rainbutterfly/cve_corpus huggingface dataset:
CVE-2023-42934 
An information disclosure issue was addressed by removing the vulnerable code. This issue is fixed in macOS Sonoma 14, iOS 17 and iPadOS 17. An app with root privileges may be able to access private information.
Problem types: description: An app with root privileges may be able to access private information
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2024-01-10T22:03:13.542Z
CVE-2023-42935 
An authentication issue was addressed with improved state management. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.6.4. A local attacker may be able to view the previous logged in user’s desktop from the fast user switching screen.
Problem types: description: A local attacker may be able to view the previous logged in user’s desktop from the fast user switching screen
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2024-01-23T00:25:17.840Z
CVE-2023-42936 
This issue was addressed with improved redaction of sensitive information. This issue is fixed in macOS Monterey 12.7.2, macOS Ventura 13.6.3, iOS 17.2 and iPadOS 17.2, tvOS 17.2, watchOS 10.2, macOS Sonoma 14.2. An app may be able to access user-sensitive data.
Problem types: description: An app may be able to access user-sensitive data
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: tvOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: watchOS
Published: 2024-03-28T15:39:17.575Z
CVE-2023-42937 
A privacy issue was addressed with improved private data redaction for log entries. This issue is fixed in iOS 16.7.5 and iPadOS 16.7.5, watchOS 10.2, macOS Ventura 13.6.4, macOS Sonoma 14.2, macOS Monterey 12.7.3, iOS 17.2 and iPadOS 17.2. An app may be able to access sensitive user data.
Problem types: description: An app may be able to access sensitive user data
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: watchOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2024-01-23T00:25:36.060Z
CVE-2023-42938 
A logic issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in iTunes 12.13.1 for Windows. A local attacker may be able to elevate their privileges.
Problem types: description: A local attacker may be able to elevate their privileges
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iTunes for Windows
Published: 2024-03-14T18:24:02.258Z
CVE-2023-42939 
A logic issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in iOS 17.1 and iPadOS 17.1. A user's private browsing activity may be unexpectedly saved in the App Privacy Report.
Problem types: description: A user's private browsing activity may be unexpectedly saved in the App Privacy Report
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
Published: 2024-02-21T06:40:49.771Z
CVE-2023-42940 
A session rendering issue was addressed with improved session tracking. This issue is fixed in macOS Sonoma 14.2.1. A user who shares their screen may unintentionally share the incorrect content.
Problem types: description: A user who shares their screen may unintentionally share the incorrect content
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2023-12-19T21:13:43.351Z
CVE-2023-42941 
The issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in iOS 17.2 and iPadOS 17.2. An attacker in a privileged network position may be able to perform a denial-of-service attack using crafted Bluetooth packets.
Problem types: description: An attacker in a privileged network position may be able to perform a denial-of-service attack using crafted Bluetooth packets
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
Published: 2024-01-10T21:23:03.523Z
CVE-2023-42942 
This issue was addressed with improved handling of symlinks. This issue is fixed in watchOS 10.1, macOS Sonoma 14.1, tvOS 17.1, iOS 16.7.2 and iPadOS 16.7.2, iOS 17.1 and iPadOS 17.1, macOS Ventura 13.6.1. A malicious app may be able to gain root privileges.
Problem types: description: A malicious app may be able to gain root privileges
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: tvOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: watchOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
Published: 2024-02-21T06:41:01.832Z
CVE-2023-42943 
A privacy issue was addressed with improved private data redaction for log entries. This issue is fixed in macOS Sonoma 14. An app may be able to read sensitive location information.
Problem types: description: An app may be able to read sensitive location information
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2024-07-29T20:21:03.894Z
CVE-2023-42945 
A permissions issue was addressed with additional restrictions. This issue is fixed in macOS Sonoma 14.1. An app may gain unauthorized access to Bluetooth.
Problem types: description: An app may gain unauthorized access to Bluetooth
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2024-02-21T06:41:07.688Z
CVE-2023-42946 
This issue was addressed with improved redaction of sensitive information. This issue is fixed in tvOS 17.1, watchOS 10.1, macOS Sonoma 14.1, iOS 17.1 and iPadOS 17.1. An app may be able to leak sensitive user information.
Problem types: description: An app may be able to leak sensitive user information
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: tvOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: watchOS
vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
Published: 2024-02-21T06:41:42.392Z
CVE-2023-42947 
A path handling issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue is fixed in macOS Monterey 12.7.2, macOS Ventura 13.6.3, iOS 17.2 and iPadOS 17.2, tvOS 17.2, watchOS 10.2, macOS Sonoma 14.2. An app may be able to break out of its sandbox.
Problem types: description: An app may be able to break out of its sandbox
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: tvOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: watchOS
Published: 2024-03-28T15:39:15.564Z
CVE-2023-42948 
This issue was addressed through improved state management. This issue is fixed in macOS Sonoma 14. A Wi-Fi password may not be deleted when activating a Mac in macOS Recovery.
Problem types: description: A Wi-Fi password may not be deleted when activating a Mac in macOS Recovery
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2024-07-29T20:21:29.357Z
CVE-2023-42949 
This issue was addressed with improved data protection. This issue is fixed in iOS 17 and iPadOS 17, macOS Sonoma 14, watchOS 10, tvOS 17. An app may be able to access edited photos saved to a temporary directory.
Problem types: description: An app may be able to access edited photos saved to a temporary directory
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: tvOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: watchOS
Published: 2024-07-29T20:21:13.089Z
CVE-2023-42950 
A use after free issue was addressed with improved memory management. This issue is fixed in Safari 17.2, iOS 17.2 and iPadOS 17.2, tvOS 17.2, watchOS 10.2, macOS Sonoma 14.2. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution.
Problem types: description: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to arbitrary code execution
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: Safari
vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: tvOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: watchOS
Published: 2024-03-28T15:39:16.227Z
CVE-2023-42951 
The issue was addressed with improved handling of caches. This issue is fixed in iOS 17.1 and iPadOS 17.1. A user may be unable to delete browsing history items.
Problem types: description: A user may be unable to delete browsing history items
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
Published: 2024-02-21T06:41:30.140Z
CVE-2023-42952 
The issue was addressed with improved checks. This issue is fixed in iOS 17.1 and iPadOS 17.1, macOS Ventura 13.6.3, macOS Sonoma 14.1, macOS Monterey 12.7.1. An app with root privileges may be able to access private information.
Problem types: description: An app with root privileges may be able to access private information
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2024-02-21T06:41:15.593Z
CVE-2023-42953 
A permissions issue was addressed with additional restrictions. This issue is fixed in tvOS 17.1, watchOS 10.1, macOS Sonoma 14.1, iOS 17.1 and iPadOS 17.1. An app may be able to access sensitive user data.
Problem types: description: An app may be able to access sensitive user data
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: tvOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: watchOS
vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
Published: 2024-02-21T06:41:09.357Z
CVE-2023-42954 
A privilege escalation issue existed in FileMaker Server, potentially exposing sensitive information to front-end websites when signed in to the Admin Console with an administrator role. This issue has been fixed in FileMaker Server 20.3.1 by reducing the information sent in requests.
Problem types: description: A privilege escalation issue existed in FileMaker Server, potentially exposing sensitive information to front-end websites when signed in to the Admin Console with an administrator role.
Affected products: vendor: Claris
product: FileMaker Server
Published: 2024-03-21T22:24:36.922Z
CVE-2023-42955 
Claris International has successfully resolved an issue of potentially exposing password information to front-end websites when signed in to the Admin Console with an administrator role.  This issue has been fixed in FileMaker Server 20.3.1 by eliminating the send of Admin Role passwords in the Node.js socket.
Problem types: description: Claris International has successfully resolved an issue of potentially exposing password information to front-end websites when signed in to the Admin Console with an administrator role.  This issue has been fixed in FileMaker Server 20.3.1 by eliminating the send of Admin Role passwords in the Node.js socket.
Affected products: vendor: Claris
product: FileMaker Server
Published: 2024-04-26T15:33:45.536Z
CVE-2023-42956 
The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in Safari 17.2, iOS 17.2 and iPadOS 17.2, macOS Sonoma 14.2. Processing web content may lead to a denial-of-service.
Problem types: description: Processing web content may lead to a denial-of-service
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: Safari
vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2024-03-28T15:39:18.246Z
CVE-2023-42957 
A permissions issue was addressed with additional restrictions. This issue is fixed in iOS 17 and iPadOS 17, macOS Sonoma 14, watchOS 10. An app may be able to read sensitive location information.
Problem types: description: An app may be able to read sensitive location information
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: watchOS
Published: 2024-07-29T20:21:36.819Z
CVE-2023-42958 
A permissions issue was addressed with additional restrictions. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.4. An app may be able to gain elevated privileges.
Problem types: description: An app may be able to gain elevated privileges
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2024-07-29T20:21:10.154Z
CVE-2023-42959 
A race condition was addressed with improved state handling. This issue is fixed in macOS Sonoma 14. An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges.
Problem types: description: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2024-07-29T20:21:08.288Z
CVE-2023-42961 
A path handling issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue is fixed in iOS 17 and iPadOS 17, iOS 16.7 and iPadOS 16.7, macOS Sonoma 14, macOS Ventura 13.6, macOS Monterey 12.7. A sandboxed process may be able to circumvent sandbox restrictions.
Problem types: description: A path handling issue was addressed with improved validation.
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2025-04-11T14:53:59.841Z
CVE-2023-42962 
This issue was addressed with improved checks This issue is fixed in iOS 17.2 and iPadOS 17.2, iOS 16.7.3 and iPadOS 16.7.3. A remote attacker may be able to cause a denial-of-service.
Problem types: description: A remote attacker may be able to cause a denial-of-service
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
Published: 2024-03-28T15:39:10.717Z
CVE-2023-42969 
An app may be able to break out of its sandbox. This issue is fixed in iOS 17 and iPadOS 17, iOS 16.7 and iPadOS 16.7, macOS Sonoma 14, macOS Ventura 13.6, macOS Monterey 12.7. The issue was addressed with improved handling of caches.
Problem types: description: The issue was addressed with improved handling of caches.
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2025-04-11T14:53:57.651Z
CVE-2023-42970 
A use-after-free issue was addressed with improved memory management. This issue is fixed in iOS 17 and iPadOS 17, macOS Sonoma 14, watchOS 10, tvOS 17, Safari 17. Processing web content may lead to arbitrary code execution.
Problem types: description: A use-after-free issue was addressed with improved memory management.
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: watchOS
vendor: Apple
product: tvOS
vendor: Apple
product: Safari
Published: 2025-04-11T14:53:59.262Z
CVE-2023-42973 
Private Browsing tabs may be accessed without authentication. This issue is fixed in iOS 17 and iPadOS 17. The issue was addressed with improved UI.
Problem types: description: The issue was addressed with improved UI.
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
Published: 2025-04-11T14:53:56.839Z
CVE-2023-42974 
A race condition was addressed with improved state handling. This issue is fixed in macOS Monterey 12.7.2, macOS Ventura 13.6.3, iOS 17.2 and iPadOS 17.2, iOS 16.7.3 and iPadOS 16.7.3, macOS Sonoma 14.2. An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges.
Problem types: description: An app may be able to execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2024-03-28T15:39:11.395Z
CVE-2023-42977 
A path handling issue was addressed with improved validation. This issue is fixed in iOS 17 and iPadOS 17, macOS Sonoma 14. An app may be able to break out of its sandbox.
Problem types: description: A path handling issue was addressed with improved validation.
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2025-04-11T14:54:00.468Z
CVE-2023-42981 
Processing a file may lead to a denial-of-service or potentially disclose memory contents. This issue is fixed in macOS 14. The issue was addressed with improved checks.
Problem types: description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2025-04-11T14:53:56.349Z
CVE-2023-42982 
Processing a file may lead to a denial-of-service or potentially disclose memory contents. This issue is fixed in macOS 14. The issue was addressed with improved checks.
Problem types: description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2025-04-11T14:53:59.650Z
CVE-2023-42983 
Processing a file may lead to a denial-of-service or potentially disclose memory contents. This issue is fixed in macOS 14. The issue was addressed with improved checks.
Problem types: description: The issue was addressed with improved checks.
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: macOS
Published: 2025-04-11T14:54:00.715Z
CVE-2023-43000 
A use-after-free issue was addressed with improved memory management. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.5, iOS 16.6 and iPadOS 16.6, Safari 16.6, iOS 15.8.7 and iPadOS 15.8.7. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption.
Problem types: description: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: Safari
vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
Published: 2025-11-05T18:33:23.777Z
CVE-2023-43010 
The issue was addressed with improved memory handling. This issue is fixed in iOS 17.2 and iPadOS 17.2, macOS Sonoma 14.2, Safari 17.2, iOS 16.7.15 and iPadOS 16.7.15, iOS 15.8.7 and iPadOS 15.8.7. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption.
Problem types: description: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption
Affected products: vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: Safari
vendor: Apple
product: macOS
vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
vendor: Apple
product: iOS and iPadOS
Published: 2026-03-12T00:52:05.120Z
CVE-2023-43013 Asset Management System v1.0 - Unauthenticated SQL Injection (SQLi)
Asset Management System v1.0 is vulnerable to an

unauthenticated SQL Injection vulnerability on the

'email' parameter of index.php page, allowing an

external attacker to dump all the contents of the

database contents and bypass the login control.




Problem types: cwe_id: CWE-89
description: CWE-89 Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
Affected products: vendor: Asset Management System
product: Asset Management System
default_status: unaffected
CVSS v3.1: attackComplexity: LOW
attackVector: NETWORK
availabilityImpact: HIGH
baseScore: 9.8
baseSeverity: CRITICAL
confidentialityImpact: HIGH
integrityImpact: HIGH
privilegesRequired: NONE
scope: UNCHANGED
userInteraction: NONE
vectorString: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
version: 3.1
Published: 2023-09-28T21:00:07.125Z
CVE-2023-43014 Asset Management System v1.0 - Authenticated SQL Injection (SQLi)
Asset Management System v1.0 is vulnerable to

an Authenticated SQL Injection vulnerability

on the 'first_name' and 'last_name' parameters

of user.php page, allowing an authenticated

attacker to dump all the contents of the database

contents.




Problem types: cwe_id: CWE-89
description: CWE-89 Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
Affected products: vendor: Asset Management System
product: Asset Management System
default_status: unaffected
CVSS v3.1: attackComplexity: LOW
attackVector: NETWORK
availabilityImpact: HIGH
baseScore: 8.8
baseSeverity: HIGH
confidentialityImpact: HIGH
integrityImpact: HIGH
privilegesRequired: LOW
scope: UNCHANGED
userInteraction: NONE
vectorString: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
version: 3.1
Published: 2023-09-28T21:04:11.974Z
CVE-2023-43015 IBM InfoSphere Information Server cross-site scripting
IBM InfoSphere Information Server 11.7 is vulnerable to cross-site scripting. This vulnerability allows users to embed arbitrary JavaScript code in the Web UI thus altering the intended functionality potentially leading to credentials disclosure within a trusted session.  IBM X-Force ID:  266064.
Problem types: cwe_id: CWE-79
description: CWE-79 Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Affected products: vendor: IBM
product: InfoSphere Information Server
default_status: unaffected
CVSS v3.1: attackComplexity: LOW
attackVector: NETWORK
availabilityImpact: NONE
baseScore: 5.4
baseSeverity: MEDIUM
confidentialityImpact: LOW
integrityImpact: LOW
privilegesRequired: LOW
scope: CHANGED
userInteraction: REQUIRED
vectorString: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
version: 3.1
Published: 2023-12-01T19:39:23.542Z
CVE-2023-43016 IBM Security Access Manager Container unauthorized access
IBM Security Access Manager Container (IBM Security Verify Access Appliance 10.0.0.0 through 10.0.6.1 and IBM Security Verify Access Docker 10.0.0.0 through 10.0.6.1) could allow a remote user to log into the server due to a user account with an empty password.  IBM X-Force ID:  266154.
Problem types: cwe_id: CWE-258
description: CWE-258 Empty Password in Configuration File
Affected products: vendor: IBM
product: Security Verify Access Appliance
default_status: unaffected
vendor: IBM
product: Security Verify Access Docker
default_status: unaffected
CVSS v3.1: attackComplexity: LOW
attackVector: NETWORK
availabilityImpact: LOW
baseScore: 7.3
baseSeverity: HIGH
confidentialityImpact: LOW
integrityImpact: LOW
privilegesRequired: NONE
scope: UNCHANGED
userInteraction: NONE
vectorString: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
version: 3.1
Published: 2024-02-03T00:55:55.841Z
CVE-2023-43017 IBM Security Verify Access man in the middle
IBM Security Verify Access 10.0.0.0 through 10.0.6.1 could allow a privileged user to install a configuration file that could allow remote access.  IBM X-Force ID:  266155.
Problem types: cwe_id: CWE-295
description: CWE-295 Improper Certificate Validation
Affected products: vendor: IBM
product: Security Verify Access Appliance
default_status: unaffected
vendor: IBM
product: Security Verify Access Docker
default_status: unaffected
CVSS v3.1: attackComplexity: LOW
attackVector: LOCAL
availabilityImpact: HIGH
baseScore: 8.2
baseSeverity: HIGH
confidentialityImpact: HIGH
integrityImpact: HIGH
privilegesRequired: HIGH
scope: CHANGED
userInteraction: NONE
vectorString: CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
version: 3.1
Published: 2024-02-07T16:10:54.183Z
CVE-2023-43018 IBM CICS TX privilege escalation
IBM CICS TX Standard 11.1 and Advanced 10.1, 11.1 performs an operation at a privilege level that is higher than the minimum level required, which creates new weaknesses or amplifies the consequences of other weaknesses.  IBM X-Force ID:  266163.
Problem types: cwe_id: CWE-250
description: CWE-250 Execution with Unnecessary Privileges
Affected products: vendor: IBM
product: CICS TX Standard
default_status: unaffected
vendor: IBM
product: CICS TX Advanced
default_status: unaffected
CVSS v3.1: attackComplexity: HIGH
attackVector: NETWORK
availabilityImpact: NONE
baseScore: 5.9
baseSeverity: MEDIUM
confidentialityImpact: NONE
integrityImpact: HIGH
privilegesRequired: NONE
scope: UNCHANGED
userInteraction: NONE
vectorString: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
version: 3.1
Published: 2023-11-02T23:48:46.991Z
CVE-2023-43021 IBM InfoSphere Information Server information disclosure

IBM InfoSphere Information Server 11.7 could allow a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information when a detailed technical error message is returned in the browser. This information could be used in further attacks against the system. IBM X-Force ID: 266167.


Problem types: cwe_id: CWE-209
description: CWE-209 Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information
Affected products: vendor: IBM
product: InfoSphere Information Server
default_status: unaffected
CVSS v3.1: attackComplexity: LOW
attackVector: NETWORK
availabilityImpact: NONE
baseScore: 5.3
baseSeverity: MEDIUM
confidentialityImpact: LOW
integrityImpact: NONE
privilegesRequired: NONE
scope: UNCHANGED
userInteraction: NONE
vectorString: CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N
version: 3.1
Published: 2023-12-01T20:55:06.148Z