rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Elevator

Elevators necessitated new social protocols. When Nicholas II of Russia visited the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, his courtiers panicked about who would enter the elevator first, and who would press the buttons. In Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator, author Andreas Bernard documents other social impacts caused by the modern elevator, including thriller movies about stuck elevators, casual encounters and sexual tension on elevators, the reduction of personal space, and concerns about personal hygiene.

Question: The invention of elevators brought with it questions of social etiquette and formalities, generally referred to as what?
Answer: social protocols

Question: The last tsar of Russia, Nicholas ll encountered his first elevator at the Hotel Adloin in what city?
Answer: Berlin

Question: This caused a stir in deciding who should enter first and who should do what?
Answer: press the buttons

Question: Andreas Bernard wrote about the social aspects of the new elevators in what book?
Answer: Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator
Title: Elevator

In addition to the call buttons, elevators usually have floor indicators (often illuminated by LED) and direction lanterns. The former are almost universal in cab interiors with more than two stops and may be found outside the elevators as well on one or more of the floors. Floor indicators can consist of a dial with a rotating needle, but the most common types are those with successively illuminated floor indications or LCDs. Likewise, a change of floors or an arrival at a floor is indicated by a sound, depending on the elevator.

Question: Modern elevator position or floor indicaters often use what type of bulbs?
Answer: LED

Question: What type of lanterns are used outside elevators as well as inside most cabs?
Answer: direction lanterns

Question: What do floor indicaters often consist of?
Answer: successively illuminated floor indications or LCDs

Question: What generally indicates the arrival of the elevator at a new floor?
Answer: a sound
Title: Elevator

Direction lanterns are also found both inside and outside elevator cars, but they should always be visible from outside because their primary purpose is to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator. If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down, then the person may decide not to get on the elevator. If the person waits, then one will still stop going up. Direction indicators are sometimes etched with arrows or shaped like arrows and/or use the convention that one that lights up red means "down" and green means "up". Since the color convention is often undermined or overridden by systems that do not invoke it, it is usually used only in conjunction with other differentiating factors. An example of a place whose elevators use only the color convention to differentiate between directions is the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago, where a single circle can be made to light up green for "up" and red for "down". Sometimes directions must be inferred by the position of the indicators relative to one another.

Question: What is the main function of direction lanterns?
Answer: to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator

Question: What might change your mind about whether or not to enter an elevator?
Answer: If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down

Question: What type of etching might you see on a direction indicator?
Answer: arrows or shaped like arrows

Question: Some elevators may use the color convention for only what purpose?
Answer: to differentiate between directions
Title: Elevator

There are several technologies aimed to provide better experience to passengers suffering from claustrophobia, anthropophobia or social anxiety. Israeli startup DigiGage uses motion sensors to scroll the pre-rendered images, building and floor-specific content on a screen embedded into the wall as the cab moves up and down. British company LiftEye provides a virtual window technology to turn common elevator into panoramic. It creates 3d video panorama using live feed from cameras placed vertically along the facade and synchronizes it with cab movement. The video is projected on a wall-sized screens making it look like the walls are made of glass.

Question: New technologies aim to provide a better elevator experience to passengers who suffer from what?
Answer: claustrophobia, anthropophobia or social anxiety

Question: What Israeli company uses motion sensors to display information on a screen embedded in the wall of the cabs?
Answer: DigiGage

Question: LiftEye uses virtual window technology for what?
Answer: to turn common elevator into panoramic

Question: How does it produce the panoramic effects?
Answer: It creates 3d video panorama using live feed from cameras placed vertically along the facade and synchronizes it with cab movement

Question: Where is the video projected?
Answer: on a wall-sized screens
Title: Elevator

In most US and Canadian jurisdictions, passenger elevators are required to conform to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Standard A17.1, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators. As of 2006, all states except Kansas, Mississippi, North Dakota, and South Dakota have adopted some version of ASME codes, though not necessarily the most recent. In Canada the document is the CAN/CSA B44 Safety Standard, which was harmonized with the US version in the 2000 edition.[citation needed] In addition, passenger elevators may be required to conform to the requirements of A17.3 for existing elevators where referenced by the local jurisdiction. Passenger elevators are tested using the ASME A17.2 Standard. The frequency of these tests is mandated by the local jurisdiction, which may be a town, city, state or provincial standard.

Question: In what neighboring countries are passenger elevators required to adhere to Standard A17.1?
Answer: most US and Canadian jurisdictions

Question: What is the equivilent to the US Standard A17.1 called in Canada?
Answer: CAN/CSA B44 Safety Standard

Question:  What is Standard A17.1?
Answer: Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators

Question: What are passenger elevators tested with?
Answer: ASME A17.2 Standard
Title: Elevator

Most elevators have a location in which the permit for the building owner to operate the elevator is displayed. While some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab, other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere – such as the maintenance office – and to be made available for inspection on demand. In such cases instead of the permit being displayed in the elevator cab, often a notice is posted in its place informing riders of where the actual permits are kept.

Question: Whose name is on the permit required for operation of an elevator? 
Answer: the building owner

Question: Do all jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator?
Answer: some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab, other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere

Question: Aside from the elevator, where else might a permit be displayed?
Answer: the maintenance office

Question: What type of notice can be displayed in the elevator in lieu of the permit?
Answer: a notice is posted in its place informing riders of where the actual permits are kept.
Title: Elevator

As of January 2008, Spain is the nation with the most elevators installed in the world, with 950,000 elevators installed that run more than one hundred million lifts every day, followed by United States with 700,000 elevators installed and China with 610,000 elevators installed since 1949. In Brazil, it is estimated that there are approximately 300,000 elevators currently in operation. The world's largest market for elevators is Italy, with more than 1,629 million euros of sales and 1,224 million euros of internal market.

Question: What country had the second most elevators installed?
Answer: United States

Question: In 2008, what country had the largest number of elevators?
Answer: Spain

Question: How many elevators had China installed since 1949?
Answer: 610,000

Question: What country boasts the worlds largest market for elevators?
Answer: Italy

Question: How many elevators are in Brazil?
Answer: 300,000
Title: Elevator

Double deck elevators are used in the Taipei 101 office tower. Tenants of even-numbered floors first take an escalator (or an elevator from the parking garage) to the 2nd level, where they will enter the upper deck and arrive at their floors. The lower deck is turned off during low-volume hours, and the upper deck can act as a single-level elevator stopping at all adjacent floors. For example, the 85th floor restaurants can be accessed from the 60th floor sky-lobby. Restaurant customers must clear their reservations at the reception counter on the 2nd floor. A bank of express elevators stop only on the sky lobby levels (36 and 60, upper-deck car), where tenants can transfer to "local" elevators.

Question: What type of elevators are used in the Taipei 101 office tower?
Answer: Double deck elevators

Question: During what hours is the lower deck turned off?
Answer: low-volume hours

Question: During the low volume hours, what can the upper deck function as?
Answer: a single-level elevator stopping at all adjacent floors

Question: On what floor must restaurant customers clear their reservations?
Answer: at the reception counter on the 2nd floor

Question: What levels make up the "sky lobby"?
Answer: 36 and 60, upper-deck car
Title: Elevator

The high-speed observation deck elevators accelerate to a world-record certified speed of 1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds, and then it slows down for arrival with subtle air pressure sensations. The door opens after 37 seconds from the 5th floor. Special features include aerodynamic car and counterweights, and cabin pressure control to help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes. The downwards journey is completed at a reduced speed of 600 meters per minute, with the doors opening at the 52nd second.

Question: How fast do the observation deck elevators travel?
Answer: 1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds

Question: This speed holds what record?
Answer: world-record certified speed

Question: What does cabin pressure control do? 
Answer: help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes

Question: How fast does the elevator drop down?
Answer: 600 meters per minute

Question: At what floor do the doors open on the way down?
Answer: 52nd
Title: Elevator

The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror is the common name for a series of elevator attractions at the Disney's Hollywood Studios park in Orlando, the Disney California Adventure Park park in Anaheim, the Walt Disney Studios Park in Paris and the Tokyo DisneySea park in Tokyo. The central element of this attraction is a simulated free-fall achieved through the use of a high-speed elevator system. For safety reasons, passengers are seated and secured in their seats rather than standing. Unlike most traction elevators, the elevator car and counterweight are joined using a rail system in a continuous loop running through both the top and the bottom of the drop shaft. This allows the drive motor to pull down on the elevator car from underneath, resulting in downward acceleration greater than that of normal gravity. The high-speed drive motor is used to rapidly lift the elevator as well.

Question: What is the name of the elevator attraction at the Disney World parks across the world?
Answer: The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror

Question: What is the main feature of this attraction?
Answer: a simulated free-fall achieved through the use of a high-speed elevator system

Question: Do ride goers stand or sit?
Answer: passengers are seated and secured in their seats rather than standing

Question: What unique feature does this ride provide guests?
Answer: downward acceleration greater than that of normal gravity

Question: What type of motor is used?
Answer: high-speed drive motor
Title: Elevator

The passenger cabs are mechanically separated from the lift mechanism, thus allowing the elevator shafts to be used continuously while passengers board and embark from the cabs, as well as move through show scenes on various floors. The passenger cabs, which are automated guided vehicles or AGVs, move into the vertical motion shaft and lock themselves in before the elevator starts moving vertically. Multiple elevator shafts are used to further improve passenger throughput. The doorways of the top few "floors" of the attraction are open to the outdoor environment, thus allowing passengers to look out from the top of the structure.

Question: How are passenger cabs separated from the lift?
Answer: mechanically

Question: What type of vehicles are the passenger cabs?
Answer: automated guided vehicles or AGVs

Question: What action do the cabs take before the elevator begins to move?
Answer: move into the vertical motion shaft and lock themselves in

Question: What is special about the doorways of the top floors?
Answer: The doorways of the top few "floors" of the attraction are open to the outdoor environment

Question: What does this allow riders to do at the top?
Answer: look out from the top of the structure
Title: Elevator

Guests ascending to the 67th, 69th, and 70th level observation decks (dubbed "Top of the Rock") atop the GE Building at Rockefeller Center in New York City ride a high-speed glass-top elevator. When entering the cab, it appears to be any normal elevator ride. However, once the cab begins moving, the interior lights turn off and a special blue light above the cab turns on. This lights the entire shaft, so riders can see the moving cab through its glass ceiling as it rises and lowers through the shaft. Music plays and various animations are also displayed on the ceiling. The entire ride takes about 60 seconds.

Question: What are the 67th, 69th, and 70th floors of the GE Building at Rockerfeller Center nicknamed?
Answer: "Top of the Rock"

Question: What do these floors serve as?
Answer: observation decks

Question: What type of elevator is featured?
Answer: high-speed glass-top

Question: How long is the short trip?
Answer: about 60 seconds

Question: The special effects include blue light, music playing and what else?
Answer: various animations are also displayed on the ceiling
Title: Elevator

Part of the Haunted Mansion attraction at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, and Disneyland in Paris, France, takes place on an elevator. The "stretching room" on the ride is actually an elevator that travels downwards, giving access to a short underground tunnel which leads to the rest of the attraction. The elevator has no ceiling and its shaft is decorated to look like walls of a mansion. Because there is no roof, passengers are able to see the walls of the shaft by looking up, which gives the illusion of the room stretching.

Question:  The Haunted Mansion at Disneyland in California and the one in Paris, France sharewhat attribute?
Answer: takes place on an elevator

Question: What is the name of area that is really an elevator?
Answer: The "stretching room"

Question: What is included in the elevator's design?
Answer: The elevator has no ceiling and its shaft is decorated to look like walls of a mansion

Question: What is the illusion given by these effects?
Answer: the illusion of the room stretching
Title: Neptune

Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest planet by diameter and the third-largest by mass. Among the giant planets in the Solar System, Neptune is the most dense. Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus, which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune.[c] Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 astronomical units (4.50×109 km). Named after the Roman god of the sea, its astronomical symbol is ♆, a stylised version of the god Neptune's trident.

Question: What planet is Neptune's near-twin? 
Answer: Uranus

Question: What is Neptune named after?
Answer: Roman god of the sea

Question: How much more dense is Neptune compared to Earth?
Answer: 17 times

Question: What does the astronomical sign of Neptune represent?
Answer: god Neptune's trident

Question: How many Earth years does Neptune orbit the sun? 
Answer: 164.8 years
Title: Neptune

Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier. Its largest moon, Triton, was discovered shortly thereafter, though none of the planet's remaining known 14 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century. The planet's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size, making it challenging to study with Earth-based telescopes. Neptune was visited by Voyager 2, when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989. The advent of Hubble Space Telescope and large ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar.

Question: How was Neptune found? 
Answer: mathematical prediction

Question: When was Neptune first observed? 
Answer: 23 September 1846

Question: Who discovered Neptune? 
Answer: Alexis Bouvard

Question: What is Neptune's largest moon? 
Answer: Triton

Question: What flew by Neptune in 1989? 
Answer: Voyager 2
Title: Neptune

Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a higher proportion of "ices" such as water, ammonia, and methane. However, its interior, like that of Uranus, is primarily composed of ices and rock, and hence Uranus and Neptune are normally considered "ice giants" to emphasise this distinction. Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet's blue appearance.

Question: Which planet is compositionally similar to Neptune? 
Answer: Uranus

Question: What is Neptune's atmosphere primarily composed of? 
Answer: hydrogen and helium

Question: What is the interior of Neptune composed of? 
Answer: ices and rock

Question: What makes Neptune blue? 
Answer: methane

Question: What "ices" makes up Neptune? 
Answer: water, ammonia, and methane
Title: Neptune

In contrast to the hazy, relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns. For example, at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989, the planet's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System, with recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour (580 m/s; 1,300 mph). Because of its great distance from the Sun, Neptune's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System, with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K (−218 °C). Temperatures at the planet's centre are approximately 5,400 K (5,100 °C). Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system (labelled "arcs"), which was first detected during the 1960s and confirmed by Voyager 2.

Question: What weather did Voyager 2 observe on Neptune? 
Answer: Great Dark Spot

Question: What weather feature does Neptune have stronger than any other planet? 
Answer: sustained winds

Question: What were the wind speeds recorded on Neptune? 
Answer: 2,100 kilometres per hour

Question: What is the cloud tops on Neptune temperature? 
Answer: 55 K (−218 °C).

Question: What is Neptune's planet center temperature? 
Answer: 5,400 K (5,100 °C)
Title: Neptune

Some of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope, Galileo's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613, contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune. On both occasions, Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared close—in conjunction—to Jupiter in the night sky; hence, he is not credited with Neptune's discovery. At his first observation in December 1612, Neptune was almost stationary in the sky because it had just turned retrograde that day. This apparent backward motion is created when Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet. Because Neptune was only beginning its yearly retrograde cycle, the motion of the planet was far too slight to be detected with Galileo's small telescope. In July 2009, University of Melbourne physicist David Jamieson announced new evidence suggesting that Galileo was at least aware that the 'star' he had observed had moved relative to the fixed stars.

Question: Who drew Neptune after observing it with a telescope? 
Answer: Galileo

Question: What was Neptune mistaken for at first? 
Answer: a fixed star

Question: What happens when Neptune goes retrograde? 
Answer: Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet

Question: What date was Neptune drawn first? 
Answer: 28 December 1612

Question: Who recently researched the original observation of Neptune? 
Answer: David Jamieson
Title: Neptune

In 1821, Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus. Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction. In 1843, John Couch Adams began work on the orbit of Uranus using the data he had. Via Cambridge Observatory director James Challis, he requested extra data from Sir George Airy, the Astronomer Royal, who supplied it in February 1844. Adams continued to work in 1845–46 and produced several different estimates of a new planet.

Question: What year did Alexis Bouvard publish relevant astronomical tables? 
Answer: 1821

Question: What did Alexis Bouvard study? 
Answer: the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus

Question: When did John Couch Adams begin working on the orbit of Uranus? 
Answer: 1843

Question: Who gave John Couch Adams extra data? 
Answer: Sir George Airy

Question: What did the extra data John Couch Adams received produce? 
Answer: several different estimates of a new planet
Title: Neptune

Meanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory's refractor. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a planet, as opposed to a fixed star. On the evening of 23 September 1846, the day Galle received the letter, he discovered Neptune within 1° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be, about 12° from Adams' prediction. Challis later realised that he had observed the planet twice, on 4 and 12 August, but did not recognise it as a planet because he lacked an up-to-date star map and was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations.

Question: Who was Henrich d'Arrest? 
Answer: student at the observatory

Question: When did Galle discover Neptune? 
Answer: 23 September 1846

Question: How many degrees off was Adams' prediction?
Answer: 12°

Question: What did Henrich d'Arrest seek to find? 
Answer: the displacement characteristic of a planet

Question: What was Challis looking for when he saw Neptune the first two times? 
Answer: comet observations