rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Orthodox_Judaism

Orthodox Judaism maintains the historical understanding of Jewish identity. A Jew is someone who was born to a Jewish mother, or who converts to Judaism in accordance with Jewish law and tradition. Orthodoxy thus rejects patrilineal descent as a means of establishing Jewish identity. Similarly, Orthodoxy strongly condemns intermarriage. Intermarriage is seen as a deliberate rejection of Judaism, and an intermarried person is effectively cut off from most of the Orthodox community. However, some Orthodox Jewish organizations do reach out to intermarried Jews.

Question: What maintains a historical understanding of jewish Identity?
Answer: Orthodox Judaism

Question: What does orthodoxy reject as a means of establishing Jewish identiy?
Answer: patrilineal descent

Question: What is intermarriage typically seen as?
Answer: rejection of Judaism

Question: What does Orthodoxy strongly condemn?
Answer: intermarriage

Question: What happens to most intermarried people in the orthodox community?
Answer: cut off
Title: Orthodox_Judaism

However, there is significant disagreement within Orthodox Judaism, particularly between Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism, about the extent and circumstances under which the proper application of Halakha should be re-examined as a result of changing realities. As a general rule, Haredi Jews believe that when at all possible the law should be maintained as it was understood by their authorities at the haskalah, believing that it had never changed. Modern Orthodox authorities are more willing to assume that under scrupulous examination, identical principles may lead to different applications in the context of modern life. To the Orthodox Jew, halakha is a guide, God's Law, governing the structure of daily life from the moment he or she wakes up to the moment he goes to sleep. It includes codes of behaviour applicable to a broad range of circumstances (and many hypothetical ones). There are though a number of halakhic meta-principles that guide the halakhic process and in an instance of opposition between a specific halakha and a meta-principle, the meta-principle often wins out . Examples of Halakhic Meta-Principles are: "Deracheha Darchei Noam" - the ways of Torah are pleasant, "Kavod Habriyot" - basic respect for human beings, "Pikuach Nefesh" - the sanctity of human life.

Question: What do haredi Judaism and modern orthodox Judaism disagree about the application of?
Answer: Halakha

Question: what law is halakha to the Orthodox Jew?
Answer: God's Law,

Question: Basic respect for human beings is known as what?
Answer: "Kavod Habriyot"

Question: The sanctiy of human life is known as what?
Answer: "Pikuach Nefesh"

Question: What does halakha guide?
Answer: structure of daily life
Title: Orthodox_Judaism

According to Orthodox Judaism, Jewish law today is based on the commandments in the Torah, as viewed through the discussions and debates contained in classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud. Orthodox Judaism thus holds that the halakha represents the "will of God", either directly, or as closely to directly as possible. The laws are from the word of God in the Torah, using a set of rules also revealed by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, and have been derived with the utmost accuracy and care, and thus the Oral Law is considered to be no less the word of God. If some of the details of Jewish law may have been lost over the millennia, they were reconstructed in accordance with internally consistent rules; see The 13 rules by which Jewish law was derived.

Question: What is jewish law today based on?
Answer: Torah

Question: what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm?
Answer: will of God

Question: Where were the rules about the Torah revealed to Moses by God?
Answer: Mount Sinai

Question: How many rules are jewish law derived from?
Answer: 13

Question: What law is considered to be no less the word of god?
Answer: Oral Law
Title: Orthodox_Judaism

Hasidic or Chasidic Judaism overlaps significantly with Haredi Judaism in its engagement with the secular and commercial world, and in regard to social issues. It precedes the later and differs in its genesis and emerged focus. The movement originated in Eastern Europe (what is now Belarus and Ukraine) in the 18th century. Founded by Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov (1698–1760), it emerged in an age of persecution of the Jewish people, when a schism existed between scholarly and common European Jews. In addition to bridging this class gap, Hasidic teachings sought to reintroduce joy in the performance of the commandments and in prayer through the popularisation of Jewish mysticism (this joy had been suppressed in the intense intellectual study of the Talmud). The Ba'al Shem Tov sought to combine rigorous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance. In a practical sense, what distinguishes Hasidic Judaism from other forms of Haredi Judaism is the close-knit organization of Hasidic communities centered on a Rebbe (sometimes translated as "Grand Rabbi"), and various customs and modes of dress particular to each community. In some cases, there are religious ideological distinctions between Hasidic groups, as well. Another phenomenon that sets Hasidic Judaism apart from general Haredi Judaism is the strong emphasis placed on speaking Yiddish; in (many) Hasidic households and communities, Yiddish is spoken exclusively.

Question: What overlaps significantly with Hasidic Judiasm?
Answer: Haredi Judaism

Question: What overlaps significantly with Haredi Judiasm?
Answer: Chasidic Judaism

Question: Who founded what is known as the Baal Shem Tov?
Answer: Israel ben Eliezer

Question: What sought to combine rigourous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance?
Answer: Ba'al Shem Tov

Question: What is the spoken word known as in Hasidic Judiasm?
Answer: Yiddish
Title: Orthodox_Judaism

In contrast to the general American Jewish community, which is dwindling due to low fertility and high intermarriage and assimilation rates, the Orthodox Jewish community of the United States is growing rapidly. Among Orthodox Jews, the fertility rate stands at about 4.1 children per family, as compared to 1.9 children per family among non-Orthodox Jews, and intermarriage among Orthodox Jews is practically non-existent, standing at about 2%, in contrast to a 71% intermarriage rate among non-Orthodox Jews. In addition, Orthodox Judaism has a growing retention rate; while about half of those raised in Orthodox homes previously abandoned Orthodox Judaism, that number is declining. According to The New York Times, the high growth rate of Orthodox Jews will eventually render them the dominant demographic force in New York Jewry.

Question: What is the fertility rate among non-orthodox Jewish families??
Answer: 1.9 children

Question: What is the fertility rate among orthodox Jewish families?
Answer: 4.1 children

Question: What is the rate of intermarriage among orthodox Jews?
Answer: 2%

Question: What is the intermarriage rate among non-orthodox jews?
Answer: 71%

Question: how many raised on orthodox Jewish homes abandon orthodox Judaism typically?
Answer: half
Title: Orthodox_Judaism

On the other hand, Orthodox Jews subscribing to Modern Orthodoxy in its American and UK incarnations, tend to be far more right-wing than both non-orthodox and other orthodox Jews. While the overwhelming majority of non-Orthodox American Jews are on average strongly liberal and supporters of the Democratic Party, the Modern Orthodox subgroup of Orthodox Judaism tends to be far more conservative, with roughly half describing themselves as political conservatives, and are mostly Republican Party supporters. Modern Orthodox Jews, compared to both the non-Orthodox American Jewry and the Haredi and Hasidic Jewry, also tend to have a stronger connection to Israel due to their attachment to Zionism.

Question: Orthodox Jews subsciribing to modern orthodoxy tend to be what political alignment typically?
Answer: right-wing

Question: half of orthodox judiasm tends to lean to what political ideaology?
Answer: conservative

Question: What political party is mostly supported by orthodox jews?
Answer: Republican

Question: Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have a stronger connection to what country?
Answer: Israel

Question: Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have an attachment to what movement?
Answer: Zionism
Title: Orthodox_Judaism

Modern Orthodoxy, as a stream of Orthodox Judaism represented by institutions such as the U.S. National Council for Young Israel, is pro-Zionist and thus places a high national, as well as religious, significance on the State of Israel, and its affiliates are, typically, Zionist in orientation. It also practices involvement with non-Orthodox Jews that extends beyond "outreach (Kiruv)" to continued institutional relations and cooperation; see further under Torah Umadda. Other "core beliefs" are a recognition of the value and importance of secular studies, a commitment to equality of education for both men and women, and a full acceptance of the importance of being able to financially support oneself and one's family.

Question: What does the US national council for Young Isreal represent?
Answer: Modern Orthodoxy

Question: What is involvement with non-orthodox Jews known as?
Answer: "outreach (Kiruv)"

Question: What is a core beliefe that was recognized as important by orthodox Jews?
Answer: secular studies

Question: what is it important for both men and women orthodox jews to be able to do?
Answer: support oneself
Title: Orthodox_Judaism

However, the Orthodox claim to absolute fidelity to past tradition has been challenged by scholars who contend that the Judaism of the Middle Ages bore little resemblance to that practiced by today's Orthodox. Rather, the Orthodox community, as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement, began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices than their predecessors, most notably in matters of Kashrut and Passover dietary laws, where the strictest possible interpretation becomes a religious requirement, even where the Talmud explicitly prefers a more lenient position, and even where a more lenient position was practiced by prior generations.

Question: what is the name of the movement of liberalism?
Answer: Haskalah

Question: what sometimes prefers a more lenient position on Dietray laws?
Answer: Talmud

Question: previous generations typically praciced a more lenient position in regard to what?
Answer: dietary laws

Question: What are dietary laws known as?
Answer: halachic practices
Title: Orthodox_Judaism

The roots of Orthodox Judaism can be traced to the late 18th or early 19th century, when elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice in the early 19th century in response to the Age of Enlightenment, Jewish Emancipation, and Haskalah. They sought to modernize education in light of contemporary scholarship. They rejected claims of the absolute divine authorship of the Torah, declaring only biblical laws concerning ethics to be binding, and stated that the rest of halakha (Jewish law) need not be viewed as normative for Jews in wider society. (see Reform Judaism).

Question: When can the roots of orthodox judaism be traced to?
Answer: 19th century

Question: When did the German Jewry seek to reform Jewish belief?
Answer: early 19th century

Question: what did orthodox jews seek to modernize?
Answer: education

Question: what did the German Jewry reject about the Torah?
Answer: absolute divine authorship
Title: Orthodox_Judaism

Politically, Orthodox Jews, given their variety of movements and affiliations, tend not to conform easily to the standard left-right political spectrum, with one of the key differences between the movements stemming from the groups' attitudes to Zionism. Generally speaking, of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism, Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews are at best ambivalent towards the ideology of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel, and there are many groups and organisations who are outspokenly anti-Zionistic, seeing the ideology of Zionism as diametrically opposed to the teaching of the Torah, and the Zionist administration of the State of Israel, with its emphasis on militarism and nationalism, as destructive of the Judaic way of life.

Question: What do orthodox Jews express ambivalence towards?
Answer: Zionism

Question: What is the administration of the state of Isreal seen as?
Answer: Zionist

Question: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on besides Militarism?
Answer: nationalism

Question: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on in addition to Nationalism?
Answer: militarism

Question: what is the Zionist administrartion of the state of Israel seen as according to the judaic way of life?
Answer: destructive
Title: Orthodox_Judaism

In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the number of adherents to Orthodox Judaism, especially Haredi and Chassidic communities, has grown rapidly. Some scholars estimate more Jewish men are studying in yeshivot (Talmudic schools) and Kollelim (post-graduate Talmudical colleges for married (male) students) than at any other time in history.[citation needed]

Question: Tamudic schools are known as what?
Answer: yeshivot

Question: what are the colleges married men study in called?
Answer: Talmudical colleges

Question: Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and intermarriage so they do not do what with non-orthodox populaions?
Answer: interact

Question: Haredi Jews do not share what with other jewish sects?
Answer: doctrines
Title: Orthodox_Judaism

Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah, and because of their rejection of Halakhic precedent as binding. As such, Orthodox Jewish groups characterize non-Orthodox forms of Judaism as heretical; see the article on Relationships between Jewish religious movements.

Question: What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition?
Answer: Orthodox Judaism

Question: What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments?
Answer: unacceptable

Question: What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as?
Answer: heretical

Question: Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent?
Answer: Halakhic
Title: Orthodox_Judaism

Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, the neighborhoods of Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights, located in the borough of Brooklyn, have particularly large Orthodox communities. The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, and Kiryas Joel. There are also sizable and rapidly growing Orthodox communities throughout New Jersey, particularly in Lakewood, Teaneck, Englewood, Passaic, and Fair Lawn.

Question: Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what?
Answer: American Orthodox Jews

Question: Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State?
Answer: New Jersey

Question: Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located?
Answer: Rockland County

Question: Where do many American Orthodox Jews live?
Answer: New York State
Title: Orthodox_Judaism

Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox movement holds that Hirsch's views are not accurately followed by Modern Orthodoxy. [See Torah im Derech Eretz and Torah Umadda "Relationship with Torah im Derech Eretz" for a more extensive listing.]

Question: Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from?
Answer: Western European Jewry

Question: What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today?
Answer: traditional

Question: the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy?
Answer: Hirsch's
Title: Orthodox_Judaism

For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. Concerning the details, however, there is often variance: decisions may be based on various of the standardized codes of Jewish Law that have been developed over the centuries, as well as on the various responsa. These codes and responsa may differ from each other as regards detail (and reflecting the above philosophical differences, as regards the weight assigned to these). By and large, however, the differences result from the historic dispersal of the Jews and the consequent development of differences among regions in their practices (see minhag).

Question: What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law?
Answer: Shulchan Aruch

Question: there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews?
Answer: uniformity

Question: What is the differences among regions in practices known as?
Answer: minhag

Question: Why are the codes and responsa different in regards to details?
Answer: philosophical differences
Title: Orthodox_Judaism

Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews should attempt to engage and influence the modern world, and encouraged those secular studies compatible with Torah thought. This pattern of religious and secular involvement has been evident at many times in Jewish history. Scholars[who?] believe it was characteristic of the Jews in Babylon during the Amoraic and Geonic periods, and likewise in early medieval Spain, shown by their engagement with both Muslim and Christian society. It appeared as the traditional response to cultural and scientific innovation.

Question: Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience?
Answer: Hirsch

Question: What was Hirsch's approach called?
Answer: Torah im Derech Eretz

Question: What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as?
Answer: neo-Orthodoxy

Question: The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what?
Answer: modern world
Title: Animal

The word "animal" comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, having soul or living being. In everyday non-scientific usage the word excludes humans – that is, "animal" is often used to refer only to non-human members of the kingdom Animalia; often, only closer relatives of humans such as mammals, or mammals and other vertebrates, are meant. The biological definition of the word refers to all members of the kingdom Animalia, encompassing creatures as diverse as sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans.

Question: Where does the word animal come from?
Answer: Latin animalis

Question: What does the Latin word animalis mean?
Answer: having breath, having soul or living being

Question: The word animal is usually only used to refer to what?
Answer: non-human members of the kingdom Animalia

Question: The biological definition of the word animal refers to all member of what kingdom?
Answer: Animalia

Question: What are some of the creatures included in the kingdom of Animalia?
Answer: sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans
Title: Animal

All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized, making complex structures possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms, like plants and fungi, have cells held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth. Also, unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.

Question: What type of cells do all animals have?
Answer: eukaryotic

Question: What is the extracellular matrix surrounding eukaryotic cells made of?
Answer: collagen and elastic glycoproteins

Question: What is formed when the collagen and elastic glycoproteins surrounding eukaryotic cells are calcified? 
Answer: shells, bones, and spicules

Question: What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells?
Answer: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes

Question: How are cells held in place in plants and fungi?
Answer: cell walls
Title: Animal

Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a heterotroph that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation almost always results in the death of the prey. The other main category of consumption is detritivory, the consumption of dead organic matter. It can at times be difficult to separate the two feeding behaviours, for example, where parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse. Selective pressures imposed on one another has led to an evolutionary arms race between prey and predator, resulting in various antipredator adaptations.

Question: What is the biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey called?
Answer: Predation

Question: The act of predation typically results in what for the prey?
Answer: death

Question: What is the consumption of dead organic matter called?
Answer: detritivory

Question: Why do parasitic species lay their eggs on their prey?
Answer: their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse

Question: The evolutionary arms race between prey and predator has resulted in what?
Answer: various antipredator adaptations
Title: Animal

Among the other phyla, the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish, are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, with only scattered cells between them. As such, these animals are sometimes called diploblastic. The tiny placozoans are similar, but they do not have a permanent digestive chamber.

Question: Ctenophora and the Cnidaria include what sea creatures?
Answer: anemones, corals, and jellyfish

Question: The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what?
Answer: both the mouth and the anus

Question: What are the 2 main germ systems in the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria called?
Answer: ectoderm and endoderm

Question: What are the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria animals sometimes called?
Answer: diploblastic

Question: What differentiates placozoans from the ctenophora and the cnidaria?
Answer: they do not have a permanent digestive chamber