rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Daylight_saving_time

DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.

Question: What does DST inherit from standard time?
Answer: disadvantages

Question: Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time?
Answer: magnify

Question: Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon?
Answer: two

Question: What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST?
Answer: sun-exposure guidelines

Question: When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence?
Answer: time zone
Title: Daylight_saving_time

As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time.

Question: What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an "s" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English?
Answer: Richard Meade

Question: In 1978, according to Meade, which form of the phrase was more commonly used: daylight saving time or daylight savings time?
Answer: daylight savings time

Question: Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications?
Answer: daylight saving time

Question: Joining Merriam-Webster's and the Oxford dictionary, the older form of the phrase without the "s" is still listed first in what dictionary?
Answer: American Heritage

Question: Along with "daylight saving" and "daylight savings," what alternate form does Merriam-Webster's include?
Answer: daylight time
Title: Daylight_saving_time

In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.

Question: Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST?
Answer: daylight saving

Question: What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation?
Answer: summer time

Question: What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST?
Answer: zomertijd

Question: What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as "legal time"?
Answer: ora legale

Question: What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English?
Answer: solar time
Title: Daylight_saving_time

The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).

Question: What usually changes when a place observes DST?
Answer: The name of local time

Question: What word does American English swap out for "daylight" when referring to time zones?
Answer: standard

Question: In American English, what is the equivalent of Pacific Standard Time?
Answer: Pacific Daylight Time

Question: When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring, what do they call the time they're then observing?
Answer: British Summer Time

Question: What word is often added to the names of time zones when used in British English?
Answer: summer
Title: Daylight_saving_time

The North American mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks.

Question: What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST?
Answer: spring forward, fall back

Question: What is a language like "spring forward, fall back" that acts as a trigger for memory called?
Answer: mnemonic

Question: What does "spring forward, fall back" help people remember?
Answer: which direction to shift clocks
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists.

Question: What can cause issues with installed computer systems?
Answer: Changes to DST rules

Question: What year did DST rules change in North America?
Answer: 2007

Question: What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes?
Answer: upgrades

Question: In addition to calendaring programs, what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes?
Answer: email

Question: Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?
Answer: corporate information technologists
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.

Question: What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?
Answer: UTC

Question: By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?
Answer: time zone differences

Question: In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC?
Answer: operating systems

Question: Where do computers usually use UTC?
Answer: internally

Question: What time would a computer probably use for the clock display?
Answer: local time
Title: Daylight_saving_time

However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.

Question: Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time?
Answer: the IANA time zone database

Question: What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time?
Answer: date/time

Question: What's another name for the IANA database?
Answer: zoneinfo
Title: Daylight_saving_time

The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable isn't set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display.

Question: The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location?
Answer: historical and predicted clock shifts

Question: IANA, or zoneinfo, updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DST policy are made?
Answer: system maintenance

Question: What environment variable defines a location's name?
Answer: TZ

Question: What format is used to store internal time in systems that use zoneinfo?
Answer: timezone-independent epoch time

Question: What's the name of the HP database that's similar to IANA but not compatible with it?
Answer: tztab
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.

Question: Less sophisticated systems might just support a TZ value with one start rule and how many end rules?
Answer: one

Question: When must TZ values be changed on an older system?
Answer: whenever DST rules change

Question: What does the TZ value EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00 specify?
Answer: time for the eastern United States starting in 2007

Question: What years will a new TZ value apply to?
Answer: all years

Question: What's might a new TZ value mishandle when it changes with new DST rules?
Answer: older timestamps
Title: Daylight_saving_time

As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987–2006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps.

Question: Similar to systems using zoneinfo, Microsoft Windows calculates DST by doing what?
Answer: specifying the name of a location

Question: When does the table of rule sets the Windows operating system uses have to be updated?
Answer: when DST rules change

Question: If your computer runs Vista, what's the maximum number of start and end rules you can have for each time zone setting?
Answer: two

Question: If located in Canada somewhere where DST is observed, a system running Vista might mishandle time stamps that are older than what year?
Answer: 1987

Question: On a system running Windows older than Vista, locations in Canada observing DST would only reliably support time stamps from after what year?
Answer: 2006
Title: Daylight_saving_time

These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.

Question: What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?
Answer: 1995

Question: Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?
Answer: marked Israel as not having DST

Question: How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?
Answer: twice a year

Question: What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?
Answer: The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law

Question: Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?
Answer: the Gregorian calendar
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a problem even in Windows-only systems: there is no support for per-user timezone settings, only a single system-wide setting. In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier, when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks, but had not been maintained. Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft.

Question: What does Microsoft Windows use internally for its real-time clock?
Answer: local time

Question: Not using UTC, Windows can't multi boot with different versions of itself like you'd need to do to use what kind of disk?
Answer: a rescue boot disk

Question: As opposed to providing support for users to have unique time zone settings, Windows will only allow for what?
Answer: a single system-wide setting

Question: In what year did Microsoft imply that they would be making changes to support RealTimeIsUniversal in a step towards compatibility with UTC?
Answer: 2008

Question: Since 2008, at least how many times has Microsoft released fixes for the RealTimeIsUniversal feature?
Answer: two
Title: Daylight_saving_time

The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp, but displays it corrected to local—or seasonal—time. However, the FAT filesystem commonly used on removable devices stores only the local time. Consequently, when a file is copied from the hard disk onto separate media, its time will be set to the current local time. If the time adjustment is changed, the timestamps of the original file and the copy will be different. The same effect can be observed when compressing and uncompressing files with some file archivers. It is the NTFS file that changes seen time. This effect should be kept in mind when trying to determine if a file is a duplicate of another, although there are other methods of comparing files for equality (such as using a checksum algorithm).

Question: What file system do recent Windows versions use?
Answer: NTFS

Question: Under NTFS, what does Windows use for file time stamps in storage?
Answer: UTC

Question: What file system do most removable devices use?
Answer: FAT

Question: What time will a file be set to if it's copied from the hard disk onto other media?
Answer: current local time
Title: Daylight_saving_time

A move to "permanent daylight saving time" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated, and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Chile, Iceland, Singapore, Uzbekistan and Belarus. Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts. However, many remain unconvinced of the benefits, citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails. Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the late sunrises in winter, so the country switched permanently back to "standard" or "winter" time in 2014.

Question: What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round?
Answer: permanent daylight saving time

Question: Proponents of permanent DST say it has all the advantages of regular DST without the issues some people have from what bi-annual occurrences?
Answer: time shifts

Question: In year-round DST, would sunrise happen early or late compared to most places?
Answer: late

Question: During what time period did Russia use permanent DST?
Answer: 2011 to 2014

Question: In what season in areas observing permanent daylight saving time will it stay dark the latest in the morning?
Answer: winter
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Xinjiang, China; Argentina; Chile; Iceland; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward, in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts. For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106°39′ W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105° W), but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time (90° W) year-round, so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time, thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round. Conversely, northeast India and a few other areas skew time zones eastward, in effect observing negative DST. The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity, particularly in northern regions.

Question: In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?
Answer: westward

Question: About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?
Answer: 67

Question: What time does Saskatoon observe all year long?
Answer: Central Standard Time

Question: Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST?
Answer: negative DST

Question: What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment?
Answer: 1971
Title: Daylight_saving_time

Western France, Spain, and other areas skew time zones and shift clocks, in effect observing DST in winter with an extra hour in summer. Nome, Alaska, is at 165°24′ W longitude, which is just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165° W), but Nome observes Alaska Time (135° W) with DST, so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and three in summer. Double daylight saving time has been used on occasion; for example, it was used in some European countries during and shortly after World War II when it was referred to as "Double Summer Time". See British Double Summer Time and Central European Midsummer Time for details.

Question: Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer?
Answer: an extra hour

Question: During the summer in Nome, about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks?
Answer: three

Question: What term was used in Britain for double daylight saving time?
Answer: Double Summer Time

Question: What's a third name for double daylight saving time or Double Summer Time used in Europe?
Answer: Central European Midsummer Time
Title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971.

Question: What does RIBA stand for?
Answer: Royal Institute of British Architects

Question: What is the goal of RIBA?
Answer: the advancement of architecture

Question: When was RIBA founded?
Answer: 1837

Question: When was RIBA's founding document expanded?
Answer: 1971

Question: In what country does RIBA mainly operate?
Answer: United Kingdom
Title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.

Question: What was Riba's first name?
Answer: Institute of British Architects in London

Question: In what year was the Institute of British Architects founded?
Answer: 1834

Question: In what city was the Institute of British Architects located?
Answer: London

Question: In terms of profession, what were people like Philip Hardwick, William Adams Nicholson and Thomas de Grey?
Answer: Architects
Title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.

Question: What caused the change of the Institute's name?
Answer: the grant of the royal charter

Question: What was removed from the Royal Institute's name?
Answer: the reference to London

Question: When was the mention of London removed from the Royal Institute's name?
Answer: 1892

Question: Where is the Royal Institute of British Architects located?
Answer: Portland Place

Question: Who opened the structure in which the Royal Institute is currently housed?
Answer: King George V and Queen Mary
Title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then.

Question: When did the Royal Institute receive its charter?
Answer: 1837

Question: Who was responsible for giving the charter to the Royal Institute?
Answer: King William IV

Question: In what years was the Royal Institute issued supplemental charters?
Answer: 1887, 1909 and 1925

Question: When were the various supplemental charters consolidated?
Answer: 1971

Question: What term characterizes the nature of changes to the charter after 1971?
Answer: minor amendments
Title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '… the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith…'

Question: What was the central aim of the Royal Institute?
Answer: the general advancement of Civil Architecture

Question: What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute?
Answer: The original Charter of 1837

Question: What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?
Answer: promoting and facilitating
Title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws, which are more frequently updated than the Charter. Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Council's approval.

Question: What sets forth the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?
Answer: the Byelaws

Question: What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated most often?
Answer: the Byelaws

Question: What is necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?
Answer: the Privy Council's approval