rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education also operates out of the city and oversees several K-8 parochial schools, such as Blessed Sacrament School, Christ Our King School, Charleston Catholic School, Nativity School, and Divine Redeemer School, all of which are "feeder" schools into Bishop England High School, a diocesan high school within the city. Bishop England, Porter-Gaud School, and Ashley Hall are the city's oldest and most prominent private schools, and are a significant part of Charleston history, dating back some 150 years.

Question: Some of the oldest private schools in Charleston date back how long?
Answer: 150 years

Question: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston oversees what kind of schools?
Answer: K-8 parochial schools

Question: How old are some of Charleston's private school?
Answer: 150 years

Question: Which school is Charleston's diocesan high school?
Answer: Bishop England High School

Question: Which organization oversees several K-8 Parochial Schools?
Answer: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education

Question: Bishop England High school , Porter-Gaud School and a what other school is among Charleston's most prominent private schools?
Answer: Ashley Hall
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

Public institutions of higher education in Charleston include the College of Charleston (the nation's 13th-oldest university), The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, and the Medical University of South Carolina. The city is also home to private universities, including the Charleston School of Law . Charleston is also home to the Roper Hospital School of Practical Nursing, and the city has a downtown satellite campus for the region's technical school, Trident Technical College. Charleston is also the location for the only college in the country that offers bachelor's degrees in the building arts, The American College of the Building Arts. The Art Institute of Charleston, located downtown on North Market Street, opened in 2007.

Question: What is the nation's 13th-oldest university?
Answer: College of Charleston

Question: Where is the Art Institute of Charleston located?
Answer: downtown on North Market Street

Question: What year did the Art institute of Charleston open?
Answer: 2007

Question: What Charleston College offers a degree in Building Arts?
Answer: The American College of the Building Arts

Question: What Technical college have a campus at downtown Charleston?
Answer: Trident Technical College
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

Charleston has one official sister city, Spoleto, Umbria, Italy. The relationship between the two cities began when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composer Gian Carlo Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the American version of Spoleto's annual Festival of Two Worlds. "Looking for a city that would provide the charm of Spoleto, as well as its wealth of theaters, churches, and other performance spaces, they selected Charleston, South Carolina, as the ideal location. The historic city provided a perfect fit: intimate enough that the Festival would captivate the entire city, yet cosmopolitan enough to provide an enthusiastic audience and robust infrastructure."

Question: What is the name of Charleston's sister city?
Answer: Spoleto

Question: In what country is Spoleto located?
Answer: Italy

Question: Who selected Charleston to host an American version of a festival?
Answer: Gian Carlo Menotti

Question: What is the name of festival held in Spoleto?
Answer: Festival of Two Worlds

Question: What is the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?
Answer: composer
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

During this period, the Weapons Station was the Atlantic Fleet's loadout base for all nuclear ballistic missile submarines. Two SSBN "Boomer" squadrons and a submarine tender were homeported at the Weapons Station, while one SSN attack squadron, Submarine Squadron 4, and a submarine tender were homeported at the Naval Base. At the 1996 closure of the station's Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic (POMFLANT), over 2,500 nuclear warheads and their UGM-27 Polaris, UGM-73 Poseidon, and UGM-96 Trident I delivery missiles (SLBM) were stored and maintained, guarded by a U.S. Marine Corps security force company.

Question: What year was the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station closed?
Answer: 1996

Question: How many nuclear warheads were stored at the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station?
Answer: 2,500 nuclear warheads

Question: How many SSBN "Boomer" squadrons were homeported at the Weapons Station?
Answer: Two

Question: Submarine Squadron 4 is homeported at what type of military base?
Answer: Naval Base

Question: What type of security force guards the 2500 nuclear warheads?
Answer: a U.S. Marine Corps security force company.
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

In 1832, South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, a procedure by which a state could, in effect, repeal a federal law; it was directed against the most recent tariff acts. Soon, federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston's forts, and five United States Coast Guard cutters were detached to Charleston Harbor "to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port, and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law have been complied with." This federal action became known as the Charleston incident. The state's politicians worked on a compromise law in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs.

Question: What year did South Carolina pass a law allowing them to repeal Federal Law?
Answer: 1832

Question: After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston's forts?
Answer: federal soldiers

Question: After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston Harbor?
Answer: five United States Coast Guard cutters

Question: The federal action of sending soldiers to Charleston in 1832 is known as what?
Answer: the Charleston incident

Question: A compromise law from the state politicans achieved what?
Answer: in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became a hub of commercial activity. The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and the slaves bought and sold. The legal importation of African slaves had ended in 1808, although smuggling was significant. However, the domestic trade was booming. More than one million slaves were transported from the Upper South to the Deep South in the antebellum years, as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as the Black Belt. Many slaves were transported in the coastwise slave trade, with slave ships stopping at ports such as Charleston.

Question: What industry depended on the port of Charleston?
Answer: The slave trade

Question: Where was  fresh food sold daily in Charleston in 1840?
Answer: the Market Hall and Sheds

Question: What year did the legal importation of slaves end?
Answer: 1808

Question: The region where cotton plantations were developed was known as what?
Answer: Black Belt

Question: In what era did one million slaves get trade throughout the South?
Answer: in the antebellum years
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

After the defeat of the Confederacy, federal forces remained in Charleston during the city's reconstruction. The war had shattered the prosperity of the antebellum city. Freed slaves were faced with poverty and discrimination, but a large community of free people of color had been well-established in the city before the war and became the leaders of the postwar Republican Party and its legislators. Men who had been free people of color before the war comprised 26% of those elected to state and federal office in South Carolina from 1868 to 1876.

Question: What percentage of those elected from 1868 to 1876 were Freemen?
Answer: 26%

Question: Freeman became the leaders of what party in Charleston?
Answer: postwar Republican Party

Question: What else did freed slaves face in postwar Charleston besides discrimination?
Answer: poverty

Question: For what did the Federal forces remain in Charleston?
Answer: city's reconstruction

Question: Which side was defeated in the war before Reconstruction?
Answer: Confederacy
Title: Red

Red is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometres. Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light, along with green and blue, which in Red Green Blue (RGB) color systems are combined to create all the colors on a computer monitor or television screen. Red is also one of the subtractive primary colors, along with yellow and blue, of the RYB color space and traditional color wheel used by painters and artists.

Question: Red is opposite what color of the spectrum?
Answer: violet

Question: Which two colors besides red make up the RGB color system?
Answer: Green Blue

Question: Which color is red next to on the spectrum of visible light?
Answer: orange

Question: How many nanometres does red have?
Answer: roughly 620–740

Question: Which colors are combined to make all other colors? 
Answer: Red Green Blue

Question: What spectrum of light is red within?
Answer: visible light

Question: Which color is opposite of red on the visible spectrum?
Answer: violet

Question: On the spectrum of light, where is red found?
Answer: 620–740 nanometres

Question: What color is beside red in the visible spectrum of light?
Answer: orange

Question: Red Yellow and Blue are what kind of colors?
Answer: subtractive primary colors
Title: Red

In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars. The red sky at sunset and sunrise is caused by an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering, which, when the sun is low or below the horizon, increases the red-wavelength light that reaches the eye. The color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the human population has red hair; the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin.

Question: From where does the color red in blood come from?
Answer: hemoglobin

Question: What does hemoglobin contain?
Answer: iron

Question: What causes the color of hematite and red ochre?
Answer: iron oxide

Question: Why does a sky turn red when the evening comes?
Answer: Rayleigh scattering

Question: What pigment is responsible for the color of leaves in fall?
Answer: anthocyanins
Title: Red

A red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône. Kermes from oak trees was later used by Romans, who imported it from Spain. A different variety of dye was made from Porphyrophora hamelii (Armenian cochineal) scale insects that lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. It was mentioned in texts as early as the 8th century BC, and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians.

Question: During what period did people use Kermes vermilio to make red dye?
Answer: Neolithic Period

Question: What does Kermes vermilio eat to survive?
Answer: the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees

Question: From where did Romans acquire Kermes?
Answer: Spain

Question: What kind of bural was at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône?
Answer: Neolithic cave-burial

Question: What was the earliest known writing about dye from Aermenian cochineal?
Answer: 8th century BC
Title: Red

Kermes is also mentioned in the Bible. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet." The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning "colored twice with coccus." Coccus, from the ancient Greek Kokkos, means a tiny grain and is the term that was used in ancient times for the Kermes vermilio insect used to make the Kermes dye. This was also the origin of the expression "dyed in the grain."

Question: In which book of the Bible did God reference gifts of Blue Purple and Scarlet?
Answer: the Book of Exodus

Question: What does coccumque bis tinctum translate to in english?
Answer: colored twice with coccus

Question: In ancient greek, what is coccus referred to as?
Answer: Kokkos

Question: What does Kokkos mean in english?
Answer: a tiny grain

Question: In what century did the latin vulgate bible use the term coccumque bis tinctum?
Answer: 4th century
Title: Red

But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: "Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red." The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the skin color of men. An ivory painter's palette found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun had small compartments with pigments of red ochre and five other colors. The Egyptians used the root of the rubia, or madder plant, to make a dye, later known as alizarin, and also used it to color white power to use as a pigment, which became known as madder lake, alizarin or alizarin crimson.

Question: When did Egyptians start to make red pigment?
Answer: 4000 BC

Question: What pigment was used for male skin tone in ancient wall art?
Answer: Red ochre

Question: What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin?
Answer: the rubia

Question: What dye did the Egyptians make using the madder plant?
Answer: alizarin

Question: What type of palette was found in Tutankhamun's tomb?
Answer: ivory painter's palette
Title: Red

In Ancient Rome, Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum. Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associated with army; Roman soldiers wore red tunics, and officers wore a cloak called a paludamentum which, depending upon the quality of the dye, could be crimson, scarlet or purple. In Roman mythology red is associated with the god of war, Mars. The vexilloid of the Roman Empire had a red background with the letters SPQR in gold. A Roman general receiving a triumph had his entire body painted red in honor of his achievement.

Question: Which color was said to be the Emperor's color in ancient Rome?
Answer: Tyrian purple

Question: At what time were togas with red were worn by Romans?
Answer: holidays

Question: What is a flammeum?
Answer: a red shawl

Question: What color was correlated with the Army in ancient Rome?
Answer: Red

Question: After what event would a general of the Roman army be painted red?
Answer: triumph
Title: Red

The Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion, and it came from the mineral cinnabar, a common ore of mercury. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightness for more than twenty centuries. The source of cinnabar for the Romans was a group of mines near Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain. Working in the mines was extremely dangerous, since mercury is highly toxic; the miners were slaves or prisoners, and being sent to the cinnabar mines was a virtual death sentence.

Question: What pigment was used to paint villas in ancient Rome?
Answer: vermilion

Question: From where did vermilion originate?
Answer: the mineral cinnabar

Question: Cinnabar is an ore of what metal?
Answer: mercury

Question: What mines did Romans use to acquire cinnabar?
Answer: Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain

Question: Along with slaves, who was sent to work in cinnabar mines in Rome?
Answer: prisoners
Title: Red

Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century, he added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with a mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In Medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted wearing red mantles.

Question: Which European emperor painted their palace red?
Answer: Emperor Charlemagne

Question: In what year did cardinals in the Roman Catholic church start wearing red?
Answer: 1295

Question: When was Saint Denis Basilica rebuilt?
Answer: 12th century

Question: Who rebuilt the basilica of Saint Denis?
Answer: Abbe Suger

Question: Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting?
Answer: Virgin Mary
Title: Red

Red clothing was a sign of status and wealth. It was worn not only by cardinals and princes, but also by merchants, artisans and townpeople, particularly on holidays or special occasions. Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum, the madder plant. This color leaned toward brick-red, and faded easily in the sun or during washing. The wealthy and aristocrats wore scarlet clothing dyed with kermes, or carmine, made from the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects, which lived on the leaves of oak trees in Eastern Europe and around the Mediterranean. The insects were gathered, dried, crushed, and boiled with different ingredients in a long and complicated process, which produced a brilliant scarlet.

Question: What status did the wearing of red in medieval times represent?
Answer: wealth

Question: On what occasion would townspeople wear red?
Answer: holidays

Question: What root was used for red clothing owned by commoners?
Answer: rubia tinctorum

Question: Outside of sun exposure in what circumstance did pigment made from rubia tinctorum fade?
Answer: during washing

Question: What was carmine made from?
Answer: the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects
Title: Red

Red played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and good fortune to his reign. During the Zhou, Han, Jin, Song and Ming Dynasties, red considered a noble color, and it was featured in all court ceremonies, from coronations to sacrificial offerings, and weddings.

Question: How many elements did the Chinese philosophers think the world was made of?
Answer: five

Question: What element was red associated with in Chinese philosophy?
Answer: fire

Question: Outside of Fire and Earth, what three other elements did Chinese philosophers say the world was composed from?
Answer: metal, wood, water

Question: At the time of the Han dynasty where would one fine the color Red?
Answer: all court ceremonies

Question: In the time of the Ming Dynasty one would find what color used during sacrificial offerings?
Answer: Red
Title: Red

Red was also a badge of rank. During the Song dynasty (906–1279), officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red; those of the sixth and seventh wore green; and the eighth and ninth wore blue. Red was the color worn by the royal guards of honor, and the color of the carriages of the imperial family. When the imperial family traveled, their servants and accompanying officials carried red and purple umbrellas. Of an official who had talent and ambition, it was said "he is so red he becomes purple."

Question: During what years did the Song dynasty occur?
Answer: 906–1279

Question: Which number of ranks wore purple clothing in the Song dynasty?
Answer: three

Question: What color did sixth rank Song dynasty officials wear?
Answer: green

Question: What ranks in the Song dynasty wore blue?
Answer: eighth and ninth
Title: Red

Red was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin (1715–1763), was about the lives of noble women who passed their lives out of public sight within the walls of such mansions. In later dynasties red was reserved for the walls of temples and imperial residences. When the Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty conquered the Ming and took over the Forbidden City and Imperial Palace in Beijing, all the walls, gates, beams and pillars were painted in red and gold.

Question: Who painted their mansions red during the Song and Tang dynasties?
Answer: nobles

Question: who wrote A dream of Red Mansions?
Answer: Cao Xueqin

Question: During what years was Cao Xueqin alive?
Answer: 1715–1763

Question: In late Chinese dynasties red was used only on what kind of architecture?
Answer: temples and imperial residences

Question: Who painted the walls of the Forbidden city red after the fall of the Ming dynasty?
Answer: Qing Dynasty
Title: Red

There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree. For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal; also known as Kermes vermilio or "Blood of Saint John", which was made from a related insect, the Margodes polonicus. It made a more vivid red than ordinary Kermes. The finest and most expensive variety of red made from insects was the "Kermes" of Armenia (Armenian cochineal, also known as Persian kirmiz), made by collecting and crushing Porphyophora hamelii, an insect which lived on the roots and stems of certain grasses. The pigment and dye merchants of Venice imported and sold all of these products and also manufactured their own color, called Venetian red, which was considered the most expensive and finest red in Europe. Its secret ingredient was arsenic, which brightened the color.

Question: What plant was used to make the most used red dye in Venice?
Answer: Rubia

Question: Which group in Europe used Kermes dye?
Answer: the wealthy

Question: The wealthiest in Europe used what red dye?
Answer: Polish Cochineal

Question: What dye was known as the Blood of Saint John?
Answer: Kermes vermilio

Question: The Blood of Saint John was made from an insect, which one?
Answer: Margodes polonicus