rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Korean_War

With Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December, the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive (also known as the "Chinese New Year's Offensive") on New Year's Eve of 1950. Utilizing night attacks in which UN Command fighting positions were encircled and then assaulted by numerically superior troops who had the element of surprise, the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs, which fulfilled the double purpose of facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy. UN forces initially had no familiarity with this tactic, and as a result some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south. The Chinese New Year's Offensive overwhelmed UN forces, allowing the PVA and KPA to conquer Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951.

Question: What is the Third Phase Offensive also known as?
Answer: Chinese New Year's Offensive

Question: Why goals were accomplished the the KPA and PVA's use gongs during these attacks?
Answer: facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy

Question: How did some UN troops react to the use of noise?
Answer: some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south

Question: What did the PVA and KPA gain by using the tactics during the Third Phase Offensive
Answer: Seoul

Question: Who was commanding the U.S. Eight Army at the time of the Third Phase Offensive?
Answer: Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway
Title: Korean_War

UN forces retreated to Suwon in the west, Wonju in the center, and the territory north of Samcheok in the east, where the battlefront stabilized and held. The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food, ammunition, and matériel were carried nightly, on foot and bicycle, from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines. In late January, upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines, General Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance-in-force, which became Operation Roundup (5 February 1951). A full-scale X Corps advance proceeded, which fully exploited the UN Command's air superiority, concluding with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju.

Question: Why was the PVA unable to advance beyond Seoul?
Answer: The PVA had outrun its logistics capability

Question: What caused General Ridgway to initiate Operation Roundup?
Answer: PVA had abandoned their battle lines

Question: What facilitated the success of Operation Roundup?
Answer: UN Command's air superiority

Question: What city was recaptured as a result of the Ridgway's operation?
Answer: Wonju

Question: How was the PVA transporting supplies at one point?
Answer: on foot and bicycle
Title: Korean_War

In early February, the South Korean 11th Division ran the operation to destroy the guerrillas and their sympathizer citizens in Southern Korea. During the operation, the division and police conducted the Geochang massacre and Sancheong-Hamyang massacre. In mid-February, the PVA counterattacked with the Fourth Phase Offensive and achieved initial victory at Hoengseong. But the offensive was soon blunted by the IX Corps positions at Chipyong-ni in the center. Units of the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division and the French Battalion fought a short but desperate battle that broke the attack's momentum. The battle is sometimes known as the Gettysburg of the Korean War. The battle saw 5,600 Korean, American and French troops defeat a numerically superior Chinese force. Surrounded on all sides, the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division Warrior Division's 23rd Regimental Combat Team with an attached French Battalion was hemmed in by more than 25,000 Chinese Communist forces. United Nations forces had previously retreated in the face of large Communist forces instead of getting cut off, but this time they stood and fought at odds of roughly 15 to 1.

Question: What to be achieved by the Sancheong-Hamyang and Geochang massacres in South Korea?
Answer: destroy the guerrillas and their sympathizer citizens in Southern Korea

Question: Who's attack resulted in victory at Hoengseong?
Answer: the PVA

Question: What is considered to be the the Korean War's equivalent to Gettysburg?
Answer: the Fourth Phase Offensive

Question: What did the French Battalion's efforts do to the PVA forces?
Answer: broke the attack's momentum

Question: How many PVA soldiers fought in this battle and lost?
Answer: more than 25,000
Title: Korean_War

In the last two weeks of February 1951, Operation Roundup was followed by Operation Killer, carried out by the revitalized Eighth Army. It was a full-scale, battlefront-length attack staged for maximum exploitation of firepower to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible. Operation Killer concluded with I Corps re-occupying the territory south of the Han River, and IX Corps capturing Hoengseong. On 7 March 1951, the Eighth Army attacked with Operation Ripper, expelling the PVA and the KPA from Seoul on 14 March 1951. This was the city's fourth conquest in a years' time, leaving it a ruin; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000, and people were suffering from severe food shortages.

Question: What Operation was initiated after the successful Operation Roundup?
Answer: Operation Killer

Question: What the the goal of the operation that followed Operation Roundup?
Answer: to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible

Question: What signified the end of Operation Killer?
Answer: capturing Hoengseong

Question: How many times was Seoul captured in a year?
Answer: This was the city's fourth conquest

Question: Other than the drastic decrease in population, what other issue did the people in Seoul face?
Answer: severe food shortages
Title: Korean_War

On 1 March 1951 Mao sent a cable to Stalin, in which he emphasized the difficulties faced by Chinese forces and the urgent need for air cover, especially over supply lines. Apparently impressed by the Chinese war effort, Stalin finally agreed to supply two air force divisions, three anti-aircraft divisions, and six thousand trucks. PVA troops in Korea continued to suffer severe logistical problems throughout the war. In late April Peng Dehuai sent his deputy, Hong Xuezhi, to brief Zhou Enlai in Beijing. What Chinese soldiers feared, Hong said, was not the enemy, but that they had nothing to eat, no bullets to shoot, and no trucks to transport them to the rear when they were wounded. Zhou attempted to respond to the PVA's logistical concerns by increasing Chinese production and improving methods of supply, but these efforts were never completely sufficient. At the same time, large-scale air defense training programs were carried out, and the Chinese Air Force began to participate in the war from September 1951 onward.

Question: Why did Stalin send two air forces divisions and other assistance to the Chinese?
Answer: the Chinese war effort

Question: What issues plagued the PVA throughout the war?
Answer: logistical problems

Question: What was a great concern of many Chinese troops?
Answer: they had nothing to eat

Question: What was Zhou's ineffective response to the issue plaguing the PVA?
Answer: increasing Chinese production and improving methods of supply

Question: What did China introduce to the war in 1951?
Answer: the Chinese Air Force
Title: Korean_War

On 11 April 1951, Commander-in-Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur, the Supreme Commander in Korea. There were several reasons for the dismissal. MacArthur had crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war, leading to major allied losses. He believed that whether or not to use nuclear weapons should be his own decision, not the President's. MacArthur threatened to destroy China unless it surrendered. While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome, Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a land war in Asia, and felt a truce and orderly withdrawal from Korea could be a valid solution. MacArthur was the subject of congressional hearings in May and June 1951, which determined that he had defied the orders of the President and thus had violated the U.S. Constitution. A popular criticism of MacArthur was that he never spent a night in Korea, and directed the war from the safety of Tokyo.

Question: Who was relieved from his duties as Commander in Korea?
Answer: General MacArthur

Question: Who did not have faith in MacArthur's claim that victory was the only respectable outcome?
Answer: Truman

Question: What mistake did MacArthur make regarding the 38th parallel?
Answer: the Chinese would not enter the war

Question: What did Truman want to see happen in Korea?
Answer: a truce and orderly withdrawal

Question: Whose involvement in the war was found to be in violation of the Constitution?
Answer: . MacArthur
Title: Korean_War

General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander, Korea; he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks, while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the U.S. Eighth Army. Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces; Operations Courageous (23–28 March 1951) and Tomahawk (23 March 1951) were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul. UN forces advanced to "Line Kansas", north of the 38th parallel. The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team's ("Rakkasans") second of two combat jumps was on Easter Sunday, 1951, at Munsan-ni, South Korea, codenamed Operation Tomahawk. The mission was to get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north. The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance provided the medical cover for the operations, dropping an ADS and a surgical team and treating over 400 battle casualties apart from the civilian casualties that formed the core of their objective as the unit was on a humanitarian mission.

Question: Who was appointed Supreme Commander in Korea after the removal of General MacArthur?
Answer: General Ridgway

Question: What was the goal of Operation Tomahawk?
Answer: get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north

Question: Who was responsible for supply humanitarian aid to civilians?
Answer: The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance

Question: Under the guidance of Generals Van Fleet and Ridgway, joint forces were able to achieve what goal?
Answer: depleted the PVA and KPA forces
Title: Korean_War

The Chinese counterattacked in April 1951, with the Fifth Phase Offensive, also known as the Chinese Spring Offensive, with three field armies (approximately 700,000 men). The offensive's first thrust fell upon I Corps, which fiercely resisted in the Battle of the Imjin River (22–25 April 1951) and the Battle of Kapyong (22–25 April 1951), blunting the impetus of the offensive, which was halted at the "No-name Line" north of Seoul. On 15 May 1951, the Chinese commenced the second impulse of the Spring Offensive and attacked the ROK Army and the U.S. X Corps in the east at the Soyang River. After initial success, they were halted by 20 May. At month's end, the U.S. Eighth Army counterattacked and regained "Line Kansas", just north of the 38th parallel. The UN's "Line Kansas" halt and subsequent offensive action stand-down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953.

Question: What was the Fifth Phase of the Chinese counter initiative called?
Answer: Chinese Spring Offensive

Question: What may have began as an effective series of attacks by the Chinese regained what area?
Answer: Line Kansas

Question: What ended with the armistice of 1953?
Answer: the stalemate

Question: How many armies did the Chinese use in the Fifth Phase Offensive?
Answer: three field armies

Question: Where was Line Kansas located?
Answer: just north of the 38th parallel
Title: Korean_War

For the remainder of the Korean War the UN Command and the PVA fought, but exchanged little territory; the stalemate held. Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued, and protracted armistice negotiations began 10 July 1951 at Kaesong. On the Chinese side, Zhou Enlai directed peace talks, and Li Kenong and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team. Combat continued while the belligerents negotiated; the UN Command forces' goal was to recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory. The PVA and the KPA attempted similar operations, and later effected military and psychological operations in order to test the UN Command's resolve to continue the war.

Question: Where did armistice negotiations occur?
Answer: Kaesong

Question: What did the UN Command want to achieve with the armistice talks?
Answer: recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory

Question: What tactics were used by the PVA to coax the UN Command to continuing the war?
Answer: military and psychological operations

Question: Was there a cease fire during the talks?
Answer: Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued

Question: Who directed the armistice negotiation for the Chinese?
Answer: Zhou Enlai
Title: Korean_War

The principal battles of the stalemate include the Battle of Bloody Ridge (18 August–15 September 1951), the Battle of the Punchbowl (31 August-21 September 1951), the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge (13 September–15 October 1951), the Battle of Old Baldy (26 June–4 August 1952), the Battle of White Horse (6–15 October 1952), the Battle of Triangle Hill (14 October–25 November 1952), the Battle of Hill Eerie (21 March–21 June 1952), the sieges of Outpost Harry (10–18 June 1953), the Battle of the Hook (28–29 May 1953), the Battle of Pork Chop Hill (23 March–16 July 1953), and the Battle of Kumsong (13–27 July 1953).

Question: When was the Battle of White Horse?
Answer: 6–15 October 1952

Question: What year was the Battle of Bloody Ridge?
Answer: 1951

Question: What was the shortest of the major battles fought during the stalemate?
Answer: the Battle of the Hook
Title: Korean_War

Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment, serious logistical problems, overextended communication and supply lines, and the constant threat of UN bombers. All of these factors generally led to a rate of Chinese casualties that was far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops. The situation became so serious that, on November 1951, Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA's logistical problems. At the meeting it was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields in the area, to increase the number of trucks available to the army, and to improve air defense by any means possible. These commitments did little to directly address the problems confronting PVA troops.

Question: Did the UN troops or Chinese troops experience more war casualties?
Answer: Chinese troops

Question: What did Zhou Enlai do as a result of the significant amount of Chinese casualties?
Answer: called a conference in Shenyang

Question: What was the purpose of the Shengyang meeting?
Answer: discuss the PVA's logistical problems

Question: Did the actions of the Chinese fix their problems?
Answer: These commitments did little to directly address the problems
Title: Korean_War

In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: "You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government.

Question: Who believed that neither side would see a victory at the end of the Korean War?
Answer: Peng Dehuai

Question: What meeting was conducted to discuss the PVA's problems?
Answer: the Military Commission,

Question: What actions were taken to help the PVA?
Answer: PVA would be divided into three groups

Question: Who ended up in charge of logistics as a result of the restructuring of the PVA?
Answer: the central government
Title: Korean_War

The on-again, off-again armistice negotiations continued for two years, first at Kaesong, on the border between North and South Korea, and then at the neighbouring village of Panmunjom. A major, problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war (POW) repatriation. The PVA, KPA, and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north, which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans. In the final armistice agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, under the chairman Indian General K. S. Thimayya, was set up to handle the matter.

Question: How long did the armistice talks last?
Answer: two years

Question: What issues stalled the armistice talks?
Answer: prisoner of war (POW) repatriation

Question: What was deemed unacceptable to North Koreans and the Chinese during POW negotiations?
Answer: many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north

Question: When was the armistice agreement finally signed?
Answer: 27 July 1953

Question: What was established to deal with the issues surrounding prisoners of war?
Answer: Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission,
Title: Korean_War

In 1952, the United States elected a new president, and on 29 November 1952, the president-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War. With the United Nations' acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice, the KPA, the PVA, and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel. Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA, United States, and Joint UN Commands.

Question: Who did the US elect as president during the Korean War?
Answer: Dwight D. Eisenhower

Question: Who approved the Korean War armistice that officially declared a ceasefire?
Answer: the United Nations

Question: What area was created by the parties involved in the Korean conflict?
Answer: Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)

Question: Along with the Joint UN Commands, ROKA and KPA, what country also still patrols the demilitarized zone?
Answer: United States

Question: What was one of the first things that the newly-elected Dwight Eisenhower did after the election?
Answer: went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War
Title: Korean_War

The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel; to the south, it travels west. The old Korean capital city of Kaesong, site of the armistice negotiations, originally was in pre-war South Korea, but now is part of North Korea. The United Nations Command, supported by the United States, the North Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteers, signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting. The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea, North Korea, China and the United States to participate in continued peace talks. The war is considered to have ended at this point, even though there was no peace treaty. North Korea nevertheless claims that it won the Korean War.

Question: Where is the capital city of Kaesong now located?
Answer: North Korea

Question: What area is directly north and south of the 38th parallel?
Answer: The Demilitarized Zone

Question: When was the Armistice Agreement signed?
Answer: 27 July 1953

Question: Was there ever an official peace treaty after the war?
Answer: there was no peace treaty

Question: Who believes that they were victorious in the war?
Answer: North Korea
Title: Korean_War

After the war, Operation Glory was conducted from July to November 1954, to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead. The remains of 4,167 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead, and 546 civilians dead in UN prisoner-of-war camps were delivered to the South Korean government. After Operation Glory, 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (The Punchbowl), on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office (DPMO) records indicate that the PRC and the DPRK transmitted 1,394 names, of which 858 were correct. From 4,167 containers of returned remains, forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals. Of these, 2,944 were identified as American, and all but 416 were identified by name. From 1996 to 2006, the DPRK recovered 220 remains near the Sino-Korean border.

Question: What was the point of Operation Glory?
Answer: to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead

Question: How many US service members were exchanged during this operation?
Answer: 4,167

Question: Where are the remains of the 416 unidentified soldiers who died in the Korean War?
Answer: National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific

Question: How many remains were recovered from the Sino-Korean border between 1996 and 2006?
Answer: 220
Title: Korean_War

After a new wave of UN sanctions, on 11 March 2013, North Korea claimed that it had invalidated the 1953 armistice. On 13 March 2013, North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea "is not restrained by the North-South declaration on non-aggression". On 30 March 2013, North Korea stated that it had entered a "state of war" with South Korea and declared that "The long-standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over". Speaking on 4 April 2013, the U.S. Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, informed the press that Pyongyang had "formally informed" the Pentagon that it had "ratified" the potential usage of a nuclear weapon against South Korea, Japan and the United States of America, including Guam and Hawaii. Hagel also stated that the United States would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam, because of a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea.

Question: Why is North Korea insisting that the 1953 armistice was violated?
Answer: new wave of UN sanctions

Question: When did North Korea call an end to the armistice?
Answer: 13 March 2013

Question: In 2013, who what country did North Korea declare war on?
Answer: South Korea

Question: What weapon does North Korea claim it now has the ability to use?
Answer: a nuclear weapon

Question: How does the United States view North Korea's threats? 
Answer: credible and realistic nuclear threat