensured that all existing stockholders would be paid off.

Question: What did Nasser propose to do with funds from the nationalized Suez Canal?
Answer: fund the Aswan Dam

Question: How many Egyptians did Nasser claim died building the Suez canal?
Answer: 120,000

Question: Who did Nasser claim would still be paid despite nationalization of the canal?
Answer: existing stockholders

Question: What country had signed an agreement with Nasser in 1954?
Answer: UK
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

The nationalization announcement was greeted very emotionally by the audience and, throughout the Arab world, thousands entered the streets shouting slogans of support. US ambassador Henry A. Byroade stated, "I cannot overemphasize [the] popularity of the Canal Company nationalization within Egypt, even among Nasser's enemies." Egyptian political scientist Mahmoud Hamad wrote that, prior to 1956, Nasser had consolidated control over Egypt's military and civilian bureaucracies, but it was only after the canal's nationalization that he gained near-total popular legitimacy and firmly established himself as the "charismatic leader" and "spokesman for the masses not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World". According to Aburish, this was Nasser's largest pan-Arab triumph at the time and "soon his pictures were to be found in the tents of Yemen, the souks of Marrakesh, and the posh villas of Syria". The official reason given for the nationalization was that funds from the canal would be used for the construction of the dam in Aswan. That same day, Egypt closed the canal to Israeli shipping.

Question: How did the Arab world react to news of the nationalization of the Suez Canal?
Answer: support

Question: What nation's shipping was forbidden from using the Suez Canal?
Answer: Israeli

Question: What US ambassador spoke about the widespread support for Nasser's nationalization of the canal?
Answer: Henry A. Byroade

Question: Where was Nasser believed to be a spokesman for the poor and oppressed?
Answer: not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

France and the UK, the largest shareholders in the Suez Canal Company, saw its nationalization as yet another hostile measure aimed at them by the Egyptian government. Nasser was aware that the canal's nationalization would instigate an international crisis and believed the prospect of military intervention by the two countries was 80 per cent likely. He believed, however, that the UK would not be able to intervene militarily for at least two months after the announcement, and dismissed Israeli action as "impossible". In early October, the UN Security Council met on the matter of the canal's nationalization and adopted a resolution recognizing Egypt's right to control the canal as long as it continued to allow passage through it for foreign ships. According to Heikal, after this agreement, "Nasser estimated that the danger of invasion had dropped to 10 per cent". Shortly thereafter, however, the UK, France, and Israel made a secret agreement to take over the Suez Canal, occupy the Suez Canal zone, and topple Nasser.

Question: What nations were outraged by the nationalization scheme?
Answer: France and the UK

Question: What nation did Nasser judge impossible to become militarially involved?
Answer: Israel

Question: What entity drew up an agreement that drastically reduced the threat of military action against Egypt?
Answer: UN Security Council

Question: What did the UK, France and Israel intend to do to Nasser?
Answer: topple
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 29 October 1956, Israeli forces crossed the Sinai Peninsula, overwhelmed Egyptian army posts, and quickly advanced to their objectives. Two days later, British and French planes bombarded Egyptian airfields in the canal zone. Nasser ordered the military's high command to withdraw the Egyptian Army from Sinai to bolster the canal's defenses. Moreover, he feared that if the armored corps was dispatched to confront the Israeli invading force and the British and French subsequently landed in the canal city of Port Said, Egyptian armor in the Sinai would be cut off from the canal and destroyed by the combined tripartite forces. Amer strongly disagreed, insisting that Egyptian tanks meet the Israelis in battle. The two had a heated exchange on 3 November, and Amer conceded. Nasser also ordered blockage of the canal by sinking or otherwise disabling forty-nine ships at its entrance.

Question: In what year did battle over the Suez Canal commence?
Answer: 1956

Question: What did the British and French air forces bomb?
Answer: Egyptian airfields in the canal zone

Question: What city did Nasser want to keep the French and British out of?
Answer: Port Said

Question: Who wanted the Egyptian armored units to fight the Israelis?
Answer: Amer

Question: What did Nasser do to the canal?
Answer: blockage
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Despite the commanded withdrawal of Egyptian troops, about 2,000 Egyptian soldiers were killed during engagement with Israeli forces, and some 5,000 Egyptian soldiers were captured by the Israeli Army. Amer and Salah Salem proposed requesting a ceasefire, with Salem further recommending that Nasser surrender himself to British forces. Nasser berated Amer and Salem, and vowed, "Nobody is going to surrender." Nasser assumed military command. Despite the relative ease in which Sinai was occupied, Nasser's prestige at home and among Arabs was undamaged. To counterbalance the Egyptian Army's dismal performance, Nasser authorized the distribution of about 400,000 rifles to civilian volunteers and hundreds of militias were formed throughout Egypt, many led by Nasser's political opponents.

Question: How many Egyptian soldiers died during the fighting?
Answer: 2,000

Question: How many Egyptian soldiers did the Israeli army capture?
Answer: 5,000

Question: To whom did Nasser authorize distribution of small arms?
Answer: civilian volunteers

Question: Who recommended Nasser surrender himself to the British?
Answer: Salah Salem

Question: What was the consequence to Nassir's admiration among the Arab world for Egypt's military failure?
Answer: undamaged
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

It was at Port Said that Nasser saw a confrontation with the invading forces as being the strategic and psychological focal point of Egypt's defense. A third infantry battalion and hundreds of national guardsmen were sent to the city as reinforcements, while two regular companies were dispatched to organize popular resistance. Nasser and Boghdadi traveled to the canal zone to boost the morale of the armed volunteers. According to Boghdadi's memoirs, Nasser described the Egyptian Army as "shattered" as he saw the wreckage of Egyptian military equipment en route. When British and French forces landed in Port Said on 5–6 November, its local militia put up a stiff resistance, resulting in street-to-street fighting. The Egyptian Army commander in the city was preparing to request terms for a ceasefire, but Nasser ordered him to desist. The British-French forces managed to largely secure the city by 7 November. Between 750 and 1,000 Egyptians were killed in the battle for Port Said.

Question: How many Egyptians died in the battle for Port Said?
Answer: Between 750 and 1,000

Question: What did Nasser think was the most importatnt location in the battle for the canal?
Answer: Port Said

Question: In what state was the Egyptian army after fighting the French and UK?
Answer: shattered

Question: Who was ultimately able to claim victoy in Port Said?
Answer: British-French forces
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

The U.S. Eisenhower administration condemned the tripartite invasion, and supported UN resolutions demanding withdrawal and a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) to be stationed in Sinai. Nasser commended Eisenhower, stating he played the "greatest and most decisive role" in stopping the "tripartite conspiracy". By the end of December, British and French forces had totally withdrawn from Egyptian territory, while Israel completed its withdrawal in March 1957 and released all Egyptian prisoners of war. As a result of the Suez Crisis, Nasser brought in a set of regulations imposing rigorous requirements for residency and citizenship as well as forced expulsions, mostly affecting British and French nationals and Jews with foreign nationality, as well as some Egyptian Jews.

Question: What country was opposed to the invasion of the canal?
Answer: U.S.

Question: What leader did Nasser applaud?
Answer: Eisenhower

Question: What military force was brought in to calm the situation?
Answer: United Nations Emergency Force

Question: What did Nasser impose as a result of the conflict?
Answer: rigorous requirements for residency
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

By 1957, pan-Arabism was the dominant ideology of the Arab world, and the average Arab citizen considered Nasser his undisputed leader. Historian Adeed Dawisha credited Nasser's status to his "charisma, bolstered by his perceived victory in the Suez Crisis". The Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs radio station spread Nasser's ideas of united Arab action throughout the Arabic-speaking world and historian Eugene Rogan wrote, "Nasser conquered the Arab world by radio." Lebanese sympathizers of Nasser and the Egyptian embassy in Beirut—the press center of the Arab world—bought out Lebanese media outlets to further disseminate Nasser's ideals. Nasser also enjoyed the support of Arab nationalist organizations, both civilian and paramilitary, throughout the region. His followers were numerous and well-funded, but lacked any permanent structure and organization. They called themselves "Nasserites", despite Nasser's objection to the label (he preferred the term "Arab nationalists").

Question: What radio station furthered Nasser's agenda?
Answer: Voice of the Arabs

Question: What were Arab admirers of Nasser called?
Answer: Nasserites

Question: What did the admirers of Nasser lack?
Answer: structure and organization

Question: Who said that Nasser conquered the Arab workd with radio?
Answer: Eugene Rogan

Question: What would have Nasser prefferred his admirers call themselves?
Answer: Arab nationalists
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In January 1957, the US adopted the Eisenhower Doctrine and pledged to prevent the spread of communism and its perceived agents in the Middle East. Although Nasser was an opponent of communism in the region, his promotion of pan-Arabism was viewed as a threat by pro-Western states in the region. Eisenhower tried to isolate Nasser and reduce his regional influence by attempting to transform King Saud into a counterweight. Also in January, the elected Jordanian prime minister and Nasser supporter Sulayman al-Nabulsi brought Jordan into a military pact with Egypt, Syria, and Saudi Arabia.

Question: What was the policy meant to contain communism in the middle east?
Answer: Eisenhower Doctrine

Question: When was the Eisenhower Doctrine adopted?
Answer: 1957

Question: What leader did the US prop up to foil Nasser?
Answer: King Saud

Question: What country joined an alliance with Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia?
Answer: Jordan

Question: Although not communist, what about Nasser concerned pro-western groups?
Answer: pan-Arabism
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Relations between Nasser and King Hussein deteriorated in April when Hussein implicated Nasser in two coup attempts against him—although Nasser's involvement was never established—and dissolved al-Nabulsi's cabinet. Nasser subsequently slammed Hussein on Cairo radio as being "a tool of the imperialists". Relations with King Saud also became antagonistic as the latter began to fear that Nasser's increasing popularity in Saudi Arabia was a genuine threat to the royal family's survival. Despite opposition from the governments of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Lebanon, Nasser maintained his prestige among their citizens and those of other Arab countries.

Question: What leader accused Nasser of trying to overthrow him?
Answer: King Hussein

Question: What did Nasser call King Hussein?
Answer: a tool of the imperialists

Question: What non-Egyptian leader was concerned about Nasser's popularity outside of Egypt?
Answer: King Saud

Question: Despite conflicts with Arab governments, who continued to support Nasser?
Answer: citizens
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

By the end of 1957, Nasser nationalized all remaining British and French assets in Egypt, including the tobacco, cement, pharmaceutical, and phosphate industries. When efforts to offer tax incentives and attract outside investments yielded no tangible results, he nationalized more companies and made them a part of his economic development organization. He stopped short of total government control: two-thirds of the economy was still in private hands. This effort achieved a measure of success, with increased agricultural production and investment in industrialization. Nasser initiated the Helwan steelworks, which subsequently became Egypt's largest enterprise, providing the country with product and tens of thousands of jobs. Nasser also decided to cooperate with the Soviet Union in the construction of the Aswan Dam to replace the withdrawal of US funds.

Question: What nations' assets did Nasser nationalize in 1957?
Answer: British and French

Question: How much of the economy was not controlled by Nassir's government?
Answer: two-thirds

Question: What entity did Nasser spearhead that was a boon for Egypt's economy?
Answer: Helwan steelworks

Question: What nation did Nasser join economic forces with?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What project did Nasser cooperate with the Soviet Union on?
Answer: Aswan Dam
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

As political instability grew in Syria, delegations from the country were sent to Nasser demanding immediate unification with Egypt. Nasser initially turned down the request, citing the two countries' incompatible political and economic systems, lack of contiguity, the Syrian military's record of intervention in politics, and the deep factionalism among Syria's political forces. However, in January 1958, a second Syrian delegation managed to convince Nasser of an impending communist takeover and a consequent slide to civil strife. Nasser subsequently opted for union, albeit on the condition that it would be a total political merger with him as its president, to which the delegates and Syrian president Shukri al-Quwatli agreed. On 1 February, the United Arab Republic (UAR) was proclaimed and, according to Dawisha, the Arab world reacted in "stunned amazement, which quickly turned into uncontrolled euphoria." Nasser ordered a crackdown against Syrian communists, dismissing many of them from their governmental posts.

Question: What country wanted to join with Egypt?
Answer: Syria

Question: What Syrian group did Nasser crack down on?
Answer: communists

Question: What was the Egyptian-Syrian alliance called?
Answer: United Arab Republic

Question: What year was the UAR formed?
Answer: 1958
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

While Nasser was in Syria, King Saud planned to have him assassinated on his return flight to Cairo. On 4 March, Nasser addressed the masses in Damascus and waved before them the Saudi check given to Syrian security chief and Nasser supporter Abdel Hamid Sarraj to shoot down Nasser's plane. As a consequence of Saud's scheme, he was forced by senior members of the Saudi royal family to informally cede most of his powers to his brother, King Faisal, a major opponent of Nasser and advocate for pan-Islamic unity over pan-Arabism.

Question: Who tried to assassinate Nasser?
Answer: King Saud

Question: How was the assassination supposed to have been carried out?
Answer: shoot down Nasser's plane

Question: Who assumed power in Saudi Arabia after the failed assassination attempt?
Answer: King Faisal

Question: What was King Faisal's position toward Nasser?
Answer: opponent
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

A day after announcing the attempt on his life, Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly (400 from Egypt and 200 from Syria) and the dissolution of all political parties. Nasser gave each of the provinces two vice-presidents: Boghdadi and Amer in Egypt, and Sabri al-Asali and Akram al-Hawrani in Syria. Nasser then left for Moscow to meet with Nikita Khrushchev. At the meeting, Khrushchev pressed Nasser to lift the ban on the Communist Party, but Nasser refused, stating it was an internal matter which was not a subject of discussion with outside powers. Khrushchev was reportedly taken aback and denied he had meant to interfere in the UAR's affairs. The matter was settled as both leaders sought to prevent a rift between their two countries.

Question: How many members were in the National Assembly?
Answer: 600

Question: How many members of the National Assembly were from Egypt?
Answer: 400

Question: What Soviet leader did Nasser spar with?
Answer: Khrushchev

Question: What did Khrushchev want Nasser to remove the ban on?
Answer: Communist Party

Question: Who were the two National Assembly vice-presidents in Egypt?
Answer: Boghdadi and Amer
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In Lebanon, clashes between pro-Nasser factions and supporters of staunch Nasser opponent, then-President Camille Chamoun, culminated in civil strife by May. The former sought to unite with the UAR, while the latter sought Lebanon's continued independence. Nasser delegated oversight of the issue to Sarraj, who provided limited aid to Nasser's Lebanese supporters through money, light arms, and officer training—short of the large-scale support that Chamoun alleged. Nasser did not covet Lebanon, seeing it as a "special case", but sought to prevent Chamoun from a second presidential term.

Question: Who was Nasser's opponent in Lebanon?
Answer: Camille Chamoun

Question: What did Lebanese pro-Nasser groups want?
Answer: to unite with the UAR

Question: What did Nasser want to deny Chamoun?
Answer: a second presidential term

Question: Who was in charge of dealing with the Lebanon situation?
Answer: Sarraj

Question: What degree of support did pro-Nasser factions in Lebanon receive?
Answer: limited
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 14 July, Iraqi army officers Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and, the next day, Iraqi prime minister and Nasser's chief Arab antagonist, Nuri al-Said, was killed. Nasser recognized the new government and stated that "any attack on Iraq was tantamount to an attack on the UAR". On 15 July, US marines landed in Lebanon, and British special forces in Jordan, upon the request of those countries' governments to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces. Nasser felt that the revolution in Iraq left the road for pan-Arab unity unblocked. On 19 July, for the first time, he declared that he was opting for full Arab union, although he had no plan to merge Iraq with the UAR. While most members of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) favored Iraqi-UAR unity, Qasim sought to keep Iraq independent and resented Nasser's large popular base in the country.

Question: What two men overthrew the Iraqi monarchy?
Answer: Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref

Question: What anti-Nasser Iraqi was assassinated?
Answer: Nuri al-Said

Question: Where did US Marines land?
Answer: Lebanon

Question: Why did Jordan and Lebanon seek outside aid?
Answer: to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces

Question: How did Nasser see the prospects for Arab unity?
Answer: unblocked