rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Alsace

By 1790, the Jewish population of Alsace was approximately 22,500, about 3% of the provincial population. They were highly segregated and subject to long-standing anti-Jewish regulations. They maintained their own customs, Yiddish language, and historic traditions within the tightly-knit ghettos; they adhered to Talmudic law enforced by their rabbis. Jews were barred from most cities and instead lived in villages. They concentrated in trade, services, and especially in money lending. They financed about a third of the mortgages in Alsace. Official tolerance grew during the French Revolution, with full emancipation in 1791. However, local antisemitism also increased and Napoleon turned hostile in 1806, imposing a one-year moratorium on all debts owed to Jews.[citation needed] In the 1830-1870 era most Jews moved to the cities, where they integrated and acculturated, as antisemitism sharply declined. By 1831, the state began paying salaries to official rabbis, and in 1846 a special legal oath for Jews was discontinued. Antisemitic local riots occasionally occurred, especially during the Revolution of 1848. Merger of Alsace into Germany in 1871-1918 lessened antisemitic violence.

Question: What was the population of Alsace in 1790?
Answer: 22,500

Question: Jews were banned from cities in Alsace, where were they forced to settle?
Answer: in villages

Question: in 1791 Jews were granted what by the French?
Answer: full emancipation

Question: Which country was Alsace merged into during  1871-1918
Answer: Germany
Title: Alsace

France started the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), and was defeated by the Kingdom of Prussia and other German states. The end of the war led to the unification of Germany. Otto von Bismarck annexed Alsace and northern Lorraine to the new German Empire in 1871; unlike other members states of the German federation, which had governments of their own, the new Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine was under the sole authority of the Kaiser, administered directly by the imperial government in Berlin. Between 100,000 and 130,000 Alsatians (of a total population of about a million and a half) chose to remain French citizens and leave Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen, many of them resettling in French Algeria as Pieds-Noirs. Only in 1911 was Alsace-Lorraine granted some measure of autonomy, which was manifested also in a flag and an anthem (Elsässisches Fahnenlied). In 1913, however, the Saverne Affair (French: Incident de Saverne) showed the limits of this new tolerance of the Alsatian identity.

Question: Which country defeated the French in 1871?
Answer: Kingdom of Prussia

Question: The end of the war led to which companies unification?
Answer: Germany

Question: Who annexed Alsace to the new German Empire in 1871?
Answer: Otto von Bismarck
Title: Alsace

During the First World War, to avoid ground fights between brothers, many Alsatians served as sailors in the Kaiserliche Marine and took part in the Naval mutinies that led to the abdication of the Kaiser in November 1918, which left Alsace-Lorraine without a nominal head of state. The sailors returned home and tried to found a republic. While Jacques Peirotes, at this time deputy at the Landrat Elsass-Lothringen and just elected mayor of Strasbourg, proclaimed the forfeiture of the German Empire and the advent of the French Republic, a self-proclaimed government of Alsace-Lorraine declared independence as the "Republic of Alsace-Lorraine". French troops entered Alsace less than two weeks later to quash the worker strikes and remove the newly established Soviets and revolutionaries from power. At the arrival of the French soldiers, many Alsatians and local Prussian/German administrators and bureaucrats cheered the re-establishment of order (which can be seen and is described in detail in the reference video below). Although U.S. President Woodrow Wilson had insisted that the région was self-ruling by legal status, as its constitution had stated it was bound to the sole authority of the Kaiser and not to the German state, France tolerated no plebiscite, as granted by the League of Nations to some eastern German territories at this time, because Alsatians were considered by the French public as fellow Frenchmen liberated from German rule. Germany ceded the region to France under the Treaty of Versailles.

Question: What did Aslations do to avoid conflict amongst themselves during the first World War?
Answer: served as sailors

Question: Who was the mayor that proclaimed independence from the German Empire for  Alsace-Lorraine?
Answer: Jacques Peirotes

Question: Who entered Alsace just two weeks after they declared independence? 
Answer: French

Question: What was the name of the treaty that allowed Germany to ceded the land to France?
Answer: Treaty of Versailles
Title: Alsace

Alsace-Lorraine was occupied by Germany in 1940 during the Second World War. Although Germany never formally annexed Alsace-Lorraine, it was incorporated into the Greater German Reich, which had been restructured into Reichsgaue. Alsace was merged with Baden, and Lorraine with the Saarland, to become part of a planned Westmark. During the war, 130,000 young men from Alsace and Lorraine were inducted into the German army against their will (malgré-nous) and in some cases, the Waffen SS. Some of the latter were involved in war crimes such as the Oradour-sur-Glane massacre. Most of them perished on the eastern front. The few that could escape fled to Switzerland or joined the resistance. In July 1944, 1500 malgré-nous were released from Soviet captivity and sent to Algiers, where they joined the Free French Forces.

Question: What year was Alsace-Lorraine occupied by Germany?
Answer: 1940

Question: Approximately how many Alsace and Lorraine men were forced into the German army during World War II?
Answer: 130,000

Question: Which group of people were released by the Russians to Algiers?
Answer: malgré-nous
Title: Alsace

Alsace is one of the most conservative régions of France. It is one of just two régions in metropolitan France where the conservative right won the 2004 région elections and thus controls the Alsace Regional Council. Conservative leader Nicolas Sarkozy got his best score in Alsace (over 65%) in the second round of the French presidential elections of 2007. The president of the Regional Council is Philippe Richert, a member of the Union for a Popular Movement, elected in the 2010 regional election. The frequently changing status of the région throughout history has left its mark on modern day politics in terms of a particular interest in national identity issues. Alsace is also one of the most pro-EU regions of France. It was one of the few French regions that voted 'yes' to the European Constitution in 2005.

Question: Which conservative leader in 2007 received the best score during the second round of elections?
Answer: Nicolas Sarkozy

Question: Who is the president of the regional counsel?
Answer: Philippe Richert

Question: Alsace was one of the few to vote for this measure from France, what was it?
Answer: European Constitution in 2005
Title: Alsace

Most of the Alsatian population is Roman Catholic, but, largely because of the region's German heritage, a significant Protestant community also exists: today, the EPCAAL (a Lutheran church) is France's second largest Protestant church, also forming an administrative union (UEPAL) with the much smaller Calvinist EPRAL. Unlike the rest of France, the Local law in Alsace-Moselle still provides for to the Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 and the organic articles, which provides public subsidies to the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, as well as to Jewish synagogues; religion classes in one of these faiths is compulsory in public schools. This divergence in policy from the French majority is due to the region having been part of Imperial Germany when the 1905 law separating the French church and state was instituted (for a more comprehensive history, see: Alsace-Lorraine). Controversy erupts periodically on the appropriateness of this legal disposition, as well as on the exclusion of other religions from this arrangement.

Question: Which group or religion dominates the Aslatian population?
Answer: Roman Catholic

Question: Which other large religion also exist in Alsace due to the once German presence?
Answer: Protestant

Question: What is the name of the Union created by France's second largest Protestant church?
Answer: UEPAL
Title: Alsace

Following the Protestant Reformation, promoted by local reformer Martin Bucer, the principle of cuius regio, eius religio led to a certain amount of religious diversity in the highlands of northern Alsace. Landowners, who as "local lords" had the right to decide which religion was allowed on their land, were eager to entice populations from the more attractive lowlands to settle and develop their property. Many accepted without discrimination Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists. Multiconfessional villages appeared, particularly in the region of Alsace bossue. Alsace became one of the French regions boasting a thriving Jewish community, and the only region with a noticeable Anabaptist population. The schism of the Amish under the lead of Jacob Amman from the Mennonites occurred in 1693 in Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. The strongly Catholic Louis XIV tried in vain to drive them from Alsace. When Napoleon imposed military conscription without religious exception, most emigrated to the American continent.

Question: What were landowners also known as that had a right to decide which religion was allowed on their property?
Answer: local lords

Question: Which groups or religions were greatly accepted in Alsace?
Answer: Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists

Question: Which group did Louis XIV tried push out of Alsace?
Answer: Amish
Title: Alsace

There is controversy around the recognition of the Alsacian flag. The authentic historical flag is the Rot-un-Wiss ; Red and White are commonly found on the coat of arms of Alsacian cities (Strasbourg, Mulhouse, Sélestat...) and of many Swiss cites, especially in Basel's region. The German region Hesse uses a flag similar to the Rot-un-Wiss. As it underlines the Germanic roots of the region, it was replaced in 1949 by a new "Union jack-like" flag representing the union of the two déprtements. It has, however, no real historical relevance. It has been since replaced again by a slightly different one, also representing the two départements. With the purpose of "Frenchizing" the region, the Rot-un-Wiss has not been recognized by Paris. Some overzealous statesmen have called it a Nazi invention - while its origins date back to the XIth century and the Red and White banner of Gérard de Lorraine (aka. d'Alsace). The Rot-un-Wiss flag is still known as the real historical emblem of the region by most of the population and the departments' parliaments and has been widely used during protests against the creation of a new "super-region" gathering Champagne-Ardennes, Lorraine and Alsace, namely on Colmar's statue of liberty.

Question: What is the name of the historical flag of Alsace?
Answer: Rot-un-Wiss

Question: What was the German flag that was similar to the Rot-un-Wiss replaced by?
Answer: Union jack-like" flag

Question: What does the "Union jack-like" flag represent?
Answer: the union of the two déprtements

Question: Which French city did not recognize the Rot-un-Wiss flag?
Answer: Paris
Title: Alsace

From the annexation of Alsace by France in the 17th century and the language policy of the French Revolution up to 1870, knowledge of French in Alsace increased considerably. With the education reforms of the 19th century, the middle classes began to speak and write French well. The French language never really managed, however, to win over the masses, the vast majority of whom continued to speak their German dialects and write in German (which we would now call "standard German").[citation needed]

Question: Around when did the Annexation of Alsace occur?
Answer: 17th century

Question: With education reforms in the 19th century what did this lead to in Alsace?
Answer: middle classes began to speak and write French

Question: What is now the German dialects of speech now referred as to?
Answer: standard German
Title: Alsace

During a reannexation by Germany (1940–1945), High German was reinstated as the language of education. The population was forced to speak German and 'French' family names were Germanized. Following the Second World War, the 1927 regulation was not reinstated and the teaching of German in primary schools was suspended by a provisional rectorial decree, which was supposed to enable French to regain lost ground. The teaching of German became a major issue, however, as early as 1946. Following World War II, the French government pursued, in line with its traditional language policy, a campaign to suppress the use of German as part of a wider Francization campaign.

Question: Between what time period did the reannexation of Germany occur?
Answer: 1940–1945

Question: What were French families forced to do during the German reannexation?
Answer: names were Germanized.

Question: When did the suspension of German teaching in  schools happen?
Answer: 1927
Title: Alsace

It was not until 9 June 1982, with the Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace (Memorandum on regional language and culture in Alsace) issued by the Vice-Chancellor of the Académie Pierre Deyon, that the teaching of German in primary schools in Alsace really began to be given more official status. The Ministerial Memorandum of 21 June 1982, known as the Circulaire Savary, introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities. This memorandum was, however, implemented in a fairly lax manner.

Question: What was the name of the Memorandum that allowed German teaching in Alsace schools to become more official?
Answer: Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace

Question: What is the name of the memorandum that past on June 21, 1982?
Answer: Circulaire Savary

Question: What did the Circulair Savary introduce?
Answer: introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities
Title: Alsace

Both Alsatian and Standard German were for a time banned from public life (including street and city names, official administration, and educational system). Though the ban has long been lifted and street signs today are often bilingual, Alsace-Lorraine is today very French in language and culture. Few young people speak Alsatian today, although there do still exist one or two enclaves in the Sundgau region where some older inhabitants cannot speak French, and where Alsatian is still used as the mother tongue. A related Alemannic German survives on the opposite bank of the Rhine, in Baden, and especially in Switzerland. However, while French is the major language of the region, the Alsatian dialect of French is heavily influenced by German and other languages such a Yiddish in phonology and vocabulary.

Question: Which two dialects were banned from public life?
Answer: Alsatian and Standard German

Question: What did the banning of the two dialects  include?
Answer: street and city names, official administration, and educational system

Question: Although Aslation is rarely used today, which region still uses their mother language of Aslation?
Answer: Sundgau region

Question: What other language besides French and German are part of the Aslation-French dialect of today?
Answer: Yiddish
Title: Alsace

The constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French alone is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages, are recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France. A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France, making it the second most-spoken regional language in the country (after Occitan). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is on the decline. While 39% of the adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, only one in four children speaks it, and only one in ten children uses it regularly.

Question: What does the French constitution state for the language in Aslace?
Answer: French alone is the official language

Question: How many adult speakers speak Alsatian according the 1999 INSEE survey?
Answer: 548,000

Question: With Alsatian language on the decline, what is the ration of children using the language regularly today?
Answer: one in ten children
Title: Alsace

The gastronomic symbol of the région is undoubtedly the Choucroute, a local variety of Sauerkraut. The word Sauerkraut in Alsatian has the form sûrkrût, same as in other southwestern German dialects, and means "sour cabbage" as its Standard German equivalent. This word was included into the French language as choucroute. To make it, the cabbage is finely shredded, layered with salt and juniper and left to ferment in wooden barrels. Sauerkraut can be served with poultry, pork, sausage or even fish. Traditionally it is served with Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages, or a selection of other pork products. Served alongside are often roasted or steamed potatoes or dumplings.

Question: In Alsatian, what does Sauerkraut mean?
Answer: sour cabbage

Question: What can Sauerkraut be served with?
Answer: poultry, pork, sausage or even fish

Question: What is Sauerkraut typically served with in Alsace?
Answer: Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages
Title: Alsace

"Alsatia", the Latin form of Alsace's name, has long ago entered the English language with the specialized meaning of "a lawless place" or "a place under no jurisdiction" - since Alsace was conceived by English people to be such. It was used into the 20th century as a term for a ramshackle marketplace, "protected by ancient custom and the independence of their patrons". As of 2007, the word is still in use among the English and Australian judiciaries with the meaning of a place where the law cannot reach: "In setting up the Serious Organised Crime Agency, the state has set out to create an Alsatia - a region of executive action free of judicial oversight," Lord Justice Sedley in UMBS v SOCA 2007.

Question: What is the meaning of the name Aslatia in English?
Answer: a lawless place" or "a place under no jurisdiction

Question: What was the meaning or term used for Aslace that was used by english people in the 20th century?
Answer: ramshackle marketplace

Question: Which nationalities still refer it to Alslace "ramshackle marketplace" as of 2007?
Answer: English and Australian
Title: Alsace

At present, plans are being considered for building a new dual carriageway west of Strasbourg, which would reduce the buildup of traffic in that area by picking up north and southbound vehicles and getting rid of the buildup outside Strasbourg. The line plans to link up the interchange of Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest. The opening is envisaged at the end of 2011, with an average usage of 41,000 vehicles a day. Estimates of the French Works Commissioner however, raised some doubts over the interest of such a project, since it would pick up only about 10% of the traffic of the A35 at Strasbourg. Paradoxically, this reversed the situation of the 1950s. At that time, the French trunk road left of the Rhine not been built, so that traffic would cross into Germany to use the Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn.

Question: What is currently being planed west of Strasbourg? 
Answer: new dual carriageway

Question: What would the use of a new carriageway do in Alsace?
Answer: reduce the buildup of traffic in that area

Question: What is the name the German Highway  that would of been crossed with the French Truck road?
Answer: Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn

Question: The new line is (carriageway) would link which other intersections?
Answer: Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest
Title: Baptists

Baptists are individuals who comprise a group of Christian denominations and churches that subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.

Question: What individuals subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers?
Answer: Baptists

Question: Soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation what examples of what?
Answer: tenets of Baptist churches

Question: What two ministerial offices do Baptists recognize?
Answer: elders and deacons

Question: Baptist churches are widely considered to be what?
Answer: Protestant churches
Title: Baptists

Historians trace the earliest church labeled "Baptist" back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.

Question: When was the earliest church labeled "Baptist" traced to?
Answer: 1609

Question: Where was the earliest church labeled "Baptist" traced to?
Answer: Amsterdam

Question: Who was the pastor of the earliest church labeled "Baptist"?
Answer: John Smyth

Question: Who believed Christ's atonement only extended to the elect?
Answer: Particular Baptists

Question: When did Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies?
Answer: 1638
Title: Baptists

Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins: (1) The modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the English Separatists, (2) the view that it was an outgrowth of Anabaptist traditions, (3) the perpetuity view which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ, and (4) the successionist view, or "Baptist successionism", which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.

Question: Who outlined the four main views of Baptist origins?
Answer: Bruce Gourley

Question: Baptist origins were viewed as an outgrowth of what?
Answer: Anabaptist traditions

Question: What does the perpetuity view assume?
Answer: that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ

Question: What does the successionist view assume?
Answer: that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.