rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Buddhism

The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan).

Question: The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE?
Answer: 3rd century

Question: The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir?
Answer: 3rd century
Title: Buddhism

The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question.[note 41] The first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory of the Tarim Basin.

Question: When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China?
Answer: 2nd century CE
Title: Buddhism

In the 2nd century CE, Mahayana Sutras spread to China, and then to Korea and Japan, and were translated into Chinese. During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and Mongolia.

Question: Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century?
Answer: 2nd century CE

Question: What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread?
Answer: Korea and Japan

Question: When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet?
Answer: 8th century onwards
Title: Buddhism

By the late Middle Ages, Buddhism had become virtually extinct in India, although it continued to exist in surrounding countries. It is now again gaining strength worldwide. China and India are now starting to fund Buddhist shrines in various Asian countries as they compete for influence in the region.[web 20]

Question: China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries?
Answer: Buddhist
Title: Buddhism

Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.

Question: What is the Dharma?
Answer: the teachings of the Buddha

Question: What is the Sangha?
Answer: the Buddhist community

Question: West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what?
Answer: progressive

Question: New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason?
Answer: Modern influences
Title: Buddhism

A number of modern movements or tendencies in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th Century, including the Dalit Buddhist movement (also sometimes called 'neo-Buddhism'), Engaged Buddhism, and the further development of various Western Buddhist traditions.

Question: When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge?
Answer: second half of the 20th Century

Question: What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called?
Answer: neo-Buddhism
Title: Buddhism

In the second half of the 20th Century a modern movement in Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society) emerged in Japan and spread further to other countries. Soka Gakkai International (SGI) is a lay Buddhist movement linking more than 12 million people around the world, and is currently described as "the most diverse" and "the largest lay Buddhist movement in the world".[web 21]

Question: What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan?
Answer: Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai

Question: What does Soka Gakkai mean in English?
Answer: Value Creation Society

Question: What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people?
Answer: Soka Gakkai International

Question: What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world?
Answer: SGI
Title: Buddhism

Buddhism is practiced by an estimated 488 million,[web 1] 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population.

Question: What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people?
Answer: Buddhism
Title: Buddhism

China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.[web 1] They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practiced in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of world Buddhists.[web 1]

Question: What country has the largest population of Buddhists?
Answer: China

Question: How many Buddhists are in China?
Answer: 244 million
Title: Buddhism

According to a demographic analysis reported by Peter Harvey (2013): Mahayana has 360 million adherents; Theravada has 150 million adherents; and Vajrayana has 18,2 million adherents. Seven million additional Buddhists are found outside of Asia.

Question: How may adherents does Mahayana have?
Answer: 360 million

Question: How many adherents does Thervada have?
Answer: 150 million

Question: How many Buddists are outside of Asia?
Answer: Seven million
Title: Buddhism

According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910–2010). More recently (2000–2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries.

Question: How many Buddhists were there in 1910?
Answer: 138 million

Question: How many Buddhists are there in 2010?
Answer: 495 million

Question: How many buddhists are in Asia?
Answer: 487 million
Title: Buddhism

Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally "lesser vehicle") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead, including Śrāvakayāna, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism, conservative Buddhism, mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism.

Question: What does Hinayana mean in English?
Answer: lesser vehicle

Question: What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools?
Answer: Hinayana
Title: Buddhism

Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them. For example, according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization,[web 23] several concepts common to both major Buddhist branches:

Question: Each tradition has its own core what?
Answer: concepts

Question: there are common concepts to both major buddhist branches according to what organization?
Answer: Buddhist ecumenical organization
Title: Buddhism

Theravada ("Doctrine of the Elders", or "Ancient Doctrine") is the oldest surviving Buddhist school. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhism. The name Theravāda comes from the ancestral Sthāvirīya, one of the early Buddhist schools, from which the Theravadins claim descent. After unsuccessfully trying to modify the Vinaya, a small group of "elderly members", i.e. sthaviras, broke away from the majority Mahāsāṃghika during the Second Buddhist council, giving rise to the Sthavira sect. Sinhalese Buddhist reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries portrayed the Pali Canon as the original version of scripture. They also emphasized Theravada being rational and scientific.

Question: What is the oldest surviving Buddhist school?
Answer: Theravada

Question: Where does the name theravada come from?
Answer: ancestral Sthāvirīya

Question: Sinhalese buddhist reformer portrayed what Canon as the original version of scripture?
Answer: Pali Canon
Title: Buddhism

Theravāda is primarily practiced today in Sri Lanka, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia as well as small portions of China, Vietnam, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It has a growing presence in the west.

Question: Where is there a growing presence of Theravada?
Answer: the west
Title: Buddhism

Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit.

Question: What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth?
Answer: Theravadin

Question: Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what?
Answer: merit
Title: Buddhism

Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India.

Question: What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning?
Answer: Nālandā University
Title: Buddhism

Mahayana schools recognize all or part of the Mahayana Sutras. Some of these sutras became for Mahayanists a manifestation of the Buddha himself, and faith in and veneration of those texts are stated in some sutras (e.g. the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra) to lay the foundations for the later attainment of Buddhahood itself.

Question: Mahayana schools recognize all or part of what?
Answer: Mahayana Sutras

Question: A few of the sutras for Mahayanists became a manifestation of who?
Answer: the Buddha

Question: Faith in and veneration of Mahayana are stated in what sutras?
Answer: Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra
Title: Buddhism

Native Mahayana Buddhism is practiced today in China, Japan, Korea, Singapore, parts of Russia and most of Vietnam (also commonly referred to as "Eastern Buddhism"). The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions, and Mongolia is also Mahayana in origin, but is discussed below under the heading of Vajrayana (also commonly referred to as "Northern Buddhism"). There are a variety of strands in Eastern Buddhism, of which "the Pure Land school of Mahayana is the most widely practised today.". In most of this area however, they are fused into a single unified form of Buddhism. In Japan in particular, they form separate denominations with the five major ones being: Nichiren, peculiar to Japan; Pure Land; Shingon, a form of Vajrayana; Tendai, and Zen. In Korea, nearly all Buddhists belong to the Chogye school, which is officially Son (Zen), but with substantial elements from other traditions.

Question: Native Mahayana buddhism is also called what?
Answer: Eastern Buddhism

Question: The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions and Mongolia are often referred to as?
Answer: Northern Buddhism

Question: What is the most widely practised Eastern Buddhism?
Answer: the Pure Land school of Mahayana
Title: Buddhism

Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and Saivism. The Mañjusrimulakalpa, which later came to classified under Kriyatantra, states that mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Manjushri. The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the Guhyasamaja tradition, prescribes acting as a Saiva guru and initiating members into Saiva Siddhanta scriptures and mandalas. The Samvara tantra texts adopted the pitha list from the Saiva text Tantrasadbhava, introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place.

Question: The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what?
Answer: Saivism

Question: Mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda, and Vaisnava tantra will be effective if applied by who?
Answer: Buddhists

Question: What work is associated with Guhyasamaja tradition?
Answer: The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra
Title: Buddhism

Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are mainly written in Pāli, Tibetan, Mongolian, and Chinese. Some texts still exist in Sanskrit and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit.

Question: There is a great variety of what type of scripture?
Answer: Buddhist

Question: Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what?
Answer: objects
Title: Buddhism

Unlike many religions, Buddhism has no single central text that is universally referred to by all traditions. However, some scholars have referred to the Vinaya Pitaka and the first four Nikayas of the Sutta Pitaka as the common core of all Buddhist traditions.[page needed] This could be considered misleading, as Mahāyāna considers these merely a preliminary, and not a core, teaching. The Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the āgamas (though theoretically they recognize them) and they play no part in the religious life of either clergy or laity in China and Japan. Other scholars say there is no universally accepted common core. The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons have been seen by some (including Buddhist social reformer Babasaheb Ambedkar) as presenting barriers to the wider understanding of Buddhist philosophy.

Question: Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what?
Answer: text

Question: Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the what?
Answer: āgamas

Question: Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what?
Answer: core

Question: What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding Buddhist philosophy?
Answer: size and complexity of the Buddhist canons
Title: Buddhism

Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Later in Sri Lanka, the Dhammapada was championed as a unifying scripture.

Question: In Sri Lanka, what was determined to be the best unifying scripture?
Answer: Dhammapada

Question: There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: condensed study texts where created in what tradition?
Answer: Theravada
Title: Buddhism

Dwight Goddard collected a sample of Buddhist scriptures, with the emphasis on Zen, along with other classics of Eastern philosophy, such as the Tao Te Ching, into his 'Buddhist Bible' in the 1920s. More recently, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single, combined document of Buddhist principles in "The Buddha and His Dhamma". Other such efforts have persisted to present day, but currently there is no single text that represents all Buddhist traditions.

Question: Goddard collected mainly what type of Buddhist scripture?
Answer: Zen

Question: Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single combined document with all Buddhist principles and called it?
Answer: The Buddha and His Dhamma
Title: Buddhism

The Pāli Tipitaka, which means "three baskets", refers to the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Vinaya Pitaka contains disciplinary rules for the Buddhist monks and nuns, as well as explanations of why and how these rules were instituted, supporting material, and doctrinal clarification. The Sutta Pitaka contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha. The Abhidhamma Pitaka contains material often described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha's teachings.

Question: What means "three baskets"?
Answer: Pāli Tipitaka

Question: What does the "three baskets" refer to?
Answer: the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka

Question: What contains disciplinary rules for Buddhist Monks and nuns?
Answer: Vinaya Pitaka

Question: What contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha?
Answer: the Sutta Pitaka

Question: What contains material ofen described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha teachings?
Answer: Abhidhamma Pitaka
Title: Buddhism

The Pāli Tipitaka is the only early Tipitaka (Sanskrit: Tripiṭaka) to survive intact in its original language, but a number of early schools had their own recensions of the Tipitaka featuring much of the same material. We have portions of the Tipitakas of the Sārvāstivāda, Dharmaguptaka, Sammitya, Mahāsaṅghika, Kāśyapīya, and Mahīśāsaka schools, most of which survive in Chinese translation only. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven pitakas.

Question: What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language?
Answer: Pāli Tipitaka

Question: Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas?
Answer: five or seven
Title: Buddhism

According to the scriptures, soon after the death of the Buddha, the first Buddhist council was held; a monk named Mahākāśyapa (Pāli: Mahākassapa) presided. The goal of the council was to record the Buddha's teachings. Upāli recited the vinaya. Ānanda, the Buddha's personal attendant, was called upon to recite the dhamma. These became the basis of the Tripitaka. However, this record was initially transmitted orally in form of chanting, and was committed to text in the last century BCE. Both the sūtras and the vinaya of every Buddhist school contain a wide variety of elements including discourses on the Dharma, commentaries on other teachings, cosmological and cosmogonical texts, stories of the Gautama Buddha's previous lives, and various other subjects.

Question: Which monk presided after the death of the Buddha?
Answer: Mahākāśyapa

Question: What was the goal of the council?
Answer: to record the Buddha's teachings

Question: the vinaya was recited by?
Answer: Upāli

Question: Who was the Buddha's personal attendant?
Answer: Ānanda

Question: Ananda was called upon to recite what?
Answer: dhamma
Title: Buddhism

Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically "Theravadin", but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to Peter Harvey, it contains material at odds with later Theravadin orthodoxy. He states: "The Theravadins, then, may have added texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period."

Question: Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically what?
Answer: Theravadin

Question: Who may have added texts to the Canon for some time?
Answer: The Theravadins
Title: Buddhism

The Mahayana sutras are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the Mahayana Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of the Buddha. Some adherents of Mahayana accept both the early teachings (including in this the Sarvastivada Abhidharma, which was criticized by Nagarjuna and is in fact opposed to early Buddhist thought) and the Mahayana sutras as authentic teachings of Gautama Buddha, and claim they were designed for different types of persons and different levels of spiritual understanding.

Question: What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha?
Answer: Mahayana sutras

Question: What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture?
Answer: Mahayana sutras

Question: What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna?
Answer: Sarvastivada Abhidharma
Title: Buddhism

The Mahayana sutras often claim to articulate the Buddha's deeper, more advanced doctrines, reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path. That path is explained as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings from unhappiness. Hence the name Mahāyāna (lit., the Great Vehicle).

Question: What sutras are reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path?
Answer: Mahayana

Question: What does Mahayana mean?
Answer: the Great Vehicle

Question: What path is described as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings?
Answer: bodhisattva path
Title: Buddhism

According to Mahayana tradition, the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds because human beings at the time could not understand them:

Question: What sutras were transmitted in secret?
Answer: Mahayana

Question: What sutras could have been preserved in non-human worlds?
Answer: Mahayana

Question: What tradition says that sutras might have come from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas?
Answer: Mahayana tradition
Title: Buddhism

Approximately six hundred Mahayana sutras have survived in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations. In addition, East Asian Buddhism recognizes some sutras regarded by scholars as of Chinese rather than Indian origin.

Question: How many Mahayana sutras have survivied in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations?
Answer: six hundred

Question: What buddhism recognizes sutras of Chinese origin?
Answer: East Asian Buddhism
Title: Buddhism

Generally, scholars conclude that the Mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century CE onwards: "Large numbers of Mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century", five centuries after the historical Gautama Buddha. Some of these had their roots in other scriptures composed in the 1st century BCE. It was not until after the 5th century CE that the Mahayana sutras started to influence the behavior of mainstream Buddhists in India: "But outside of texts, at least in India, at exactly the same period, very different—in fact seemingly older—ideas and aspirations appear to be motivating actual behavior, and old and established Hinnayana groups appear to be the only ones that are patronized and supported." These texts were apparently not universally accepted among Indian Buddhists when they appeared; the pejorative label Hinayana was applied by Mahayana supporters to those who rejected the Mahayana sutras.

Question: When did Mahayana sutras start to influence the behavior of mainstream buddhists in India?
Answer: after the 5th century CE

Question: What was the pejorative label for those that rejected Mahayana sutras?
Answer: Hinayana
Title: Buddhism

Only the Theravada school does not include the Mahayana scriptures in its canon. As the modern Theravada school is descended from a branch of Buddhism that diverged and established itself in Sri Lanka prior to the emergence of the Mahayana texts, debate exists as to whether the Theravada were historically included in the hinayana designation; in the modern era, this label is seen as derogatory, and is generally avoided.

Question: What school does not include the Mahayava scriptures in its canon?
Answer: the Theravada

Question: The modern Theravada school stablished itself in what country?
Answer: Sri Lanka

Question: What Mahayana related label is considered derogatory?
Answer: hinayana