rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Unicode

Unicode has been criticized for failing to separately encode older and alternative forms of kanji which, critics argue, complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names. This is often due to the fact that Unicode encodes characters rather than glyphs (the visual representations of the basic character that often vary from one language to another). Unification of glyphs leads to the perception that the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged.[clarification needed] There have been several attempts to create alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters in opposition to Unicode's policy of Han unification. An example of one is TRON (although it is not widely adopted in Japan, there are some users who need to handle historical Japanese text and favor it).

Question: Why has Unicode been criticized for not separately encoding forms of kanji?
Answer: complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names

Question: What is TRON? 
Answer: alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters

Question: What perception does the unification of glyphs cause? 
Answer: the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged
Title: Unicode

Modern font technology provides a means to address the practical issue of needing to depict a unified Han character in terms of a collection of alternative glyph representations, in the form of Unicode variation sequences. For example, the Advanced Typographic tables of OpenType permit one of a number of alternative glyph representations to be selected when performing the character to glyph mapping process. In this case, information can be provided within plain text to designate which alternate character form to select.

Question: what tables of OpenType allow permit the selection of alternative glyph representations?
Answer: Advanced Typographic

Question: Where is information provided to designate which character form to select? 
Answer: plain text

Question: How does modern font technology address the issue of depicting a Han character in alternate glyph representations? 
Answer: Unicode variation sequences
Title: Unicode

Unicode was designed to provide code-point-by-code-point round-trip format conversion to and from any preexisting character encodings, so that text files in older character sets can be naïvely converted to Unicode, and then back and get back the same file. That has meant that inconsistent legacy architectures, such as combining diacritics and precomposed characters, both exist in Unicode, giving more than one method of representing some text. This is most pronounced in the three different encoding forms for Korean Hangul. Since version 3.0, any precomposed characters that can be represented by a combining sequence of already existing characters can no longer be added to the standard in order to preserve interoperability between software using different versions of Unicode.

Question: Unicode was designed for a round trip format conversion to and from what? 
Answer: preexisting character encodings

Question: How many encoding forms are there for Korean Hangul?
Answer: three different encoding forms

Question: Since what version can already existing characters no longer be added to the standard? 
Answer: version 3.0
Title: Unicode

Injective mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and characters in Unicode to facilitate conversion to Unicode and allow interoperability with legacy software. Lack of consistency in various mappings between earlier Japanese encodings such as Shift-JIS or EUC-JP and Unicode led to round-trip format conversion mismatches, particularly the mapping of the character JIS X 0208 '～' (1-33, WAVE DASH), heavily used in legacy database data, to either U+FF5E ～ FULLWIDTH TILDE (in Microsoft Windows) or U+301C 〜 WAVE DASH (other vendors).

Question: What kind of mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and those in Unicode?
Answer: Injective mappings

Question: A lack of consistency between what earlier Japanese encodings and unicode led to mismatches?
Answer: Shift-JIS or EUC-JP

Question: what is the fullwidth tilde character code in Microsoft Windows?
Answer: U+FF5E
Title: Unicode

Indic scripts such as Tamil and Devanagari are each allocated only 128 code points, matching the ISCII standard. The correct rendering of Unicode Indic text requires transforming the stored logical order characters into visual order and the forming of ligatures (aka conjuncts) out of components. Some local scholars argued in favor of assignments of Unicode code points to these ligatures, going against the practice for other writing systems, though Unicode contains some Arabic and other ligatures for backward compatibility purposes only. Encoding of any new ligatures in Unicode will not happen, in part because the set of ligatures is font-dependent, and Unicode is an encoding independent of font variations. The same kind of issue arose for Tibetan script[citation needed] (the Chinese National Standard organization failed to achieve a similar change).

Question: How many code points are tamil and Devanagari allocated? 
Answer: 128

Question: What is another word for ligatures? 
Answer: conjuncts

Question: What is the ISCII standard? 
Answer: 128 code points
Title: Unicode

Thai alphabet support has been criticized for its ordering of Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order, unlike the Unicode representations of other Indic scripts. This complication is due to Unicode inheriting the Thai Industrial Standard 620, which worked in the same way, and was the way in which Thai had always been written on keyboards. This ordering problem complicates the Unicode collation process slightly, requiring table lookups to reorder Thai characters for collation. Even if Unicode had adopted encoding according to spoken order, it would still be problematic to collate words in dictionary order. E.g., the word แสดง  [sa dɛːŋ] "perform" starts with a consonant cluster "สด" (with an inherent vowel for the consonant "ส"), the vowel แ-, in spoken order would come after the ด, but in a dictionary, the word is collated as it is written, with the vowel following the ส.

Question: What standard did Unicode inherit involving a Thai language? 
Answer: Thai Industrial Standard 620

Question: Why has Thai alphabet support been criticized? 
Answer: its ordering of Thai characters

Question: How are the Thai characters ordered incorrectly? 
Answer: Thai characters. The vowels เ, แ, โ, ใ, ไ that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order
Title: Unicode

Characters with diacritical marks can generally be represented either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks. For example, ḗ (precomposed e with macron and acute above) and ḗ (e followed by the combining macron above and combining acute above) should be rendered identically, both appearing as an e with a macron and acute accent, but in practice, their appearance may vary depending upon what rendering engine and fonts are being used to display the characters. Similarly, underdots, as needed in the romanization of Indic, will often be placed incorrectly[citation needed]. Unicode characters that map to precomposed glyphs can be used in many cases, thus avoiding the problem, but where no precomposed character has been encoded the problem can often be solved by using a specialist Unicode font such as Charis SIL that uses Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies for advanced rendering features.

Question: How are characters with diacritical marks represented? 
Answer: either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks

Question: What encoding does Charis SIL use? 
Answer: Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies

Question: What is the issue with underdots and their placement? 
Answer: often be placed incorrectly

Question: Characters with what marks can be displayed as a single character or a decomposed sequence? 
Answer: diacritical marks

Question: How should the characters with the macron and acute be displayed? 
Answer: identically
Title: Detroit

Detroit (/dᵻˈtrɔɪt/) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state. Detroit's metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 5.3 million people, making it the fourteenth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the second-largest in the Midwestern United States (behind Chicago). It is a major port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States.

Question: What city has the biggest population in Michigan?
Answer: Detroit

Question: What is the name of the county that Detroit is a part of?
Answer: Wayne County

Question: How many people inhabit metro Detroit?
Answer: 5.3 million

Question: What is the name of the river that runs through Detroit?
Answer: Detroit River

Question: In what region of the country is Detroit located?
Answer: Midwest
Title: Detroit

Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area (population 3,734,090, area of 1,337 square miles (3,460 km2), a 2010 United States Census) six-county metropolitan statistical area (2010 Census population of 4,296,250, area of 3,913 square miles [10,130 km2]), and a nine-county Combined Statistical Area (2010 Census population of 5,218,852, area of 5,814 square miles [15,060 km2]). The Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000. The Detroit metropolitan region holds roughly one-half of Michigan's population.

Question: How much of Michigan's population resides in the Detroit metropolitan area? 
Answer: one-half

Question: How big is the population of the Detroit-Windsor area?
Answer: 5,700,000

Question: How many square miles is is Detroit's urban area?
Answer: 1,337 square miles

Question: In which census are these numbers coming from?
Answer: 2010
Title: Detroit

Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, Detroit lost considerable population from the late 20th century to present. Between 2000 and 2010 the city's population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nation's 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777, more than a 60 percent drop from a peak population of over 1.8 million at the 1950 census. This resulted from suburbanization, industrial restructuring, and the decline of Detroit's auto industry. Following the shift of population and jobs to its suburbs or other states or nations, the city has focused on becoming the metropolitan region's employment and economic center. Downtown Detroit has held an increased role as an entertainment destination in the 21st century, with the restoration of several historic theatres, several new sports stadiums, and a riverfront revitalization project. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, and a handful of other neighborhoods has increased. Many other neighborhoods remain distressed, with extensive abandonment of properties.

Question: By how much has Detroit's population fallen this century?
Answer: 25

Question: The decline of what industry has hurt Detroit?
Answer: auto

Question: What industry has Detroit tried to revitalize in recent years?
Answer: entertainment

Question: What is one of the problems that currently effects property values in Detroit?
Answer: abandonment of properties
Title: Detroit

The Governor of Michigan, Rick Snyder, declared a financial emergency for the city in March 2013, appointing an emergency manager. On July 18, 2013, Detroit filed the largest municipal bankruptcy case in U.S. history. It was declared bankrupt by Judge Steven W. Rhodes of the Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Michigan on December 3, 2013; he cited its $18.5 billion debt and declared that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were unfeasible. On November 7, 2014, Judge Rhodes approved the city's bankruptcy plan, allowing the city to begin the process of exiting bankruptcy. The City of Detroit successfully exited Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy with all finances handed back to the city at midnight on December 11, 2014.

Question: Who is the Governor in Michigan?
Answer: Rick Snyder

Question: On which date did Detroit file bankruptcy?
Answer: July 18, 2013

Question: How much debt did Detroit have when they declared bankruptcy?
Answer: $18.5 billion

Question: On which date was Detroit's bankruptcy plan approved?
Answer: November 7, 2014

Question: What type of bankruptcy did Detroit go through?
Answer: Chapter 9
Title: Detroit

On the shores of the strait, in 1701, the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, along with fifty-one French people and French Canadians, founded a settlement called Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, naming it after Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain, Minister of Marine under Louis XIV. France offered free land to colonists to attract families to Detroit; when it reached a total population of 800 in 1765, it was the largest city between Montreal and New Orleans, both also French settlements. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400. By 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec.

Question: What was Detroit's population in 1773?
Answer: 1,400

Question: What was Detroit's population in 1778?
Answer: 2,144

Question: What was Detroit's population in 1765?
Answer: 800

Question: Who was the French Minister of Marine in 1701?
Answer: Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain

Question: Which French officer led the 1701 expedition?
Answer: Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac
Title: Detroit

The region grew based on the lucrative fur trade, in which numerous Native American people had important roles. Detroit's city flag reflects its French colonial heritage. (See Flag of Detroit). Descendants of the earliest French and French Canadian settlers formed a cohesive community who gradually were replaced as the dominant population after more Anglo-American settlers came to the area in the early 19th century. Living along the shores of Lakes St. Clair, and south to Monroe and downriver suburbs, the French Canadians of Detroit, also known as Muskrat French, remain a subculture in the region today.

Question: What trade was instrumental to the growth of this region?
Answer: fur

Question: By which group were the original French and French Canadians replaced?
Answer: Anglo-American settlers

Question: What is the name of the French Canadians in Detroit?
Answer: Muskrat French
Title: Detroit

From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan (first the territory, then the state). Detroit surrendered without a fight to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit. The Battle of Frenchtown (January 18–23, 1813) was part of a United States effort to retake the city, and American troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war. This battle is commemorated at River Raisin National Battlefield Park south of Detroit in Monroe County. Detroit was finally recaptured by the United States later that year.

Question: In which War was Detroit captured by the British?
Answer: War of 1812

Question: In which battle did American troops suffer the highest casualties?
Answer: Battle of Frenchtown

Question: In which year was Detroit recaptured?
Answer: 1813

Question: In which county is the park commemorating the Battle of Frenchtown?
Answer: Monroe County
Title: Detroit

Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the Union during the American Civil War, including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment (part of the legendary Iron Brigade), which fought with distinction and suffered 82% casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. When the First Volunteer Infantry Regiment arrived to fortify Washington, DC, President Abraham Lincoln is quoted as saying "Thank God for Michigan!" George Armstrong Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the Civil War and called them the "Wolverines".

Question: What year was the Battle of Gettysburg?
Answer: 1863

Question: Who led the Wolverine Brigade?
Answer: George Armstrong Custer

Question: What Brigade was the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment a part of?
Answer: Iron Brigade

Question: How many casualties did the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment have in Gettysburg?
Answer: 82%
Title: Detroit

During the late 19th century, several Gilded Age mansions reflecting the wealth of industry and shipping magnates were built east and west of the current downtown, along the major avenues of the Woodward plan. Most notable among them was the David Whitney House located at 4421 Woodward Avenue, which became a prime location for mansions. During this period some referred to Detroit as the Paris of the West for its architecture, grand avenues in the Paris style, and for Washington Boulevard, recently electrified by Thomas Edison. The city had grown steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a major port and transportation hub.

Question: What was a nickname for Detroit in the late 19th century?
Answer: Paris of the West

Question: On which waterway is Detroit located?
Answer: Great Lakes

Question: What is the most famous mansion in Detroit?
Answer: David Whitney House

Question: Which street became known for it's mansions?
Answer: Woodward Avenue

Question: Who electrified Detroit?
Answer: Thomas Edison
Title: Detroit

With the rapid growth of industrial workers in the auto factories, labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor and the United Auto Workers fought to organize workers to gain them better working conditions and wages. They initiated strikes and other tactics in support of improvements such as the 8-hour day/40-hour work week, increased wages, greater benefits and improved working conditions. The labor activism during those years increased influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the Autoworkers.

Question: Who was the labor leader of the Teamsters?
Answer: Jimmy Hoffa

Question: Who was the labor leader of the Autoworkers?
Answer: Walter Reuther

Question: How many hours did the unions push for as a maximum for a work day?
Answer: 8

Question: How many hours did the Unions want the work week to be limited to?
Answer: 40
Title: Detroit

Detroit, like many places in the United States, developed racial conflict and discrimination in the 20th century following rapid demographic changes as hundreds of thousands of new workers were attracted to the industrial city; in a short period it became the 4th-largest city in the nation. The Great Migration brought rural blacks from the South; they were outnumbered by southern whites who also migrated to the city. Immigration brought southern and eastern Europeans of Catholic and Jewish faith; these new groups competed with native-born whites for jobs and housing in the booming city. Detroit was one of the major Midwest cities that was a site for the dramatic urban revival of the Ku Klux Klan beginning in 1915. "By the 1920s the city had become a stronghold of the KKK," whose members opposed Catholic and Jewish immigrants, as well as black Americans. The Black Legion, a secret vigilante group, was active in the Detroit area in the 1930s, when one-third of its estimated 20,000 to 30,000 members in Michigan were based in the city. It was defeated after numerous prosecutions following the kidnapping and murder in 1936 of Charles Poole, a Catholic Works Progress Administration organizer. A total of 49 men of the Black Legion were convicted of numerous crimes, with many sentenced to life in prison for murder.

Question: What was the name of a vigilante group in Detroit?
Answer: The Black Legion

Question: How many people of The Black Legion were convicted of crimes?
Answer: 49

Question: By which decade had the KKK become very active in Detroit?
Answer: 1920s

Question: What is the name of the movement of rural blacks in the early 20th century called?
Answer: The Great Migration
Title: Detroit

Jobs expanded so rapidly that 400,000 people were attracted to the city from 1941 to 1943, including 50,000 blacks in the second wave of the Great Migration, and 350,000 whites, many of them from the South. Some European immigrants and their descendants feared black competition for jobs and housing. The federal government prohibited discrimination in defense work but when in June 1943, Packard promoted three blacks to work next to whites on its assembly lines, 25,000 whites walked off the job. The Detroit race riot of 1943 took place three weeks after the Packard plant protest. Over the course of three days, 34 people were killed, of whom 25 were African American, and approximately 600 were injured, 75% black people.

Question: How many people were killed in the race riot of 1943?
Answer: 34

Question: How many people came to Detroit between 1941 and 1943?
Answer: 400,000

Question: After which event did the 1943 race riot happen?
Answer: Packard plant protest

Question: What care company promoted black workers to work alongside white workers?
Answer: Packard
Title: Detroit

As in other major American cities in the postwar era, construction of an extensive highway and freeway system around Detroit and pent-up demand for new housing stimulated suburbanization; highways made commuting by car easier. In 1956, Detroit's last heavily used electric streetcar line along the length of Woodward Avenue was removed and replaced with gas-powered buses. It was the last line of what had once been a 534-mile network of electric streetcars. In 1941 at peak times, a streetcar ran on Woodward Avenue every 60 seconds.

Question: In which year was the last electric streetcar line removed?
Answer: 1956

Question: How many seconds did a streetcar run along Woodward Ave in 1941?
Answer: 60

Question: What made car travel much easier?
Answer: highways
Title: Detroit

In June 1963, Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave a major speech in Detroit that foreshadowed his "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C. two months later. While the African-American Civil Rights Movement gained significant federal civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965, longstanding inequities resulted in confrontations between the police and inner city black youth wanting change. Longstanding tensions in Detroit culminated in the Twelfth Street riot in July 1967. Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan National Guard into Detroit, and President Johnson sent in U.S. Army troops. The result was 43 dead, 467 injured, over 7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed, mostly in black residential and business areas. Thousands of small businesses closed permanently or relocated to safer neighborhoods. The affected district lay in ruins for decades. It was the most costly riot in the United States.

Question: In which year did Martin Luther King Jr. give a speech in Detroit?
Answer: 1963

Question: What is the name of the riot in Detroit in 1967?
Answer: Twelfth Street riot

Question: Who was the Governor of Michigan in 1967?
Answer: George W. Romney

Question: Who was the President of the United States in 1967?
Answer: President Johnson

Question: How many people were killed in the Twelfth Street riots?
Answer: 43