rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Letter_case

As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note #26, "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc [and] make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive […]". In other words, while the shapes of letters like A, B, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X, Y and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single codepoint for, say, uppercase letter B, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, b (Latin), β (Greek), or в (Cyrillic). Without letter case, a "unified European alphabet" – such as ABБCГDΔΕZЄЗFΦGHIИJ…Z, with an appropriate subset for each language – is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols.

Question: Attempts to unify Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would create which sort of problems?
Answer: make casing operations an unholy mess

Question: What among many common letters is shared between Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic?
Answer: shapes

Question: What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide?
Answer: single codepoint

Question: What distinguishes Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic from one another?
Answer: sets of symbols

Question: Although there are challenges a unified European alphabet is feasible even in the absence of which common language rule?
Answer: letter case
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by the name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state. When the Spanish explorers reached this area they found their descendants, Suma and Manso tribes. In the southern part of the state, in a region known as Aridoamerica, Chichimeca people survived by hunting, gathering, and farming between AD 300 and 1300. The Chichimeca are the ancestors of the Tepehuan people.

Question: What was the name of the nomad tribes that hunted bison?
Answer: Jornado

Question: Along which river did they hunt bison?
Answer: Rio Grande

Question: How did the Chichimeca survive?
Answer: hunting, gathering, and farming

Question: The Chichimeca are the ancestors of what people?
Answer: Tepehuan

Question: The Jornado painted onto what surface?
Answer: rock
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest of progressive ideas, declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato on September 16, 1810 with a proclamation known as the "Grito de Dolores". Hidalgo built a large support among intellectuals, liberal priests and many poor people. Hidalgo fought to protect the rights of the poor and indigenous population. He started on a march to the capital, Mexico City, but retreated back north when faced with the elite of the royal forces at the outskirts of the capital. He established a liberal government from Guadalajara, Jalisco but was soon forced to flee north by the royal forces that recaptured the city. Hidalgo attempted to reach the United States and gain American support for Mexican independence. HIdalgo reached Saltillo, Coahuila where he publicly resigned his military post and rejected a pardon offered by Viceroy Francisco Venegas in return for Hidalgo's surrender. A short time later, he and his supporters were captured by royalist Ignacio Elizondo at the Wells of Baján (Norias de Baján) on March 21, 1811 and taken to the city of Chihuahua. Hidalgo forced the Bishop of Valladolid, Manuel Abad y Queipo, to rescind the excommunication order he had circulated against him on September 24, 1810. Later, the Inquisition issued an excommunication edict on October 13, 1810 condemning Miguel Hidalgo as a seditionary, apostate, and heretic.

Question: What was the name of the town in which Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared independence?
Answer: Dolores

Question: What was the name of the Proclamation?
Answer: Grito de Dolores

Question: What was Hidalgo's occupation?
Answer: priest

Question: What was the name of the royalist who captured Hidalgo?
Answer: Ignacio Elizondo

Question: Which country had Hidalgo attempted to reach to gain support?
Answer: United States
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

At a convention of citizens called to select a new provisional ruler, Gutierrez obtained the vote, with P. J. Escalante for his deputy, and a council to guide the administration. Santa Anna ordered the reinstatement of Mendarozqueta as comandante general. Gutiérrez yielded, but Escalante refused to surrender office, demonstrations of support ensued, but Escalante yielded when troops were summoned from Zacatecas. A new election brought a new legislature, and conforming governors. In September 1835 José Urrea a federalist army officer came into power.

Question: Who did Santa Anna order the reinstatement as comandante general?
Answer: Mendarozqueta

Question: What was the name of the federalist army officer who eventually came into power during the new election?
Answer: José Urrea

Question: Who had actually won the original vote?
Answer: Gutierrez

Question: Who was his deputy?
Answer: P. J. Escalante

Question: Who refused to yield until troops were summoned?
Answer: Escalante
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, ended the war, gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, and established the U.S.–Mexican border of the Rio Grande. As news of peace negotiations reached the state, new call to arms began to flare among the people of the state. But as the Mexican officials in Chihuahua heard that General Price was heading back to Mexico with a large force comprising several companies of infantry and three companies of cavalry and one division of light artillery from Santa Fe on February 8, 1848, Ángel Trías sent a message to Sacramento Pass to ask for succession of the area as they understood the war had concluded. General Price, misunderstanding this as a deception by the Mexican forces, continued to advance towards the state capital. On March 16, 1848 Price began negotiations with Ángel Trías, but the Mexican leader responded with an ultimatum to General Price. The American forces engaged with the Mexican forces near Santa Cruz de los Rosales on March 16, 1848. The Battle of Santa Cruz de los Rosales was the last battle of the Mexican–American War and it occurred after the peace treaty was signed. The American forces maintained control over the state capital for three months after the confirmation of the peace treaty. The American presence served to delay the possible succession of the state which had been discussed at the end of 1847, and the state remained under United States occupation until May 22, 1848.

Question: What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?
Answer: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Question: In which year was the treaty signed?
Answer: 1848

Question: Control over which current U.S. state was given to the U.S. under this treaty?
Answer: Texas

Question: How long did the U.S. continue to maintain control over the state capital after the treaty?
Answer: three months

Question: Which American general misunderstood the Mexican message sent to Sacramento Pass?
Answer: General Price
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

In consequence to the Reform War, the federal government was bankrupt and could not pay its foreign debts to Spain, England, and France. On July 17, 1861, President Juárez decreed a moratorium on payment to foreign debtors for a period of two years. Spain, England, and France did not accept the moratorium by Mexico; they united at the Convention of the Triple Alliance on October 31, 1861 in which they agreed to take possession of several custom stations within Mexico as payment. A delegation of the Triple Alliance arrived in Veracruz in December 1861. President Juárez immediately sent his Foreign Affairs Minister, Manuel Doblado, who is able to reduce the debts through the Pacto de Soledad (Soledad Pact). General Juan Prim of Spain persuaded the English delegation to accept the terms of the Pacto de Soledad, but the French delegation refused.

Question: Which countries owned Mexican debt?
Answer: Spain, England, and France

Question: Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister?
Answer: Manuel Doblado

Question: Who was the President of Mexico at the time?
Answer: President Juárez

Question: Who convinced the English to accept the terms of the pact?
Answer: General Juan Prim of Spain

Question: Which country refused to accept?
Answer: France
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

Maximilian was deeply dissatisfied with General Bazaine's decision to abandon the state capital of Chihuahua and immediately ordered Agustín B. Billaut to recapture the city. On December 11, 1865, Billaut with a force of 500 men took control of the city. By January 31, 1866 Billaut was ordered to leave Chihuahua, but he left behind 500 men to maintain control. At the zenith of their power, the imperialist forces controlled all but four states in Mexico; the only states to maintain strong opposition to the French were: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California.

Question: Who was deeply dissatisfied with Bazaine's decision to abandon Chihuahua?
Answer: Maximilian

Question: How many men did Billaut have when he recaptured the city?
Answer: 500

Question: At its zenith, the imperialist forces controlled all but how many states in Mexico?
Answer: four

Question: Which four states opposed the French?
Answer: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California

Question: In which year did Billaut capture Chihuahua?
Answer: 1865
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

After the death of the president Benito Juárez in 1872, the first magistracy of the country was occupied by the vice-president Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, who called for new elections. Two candidates were registered; Lerdo de Tejada and General Porfirio Díaz, one of the heroes of the Battle of Puebla which had taken place on May 5, 1862. Lerdeo de Tejada won the election, but lost popularity after he announced his intent to run for re-election. On March 21, 1876, Don Porfirio Díaz rebelled against President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada. The Plan of Tuxtepec defended the "No Re-election" principle. On June 2, 1876 the garrisons in the state of Chihuahua surrendered to the authority of General Porfirio Díaz; Governor Antonio Ochoa was arrested until all the Lerdista forces were suppressed throughout the state. Porfirio Díaz then helped Tíras regain the governorship of the state of Chihuahua allowing for the Plan of Tuxtepec to be implemented. The victory of the Plan of Tuxtepec, gave the interim presidency to Jose Maria Iglesias and later, as the only candidate, the General Porfirio Díaz assumed the presidency on May 5, 1877. During the first years of the Porfiriato (Porfirio Díaz Era), the Díaz administration had to combat several attacks from the Lerdista forces and the Apache. A new rebellion led by the Lerdista party was orchestrated from exile in the United States. The Lerdista forces were able to temporarily occupy the city of El Paso del Norte until mid-1877. During 1877 the northern parts of the state suffered through a spell of extreme drought which were responsible for many deaths in El Paso del Norte.

Question: In which year did Benito Juarez die?
Answer: 1872

Question: The two candidates were heroes of what battle?
Answer: Battle of Puebla

Question: Which plan defended the "No Re-election" principle?
Answer: The Plan of Tuxtepec

Question: Which party rebelled against the administration?
Answer: Lerdista party

Question: Which city was occupied by the Lerdista forces?
Answer: El Paso del Norte
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

In March 1912, in Chihuahua, Gen. Pascual Orozco revolted. Immediately President Francisco Madero commanded Gen. Victoriano Huerta of the Federal Army, to put down the Orozco revolt. The governor of Chihuahua mobilized the state militia led by Colonel Pancho Villa to supplement General Huerta. By June, Villa notified Huerta that the Orozco revolt had been put down and that the militia would consider themselves no longer under Huerta's command and would depart. Huerta became furious and ordered that Villa be executed. Raúl Madero, Madero's brother, intervened to save Villa's life. Jailed in Mexico City, Villa fled to the United States. Madero's time as leader was short-lived, ended by a coup d'état in 1913 led by Gen. Victoriano Huerta; Orozco sided with Huerta, and Huerta made him one of his generals.

Question: Which year did Orozco revolt?
Answer: 1912

Question: Who notified Huerta the revolt had been put down?
Answer: Villa

Question: Who saved Villa's life?
Answer: Raúl Madero

Question: With whom did Orozco side?
Answer: Huerta
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake, it has more forests than any other state in Mexico, with the exception of Durango. Due to its variant climate, the state has a large variety of fauna and flora. The state is mostly characterized by rugged mountainous terrain and wide river valleys. The Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range, an extension of the Rocky Mountains, dominates the state's terrain and is home to the state's greatest attraction, Las Barrancas del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon. On the slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains (around the regions of Casas Grandes, Cuauhtémoc and Parral), there are vast prairies of short yellow grass, the source of the bulk of the state's agricultural production. Most of the inhabitants live along the Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley.

Question: Which state has more forests than Chihuahua?
Answer: Durango

Question: The state of Chihuahua is primarily identified with what type of landscape?
Answer: Desert

Question: The Copper Canyon is deeper than what popular American canyon?
Answer: Grand Canyon

Question: Along which two valleys do most inhabitants of Chihuahua live?
Answer: Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley

Question: The Sierra Madre Occidentals are an extension of which American mountain range?
Answer: Rocky Mountains
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

Public opinion pressured the U.S. government to bring Villa to justice for the raid on Columbus, New Mexico; U.S. President Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing and some 5,000 troops into Mexico in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa. It was known as the Punitive Expedition. After nearly a year of pursuing Villa, American forces returned to the United States. The American intervention had been limited to the western sierras of Chihuahua. Villa had the advantage of intimately knowing the inhospitable terrain of the Sonoran Desert and the almost impassable Sierra Madre mountains and always managed to stay one step ahead of his pursuers. In 1923 Villa was assassinated by a group of seven gunmen who ambushed him while he was sitting in the back seat of his car in Parral.

Question: Which city did Villa raid?
Answer: Columbus, New Mexico

Question: Which American president pursued Villa?
Answer: President Wilson

Question: How long did the American troops pursue Villa?
Answer: nearly a year

Question: In which city was Villa killed?
Answer: Parral

Question: In which year was Villa assassinated?
Answer: 1923
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

La Cueva De Las Ventanas (The Cave of Windows), a series of cliff dwellings along an important trade route, and Las Jarillas Cave scrambled along the canyons of the Sierra Madre in Northwestern Chihuahua date between AD 1205 and 1260 and belong to the Paquimé culture. Cuarenta Casas is thought to have been a branch settlement from Paquime to protect the trade route from attack. Archaeologists believe the civilization began to decline during the 13th century and by the 15th century the inhabitants of Paquime sought refuge in the Sierra Madre Occidental while others are thought to have emigrated north and joined the Ancestral Pueblo peoples. According to anthropologist current natives tribes (Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara) are descendants of the Casas Grandes culture.

Question: Along which mountain range does the Cave of Windows lie?
Answer: Sierra Madre

Question: Cuarenta Casas is thought to be a branch of which settlement?
Answer: Paquime

Question: Where did the Paquime seek refuge?
Answer: Sierra Madre Occidental

Question: Which current native tribes are thought to be descendants of the Casas Grandes?
Answer: Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

and Camargo. In 1631 Juan Rangel de Biezma discovered a rich vein of silver, and subsequently established San Jose del Parral near the site. Parral remained an important economic and cultural center for the next 300 years. On December 8, 1659 Fray García de San Francisco founded the mission of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Mansos del Paso del Río del Norte and founded the town El Paso Del Norte (present day Ciudad Juárez) in 1667. The Spanish society that developed in the region replaced the sparse population of indigenous peoples. The absence of servants and workers forged the spirit of northern people as self-dependent, creative people that defended their European heritage. In 1680 settlers from Santa Fe, New Mexico sought refuge in El Paso Del Norte for twelve years after fleeing the attacks from Pueblo tribes, but returned to Santa Fe in 1692 after Diego de Vargas recaptured the city and vicinity. In 1709, Antonio de Deza y Ulloa founded the state capital Chihuahua City; shortly after, the city became the headquarters for the regional mining offices of the Spanish crown known as Real de Minas de San Francisco de Cuéllar in honor of the Viceroy of New Spain, Francisco Fernández de la Cueva Enríquez, Duke of Alburquerque and the Marquee of Cuéllar..

Question: Which precious metal did Biezma discover?
Answer: silver

Question: How many years was Parral an important economic and cultural center?
Answer: 300 years

Question: In which year did Sante Fe inhabitants return home from seeking refuge?
Answer: 1692

Question: Which new state capital was founded in 1709?
Answer: Chihuahua City

Question: In which city had the inhabitants of Sante Fe been seeking refuge?
Answer: El Paso Del Norte
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

The earliest evidence of human inhabitants of modern day Chihuahua was discovered in the area of Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado. Clovis points have been found in northeastern Chihuahua that have been dated from 12,000 BC to 7000 BC. It is thought that these inhabitants were hunter gatherers. Inhabitants of the state later developed farming with the domestication of corn. An archeological site in northern Chihuahua known as Cerro Juanaqueña revealed squash cultivation, irrigation techniques, and ceramic artifacts dating to around 2000 BC.

Question: In which areas were the earliest human inhabitants discovered?
Answer: Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado

Question: What range of years are the oldest ruins from?
Answer: 12,000 BC to 7000 BC

Question: Which vegetable were they found to have been farming?
Answer: corn

Question: Around what year were the ceramic artifacts found to have been from?
Answer: 2000 BC
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

During the period from 2000–2005 it is estimated that 49,722 people left the state for the United States. Some 82,000 people are thought to have immigrated to the state from 2000–2005 mainly coming from Veracruz (17.6%), United States (16.2%), Durango (13.2%), Coahuila (8.0%) and Chiapas (4.5%). It is believed that there is a large number of undocumented immigrants in that state the come from Central and South America which mainly settle in Ciudad Juárez. According to the 2005 census, the population grew 1.06% from 2000 to 2005. The state has an uneven settlement of people and the lowest population density of any Mexican state; according to the 2005 census there were 12 people per km2. Of all the 3,241,444 people in the state, two-thirds (2,072,129) live in the cities of Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua. Only three other cities have populations over 100,000: Parral 101,147, Cuauhtémoc 105,725, and Delicias 108,187.

Question: How many people left the state for the U.S. between 2000-2005?
Answer: 49,722

Question: In which city is there a large number of undocumented immigrants?
Answer: Ciudad Juárez

Question: Is the population density the highest or lowest of any Mexican state?
Answer: lowest

Question: Which are the largest two cities in the state?
Answer: Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

In the constituent legislature or convention, the conservative and liberal elements formed using the nicknames of Chirrines and Cuchas. The military entered as a third party. The elections for the first regular legislature were disputed, and it was not until May 1, 1826, that the body was installed. The liberals gained control and the opposition responded by fomenting a conspiracy. This was promptly stopped with the aid of informers, and more strenuous measures were taken against the conservatives. Extra powers were conferred on the Durango governor, Santiago Baca Ortiz, deputy to the first national congress, and leader of the liberal party.

Question: Which nicknames were used to form the conservative and liberal elements?
Answer: Chirrines and Cuchas

Question: Which was the third party?
Answer: The military

Question: In which year was the body installed?
Answer: 1826

Question: Which party had gained control?
Answer: liberals

Question: Who was the Durango governor?
Answer: Santiago Baca Ortiz
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

In 1562 Francisco de Ibarra headed a personal expedition in search of the mythical cities of Cibola and Quivira; he traveled through the present-day state of Chihuahua. Francisco de Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of Paquime. In 1564 Rodrigo de Río de Loza, a lieutenant under Francisco de Ibarra, stayed behind after the expedition and found gold at the foot of the mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental; he founded the first Spanish city in the region, Santa Barbara in 1567 by bringing 400 European families to the settlement. A few years later in 1569 Franciscan missionaries led by Fray Agustín Rodríguez from the coast of Sinaloa and the state of Durango founded the first mission in the state in Valle de San Bartolomé (present-day Valle de Allende). Fray Agustín Rodríguez evangelized the native population until 1581. Between 1586 and 1588 a epidemic caused a temporary exodus of the small population in the territory of Nueva Vizcaya.

Question: Which cities was Ibarra looking for?
Answer: Cibola and Quivira

Question: Through which present-day state did he travel?
Answer: Chihuahua

Question: Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of which city?
Answer: Paquime

Question: Which was the first Spanish city founded in the region?
Answer: Santa Barbara

Question: What caused a temporary exodus from Nueva Vizcaya?
Answer: epidemic
Title: Chihuahua_(state)

According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI), 95.6% of the population over the age of 15 could read and write Spanish, and 97.3% of children of ages 8–14 could read and write Spanish. An estimated 93.5% of the population ages 6–14 attend an institution of education. Estimated 12.8% of residents of the state have obtained a college degree. Average schooling is 8.5 years, which means that in general the average citizen over 15 years of age has gone as far as a second year in secondary education.

Question: What percentage of the population over 15 could read and write Spanish?
Answer: 95.6%

Question: What percentage of children ages 8-14 could read and write Spanish?
Answer: 97.3%

Question: What percentage of children age 6-14 attend an institution of education?
Answer: 93.5%

Question: What percentage of the population have obtained a college degree?
Answer: 12.8%