rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Diarrhea

Poverty is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea in a population. This association does not stem from poverty itself, but rather from the conditions under which impoverished people live. The absence of certain resources compromises the ability of the poor to defend themselves against infectious diarrhea. "Poverty is associated with poor housing, crowding, dirt floors, lack of access to clean water or to sanitary disposal of fecal waste (sanitation), cohabitation with domestic animals that may carry human pathogens, and a lack of refrigerated storage for food, all of which increase the frequency of diarrhea... Poverty also restricts the ability to provide age-appropriate, nutritionally balanced diets or to modify diets when diarrhea develops so as to mitigate and repair nutrient losses. The impact is exacerbated by the lack of adequate, available, and affordable medical care."

Question: What is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea?
Answer: Poverty

Question: Why does living in poverty raise your risk of diarrhea?
Answer: from the conditions under which impoverished people live

Question: What causes this to be exacerbated?
Answer: the lack of adequate, available, and affordable medical care.
Title: Diarrhea

Proper nutrition is important for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea. It is especially important to young children who do not have a fully developed immune system. Zinc deficiency, a condition often found in children in developing countries can, even in mild cases, have a significant impact on the development and proper functioning of the human immune system. Indeed, this relationship between zinc deficiency reduced immune functioning corresponds with an increased severity of infectious diarrhea. Children who have lowered levels of zinc have a greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever. Similarly, vitamin A deficiency can cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes, however there is some discrepancy when it comes to the impact of vitamin A deficiency on the rate of disease. While some argue that a relationship does not exist between the rate of disease and vitamin A status, others suggest an increase in the rate associated with deficiency. Given that estimates suggest 127 million preschool children worldwide are vitamin A deficient, this population has the potential for increased risk of disease contraction.

Question: Why is proper nutrition important?
Answer: for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea

Question: What effects does lower levels of zinc have in children?
Answer: greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever

Question: What can having a vitamin A deficiency cause?
Answer: cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes

Question: What is the rate of  vitamin A deficiency in children worldwide?
Answer: 127 million
Title: Diarrhea

According to two researchers, Nesse and Williams, diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism. As a result, if it is stopped, there might be a delay in recovery. They cite in support of this argument research published in 1973 that found that treating Shigella with the anti-diarrhea drug (Co-phenotrope, Lomotil) caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated. The researchers indeed themselves observed that: "Lomotil may be contraindicated in shigellosis. Diarrhea may represent a defense mechanism".

Question: What did Nesse and Williams learn?
Answer: diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism

Question: If diarrhea is stopped, would could happen?
Answer: there might be a delay in recovery.

Question: What happened with people with Shigella were treated with anti-diarrheal medication?
Answer: caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated.
Title: Diarrhea

Basic sanitation techniques can have a profound effect on the transmission of diarrheal disease. The implementation of hand washing using soap and water, for example, has been experimentally shown to reduce the incidence of disease by approximately 42–48%. Hand washing in developing countries, however, is compromised by poverty as acknowledged by the CDC: "Handwashing is integral to disease prevention in all parts of the world; however, access to soap and water is limited in a number of less developed countries. This lack of access is one of many challenges to proper hygiene in less developed countries." Solutions to this barrier require the implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours.

Question: What has had major effects on the transmission of diarrheal diseases?
Answer: Basic sanitation techniques

Question: How much does hand washing reduce the chances of disease?
Answer: approximately 42–48%

Question: Why do developing countries not wash their hands as much as other countries?
Answer: access to soap and water is limited

Question: What is a solution to help this problem?
Answer: implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours
Title: Diarrhea

Given that water contamination is a major means of transmitting diarrheal disease, efforts to provide clean water supply and improved sanitation have the potential to dramatically cut the rate of disease incidence. In fact, it has been proposed that we might expect an 88% reduction in child mortality resulting from diarrheal disease as a result of improved water sanitation and hygiene. Similarly, a meta-analysis of numerous studies on improving water supply and sanitation shows a 22–27% reduction in disease incidence, and a 21–30% reduction in mortality rate associated with diarrheal disease.

Question: What is a major means of the spread of diarrhea disease?
Answer: water contamination

Question: What has cut the rate of diarrhea disease incidents? 
Answer: clean water supply and improved sanitation

Question: What would be the reduction in deisease incedence if there was better water and sanitation?
Answer: 22–27% reduction in disease incidence
Title: Diarrhea

Immunization against the pathogens that cause diarrheal disease is a viable prevention strategy, however it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination. In the case of Rotavirus, which was responsible for around 6% of diarrheal episodes and 20% of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing countries, use of a Rotavirus vaccine in trials in 1985 yielded a slight (2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence, while reducing overall mortality by 6-10%. Similarly, a Cholera vaccine showed a strong reduction in morbidity and mortality, though the overall impact of vaccination was minimal as Cholera is not one of the major causative pathogens of diarrheal disease. Since this time, more effective vaccines have been developed that have the potential to save many thousands of lives in developing nations, while reducing the overall cost of treatment, and the costs to society.

Question: What is the downfall of using immunization against the pathogens that cause disease?
Answer: it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination

Question: What is responsible for 6% of dearrheal disease?
Answer: Rotavirus

Question: What percent is the rotavirus responsible for in diarrheal disease deaths?
Answer: 20%

Question: What was the effect of the Rotavirus vaccine?
Answer: (2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence

Question: What year was the Rotovirus vaccine used?
Answer: 1985
Title: Diarrhea

Dietary deficiencies in developing countries can be combated by promoting better eating practices. Supplementation with vitamin A and/or zinc. Zinc supplementation proved successful showing a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrheal disease compared to a control group. The majority of the literature suggests that vitamin A supplementation is advantageous in reducing disease incidence. Development of a supplementation strategy should take into consideration the fact that vitamin A supplementation was less effective in reducing diarrhea incidence when compared to vitamin A and zinc supplementation, and that the latter strategy was estimated to be significantly more cost effective.

Question: What can be done to combate dietary deficiences?
Answer: promoting better eating practices

Question: What has been used and shown successful in a decrease in incidence of diarrheal disease?
Answer: Zinc

Question: WHat strategy was found out to be more cost effective?
Answer: zinc supplementation
Title: Diarrhea

In many cases of diarrhea, replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed. This is usually by mouth – oral rehydration therapy – or, in severe cases, intravenously. Diet restrictions such as the BRAT diet are no longer recommended. Research does not support the limiting of milk to children as doing so has no effect on duration of diarrhea. To the contrary, WHO recommends that children with diarrhea continue to eat as sufficient nutrients are usually still absorbed to support continued growth and weight gain, and that continuing to eat also speeds up recovery of normal intestinal functioning. CDC recommends that children and adults with cholera also continue to eat.

Question: What is the basic treatment many cases of diarrhea need?
Answer: replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed

Question: How is this treatment given?
Answer: This is usually by mouth – oral rehydration therapy – or, in severe cases, intravenously

Question: What type of diet is no longer recommended?
Answer: BRAT diet

Question: What does WHO recommend to do?
Answer: children with diarrhea continue to eat as sufficient nutrients are usually still absorbed to support continued growth and weight gain
Title: Diarrhea

Oral rehydration solution (ORS) (a slightly sweetened and salty water) can be used to prevent dehydration. Standard home solutions such as salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt can be given. Home solutions such as water in which cereal has been cooked, unsalted soup, green coconut water, weak tea (unsweetened), and unsweetened fresh fruit juices can have from half a teaspoon to full teaspoon of salt (from one-and-a-half to three grams) added per liter. Clean plain water can also be one of several fluids given. There are commercial solutions such as Pedialyte, and relief agencies such as UNICEF widely distribute packets of salts and sugar. A WHO publication for physicians recommends a homemade ORS consisting of one liter water with one teaspoon salt (3 grams) and two tablespoons sugar (18 grams) added (approximately the "taste of tears"). Rehydration Project recommends adding the same amount of sugar but only one-half a teaspoon of salt, stating that this more dilute approach is less risky with very little loss of effectiveness. Both agree that drinks with too much sugar or salt can make dehydration worse.

Question: What can be used to prevent dehydration?
Answer: Oral rehydration solution (ORS)

Question: What are some good standard home solutions?
Answer: salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt

Question: What is a commercial solution that can also be used?
Answer: Pedialyte

Question: What is the WHO's recipe for ORS?
Answer: one liter water with one teaspoon salt (3 grams) and two tablespoons sugar (18 grams) added
Title: Diarrhea

Drinks especially high in simple sugars, such as soft drinks and fruit juices, are not recommended in children under 5 years of age as they may increase dehydration. A too rich solution in the gut draws water from the rest of the body, just as if the person were to drink sea water. Plain water may be used if more specific and effective ORT preparations are unavailable or are not palatable. Additionally, a mix of both plain water and drinks perhaps too rich in sugar and salt can alternatively be given to the same person, with the goal of providing a medium amount of sodium overall. A nasogastric tube can be used in young children to administer fluids if warranted.

Question: What are not recommended for younger kids because it can casue more dehydration?
Answer: Drinks especially high in simple sugars, such as soft drinks and fruit juices

Question: Why are sodas and high sugar fruit juices not recommended?
Answer: A too rich solution in the gut draws water from the rest of the body, just as if the person were to drink sea water

Question: What can be used to give fluids when they can not drink?
Answer: A nasogastric tube
Title: Diarrhea

WHO recommends a child with diarrhea continue to be fed. Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function. In contrast, children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly. A child should also continue to be breastfed. The WHO states "Food should never be withheld and the child's usual foods should not be diluted. Breastfeeding should always be continued." And in the specific example of cholera, CDC also makes the same recommendation. In young children who are not breast-fed and live in the developed world, a lactose-free diet may be useful to speed recovery.

Question: What does WHO recommend?
Answer: a child with diarrhea continue to be fed

Question: What does continuing to eat do for your illness?
Answer: Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function

Question: What happens when a childs food is restricted?
Answer: children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly
Title: Diarrhea

While antibiotics are beneficial in certain types of acute diarrhea, they are usually not used except in specific situations. There are concerns that antibiotics may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7. In resource-poor countries, treatment with antibiotics may be beneficial. However, some bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance, particularly Shigella. Antibiotics can also cause diarrhea, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea is the most common adverse effect of treatment with general antibiotics.

Question: Are antibiotics used in diarrhea instances?
Answer: they are usually not used except in specific situations

Question: What are the concerns with anitbiotics?
Answer: may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7

Question: What are bacteria doing that makes them not work as well?
Answer: some bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance
Title: Madrasa

Madrasa (Arabic: مدرسة‎, madrasah, pl. مدارس, madāris, Turkish: Medrese) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, whether secular or religious (of any religion). The word is variously transliterated madrasah, madarasaa, medresa, madrassa, madraza, medrese, etc. In the West, the word usually refers to a specific type of religious school or college for the study of the Islamic religion, though this may not be the only subject studied. Not all students in madaris are Muslims; there is also a modern curriculum.

Question: What are the origins of the word madrasa?
Answer: Arabic

Question: What type of educational institution does the term madrasa refer?
Answer: any type

Question: In Western culture, the term madrasa widely refers to the practices of what religion?
Answer: Islamic

Question: How many students enrolled in madaris are Muslim?
Answer: Not all
Title: Madrasa

The word madrasah derives from the triconsonantal Semitic root د-ر-س D-R-S 'to learn, study', through the wazn (form/stem) مفعل(ة)‎; mafʻal(ah), meaning "a place where something is done". Therefore, madrasah literally means "a place where learning and studying take place". The word is also present as a loanword with the same innocuous meaning in many Arabic-influenced languages, such as: Urdu, Bengali, Hindi, Persian, Turkish, Azeri, Kurdish, Indonesian, Malay and Bosnian / Croatian. In the Arabic language, the word مدرسة madrasah simply means the same as school does in the English language, whether that is private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether Muslim, non-Muslim, or secular. Unlike the use of the word school in British English, the word madrasah more closely resembles the term school in American English, in that it can refer to a university-level or post-graduate school as well as to a primary or secondary school. For example, in the Ottoman Empire during the Early Modern Period, madaris had lower schools and specialised schools where the students became known as danişmends. The usual Arabic word for a university, however, is جامعة (jāmiʻah). The Hebrew cognate midrasha also connotes the meaning of a place of learning; the related term midrash literally refers to study or learning, but has acquired mystical and religious connotations.

Question: What are the root origins of the word madrasah?
Answer: triconsonantal Semitic

Question: What is the literal translation of madrasah?
Answer: a place where learning and studying take place

Question: In Arabic, what does madarasah mean?
Answer: same as school does in the English language

Question: During the Ottoman Empire, what types of schools were typical?
Answer: lower schools and specialised

Question: What were the students in madaris called?
Answer: danişmends
Title: Madrasa

However, in English, the term madrasah usually refers to the specifically Islamic institutions. A typical Islamic school usually offers two courses of study: a ḥifẓ course teaching memorization of the Qur'an (the person who commits the entire Qurʼan to memory is called a ḥāfiẓ); and an ʻālim course leading the candidate to become an accepted scholar in the community. A regular curriculum includes courses in Arabic, tafsir (Qur'anic interpretation), sharīʻah (Islamic law), hadiths (recorded sayings and deeds of Muhammad), mantiq (logic), and Muslim history. In the Ottoman Empire, during the Early Modern Period, the study of hadiths was introduced by Süleyman I. Depending on the educational demands, some madaris also offer additional advanced courses in Arabic literature, English and other foreign languages, as well as science and world history. Ottoman madaris along with religious teachings also taught "styles of writing, grammary, syntax, poetry, composition, natural sciences, political sciences, and etiquette."

Question: What is the English connotative understanding of the word madrash? 
Answer: Islamic institutions

Question: What is taught through a hifz class or set of classes?
Answer: memorization of the Qur'an

Question: What is shariah?
Answer: Islamic law

Question: What is the discipline taught in mantiq courses?
Answer: logic

Question: What set of courses does someone need to take for preparation to be considered as a scholar?
Answer: ʻālim
Title: Madrasa

People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming imams.[citation needed] The certificate of an ʻālim, for example, requires approximately twelve years of study.[citation needed] A good number of the ḥuffāẓ (plural of ḥāfiẓ) are the product of the madaris. The madaris also resemble colleges, where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories. An important function of the madaris is to admit orphans and poor children in order to provide them with education and training. Madaris may enroll female students; however, they study separately from the men.[citation needed]

Question: What age groups are usually enrolled in madaris?
Answer: all ages

Question: How long does someone have to be enrolled in alim courses to earn a certificate or graduate?
Answer: approximately twelve years

Question: In what ways are madaris similar to western colleges?
Answer: people take evening classes and reside in dormitories

Question: Why do madaris extend enrollment to children of less fortunate circumstances?
Answer: provide them with education and training

Question: What is the format for co-education for women in madaris?
Answer: they study separately from the men
Title: Madrasa

The term "Islamic education" means education in the light of Islam itself, which is rooted in the teachings of the Quran - holy book of Muslims. Islamic education and Muslim education are not the same. Because Islamic education has epistemological integration which is founded on Tawhid - Oneness or monotheism. For details Read "A Qur’anic Methodology for Integrating Knowledge and Education: Implications for Malaysia’s Islamic Education Strategy" written Tareq M Zayed  and "Knowledge of Shariah and Knowledge to Manage ‘Self’ and ‘System’: Integration of Islamic Epistemology with the Knowledge and Education" authored by Tareq M Zayed

Question: What is the meaning of Islamic education?
Answer: education in the light of Islam itself

Question: What book is the basis for education in Islamic traditions?
Answer: Quran

Question: What types of education greatly differs from Islamic education?
Answer: Muslim education

Question: What is Islamic religion traditionally considered as far as theology is concerned?
Answer: monotheism
Title: Madrasa

The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam near a hill called Safa, where Hazrat Muhammad was the teacher and the students were some of his followers.[citation needed] After Hijrah (migration) the madrasa of "Suffa" was established in Madina on the east side of the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi mosque. Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit was appointed there by Hazrat Muhammad as teacher and among the students.[citation needed] In the curriculum of the madrasa, there were teachings of The Qur'an,The Hadith, fara'iz, tajweed, genealogy, treatises of first aid, etc. There were also trainings of horse-riding, art of war, handwriting and calligraphy, athletics and martial arts. The first part of madrasa based education is estimated from the first day of "nabuwwat" to the first portion of the "Umaiya" caliphate.[citation needed]

Question: Where was the first madrasa located?
Answer: the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam

Question: Who was the teacher at the first madrasa?
Answer: Hazrat Muhammad

Question: Who was named as a teacher at the second madrasa, housed in a mosque?
Answer: Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit

Question: What handwriting art form was taught in the early madaris?
Answer: calligraphy

Question: What type of physical fitness activities were taught in the early madaris?
Answer: athletics and martial arts
Title: Madrasa

During the rule of the Fatimid and Mamluk dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madaris through a religious endowment known as the waqf. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status but it was an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to their descendants. Especially during the Mamlūk period, when only former slaves could assume power, the sons of the ruling Mamlūk elite were unable to inherit. Guaranteed positions within the new madaris thus allowed them to maintain status. Madaris built in this period include the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Ḥasan in Cairo.

Question: Which class of people founded the madaris during the medieval period?
Answer: ruling elite

Question: How were the madaris funded during the medieval period?
Answer: through a religious endowment

Question: What class of people inherited status during the Mamluk Period?
Answer: former slaves

Question: What allowed the ruling elite to maintain power during the Mamluk period?
Answer: Guaranteed positions within the new madaris

Question: In what city was the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Hasan?
Answer: Cairo