rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Although the firearms used by the infantry, particularly machine guns, can be used to engage low altitude air targets, on occasion with notable success, their effectiveness is generally limited and the muzzle flashes reveal infantry positions. Speed and altitude of modern jet aircraft limit target opportunities, and critical systems may be armored in aircraft designed for the ground attack role. Adaptations of the standard autocannon, originally intended for air-to-ground use, and heavier artillery systems were commonly used for most anti-aircraft gunnery, starting with standard pieces on new mountings, and evolving to specially designed guns with much higher performance prior to World War II.

Question: What did the muzzle flashes of the firearms used by the infantry reveal?
Answer: infantry positions

Question: Along with speed of the modern jet, what else limits target opportunities?
Answer: altitude

Question: Heavier artillery systems were typically used for what?
Answer: most anti-aircraft gunnery
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Some nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started during the war. The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch, which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries, and were also fitted to warships. The firing of one of these devices during an air raid is suspected to have caused the Bethnal Green disaster in 1943. Facing the threat of Japanese Kamikaze attacks the British and US developed surface-to-air rockets like British Stooge or the American Lark as counter measures, but none of them were ready at the end of the war. The Germans missile research was the most advanced of the war as the Germans put considerable effort in the research and development of rocket systems for all purposes. Among them were several guided and unguided systems. Unguided systems involved the Fliegerfaust (literally "aircraft fist") as the first MANPADS. Guided systems were several sophisticated radio, wire, or radar guided missiles like the Wasserfall ("waterfall") rocket. Due to the severe war situation for Germany all of those systems were only produced in small numbers and most of them were only used by training or trial units.

Question: Rocket research began prior to which war in some countries?
Answer: World War II

Question: What unguided missile systems was fitted to warships?
Answer: the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch

Question: When did the Bethnal Green disaster occur?
Answer: 1943

Question: What was the US military's counterpart to the British Stooge to counter the attacks by Kamikazes?
Answer: American Lark

Question: Which country's research was ahead of all other countries for missiles?
Answer: Germans missile research
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

The introduction of the guided missile resulted in a significant shift in anti-aircraft strategy. Although Germany had been desperate to introduce anti-aircraft missile systems, none became operational during World War II. Following several years of post-war development, however, these systems began to mature into viable weapons systems. The US started an upgrade of their defences using the Nike Ajax missile, and soon the larger anti-aircraft guns disappeared. The same thing occurred in the USSR after the introduction of their SA-2 Guideline systems.

Question: Which weapon caused a major shift in anti-aircraft strategy?
Answer: guided missile

Question: Which company wanted to introduce missile systems during the second World War but was not successful?
Answer: Germany

Question: What missile did the United States upgrade their defences with?
Answer: the Nike Ajax missile

Question: The introduction of the Nike Ajax missile caused what to disappear?
Answer: the larger anti-aircraft guns

Question: The introduction of what caused the larger anti-aircraft guns to disappear in the USSR?
Answer: SA-2 Guideline systems
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

The future of projectile based weapons may be found in the railgun. Currently tests are underway on developing systems that could create as much damage as a Tomahawk (missile), but at a fraction of the cost. In February 2008 the US Navy tested a railgun; it fired a shell at 5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour using 10 megajoules of energy. Its expected performance is over 13,000 miles (21,000 km) per hour muzzle velocity, accurate enough to hit a 5-meter target from 200 nautical miles (370 km) away while shooting at 10 shots per minute. It is expected to be ready in 2020 to 2025.[verification needed] These systems while currently designed for static targets would only need the ability to be retargeted to become the next generation of AA system.

Question: Where can the future of projectile based weapons possibly be found?
Answer: the railgun

Question: Testing is being done on weapons to create as much damage as what missile at a much lower cost?
Answer: a Tomahawk

Question: When did the United States Navy test a railgun?
Answer: February 2008

Question: How fast was the shell that the Navy fired from the railgun?
Answer: 5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour

Question: When is the railgun expected to be ready?
Answer: 2020 to 2025
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

The ammunition and shells fired by these weapons are usually fitted with different types of fuses (barometric, time-delay, or proximity) to explode close to the airborne target, releasing a shower of fast metal fragments. For shorter-range work, a lighter weapon with a higher rate of fire is required, to increase a hit probability on a fast airborne target. Weapons between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber have been widely used in this role. Smaller weapons, typically .50 caliber or even 8 mm rifle caliber guns have been used in the smallest mounts.

Question: What are two types of fuses used for shells?
Answer: barometric, time-delay, or proximity

Question: At shorter ranges a light weapon with what is used on fast targets?
Answer: a higher rate of fire

Question: What size of weapon calibers are better hitting at short range fast targets?
Answer: between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber

Question: Smaller .50 caliber and 8 millimeter guns have been used in what?
Answer: smallest mounts
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Air defence in naval tactics, especially within a carrier group, is often built around a system of concentric layers with the aircraft carrier at the centre. The outer layer will usually be provided by the carrier's aircraft, specifically its AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP. If an attacker is able to penetrate this layer, then the next layers would come from the surface-to-air missiles carried by the carrier's escorts; the area-defence missiles, such as the RIM-67 Standard, with a range of up to 100 nmi, and the point-defence missiles, like the RIM-162 ESSM, with a range of up to 30 nmi. Finally, virtually every modern warship will be fitted with small-calibre guns, including a CIWS, which is usually a radar-controlled Gatling gun of between 20mm and 30mm calibre capable of firing several thousand rounds per minute.

Question: Air defence in such places as a carrier group are built around what?
Answer: a system of concentric layers

Question: What protects the outer layer?
Answer: AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP

Question: The next layer's surface-to-air missiles are carried by what?
Answer: the carrier's escorts

Question: What is the range in nautical miles of the RIM-67 Standard?
Answer: 100

Question: What is the rate of fire for a radar-controlled Gatling gun of 20 and 30 millimeter?
Answer: several thousand rounds per minute
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.

Question: What is likely to entirely replace gun systems?
Answer: missiles

Question: What is being lead to specialty roles?
Answer: Guns

Question: What gun is used in the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS?
Answer: GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun

Question: What RIM weapon permits mid-flight course adjustments?
Answer: RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile

Question: What weapon's system uses guns and missiles?
Answer: Kashtan CIWS
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Most modern air defence systems are fairly mobile. Even the larger systems tend to be mounted on trailers and are designed to be fairly quickly broken down or set up. In the past, this was not always the case. Early missile systems were cumbersome and required much infrastructure; many could not be moved at all. With the diversification of air defence there has been much more emphasis on mobility. Most modern systems are usually either self-propelled (i.e. guns or missiles are mounted on a truck or tracked chassis) or easily towed. Even systems that consist of many components (transporter/erector/launchers, radars, command posts etc.) benefit from being mounted on a fleet of vehicles. In general, a fixed system can be identified, attacked and destroyed whereas a mobile system can show up in places where it is not expected. Soviet systems especially concentrate on mobility, after the lessons learnt in the Vietnam war between the USA and Vietnam. For more information on this part of the conflict, see SA-2 Guideline.

Question: Contemporary air defence systems are usually what?
Answer: mobile

Question: What are larger weapon systems usually mounted on?
Answer: trailers

Question: Radars, command posts and other such things are usually mounted on what?
Answer: a fleet of vehicles

Question: A mobile weapons system is likely to pop up where?
Answer: places where it is not expected

Question: What systems are really geared toward mobility?
Answer: Soviet
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Most Western and Commonwealth militaries integrate air defence purely with the traditional services, of the military (i.e. army, navy and air force), as a separate arm or as part of artillery. In the United States Army for instance, air defence is part of the artillery arm, while in the Pakistan Army, it was split off from Artillery to form a separate arm of its own in 1990. This is in contrast to some (largely communist or ex-communist) countries where not only are there provisions for air defence in the army, navy and air force but there are specific branches that deal only with the air defence of territory, for example, the Soviet PVO Strany. The USSR also had a separate strategic rocket force in charge of nuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles.

Question: What military forces usually integrate air defnce as a separate arm or part of artillery?
Answer: Western and Commonwealth militaries

Question: Air defence in the US Army is part of what arm?
Answer: artillery arm

Question: Air defence in Pakistan was separated from the Army in what year?
Answer: 1990

Question: What type of countries have set branches for territorial air defence?
Answer: largely communist or ex-communist

Question: Who had a separate military force for controlling nuclear ICBMs?
Answer: USSR
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Armies typically have air defence in depth, from integral MANPADS such as the RBS 70, Stinger and Igla at smaller force levels up to army-level missile defence systems such as Angara and Patriot. Often, the high-altitude long-range missile systems force aircraft to fly at low level, where anti-aircraft guns can bring them down. As well as the small and large systems, for effective air defence there must be intermediate systems. These may be deployed at regiment-level and consist of platoons of self-propelled anti-aircraft platforms, whether they are self-propelled anti-aircraft guns (SPAAGs), integrated air-defence systems like Tunguska or all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms like Roland or SA-8 Gecko.

Question: What do armies tend to have in depth?
Answer: air defence

Question: Angara and Patriot are two examples of what type of system?
Answer: army-level missile defence systems

Question: Stinger and Igla are two examples of what type of system?
Answer: smaller force levels

Question: What does SPAAG stand for?
Answer: self-propelled anti-aircraft guns

Question: What kind of platform are Roland and SA-8 Gecko?
Answer: all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Israel, and The US Air Force, in conjunction with the members of NATO, has developed significant tactics for air defence suppression. Dedicated weapons such as anti-radiation missiles and advanced electronics intelligence and electronic countermeasures platforms seek to suppress or negate the effectiveness of an opposing air-defence system. It is an arms race; as better jamming, countermeasures and anti-radiation weapons are developed, so are better SAM systems with ECCM capabilities and the ability to shoot down anti-radiation missiles and other munitions aimed at them or the targets they are defending.

Question: In agreement with NATO members, the US Air Force and which country has created tactics for air defence suppression?
Answer: Israel

Question: The goal of what is to suppress opposing air defence systems?
Answer: Dedicated weapons

Question: As better weapons are created, what systems continue to improve as well to counter them?
Answer: SAM systems with ECCM capabilities
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as "measures taken to defend a maritime force against attacks by airborne weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based sites." In some armies the term All-Arms Air Defence (AAAD) is used for air defence by non-specialist troops. Other terms from the late 20th century include GBAD (Ground Based AD) with related terms SHORAD (Short Range AD) and MANPADS ("Man Portable AD Systems": typically shoulder-launched missiles). Anti-aircraft missiles are variously called surface-to-air missile, abbreviated and pronounced "SAM" and Surface to Air Guided Weapon (SAGW).

Question: What does AAAD stand for?
Answer: All-Arms Air Defence

Question: What does GBAD stand for?
Answer: Ground Based AD

Question: What does SHORAD stand for?
Answer: Short Range AD

Question: What does MANPADS stand for?
Answer: Man Portable AD Systems

Question: What does SAGW stand for?
Answer: Surface to Air Guided Weapon
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Throughout the 20th century air defence was one of the fastest-evolving areas of military technology, responding to the evolution of aircraft and exploiting various enabling technologies, particularly radar, guided missiles and computing (initially electromechanical analog computing from the 1930s on, as with equipment described below). Air defence evolution covered the areas of sensors and technical fire control, weapons, and command and control. At the start of the 20th century these were either very primitive or non-existent.

Question: What was one of the quickest areas to evolve in military technology in the 20th century?
Answer: air defence

Question: The evolution of air defence was in answer to the evolution of what?
Answer: aircraft

Question: In addition to radar and computing, what else did air defence want to exploit?
Answer: guided missiles

Question: In addition to sensors and technical fire control, and weapons, what else did air defence evolution cover?
Answer: command and control
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

Batteries are usually grouped into battalions or equivalent. In the field army a light gun or SHORAD battalion is often assigned to a manoeuvre division. Heavier guns and long-range missiles may be in air-defence brigades and come under corps or higher command. Homeland air defence may have a full military structure. For example, the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command, commanded by a full British Army general was part of ADGB. At its peak in 1941–42 it comprised three AA corps with 12 AA divisions between them.

Question: How are batteries typically grouped?
Answer: into battalions

Question: What type of battalion is normally tasked to a manoeuvre division in the field army?
Answer: light gun or SHORAD

Question: Which military section could have a full military structure?
Answer: Homeland air defence

Question: Who commanded the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?
Answer: a full British Army general

Question: How many corps was the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?
Answer: three AA corps
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

German air attacks on the British Isles increased in 1915 and the AA efforts were deemed somewhat ineffective, so a Royal Navy gunnery expert, Admiral Sir Percy Scott, was appointed to make improvements, particularly an integrated AA defence for London. The air defences were expanded with more RNVR AA guns, 75 mm and 3-inch, the pom-poms being ineffective. The naval 3-inch was also adopted by the army, the QF 3 inch 20 cwt (76 mm), a new field mounting was introduced in 1916. Since most attacks were at night, searchlights were soon used, and acoustic methods of detection and locating were developed. By December 1916 there were 183 AA Sections defending Britain (most with the 3-inch), 74 with the BEF in France and 10 in the Middle East.

Question: Air attacks headed by  Germany increased in 1915 in what area?
Answer: the British Isles

Question: Who was tasked with the job to make improvements to the AA as a result of the German attacks?
Answer: Royal Navy gunnery expert, Admiral Sir Percy Scott

Question: What was used because of night attacks?
Answer: searchlights

Question: How many AA Sections were defending Britain by December 1916?
Answer: 183

Question: How many AA Sections were with the BEF in France during the same time?
Answer: 74
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

As aircraft started to be used against ground targets on the battlefield, the AA guns could not be traversed quickly enough at close targets and, being relatively few, were not always in the right place (and were often unpopular with other troops), so changed positions frequently. Soon the forces were adding various machine-gun based weapons mounted on poles. These short-range weapons proved more deadly, and the "Red Baron" is believed to have been shot down by an anti-aircraft Vickers machine gun. When the war ended, it was clear that the increasing capabilities of aircraft would require better means of acquiring targets and aiming at them. Nevertheless, a pattern had been set: anti-aircraft weapons would be based around heavy weapons attacking high-altitude targets and lighter weapons for use when they came to lower altitudes.

Question: What was many times unpopular with other troops?
Answer: AA guns

Question: What was mounted on poles by forces?
Answer: machine-gun based weapons

Question: What type of weapon is thought to have shot down the Red Baron?
Answer: anti-aircraft Vickers machine gun

Question: What made acquiring targets and aiming more required?
Answer: increasing capabilities of aircraft

Question: Heavy weapons shot at high-altitude targets and what shot at low-altitude targets?
Answer: lighter weapons
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

In 1925 the British adopted a new instrument developed by Vickers. It was a mechanical analogue computer Predictor AA No 1. Given the target height its operators tracked the target and the predictor produced bearing, quadrant elevation and fuse setting. These were passed electrically to the guns where they were displayed on repeater dials to the layers who 'matched pointers' (target data and the gun's actual data) to lay the guns. This system of repeater electrical dials built on the arrangements introduced by British coast artillery in the 1880s, and coast artillery was the background of many AA officers. Similar systems were adopted in other countries and for example the later Sperry device, designated M3A3 in the US was also used by Britain as the Predictor AA No 2. Height finders were also increasing in size, in Britain, the World War I Barr & Stroud UB 2 (7 feet optical base) was replaced by the UB 7 (9 feet optical base) and the UB 10 (18 feet optical base, only used on static AA sites). Goertz in Germany and Levallois in France produced 5 metre instruments. However, in most countries the main effort in HAA guns until the mid-1930s was improving existing ones, although various new designs were on drawing boards.

Question: What year did the British adopt the new Vickers instrument?
Answer: 1925

Question: What was the Vickers device adopted by the British named?
Answer: Predictor AA No 1

Question: What was the designation name of the Sperry device in the US?
Answer: M3A3

Question: What did the British designate the Sperry device as?
Answer: Predictor AA No 2

Question: What replaced the UB 2?
Answer: UB 7
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.

Question: When year did the Dambusters raid happen?
Answer: 1943

Question: What did the new system designed after the Dambusters raid supposed to do?
Answer: knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit

Question: What replaced the 50 millimeter gun that was not accurate?
Answer: a new 55 mm gun

Question: What type of control system did the 55 millimeter gun use?
Answer: a centralised control system

Question: What was used to aim the guns after electrical commands were sent?
Answer: hydraulics
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

AAA battalions were also used to help suppress ground targets. Their larger 90 mm M3 gun would prove, as did the eighty-eight, to make an excellent anti-tank gun as well, and was widely used late in the war in this role. Also available to the Americans at the start of the war was the 120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun, which was the most powerful AA gun with an impressive 60,000 ft (18 km) altitude capability. No 120 M1 was ever fired at an enemy aircraft. The 90 mm and 120 mm guns would continue to be used into the 1950s.

Question: What was also utilized to control ground targets?
Answer: AAA battalions

Question: Along with the 88, what other AAA battalion gun made a good anti-tank weapon?
Answer: 90 mm M3 gun

Question: What did the Americans use at the beginning of the war?
Answer: 120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun

Question: What was the altitude range in feet of the stratosphere gun?
Answer: 60,000 ft

Question: What decade were the 90 and 120 millimeter guns used until?
Answer: 1950s