rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Han_dynasty

Evidence of Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars. Professional artisan-engineers (jiang 匠) did not leave behind detailed records of their work. Han scholars, who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering, sometimes provided insufficient information on the various technologies they described. Nevertheless, some Han literary sources provide crucial information. For example, in 15 BC the philosopher Yang Xiong described the invention of the belt drive for a quilling machine, which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing. The inventions of the artisan-engineer Ding Huan (丁緩) are mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital. Around 180 AD, Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings. Ding also used gimbals as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the world's first known zoetrope lamp.

Question: What type of scholars have provided proof that mechanical engineering was prominent during the Han period?
Answer: Confucian

Question: Which philosopher described the invention of a belt drive?
Answer: Yang Xiong

Question: Which engineer was responsible for first inventing the zoetrope lamp?
Answer: Ding Huan

Question: What can be used as a support structure in incense burners?
Answer: gimbals

Question: What type of invention was used to provide air conditioning for the palace buildings?
Answer: rotary fan
Title: Han_dynasty

Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources. As observed in Han miniature tomb models, but not in literary sources, the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff. The odometer cart, invented during Han, measured journey lengths, using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance traveled. This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century AD, yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century AD. Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty, for example a pair of sliding metal calipers used by craftsmen for making minute measurements. These calipers contain inscriptions of the exact day and year they were manufactured. These tools are not mentioned in any Han literary sources.

Question: During which period was the odometer cart first created?
Answer: Han

Question: What item was used to make very small measurements during this era?
Answer: sliding metal calipers

Question: What has allowed us to discover long lost inventions of the Han era?
Answer: artwork

Question: What was used to separate parts of grain?
Answer: winnowing machines

Question: What use did the odometer cart provide?
Answer: measured journey lengths
Title: Han_dynasty

The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han. As mentioned by Huan Tan in about 20 AD, they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers, and were used in pounding, threshing and polishing grain. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century. The Nanyang Commandery Administrator Du Shi (d. 38 AD) created a waterwheel-powered reciprocator that worked the bellows for the smelting of iron. Waterwheels were also used to power chain pumps that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches. The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century-AD Balanced Discourse.

Question: What was used to power chain pumps to raise water to irrigation ditches?
Answer: Waterwheels

Question: What commandery was the creator of the waterwheel-powered reciprocator from?
Answer: Nanyang

Question: Who was the author of the essay entitled Balance Discourse?
Answer: Wang Chong

Question: During what century is it likely that the watermill made an appearance in China?
Answer: about the 5th century

Question: During what era did the waterwheel first appear in recordings?
Answer: Han
Title: Han_dynasty

The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the pressure head of the inflow water clock, Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel. Zhang also invented a seismometer (Houfeng didong yi 候风地动仪) in 132 AD to detect the exact cardinal or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometers away. This employed an inverted pendulum that, when disturbed by ground tremors, would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths (representing all eight directions) into a metal toad's mouth.

Question: Who was responsible for the invention of the seismometer?
Answer: Zhang Heng

Question: In what year was the seismometer first invented?
Answer: 132 AD

Question: How many dragons were represented in Zhang Heng's invention of the seismometer?
Answer: eight

Question: What invention included an inverted pendulum?
Answer: seismometer

Question: What was exchanged from mouth to mouth in the usage of the seismometer?
Answer: metal ball
Title: Han_dynasty

Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube roots, and matrix methods, finding more accurate approximations for pi, providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem, use of the decimal fraction, Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations, and continued fractions to find the roots of equations.

Question: What type of treatise is the Book on Numbers and Computation considered to be?
Answer: mathematical

Question: How many mathematical treatises have still managed to survive to this day?
Answer: Three

Question: What achievement of the Han era can be used to help solve linear equations?
Answer: Gaussian elimination

Question: During what era was the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art from?
Answer: Han

Question: What can be used to help find the roots of equations?
Answer: continued fractions
Title: Han_dynasty

One of the Han's greatest mathematical advancements was the world's first use of negative numbers. Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods, where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods. Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of ancient India, but its exact date of compilation is unknown. Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician Diophantus in about 275 AD, but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century AD.

Question: In what treatise did negative numbers first appear?
Answer: the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art

Question: How were negative numbers first described during the Han period?
Answer: as black counting rods

Question: In what century were negative numbers more commonly accepted in Europe?
Answer: 16th century AD

Question: What Indian manuscript also contains the useage of negative numbers?
Answer: Bakhshali

Question: What were positive numbers portayed as in the treatise of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art?
Answer: red counting rods
Title: Han_dynasty

Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth. Although others disagreed with his model, Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds.

Question: In what era was a geocentric view of the universe adopted?
Answer: Han

Question: Who was able to describe the process of evaporation?
Answer: Wang Chong

Question: What object was assumed to block sunlight during a lunar eclipse?
Answer: the Earth

Question: What did astronomers believe the shape of the Sun to be during this era?
Answer: spherical

Question: What did astronomers during this area believe to be the center of the universe?
Answer: the earth
Title: Han_dynasty

Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that cartography existed in China before the Han. Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb. The general Ma Yuan created the world's first known raised-relief map from rice in the 1st century AD. This date could be revised if the tomb of Qin Shi Huang is excavated and the account in the Records of the Grand Historian concerning a model map of the empire is proven to be true.

Question: What textile were some of the early Han maps made from?
Answer: silk

Question: In what type of building were silken maps found?
Answer: tomb

Question: Which individual created the very first raised relief map?
Answer: Ma Yuan

Question: What food stable was the first raised relief map created from?
Answer: rice
Title: Han_dynasty

The Han-era Chinese sailed in a variety of ships differing from those of previous eras, such as the tower ship. The junk design was developed and realized during Han. Junks featured a square-ended bow and stern, a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost, and solid transverse bulkheads in the place of structural ribs found in Western vessels. Moreover, Han ships were the first in the world to be steered using a rudder at the stern, in contrast to the simpler steering oar used for riverine transport, allowing them to sail on the high seas.

Question: What type of boat design was first invented during the Han era?
Answer: The junk design

Question: In what areas were Han ships able to be sailed in part due to the stern rudder?
Answer: high seas

Question: What ship design contained a flat-bottomed hull?
Answer: Junks

Question: What type of transport was the steering oar most likely to be used during?
Answer: riverine transport
Title: Han_dynasty

Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe, namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase. Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or "vital energy" channels leading to a certain organ had been disrupted. Thus, Han-era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance. For example, since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase, medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase. To this end, the physician Zhang Zhongjing (c. 150–c. 219 AD) prescribed regulated diets rich in certain foods that were thought to cure specific illnesses. These are now known to be nutrition disorders caused by the lack of certain vitamins consumed in one's diet. Besides dieting, Han physicians also prescribed moxibustion, acupuncture, and calisthenics as methods of maintaining one's health. When surgery was performed by the physician Hua Tuo (d. 208 AD), he used anesthesia to numb his patients' pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds.

Question: Who believed that the same forces that controlled the universe also controlled the human body?
Answer: Han-era medical physicians

Question: What was used during surgery to relieve patients of their pain?
Answer: anesthesia

Question: What profession was the individual Zhang Zhongjing involved in?
Answer: physician

Question: How did Zhang Zhongjing attempt to cure various illnesses?
Answer: prescribed regulated diets

Question: When did Hua Tuo die?
Answer: 208 AD
Title: Greeks

Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast, Cappadocia in central Anatolia, Egypt, the Balkans, Cyprus, and Constantinople. Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.

Question: Which two seas have been most central to Greek history?
Answer: Aegean and Ionian seas

Question: During which prehistoric age was the Greek language invented?
Answer: Bronze

Question: Which city in modern Turkey was once a major center of Greek culture?
Answer: Constantinople

Question: Which area of North Africa has hosted Greek communities in the past? 
Answer: Egypt

Question: What eleventh century empire had roughly the same extent as ancient Greece's?
Answer: Byzantine Empire

Question: Where are Greek States believed to have been settled ?
Answer: Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea

Question: Which two bodies of water are believed to be central to the establishment of the Greek society ?
Answer: Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas

Question: When was the emergence of the Greek spoken dialect believed to have started ?
Answer: the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.

Question: What other culture did the Greek states share boarders with ?
Answer: these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century

Question: Where have the centers of culture been located for the Grecian world historically ?
Answer: The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.
Title: Greeks

The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language, which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.

Question: What progression coincided with the the early Greek states that makes it difficult to give credit for the language and differences ? 
Answer: Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages.

Question: What is commonly seen in the Greek language that is not a constant ?
Answer: The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels

Question: What other language has this same trait ?
Answer: word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language

Question: What other things do the two languages seem to have in common ?
Answer: phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian

Question: How much evidence of the link between the languages is currently available ?
Answer: linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.
Title: Greeks

Around 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC. The Dorian invasion was followed by a poorly attested period of migrations, appropriately called the Greek Dark Ages, but by 800 BC the landscape of Archaic and Classical Greece was discernible.

Question: What group of people came with others who left the geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now a mutual  region between Greece and Albania ?
Answer: the Dorians

Question: When did these groups make the migration ?
Answer: Around 1200 BC

Question: What civilization is the group credited with putting an end to ?
Answer: the Mycenaean civilization,

Question: Is it believed that they truly are responsible in full for the collapse ? 
Answer: it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples)

Question: What areas were being explored by others in  by sea faring vessels and when are they believed to have arrived  ?
Answer: seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC
Title: Greeks

The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that scholars began to question Homer's historicity. As part of the Mycenaean heritage that survived, the names of the gods and goddesses of Mycenaean Greece (e.g. Zeus, Poseidon and Hades) became major figures of the Olympian Pantheon of later antiquity.

Question: How did the Greeks look upon their forebears ?
Answer: Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors

Question: How did they believe their forebears lived ?
Answer: Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth

Question: What literary events were believed to be a fact of truth ?
Answer: The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past

Question: Who was the author of these tales ?
Answer: Homer

Question: What were the names of some of the figures for the established religion that are based on ancestral ties ? 
Answer: Zeus, Poseidon and Hades
Title: Greeks

The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture. The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony) were written in the 8th century BC, becoming the basis of the national religion, ethos, history and mythology. The Oracle of Apollo at Delphi was established in this period.

Question: What event is believed to be the ethnic basis of the Greeks society?
Answer: The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism

Question: When did this event occur ?
Answer: development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC.

Question: What national sporting event was held during this time period still goes on in celebration today ?
Answer: the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC,

Question: What was the foundation for spirituality and church ? 
Answer: The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony)

Question: What famous spiritual guide and God was a devotional temple made to in the 8th century ?
Answer: Oracle of Apollo at Delphi
Title: Greeks

The classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander). It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras. The Classical period is also described as the "Golden Age" of Greek civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture.

Question: The time span that is counted as the classical for the Greeks is from eras ?
Answer: classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC

Question: What is so well known about this period ?
Answer: It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras

Question: Are there some discrepancies among scholars for the distinction of the period ?
Answer: this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander

Question: What shiny other name is this time also called ?
Answer: The Classical period is also described as the "Golden Age" of Greek civilization

Question: What did the Greeks do that made it possible for the expansion and growth of the opposite of the Eastern Civilization ?
Answer: civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture.
Title: Greeks

In any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. While the Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of the Middle East and Asia were to prove long lived as Greek became the lingua franca, a position it retained even in Roman times. Many Greeks settled in Hellenistic cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia. Two thousand years later, there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.

Question: What Macedonian ruler helped to advance Greek beliefs and ways of life ?
Answer: Alexander

Question: How was this achievement of advancing culture undertaken ?
Answer: provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way

Question: What types of cities did the expansion of the great ruler inspire ?
Answer: Hellenistic cities

Question: Are any relatives of the first people of  the Grecian world still around ?
Answer: there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.

Question: Name a city that the Greeks nested in ?
Answer: cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia.