rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Switzerland

Many Nobel prizes have been awarded to Swiss scientists, for example to the world-famous physicist Albert Einstein in the field of physics who developed his Special relativity while working in Bern. More recently Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel and Kurt Wüthrich received Nobel prizes in the sciences. In total, 113 Nobel Prize winners in all fields stand in relation to Switzerland[note 11] and the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations residing in Switzerland.

Question: What Swiss world famous physicist developed his Special relativity while working in Bern?
Answer: Albert Einstein

Question: How many total Nobel prizes were awarded to Swiss scientists?
Answer: 113

Question: How many times has the Nobel Peace Prize been awarded to organisations residing in Switzerland?
Answer: nine
Title: Switzerland

Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world's largest laboratory, CERN, dedicated to particle physics research. Another important research center is the Paul Scherrer Institute. Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), the scanning tunneling microscope (Nobel prize) and Velcro. Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurized balloon of Auguste Piccard and the Bathyscaphe which permitted Jacques Piccard to reach the deepest point of the world's oceans.

Question: What is the world's largest laboratory?
Answer: CERN

Question: Who co-hosts CERN along with the French department of Ain?
Answer: Geneva

Question: What research is CERN dedicated to?
Answer: particle physics

Question: What notable Swiss invention won the nobel prize?
Answer: scanning tunneling microscope

Question: Who invented the pressurized balloon?
Answer: Auguste Piccard
Title: Switzerland

Switzerland voted against membership in the European Economic Area in a referendum in December 1992 and has since maintained and developed its relationships with the European Union (EU) and European countries through bilateral agreements. In March 2001, the Swiss people refused in a popular vote to start accession negotiations with the EU. In recent years, the Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with those of the EU in many ways, in an effort to enhance their international competitiveness. The economy grew at 3% in 2010, 1.9% in 2011, and 1% in 2012. Full EU membership is a long-term objective of some in the Swiss government, but there is considerable popular sentiment against this supported by the conservative SVP party. The western French-speaking areas and the urban regions of the rest of the country tend to be more pro-EU, however with far from any significant share of the population.

Question: How has Switzerland maintained its relationships with the EU?
Answer: through bilateral agreements

Question: In recent years, what have the Swiss brought their economic practices into conformity with?
Answer: the EU

Question: What have the Swiss tried to enhance by conforming to EU economic practices?
Answer: international competitiveness

Question: How much did the Swiss economy grow in 2010?
Answer: 3%

Question: Which conservative party is popularly against joining the EU?
Answer: SVP party
Title: Switzerland

The government has established an Integration Office under the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Economic Affairs. To minimise the negative consequences of Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe, Bern and Brussels signed seven bilateral agreements to further liberalise trade ties. These agreements were signed in 1999 and took effect in 2001. This first series of bilateral agreements included the free movement of persons. A second series covering nine areas was signed in 2004 and has since been ratified, which includes the Schengen Treaty and the Dublin Convention besides others. They continue to discuss further areas for cooperation.

Question: How many bilateral agreements did Bern and Brussels sign to further liberalise trade ties?
Answer: seven

Question: What was included in the first series of bilateral agreements pertaining to people?
Answer: free movement of persons

Question: When was a second series of 9 bilateral agreements signed?
Answer: 2004

Question: What has since happened to the second series of bilateral agreements?
Answer: has since been ratified

Question: What were the original bilateral agreements meant to minimize the negative consequences of?
Answer: Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe
Title: Switzerland

In 2006, Switzerland approved 1 billion francs of supportive investment in the poorer Southern and Central European countries in support of cooperation and positive ties to the EU as a whole. A further referendum will be needed to approve 300 million francs to support Romania and Bulgaria and their recent admission. The Swiss have also been under EU and sometimes international pressure to reduce banking secrecy and to raise tax rates to parity with the EU. Preparatory discussions are being opened in four new areas: opening up the electricity market, participation in the European GNSS project Galileo, cooperating with the European centre for disease prevention and recognising certificates of origin for food products.

Question: In 2006, what did Switzerland approve 1 billion francs of supportive investment for?
Answer: poorer Southern and Central European countries

Question: What have the Swiss been under EU and national pressure to reduce in terms of banking?
Answer: secrecy

Question: What have the Swiss been under pressure from the EU to do in terms of tax rates?
Answer: raise tax rates to parity with the EU
Title: Switzerland

On 9 February 2014, Swiss voters narrowly approved by 50.3% a ballot initiative launched by the national conservative Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC) to restrict immigration, and thus reintroducing a quota system on the influx of foreigners. This initiative was mostly backed by rural (57.6% approvals), suburban (51.2% approvals), and isolated cities (51.3% approvals) of Switzerland as well as by a strong majority (69.2% approval) in the canton of Ticino, while metropolitan centres (58.5% rejection) and the French-speaking part (58.5% rejection) of Switzerland rather rejected it. Some news commentators claim that this proposal de facto contradicts the bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons from these respective countries.

Question: In February of 2014, what did Swiss voters narrowly approve to restrict?
Answer: immigration

Question: What was reintroduced on the influx of foreigners in February of 2014?
Answer: a quota system

Question: Which centres of Switzerland mostly rejected the quota system for foreigners?
Answer: metropolitan

Question: What was the rejection rate of the quota system by the French speaking part of Switzerland?
Answer: 58.5%

Question: What do some news commentators claim is violated by the restricted immigration proposal?
Answer: bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons
Title: Switzerland

The former ten-year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants was the result of a citizens' initiative voted on in 1990 which had passed with 54.5% Yes vs. 45.5% No votes. Plans for a new nuclear plant in the Canton of Bern have been put on hold after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011. The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is the office responsible for all questions relating to energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC). The agency is supporting the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation's energy use by more than half by the year 2050.

Question: What was the former 10-year moratorium on the construction of nuclear plants the result of?
Answer: a citizens' initiative

Question: What accident caused the delay in plans for the new nuclear power plant in Bern?
Answer: Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011

Question: What does SFOE stand for?
Answer: Swiss Federal Office of Energy

Question: What does DETEC stand for?
Answer: Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications

Question: What is the 2000-watt society initiative designed to cut by more than half by 2050?
Answer: the nation's energy use
Title: Switzerland

On 25 May 2011 the Swiss government announced that it plans to end its use of nuclear energy in the next 2 or 3 decades. "The government has voted for a phaseout because we want to ensure a secure and autonomous supply of energy", Energy Minister Doris Leuthard said that day at a press conference in Bern. "Fukushima showed that the risk of nuclear power is too high, which in turn has also increased the costs of this energy form." The first reactor would reportedly be taken offline in 2019 and the last one in 2034. Parliament will discuss the plan in June 2011, and there could be a referendum as well.

Question: In 2011, what time frame did the Swiss government give for ending its use of nuclear energy?
Answer: 2 or 3 decades

Question: What reason did the Swiss government give for ending its use of nuclear energy?
Answer: to ensure a secure and autonomous supply of energy

Question: When is Switzerland's first nuclear reactor scheduled to be taken offline?
Answer: 2019

Question: When is Switzerland's last nuclear reactor scheduled to be taken offline?
Answer: 2034

Question: Who is the Doris Leuthard?
Answer: Energy Minister
Title: Switzerland

The most dense rail network in Europe of 5,063 km (3,146 mi) carries over 350 million passengers annually. In 2007, each Swiss citizen travelled on average 2,258 km (1,403 mi) by rail, which makes them the keenest rail users. The network is administered mainly by the Federal Railways, except in Graubünden, where the 366 km (227 mi) narrow gauge railway is operated by the Rhaetian Railways and includes some World Heritage lines. The building of new railway base tunnels through the Alps is under way to reduce the time of travel between north and south through the AlpTransit project.

Question: How many passengers does the most dense rail network in Europe carry annualy?
Answer: over 350 million

Question: In 2007, what was the average amount of km's travelled by eacg Swiss citizens on the rails?
Answer: 2,258

Question: Who mainly administers the Swiss railway system?
Answer: Federal Railways

Question: What is the Alp-Transit project designed to reduce the time of travel between?
Answer: north and south

Question: Under which mountains are the railway tunnels being built for the Alp-Transit project?
Answer: the Alps
Title: Switzerland

Swiss private-public managed road network is funded by road tolls and vehicle taxes. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute system requires the purchase of a vignette (toll sticker)—which costs 40 Swiss francs—for one calendar year in order to use its roadways, for both passenger cars and trucks. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute network has a total length of 1,638 km (1,018 mi) (as of 2000) and has, by an area of 41,290 km2 (15,940 sq mi), also one of the highest motorway densities in the world. Zürich Airport is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway, which handled 22.8 million passengers in 2012. The other international airports are Geneva Airport (13.9 million passengers in 2012), EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg which is located in France, Bern Airport, Lugano Airport, St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport and Sion Airport. Swiss International Air Lines is the flag carrier of Switzerland. Its main hub is Zürich.

Question: What is the Swiss private-public managed road network funded by?
Answer: road tolls and vehicle taxes

Question: How much does the Swiss autoroute network charge for a toll sticker to use Swiss roadways for a year?
Answer: 40 Swiss francs

Question: Which airport is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway?
Answer: Zürich

Question: What is the name of the flag airline carrier in Switzerland?
Answer: Swiss International Air Lines

Question: How many passengers used the Zurich airport in 2012?
Answer: 22.8 million
Title: Switzerland

Switzerland has one of the best environmental records among nations in the developed world; it was one of the countries to sign the Kyoto Protocol in 1998 and ratified it in 2003. With Mexico and the Republic of Korea it forms the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG). The country is heavily active in recycling and anti-littering regulations and is one of the top recyclers in the world, with 66% to 96% of recyclable materials being recycled, depending on the area of the country. The 2014 Global Green Economy Index ranked Switzerland among the top 10 green economies in the world.

Question: When did Switzerland sign the Kyoto Protocol?
Answer: 1998

Question: When did Switzerland ratify the Kyoto Protocol
Answer: 2003

Question: What was formed by Switzerland, Mexico, and the Republic of Korea?
Answer: Environmental Integrity Group (EIG)

Question: What percentage of recyclable materials are being recycled in Switzerland?
Answer: 66% to 96%

Question: How did the 2010 Global Green Economy Index rank Switzerland?
Answer: among the top 10 green economies in the world
Title: Switzerland

In many places in Switzerland, household rubbish disposal is charged for. Rubbish (except dangerous items, batteries etc.) is only collected if it is in bags which either have a payment sticker attached, or in official bags with the surcharge paid at the time of purchase. This gives a financial incentive to recycle as much as possible, since recycling is free. Illegal disposal of garbage is not tolerated but usually the enforcement of such laws is limited to violations that involve the unlawful disposal of larger volumes at traffic intersections and public areas. Fines for not paying the disposal fee range from CHF 200–500.

Question: What does Switzerland charge for the disposal of in order to encourage recycling?
Answer: Rubbish

Question: What are the fines for not paying the rubbish disposal fee?
Answer: from CHF 200–500

Question: What is the charge for recycling in Switzerland?
Answer: free
Title: Switzerland

In 2012, resident foreigners made up 23.3% of the population. Most of these (64%) were from European Union or EFTA countries. Italians were the largest single group of foreigners with 15.6% of total foreign population. They were closely followed by Germans (15.2%), immigrants from Portugal (12.7%), France (5.6%), Serbia (5.3%), Turkey (3.8%), Spain (3.7%), and Austria (2%). Immigrants from Sri Lanka, most of them former Tamil refugees, were the largest group among people of Asian origin (6.3%). Additionally, the figures from 2012 show that 34.7% of the permanent resident population aged 15 or over in Switzerland, i.e. 2,335,000 persons, had an immigrant background. A third of this population (853,000) held Swiss citizenship. Four fifths of persons with an immigration background were themselves immigrants (first generation foreigners and native-born and naturalised Swiss citizens), whereas one fifth were born in Switzerland (second generation foreigners and native-born and naturalised Swiss citizens). In the 2000s, domestic and international institutions expressed concern about what they perceived as an increase in xenophobia, particularly in some political campaigns. In reply to one critical report the Federal Council noted that "racism unfortunately is present in Switzerland", but stated that the high proportion of foreign citizens in the country, as well as the generally unproblematic integration of foreigners", underlined Switzerland's openness.

Question: In 2010, what percentage of the population was made up of foreigners?
Answer: 23.3%

Question: Who were the largest single group of foreigners in 2010?
Answer: Italians

Question: What percentage of the population aged 15 and over were shown to have an immigrant background as of 2012?
Answer: 34.7%

Question: What percentage of the immigrants were born in Switzerland as of 2012?
Answer: one fifth

Question: In the 2000's, what was the concern perceived toward immigrants by institutions?
Answer: increase in xenophobia
Title: Switzerland

Switzerland has four official languages: principally German (63.5% total population share, with foreign residents, in 2013); French (22.5%) in the west; and Italian (8.1%) in the south. The fourth official language, Romansh (0.5%), is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of Graubünden, and is designated by Article 4 of the Federal Constitution as a national language along with German, French, and Italian, and in Article 70 as an official language if the authorities communicate with persons who speak Romansh. However, federal laws and other official acts do not need to be decreed in Romansh.

Question: How many official languages does Switzerland have?
Answer: four

Question: What is the principal official language in Switzerland?
Answer: German

Question: What is the principal official language in the western part of Switzerland?
Answer: French

Question: What is the principal official language in the southern part of Switzerland?
Answer: Italian

Question: What is the least popular official language of Switzerland?
Answer: Romansh
Title: Switzerland

Aside from the official forms of their respective languages, the four linguistic regions of Switzerland also have their local dialectal forms. The role played by dialects in each linguistic region varies dramatically: in the German-speaking regions, Swiss German dialects have become ever more prevalent since the second half of the 20th century, especially in the media, such as radio and television, and are used as an everyday language, while the Swiss variety of Standard German is almost always used instead of dialect for written communication (c.f. diglossic usage of a language). Conversely, in the French-speaking regions the local dialects have almost disappeared (only 6.3% of the population of Valais, 3.9% of Fribourg, and 3.1% of Jura still spoke dialects at the end of the 20th century), while in the Italian-speaking regions dialects are mostly limited to family settings and casual conversation.

Question: How many linguistic regions of Switzerland have their own form of local dialect?
Answer: four

Question: What dialect is increasing in German speaking regions?
Answer: Swiss German

Question: What has happened to the local dialects in the French speaking regions?
Answer: have almost disappeared

Question: Where do dialects tend to be limited to in the Italian speaking regions?
Answer: family settings and casual conversation
Title: Switzerland

The principal official languages (German, French, and Italian) have terms, not used outside of Switzerland, known as Helvetisms. German Helvetisms are, roughly speaking, a large group of words typical of Swiss Standard German, which do not appear either in Standard German, nor in other German dialects. These include terms from Switzerland's surrounding language cultures (German Billette from French), from similar term in another language (Italian azione used not only as act but also as discount from German Aktion). The French spoken in Switzerland has similar terms, which are equally known as Helvetisms. The most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms are in vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation, but certain Helvetisms denote themselves as special in syntax and orthography likewise. Duden, one of the prescriptive sources for Standard German, is aware of about 3000 Helvetisms. Current French dictionaries, such as the Petit Larousse, include several hundred Helvetisms.

Question: What are terms that are not used outside of Switzerland known as?
Answer: Helvetisms

Question: Where are the most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms found?
Answer: vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation

Question: What do current French dictionaries include several hundred of?
Answer: Helvetisms
Title: Switzerland

Swiss citizens are universally required to buy health insurance from private insurance companies, which in turn are required to accept every applicant. While the cost of the system is among the highest it compares well with other European countries in terms of health outcomes; patients who are citizens have been reported as being, in general, highly satisfied with it. In 2012, life expectancy at birth was 80.4 years for men and 84.7 years for women — the highest in the world. However, spending on health is particularly high at 11.4% of GDP (2010), on par with Germany and France (11.6%) and other European countries, and notably less than spending in the USA (17.6%). From 1990, a steady increase can be observed, reflecting the high costs of the services provided. With an ageing population and new healthcare technologies, health spending will likely continue to rise.

Question: Who are Swiss citizens required to buy health insurance from?
Answer: private insurance companies

Question: Who are private insurance companies required to accept?
Answer: every applicant

Question: In 2012, what was Switzerland's world ranking for life expectancy in 2012?
Answer: highest

Question: What population will cause health spending to likely rise in the future?
Answer: ageing

Question: What do new high tech healthcare technologies translate to?
Answer: high costs of the services provided
Title: Switzerland

Between two thirds and three quarters of the population live in urban areas. Switzerland has gone from a largely rural country to an urban one in just 70 years. Since 1935 urban development has claimed as much of the Swiss landscape as it did during the previous 2,000 years. This urban sprawl does not only affect the plateau but also the Jura and the Alpine foothills and there are growing concerns about land use. However, from the beginning of the 21st century, the population growth in urban areas is higher than in the countryside.

Question: How much of the Swiss population live in urban areas?
Answer: Between two thirds and three quarters

Question: From the beginning of the 21st century, how does the population growth in urban areas compare to the countryside?
Answer: higher

Question: How many years did it take Switzerland to go from a largely urban country to a rural one?
Answer: 70
Title: Switzerland

Switzerland has a dense network of cities, where large, medium and small cities are complementary. The plateau is very densely populated with about 450 people per km2 and the landscape continually shows signs of human presence. The weight of the largest metropolitan areas, which are Zürich, Geneva–Lausanne, Basel and Bern tend to increase. In international comparison the importance of these urban areas is stronger than their number of inhabitants suggests. In addition the two main centers of Zürich and Geneva are recognized for their particularly great quality of life.

Question: What is the population density of the plateau?
Answer: 450 people per km2

Question: Which 2 centers are recognized for their particularly great quality of life?
Answer: Zürich and Geneva

Question: What does the weight of the largest metropolitan areas tend to do?
Answer: increase
Title: Switzerland

Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland (about 71% of resident population and 75% of Swiss citizens), divided between the Catholic Church (38.21% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (26.93%), further Protestant churches (2.89%) and other Christian denominations (2.79%). There has been a recent rise in Evangelicalism. Immigration has brought Islam (4.95%) and Eastern Orthodoxy (around 2%) as sizeable minority religions. According to a 2015 poll by Gallup International, 12% of Swiss people self-identified as "convinced atheists."

Question: What is the predominant religion of Switzerland?
Answer: Christianity

Question: What religion has immigration brought by 4.95%? 
Answer: Islam

Question: What religion has immigration brought by 2%?
Answer: Eastern Orthodoxy

Question: According to a 2015 Gallup Poll, what percentage of Swiss people are convinced atheists?
Answer: 12%

Question: What percentage of the Christian population is Catholic?
Answer: 38.21%