rajpurkar/squad huggingface dataset:
Title: Crimean_War

Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador, George Hamilton Seymour, in January and February 1853.:105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia:105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire.:105  The Tsar next dispatched a highly abrasive diplomat, Prince Menshikov, on a special mission to the Ottoman Sublime Porte in February 1853. By previous treaties, the sultan was committed "to protect the (Eastern Orthodox) Christian religion and its churches." Menshikov demanded a Russian protectorate over all 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire, with control of the Orthodox Church's hierarchy. A compromise was reached regarding Orthodox access to the Holy Land, but the Sultan, strongly supported by the British ambassador, rejected the more sweeping demands.

Question: Who was the British ambassador in 1853?
Answer: George Hamilton Seymour

Question: Who declared they no longer wanted to spread Imperial Russian?
Answer: Nicholas

Question: Who did the Tsar send on a mission to Ottoman Sublime Porte?
Answer: Prince Menshikov

Question: In what year was Prince Menshikov sent to the Ottoman Sublime Porte?
Answer: 1853

Question: Who wanted to ruled over the 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire?
Answer: Menshikov
Title: Crimean_War

In February 1853, the British government of Lord Aberdeen, the prime minister, re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.:110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January, he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as chargé d'affaires. Lord Stratford then turned around and sailed back to Constantinople, arriving there on 5 April 1853. There he convinced the Sultan to reject the Russian treaty proposal, as compromising the independence of the Turks. The Leader of the Opposition in the British House of Commons, Benjamin Disraeli, blamed Aberdeen and Stratford's actions for making war inevitable, thus starting the process which would eventually force the Aberdeen government to resign in January 1855, over the war.

Question: Who was the Prime Minister of the British Government in 1853?
Answer: Lord Aberdeen

Question: Who did Aberdeen appoint the position of British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire to?
Answer: Stratford Canning

Question: Who replaced Stratford Canning after he first resigned as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire ?
Answer: Colonel Rose

Question: After resigning where did Stratford Canning sail off to?
Answer: Constantinople

Question: Who did Stratford Canning convince to turn down the treaty proposal?
Answer: Sultan
Title: Crimean_War

Shortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853, the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the Pruth River into the Ottoman-controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Fewer than half of the 80,000 Russian soldiers who crossed the Pruth in 1853 survived. By far, most of the deaths would result from sickness rather than combat,:118–119 for the Russian army still suffered from medical services that ranged from bad to none.

Question: Who sent armies across the Pruth River?
Answer: the Tsar

Question: Who commanded the armies across the Pruth River?
Answer: Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov

Question: Who was in control of the Danubian Principalities?
Answer: Ottoman

Question: In what year did Russian soldiers cross the Pruth River?
Answer: 1853

Question: How did most Russians die when crossing the Pruth River?
Answer: sickness
Title: Crimean_War

Russia had previously obtained recognition from the Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's role as special guardian of the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia. Now Russia used the Sultan's failure to resolve the issue of the protection of the Christian sites in the Holy Land as a pretext for Russian occupation of these Danubian provinces. Nicholas believed that the European powers, especially Austria, would not object strongly to the annexation of a few neighbouring Ottoman provinces, especially considering that Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution in 1849.

Question: Who was given the special role of guardian over the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia?
Answer: Russia

Question: Who recognized and gave Russia the special guardian role?
Answer: Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's

Question: Who felt Europe would not object to the joining of neighboring Ottoman provinces?
Answer: Nicholas
Title: Crimean_War

The European powers continued to pursue diplomatic avenues. The representatives of the four neutral Great Powers—the United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia—met in Vienna, where they drafted a note that they hoped would be acceptable to both the Russians and the Ottomans. The peace terms arrived at by the four powers at the Vienna Conference were delivered to the Russians by the Austrian Foreign Minister Count Karl von Buol on 5 December 1853. The note met with the approval of Nicholas I; however, Abdülmecid I rejected the proposal, feeling that the document's poor phrasing left it open to many different interpretations. The United Kingdom, France, and Austria united in proposing amendments to mollify the Sultan, but the court of St. Petersburg ignored their suggestions.:143 The UK and France then set aside the idea of continuing negotiations, but Austria and Prussia did not believe that the rejection of the proposed amendments justified the abandonment of the diplomatic process.

Question: What European powers met in Vienna for a conference?
Answer: United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia

Question: Who delivered the peace terms of the Vienna Conference to the Russians?
Answer: Count Karl von Buol

Question: In what year did Count Karl von Buol deliver the Vienna Conference news to the Russians?
Answer: 1853

Question: Who rejected the proposal due to poor word phrasing?
Answer: Abdülmecid I

Question: Who approved the proposal given by Count Karl von Buol ?
Answer: Nicholas I
Title: Crimean_War

The Russians sent a fleet to Sinop in northern Anatolia. In the Battle of Sinop on 30 November 1853 they destroyed a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes while they were anchored in port. Public opinion in the UK and France was outraged and demanded war. Sinop provided the United Kingdom and France with the casus belli ("cause for war") for declaring war against Russia. On 28 March 1854, after Russia ignored an Anglo-French ultimatum to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities, the UK and France formally declared war.

Question: What battle took place on November 30, 1853?
Answer: Battle of Sinop

Question: What did the Russian send to Sinop?
Answer: a fleet

Question: While anchored in the port, what did the Russians destroy?
Answer: a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes

Question: What did Battle of Sinop provide for France and the U.K?
Answer: cause for war

Question: When did the Russia disregard the ultimatum to leave the Danubian Principalities?
Answer: 28 March 1854
Title: Crimean_War

Britain was concerned about Russian activity and Sir John Burgoyne senior advisor to Lord Aberdeen urged that the Dardanelles should be occupied and throw up works of sufficient strength to block any Russian move to capture Constantinople and gain access to the Mediterranean Sea. The Corps of Royal Engineers sent men to the Dardanelles while Burgoyne went to Paris, meeting the British Ambassador and the French Emperor. The Lord Cowley wrote on 8 February to Burgoyne "Your visit to Paris has produced a visible change in the Emperor's views, and he is making every preparation for a land expedition in case the last attempt at negotiation should break down.":411

Question: Who was concerned with Russia  capturing Constantinople?
Answer: Britain

Question: Who sent men to the Dardanelles?
Answer: The Corps of Royal Engineers

Question: As men were sent to the Dardanelles, where did Burgoyne go?
Answer: Paris

Question: Who was Burgoyne visiting in Paris?
Answer: British Ambassador and the French Emperor

Question: Who wrote to Burgoyne on February 8th?
Answer: Lord Cowley
Title: Crimean_War

Nicholas felt that, because of Russian assistance in suppressing the Hungarian revolution of 1848, Austria would side with him, or at the very least remain neutral. Austria, however, felt threatened by the Russian troops in the Balkans. On 27 February 1854, the United Kingdom and France demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from the principalities; Austria supported them and, though it did not declare war on Russia, it refused to guarantee its neutrality. Russia's rejection of the ultimatum caused the UK and France to enter the war.

Question: In what year did the Hungarian revolution take place?
Answer: 1848

Question: Who felt Austria would side with him due to the Hungarian revolution outcome?
Answer: Nicholas

Question: Who did Austria feel threatened by?
Answer: Russian troops in the Balkans

Question: Who wanted the Russian forces to leave the principalities?
Answer: the United Kingdom and France

Question: Why did the U.K and France get involved with the war against the Russia?
Answer: Russia's rejection of the ultimatum
Title: Crimean_War

Following the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853, forces under the Ottoman general Omar Pasha crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured Calafat in October 1853. Simultaneously, in the east, the Ottomans crossed the Danube at Silistra and attacked the Russians at Oltenița. The resulting Battle of Oltenița was the first engagement following the declaration of war. The Russians counterattacked, but were beaten back. On 31 December 1853, the Ottoman forces at Calafat moved against the Russian force at Chetatea or Cetate, a small village nine miles north of Calafat, and engaged them on 6 January 1854. The battle began when the Russians made a move to recapture Calafat. Most of the heavy fighting, however, took place in and around Chetatea until the Russians were driven out of the village. Despite the setback at Chetatea, on 28 January 1854, Russian forces laid siege to Calafat. The siege would continue until May 1854 when the Russians lifted the siege. The Ottomans would also later beat the Russians in battle at Caracal.:130–43

Question: The Ottoman ultimatum took place in what year?
Answer: 1853

Question: What general crossed across the Danube at Vidin?
Answer: Omar Pasha

Question: After crossing the Danube at Vidin, what city did General Omar Pasha take control over?
Answer: Calafat

Question: After crossing the Danube at Silistra, in what city did the Ottomans attack the Russians?
Answer: Oltenița

Question: What is the name of the village 9 miles north of Calafat where the Ottoman forces attacked the Russians?
Answer: Chetatea or Cetate
Title: Crimean_War

In the spring of 1854 the Russians again advanced, crossing the Danube River into the Turkish province of Dobruja. By April 1854, the Russians had reached the lines of Trajan's Wall where they were finally halted. In the center, the Russian forces crossed the Danube and laid siege to Silistra from 14 April with 60,000 troops, the defenders with 15,000 had supplies for three months.:415 The siege was lifted on 23 June 1854. The English and French forces at this time were unable to take the field for lack of equipment.:415

Question: Who advanced on Dobruja in the spring of 1854?
Answer: the Russians

Question: What river did the Russians cross to get to Dobruja?
Answer: Danube River

Question: How man troops did the Russians have when they attacked Silistra ?
Answer: 60,000 troops

Question: When did the siege of Silistra end?
Answer: 23 June 1854

Question: Why couldn't the French and English take control of the field?
Answer: lack of equipment
Title: Crimean_War

In the west, the Russians were dissuaded from attacking Vidin by the presence of the Austrian forces, which had swelled to 280,000 men. On 28 May 1854 a protocol of the Vienna Conference was signed by Austria and Russia. One of the aims of the Russian advance had been to encourage the Orthodox Christian Serbs and Bulgarians living under Ottoman rule to rebel. However, when the Russian troops actually crossed the River Pruth into Moldavia, the Orthodox Christians still showed no interest in rising up against the Turks.:131, 137 Adding to the worries of Nicholas I was the concern that Austria would enter the war against the Russians and attack his armies on the western flank. Indeed, after attempting to mediate a peaceful settlement between Russia and Turkey, the Austrians entered the war on the side of Turkey with an attack against the Russians in the Principalities which threatened to cut off the Russian supply lines. Accordingly, the Russians were forced to raise the siege of Silistra on 23 June 1854, and begin abandoning the Principalities.:185 The lifting of the siege reduced the threat of a Russian advance into Bulgaria.

Question: Who stopped the Russians from attacking Vidin?
Answer: Austrian forces

Question: How man men did the Austrian forces have when stopping the attack on Vidin?
Answer: 280,000

Question: What river did the Russians crossed when they entered the city of Moldavia?
Answer: River Pruth

Question: Who didn't show any signs of rising up against the Turks?
Answer: Orthodox Christians

Question: After the settlement between Russia and Turkey, who did the Austrians decide to join?
Answer: Turkey
Title: Crimean_War

In June 1854, the Allied expeditionary force landed at Varna, a city on the Black Sea's western coast (now in Bulgaria). They made little advance from their base there.:175–176 In July 1854, the Turks under Omar Pasha crossed the Danube into Wallachia and on 7 July 1854, engaged the Russians in the city of Giurgiu and conquered it. The capture of Giurgiu by the Turks immediately threatened Bucharest in Wallachia with capture by the same Turk army. On 26 July 1854, Tsar Nicholas I ordered the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Principalities. Also, in late July 1854, following up on the Russian retreat, the French staged an expedition against the Russian forces still in Dobruja, but this was a failure.:188–190

Question: The city of Varna is located on what coast of the Black Sea?
Answer: western coast

Question: Who lead the Turks when crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?
Answer: Omar Pasha

Question: In what year did the Turks cross the Danube into Wallachia ?
Answer: 1854

Question: In what city did Omar Pasha attack the Russians after crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?
Answer: Giurgiu

Question: The ordered the Russian troops to leave the Principalities?
Answer: Tsar Nicholas I
Title: Crimean_War

During this period, the Russian Black Sea Fleet was operating against Ottoman coastal traffic between Constantinople (currently named Istanbul) and the Caucasus ports, while the Ottoman fleet sought to protect this supply line. The clash came on 30 November 1853 when a Russian fleet attacked an Ottoman force in the harbour at Sinop, and destroyed it at the Battle of Sinop. The battle outraged opinion in UK, which called for war. There was little additional naval action until March 1854 when on the declaration of war the British frigate Furious was fired on outside Odessa harbour. In response an Anglo-French fleet bombarded the port, causing much damage to the town. To show support for Turkey after the battle of Sinop, on the 22th of December 1853, the Anglo-French squadron entered the Black Sea and the steamship HMS Retribution approached the Port of Sevastopol, the commander of which received an ultimatum not to allow any ships in the Black Sea.

Question: At what harbor did a Russian fleet attacked a Ottoman force?
Answer: harbour at Sinop

Question: What was the name of the ship that was attacked outside of the Odessa harbor?
Answer: Furious

Question: Who attacked the port after the attack outside of Odessa harbor?
Answer: an Anglo-French fleet

Question: After the battle of Sinop, what steamship approached the Port of Sevastopol to show support for Turkey?
Answer: HMS Retribution
Title: Crimean_War

In June, the fleets transported the Allied expeditionary forces to Varna, in support of the Ottoman operations on the Danube; in September they again transported the armies, this time to the Crimea. The Russian fleet during this time declined to engage the allies, preferring to maintain a "fleet in being"; this strategy failed when Sevastopol, the main port and where most of the Black Sea fleet was based, came under siege. The Russians were reduced to scuttling their warships as blockships, after stripping them of their guns and men to reinforce batteries on shore. During the siege, the Russians lost four 110- or 120-gun, three-decker ships of the line, twelve 84-gun two-deckers and four 60-gun frigates in the Black Sea, plus a large number of smaller vessels. During the rest of the campaign the allied fleets remained in control of the Black Sea, ensuring the various fronts were kept supplied.

Question: Where was the port where most of the Black Sea fleet was located?
Answer: Sevastopol

Question: What did the Russians turn their warships into?
Answer: blockships

Question: Why did the Russians strip their warships of their guns?
Answer: to reinforce batteries on shore

Question: How many 60-gun frigates did the Russians lose in the Black Sea?
Answer: four

Question: How many 84-gun two-deckers did the Russians lose in the Black Sea?
Answer: twelve
Title: Crimean_War

The Russians evacuated Wallachia and Moldavia in late July 1854. With the evacuation of the Danubian Principalities, the immediate cause of war was withdrawn and the war might have ended at this time.:192 However, war fever among the public in both the UK and France had been whipped up by the press in both countries to the degree that politicians found it untenable to propose ending the war at this point. Indeed, the coalition government of George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen fell on 30 January 1855 on a no-confidence vote as Parliament voted to appoint a committee to investigate mismanagement of the war.:311

Question: In what year did the Russians leave Wallachia and Moldavia?
Answer: 1854

Question: War fever from what two countries caused the war to continue on?
Answer: UK and France

Question: Who voted to have a committee investigate the mismanagement during the war?
Answer: Parliament
Title: Crimean_War

The Crimean campaign opened in September 1854. 360 ships sailed in seven columns, each steamer towing two sailing ships.:422 Anchoring on 13 September in the bay of Eupatoria, the town surrendered and 500 Marines landed to occupy it. This town and bay would provide a fall back position in case of disaster.:201 The ships then sailed east to make the landing of the allied expeditionary force on the sandy beaches of Calamita Bay on the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula. The landing surprised the Russians, as they had been expecting a landing at Katcha; the last minute change proving that Russia had known the original battle plan. There was no sign of the enemy and the men were all landed on 14 September. It took another four days to land all the stores, equipment, horses and artillery.

Question: In what year did the Crimean campaign open?
Answer: 1854

Question: 360 ships landed in what bay?
Answer: bay of Eupatoria

Question: How many Marines cause Eupatoria to surrender? 
Answer: 500 Marines

Question: What is the name of the bay located at the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula?
Answer: Calamita Bay

Question: The Russians were surprised because they were expecting the fleet to land where?
Answer: Katcha
Title: Crimean_War

The landing was north of Sevastopol, so the Russians had arrayed their army in expectation of a direct attack. The allies advanced and on the morning of 20 September came up to the Alma river and the whole Russian army. The position was strong, but after three hours,:424 the frontal attack had driven the Russians out of their dug in positions with losses of 6000 men. The Battle of the Alma had 3,300 Allied losses. Failing to pursue the retreating forces was one of many strategic errors made during the war, and the Russians themselves noted that had they pressed south that day they would have easily captured Sevastopol.

Question: How many men did the Russians lose after three hours?
Answer: 6000 men

Question: Which river did the allies come across the Russian Army?
Answer: Alma river

Question: How many hours did it take to force the Russians away during the attack?
Answer: three hours

Question: How many allies were lost during the battle?
Answer: 3,300

Question: Which way did the Russians believe they should have traveled? 
Answer: south
Title: Crimean_War

Believing the northern approaches to the city too well defended, especially due to the presence of a large star fort and because Sevastopol was on the south side of the inlet from the sea that made the harbour, Sir John Burgoyne, the engineer advisor, recommended that the allies attack Sevastopol from the south. This was agreed by the joint commanders, Raglan and St Arnaud.:426 On 25 September the whole army marched southeast and encircled the city to the south. This let them set up a new supply center in a number of protected inlets on the south coast. The Russians retreated into the city.

Question: When did the army march to the southeast?  
Answer: 25 September

Question: Where did the Russians retreat to? 
Answer: into the city.

Question: Who was the engineer adviser? 
Answer: Sir John Burgoyne

Question: Who were the joint commanders? 
Answer: Raglan and St Arnaud
Title: Crimean_War

The Allied army relocated without problems to the south and the heavy artillery was brought ashore with batteries and connecting trenches built so that by 10 October some batteries were ready and by 17 October—when the bombardment commenced—126 guns were firing, 53 of them French.:430 The fleet at the same time engaged the shore batteries. The British bombardment worked better than the French, who had smaller caliber guns. The fleet suffered high casualties during the day. The British wanted to attack that afternoon, but the French wanted to defer the attack. A postponement was agreed, but on the next day the French were still not ready. By 19 October the Russians had transferred some heavy guns to the southern defenses and outgunned the allies.:431

Question: When did the continuous attack start?
Answer: 17 October

Question: When the continuous attack started, how many guns were firing?
Answer: 126 guns

Question: Who was not ready to start the attack?
Answer: the French

Question: Who was outgunned due to heavy guns at a southern defense?
Answer: the allies

Question: Who wanted to commence with the attack during the afternoon?
Answer: The British
Title: Crimean_War

A large Russian assault on the allied supply base to the southeast, at Balaclava was rebuffed on 25 October 1854.:521–527 The Battle of Balaclava is remembered in the UK for the actions of two British units. At the start of the battle, a large body of Russian cavalry charged the 93rd Highlanders, who were posted north of the village of Kadikoi. Commanding them was Sir Colin Campbell. Rather than 'form square', the traditional method of repelling cavalry, Campbell took the risky decision to have his Highlanders form a single line, two men deep. Campbell had seen the effectiveness of the new Minie rifles, with which his troops were armed, at the Battle of the Alma a month before, and was confident his men could beat back the Russians. His tactics succeeded. From up on the ridge to the west, Times correspondent William Howard Russell saw the Highlanders as a 'thin red streak topped with steel', a phrase which soon became the 'Thin Red Line.'

Question: Who did the Russians attack at the beginning off the Battle of Balaclava?
Answer: 93rd Highlanders

Question: Near what village were the 93rd Highlanders posted at?
Answer: Kadikoi

Question: What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form? 
Answer: a single line, two men deep

Question: Who led the 93rd Highlanders?
Answer: Sir Colin Campbell

Question: What weapon did Sir Colin Campbell troops use during the Battle of Alma?
Answer: Minie rifles