rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Napoleon

Tensions over rising Polish nationalism and the economic effects of the Continental System led to renewed confrontation with Russia. To enforce his blockade, Napoleon launched an invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The resulting campaign witnessed the catastrophic collapse of the Grand Army, forcing the French to retreat, as well as leading to the widespread destruction of Russian lands and cities. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France. A chaotic military campaign in Central Europe eventually culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October. The next year, the Allies invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814. He was exiled to the island of Elba. The Bourbons were restored to power and the French lost most of the territories that they had conquered since the Revolution. However, Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of the government once again. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which ultimately defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June. The Royal Navy then thwarted his planned escape to the United States in July, so he surrendered to the British after running out of other options. The British exiled him to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic. His death in 1821 at the age of 51 was received with shock and grief throughout Europe. In 1840, a million people witnessed his remains returning to Paris, where they still reside at Les Invalides.

Question: What nation did Napoleon invade in 1812 to enforce his blockade?
Answer: Russia

Question: The 1812 invasion of Russia resulted in the collapse of which military unit?
Answer: the Grand Army

Question: In what year was the Sixth Coalition formed?
Answer: 1813

Question: In addition to Russia, the Sixth Coalition consisted of forces from which two nations?
Answer: Prussia and Austria

Question: In what year did the Allies capture Paris and force Napoleon's abdication?
Answer: 1814
Title: Napoleon

Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769, to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, in his family's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio, the capital of the island of Corsica. He was their fourth child and third son. This was a year after the island was transferred to France by the Republic of Genoa. He was christened Napoleone di Buonaparte, probably named after an uncle (an older brother who did not survive infancy was the first of the sons to be called Napoleone). In his 20s, he adopted the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[note 2]

Question: Who was Napoleon's father?
Answer: Carlo Maria di Buonaparte

Question: Who was Napoleon's mother?
Answer: Maria Letizia Ramolino

Question: On what island was the Bonaparte ancestral home located?
Answer: Corsica

Question: What was the name of Napoleon's family home?
Answer: Casa Buonaparte

Question: Napoleon was most likely named after what family relation?
Answer: an uncle
Title: Napoleon

Napoleon's noble, moderately affluent background afforded him greater opportunities to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time. In January 1779, he was enrolled at a religious school in Autun. In May, he was admitted to a military academy at Brienne-le-Château. His first language was Corsican, and he always spoke French with a marked Corsican accent and never learned to spell French properly. He was teased by other students for his accent and applied himself to reading. An examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography... This boy would make an excellent sailor."[note 3]

Question: When did Napoleon begin religious schooling in Autun?
Answer: January 1779

Question: Where was the first military academy Napoleon attended located?
Answer: Brienne-le-Château

Question: What was Napoleon's first language?
Answer: Corsican

Question: Why did other students often tease Napoleon?
Answer: his accent

Question: According to a school examiner, Napoleon was best at which academic subject?
Answer: mathematics
Title: Napoleon

Upon graduating in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned a second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment.[note 4] He served in Valence and Auxonne until after the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789, and took nearly two years' leave in Corsica and Paris during this period. At this time, he was a fervent Corsican nationalist, and wrote to Corsican leader Pasquale Paoli in May 1789, "As the nation was perishing I was born. Thirty thousand Frenchmen were vomited on to our shores, drowning the throne of liberty in waves of blood. Such was the odious sight which was the first to strike me."

Question: When did Napoleon graduate?
Answer: September 1785

Question: What commission did Napoleon receive upon his graduation?
Answer: second lieutenant

Question: What military unit did Napoleon first serve in after his graduation?
Answer: La Fère artillery regiment

Question: What Corsican leader did Napoleon write in 1789 expressing his nationalist sentiments?
Answer: Pasquale Paoli

Question: When did the Revolution begin?
Answer: 1789
Title: Napoleon

Some contemporaries alleged that Bonaparte was put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres following their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794, but Napoleon's secretary Bourrienne disputed the allegation in his memoirs. According to Bourrienne, jealousy was responsible, between the Army of the Alps and the Army of Italy (with whom Napoleon was seconded at the time). Bonaparte dispatched an impassioned defense in a letter to the commissar Salicetti, and he was subsequently acquitted of any wrongdoing.

Question: Where was Napoleon put under house arrest?
Answer: Nice

Question: What historical event brought about the fall of the Robespierres?
Answer: the Thermidorian Reaction

Question: When did the Thermidorian Reaction take place?
Answer: July 1794

Question: At the time of his house arrest, Napoleon was serving with what military entity?
Answer: the Army of Italy

Question: After his house arrest, who was the commissar that Napoleon sent a letter to protesting innocence?
Answer: Salicetti
Title: Napoleon

By 1795, Bonaparte had become engaged to Désirée Clary, daughter of François Clary. Désirée's sister Julie Clary had married Bonaparte's elder brother Joseph. In April 1795, he was assigned to the Army of the West, which was engaged in the War in the Vendée—a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in Vendée, a region in west central France on the Atlantic Ocean. As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general—for which the army already had a full quota—and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting.

Question: Who did Napoleon become engaged to in 1795?
Answer: Désirée Clary

Question: In April 1795, what military organization was Napoleon assigned to?
Answer: the Army of the West

Question: At the time of Napoleon's assignment, what military struggle was the Army of the West engaged in?
Answer: the War in the Vendée

Question: Which older brother of Napoleon's did Désirée Clary's sister Julie marry?
Answer: Joseph

Question: What excuse did Napoleon use to avoid being assigned to an infantry command?
Answer: poor health
Title: Napoleon

He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety and sought unsuccessfully to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan. During this period, he wrote the romantic novella Clisson et Eugénie, about a soldier and his lover, in a clear parallel to Bonaparte's own relationship with Désirée. On 15 September, Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for his refusal to serve in the Vendée campaign. He faced a difficult financial situation and reduced career prospects.

Question: After his move to the Committee of Public Safety, where did Napoleon unsuccessfully attempt to be transferred to?
Answer: Constantinople

Question: Inspired by his own relationship, what romantic tale did Napoleon author?
Answer: Clisson et Eugénie

Question: On what date was Napoleon taken off the list of generals in service due to his refusal to serve in Vendée?
Answer: 15 September

Question: In which department of the Committee of Public Safety did Napoleon serve?
Answer: the Bureau of Topography

Question: Napoleon's novella "Clisson et Eugénie" was based on his relationship with whom?
Answer: Désirée
Title: Napoleon

Two days after the marriage, Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy. He immediately went on the offensive, hoping to defeat the forces of Piedmont before their Austrian allies could intervene. In a series of rapid victories during the Montenotte Campaign, he knocked Piedmont out of the war in two weeks. The French then focused on the Austrians for the remainder of the war, the highlight of which became the protracted struggle for Mantua. The Austrians launched a series of offensives against the French to break the siege, but Napoleon defeated every relief effort, scoring notable victories at the battles of Castiglione, Bassano, Arcole, and Rivoli. The decisive French triumph at Rivoli in January 1797 led to the collapse of the Austrian position in Italy. At Rivoli, the Austrians lost up to 14,000 men while the French lost about 5,000.

Question: After his marriage, Napoleon left Paris to lead what army?
Answer: the Army of Italy

Question: In which series of battles did Napoleon eliminate the forces of Piedmont from the war?
Answer: the Montenotte Campaign

Question: When did the French victory at Rivoli occur?
Answer: January 1797

Question: Up to how many Austrian soldiers died at Rivoli?
Answer: 14,000

Question: Around how many casualties did the French suffer at Rivoli?
Answer: 5,000
Title: Napoleon

The next phase of the campaign featured the French invasion of the Habsburg heartlands. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by the Archduke Charles in 1796, but the Archduke withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning about Napoleon's assault. In the first notable encounter between the two commanders, Napoleon pushed back his opponent and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning at the Battle of Tarvis in March 1797. The Austrians were alarmed by the French thrust that reached all the way to Leoben, about 100 km from Vienna, and finally decided to sue for peace. The Treaty of Leoben, followed by the more comprehensive Treaty of Campo Formio, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries, and a secret clause promised the Republic of Venice to Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and forced its surrender, ending 1,100 years of independence. He also authorized the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark.

Question: In what year were the French defeated in Southern Germany by the Archduke Charles?
Answer: 1796

Question: After Napoleon's attack, the Archduke pulled back his forces to defend which city?
Answer: Vienna

Question: What was the first noteworthy confrontation between Napoleon and the Archduke Charles?
Answer: the Battle of Tarvis

Question: When did the Battle of Tarvis take place?
Answer: March 1797

Question: Approximately how close did the French incursion into Leoben come to reaching Vienna?
Answer: 100 km
Title: Napoleon

Bonaparte could win battles by concealment of troop deployments and concentration of his forces on the 'hinge' of an enemy's weakened front. If he could not use his favourite envelopment strategy, he would take up the central position and attack two co-operating forces at their hinge, swing round to fight one until it fled, then turn to face the other. In this Italian campaign, Bonaparte's army captured 150,000 prisoners, 540 cannons, and 170 standards. The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 pitched battles through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics.

Question: What was Napoleon's favorite strategy?
Answer: envelopment

Question: How many prisoners did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?
Answer: 150,000

Question: How many cannons did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?
Answer: 540

Question: In what area did the French army display superior technology to its opponents?
Answer: artillery

Question: How many standards did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?
Answer: 170
Title: Napoleon

During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in his army and another for circulation in France. The royalists attacked Bonaparte for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator. All told, Napoleon's forces extracted an estimated $45 million in funds from Italy during their campaign there, another $12 million in precious metals and jewels; atop that, his forces confiscated more than three-hundred priceless paintings and sculptures. Bonaparte sent General Pierre Augereau to Paris to lead a coup d'état and purge the royalists on 4 September—Coup of 18 Fructidor. This left Barras and his Republican allies in control again but dependent on Bonaparte, who proceeded to peace negotiations with Austria. These negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Campo Formio, and Bonaparte returned to Paris in December as a hero. He met Talleyrand, France's new Foreign Minister—who later served in the same capacity for Emperor Napoleon—and they began to prepare for an invasion of Britain.

Question: For what action during the Italian campaign did the royalists condemn Bonaparte?
Answer: looting

Question: About how much money did Napoleon's army take from Italy during the conflict there?
Answer: $45 million

Question: Approximately how many valuable paintings and sculpture's did Napoleon's forces loot from Italy during the campaign there?
Answer: three-hundred

Question: What was the name of the general sent to Paris by Napoleon to organize a coup against the royalists there?
Answer: Pierre Augereau

Question: Napoleon's peace negotiations with Austria brought about what treaty?
Answer: the Treaty of Campo Formio
Title: Napoleon

General Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria on 1 July. He fought the Battle of Shubra Khit against the Mamluks, Egypt's ruling military caste. This helped the French practice their defensive tactic for the Battle of the Pyramids, fought on 21 July, about 24 km (15 mi) from the pyramids. General Bonaparte's forces of 25,000 roughly equalled those of the Mamluks' Egyptian cavalry. Twenty-nine French and approximately 2,000 Egyptians were killed. The victory boosted the morale of the French army.

Question: Before landing at Alexandria, Napoleon succeeded in evading what military entity?
Answer: the Royal Navy

Question: On what date did Napoleon land at Alexandria?
Answer: 1 July

Question: What battle did Napoleon fight against the Mamluks?
Answer: the Battle of Shubra Khit

Question: What was the name of Egypt's dominant military class?
Answer: the Mamluks

Question: Roughly how many Egyptians lost their lives in the Battle of the Pyramids?
Answer: 2,000
Title: Napoleon

On 1 August, the British fleet under Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two French vessels in the Battle of the Nile, defeating Bonaparte's goal to strengthen the French position in the Mediterranean. His army had succeeded in a temporary increase of French power in Egypt, though it faced repeated uprisings. In early 1799, he moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus (Syria and Galilee). Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of Arish, Gaza, Jaffa, and Haifa. The attack on Jaffa was particularly brutal. Bonaparte discovered that many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, so he ordered the garrison and 1,400 prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning to save bullets. Men, women, and children were robbed and murdered for three days.

Question: In what battle did the British fleet seize or destroy most of the French vessels in Egypt?
Answer: the Battle of the Nile

Question: Who led the British during the Battle of the Nile?
Answer: Horatio Nelson

Question: In what year did Napoleon lead his army into Damascus?
Answer: 1799

Question: During the battles in Damascus, the attack on which city was know for its brutality?
Answer: Jaffa

Question: Approximately how many troops were in the army Napoleon led into Damascus?
Answer: 13,000
Title: Napoleon

Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men; 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease—mostly bubonic plague. He failed to reduce the fortress of Acre, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May. To speed up the retreat, Bonaparte ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium; the number who died remains disputed, ranging from a low of 30 to a high of 580. He also brought out 1,000 wounded men. Back in Egypt on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir.

Question: How many men were in Napoleon's army when the battle began?
Answer: 13,000

Question: How many soldiers in Napoleon's army died in combat?
Answer: 1,200

Question: How many soldiers from Napoleon's army were reported missing?
Answer: 1,500

Question: What disease took the heaviest toll on Napoleon's army?
Answer: bubonic plague

Question: To speed his retreat to Egypt, Napoleon ordered the poisoning of sick men with what substance?
Answer: opium
Title: Napoleon

Despite the failures in Egypt, Napoleon returned to a hero's welcome. He drew together an alliance with director Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, his brother Lucien, speaker of the Council of Five Hundred Roger Ducos, director Joseph Fouché, and Talleyrand, and they overthrew the Directory by a coup d'état on 9 November 1799 ("the 18th Brumaire" according to the revolutionary calendar), closing down the council of five hundred. Napoleon became "first consul" for ten years, with two consuls appointed by him who had consultative voices only. His power was confirmed by the new "Constitution of the Year VIII", originally devised by Sieyès to give Napoleon a minor role, but rewritten by Napoleon, and accepted by direct popular vote (3,000,000 in favor, 1,567 opposed). The constitution preserved the appearance of a republic but in reality established a dictatorship.

Question: Napoleon's ally Roger Ducos was the speaker for what organization?
Answer: the Council of Five Hundred

Question: On what date did Napoleon's alliance overthrow the Directory?
Answer: 9 November 1799

Question: Napoleon's successful coup against the directory resulted in the closure of what organization?
Answer: the council of five hundred

Question: After his successful coup against the Directory, what political office did Napoleon assume?
Answer: "first consul"

Question: What was the count of the popular vote in favor of the "Constitution of the Year VIII"?
Answer: 3,000,000
Title: Napoleon

Napoleon established a political system that historian Martyn Lyons called "dictatorship by plebiscite." Worried by the democratic forces unleashed by the Revolution, but unwilling to ignore them entirely, Napoleon resorted to regular electoral consultations with the French people on his road to imperial power. He drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul, taking up residence at the Tuileries. The constitution was approved in a rigged plebiscite held the following January, with 99.94 percent officially listed as voting "yes." Napoleon's brother, Lucien, had falsified the returns to show that 3 million people had participated in the plebiscite; the real number was 1.5 million. Political observers at the time assumed the eligible French voting public numbered about 5 million people, so the regime artificially doubled the participation rate to indicate popular enthusiasm for the Consulate. In the first few months of the Consulate, with war in Europe still raging and internal instability still plaguing the country, Napoleon's grip on power remained very tenuous.

Question: What was historian Martin Lyons' term for the political system created by Napoleon?
Answer: "dictatorship by plebiscite."

Question:  What was the name of the constitution drafted by Napoleon?
Answer: the Constitution of the Year VIII

Question:   After his election to First Consul, where did Napoleon take up residence?
Answer: the Tuileries.

Question:  What percentage of the vote was recorded as approving Napoleon's constitution?
Answer: 99.94

Question:  What was the real number of people that took part in the plebiscite that passed Napoleon's constitution?
Answer: 1.5 million
Title: Napoleon

In the spring of 1800, Napoleon and his troops crossed the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Napoleon was still in Egypt.[note 5] After a difficult crossing over the Alps, the French army entered the plains of Northern Italy virtually unopposed. While one French army approached from the north, the Austrians were busy with another stationed in Genoa, which was besieged by a substantial force. The fierce resistance of this French army, under André Masséna, gave the northern striking force precious time to carry out their operations with little interference. After spending several days looking for each other, the two armies finally collided at the Battle of Marengo on June 14. General Melas had a numerical advantage, fielding about 30,000 Austrian soldiers while Napoleon commanded 24,000 French troops. The battle began favorably for the Austrians as their initial attack surprised the French and gradually drove them back. Melas concluded that he'd won the battle and retired to his headquarters around 3 pm, leaving his subordinates in charge of pursuing the French. However, the French lines never broke during their tactical retreat; Napoleon constantly rode out among the troops urging them to stand and fight. Late in the afternoon, a full division under Desaix arrived on the field and dramatically reversed the tide of the battle. A series of artillery barrages and fortunate cavalry charges managed to decimate the Austrian army, which fled chaotically over the Bormida River back to Alessandria, leaving behind 14,000 casualties. The following day, the Austrian army agreed to abandon Northern Italy once more with the Convention of Alessandria, which granted them safe passage to friendly soil in exchange for their fortresses throughout the region.

Question: In what year did Napoleon and his troops cross the Swiss Alps and enter Italy?
Answer: 1800

Question: Who led the French army defending Genoa against the Austrian siege?
Answer: André Masséna

Question:  What was the date of the Battle of Marengo?
Answer: June 14

Question: Who led the Austrian forces at the Battle of Marengo?
Answer: General Melas

Question: How many troops did Napoleon field at the Battle of Marengo?
Answer: 24,000
Title: Napoleon

Although critics have blamed Napoleon for several tactical mistakes preceding the battle, they have also praised his audacity for selecting a risky campaign strategy, choosing to invade the Italian peninsula from the north when the vast majority of French invasions came from the west, near or along the coastline. As Chandler points out, Napoleon spent almost a year getting the Austrians out of Italy in his first campaign; in 1800, it took him only a month to achieve the same goal. German strategist and field marshal Alfred von Schlieffen concluded that "Bonaparte did not annihilate his enemy but eliminated him and rendered him harmless" while "[attaining] the object of the campaign: the conquest of North Italy."

Question: From what direction did Napoleon elect to invade Italy?
Answer: the north

Question:  What direction did French invasions of Italy normally come from?
Answer: the west

Question: Around how long did it take Napoleon to push Austria out of Italy in his first experiences there?
Answer: a year

Question: How long did it take Napoleon to drive Austria from Italy in 1800?
Answer: a month

Question: According to Alfred von Shlieffen, what was the object of Napoleon's 1800 Italian campaign?
Answer: the conquest of North Italy