rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Bell was connected with the eugenics movement in the United States. In his lecture Memoir upon the formation of a deaf variety of the human race presented to the National Academy of Sciences on November 13, 1883 he noted that congenitally deaf parents were more likely to produce deaf children and tentatively suggested that couples where both parties were deaf should not marry. However, it was his hobby of livestock breeding which led to his appointment to biologist David Starr Jordan's Committee on Eugenics, under the auspices of the American Breeders' Association. The committee unequivocally extended the principle to man. From 1912 until 1918 he was the chairman of the board of scientific advisers to the Eugenics Record Office associated with Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York, and regularly attended meetings. In 1921, he was the honorary president of the Second International Congress of Eugenics held under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Organisations such as these advocated passing laws (with success in some states) that established the compulsory sterilization of people deemed to be, as Bell called them, a "defective variety of the human race." By the late 1930s, about half the states in the U.S. had eugenics laws, and California's compulsory sterilization law was used as a model for that of Nazi Germany.

Question: What kind of parents did Bell state were more prone to having deaf children?
Answer: congenitally deaf parents

Question: In 1921 the American Museum of Natural History hosted what event?
Answer: Second International Congress of Eugenics

Question: Which biologist ran the Committee on Eugenics?
Answer: David Starr

Question: What did Bell like to do that led to his involvement with eugenics?
Answer: livestock breeding
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

A large number of Bell's writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers and other documents reside at both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division (as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers), and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute, Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia; major portions of which are available for online viewing.

Question: What are Bell's personal papers known as?
Answer: Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers

Question: In what part of the Library of Congress are Bell's papers kept?
Answer: Manuscript Division

Question: Apart from in person, how can one look at many of Bell's papers?
Answer: online

Question: In what university is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute?
Answer: Cape Breton University

Question: In what province is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute located?
Answer: Nova Scotia
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Académie française, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his "proudest achievement", "the photophone", the "optical telephone" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness.

Question: Adjusted for inflation, how many dollars were awarded to Bell alongside the Volta Prize?
Answer: $250,000

Question: Victor Hugo and what other author helped judge the Volta Prize in 1880?
Answer: Alexandre Dumas

Question: Who first established the Volta Prize?
Answer: Napoleon Bonaparte

Question: The Volta lab improved the phonograph by replacing tinfoil with what substance?
Answer: wax

Question: Which Bell-founded institution still operates in Georgetown today?
Answer: Volta Bureau
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell helped establish the publication Science during the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. he also became a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898–1922). The French government conferred on him the decoration of the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honor); the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal in 1902; the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, granted him a PhD, and he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1912. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884, and served as its president from 1891–92. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone".

Question: What magazine did Bell found alongside Hubbard?
Answer: Science

Question: When did Bell cease to be President of the National Geographic Society?
Answer: 1903

Question: What enduring feature of National Geographic did Bell help implement?
Answer: illustrations

Question: What award did Bell win in 1902?
Answer: Albert Medal
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Honors and tributes flowed to Bell in increasing numbers as his most famous invention became ubiquitous and his personal fame grew. Bell received numerous honorary degrees from colleges and universities, to the point that the requests almost became burdensome. During his life he also received dozens of major awards, medals and other tributes. These included statuary monuments to both him and the new form of communication his telephone created, notably the Bell Telephone Memorial erected in his honor in Alexander Graham Bell Gardens in Brantford, Ontario, in 1917.

Question: What did Bell receive from many centers of post-secondary education?
Answer: honorary degrees

Question: What is the most famous statue built for Bell and his creation?
Answer: Bell Telephone Memorial

Question: When was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?
Answer: 1917

Question: In what city was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?
Answer: Brantford

Question: In which gardens was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?
Answer: Alexander Graham Bell Gardens
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

In 1936 the US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors, leading to the US Post Office issuing a commemorative stamp honoring Bell in 1940 as part of its 'Famous Americans Series'. The First Day of Issue ceremony was held on October 28 in Boston, Massachusetts, the city where Bell spent considerable time on research and working with the deaf. The Bell stamp became very popular and sold out in little time. The stamp became, and remains to this day, the most valuable one of the series.

Question: In 1936, what place did Bell receive on a list of best inventors?
Answer: First

Question: What was created in Bell's image in 1940?
Answer: commemorative stamp

Question: Bell's stamp is part of which line?
Answer: Famous Americans Series

Question: On what date was the stamp officially released?
Answer: October 28

Question: In which city was the stamp officially released?
Answer: Boston
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

The 150th anniversary of Bell's birth in 1997 was marked by a special issue of commemorative £1 banknotes from the Royal Bank of Scotland. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics. Additionally, the Government of Canada honored Bell in 1997 with a C$100 gold coin, in tribute also to the 150th anniversary of his birth, and with a silver dollar coin in 2009 in honor of the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada. That first flight was made by an airplane designed under Dr. Bell's tutelage, named the Silver Dart. Bell's image, and also those of his many inventions have graced paper money, coinage and postal stamps in numerous countries worldwide for many dozens of years.

Question: What bird is depicted on the Scottish banknote?
Answer: geese

Question: What do the sheep on the Scottish banknote represent?
Answer: genetics

Question: What form of currency did Canada issue to celebrate Bell in 1997?
Answer: C$100 gold coin

Question: In what year did Canada put out a coin to commemorate the Silver Dart?
Answer: 2009
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world.

Question: In 2002, where did Bell place in a list of the Greatest Britons?
Answer: 57th

Question: In 2004 Bell was listed in the top how many Greatest Canadians?
Answer: 10

Question: In what Scottish Hall of Fame is Bell listed?
Answer: Scottish Science Hall of Fame

Question: Which institution listed Bell in their Hall of Fame?
Answer: National Library of Scotland
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Bell died of complications arising from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia. His last view of the land he had inhabited was by moonlight on his mountain estate at 2:00 a.m.[N 29][N 30] While tending to him after his long illness, Mabel, his wife, whispered, "Don't leave me." By way of reply, Bell traced the sign for "no" in the air —and then he died.

Question: What disease contributed greatly to Bell's death?
Answer: diabetes

Question: On what day and month did Bell die?
Answer: August 2

Question: Who was the last person to see Bell alive?
Answer: Mabel

Question: In what Province did Bell die?
Answer: Nova Scotia
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald sang a verse of Robert Louis Stevenson's "Requiem":

Question: What kind of wood was Bell's coffin made from?
Answer: Beinn Bhreagh pine

Question: What color silk was used in Bell's coffin?
Answer: red

Question: What color were attendees asked to not wear at Bell's funeral?
Answer: black

Question: Which singer performed at Bell's funeral?
Answer: Jean MacDonald
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

Dr. Alexander Graham Bell was buried atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain, on his estate where he had resided increasingly for the last 35 years of his life, overlooking Bras d'Or Lake. He was survived by his wife Mabel, his two daughters, Elsie May and Marian, and nine of his grandchildren.

Question: Where was Bell buried?
Answer: atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain

Question: Bell's living daughters were named Elsie May and what?
Answer: Marian

Question: Over how many years did Bell spend a great deal of time at Beinn Bhreagh?
Answer: 35
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications.

Question: What unit is named after Bell?
Answer: The bel

Question: What does the bel and decibel measure?
Answer: sound intensity

Question: What lab invented the term "bel."
Answer: Bell Labs

Question: In what field is the Alexander Graham Bell Medal given out?
Answer: telecommunications

Question: What was the first year the Alexander Graham Bell Medal was given out?
Answer: 1976
Title: Internet_service_provider

An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.

Question: What does ISP stand for?
Answer: Internet service provider

Question: what does an isp do?
Answer: provides services for accessing, using, the Internet

Question: What forms can an isp be organized in?
Answer: commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned
Title: Internet_service_provider

Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation.

Question: What type of organization provides internet access?
Answer: ISPs

Question: What are some services provided by an isp?
Answer: Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation
Title: Internet_service_provider

The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.

Question: Why was the internet developed?
Answer: a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities

Question: when was the internet developed?
Answer: 1980s

Question: what happened to the internet in the late 1980s?
Answer: a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet

Question: When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed?
Answer: 1995

Question: how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995?
Answer: 4 years
Title: Internet_service_provider

In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989.

Question: Where were the first isps established?
Answer: Australia and the United States

Question: where was the first commercial isp in the us located? 
Answer: Brookline, Massachusetts

Question: when was the first commercial isp customer served?
Answer: November 1989

Question: when were the first commercial isps established?
Answer: 1989

Question: what was the name of the first commercial isp in the us?
Answer: The World
Title: Internet_service_provider

On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January 2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times.

Question: What would the absence of net neutrality permit? 
Answer: ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content

Question: what may possibly be a solution to net neutrality concerns? 
Answer: municipal broadband

Question: how did president obama recommend to classify the internet? 
Answer: a telecommunications service

Question: what did the fcc choose to apply to the internet? 
Answer: Title II (common carrier)

Question: what would the internet be classified as based on title ii? 
Answer: telecommunications
Title: Internet_service_provider

On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept."

Question: When did the FCC rule on net neturality?
Answer: February 2015

Question: How did the FCC rule on net neutrality?
Answer: in favor

Question: what did the FCC adopt for the internet? 
Answer: Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934

Question: what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to? 
Answer: the First Amendment

Question: what did the FCC chairman say both the internet and the first amendment stand for?
Answer: free speech
Title: Internet_service_provider

On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules. On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new "Net Neutrality" regulations.

Question: When did the FCC publish its final rule on net neutrality regulations?
Answer: 13 April 2015
Title: Internet_service_provider

 ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (wi-fi), and fiber optics.

Question: What do ISPs provide?
Answer: Internet access

Question: how do isps provide internet access?
Answer: a range of technologies to connect users to their network

Question: what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet? 
Answer: television cable (CATV)

Question: what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly? 
Answer: wireless Ethernet (wi-fi)

Question: what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? 
Answer: telephone lines
Title: Internet_service_provider

For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names.

Question: what traditional options were available for users and small businesses? 
Answer: copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface)

Question: what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?
Answer: Fiber To The Home

Question: who is served by dial-up, dsl, adsl, cable modems, or isdns?
Answer: users and small businesses
Title: Internet_service_provider

For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).

Question: What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements? 
Answer: medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs

Question: what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers? 
Answer: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Question: what is high-speed dsl used for? 
Answer: customers with more demanding requirements

Question: what is SONET? 
Answer: synchronous optical networking
Title: Internet_service_provider

A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email for end users or other organizations.

Question: What is a mailbox provider? 
Answer: an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes

Question: What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains? 
Answer: A mailbox provider

Question: what is the purpose of a mailbox provider? 
Answer: It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email

Question: how does a user store electronic mail?
Answer: A mailbox provider
Title: Internet_service_provider

Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

Question: What is SMTP?
Answer: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Question: What is IMAP?
Answer: Internet Message Access Protocol

Question: How is access to mail provided? 
Answer: implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

Question: what are most mailbox providers as well? 
Answer: access providers

Question: who possibly controls their own mail servers? 
Answer: companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals
Title: Internet_service_provider

Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.

Question: What do internet hosting services provide? 
Answer: email, web-hosting, or online storage services

Question: Who provides a virtual server service?
Answer: Internet hosting services

Question: who provides cloud services?
Answer: Internet hosting services