rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: United_States_dollar

Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary. Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000 and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. These notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors.

Question: What is the highest currently printed denomination of bill?
Answer: $100

Question: In which year were notes valued above $100 no longer printed?
Answer: 1946

Question: When were bills above the $100 denomination withdrawn from circulation?
Answer: 1969

Question: What use of higher value bills prompted Nixon to halt the use of said bills?
Answer: organized crime

Question: What was issued to halt the use of higher currency denomations?
Answer: an executive order
Title: United_States_dollar

The colloquialism "buck"(s) (much like the British word "quid"(s, pl) for the pound sterling) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations, including the U.S. dollar. This term, dating to the 18th century, may have originated with the colonial leather trade. It may also have originated from a poker term. "Greenback" is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North. The original note was printed in black and green on the back side. It is still used to refer to the U.S. dollar (but not to the dollars of other countries). Other well-known names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include "greenmail", "green" and "dead presidents" (the last because deceased presidents are pictured on most bills).

Question: What is the British equivalent of a "buck"?
Answer: quid

Question: In which century can the term "buck" be traced back to?
Answer: 18th

Question: What kind of trade may have been the origin of the "buck"?
Answer: colonial leather trade

Question: What was the nickname given to the Demand Note dollars that were used to finance the Civil War?
Answer: Greenback

Question: What color other than green was used on the backside of the original note?
Answer: black
Title: United_States_dollar

The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked (the Phillips curve), and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign. Between 1965 and 1981, the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value.

Question: What was the value of the U.S. dollar no longer anchored to?
Answer: gold

Question: Who's duty did it become to maintain the value of the U.S. currency?
Answer: Federal Reserve

Question: What move did the Federal Reserve take that resulted in stagflation and the decline of the U.S. dollar?
Answer: increase the money supply

Question: What claimed that inflation and economic growth were linked?
Answer: the Phillips curve

Question: How much value did the U.S. dollar lose between 1965 and 1981?
Answer: two thirds
Title: United_States_dollar

The dollar was first based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States, and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857. The coinage of various English colonies also circulated. The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were sometimes referred to as "dog dollars".

Question: What was the look of the dollar based on?
Answer: Spanish dollar

Question: In which century did the Spanish dollar start being used in Spanish America?
Answer: 16th

Question: When was the United States Mint founded?
Answer: 1792

Question: Outside of Mexico, where else was the Spanish dollar minted?
Answer: Peru

Question: When were the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso no longer accepted as legal tender?
Answer: 1857
Title: United_States_dollar

The Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as 23.22 grains (1.505 g) of gold, equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20.67. Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964, when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters, and the half dollar was reduced to 40% silver. Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in 1970. Gold coins were confiscated by Executive Order 6102 issued in 1933 by Franklin Roosevelt. The gold standard was changed to 13.71 grains (0.888 g), equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $35. This standard persisted until 1968.

Question: What was the name of the act introduced in the year 1900?
Answer: Gold Standard Act

Question: How much gold in grams was one dollar equivalent to?
Answer: 1.505

Question: How much was 1 troy ounce of gold worth?
Answer: $20.67

Question: Which year brought the end to silver being in dimes and quarters?
Answer: 1964

Question: Which President confiscated gold coins?
Answer: Franklin Roosevelt
Title: United_States_dollar

Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks. Highly sought after by collectors, and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery, the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions "E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P". The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia, although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units. Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to "heads", some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying "upside down lettering error" coins. Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years, whereas coins are more permanent. The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes, which have been withdrawn from circulation, bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones. As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes, they commonly accept only $1 bills, though a few will give change in dollar coins.

Question: Other than Florida, which other state got send error coins?
Answer: Tennessee

Question: Where did error coins originate?
Answer: Philadelphia mint

Question: How much were error coins initially worth for collectors?
Answer: profit

Question: What were some amateur collectors duped into buying?
Answer: "upside down lettering error" coins

Question: What do vending machines commonly only accept?
Answer: $1 bills
Title: United_States_dollar

The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to "borrow money on the credit of the United States". Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes. Those notes are "obligations of the United States" and "shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank". Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as "legal tender" for the payment of debts. Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note. The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s.

Question: What power was Congress given by the Constitution?
Answer: borrow money on the credit of the United States

Question: What did Congress authorize the Federal Reserve Banks to do?
Answer: issue Federal Reserve Notes

Question: What are the notes issued by the Federal Reserve?
Answer: obligations of the United States

Question: Where, other than any Federal Reserve bank, can notes be redeemed?
Answer: Washington, District of Columbia

Question: Since the 1970s, what is the only type of note that has remained in circulation?
Answer: Federal Reserve Note
Title: United_States_dollar

Usually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight. The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include: (i) Discount window lending (as lender of last resort); (ii) Fractional deposit lending (changes in the reserve requirement); (iii) Moral suasion (cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes); (iv) "Open mouth operations" (talking monetary policy with the market).

Question: What is the short term goal of open market operations?
Answer: achieve a specific short-term interest rate target

Question: What does the Federal Reserve target?
Answer: federal funds rate

Question: What is the federal funds rate?
Answer: the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight

Question: What is the cajoling of certain market players to achieve specified outcomes also known as?
Answer: Moral suasion

Question: What does "open mouth operations" mean?
Answer: talking monetary policy with the market
Title: United_States_dollar

Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold, and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline. Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the "Nixon shock".

Question: When was the Bretton Woods system established?
Answer: after World War II

Question: What was the fixed value of gold?
Answer: $35 per ounce

Question: What was the value of the U.S. dollar linked to?
Answer: the value of gold

Question: What did banks and investors do that devalued the dollar?
Answer: convert dollars to gold

Question: In which year was gold convertability terminated?
Answer: 1971
Title: United_States_dollar

The U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's most dominant reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean: the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands. A few countries use only the U.S. Dollar for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars, such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar.

Question: What kind of money is the U.S. dollar?
Answer: fiat money

Question: Although for some countries the dollar is not their official currency, how do they use the currency?
Answer: de facto currency

Question: Other than the British Virgin Islands, what other area in the Caribbean uses the dollar as it's sole currency?
Answer: Turks and Caicos islands

Question: For countries that use the dollar as their paper currency, what other currency do they make?
Answer: mints its own coins

Question: What is an example of a U.S. coin that can be used as payment in some countries?
Answer: Susan B. Anthony dollar
Title: United_States_dollar

Today, USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper, unlike most common paper, which is made of wood fiber. U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint. U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and, since 1914, have been issued by the Federal Reserve. The "large-sized notes" issued before 1928 measured 7.42 inches (188 mm) by 3.125 inches (79.4 mm); small-sized notes, introduced that year, measure 6.14 inches (156 mm) by 2.61 inches (66 mm) by 0.0043 inches (0.11 mm). When the current, smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine-sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency.

Question: What are dollar notes made from now adays?
Answer: cotton fiber paper

Question: What is most common paper made of?
Answer: wood fiber

Question: Since 1914, who issues the dollar banknotes?
Answer: Federal Reserve

Question: How long do the current notes measure?
Answer: 6.14 inches

Question: What size currency are the new smaller notes similar to?
Answer: Philippine
Title: United_States_dollar

From 1792, when the Mint Act was passed, the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains (24.056 g) of silver. Many historians[who?] erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver; however, there is no evidence of Congress making this law. This has to do with Alexander Hamilton's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15:1 ratio of silver to gold, respectively. The gold coins that were minted however, were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar. 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains (1.50 g), followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains (1.505 g) in 1837 (16:1 ratio).[citation needed]

Question: When was the Mint Act passed?
Answer: 1792

Question: How many grains of silver did the Mint Act define the dollar as?
Answer: 371.25

Question: Who suggested that the ratio of silver to gold should be fixed?
Answer: Alexander Hamilton

Question: What market value were gold coins traded in relation to?
Answer: Congressional standard of the silver dollar

Question: In what year did the shift in gold standard occur?
Answer: 1834
Title: United_States_dollar

Technically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value, and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content, which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel. However, since 1992, the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes, quarters, and half dollars in place of the standard copper-nickel versions. In addition, an experimental $4.00 (Stella) coin was also minted in 1879, but never placed into circulation, and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination.

Question: What are gold and silver coins valuable for now adays?
Answer: their precious metal value

Question: What are non primarily gold and silver coins valuable for?
Answer: their numismatic value

Question: What was the only coin with any silver content in circulation from 1965 to 1970?
Answer: Kennedy half dollar

Question: What was the Kennedy half dollar replaced with?
Answer: cupronickel

Question: How much was the experimental Stella coin valued at?
Answer: $4.00
Title: United_States_dollar

Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States. Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size, featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was minted from 1971 through 1978. Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century. The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters, due to their nearly equal size, their milled edge, and their similar color. Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 (collectors' pieces were struck in 1981), but, as with all past U.S. coins, they remain legal tender. As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted, additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999. In 2000, a new $1 coin, featuring Sacagawea, (the Sacagawea dollar) was introduced, which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color, without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar. However, this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still-existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions. The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support.

Question: When were silver dollars first minted?
Answer: 1794

Question: Who was featured on the copper - nickel dollar?
Answer: President Dwight D. Eisenhower

Question: Which coin was introduced in 1979?
Answer: Susan B. Anthony dollar

Question: What did the new $1 coin minted in 2000 feature?
Answer: Sacagawea

Question: In which century were gold dollars minted?
Answer: 19th
Title: United_States_dollar

The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury, plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks. The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994, to 800 billion in 2005, and over 3000 billion in 2013. The amount of cash in circulation is increased (or decreased) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System. Eight times a year, the 12-person Federal Open Market Committee meet to determine U.S. monetary policy. Every business day, the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy. If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply, it will buy securities (such as U.S. Treasury Bonds) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars. Conversely, it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars, to take dollars out of circulation.

Question: What do coins, Federal Reserve Notes and deposits held by despository institutions make up?
Answer: The monetary base

Question: What was the monetary base value in 1994?
Answer: 400 billion dollars

Question: How much did the monetar base value increase to in 2013?
Answer: over 3000 billion

Question: What would the Federal Reserve buy to try and increase money supply?
Answer: securities

Question: How many times a year does the Federal Open Market Committee meet?
Answer: Eight
Title: United_States_dollar

The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation, which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The United States Consumer Price Index, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States. It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day-to-day living expenses. A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982–1984 and the annual year-over-year change in CPI is shown at right.

Question: What does the decline in value of the dollar correspond to?
Answer: price inflation

Question: The rise in level of prices in an economy is referred to as what?
Answer: price inflation

Question: What does CPI stand for?
Answer: consumer price index

Question: Who publishes the Consumer Price Index?
Answer: Bureau of Labor Statistics

Question: What does the CPI estimate?
Answer: average price of consumer goods and services in the United States
Title: Imperial_College_London

The Royal College of Chemistry was established by private subscription in 1845 as there was a growing awareness that practical aspects of the experimental sciences were not well taught and that in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany. As a result of a movement earlier in the decade, many politicians donated funds to establish the college, including Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel. It was also supported by Prince Albert, who persuaded August Wilhelm von Hofmann to be the first professor.

Question: When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?
Answer: 1845

Question: Which politicians donated funds to establish the Royal College of Chemistry?
Answer: Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel

Question: Who was the first professor of the Royal College of Chemistry?
Answer: August Wilhelm von Hofmann

Question: Why was the Royal College of Chemistry founded?
Answer: in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany

Question: Who supported the Royal College of Chemistry?
Answer: Prince Albert

Question: When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?
Answer: 1845

Question: What was not well taught that led to the founding of the Royal College of Chemistry?
Answer: practical aspects of the experimental sciences

Question: Which country was ahead of the United Kingdom in the teaching of chemistry?
Answer: Germany

Question: Which Prince supported the establishment of the college?
Answer: Prince Albert

Question: Who was the first professor of the college?
Answer: August Wilhelm von Hofmann