rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Melbourne

Since the mid-1990s, Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and property market. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city in the three years ended June 2004. These factors have led to population growth and further suburban expansion through the 2000s.

Question: To what areas has Melbourne dedicated substantial international investment?
Answer: industries and property market

Question: In what areas has major inner-city urban renewal occurred?
Answer: Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf

Question: Melbourne has sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate in any Australian city according to what organization?
Answer: Australian Bureau of Statistics

Question: How many years did Melbourne sustain the highest population increase and economic growth?
Answer: three
Title: Melbourne

Melbourne is experiencing high population growth, generating high demand for housing. This housing boom has increased house prices and rents, as well as the availability of all types of housing. Subdivision regularly occurs in the outer areas of Melbourne, with numerous developers offering house and land packages. However, after 10 years[when?] of planning policies to encourage medium-density and high-density development in existing areas with greater access to public transport and other services, Melbourne's middle and outer-ring suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment.

Question: What effect has the housing boom had on house prices and rents?
Answer: increased

Question: What is generating high demand for housing in Melbourne?
Answer: high population growth

Question: Which of Melbourne's suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment in recent years?
Answer: middle and outer-ring

Question: What types of surburban development did Melbourne policies promote?
Answer: medium-density and high-density
Title: Melbourne

Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemen's Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named "Melbourne" by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria in 1847, after which it became the capital of the newly founded colony of Victoria in 1851. During the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the world's largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the nation's interim seat of government until 1927.

Question: Who was Melbourne named by?
Answer: the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke

Question: What year was Melbourne officially declared a city?
Answer: 1847

Question: Who was Melbourne named in honor of?
Answer: the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne

Question: What year did Melbourne cease in serving as the nations interim seat of government?
Answer: 1927

Question: Melbourne became the capital of what colony in 1851?
Answer: Victoria
Title: Melbourne

In response to attribution of recent climate change, the City of Melbourne, in 2002, set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero by 2020 and Moreland City Council established the Zero Moreland program, however not all metropolitan municipalities have followed, with the City of Glen Eira notably deciding in 2009 not to become carbon neutral. Melbourne has one of the largest urban footprints in the world due to its low density housing, resulting in a vast suburban sprawl, with a high level of car dependence and minimal public transport outside of inner areas. Much of the vegetation within the city are non-native species, most of European origin, and in many cases plays host to invasive species and noxious weeds. Significant introduced urban pests include the common myna, feral pigeon, brown rat, European wasp, common starling and red fox. Many outlying suburbs, particularly towards the Yarra Valley and the hills to the north-east and east, have gone for extended periods without regenerative fires leading to a lack of saplings and undergrowth in urbanised native bushland. The Department of Sustainability and Environment partially addresses this problem by regularly burning off. Several national parks have been designated around the urban area of Melbourne, including the Mornington Peninsula National Park, Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park and Point Nepean National Park in the south east, Organ Pipes National Park to the north and Dandenong Ranges National Park to the east. There are also a number of significant state parks just outside Melbourne. Responsibility for regulating pollution falls under the jurisdiction of the EPA Victoria and several local councils. Air pollution, by world standards, is classified as being good. Summer and autumn are the worst times of year for atmospheric haze in the urban area.

Question: In what year did Melbourne set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero?
Answer: 2002

Question: Which city notably opted not to become carbon neutral in 2009?
Answer: City of Glen Eira

Question: By what year did Melbourne state it wished to be completely carbon neutral?
Answer: 2020

Question: Does Melbourne have one of the largest or smallest carbon footprints in the world?
Answer: largest

Question: Who is responsible for regulating pollution in Melbourne?
Answer: EPA Victoria and several local councils
Title: Melbourne

In 2012, the city contained a total of 594 high-rise buildings, with 8 under construction, 71 planned and 39 at proposal stage making the city's skyline the second largest in Australia. The CBD is dominated by modern office buildings including the Rialto Towers (1986), built on the site of several grand classical Victorian buildings, two of which — the Rialto Building (1889) designed by William Pitt and the Winfield Building (1890) designed by Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight — still remain today and more recently hi-rise apartment buildings including Eureka Tower (2006), which is listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014.

Question: Who designed the Rialto Building in 1889? 
Answer: William Pitt

Question: Which building was listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014?
Answer: Eureka Tower

Question: Who designed the Winfield Building in 1890?
Answer: Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight

Question: In what year was the Eureka Tower completed?
Answer: 2006

Question: How does Melbourne's skyline rank in terms of other skylines in Australia?
Answer: second largest
Title: Melbourne

In May and June 1835, the area which is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania), who claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 600,000 acres (2,400 km2) with eight Wurundjeri elders. Batman selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that "this will be the place for a village". Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania. In early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize. Fawkner was forced to disembark at Georgetown, Tasmania, because of outstanding debts. The remainder of the party continued and arrived at the mouth of the Yarra River on 15 August 1835. On 30 August 1835 the party disembarked and established a settlement at the site of the current Melbourne Immigration Museum. Batman and his group arrived on 2 September 1835 and the two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement.

Question: Tasmania was formerly known as what?
Answer: Van Diemen's Land

Question: How many acres did John Batman claim to purchase?
Answer: 600,000

Question: Current central and northern Melbourne was explored by whom?
Answer: John Batman

Question: How many elders did John Batman claim to have negotiated with?
Answer: eight

Question: On what date did Batman reach Melbourne?
Answer: 2 September 1835
Title: Melbourne

Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for every family, often referred to locally as the Australian Dream. This, coupled with the popularity of the private automobile after 1945, led to the auto-centric urban structure now present today in the middle and outer suburbs. Much of metropolitan Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low density sprawl, whilst its inner city areas feature predominantly medium-density, transit-oriented urban forms. The city centre, Docklands, St. Kilda Road and Southbank areas feature high-density forms.

Question: What is locally referred to as the Australian Dream?
Answer: quarter acre home and garden

Question: Do the Docklands, St. Kilda Road, and Southbank areas feature high-density or low-density forms?
Answer: high-density

Question: Which year marked the start of the private automobile's popularity increase?
Answer: 1945

Question: Is much of Melbourne's metropolitan area characterized as low-density sprawl or high-density sprawl?
Answer: low density
Title: Melbourne

With the wealth brought on by the gold rush following closely on the heels of the establishment of Victoria as a separate colony and the subsequent need for public buildings, a program of grand civic construction soon began. The 1850s and 1860s saw the commencement of Parliament House, the Treasury Building, the Old Melbourne Gaol, Victoria Barracks, the State Library, University, General Post Office, Customs House, the Melbourne Town Hall, St Patrick's cathedral, though many remained uncompleted for decades, with some still not finished.

Question: When Victoria was established as a seperate colony, the need for what followed?
Answer: public buildings

Question: During what two decades were the Parliament House, Treasury Building, Victoria Barracks, State Library, and General Post Office commenced?
Answer: 1850s and 1860s

Question: Melbourne's weath was due in part to what event?
Answer: gold rush
Title: Melbourne

Melbourne's rich and diverse literary history was recognised in 2008 when it became the second UNESCO City of Literature. The State Library of Victoria is one of Australia's oldest cultural institutions and one of many public and university libraries across the city. Melbourne also has Australia's widest range of bookstores, as well the nation's largest publishing sector. The city is home to significant writers' festivals, most notably the Melbourne Writers Festival. Several major literary prizes are open to local writers including the Melbourne Prize for Literature and the Victorian Premier's Literary Awards. Significant novels set in Melbourne include Fergus Hume's The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Helen Garner's Monkey Grip and Christos Tsiolkas' The Slap. Notable writers and poets from Melbourne include Thomas Browne, C. J. Dennis, Germaine Greer and Peter Carey.

Question: Which writer's festival is home to Melbourne?
Answer: Melbourne Writers Festival

Question: What type of work are The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Monkey Grip, and The Slap?
Answer: novels

Question: What do the novels The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Monkey Grip, and The Slap have in common?
Answer: set in Melbourne

Question: Where are Peter Carey, Germaine Greer, and Thomas Browne from?
Answer: Melbourne

Question: What occupation to Peter Carey, Germaine Greer, and Thomas Browne hold?
Answer: writers and poets
Title: Melbourne

During a visit in 1885 English journalist George Augustus Henry Sala coined the phrase "Marvellous Melbourne", which stuck long into the twentieth century and is still used today by Melburnians. Growing building activity culminated in a "land boom" which, in 1888, reached a peak of speculative development fuelled by consumer confidence and escalating land value. As a result of the boom, large commercial buildings, coffee palaces, terrace housing and palatial mansions proliferated in the city. The establishment of a hydraulic facility in 1887 allowed for the local manufacture of elevators, resulting in the first construction of high-rise buildings; most notably the APA Building, amongst the world's tallest commercial buildings upon completion in 1889. This period also saw the expansion of a major radial rail-based transport network.

Question: Which phrase was coined by George Augustus Henry Sala during a visit to Melbourne in 1885?
Answer: Marvellous Melbourne

Question: In what year did the land boom reach its peak of development?
Answer: 1888

Question: In what year was a hydraulic facility established?
Answer: 1887

Question: In what year was the APA Building completed?
Answer: 1889

Question: What did Melbourne's hydraulic facilities help create that spurred high-rise developments?
Answer: elevators
Title: Melbourne

Melbourne rates highly in education, entertainment, health care, research and development, tourism and sport, making it the world's most liveable city—for the fifth year in a row in 2015, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit. It is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region, and ranks among the top 30 cities in the world in the Global Financial Centres Index. Referred to as Australia's "cultural capital", it is the birthplace of Australian impressionism, Australian rules football, the Australian film and television industries, and Australian contemporary dance such as the Melbourne Shuffle. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a major centre for street art, music and theatre. It is home to many of Australia's largest and oldest cultural institutions such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the National Gallery of Victoria, the State Library of Victoria and the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building.

Question: Melbourne is the world's most liveable city according to whom?
Answer: Economist Intelligence Unit

Question: For how many years has Melbourne been considered the world's most liveable city?
Answer: fifth year in a row

Question: Which city is referred to as Australia's cultural capital?
Answer: Melbourne

Question: What is one example of Australian contemporary dance?
Answer: Melbourne Shuffle
Title: Melbourne

Some of Australia's most prominent and well known schools are based in Melbourne. Of the top twenty high schools in Australia according to the Better Education ranking, six are located in Melbourne. There has also been a rapid increase in the number of International students studying in the city. Furthermore, Melbourne was ranked the world's fourth top university city in 2008 after London, Boston and Tokyo in a poll commissioned by the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. Melbourne is the home of seven public universities: the University of Melbourne, Monash University, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT University), Deakin University, La Trobe University, Swinburne University of Technology and Victoria University.

Question: How many of the top twenty high school sin Australia are located in Mebourne according to the Better Education ranking?
Answer: six

Question: According to the Toyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, how did Melborne rank as a top university city in 2008?
Answer: fourth

Question: How many public universities are located in Melbourne?
Answer: seven

Question: Is the University of Melbourne a public or private institution?
Answer: public

Question: Has there been a recent increase or decrease in international students studying in Melbourne?
Answer: rapid increase
Title: Melbourne

Height limits in the Melbourne CBD were lifted in 1958, after the construction of ICI House, transforming the city's skyline with the introduction of skyscrapers. Suburban expansion then intensified, serviced by new indoor malls beginning with Chadstone Shopping Centre. The post-war period also saw a major renewal of the CBD and St Kilda Road which significantly modernised the city. New fire regulations and redevelopment saw most of the taller pre-war CBD buildings either demolished or partially retained through a policy of facadism. Many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era were also either demolished or subdivided.

Question: In what year were height limits lifted in the Melbourne CBD?
Answer: 1958

Question: Which was the first new indoor mall in Melbourne?
Answer: Chadstone Shopping Centre

Question: What happened to many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era?
Answer: demolished or subdivided

Question: Which two areas saw a significant renewal after the post-war period and significantly modernised the city?
Answer: CBD and St Kilda Road
Title: Melbourne

Melbourne is notable as the host city for the 1956 Summer Olympic Games (the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere and Oceania, with all previous games held in Europe and the United States), along with the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Melbourne is so far the southernmost city to host the games. The city is home to three major annual international sporting events: the Australian Open (one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments); the Melbourne Cup (horse racing); and the Australian Grand Prix (Formula One). Also, the Australian Masters golf tournament is held at Melbourne since 1979, having been co-sanctioned by the European Tour from 2006 to 2009. Melbourne was proclaimed the "World's Ultimate Sports City", in 2006, 2008 and 2010. The city is home to the National Sports Museum, which until 2003 was located outside the members pavilion at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. It reopened in 2008 in the Olympic Stand.

Question: In what year was Melbourne the host city for the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere?
Answer: 1956

Question: In what three years was Melbourne proclaimed the "World's Ultimate Sports City"?
Answer: 2006, 2008 and 2010

Question: Previous to Melbourne, where were all Olympic games held?
Answer: Europe and the United States

Question: Where did the National Sports Museum reopen in 2008?
Answer: Olympic Stand

Question: Which city is so far the southernmost city to host the Olympic Games?
Answer: Melbourne
Title: Melbourne

Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales governor (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association. In 1836, Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the city, the Hoddle Grid, in 1837. The settlement was named Batmania after Batman. However, later that year the settlement was named "Melbourne" after the British Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, whose seat was Melbourne Hall in the market town of Melbourne, Derbyshire. On 13 April 1837 the settlement's general post office officially opened with that name.

Question: In what year was the first plan for the city commissioned?
Answer: 1837

Question: On what date did the official general post office open?
Answer: 13 April 1837

Question: What was the first plan for the city in 1837 called?
Answer: the Hoddle Grid

Question: What was the settlement originally named?
Answer: Batmania
Title: Melbourne

From 2006, the growth of the city extended into "green wedges" and beyond the city's urban growth boundary. Predictions of the city's population reaching 5 million people pushed the state government to review the growth boundary in 2008 as part of its Melbourne @ Five Million strategy. In 2009, Melbourne was less affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities. At this time, more new jobs were created in Melbourne than any other Australian city—almost as many as the next two fastest growing cities, Brisbane and Perth, combined, and Melbourne's property market remained strong, resulting in historically high property prices and widespread rent increases.

Question: Was Melbourne more or less affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities?
Answer: less affected

Question: Which market in Melbourne remained strong during the Late-2000s financial crisis and resulted in historically high property prices and rent increases?
Answer: property market

Question: After Melbourne, which were the next two fastest growing Australian cities in 2009?
Answer: Brisbane and Perth

Question: What is the name given to Melbourne's population strategy that was revised in 2008? 
Answer: Melbourne @ Five Million strategy
Title: Melbourne

Melbourne is also an important financial centre. Two of the big four banks, NAB and ANZ, are headquartered in Melbourne. The city has carved out a niche as Australia's leading centre for superannuation (pension) funds, with 40% of the total, and 65% of industry super-funds including the $109 billion-dollar Federal Government Future Fund. The city was rated 41st within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2008), second only to Sydney (12th) in Australia. Melbourne is Australia's second-largest industrial centre. It is the Australian base for a number of significant manufacturers including Boeing, truck-makers Kenworth and Iveco, Cadbury as well as Bombardier Transportation and Jayco, among many others. It is also home to a wide variety of other manufacturers, ranging from petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals to fashion garments, paper manufacturing and food processing. The south-eastern suburb of Scoresby is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters. The city also boasts a research and development hub for Ford Australia, as well as a global design studio and technical centre for General Motors and Toyota respectively.

Question: How many of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?
Answer: Two

Question: Which two of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?
Answer: NAB and ANZ

Question: Which city is Australia's second-largest industrial centre?
Answer: Melbourne

Question: Which south-eastern suburb is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters?
Answer: Scoresby

Question: Melbourne is home to a research and development hub for which auto manufacturer?
Answer: Ford Australia
Title: Melbourne

The layout of the inner suburbs on a largely one-mile grid pattern, cut through by wide radial boulevards, and string of gardens surrounding the central city was largely established in the 1850s and 1860s. These areas were rapidly filled from the mid 1850s by the ubiquitous terrace house, as well as detached houses and some grand mansions in large grounds, while some of the major roads developed as shopping streets. Melbourne quickly became a major finance centre, home to several banks, the Royal Mint, and Australia's first stock exchange in 1861. In 1855 the Melbourne Cricket Club secured possession of its now famous ground, the MCG. Members of the Melbourne Football Club codified Australian football in 1859, and Yarra rowing clubs and "regattas" became popular about the same time. In 1861 the Melbourne Cup was first run. In 1864 Melbourne acquired its first public monument—the Burke and Wills statue.

Question: In what two decades was the layout of Melbourne's inner suburbs established?
Answer: 1850s and 1860s

Question: In what year did the Melbourne Cricket Club secure possession of its now famous ground, the MCG?
Answer: 1855

Question: Around what year did Yarra rowing clubs and "regattas" become popular?
Answer: 1859

Question: In what year was the Melbourne Cup first run?
Answer: 1861

Question: What was the first public monumnet acquired in Melbourne in 1864?
Answer: the Burke and Wills statue