rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Imperial_College_London

In 1988 Imperial merged with St Mary's Hospital Medical School, becoming The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. In 1995 Imperial launched its own academic publishing house, Imperial College Press, in partnership with World Scientific. Imperial merged with the National Heart and Lung Institute in 1995 and the Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, Royal Postgraduate Medical School (RPMS) and the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in 1997. In the same year the Imperial College School of Medicine was formally established and all of the property of Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School, the National Heart and Lung Institute and the Royal Postgraduate Medical School were transferred to Imperial as the result of the Imperial College Act 1997. In 1998 the Sir Alexander Fleming Building was opened by Queen Elizabeth II to provide a headquarters for the College's medical and biomedical research.

Question: In which year did Imperial merge with St Mary's Hospital Medical School?
Answer: 1988

Question: Which school resulted from Imperial's merger with St Mary's?
Answer: The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine

Question: Who did Imperial partner with to launch the Imperial College Press?
Answer: World Scientific

Question: What year was the Imperial College School of Medicine formally established?
Answer: 1997

Question: What is the name of the building that was opened by Queen Elizabeth II?
Answer: Sir Alexander Fleming Building
Title: Imperial_College_London

The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise returned 26% of the 1225 staff submitted as being world-leading (4*) and a further 47% as being internationally excellent (3*). The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise also showed five subjects – Pure Mathematics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Mechanical, Aeronautical and Manufacturing Engineering – were assessed to be the best[clarification needed] in terms of the proportion of internationally recognised research quality.

Question: What percentage of Imperial's staff was classified as world leading in 2008?
Answer: 26%

Question: What percentage of Imperial's staff was deemed to be internationally excellent in 2008?
Answer: 47%

Question: Which group assessed Imperial's staff members to determine their standing in relation to the rest of the world?
Answer: Research Assessment Exercise

Question: How many subjects were judged to be the best in terms of internationally recognised research quality?
Answer: five
Title: Imperial_College_London

Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust was formed on 1 October 2007 by the merger of Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust (Charing Cross Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital) and St Mary's NHS Trust (St. Mary's Hospital and Western Eye Hospital) with Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine. It is an academic health science centre and manages five hospitals: Charing Cross Hospital, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital, St Mary's Hospital, and Western Eye Hospital. The Trust is currently the largest in the UK and has an annual turnover of £800 million, treating more than a million patients a year.[citation needed]

Question: What was formed on the 1st October 2007?
Answer: Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust

Question: How many hospitals does it manage?
Answer: five

Question: What is it considered to be?
Answer: an academic health science centre

Question: What is the annual turnover for the trust?
Answer: £800 million

Question: How many patients a year does the trust treat?
Answer: more than a million
Title: Imperial_College_London

In 2003, it was reported that one third of female academics "believe that discrimination or bullying by managers has held back their careers". It was said then that "A spokesman for Imperial said the college was acting on the recommendations and had already made changes". Nevertheless, allegations of bullying have continued: in 2007, concerns were raised about the methods that were being used to fire people in the Faculty of Medicine. New President of Imperial College, Alice Gast says she sees bright lights in the horizon for female careers at Imperial College London.

Question: What portion of females reported that they were held back by managers?
Answer: one third

Question: In which year were these allegations raised?
Answer: 2003

Question: After the 2003 incident, what was the next major year in which conerns were raised?
Answer: 2007

Question: In which faculty were the methods used to fire people being questioned?
Answer: Faculty of Medicine

Question: Who is the new President for Imperial College?
Answer: Alice Gast
Title: Imperial_College_London

Imperial College Union, the students' union at Imperial College, is run by five full-time sabbatical officers elected from the student body for a tenure of one year, and a number of permanent members of staff. The Union is given a large subvention by the university, much of which is spent on maintaining around 300 clubs, projects and societies. Examples of notable student groups and projects are Project Nepal which sends Imperial College students to work on educational development programmes in rural Nepal and the El Salvador Project, a construction based project in Central America. The Union also hosts sports-related clubs such as Imperial College Boat Club and Imperial College Gliding Club.

Question: What is the official name of the student's union?
Answer: Imperial College Union

Question: How many full time officers run the union?
Answer: five

Question: How long is the tenure for an officer to run the union?
Answer: one year

Question: How many clubs, projects and societies is the union responsible for managing?
Answer: around 300

Question: What kind of programmes do students work on for Project Nepal?
Answer: educational development
Title: Imperial_College_London

Imperial College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom. It was founded by Prince Albert who envisioned an area composed of the Natural History Museum, Science Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute. The Imperial Institute was opened by his wife, Queen Victoria, who laid the first stone. In 1907, Imperial College London was formed by Royal Charter, and soon joined the University of London, with a focus on science and technology. The college has expanded its coursework to medicine through mergers with St Mary's Hospital. In 2004, Queen Elizabeth II opened the Imperial College Business School. Imperial became an independent university from the University of London during its one hundred year anniversary.

Question: What kind of University is Imperial College London?
Answer: public research university

Question: Who founded the Imperial College London?
Answer: Prince Albert

Question: Who opened the Imperial Institute in 1907?
Answer: Queen Victoria

Question: Which document allowed the Imperial College London to be formed?
Answer: Royal Charter

Question: What was the focus of the Imperial College London?
Answer: science and technology
Title: Imperial_College_London

William Henry Perkin studied and worked at the college under von Hofmann, but resigned his position after discovering the first synthetic dye, mauveine, in 1856. Perkin's discovery was prompted by his work with von Hofmann on the substance aniline, derived from coal tar, and it was this breakthrough which sparked the synthetic dye industry, a boom which some historians have labelled the second chemical revolution. His contribution led to the creation of the Perkin Medal, an award given annually by the Society of Chemical Industry to a scientist residing in the United States for an "innovation in applied chemistry resulting in outstanding commercial development". It is considered the highest honour given in the industrial chemical industry.

Question: Who discovered the first synthetic dye?
Answer: William Henry Perkin

Question: What did the scientist who discovered the dye do after discovering it?
Answer: resigned his position

Question: What is the name of the first synthetic dye discovered?
Answer: mauveine

Question: The discovery of the synthetic dye is claimed by some histories to have sparked what event?
Answer: second chemical revolution

Question: Which award is named after the discoverer of the dye?
Answer: Perkin Medal
Title: Imperial_College_London

Imperial acquired Silwood Park in 1947, to provide a site for research and teaching in those aspects of biology not well suited for the main London campus. Felix, Imperial's student newspaper, was launched on 9 December 1949. On 29 January 1950, the government announced that it was intended that Imperial should expand to meet the scientific and technological challenges of the 20th century and a major expansion of the College followed over the next decade. In 1959 the Wolfson Foundation donated £350,000 for the establishment of a new Biochemistry Department.[citation needed] A special relationship between Imperial and the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi was established in 1963.[citation needed]

Question: What site did Imperial acquire in 1947?
Answer: Silwood Park

Question: What was the name of Imperial's student newspaper?
Answer: Felix

Question: How much money was donated for a new Biochemistry Department?
Answer: £350,000

Question: Who donated the large sum of money to help aid the establishement of the Biochemistry Department?
Answer: Wolfson Foundation

Question: Imperial formed a relationship with which other entity in 1963?
Answer: Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Title: Gymnastics

Gymnasts sprint down a runway, which is a maximum of 25 meters in length, before hurdling onto a spring board. The gymnast is allowed to choose where they start on the runway. The body position is maintained while "punching" (blocking using only a shoulder movement) the vaulting platform. The gymnast then rotates to a standing position. In advanced gymnastics, multiple twists and somersaults may be added before landing. Successful vaults depend on the speed of the run, the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex vaults.

Question: What is the maximum length of the runway gymnasts sprint down before hurdling onto a spring board?
Answer: 25 meters

Question: What is blocking using only a shoulder movement called?
Answer: punching

Question: What is one thing a successful vault depends on?
Answer: the length of the hurdle

Question: What may be added to a vault before landing in advanced gymnastics?
Answer: multiple twists and somersaults

Question: What is the maximum length of a runway?
Answer: 25 meters

Question: Who gets to chose where a gymnast starts to run on the runway?
Answer: The gymnast

Question: What position is the gymnast when in the air?
Answer: a standing position

Question: What are later added to the landing by advanced gymnasts?
Answer: multiple twists and somersaults

Question: What do successful vaults depend on other than speed of the run?
Answer: the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation
Title: Gymnastics

According to FIG rules, only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics. This is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus; ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope—on a floor area, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic. There are also group routines consisting of 5 gymnasts and 5 apparatuses of their choice. Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points; the score for artistry (choreography and music) is averaged with the score for difficulty of the moves and then added to the score for execution.

Question: Only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics according to what rules?
Answer: FIG

Question: What combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation?
Answer: rhythmic gymnastics

Question: What 5 items are used in rhythmic gymnastic routines?
Answer: ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope

Question: Rhythmic gymnastics places greater emphaises on aesthetics rather than what?
Answer: the acrobatic

Question: What is the maximum number of points possible for a rhythmic gymnastic routine?
Answer: 30

Question: What rules state that only women can compete in rhythmic gymastics?
Answer: FIG

Question: What does rhythmic gymastics combine together?
Answer: ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation

Question: What five seperate apparatuses are used in the five separate routines?
Answer: ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope

Question: Which is more focused on, aesthetics or acrobatics?
Answer: aesthetic

Question: How many possible points are there for rhythmic routines?
Answer: 30 points
Title: Gymnastics

Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (AGG) was developed from the Finnish "naisvoimistelu". It differs from Rhythmic Gymnastics in that body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger' Athletes do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions compared to Rhythmic Gymnastics where ball, ribbon, hoop and clubs are used on the floor area. The sport requires physical qualities such as flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm where movements of the body are emphasized through the flow, expression and aesthetic appeal. A good performance is characterized by uniformity and simultaneity. The competition program consists of versatile and varied body movements, such as body waves, swings, balances, pivots, jumps and leaps, dance steps, and lifts. The International Federation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics (IFAGG) was established in 2003.

Question: What does AGG stand for?
Answer: Aesthetic Group Gymnastics

Question: Why is AGG different than Rhythmic Gymnastics? 
Answer: body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger'

Question: Do athletes use apparatuses in the international AGG competitions?
Answer: do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions

Question: What physical qualities are needed for rhythmic gymastics? 
Answer: flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm

Question: What year was the Federsation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics established?
Answer: 2003
Title: Gymnastics

This apparatus may be made of hemp or a synthetic material which retains the qualities of lightness and suppleness. Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast. The rope should, when held down by the feet, reach both of the gymnasts' armpits. One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine. At the ends (to the exclusion of all other parts of the rope) an anti-slip material, either coloured or neutral may cover a maximum of 10 cm (3.94 in). The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center provided that this thickening is of the same material as the rope. The fundamental requirements of a rope routine include leaps and skipping. Other elements include swings, throws, circles, rotations and figures of eight. In 2011, the FIG decided to nullify the use of rope in rhythmic gymnastic competitions.

Question: What is the rope made out of that the gymnists uses in their routine?
Answer: hemp or a synthetic material

Question: How long is the rope?
Answer: Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast

Question: What are at the ends of the ropes to help the gymnists hold it?
Answer: One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine.

Question: What other requirement is there for the rope?
Answer: The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center

Question: When did FIG decide to nullify the use of ropes in competition?
Answer: 2011
Title: Gymnastics

The Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG) was founded in Liege in 1881. By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first "modern" Olympic Games in 1896. From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, gymnastics, that would seem strange to today's audiences and that included for example, synchronized team floor calisthenics, rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events. The first women's Olympic competition was primitive, only involving synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in 1928, in Amsterdam.

Question: Where was the FIG founded?
Answer: Liege

Question: What year was FIG founded?
Answer: 1881

Question: When was gymnastics included in the Olympics?
Answer: 1896

Question: When were the first women's Olympic competitions held?
Answer: 1928

Question: Where were the first women's Olympic competitions held?
Answer: in Amsterdam
Title: Gymnastics

In the vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres (82 ft) runway, jump onto a spring filled board or perform a roundoff, or handspring entry onto a springboard (run/ take-off segment), land momentarily, inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse, or vaulting table (pre flight segment), then propel themselves forward or backward, off of this platform to a two footed landing (post flight segment). Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their height and strength. The post flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos or somersaults, and/or twisting movements. A round-off entry vault, called a Yurchenko, is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics. When performing a yurchenko, gymnasts "round-off" so hands are on the runway while the feet land on the springboard (beatboard). From the roundoff position the gymnast travels backwards and executes a backhandspring so that the hands land on the vaulting table. The gymnast then blocks off the vaulting platform into various twisting and/or somersaulting combinations. The post flight segment brings the gymnast to her feet.

Question: How long is the run way in vaulting?
Answer: 25 metres (82 ft)

Question: How man feet do vaulters land on?
Answer: a two footed landing

Question: What determines where a vaulter starts on the runway?
Answer: their height and strength

Question: What is a round-off entry vault called?
Answer: Yurchenko

Question: What is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics?
Answer: yurchenko
Title: Gymnastics

A gymnast's score comes from deductions taken from their start value. The start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements. The composition requirements are different for each apparatus; this score is called the D score. Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from 10.0. This score is called the E score. The final score is calculated by taking deductions from the E score, and adding the result to the D score. Since 2007, the scoring system has changed by adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score.

Question: How are gymnasts scored?
Answer: from deductions taken from their start value

Question: How is the start vaule determined?
Answer: e start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements

Question: What is this score called?
Answer: D score

Question: Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from what score?
Answer: 10.0

Question: What were added to scoring in 2007?
Answer: adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score
Title: Gymnastics

The technical rules for the Japanese version of men's rhythmic gymnastics came around the 1970s. For individuals, only four types of apparatus are used: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs. Groups do not use any apparatus. The Japanese version includes tumbling performed on a spring floor. Points are awarded based a 10-point scale that measures the level of difficulty of the tumbling and apparatus handling. On November 27–29, 2003, Japan hosted first edition of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championship.

Question: When were the technical rules for the Japanses version of men's rhythmic gymnastics formed?
Answer: 1970s

Question: How many apparatuses are used?
Answer: only four types

Question: What are the types of apparatuses used?
Answer: the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs

Question: What apparatuses do groups use?
Answer: Groups do not use any apparatus

Question: When did Japan hold the first of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Champtionship?
Answer: November 27–29, 2003
Title: Gymnastics

The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked", by way of the related verb γυμνάζω (gymnazo), whose meaning is to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise". The verb had this meaning, because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing. It came into use in the 1570s, from Latin gymnasticus, from Greek gymnastikos "fond of or skilled in bodily exercise," from gymnazein "to exercise or train" (see gymnasium).

Question: What Greek word did gymnastics derive from?
Answer: γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked"

Question: What does the  verb gymnazo mean?
Answer: to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise"

Question: Why was this verb used?
Answer: because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing

Question: When did the word come into use?
Answer: 1570s
Title: Gymnastics

By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues. The new medium of television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and excellent gymnasts can be found on every continent. Nadia Comăneci received the first perfect score, at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada. She was coached in Romania by coach, (Hungarian ethnicity), Béla Károlyi. Comaneci scored four of her perfect tens on the uneven bars, two on the balance beam and one in the floor exercise. Even with Nadia's perfect scores, the Romanians lost the gold medal to the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, Comaneci became an Olympic icon.

Question: What year was the Olympic Games apparatus and events standardized?
Answer: 1954

Question: What is the grading structure?
Answer: a point system from 1 to 15

Question: Who set the first precedent that continues this day?
Answer: Soviet gymnasts

Question: Who recieved the first perfect score?
Answer: Nadia Comăneci

Question: What year and where was the first perfect score given?
Answer: 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada