rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: The_Blitz

From November 1940 – February 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted its strategy and attacked other industrial cities. In particular, the West Midlands were targeted. On the night of 13/14 November, 77 He 111s of Kampfgeschwader 26 (26th Bomber Wing, or KG 26) bombed London while 63 from KG 55 hit Birmingham. The next night, a large force hit Coventry. "Pathfinders" from 12 Kampfgruppe 100 (Bomb Group 100 or KGr 100) led 437 bombers from KG 1, KG 3, KG 26, KG 27, KG 55 and Lehrgeschwader 1 (1st Training Wing, or LG 1) which dropped 394 short tons (357 t) of high explosive, 56 short tons (51 t) of incendiaries, and 127 parachute mines. Other sources say 449 bombers and a total of 530 short tons (480 t) of bombs were dropped. The raid against Coventry was particularly devastating, and led to widespread use of the phrase "to conventrate". Over 10,000 incendiaries were dropped. Around 21 factories were seriously damaged in Coventry, and loss of public utilities stopped work at nine others, disrupting industrial output for several months. Only one bomber was lost, to anti-aircraft fire, despite the RAF flying 125 night sorties. No follow up raids were made, as OKL underestimated the British power of recovery (as Bomber Command would do over Germany from 1943–1945). The Germans were surprised by the success of the attack. The concentration had been achieved by accident. The strategic effect of the raid was a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production.

Question: The Luftwaffe's change in strategy targeted what primarily?
Answer: the West Midlands

Question: How many parachute mines were dropped?
Answer: 127

Question: The Coventry raid led to what phrase being in widespread use?
Answer: "to conventrate"

Question: What stopped work in 9 factories in Coventry?
Answer: loss of public utilities

Question: What effect did the raid have strategically? 
Answer: a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production
Title: The_Blitz

Five nights later, Birmingham was hit by 369 bombers from KG 54, KG 26, and KG 55. By the end of November, 1,100 bombers were available for night raids. An average of 200 were able to strike per night. This weight of attack went on for two months, with the Luftwaffe dropping 13,900 short tons (12,600 t) of bombs. In November 1940, 6,000 sorties and 23 major attacks (more than 100 tons of bombs dropped) were flown. Two heavy (50 short tons (45 t) of bombs) attacks were also flown. In December, only 11 major and five heavy attacks were made.

Question: How many bombers hit Birmingham?
Answer: 369

Question: For how many months did the night raids continue for?
Answer: two months

Question: How many tons of bombs had to be dropped to be considered a major attack?
Answer: more than 100 tons of bombs dropped

Question: December saw how many attacks?
Answer: only 11 major and five heavy attacks
Title: The_Blitz

Probably the most devastating strike occurred on the evening of 29 December, when German aircraft attacked the City of London itself with incendiary and high explosive bombs, causing a firestorm that has been called the Second Great Fire of London. The first group to use these incendiaries was Kampfgruppe 100 which despatched 10 "pathfinder" He 111s. At 18:17, it released the first of 10,000 fire bombs, eventually amounting to 300 dropped per minute. Altogether, 130 German bombers destroyed the historical centre of London. Civilian casualties on London throughout the Blitz amounted to 28,556 killed, and 25,578 wounded. The Luftwaffe had dropped 18,291 short tons (16,593 t) of bombs.

Question: On what day was London itself attacked?
Answer: the evening of 29 December

Question: What group was the first to use incendiaries?
Answer: Kampfgruppe 100

Question: How many fire bombs were dropped per minute?
Answer: 300

Question: How many civilians were killed in the bombing?
Answer: 28,556 killed

Question: The Luftwaffe dropped how many short tons of bombs?
Answer: 18,291 short tons
Title: The_Blitz

Not all of the Luftwaffe's effort was made against inland cities. Port cities were also attacked to try to disrupt trade and sea communications. In January Swansea was bombed four times, very heavily. On 17 January around 100 bombers dropped a high concentration of incendiaries, some 32,000 in all. The main damage was inflicted on the commercial and domestic areas. Four days later 230 tons was dropped including 60,000 incendiaries. In Portsmouth Southsea and Gosport waves of 150 bombers destroyed vast swaths of the city with 40,000 incendiaries. Warehouses, rail lines and houses were destroyed and damaged, but the docks were largely untouched.

Question: Why were port cities targeted by the Luftwaffe?
Answer: to try to disrupt trade and sea communications

Question: How many times was Swansea bombed heavily?
Answer: four times

Question: What was primarily damaged in the attacks?
Answer: commercial and domestic areas

Question: What cities had large sections of them destroyed?
Answer: Portsmouth Southsea and Gosport

Question: What was left mostly unharmed?
Answer: the docks
Title: The_Blitz

Although official German air doctrine did target civilian morale, it did not espouse the attacking of civilians directly. It hoped to destroy morale by destroying the enemy's factories and public utilities as well as its food stocks (by attacking shipping). Nevertheless, its official opposition to attacks on civilians became an increasingly moot point when large-scale raids were conducted in November and December 1940. Although not encouraged by official policy, the use of mines and incendiaries, for tactical expediency, came close to indiscriminate bombing. Locating targets in skies obscured by industrial haze meant they needed to be illuminated "without regard for the civilian population".

Question: What was the primary goal of the German air doctrine?
Answer: target civilian morale

Question: In November and December of 1940 what changed to make attacks on civilians a moot point?
Answer: large-scale raids

Question: What had nearly been considered indiscriminate bombing?
Answer: use of mines and incendiaries, for tactical expediency

Question: Lighting targets hidden by haze had to be done without what?
Answer: regard for the civilian population
Title: The_Blitz

Special units, such as KGr 100, became the Beleuchtergruppe (Firelighter Group), which used incendiaries and high explosive to mark the target area. The tactic was expanded into Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) with the creation of Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields) to mark targets. These were marked out by parachute flares. Then bombers carrying SC 1000 (1,000 kg (2,205 lb)), SC 1400 (1,400 kg (3,086 lb)), and SC 1800 (1,800 kg (3,968 lb)) "Satan" bombs were used to level streets and residential areas. By December, the SC 2500 (2,500 kg (5,512 lb)) "Max" bomb was used.

Question: What was the group that used incendiaries and high explosives to mark targets?
Answer: Beleuchtergruppe

Question: The Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) tactic led to what creation for marking targets?
Answer: Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields)

Question: What was the nickname of bombs used in streets and residential areas?
Answer: "Satan"

Question: What was the weight of the "Max" bomb?
Answer: 2,500 kg (5,512 lb)
Title: The_Blitz

These decisions, apparently taken at the Luftflotte or Fliegerkorps level (see Organisation of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)), meant attacks on individual targets were gradually replaced by what was, for all intents and purposes, an unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack). Part of the reason for this was inaccuracy of navigation. The effectiveness of British countermeasures against Knickebein, which was designed to avoid area attacks, forced the Luftwaffe to resort to these methods. The shift from precision bombing to area attack is indicated in the tactical methods and weapons dropped. KGr 100 increased its use of incendiaries from 13–28 percent. By December, this had increased to 92 percent. Use of incendiaries, which were inherently inaccurate, indicated much less care was taken to avoid civilian property close to industrial sites. Other units ceased using parachute flares and opted for explosive target markers. Captured German air crews also indicated the homes of industrial workers were deliberately targeted.

Question: Decision changes at organizational levels led to what type of attacks?
Answer: unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack)

Question: What was one of the reasons for unrestricted area attacks?
Answer: inaccuracy of navigation

Question: How was it known that precision bombing was changed to area attacks?
Answer: tactical methods and weapons dropped

Question: What percentage of incendiaries were used in December?
Answer: 92 percent

Question: How was it determined that homes of industrial workers were targeted?
Answer: Captured German air crews
Title: The_Blitz

In 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted strategy again. Erich Raeder—commander-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine—had long argued the Luftwaffe should support the German submarine force (U-Bootwaffe) in the Battle of the Atlantic by attacking shipping in the Atlantic Ocean and attacking British ports. Eventually, he convinced Hitler of the need to attack British port facilities. Hitler had been convinced by Raeder that this was the right course of action due to the high success rates of the U-Boat force during this period of the war. Hitler correctly noted that the greatest damage to the British war economy had been done through submarines and air attacks by small numbers of Focke-Wulf Fw 200 naval aircraft. He ordered attacks to be carried out on those targets which were also the target of the Kriegsmarine. This meant that British coastal centres and shipping at sea west of Ireland were the prime targets.

Question: What did Erich Raeder believe the Luftwaffe needed to do?
Answer: support the German submarine force

Question: Raeder convinced Hitler to do what?
Answer: attack British port facilities.

Question: What ultimately convinced Hitler that Raeder was right?
Answer: the high success rates of the U-Boat force

Question: Submarines and naval aircraft damaged what primarily?
Answer: British war economy

Question: What became the new targets for the Kriegsmarine?
Answer: British coastal centres and shipping at sea west of Ireland
Title: The_Blitz

Hitler's interest in this strategy forced Göring and Jeschonnek to review the air war against Britain in January 1941. This led to Göring and Jeschonnek agreeing to Hitler's Directive 23, Directions for operations against the British War Economy, which was published on 6 February 1941 and gave aerial interdiction of British imports by sea top priority. This strategy had been recognised before the war, but Operation Eagle Attack and the following Battle of Britain had got in the way of striking at Britain's sea communications and diverted German air strength to the campaign against the RAF and its supporting structures. The OKL had always regarded the interdiction of sea communications of less importance than bombing land-based aircraft industries.

Question: What was Hitler's Directive 23?
Answer: Directions for operations against the British War Economy

Question: What was a top priority of Directive 23?
Answer: aerial interdiction of British imports by sea

Question: What prevented the targeting of sea communications before?
Answer: Operation Eagle Attack and the following Battle of Britain

Question: What was considered more important than the interdiction of sea communications?
Answer: bombing land-based aircraft industries
Title: The_Blitz

Directive 23 was the only concession made by Göring to the Kriegsmarine over the strategic bombing strategy of the Luftwaffe against Britain. Thereafter, he would refuse to make available any air units to destroy British dockyards, ports, port facilities, or shipping in dock or at sea, lest Kriegsmarine gain control of more Luftwaffe units. Raeder's successor—Karl Dönitz—would—on the intervention of Hitler—gain control of one unit (KG 40), but Göring would soon regain it. Göring's lack of cooperation was detrimental to the one air strategy with potentially decisive strategic effect on Britain. Instead, he wasted aircraft of Fliegerführer Atlantik (Flying Command Atlantic) on bombing mainland Britain instead of attacks against convoys. For Göring, his prestige had been damaged by the defeat in the Battle of Britain, and he wanted to regain it by subduing Britain by air power alone. He was always reluctant to cooperate with Raeder.

Question: What was the concession Goring made with the strategic bombing against Britain?
Answer: Directive 23

Question: What did Goring believe the Kriegsmarine would gain with further support?
Answer: control of more Luftwaffe units

Question: Who was Raeder's successor? 
Answer: Karl Dönitz

Question: What was detrimental to the success of a strategic effect against Britain?
Answer: Göring's lack of cooperation

Question: How did Goring expect to regain prestige?
Answer: by subduing Britain by air power alone
Title: The_Blitz

Even so, the decision by OKL to support the strategy in Directive 23 was instigated by two considerations, both of which had little to do with wanting to destroy Britain's sea communications in conjunction with the Kriegsmarine. First, the difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war production was becoming apparent, and second, the conclusion British morale was unlikely to break led OKL to adopt the naval option. The indifference displayed by OKL to Directive 23 was perhaps best demonstrated in operational directives which diluted its effect. They emphasised the core strategic interest was attacking ports but they insisted in maintaining pressure, or diverting strength, onto industries building aircraft, anti-aircraft guns, and explosives. Other targets would be considered if the primary ones could not be attacked because of weather conditions.

Question: What was the first consideration for the OKL to support Directive 23?
Answer: difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war production

Question: What was the second consideration?
Answer: the conclusion British morale was unlikely to break

Question: What did the OKL insist on maintaining?
Answer: pressure, or diverting strength, onto industries

Question: When would other targets be considered available?
Answer: if the primary ones could not be attacked because of weather conditions
Title: The_Blitz

A further line in the directive stressed the need to inflict the heaviest losses possible, but also to intensify the air war in order to create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941. However, meteorological conditions over Britain were not favourable for flying and prevented an escalation in air operations. Airfields became water-logged and the 18 Kampfgruppen (bomber groups) of the Luftwaffe's Kampfgeschwadern (bomber wings) were relocated to Germany for rest and re-equipment.

Question: What was inflicting heavy losses and increasing the air war designed to do?
Answer: create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941

Question: What was preventing escalation of air operations?
Answer: meteorological conditions over Britain

Question: What happened to airfields?
Answer: Airfields became water-logged

Question: How many bomber groups were relocated to Germany?
Answer: 18
Title: The_Blitz

From the German point of view, March 1941 saw an improvement. The Luftwaffe flew 4,000 sorties that month, including 12 major and three heavy attacks. The electronic war intensified but the Luftwaffe flew major inland missions only on moonlit nights. Ports were easier to find and made better targets. To confuse the British, radio silence was observed until the bombs fell. X- and Y-Gerät beams were placed over false targets and switched only at the last minute. Rapid frequency changes were introduced for X-Gerät, whose wider band of frequencies and greater tactical flexibility ensured it remained effective at a time when British selective jamming was degrading the effectiveness of Y-Gerät.

Question: How many sorties were flown in March 1941?
Answer: 4,000

Question: When did the Luftwaffe fly inland missions?
Answer: only on moonlit nights

Question: Why were ports better targets?
Answer: Ports were easier to find

Question: How did the Germans confuse the British?
Answer: radio silence was observed until the bombs fell

Question: Why was the X-Gerat frequencies used more?
Answer: British selective jamming was degrading the effectiveness of Y-Gerät
Title: The_Blitz

The attacks were focused against western ports in March. These attacks produced some breaks in morale, with civil leaders fleeing the cities before the offensive reached its height. But the Luftwaffe's effort eased in the last 10 attacks as seven Kampfgruppen moved to Austria in preparation for the Balkans Campaign in Yugoslavia and Greece. The shortage of bombers caused the OKL to improvise. Some 50 Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers and Jabos (fighter-bombers) were used, officially classed as Leichte Kampfflugzeuge ("light bombers") and sometimes called Leichte Kesselringe ("Light Kesselrings"). The defences failed to prevent widespread damage but on some occasions did prevent German bombers concentrating on their targets. On occasion, only one-third of German bombs hit their targets.

Question: What was focused in March?
Answer: western ports

Question: What did these attacks accomplish?
Answer: breaks in morale

Question: Why was the OKL forced to improvise?
Answer: shortage of bombers

Question: How many Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers and Jabos were used?
Answer: 50

Question: How many German bombs hit their target?
Answer: only one-third
Title: The_Blitz

The diversion of heavier bombers to the Balkans meant that the crews and units left behind were asked to fly two or three sorties per night. Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly. Added to the tension of the mission which exhausted and drained crews, tiredness caught up with and killed many. In one incident on 28/29 April, Peter Stahl of KG 30 was flying on his 50th mission. He fell asleep at the controls of his Ju 88 and woke up to discover the entire crew asleep. He roused them, ensured they took oxygen and Dextro-Energen tablets, then completed the mission.

Question: How many sorties a night were crews asked to fly?
Answer: two or three sorties

Question: What contributed to the exhaustion of crews flying extra sorties?
Answer: Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly

Question: What happened to Peter Stahl when he fell asleep flying?
Answer: woke up to discover the entire crew asleep.

Question: What did Peter's crew take to complete their mission?
Answer: oxygen and Dextro-Energen tablets
Title: The_Blitz

Regardless, the Luftwaffe could still inflict huge damage. With the German occupation of Western Europe, the intensification of submarine and air attack on Britain's sea communications was feared by the British. Such an event would have serious consequences on the future course of the war, should the Germans succeed. Liverpool and its port became an important destination for convoys heading through the Western Approaches from North America, bringing supplies and materials. The considerable rail network distributed to the rest of the country. Operations against Liverpool in the Liverpool Blitz were successful. Air attacks sank 39,126 long tons (39,754 t) of shipping, with another 111,601 long tons (113,392 t) damaged. Minister of Home Security Herbert Morrison was also worried morale was breaking, noting the defeatism expressed by civilians. Other sources point to half of the port's 144 berths rendered unusable, while cargo unloading capability was reduced by 75%. Roads and railways were blocked and ships could not leave harbour. On 8 May 1941, 57 ships were destroyed, sunk or damaged amounting to 80,000 long tons (81,000 t). Around 66,000 houses were destroyed, 77,000 people made homeless, and 1,900 people killed and 1,450 seriously hurt on one night. Operations against London up until May 1941 could also have a severe impact on morale. The populace of the port of Hull became 'trekkers', people who underwent a mass exodus from cities before, during, and after attacks. However, the attacks failed to knock out or damage railways, or port facilities for long, even in the Port of London, a target of many attacks. The Port of London in particular was an important target, bringing in one-third of overseas trade.

Question: What did the British fear most?
Answer: intensification of submarine and air attack

Question: What was an important destination for supply convoys from North America?
Answer: Liverpool

Question: The Liverpool Blitz sank how much shipping?
Answer: 39,126 long tons (39,754 t) of shipping

Question: How many ships were destroyed on May 8, 1941?
Answer: 57 ships

Question: How much of the overseas trade did the Port of London take on?
Answer: one-third of overseas trade
Title: The_Blitz

On 13 March, the upper Clyde port of Clydebank near Glasgow was bombed. All but seven of its 12,000 houses were damaged. Many more ports were attacked. Plymouth was attacked five times before the end of the month while Belfast, Hull, and Cardiff were hit. Cardiff was bombed on three nights, Portsmouth centre was devastated by five raids. The rate of civilian housing lost was averaging 40,000 people per week dehoused in September 1940. In March 1941, two raids on Plymouth and London dehoused 148,000 people. Still, while heavily damaged, British ports continued to support war industry and supplies from North America continued to pass through them while the Royal Navy continued to operate in Plymouth, Southampton, and Portsmouth. Plymouth in particular, because of its vulnerable position on the south coast and close proximity to German air bases, was subjected to the heaviest attacks. On 10/11 March, 240 bombers dropped 193 tons of high explosives and 46,000 incendiaries. Many houses and commercial centres were heavily damaged, the electrical supply was knocked out, and five oil tanks and two magazines exploded. Nine days later, two waves of 125 and 170 bombers dropped heavy bombs, including 160 tons of high explosive and 32,000 incendiaries. Much of the city centre was destroyed. Damage was inflicted on the port installations, but many bombs fell on the city itself. On 17 April 346 tons of explosives and 46,000 incendiaries were dropped from 250 bombers led by KG 26. The damage was considerable, and the Germans also used aerial mines. Over 2,000 AAA shells were fired, destroying two Ju 88s. By the end of the air campaign over Britain, only eight percent of the German effort against British ports was made using mines.

Question: How many houses were spared damage in Glasgow?
Answer: seven

Question: How many people per week were losing housing?
Answer: 40,000 people

Question: Why was Plymouth targeted the most?
Answer: because of its vulnerable position on the south coast

Question: What did the Germans use along with incendiaries and bombs?
Answer: aerial mines

Question: How many AAA shells were fired?
Answer: Over 2,000
Title: The_Blitz

In the north, substantial efforts were made against Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland, which were large ports on the English east coast. On 9 April 1941 Luftflotte 2 dropped 150 tons of high explosives and 50,000 incendiaries from 120 bombers in a five-hour attack. Sewer, rail, docklands, and electric installations were damaged. In Sunderland on 25 April, Luftflotte 2 sent 60 bombers which dropped 80 tons of high explosive and 9,000 incendiaries. Much damage was done. A further attack on the Clyde, this time at Greenock, took place on 6 and 7 May. However, as with the attacks in the south, the Germans failed to prevent maritime movements or cripple industry in the regions.

Question: What were two large ports on the English east coast in the North?
Answer: Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland

Question: Sunderland saw how many incendiaries used against it on 25 April?
Answer: 9,000 incendiaries

Question: How many bombers were used in a five-hour attack?
Answer: 120

Question: What was the result of the German attacks?
Answer: the Germans failed to prevent maritime movements or cripple industry in the regions