rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Since the 19th century, many if not all presidents were assisted by a central figure or "gatekeeper", sometimes described as the President's Private Secretary, sometimes with no official title at all. Eisenhower formalized this role, introducing the office of White House Chief of Staff – an idea he borrowed from the United States Army. Every president after Lyndon Johnson has also appointed staff to this position. Initially, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter tried to operate without a chief of staff, but each eventually appointed one.

Question: From where did Eisenhower get the idea of a White House Chief of Staff?
Answer: United States Army

Question: Who was the last president not to appoint a Chief of Staff?
Answer: Lyndon Johnson

Question: Along with Ford, what president initially didn't appoint a Chief of Staff but later did?
Answer: Jimmy Carter

Question: What 19th century informal political office did the modern role of White House Chief of Staff correspond to?
Answer: President's Private Secretary
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the Bureau of the Mint through the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia. The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960. A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858. Each of the designs incorporates the text "with appreciation" or "with personal and official gratitude" accompanied with Eisenhower's initials "D.D.E." or facsimile signature. The design also incorporates location, date, and/or significant event. Prior to the end of his second term as President, 1,451 medals were turned-in to the Bureau of the Mint and destroyed. The Eisenhower appreciation medals are part of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation Award Medal Series.

Question: How many appreciation medals were minted?
Answer: 9,858

Question: In what city were the appreciation medals minted?
Answer: Philadelphia

Question: During what period were the appreciation medals minted?
Answer: September 1958 through October 1960

Question: What were Eisenhower's initials?
Answer: D.D.E.

Question: How many appreciation medals were destroyed by the Bureau of the Mint?
Answer: 1,451
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The Interstate Highway System is officially known as the 'Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways' in his honor. It was inspired in part by Eisenhower's own Army experiences in World War II, where he recognized the advantages of the autobahn systems in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Commemorative signs reading "Eisenhower Interstate System" and bearing Eisenhower's permanent 5-star rank insignia were introduced in 1993 and are currently displayed throughout the Interstate System. Several highways are also named for him, including the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290) near Chicago and the Eisenhower Tunnel on Interstate 70 west of Denver.

Question: What is the formal name of the Interstate Highway System?
Answer: Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways

Question: Along with Germany and Switzerland, what country contained an autobahn during the Second World War?
Answer: Austria

Question: What is another name for Eisenhower Expressway?
Answer: Interstate 290

Question: When were "Eisenhower Interstate System" signs first posted along highways?
Answer: 1993

Question: What major city is Interstate 290 close to?
Answer: Chicago
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

A loblolly pine, known as the "Eisenhower Pine", was located on Augusta's 17th hole, approximately 210 yards (192 m) from the Masters tee. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, an Augusta National member, hit the tree so many times that, at a 1956 club meeting, he proposed that it be cut down. Not wanting to offend the president, the club's chairman, Clifford Roberts, immediately adjourned the meeting rather than reject the request. The tree was removed in February 2014 after an ice storm caused it significant damage.

Question: At what Augusta hole was the Eisenhower Pine located?
Answer: 17th

Question: How many meters away from the Masters tee on Augusta's 17th was the Eisenhower Pine?
Answer: 192

Question: What did Eisenhower want to be done to the Eisenhower Pine?
Answer: cut down

Question: What damaged the Eisenhower Pine in February 2014?
Answer: ice storm

Question: In what year did Eisenhower propose that the pine tree named after him be removed?
Answer: 1956
Title: The_Bronx

The Bronx /ˈbrɒŋks/ is the northernmost of the five boroughs (counties) of New York City in the state of New York, located south of Westchester County. Many bridges and tunnels link the Bronx to the island and borough of Manhattan to the west over and under the narrow Harlem River, as well as three longer bridges south over the East River to the borough of Queens. Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland and, with a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,438,159 in 2014, has the fourth largest land area, the fourth highest population, and the third-highest population density.

Question: How many boroughs are in NYC?
Answer: five

Question: Where is the Bronx positioned among NYC boroughs?
Answer: northernmost

Question: What is the Bronx's population?
Answer: 1,438,159

Question: How large is the Bronx?
Answer: 42 square miles (109 km2)

Question: What is unique about the Bronx's location?
Answer: Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland
Title: The_Bronx

The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639. The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the American South. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop.

Question: Who is the Bronx named for?
Answer: Jonas Bronck

Question: What did Bronck do?
Answer: created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony

Question: When did Bronck settle in the New York area?
Answer: 1639

Question: What native tribe lived in the New York area?
Answer: Lenape

Question: What types of music the Bronx famous for?
Answer: Latin music and hip hop
Title: The_Bronx

The Bronx contains one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States, the 15th, but its wide diversity also includes affluent, upper-income and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a sharp decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s, culminating in a wave of arson. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace in the 1990s into today.

Question: How poor is part of the Bronx?
Answer: one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States

Question: What neighborhoods of the Bronx are more affluent?
Answer: Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club

Question: When did the South Bronx lose quality of life?
Answer: the late 1960s and the 1970s

Question: What crime problem happened in the Bronx in the 70s?
Answer: arson
Title: The_Bronx

Jonas Bronck (c. 1600–43) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother.

Question: When was Jonas Bronck born?
Answer: 1600

Question: When did Bronck reach the New York area?
Answer: spring of 1639

Question: Where did Bronck emigrate from?
Answer: Småland, Sweden

Question: What entity did Bronck get his land from?
Answer: the Dutch West India Company

Question: How much land did Bronck eventually own?
Answer: 500 acres
Title: The_Bronx

The Bronx is referred to, both legally and colloquially, with a definite article, as the Bronx. (The County of Bronx, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses.) The name for this region, apparently after the Bronx River, first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers. Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name is that the original form of the name was a possessive or collective one referring to the family, as in visiting The Broncks, The Bronck's or The Broncks'.

Question: What is the Bronx's county name?
Answer: The County of Bronx

Question: What is the Bronx's borough name?
Answer: Borough of the Bronx

Question: When was the Bronx created?
Answer: 1874

Question: When was the Bronx added to?
Answer: 1898

Question: What county was the Bronx split off from?
Answer: Westchester
Title: The_Bronx

The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether.

Question: When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?
Answer: 1759

Question: Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?
Answer: tolls were resented

Question: What strategic advantage did the Bronx's location have?
Answer: between New England and New York

Question: When was Kingsbridge built?
Answer: 1693

Question: Who owned Kingsbridge?
Answer: Frederick Philipse
Title: The_Bronx

The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town, West Farms, was created by division of Westchester; in turn, in 1855, the town of Morrisania was created from West Farms. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge (roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn) was established within the former borders of Yonkers.

Question: How many counties did New York originally have?
Answer: 12

Question: Parts of which towns became part of the Bronx?
Answer: Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham

Question: When was West Farms created?
Answer: 1846

Question: When was Morrisania created?
Answer: 1855

Question: When was the town of Kingsbridge created?
Answer: 1873
Title: The_Bronx

The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were abolished in the process. In 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, the whole of the territory east of the Bronx River, including the Town of Westchester (which had voted in 1894 against consolidation) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham, were annexed to the city. City Island, a nautical community, voted to join the city in 1896.

Question: When did New York City annex Kingsbridge?
Answer: 1873

Question: When did New York City annex West Farms?
Answer: 1873

Question: When did New York City annex Morrisania?
Answer: 1873

Question: When did New York City annex part of Pelham?
Answer: 1895

Question: When did New York City annex part of Eastchester?
Answer: 1895
Title: The_Bronx

The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950–85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.

Question: When was the Bronx's boom period?
Answer: 1900–29

Question: What was the Bronx's population in 1900?
Answer: 200,000

Question: What was the Bronx's population in 1929?
Answer: 1.3 million

Question: When did the Bronx's income declined?
Answer: 1950–85

Question: When did the Bronx's economy regrow?
Answer: starting in the late 1980s
Title: The_Bronx

The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, according to Jewish organizations, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population), while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses.

Question: How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 1937?
Answer: 592,185

Question: How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 2011?
Answer: 54,000

Question: What led to the Bronx's population growth?
Answer: Extensions of the New York City Subway

Question: What immigrant groups were the most prevalent in the Bronx?
Answer: Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans

Question: How much of the Bronx was Jewish in 1937?
Answer: 43.9%
Title: The_Bronx

Yet another may have been a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas of the Bronx — a process known as redlining. Others have suggested a "planned shrinkage" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting. There was also much debate as to whether rent control laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings.

Question: What is redlining?
Answer: a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas

Question: What might have encouraged landlords to abandon or destroy buildings?
Answer: rent control laws

Question: What example city service was cut back on in the Bronx?
Answer: fire-fighting
Title: The_Bronx

In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, like the South Bronx. The most common explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area. The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx.

Question: What crime was common in the Bronx in the 1970s?
Answer: arson

Question: Why did some landlords burn their own buildings?
Answer: it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area

Question: Where were poverty and unemployment the worst in the Bronx?
Answer: South Bronx
Title: The_Bronx

Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan" and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx. The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs.

Question: What city plan helped redevelop the Bronx?
Answer: "Ten-Year Housing Plan"

Question: How many units are in the Nehemiah Homes?
Answer: about 1,000

Question: Who built the Nehemiah Homes?
Answer: Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx

Question: Who led the Melrose Commons project?
Answer: Nos Quedamos

Question: How many bank branches were in the Bronx by 2007?
Answer: 149
Title: The_Bronx

In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century. In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings." The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx.

Question: What award did the Bronx receive in 1997?
Answer: All America City

Question: Who gave the Bronx an award in 1997?
Answer: the National Civic League

Question: How were window decals used in the Bronx in the 1980s?
Answer: pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings

Question: How many housing units were built in the Bronx in 2002-2007?
Answer: 33,687

Question: How much was invested in housing in the Bronx in 2002-2007?
Answer: $4.8 billion
Title: The_Bronx

Several boutique and chain hotels have opened in recent years in the South Bronx; in addition, a La Quinta Inn that has been proposed for the Mott Haven waterfront. The Kingsbridge Armory, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is scheduled for redevelopment as the Kingsbridge National Ice Center. Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the New York City Subway's Concourse Yard adjacent to Lehman College. The construction would permit approximately 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of development and would cost US$350–500 million.

Question: What is Kingsbridge Armory being turned into?
Answer: Kingsbridge National Ice Center

Question: What was the largest armory in the world?
Answer: Kingsbridge Armory

Question: Where is a La Quinta being built in the Bronx?
Answer: the Mott Haven waterfront

Question: How much would a Concourse Yard platform cost?
Answer: US$350–500 million

Question: How much development space would a Concourse Yard platform provide?
Answer: 2,000,000 square feet
Title: The_Bronx

The Bronx is almost entirely situated on the North American mainland. The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County, New Jersey; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast; and to the east, Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island. Directly north of the Bronx are (from west to east) the adjoining Westchester County communities of Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Pelham Manor and New Rochelle. (There is also a short southern land boundary with Marble Hill in the Borough of Manhattan, over the filled-in former course of the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. Marble Hill's postal ZIP code, telephonic Area Code and fire service, however, are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan.)

Question: What's on the other side of the Hudson from the Bronx?
Answer: Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs

Question: What county is Tenafly in?
Answer: Bergen County

Question: What state is Alpine in?
Answer: New Jersey

Question: What's on the other side of the Harlem River from the Bronx?
Answer: Manhattan

Question: What's on the other side of the East River from the Bronx?
Answer: Queens
Title: The_Bronx

The Bronx's highest elevation at 280 feet (85 m) is in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School. The opposite (southeastern) side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or "necks" of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and were once salt marsh: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck. Further up the coastline, Rodman's Neck lies between Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island. The Bronx's irregular shoreline extends for 75 square miles (194 km2).

Question: Where is the Bronx's highest point?
Answer: in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School

Question: What part of the Bronx formerly a salt marsh?
Answer: southeastern

Question: What are the Bronx's four low peninsulas?
Answer: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck

Question: What is Rodman's Neck between?
Answer: Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island

Question: How long is the Bronx's shoreline?
Answer: 75 square miles