rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Guam

Despite Magellan's visit, Guam was not officially claimed by Spain until January 26, 1565 by General Miguel López de Legazpi.:46 From 1565 to 1815, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, the only Spanish outpost in the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines, was an important resting stop for the Manila galleons, a fleet that covered the Pacific trade route between Acapulco and Manila.:51 To protect these Pacific fleets, Spain built several defensive structures which are still standing today, such as Fort Nuestra Señora de la Soledad in Umatac. It is the biggest single segment of Micronesia, the largest islands between the island of Kyushu (Japan), New Guinea, the Philippines, and the Hawaiian Islands.

Question: In what year was Guam claimed by Spain?
Answer: 1565

Question: What was the name of the general who claimed Guam?
Answer: General Miguel López de Legazpi

Question: What did Spain build to protect their fleet at Guam?
Answer: built several defensive structures
Title: Guam

Spanish colonization commenced on June 15, 1668 with the arrival of Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod, who established the first Catholic church.:64 The islands were part of the Spanish East Indies governed from the Philippines, which were in turn part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City. Other reminders of colonial times include the old Governor's Palace in Plaza de España and the Spanish Bridge, both in Hagatña. Guam's Cathedral Dulce Nombre de Maria was formally opened on February 2, 1669, as was the Royal College of San Juan de Letran.:68 Guam, along with the rest of the Mariana and Caroline Islands, were treated as part of Spain's colony in the Philippines. While Guam's Chamorro culture has indigenous roots, the cultures of both Guam and the Northern Marianas have many similarities with Spanish and Mexican culture due to three centuries of Spanish rule.

Question: When did Spanish colonization commence?
Answer: June 15, 1668

Question: Which two Spaniards aided this colonization and started the first catholic church?
Answer: Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod

Question: When did Guam's Cathedral first open?
Answer: February 2, 1669

Question: What was the name of the first Cathedral?
Answer: Dulce Nombre de Maria
Title: Guam

Intermittent warfare lasting from July 23, 1670 until July 1695, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the smallpox epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000 to less than 5,000.:86 Precipitated by the death of Quipuha, and the murder of Father San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod by local rebel chief Matapang, tensions led to a number of conflicts. Captain Juan de Santiago started a campaign to pacify the island, which was continued by the successive commanders of the Spanish forces.:68–74

Question: When did the Smallpox epidemic take place?
Answer: 1688

Question: In what years was there intermittent war fare?
Answer: July 23, 1670 until July 1695

Question: What did the smallpox epidemic reduce the population down to in Chamorro?
Answer: 50,000 to 10,000

Question: What was the name of the person who started the campaign to pacify the area?
Answer: Juan de Santiago
Title: Guam

After his arrival in 1674, Captain Damian de Esplana ordered the arrest of rebels who attacked the population of certain towns. Hostilities eventually led to the destruction of villages such as Chochogo, Pepura, Tumon, Sidia-Aty, Sagua, Nagan and Ninca.:74–75 Starting in June 1676, the first Spanish Governor of Guam, Capt. Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar controlled internal affairs more strictly than his predecessors in order to curb tensions. He also ordered the construction of schools, roads and other infrastructure.:75–76 Later, Capt. Jose de Quiroga arrived in 1680 and continued some of the development projects started by his predecessors. He also continued the search for the rebels who had assassinated Father San Vitores, resulting in campaigns against the rebels which were hiding out in some islands, eventually leading to the death of Matapang, Hurao and Aguarin.:77–78 Quiroga brought some natives from the northern islands to Guam, ordering the population to live in a few large villages.:78–79 These included Jinapsan, Umatac, Pago, Agat and Inarajan, where he built a number of churches.:79 By July 1695, Quiroga had completed the pacification process in Guam, Rota, Tinian and Aguigan.:85

Question: When did Captain Damian de Esplana arrive?
Answer: 1674

Question: What did Captain Damian do after his arrival?
Answer: ordered the arrest of rebels

Question: Who was the first Spanish Governor of Guam?
Answer: Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar

Question: In what year did Jose de Quiroga arrive?
Answer: 1680

Question: in What year did Quiroga complete his pacification?
Answer: 1695
Title: Guam

The United States took control of the island in the 1898 Spanish–American War, as part of the Treaty of Paris. Guam was transferred to U.S. Navy control on 23 December 1898 by Executive Order 108-A. Guam came to serve as a station for American ships traveling to and from the Philippines, while the Northern Mariana Islands passed to Germany, and then to Japan. A U.S. Navy yard was established at Piti in 1899, and a marine barracks at Sumay in 1901.:13 Following the Philippine–American War, Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini were exiled on Guam in 1901.:vi

Question: When did the United States take control of the island?
Answer: 1898

Question: What happened that allowed the United States to have Guam?
Answer: Spanish–American War

Question: What is the name of the executive order that transferred Guam over to the U.S?
Answer: 108-A

Question: Which two people were exiled to Guam after the Philippine-American war?
Answer: Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini
Title: Guam

The Northern Mariana Islands had become a Japanese protectorate before the war. It was the Chamorros from the Northern Marianas who were brought to Guam to serve as interpreters and in other capacities for the occupying Japanese force. The Guamanian Chamorros were treated as an occupied enemy by the Japanese military. After the war, this would cause resentment between the Guamanian Chamorros and the Chamorros of the Northern Marianas. Guam's Chamorros believed their northern brethren should have been compassionate towards them, whereas having been occupied for over 30 years, the Northern Mariana Chamorros were loyal to Japan.

Question: Why were the Chamorros brought to Guam?
Answer: to serve as interpreters

Question: How were Guamanian Chamorro viewed by the Japanese?
Answer: as an occupied enemy

Question: Who were loyal to Japan?
Answer: Northern Mariana Chamorros
Title: Guam

After World War II, the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States, provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968, when the Guam Elective Governor Act provided for the office's popular election.:242 Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their congressional representative is a non-voting member.

Question: What established Guam as an unincorporated territory?
Answer: Guam Organic Act of 1950

Question: What conflict did the Organic Act come after?
Answer: After World War II

Question: What did the Guam Act allow the population now that they were a U.S territory?
Answer: granted the people U.S. citizenship
Title: Guam

Guam lies between 13.2°N and 13.7°N and between 144.6°E and 145.0°E, and has an area of 212 square miles (549 km2), making it the 32nd largest island of the United States. It is the southernmost and largest island in the Mariana island chain and is also the largest island in Micronesia. This island chain was created by the colliding Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates. Guam is the closest land mass to the Mariana Trench, a deep subduction zone, that lies beside the island chain to the east. Challenger Deep, the deepest surveyed point in the Oceans, is southwest of Guam at 35,797 feet (10,911 meters) deep. The highest point in Guam is Mount Lamlam at an elevation of 1,334 feet (407 meters).

Question: How many square miles is Guam?
Answer: 212

Question: How was this island chain created?
Answer: the colliding Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates

Question: How deep is the Mariana Trench located near Guam?
Answer: 35,797
Title: Guam

The island of Guam is 30 miles (50 km) long and 4 to 12 miles (6 to 19 km) wide, 3⁄4 the size of Singapore. The island experiences occasional earthquakes due to its location on the western edge of the Pacific Plate and near the Philippine Sea Plate. In recent years, earthquakes with epicenters near Guam have had magnitudes ranging from 5.0 to 8.7. Unlike the Anatahan volcano in the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam is not volcanically active. However, due to its proximity to Anatahan, vog (i.e. volcanic smog) does occasionally affect Guam.

Question: How many miles is Guam across?
Answer: 30 miles

Question: What natural disaster that is not predictable does Guam have to worry about?
Answer: earthquakes

Question: Due to Guam being so close to Anatahan, what dod they have to worry about?
Answer: volcanic smog
Title: Guam

Guam's climate is characterized as tropical marine moderated by seasonal northeast trade winds. The weather is generally very warm and humid with little seasonal temperature variation. The mean high temperature is 86 °F (30 °C) and mean low is 76 °F (24 °C) with an average annual rainfall of 96 inches (2,180 mm). The dry season runs from December to June. The remaining months (July to November) constitute the rainy season. The months of January and February are considered the coolest months of the year with overnight low temperatures of 70–75 °F (21–24 °C) and low humidity levels. The highest temperature ever recorded in Guam was 96 °F (36 °C) on April 18, 1971 and April 1, 1990, and the lowest temperature ever recorded was 65 °F (18 °C) on February 8, 1973.

Question: What is Guam's climate characterized as?
Answer: tropical marine

Question: What is the mean high temperature in Guam?
Answer: 86 °F (30 °C)

Question: What is the average annual rainfall of Guam?
Answer: 96 inches (2,180 mm)

Question: When does the dry season in Guam typical run?
Answer: December to June

Question: Which months are considered the coldest in Guam?
Answer: January and February
Title: Guam

Post-European-contact Chamorro culture is a combination of American, Spanish, Filipino, other Micronesian Islander and Mexican traditions, with few remaining indigenous pre-Hispanic customs. These influences are manifested in the local language, music, dance, sea navigation, cuisine, fishing, games (such as batu, chonka, estuleks, and bayogu), songs and fashion. During Spanish colonial rule (1668–1898) the majority of the population was converted to Roman Catholicism and religious festivities such as Easter and Christmas became widespread. Post-contact Chamorro cuisine is largely based on corn, and includes tortillas, tamales, atole and chilaquiles, which are a clear influence from Spanish trade between Mesoamerica and Asia. The modern Chamorro language is a Malayo-Polynesian language with much Spanish and Filipino influence. Many Chamorros also have Spanish surnames because of their conversion to Roman Catholic Christianity and the adoption of names from the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos, a phenomenon also common to the Philippines.

Question: hat years did the Spanish rule Guam?
Answer: 1668–1898

Question: What religion was the general population converted to?
Answer: Roman Catholicism

Question: Which two major holidays become popular in Guam?
Answer: Easter and Christmas

Question: What is the name of the modern Chamorro language?
Answer: Malayo-Polynesian
Title: Guam

Two aspects of indigenous pre-Hispanic culture that withstood time are chenchule' and inafa'maolek. Chenchule' is the intricate system of reciprocity at the heart of Chamorro society. It is rooted in the core value of inafa'maolek. Historian Lawrence Cunningham in 1992 wrote, "In a Chamorro sense, the land and its produce belong to everyone. Inafa'maolek, or interdependence, is the key, or central value, in Chamorro culture ... Inafa'maolek depends on a spirit of cooperation and sharing. This is the armature, or core, that everything in Chamorro culture revolves around. It is a powerful concern for mutuality rather than individualism and private property rights."

Question: What two indiginous pre-hispanic culture has survived to this point?
Answer: chenchule' and inafa'maolek

Question: What is the name of the intricate system in Guam?
Answer: . Chenchule

Question: What do the Chamorro believe in according to Historian Lawrence Cinningham
Answer: the land and its produce belong to everyone
Title: Guam

The core culture or Pengngan Chamorro is based on complex social protocol centered upon respect: From sniffing over the hands of the elders (called mangnginge in Chamorro), the passing down of legends, chants, and courtship rituals, to a person asking for permission from spiritual ancestors before entering a jungle or ancient battle grounds. Other practices predating Spanish conquest include galaide' canoe-making, making of the belembaotuyan (a string musical instrument made from a gourd), fashioning of åcho' atupat slings and slingstones, tool manufacture, Måtan Guma' burial rituals, and preparation of herbal medicines by Suruhanu.

Question: What is the culture of Pengngan Chamorro based on?
Answer: social protocol

Question: What does mangnging refer to that directly involves one major human scense?
Answer: sniffing over the hands of the elders

Question: What is a belembaotuyan in Guam?
Answer: string musical instrument made from a gourd
Title: Guam

The cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam poses challenges for Chamorros struggling to preserve their culture and identity amidst forces of acculturation. The increasing numbers of Chamorros, especially Chamorro youth, relocating to the U.S. Mainland has further complicated both definition and preservation of Chamorro identity.[citation needed] While only a few masters exist to continue traditional art forms, the resurgence of interest among the Chamorros to preserve the language and culture has resulted in a growing number of young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people.

Question: What posses some challenges for the Chamorros who find it hard to keep their culture?
Answer: cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam

Question: What else has led to the Chamorro find it hard to keep their culture that involves it's children?
Answer: relocating to the U.S. Mainland

Question: What has recently led to a resurgence in the Chamorros culture and preservation of their old ways?
Answer: young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people.
Title: Guam

Guam is governed by a popularly elected governor and a unicameral 15-member legislature, whose members are known as senators. Guam elects one non-voting delegate, currently Democrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo, to the United States House of Representatives. U.S. citizens in Guam vote in a straw poll for their choice in the U.S. Presidential general election, but since Guam has no votes in the Electoral College, the poll has no real effect. However, in sending delegates to the Republican and Democratic national conventions, Guam does have influence in the national presidential race. These delegates are elected by local party conventions.

Question: How many people make up the Guam legislation?
Answer: 15

Question: Who is the current non-voting delegate for Guam?
Answer: Democrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo

Question: How many electoral votes does Guam currently have?
Answer: Guam has no votes
Title: Guam

In the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a significant movement in favor of the territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. However, the federal government rejected the version of a commonwealth that the government of Guam proposed, due to it having clauses incompatible with the Territorial Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 2) of the U.S. Constitution. Other movements advocate U.S. statehood for Guam, union with the state of Hawaii, union with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory, or independence.

Question: What major movement occurred in Guam in the 80's and 90's?
Answer: becoming a commonwealth

Question: Why would Guam becoming a commonwealth be so important?
Answer: would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico

Question: What is the name of this U.S state that could possibly form a union with Guam?
Answer: Hawaii
Title: Guam

The U.S. military has proposed building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam and moving 8,600 Marines, and 9,000 of their dependents, to Guam from Okinawa, Japan. Including the required construction workers, this buildup would increase Guam's population by 45%. In a February 2010 letter, the United States Environmental Protection Agency sharply criticized these plans because of a water shortfall, sewage problems and the impact on coral reefs. By 2012, these plans had been cut to only have a maximum of 4,800 Marines stationed on the island, two thirds of which would be there on a rotational basis without their dependents.

Question: What has the U.S military proposed?
Answer: building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam

Question: How many Marines would the United States move to Guam?
Answer: 8,600 Marines

Question: Because of the EPA, how many Marines would the United States be able to send to Guam to live?
Answer: 4,800 Marines
Title: Guam

Lying in the western Pacific, Guam is a popular destination for Japanese tourists. Its tourist hub, Tumon, features over 20 large hotels, a Duty Free Shoppers Galleria, Pleasure Island district, indoor aquarium, Sandcastle Las Vegas–styled shows and other shopping and entertainment venues. It is a relatively short flight from Asia or Australia compared to Hawaii, with hotels and seven public golf courses accommodating over a million tourists per year. Although 75% of the tourists are Japanese, Guam receives a sizable number of tourists from South Korea, the U.S., the Philippines, and Taiwan. Significant sources of revenue include duty-free designer shopping outlets, and the American-style malls: Micronesia Mall, Guam Premier Outlets, the Agana Shopping Center, and the world's largest Kmart.[citation needed]

Question: What tourist commonly visits Guam?
Answer: Japanese

Question: Around how many Hotels does Guam currently have?
Answer: 20 large hotels

Question: How many public golf courses does Guam currently have?
Answer: seven

Question: About how many tourist visit Guam yearly?
Answer: a million

Question: Which major U.S store does Guam currently have that happens to be the largest in the world?
Answer: Kmart
Title: Guam

The Compacts of Free Association between the United States, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the Republic of Palau accorded the former entities of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands a political status of "free association" with the United States. The Compacts give citizens of these island nations generally no restrictions to reside in the United States (also its territories), and many were attracted to Guam due to its proximity, environmental, and cultural familiarity. Over the years, it was claimed by some in Guam that the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement in the form of public assistance programs and public education for those from the regions involved, and the federal government should compensate the states and territories affected by this type of migration.[citation needed] Over the years, Congress had appropriated "Compact Impact" aids to Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and Hawaii, and eventually this appropriation was written into each renewed Compact. Some, however, continue to claim the compensation is not enough or that the distribution of actual compensation received is significantly disproportionate.[citation needed]

Question: What is the name of the pact held between the United States, Micronesia, Marshal Islands, and Palau?
Answer: The Compacts of Free Association

Question: What is the benefit of the  Compacts of Free Association?
Answer: no restrictions to reside in the United States (also its territories)

Question: What has Guam claimed about Compacts of Free Association?
Answer: the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement
Title: Guam

In 1899, the local postage stamps were overprinted "Guam" as was done for the other former Spanish colonies, but this was discontinued shortly thereafter and regular U.S. postage stamps have been used ever since. Because Guam is also part of the U.S. Postal System (postal abbreviation: GU, ZIP code range: 96910–96932), mail to Guam from the U.S. mainland is considered domestic and no additional charges are required. Private shipping companies, such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL, however, have no obligation to do so, and do not regard Guam as domestic.

Question: In what year was the local postage stamp overprinted and has since been replaced?
Answer: 1899

Question: What type of postal service does Guam currently have today?
Answer: U.S. postage

Question: What is the current Zip Code range in Guam?
Answer: 96910–96932

Question: Which three major companies do not consider Guam as domestic when shipping is involved?
Answer: FedEx, UPS, and DHL
Title: Guam

The speed of mail traveling between Guam and the states varies depending on size and time of year. Light, first-class items generally take less than a week to or from the mainland, but larger first-class or Priority items can take a week or two. Fourth-class mail, such as magazines, are transported by sea after reaching Hawaii. Most residents use post office boxes or private mail boxes, although residential delivery is becoming increasingly available. Incoming mail not from the Americas should be addressed to "Guam" instead of "USA" to avoid being routed the long way through the U.S. mainland and possibly charged a higher rate (especially from Asia).

Question: What determines the speed in which mail reaches Guam from the United States?
Answer: on size and time of year

Question: Which type of service usually takes less than a week to get postage to the island?
Answer: first-class

Question: What do most Guam residents use when receiving mail?
Answer: post office boxes or private mail boxes
Title: Guam

The Commercial Port of Guam is the island's lifeline because most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers. It receives the weekly calls of the Hawaii-based shipping line Matson, Inc. whose container ships connect Guam with Honolulu, Hawaii, Los Angeles, California, Oakland, California and Seattle, Washington. The port is also the regional transhipment hub for over 500,000 customers throughout the Micronesian region. The port is the shipping and receiving point for containers designated for the island's U.S. Department of Defense installations, Andersen Air Force Base and Commander, Naval Forces Marianas and eventually the Third Marine Expeditionary Force.

Question: What is considered to be the lifeline of Guam?
Answer: The Commercial Port

Question: What is the name of the shipping company in Hawaii that connects Guam?
Answer: Matson, Inc

Question: Why is the port so important?
Answer: most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers