rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Portugal

During the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the Northern Christians kingdoms, the County of Portugal, formed the southern portion of the Kingdom of Galicia. At times the Kingdom of Galicia existed independently for short periods, but usually formed an important part of the Kingdom of Leon. Throughout this period, the people of County of Portugal as Galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture, whenever the status of the Kingdom of Galicia changed in relation to the Kingdom of Leon. As a result of political division, Galician-Portuguese lost its unity when the County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia (a dependent kingdom of Leon) to establish the Kingdom of Portugal. The Galician and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths. This began occurring when the Kingdom of Leon and the Kingdom of Castile united and the Castilian Language (known as Spanish) slowly over the centuries began influencing the Galician Language and then trying to replace it. The same thing happened to Astur-Leonese Language to the point where it is greatly reduced or completely replaced by the Castilian (Spanish Language).

Question: During the internecine struggles, what did the the people of Country of Portugal struggle with?
Answer: maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture

Question: The County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia to establish what?
Answer: the Kingdom of Portugal

Question: Portugese diverged from which language? 
Answer: Galician

Question: What is the Castilian Lanugage known as?
Answer: Spanish

Question: By which language was the Astur-Leonese replaced?
Answer: Castilian (Spanish Language)
Title: Portugal

In 1738, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Question: Who was de Melo's second marriage to?
Answer: the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun

Question: Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?
Answer: Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo

Question: What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?
Answer: Queen consort of Portugal

Question: Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?
Answer: Queen consort of Portugal

Question: Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?
Answer: King John V of Portugal
Title: Portugal

Despite the calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Sebastião de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country.

Question: What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist?
Answer: earthquakes

Question: How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models?
Answer: marching troops around the models

Question: Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity?
Answer: Lisbon suffered no epidemics

Question: What are some of Lisbon's tourist attractions?
Answer: The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre

Question: How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology?
Answer: by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country
Title: Portugal

Portugal (Portuguese: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 km (754 mi) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union. The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments.

Question: What is the official name of Portugal?
Answer: Portuguese Republic

Question: Where is Portugal located?
Answer: Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe

Question: Which ocean does Portugal border?
Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: How long is the Portugal-Spain border?
Answer: 1,214 km (754 mi)

Question: What two autonomous regions have their own governments in Portugal?
Answer: Azores and Madeira

Question: What is the official name of Portugal?
Answer: Portuguese Republic

Question: Where is Portugal located?
Answer: Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe

Question: What other country does Portugal border?
Answer: Spain

Question: What ocean does Portugal border?
Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union?
Answer: Portugal–Spain
Title: Portugal

The land within the borders of current Portugal has been continuously settled and fought over since prehistoric times. The Celts and the Romans were followed by the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples, who were themselves later invaded by the Moors. These Muslim peoples were eventually expelled during the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula. By 1139, Portugal had established itself as a kingdom independent from León. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the result of pioneering the Age of Discovery, Portugal expanded Western influence and established the first global empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers.

Question: Who were the first inhabitants of Portugal?
Answer: The Celts and the Romans

Question: Which two groups followed the first inhabitants?
Answer: Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples

Question: By what year had Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom?
Answer: 1139

Question: What age did Portugal pioneer?
Answer: Age of Discovery

Question: In which centuries did Portugal establish the first global empire?
Answer: 15th and 16th centuries
Title: Portugal

Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, later being superseded by the "Estado Novo" right-wing authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to all its colonies, with the exception of Macau, which was handed over to China in 1999. This marked the end of the longest-lived European colonial empire, leaving a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today.

Question: In Portugal, which city was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake?
Answer: Lisbon

Question: In which year did Brazel become independent?
Answer: 1822

Question: In which year was the Portugal monarchy deposed?
Answer: 1910

Question: Which Portugese colony was lost to China in 1999?
Answer: Macau

Question: How many Portugese speakers are there today?
Answer: 250 million
Title: Portugal

The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia, after 45 BC until 298 AD, settled again by Suebi, Buri, and Visigoths, and conquered by Moors. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlement, which were found in Alenquer (old Germanic Alankerk, from Alan+kerk; meaning church of the Alan (people), Coimbra and Lisbon.

Question: From what name is Portugal derived?
Answer: Portus Cale

Question: By what group was the Portugal region settled?
Answer: Pre-Celts and Celts

Question: To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise?
Answer: Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes

Question: During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic?
Answer: 45 BC until 298 AD

Question: From what old Germanic word is Alenquer originate?
Answer: Alankerk
Title: Portugal

In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province. Later, a northern province of Lusitania was formed, known as Gallaecia, with capital in Bracara Augusta, today's Braga. There are still many ruins of castros (hill forts) all over modern Portugal and remains of Castro culture. Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal, some urban remains are quite large, like Conímbriga and Mirobriga. The former, beyond being one of the largest Roman settlements in Portugal, is also classified as a National Monument. Conímbriga lies 16 km from Coimbra which by its turn was the ancient Aeminium). The site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations.

Question: In what year did Lusitania become a Roman province?
Answer: 27 BC

Question: What was the Northern province of Lusitania known as?
Answer: Gallaecia

Question: What are two large Roman sites that still exist today in Portugal?
Answer: Conímbriga and Mirobriga

Question: What are castros?
Answer: hill forts

Question: How far apart are Conimbriga and Coimbra?
Answer: 16 km
Title: Portugal

After defeating the Visigoths in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, which stretched from the Indus river in the Indian sub-continent (now Pakistan) up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the Caliphate of Córdoba in 929, until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms.

Question: How long did it take the Umayyad Caliphate to defeat the Visigoths?
Answer: a few months

Question: In what year did Portugal become a part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire?
Answer: 711

Question: In which year did Umayyad Caliphate's empire collapse?
Answer: 750

Question: Under whom did the Western part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire gain its independence?
Answer: Abd-ar-Rahman

Question: How long did it take the Emirate to become the Caliphate of Codoba?
Answer: almost two centuries
Title: Portugal

The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and after a short spell of an ephemeral Taifa of Lisbon in 1022, fell under the dominion of the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids who came from Morocco in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Sagrajas, followed a century later in 1147, after the second period of Taifa, by the Almohads, also from Marrakesh.

Question: What were the governors of the taifas called?
Answer: Emir

Question: Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations?
Answer: the Christian kingdoms of the north

Question: To which taifa did most of Portugal fall into?
Answer: Taifa of Badajoz

Question: In which year did the taifa period end?
Answer: 1086

Question: Which battle took place in 1147?
Answer: Battle of Sagrajas
Title: Portugal

The Muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam (the so-called Muwallad or Muladi) and to a lesser extent Berbers and Arabs. The Arabs were principally noblemen from Oman; and though few in numbers, they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from the Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa and were essentially nomads. In Portugal, the Muslim population (or "Moors"), relatively small in numbers, stayed in the Algarve region, and south of the Tagus. Today, there are approximately 800 words in the Portuguese language of Arabic origin. The Muslims were expelled from Portugal 300 years earlier than in neighbouring Spain, which is reflected both in Portuguese culture and the language, which is mostly Celtiberian and Vulgar Latin.

Question: What are converts to Islam called?
Answer: Muwallad or Muladi

Question: Who did the Arabs principally consist of?
Answer: noblemen from Oman

Question: Where were the Berbers originally from?
Answer: Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa

Question: In which region of Portugal did the Muslim population stay?
Answer: Algarve region, and south of the Tagus

Question: How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins?
Answer: 800
Title: Portugal

A year before Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias death, three of Alfonso's sons rose in rebellion and forced him to abdicate, partitioning the kingdom among them. The eldest son, García, became king of León. The second son, Ordoño, reigned in Galicia, while the third, Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital. Alfonso died in Zamora, probably in 910. His former realm would be reunited when first García died childless and León passed to Ordoño. He in turn died when his children were too young to ascend; Fruela became king of a reunited crown. His death the next year initiated a series of internecine struggles that led to unstable succession for over a century. It continued under that name[clarification needed] until incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile in 1230, after Ferdinand III became joint king of the two kingdoms. This was done to avoid dynastic feuds and to maintain the Christian Kingdoms strong enough to prevent complete Muslim take over of the Iberian Peninsula and to further the Reconquista of Iberia by Christian armies.

Question: Who was the eldest son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?
Answer: García, became king of León

Question: Who was the second son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?
Answer: Ordoño, reigned in Galicia

Question: Who was Alfonso III's third son and what area did he receive?
Answer: Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital

Question: In which year did Alfonso III likely die?
Answer: 910

Question: In which year was the Kingdom of Castile formed?
Answer: 1230
Title: Portugal

In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this went way beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day.

Question: Which years were plagued by the Black Death?
Answer: 1348 and 1349

Question: In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with which country?
Answer: England

Question: What is the longest standing alliance in the world?
Answer: Portugal made an alliance with England

Question: The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what?
Answer: NATO

Question: In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?
Answer: Oporto region
Title: Portugal

Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde, explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of Africa, discovered an eastern route to India via the Cape of Good Hope, discovered Brazil, explored the Indian Ocean, established trading routes throughout most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China and Japan.

Question: What European age did Portugal spearhead?
Answer: the Age of Discovery

Question: Who was the Father of Prince Henry the Navigator?
Answer: King João I

Question: Which three Atlantic archipelagos did Portugal discover?
Answer: Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde

Question: By which path did Portugal discover a route to India?
Answer: Cape of Good Hope

Question: What South American country did Portugal discover?
Answer: Brazil
Title: Portugal

As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebastião de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from the Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the University of Coimbra, and ended discrimination against different Christian sects in Portugal.

Question: Did the King's confidence in de Melo increase or decrease?
Answer: increased

Question: What title was given to de Melo in 1755?
Answer: Prime Minister

Question: With whose economic success was de Melo impressed with?
Answer: British

Question: Who abolished slavery in Portugal?
Answer: Sebastião de Melo

Question: Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal?
Answer: Sebastião de Melo
Title: Portugal

But Sebastião de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart.

Question: What were de Melo's greatest reforms?
Answer: economic and financial

Question: Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?
Answer: to ensure the wine's quality

Question: Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?
Answer: especially among the high nobility

Question: Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?
Answer: Sebastião de Melo

Question: Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?
Answer: upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class
Title: Portugal

The Portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (Processo Revolucionário Em Curso). This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations, which would create independent states in 1975, prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique).

Question: Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?
Answer: April 1974

Question: What was the Carnation Revolution?
Answer: left-wing military coup in Lisbon

Question: By what was the PREC characterized by?
Answer: social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces
Title: Portugal

The country continued to be governed by a Junta de Salvação Nacional until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) and Mário Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. Mário Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the previous regime. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) by starting accession negotiations as early as 1977.

Question: What entity governed Portugal until 1976?
Answer: Junta de Salvação Nacional

Question: Which party won the Portuguese election in 1976?
Answer: Socialist Party

Question: Who became the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1976?
Answer: Mário Soares

Question: Through what years was Mario Soares the Portuguese Prime Minister?
Answer: 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985
Title: Portugal

The country bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced; the Portuguese Constitution (approved in 1976) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist economy. Portugal's economic situation after its transition to democracy, obliged the government to pursue International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programs in 1977–78 and 1983–85.

Question: Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between?
Answer: socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model

Question: In what year was the Portuguese Constitution approved?
Answer: 1976

Question: For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten?
Answer: to accommodate socialist and communist principles