rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: History_of_India

The Pala Empire (Bengali: পাল সাম্রাজ্য Pal Samrajyô) flourished during the Classical period of India, and may be dated during 750–1174 CE. Founded by Gopala I, it was ruled by a Buddhist dynasty from Bengal in the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent. Though the Palas were followers of the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism, they also patronised Shaivism and Vaishnavism. The morpheme Pala, meaning "protector", was used as an ending for the names of all the Pala monarchs. The empire reached its peak under Dharmapala and Devapala. Dharmapala is believed to have conquered Kanauj and extended his sway up to the farthest limits of India in the northwest. The Pala Empire can be considered as the golden era of Bengal in many ways. Dharmapala founded the Vikramashila and revived Nalanda, considered one of the first great universities in recorded history. Nalanda reached its height under the patronage of the Pala Empire. The Palas also built many viharas. They maintained close cultural and commercial ties with countries of Southeast Asia and Tibet. Sea trade added greatly to the prosperity of the Pala kingdom. The Arab merchant Suleiman notes the enormity of the Pala army in his memoirs.

Question: During what span of time did the Pala Empire thrive?
Answer: 750–1174 CE

Question: What style of belief system did the Pala Empire favor?
Answer: Buddhist

Question: What is the term used to describe the Pala Empire?
Answer: golden era of Bengal

Question: What educational center reached it height during the Pala rule?
Answer: Nalanda

Question: What ruler founded the Pala dynasty?
Answer: Gopala I
Title: History_of_India

Medieval Cholas rose to prominence during the middle of the 9th century C.E. and established the greatest empire South India had seen. They successfully united the South India under their rule and through their naval strength extended their influence in the Southeast Asian countries such as Srivijaya. Under Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia. Rajendra Chola I's navies went even further, occupying the sea coasts from Burma to Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep (Laccadive) islands, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and the Pegu islands. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia, as well as by the repeated embassies to China. They dominated the political affairs of Sri Lanka for over two centuries through repeated invasions and occupation. They also had continuing trade contacts with the Arabs in the west and with the Chinese empire in the east. Rajaraja Chola I and his equally distinguished son Rajendra Chola I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power. Under the Cholas, the South India reached new heights of excellence in art, religion and literature. In all of these spheres, the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun in an earlier age under the Pallavas. Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India.

Question: What area did the Cholas unite in the 9th century?
Answer: South India

Question: What kind of power did the Chola dynasty become in south India?
Answer: military, economic and cultural

Question: In what area did the Chola Empire establish political unity?
Answer: whole of Southern India

Question: In what type of architecture did the Cholas excel? 
Answer: Monumental

Question: From their contacts and conquests in surrounding sea areas, what did this establish the Chola empire as? 
Answer: sea power
Title: History_of_India

The Western Chalukya Empire (Kannada:ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) ruled most of the western Deccan, South India, between the 10th and 12th centuries. Vast areas between the Narmada River in the north and Kaveri River in the south came under Chalukya control. During this period the other major ruling families of the Deccan, the Hoysalas, the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri, the Kakatiya dynasty and the Southern Kalachuri, were subordinates of the Western Chalukyas and gained their independence only when the power of the Chalukya waned during the later half of the 12th century. The Western Chalukyas developed an architectural style known today as a transitional style, an architectural link between the style of the early Chalukya dynasty and that of the later Hoysala empire. Most of its monuments are in the districts bordering the Tungabhadra River in central Karnataka. Well known examples are the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi, the Mallikarjuna Temple at Kuruvatti, the Kallesvara Temple at Bagali and the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi. This was an important period in the development of fine arts in Southern India, especially in literature as the Western Chalukya kings encouraged writers in the native language of Kannada, and Sanskrit like the philosopher and statesman Basava and the great mathematician Bhāskara II.

Question: During waht centuries did the Western Chalukya rule?
Answer: 10th and 12th

Question: What was the architectural style of the Chalukyas?
Answer: transitional

Question: Where did the Chalukyas build most of their monuments?
Answer: central Karnataka

Question: What did the Chalukya kings encourage writers to use?
Answer: native language

Question: Besides the language of Kannada, what other old language was used during the western Chalukya dynasty?
Answer: Sanskrit
Title: History_of_India

The early Islamic literature indicates that the conquest of India was one of the very early ambitions of the Muslims, though it was recognized as a particularly difficult one. After conquering Persia, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate incorporated parts of what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan around 720. The book Chach Nama chronicles the Chacha Dynasty's period, following the demise of the Rai Dynasty and the ascent of Chach of Alor to the throne, down to the Arab conquest by Muhammad bin Qasim in the early 8th century AD, by defeating the last Hindu monarch of Sindh, Raja Dahir.

Question: What group wanted to conquer India from earliest times?
Answer: Muslims

Question: What empire took over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan in 720?
Answer: Arab Umayyad Caliphate

Question: Who was the final Hindu monarch of Sindh?
Answer: Raja Dahir

Question: What Arab leader completed the early ambitions of Arabs by conquering parts of northern India?
Answer: Muhammad bin Qasim

Question: How did the early Muslims view the possibility of conquering India? 
Answer: difficult
Title: History_of_India

In 712, Arab Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region in modern-day Pakistan for the Umayyad Empire, incorporating it as the "As-Sindh" province with its capital at Al-Mansurah, 72 km (45 mi) north of modern Hyderabad in Sindh, Pakistan. After several incursions, the Hindu kings east of Indus defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Rajasthan, halting their expansion and containing them at Sindh in Pakistan. The south Indian Chalukya empire under Vikramaditya II, Nagabhata I of the Pratihara dynasty and Bappa Rawal of the Guhilot dynasty repulsed the Arab invaders in the early 8th century.

Question: In what year did Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim take over most of the Indus area?
Answer: 712

Question: Who eventually defeated the Arabs at Rajasthan?
Answer: Hindu kings

Question: In what area did the Indian Kings contain the Arabs?
Answer: Sindh in Pakistan

Question: When was the Arab invasion repulsed?
Answer: early 8th century

Question: Where did the Arabs establish as the capital of the newly conquered territory?
Answer: Al-Mansurah
Title: History_of_India

Several Islamic kingdoms (sultanates) under both foreign and, newly converted, Rajput rulers were established across the north western subcontinent (Afghanistan and Pakistan) over a period of a few centuries. From the 10th century, Sindh was ruled by the Rajput Soomra dynasty, and later, in the mid-13th century by the Rajput Samma dynasty. Additionally, Muslim trading communities flourished throughout coastal south India, particularly on the western coast where Muslim traders arrived in small numbers, mainly from the Arabian peninsula. This marked the introduction of a third Abrahamic Middle Eastern religion, following Judaism and Christianity, often in puritanical form. Mahmud of Ghazni in the early 11th century raided mainly the north-western parts of the Indian sub-continent 17 times, but he did not seek to establish "permanent dominion" in those areas.

Question: In what areas of India were Islamic kingdoms formed over a period of centuries?
Answer: Afghanistan and Pakistan

Question: What Muslim endeavors thrived on the coastal areas of south India? 
Answer: trading communities

Question: Which south Indian coast was favored by Muslim traders?
Answer: western coast

Question: From where did the Arab traders come in order to trade on the west coast of India?
Answer: Arabian peninsula

Question: Besides the newly introduced Islamic religion, what other Abrahamic religions were practiced in India?
Answer: Judaism and Christianity
Title: History_of_India

The Kabul Shahi dynasties ruled the Kabul Valley and Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan) from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century. The Shahis are generally split up into two eras: the Buddhist Shahis and the Hindu Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870. The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or Ratbelshahan from 565-670, when the capitals were located in Kapisa and Kabul, and later Udabhandapura, also known as Hund for its new capital.

Question: Until what century did the Kabul Shahi dynasties rule the Kabul Valley?
Answer: 9th century

Question: The decline of what empire allowed the rule of the Kabul Shahi empire?
Answer: Kushan

Question: How many eras are the Shahis divided into?
Answer: two

Question: When did the Shahis switch from Buddhist to Hindu?
Answer: 870

Question: What was the kingdom of the Shahis called?
Answer: Kabul Shahan
Title: History_of_India

The Hindu Shahis under Jayapala, is known for his struggles in defending his kingdom against the Ghaznavids in the modern-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan region. Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of Ghazni both in the reign of Sebuktigin and in that of his son Mahmud, which initiated the Muslim Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles. Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity. Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more. Jayapala however, lost control of the entire region between the Kabul Valley and Indus River.

Question: In what id Jayapala see a danger to his dynasty?
Answer: consolidation of the Ghaznavids

Question: What city did Jayapala invade at least twice?
Answer: Ghazni

Question: Who defeated Jayapala and required an indemnity payment?
Answer: Sebuk Tigin

Question: What part of the area did Jayapala lose?
Answer: Kabul Valley and Indus River

Question: What was Jayapala's response to the indemnity payment?
Answer: defaulted
Title: History_of_India

However, the army was hopeless in battle against the western forces, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni. In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the Qarakhanids north of the Hindu Kush, Jaipal attacked Ghazni once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day Peshawar. After the Battle of Peshawar, he committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty.

Question: In what year was Jaipal again soundly defeated by the Muslims?
Answer: 1001

Question: Where was the location of the Shahi defeat by the Muslims?
Answer: Battle of Peshawar

Question: What was Jaipal action after his last defeat?
Answer: committed suicide

Question: Upon what did Jaipal's subjects think he brought disaster?
Answer: Shahi dynasty

Question: Who was the ruler of Ghazni?
Answer: Mahmud of Ghazni
Title: History_of_India

Like other settled, agrarian societies in history, those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history. In evaluating the impact of Islam on the sub-continent, one must note that the northwestern sub-continent was a frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia. In that sense, the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium. What does however, make the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions different is that unlike the preceding invaders who assimilated into the prevalent social system, the successful Muslim conquerors retained their Islamic identity and created new legal and administrative systems that challenged and usually in many cases superseded the existing systems of social conduct and ethics, even influencing the non-Muslim rivals and common masses to a large extent, though non-Muslim population was left to their own laws and customs. They also introduced new cultural codes that in some ways were very different from the existing cultural codes. This led to the rise of a new Indian culture which was mixed in nature, though different from both the ancient Indian culture and later westernized modern Indian culture. At the same time it must be noted that overwhelming majority of Muslims in India are Indian natives converted to Islam. This factor also played an important role in the synthesis of cultures.

Question: From where did raiders come to attack the agrarian Indians?
Answer: Central Asia

Question: After a history of raiding groups, what is not remarkable in the history of the subcontinent?
Answer: Muslim intrusions

Question: Before the Muslim invasions, what did previous invaders do in the local cultures?
Answer: assimilated

Question: What did the Muslim invaders staunchly keep after invading?
Answer: Islamic identity

Question: What type of new Indian culture was formed from this mixture of cultures?
Answer: mixed
Title: History_of_India

The subsequent Slave dynasty of Delhi managed to conquer large areas of northern India, while the Khilji dynasty conquered most of central India but were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering and uniting the subcontinent. The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting "Indo-Muslim" fusion of cultures left lasting syncretic monuments in architecture, music, literature, religion, and clothing. It is surmised that the language of Urdu (literally meaning "horde" or "camp" in various Turkic dialects) was born during the Delhi Sultanate period as a result of the intermingling of the local speakers of Sanskritic Prakrits with immigrants speaking Persian, Turkic, and Arabic under the Muslim rulers. The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo-Islamic empire to enthrone one of the few female rulers in India, Razia Sultana (1236–1240).

Question: What conquered large areas of northern India?
Answer: Slave dynasty of Delhi

Question: What dynasty captured most of central India?
Answer: Khilji dynasty

Question: What language was created during the Delhi Sultanate? 
Answer: Urdu

Question: Who was the only female sultana to be enthroned in a Indo-Islamic empire?
Answer: Razia Sultana

Question: By what is the fusion of Islamic and Indian cultures called?
Answer: Indo-Muslim
Title: History_of_India

A Turco-Mongol conqueror in Central Asia, Timur (Tamerlane), attacked the reigning Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq Dynasty in the north Indian city of Delhi. The Sultan's army was defeated on 17 December 1398. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, after Timur's army had killed and plundered for three days and nights. He ordered the whole city to be sacked except for the sayyids, scholars, and the "other Muslims" (artists); 100,000 war prisoners were put to death in one day. The Sultanate suffered significantly from the sacking of Delhi revived briefly under the Lodi Dynasty, but it was a shadow of the former.

Question: What Turko-Mongol attacked and defeated the Sultan of Tughlaq dynasty?
Answer: Timur

Question: On what date did Timur beat the Delhi Sultan?
Answer: 17 December 1398

Question: In what shape did Timur leave the city of Delhi?
Answer: in ruins

Question: How many prisoners of war were executed in the sack of Delhi?
Answer: 100,000

Question: What were exempted from death by Timur when ordering Delhi sacked?
Answer: sayyids
Title: History_of_India

The Empire was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India. The empire's legacy includes many monuments spread over South India, the best known of which is the group at Hampi. The previous temple building traditions in South India came together in the Vijayanagara Architecture style. The mingling of all faiths and vernaculars inspired architectural innovation of Hindu temple construction, first in the Deccan and later in the Dravidian idioms using the local granite. South Indian mathematics flourished under the protection of the Vijayanagara Empire in Kerala. The south Indian mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama founded the famous Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics in the 14th century which produced a lot of great south Indian mathematicians like Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji and Jyeṣṭhadeva in medieval south India. Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies such as water management systems for irrigation. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form. The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in South Indian history that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as a unifying factor. The empire reached its peak during the rule of Sri Krishnadevaraya when Vijayanagara armies were consistently victorious. The empire annexed areas formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan and the territories in the eastern Deccan, including Kalinga, while simultaneously maintaining control over all its subordinates in the south. Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of Krishna Deva Raya. Vijayanagara went into decline after the defeat in the Battle of Talikota (1565).

Question: In what year was Sangama Dynasty formed?
Answer: 1336

Question: At what location are the best known monuments in the south of India?
Answer: Hampi

Question: What mathematician founded the Kerala school of astronomy? 
Answer: Madhava of Sangamagrama

Question: When was the Kerala school established?
Answer: 14th century

Question: What did the Vijayanagara Empire promote to unify Indian culture?
Answer: Hinduism
Title: History_of_India

For two and a half centuries from the mid 13th, the politics in the Northern India was dominated by the Delhi Sultanate and in the Southern India by the Vijayanagar Empire which originated as a political heir of the erstwhile Hoysala Empire and Pandyan Empire. However, there were other regional powers present as well. In the North, the Rajputs were a dominant force in the Western and Central India. Their power reached to the zenith under Rana Sanga during whose time Rajput armies were constantly victorious against the Sultanate army. In the South, the Bahmani Sultanate was the chief rival of the Vijaynagara and gave Vijayanagara tough days many a times. In the early 16th century Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire defeated the last remnant of Bahmani Sultanate power after which the Bahmani Sultanate collapsed. It was established either by a Brahman convert or patronized by a Brahman and form that source it got the name Bahmani. In the early 16th century, it collapsed and got split into five small Deccan sultanates. In the East, the Gajapati Kingdom remained a strong regional power to reckon with, so was the Ahom Kingdom in the North-east for six centuries.

Question: From the mid 13th century, what dominated politics in northern India?
Answer: Delhi Sultanate

Question: What empire dominated in the south of India in the 13th century?
Answer: Vijayanagar Empire

Question: What group dominated in western and central India at the start of the 13th century?
Answer: Rajputs

Question: Gajapati Kingdom was powerful in the east for how many centuries?
Answer: six centuries

Question: What empire beat the last Bahmani Sultanate?
Answer: Vijayanagara Empire
Title: History_of_India

Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826) was a kingdom and tribe which rose to prominence in present-day Assam early in the thirteenth century. They ruled much of Assam from the 13th century until the establishment of British rule in 1838. The Ahoms brought with them a tribal religion and a language of their own, however they later merged with the Hindu religion. From thirteenth till seventeenth century, repeated attempts were made by the Muslim rulers of Delhi to invade and subdue Ahoms, however the Ahoms managed to maintain their independence and ruled themselves for nearly 600 years.

Question: What kingdom came to power in Assam?
Answer: Ahom Kingdom

Question: What was the span of time fro the Ahom Kingdom?
Answer: 1228–1826

Question: What event caused the end of Ahom rule in Assam?
Answer: British rule

Question: With what religion did the Ahom merge?
Answer: Hindu

Question: What group repeatedly tried and failed to conquer the Ahom?
Answer: Muslim rulers of Delhi
Title: History_of_India

In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah's death, his son Islam Shah Suri and the Hindu emperor Hemu Vikramaditya, who had won 22 battles against Afghan rebels and forces of Akbar, from Punjab to Bengal and had established a secular rule in North India from Delhi till 1556 after winning Battle of Delhi. Akbar's forces defeated and killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556.

Question: What empire did Babur found in northern India?
Answer: Mughal Empire

Question: Who defeated Babur's son in 1540?
Answer: Sher Shah Suri

Question: Of what nationality was Sher Shah Suri?
Answer: Afghan

Question: At what place did Akbar's army defeat Hemu in 1556?
Answer: Second Battle of Panipat

Question: By what route did Babur enter India?
Answer: Khyber Pass