metadata: authors: 0: author: Salmeron Gomez,Daylan Alberto
1: author: Engilbertsdottir,Solrun
2: author: Cuesta Leiva,Jose Antonio
3: author: Newhouse,David Locke
4: author: Stewart,David
count: World
docna: 0: docna: Global Trends in Child Monetary Poverty
            According to International Poverty Lines
docty: Policy Research Working Paper
theme: Inclusive Growth,Data Development and Capacity Building,ICT,Economic Policy,ICT Solutions,Economic Growth and Planning,Private Sector Development,Public Sector Management,Data production, accessibility and use
abstracts: cdata!: This paper analyzes extreme child
            poverty ($2.15/day poverty line) trends, as well as child
            poverty based on the higher international poverty lines of
            $3.65 and $6.85. The paper provides a trajectory of extreme
            child poverty (children living in extremely poor households)
            from 2013 to 2019 (based on the most recent surveys included
            in the Global Monitoring Database), complemented by
            nowcasting for 2020 to 2022. Children continue to be
            disproportionately affected by extreme poverty. Children who
            are younger than 18 years comprise more than 50 percent of
            those living in extreme poverty, although their share of the
            population is 31 percent.  The paper estimates that in 2019,
            15.8 percent of children in the world (319 million) younger
            than 18 years lived on less than $2.15 (2017 purchasing
            power parity) per day, as opposed to 6.6 percent of adults
            ages 18 and older. More recent
            &#x201c;nowcasted&#x201d; estimates suggest that at
            least 333 million children were expected to be living in
            extremely poor households in 2022, implying that 14 million
            more children were extremely poor in 2022 than in 2019.
            Following an increase in extreme child poverty at the height
            of the pandemic in 2020, nowcasted estimates show that the
            rate of extreme child poverty fell again in 2021 and 2022,
            but only at the slow rate of progress seen prior to the
            COVID-19 crisis. If the COVID-19 pandemic had not occurred,
            an estimated 79.7 million fewer children would  have been
            living in extreme poverty between 2013 and 2022; however,
            the estimates suggest that the number of children living in
            extreme poverty decreased by 49.2 million, due to pandemic disruptions.
display_title: Global Trends in Child Monetary
            Poverty According to International Poverty Lines
listing_relative_url: /research/2023/07/34122175/global-trends-child-monetary-poverty-according-international-poverty-lines
topicv3: Poverty Measurement and Analysis m1326941 707
publishtoextweb_dt: 2023-09-12T00:00:00Z
dois: 10.1596/1813-9450-10525
origu: Off of Sr VP Dev Econ/Chief Econ (DECVP)
author_keys: 0: author_key: 1927464
1: author_key: NA
2: author_key: 434969
3: author_key: 450079
4: author_key: NA
model_extractions: Policy Research Working Paper 10525 Global Trends in Child Monetary Poverty According to International Poverty Lines _Daylan Salmeron-Gomez Solrun Engilbertsdottir Jose Antonio Cuesta Leiva David Newhouse David Stewart_ Poverty and Equity Global Practice Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice & Development Data Group July 2023
Policy Research Working Paper 10525

# **Abstract**

This paper analyzes extreme child poverty ($2.15/day poverty line) trends, as well as child poverty based on the higher international poverty lines of $3.65 and $6.85. The paper provides a trajectory of extreme child poverty (children living in extremely poor households) from 2013 to 2019 (based on the most recent surveys included in the Global Monitoring Database), complemented by nowcasting for 2020 to 2022. Children continue to be disproportionately affected by extreme poverty. Children who are younger than 18 years comprise more than 50 percent of those living in extreme poverty, although their share of the population is 31 percent. The paper estimates that in 2019, 15.8 percent of children in the world (319 million) younger than 18 years lived on less than $2.15 (2017 purchasing power parity) per day, as opposed to 6.6 percent of adults ages 18 and older. More recent “nowcasted” estimates suggest that at least 333 million children were expected to be living in extremely poor households in 2022, implying that 14 million more children were extremely poor in 2022 than in 2019. Following an increase in extreme child poverty at the height of the pandemic in 2020, nowcasted estimates show that the rate of extreme child poverty fell again in 2021 and 2022, but only at the slow rate of progress seen prior to the COVID-19 crisis. If the COVID-19 pandemic had not occurred, an estimated 79.7 million fewer children would have been living in extreme poverty between 2013 and 2022; however, the estimates suggest that the number of children living in extreme poverty decreased by 49.2 million, due to pandemic disruptions.

This paper is a product of the Poverty and Equity Global Practice; the Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice; and the Development Data Group, Development Economics. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at dnewhouse@worldbank.org.

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent._ Produced by the Research Support Team
Global Trends in Child Monetary Poverty According to International Poverty Lines Daylan Salmeron-Gomez<sup>*†</sup> Solrun Engilbertsdottir<sup>+</sup> Jose Antonio Cuesta Leiva<sup>*</sup> David Newhouse<sup>*</sup> David Stewart<sup>+</sup>

* World Bank Group, Washington DC

- UNICEF, New York, NY.

The authors gratefully acknowledge support received from the Government of Iceland for the analysis and development of this paper.

The authors thank Alexandru Cojocaru, Natalia Winder Rossi and Enrique Delamonica for helpful comments and guidance, Rose Mungai and Nishant Yonzan for assistance with the data, and Joao-Pedro Azevedo, Benu Bidani, Louise Cord, Carolina Diaz-Bonilla, Haishan Fu, Gabriel Lara Ibarra, Luis-Felipe Lopez-Calva, and Daniel Mahler for overall support.

JEL Codes: I32 Keywords: Poverty, Children
# Introduction

The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of ending extreme poverty by 2030 is central to the work of the World Bank Group and UNICEF, recognizing that reducing extreme poverty among children is a crucial element of this goal. This effort requires routine reporting of extreme child poverty to measure progress towards that goal.

In 2016, the World Bank and UNICEF released the first ever global estimates of children living in extreme poverty defined by the international poverty line of $1.90 (2011 PPP) per day (UNICEF and <u>World Bank, 2016). Updated child poverty estimates were published in 2020.</u> With only seven years remaining until 2030, this paper provides the third round of global, regional and national estimates of child poverty according to the recently updated international poverty lines of $2.15 (extreme poverty), $3.65 and $6.85 PPP.<sup>3</sup> These updated estimates provide critical information for the tracking of progress for SDG indicator 1.1.1, namely the _proportion of population below the international poverty line, by sex, age, employment status and geographical location,_ expanding upon the analysis provided in the World Bank ́s biennial flagship report on Poverty and Shared Prosperity.

This paper documents these trends using new poverty lines based on the 2017 round of International Comparison Program (ICP) price data collected to generate estimates of purchasing power parity (PPP). All poverty estimates in this paper use the 2017 PPP-based poverty lines. Specifically, this updated approach changes the specification of the extreme-poverty line from US$1.90 (2011 PPP) to US$2.15 (2017 PPP), as well as the specification of other international poverty lines.

The characteristics of children living in monetary poor households and disaggregates by geographic region, income group, and residence in a fragile or conflict-affected country are described. The profile of extreme poor children is also presented by age group, gender, location and household characteristics, providing useful information for governments and all partners working to improve the lives of the poorest children and their families.

# Extreme child poverty trends

The number of children living in extreme poverty decreased by an estimated 63.3 million between 2013 and 2019, from 383 million to 319 million.<sup>4</sup> A slow decrease between 2013 and 2016 in the absolute numbers of children in poverty is largely explained by rapid population growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Poverty estimates for 2020, 2021 and 2022 are “nowcasted”—that is, gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates have been used to forecast household incomes, assuming all households experience equal growth in percentage terms in per capita consumption or income.<sup>5</sup> Nowcast estimates show an increase in extreme child poverty in 2020 at the height of the pandemic, whereas poverty reduction resumed in 3 Although the analysis covers child poverty based on all three international poverty lines, that is extreme poverty ($2.15, 2017 PPP) and the higher poverty lines of $3.65 and $6.85, often referred to as lower middle income and upper middle income international poverty lines - the key focus of the trend analysis and the profiling is on extreme child poverty ($2.15).

4 Estimated trends from 2013 to 2018 are based on back casted projections. These are obtained by scaling the distribution of per capita income or consumption by the amount of per capita GDP growth, applied to the latest available survey for each country.

5 Household per capita consumption or income is multiplied by the growth rate of per capita GDP to shift the distribution forwards and backwards, under the assumption that the growth rate in per capita GDP is fully passed through to income or consumption. This follows the methodology used in World Bank (2022) for 2021 and 2022, but not for 2020. Further information can be found in Box 1.3 in World Bank (2022).

2
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# **Results for 2022**

The nowcast estimates for 2022 indicate children remain disproportionately affected by extreme poverty, with 15.8 percent of children living in extremely poor households compared to 6.4 percent of adults (table 1). Furthermore, the share of the extreme poor who are children is continuing to increase. In 2022, children comprised 52.4 percent of the extreme poor, up from 47.2 in 2013.

Table 1: Share of children of those living in extreme poverty <u>(PPP $2.15), versus adults</u>

||**20**<br>Headcount<br>poverty<br>rate (%)|**13**<br>Share of<br>extreme<br>poor (%)|**201**<br>Headcount<br>poverty rate<br>(%)|**7**<br>Share of<br>extreme<br>poor (%)|**202**<br>Headcount<br>poverty rate<br>(%)|**2**<br>Share of<br>extreme<br>poor (%)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Children (0-17 years)|20.7|47.2|17.7|50.1|15.8|52.4|
|Adults (18+ years)|9.9|52.8|7.6|49.9|6.4|47.6|

**Age groups** : As seen in prior analysis, extreme poverty rates are highest for the youngest children. In 2022, 18 percent (99 million) of all children below five years lived in extremely poor households (table 2). In addition, the average poverty gap at the $2.15 PPP line of children younger than 18 years is greater (5.1percent) than that that of adults (1.9 percent). In other words, children live further away from the poverty line than do adults, they are in more severe poverty, and the youngest age group of children are most likely to be living in severe poverty.

Table 2: Extreme poverty (PPP $2.15) in 2022, by age groups

|**Age group**|**Extreme**<br>**poor**<br>**(millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate**<br>**(%)**|**Share of**<br>**extreme**<br>**poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population**<br>**(%)**|**Poverty Gap**<br>**ratio**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Children 0-17|333.5|15.8|52.4|30.7|5.1|
|Children 0-4|99.4|18.2|15.8|8.0|6.0|
|Children 5-9|105.1|17.1|16.7|9.0|5.6|
|Children 10-14|88.8|14.8|14.1|8.8|4.7|
|Children 15-17|40.3|11.9|6.4|5.0|3.6|
|Adults (18 or more)|302.4|6.4|47.6|69.3|1.9|
|Adults 18-59|265.1|6.9|42.1|56.6|2.0|
|Adults 60 or more|31.8|3.7|5.0|12.5|1.1|
|**Total**|630.4|9.3|100.0|100.0|2.9|

**Higher poverty lines:** The higher $3.65 and $6.85 poverty lines are considered more relevant to middleincome countries, $6.85 is the average of the national poverty lines of upper-middle income countries and $3.65 the average for lower-middle income countries. The nowcasted child poverty rates in 2022 at these lines are 39 percent (820 million children) for the $3.65 line and 67 percent (1.42 billion children) at the $6.85 line (table 3 ).

4
**Regional differences** : The geographic distribution of children living in extreme poor households shows that Sub-Saharan Africa continues to have both the highest rates of children living in extreme poverty at 40 percent in 2022, and the largest share of the world’s extreme poor children (71.1 percent)-appendix table 3 and figures 3-5. South Asia has a rate of 9.7 percent of children living in extreme poverty in 2022 (62 million), and accounts for 18.6 percent of the world’s extremely poor children. Nearly 90 percent of extremely poor children in the world reside in either Sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia.

Extreme child poverty has decreased in almost all regions of the world between 2013 and 2022 (appendix table 4), with the most significant decrease in the East Asia and Pacific and South Asia regions. Modest decreases are seen in Sub-Saharan Africa, from 45.2 percent in 2013 to 40.2 percent in 2022.The Middle East and North Africa region is the only region with an estimated increase in the percentage of children living in extreme poverty, with an estimated increase from 3.4 percent in 2013 to 10 percent in 2022. This is largely driven by a large increase in extreme child poverty in the Republic of Yemen. As noted in the 2022 Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report, these estimates for the Middle East region are subject to a high degree of uncertainty due to lack of recent data on the Republic of Yemen.

Exploring trends in shares, extreme child poverty is increasingly concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2013 of those children in extreme poverty, 54.8 percent were in Sub-Saharan Africa and by 2022 the share was up to 71 percent. The share of children in extreme poverty has remained constant in Latin America and the Caribbean at around 3 percent, while the Middle East and North Africa experienced an increase in its share of those children in extreme poverty, from 0.9 percent in 2013 to 3.7 percent in 2022 (appendix table 5).

At the higher international poverty lines of $3.65 and $6.85, there are large numbers of children in poverty residing in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. However, at the $6.85 line, often referred to as the upper middle income poverty line, we see significant absolute numbers of children living in poverty in the Europe and Central Asia region (18.5 million children), the Latin America and Caribbean region (64.5 million children), and 68.2 million children in the Middle East and North Africa region (table 3).

Table 3: Child poverty in 2022 according to $ **2.15** , $ **3.65** and **$6.85** /day (2017 PPP), by region

||2<br>**Child**|.15|3<br>**Child**|.65|6<br>**Child**|.85|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Region**|**ren**<br>**living in**<br>**poverty**<br>**(millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate**<br>**(%)**|**ren**<br>**living in**<br>**poverty**<br>**(millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate**<br>**(%)**|**ren**<br>**living in**<br>**poverty**<br>**(millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate**<br>**(%)**|
|**East Asia and Pacific**|11.7|2.8|55.1|13.3|174.0|42.0|
|**East Asia and Pacific without**<br>**China**|11.5|5.7|49.7|24.5|117.0|57.7|
|**South Asia**|62.0|9.7|300.2|46.7|557.0|86.7|
|**South Asia without India**|9.8|5.2|74.3|39.4|157.1|83.3|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa**|237.0|40.2|409.2|69.4|537.8|91.1|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa without**<br>**Nigeria**|196.9|40.7|332.2|68.6|436.9|90.3|
|**Latin America and Caribbean**|9.7|5.9|24.7|15.1|64.5|39.5|
|**Europe and Central Asia**|.8|.5|4.2|2.1|18.5|10.8|
|**Middle East and North Africa**|12.3|9.9|26.7|21.6|68.2|55.2|
|**Total**|333.5|15.8|820.0|38.9|1420.0|67.4|

5
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Further results on the extent of child poverty disaggregated by location, household size, and characteristics of the household head such as gender, education, and industry of work, show the following for 2022 (see appendix tables 16 to 30):  25.7 percent of children (243.6 million) living in households with 6 or more members live in extreme poverty, versus 6.1 percent of children (2.2 million) living in households with one or two members. Similarly, the extreme poverty rate for members in households with no children is 6.4 percent versus the 15.8 percent in households with children.

 22.4 percent of children (276.4 million) living in rural settings live in extreme poverty, versus 6.5 percent of children (54.1 million) in urban settings. It is well documented that deep inequities exist within urban settings with pockets of extreme poverty, in informal settlements. This warrants further analysis of the data, to explore intra-urban child poverty disparities.

 There are significant differences in extreme child poverty rates based on education of the head of household, 32.6 percent of children (94.7 million) living in households where the head of household has no education, live in extreme poverty, versus 3.9 percent of children (6.3 million) in households where the head has tertiary education.

 Likewise, there are significant differences based on the industry of work of the head of household, 30.8 percent of children (80.8 million) living in households where the head of household works in agriculture live in extreme poverty – and they comprise 71 percent of all children living in extreme poverty.

 Contrary to the results of 2017, where children living in female headed households were more likely to be living in extreme poverty, the 2022 nowcasting shows the opposite, 20.7 percent of children living in male headed households are living in extreme poverty, versus17.4 percent of children in female headed households. There are four key explanations for this shift, namely 1. New surveys included from several countries in the Africa region which included different consumption measurement questionnaires; 2. The updated extreme poverty line ($2.15), resulted in significantly different results in child poverty rates based on sex of head of household in a number of countries; 3. The 2022 nowcasted analysis does not include information on sex of head of household for India (the 2018 survey dataset from India did not include this information), whereas the analysis in 2017 did include this information (based on a 2011 survey dataset for India); and 4. For the 2017 dataset for Nigeria all households were coded as being female headed, significantly skewing the results. This highlights the challenge of relying on self-reported headship to understand gender differences in poverty, as it can hide important differences in the types of households in which individuals live.

There are further household characteristics that provide critical information for influencing policies and programs, not least child poverty based on disability status, as well as more nuanced analysis to tease out gender differences – but unfortunately this is not possible at this time using data from the global harmonized database.

8
# **Conclusion**

This paper is the result of a collaboration between the World Bank and UNICEF to estimate the global and regional magnitude of child poverty between 2013 and 2019 and specifically includes nowcasts of extreme child poverty for 2020 – 2022, to help monitor progress towards SDG 1.1.1.

The trend analysis shows that in the absence of COVID-19, we would have expected a reduction of 79.7 million children in extreme poverty between 2013 and 2022; but our estimates suggest a reduction of only 49.2 million children, due to pandemic disruptions. The extreme child poverty nowcasted estimate in 2022 (15.8 percent) is on par with the child poverty rate in 2019, indicating approximately three years of lost progress.

With a staggering 333.5 million children living in extreme poverty in 2022, addressing the structural root causes that affect children living in extreme poverty is imperative. A key step towards that is to monitor and understand which children and their families are being left behind, what are their characteristics and where do they live, and why existing policy interventions are not effective in curbing child poverty for countries to develop the appropriate policy portfolios to address and end extreme child poverty for good.

The analysis shows that these policy portfolios need to consider both the common and distinct vulnerabilities and deprivations of children living in fragile and conflict prone settings, children in large households, younger children, children in rural settings, children in households where the head has no or little education - as these are more likely than other children to be living in extreme poor households. In addition, the focus needs to be on the large concentration of children living in extreme poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa, where a staggering 40 percent of children live in extreme poverty. And while about 45 percent of extremely poor children live in low-income countries; half of all extremely poor children live in lower middle-Income countries. As a result, the design of effective policy portfolios needs to take into consideration too that context matters. For example, technical capacity, financial resources, political consensus, and perceptions, attitudes, and social norms might greatly differ across countries where child poverty reduction policies and programs are applied.

Ultimately, further research and analysis are warranted to understand the diverse policy portfolios countries need to adopt to address child poverty, including further analyzing the trends in child poverty reduction and the policies and programs that are making the biggest impact – and how these can be brought to scale to reach the SDGs of ending extreme child poverty.

9
# **References**

<mark>Global Coalition to End Child Poverty (2023) Are countries committed to ending child poverty by 2030? A review of VNR reports from 2017 to 2022</mark> Global Coalition to End Child Poverty (2022) <mark>Ending Child Poverty: A Policy Agenda</mark> ILO and UNICEF. 2023. More than a billion reasons: The urgent need to build universal social protection for children. Second ILO–UNICEF Joint Report on Social Protection for Children. Geneva and New York.

Munoz Boudet, Ana Maria; Buitrago, Paola; Leroy De La Briere, Benedicte; Newhouse, David Locke; Rubiano Matulevich, Eliana Carolina; Scott, Kinnon; Suarez Becerra, Pablo. 2018. Gender differences in poverty and household composition through the life-cycle: a global perspective (English). Policy Research working paper; no. WPS 8360. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group Newhouse, David, Pablo Suárez Becerra, and Martin Evans. New global estimates of child poverty and their sensitivity to alternative equivalence scales. Economics Letters 157 (2017): 125-128.

<mark>Silwal, Ani Rudra; Engilbertsdottir, Solrun; Cuesta Leiva, Jose Antonio; Newhouse, David Locke; Stewart, David.</mark> _<mark>Global Estimate of Children in Monetary Poverty: An Update (English).</mark>_ <mark>Poverty and Equity discussion</mark> paper Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.

<mark>UNICEF Innocenti – Global Office of Research and Foresight (2023). Too Little, Too Late. An assessment of public spending on children by age in 84 countries.</mark> World Bank. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022: Correcting Course. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1893-6. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO World Bank, UNICEF 2022. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Welfare of Households with Children. Washington, DC: World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO.

10
# Appendix Tables

**Appendix Table 1: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 (extreme poverty) line in 2017 PPP by age group**

|**Age group**|**Extreme poor**<br>**(millions) **|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate(%)**|**Share of extreme**<br>**poor(%) **|**Share of**<br>**population(%) **|**Poverty Gap**<br>**ratio**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Children 0-17|333.5|15.8|52.4|30.7|5.1|
|Children 0-4|99.4|18.2|15.8|8.0|6.0|
|Children 5-9|105.1|17.1|16.7|9.0|5.6|
|Children 10-14|88.8|14.8|14.1|8.8|4.7|
|Children 15-17|40.3|11.9|6.4|5.0|3.6|
|Adults (18 or more)|302.4|6.4|47.6|69.3|1.9|
|Adults 18-59|265.1|6.9|42.1|56.6|2.0|
|Adults 60 or more|31.8|3.7|5.0|12.5|1.1|
|**Total**|630.4|9.3|100.0|100.0|2.9|

**Appendix Table 2: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at $3.65 PPP (LMIC) and $6.85 PPP (UMIC) lines in 2017 PPP**

||**Children in**<br>**poverty (millions)**|**Headcount poverty**<br>**rate(%)**|**Share of poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
||**$3.6**<br>|**5 PPP (LMIC) line**<br>|||
|**Children 0-17**|819.55|38.92|46.71|30.74|
|**Children 0-4**|228.95|41.98|13.12|8.02|
|**Children 5-9**|253.21|41.25|14.51|9.03|
|**Children 10-14**|227.45|37.85|13.03|8.84|
|**Children 15-17**|109.71|32.48|6.29|4.97|
|**Adults (18 or more)**|935.15|19.71|53.29|69.26|
|**Adults 18-59**|818.91|21.28|46.93|56.61|
|**Adults 60 or more**|106.78|12.53|6.12|12.53|
|**Total**|1745.02|25.67|100.00|100.00|
||**$6.8**|**5 PPP (UMIC) line**|||
|**Children 0-17**|1419.98|67.44|40.10|30.74|
|**Children 0-4**|382.72|70.17|10.87|8.02|
|**Children 5-9**|426.09|69.41|12.10|9.03|
|**Children 10-14**|399.88|66.54|11.36|8.84|
|**Children 15-17**|208.80|61.82|5.93|4.97|
|**Adults (18 or more)**|2121.45|44.71|59.90|69.26|
|**Adults 18-59**|1814.01|47.13|51.52|56.61|
|**Adults 60 or more**|289.23|33.94|8.22|12.53|
|**Total**|3520.74|51.78|100.00|100.00|

11
**Appendix Table 3: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 (extreme poverty) line in 2017 PPP by region**

|**Region**|**Extreme poor**<br>**(millions)**|**Headcount poverty**<br>**rate(%)**|**Share of extreme**<br>**poor(%)**|**Share of population**<br>**(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|**East Asia and Pacific**|11.72|2.83|3.51|19.67|
|**East Asia and Pacific without**<br>**China**|11.52|5.68|4.78|15.20|
|**South Asia**|62.03|9.66|18.60|30.50|
|**South Asia without India**|9.80|5.19|4.07|14.13|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa**|237.03|40.18|71.06|28.02|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa without**<br>**Nigeria**|196.89|40.68|81.70|36.27|
|**Latin America and Caribbean**|9.66|5.91|2.90|7.76|
|**Europe and Central Asia**|.82|.47|.24|8.17|
|**Middle East and North Africa**|12.30|9.95|3.69|5.87|
|**Total**|333.54|15.84|100.00|100.00|

**Appendix Table 4: Children in monetary poor households at the $2.15 (extreme poverty) line in 2017 PPP in 2013, 2017 and 2022 by region (%)**

|**Region**|**2013**|**2017**|**2020**|**2022**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|**East Asia and Pacific**|7.2|3.6|3.2|2.83|
|**East Asia and Pacific without**<br>**China**|11.4|6.6|6.4|5.68|
|**South Asia**|22.3|15.0|13.8|9.66|
|**South Asia without India**|12.9|7.7|6.7|5.19|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa**|45.2|42.5|41.0|40.18|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa without**<br>**Nigeria**|46.5|43.4|41.5|40.68|
|**Latin America and Caribbean**|7.7|7.6|6.7|5.91|
|**Europe and Central Asia**|0.6|0.7|0.6|.47|
|**Middle East and North Africa**|3.4|8.8|9.9|9.95|
|**Total**|20.7|17.7|17.2|15.84|

**Appendix Table 5: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 (extreme poverty) line in 2017 PPP – trends in shares by regions between 2013 and 2022 (%)**

|**Region**|**2013**|**2017**|**2020**|**2022**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|**East Asia and Pacific**|7.2|4.1|3.7|3.5|
|**East Asia and Pacific without China**|8.9|5.5|5.3|4.8|
|**South Asia**|33.8|26.2|24.7|18.6|
|**South Asia without India**|9.2|5.8|5.1|4.1|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa**|54.8|63.1|65.0|71.1|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa without Nigeria**|75.1|78.9|79.7|81.7|
|**Latin America and Caribbean**|3.0|3.4|3.0|2.9|
|**Europe and Central Asia**|0.3|0.3|0.3|0.2|
|**Middle East and North Africa**|0.9|2.9|3.3|3.7|
|**Total**|100.0|100.0|100.0|100.0|

12
**Appendix Table 6: Children in monetary** **<u>poor households in 2022 at the $3.65 line in 2017 PPP by region</u>**

|**Region**|**Children in**<br>**poverty**<br>**(millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate**<br>**(%)**|**Share of**<br>**poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population**<br>**(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|**East Asia and Pacific**|55.1|13.3|6.7|19.4|
|**East Asia and Pacific without China**|49.7|24.5|9.7|14.9|
|**South Asia**|300.2|46.7|36.6|30.1|
|**South Asia without India**|74.3|39.4|14.5|13.8|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa**|409.2|69.4|49.9|27.6|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa without Nigeria**|332.2|68.6|64.9|35.5|
|**Latin America and Caribbean**|24.7|15.1|3.0|7.7|
|**Europe and Central Asia**|4.2|2.1|.5|9.4|
|**Middle East and North Africa**|26.7|21.6|3.3|5.8|
|**Total**|820.0|38.4|100.0|100.0|

**Appendix Table 7: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at $3.65 PPP (LMIC) in in 2017 PPP in 2013, 2017 and 2022 by region (%)**

|**Region**|2013|2017|2020|2022|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|**East Asia and Pacific**|28.2|17.5|14.6|13.3|
|**East Asia and Pacific without**<br>**China**|38.6|27.8|25.7|24.5|
|**South Asia**|65.8|58.6|53.2|46.7|
|**South Asia without India**|54.7|45.2|43.5|39.4|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa**|73.8|71.0|70.3|69.4|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa without**<br>**Nigeria**|74.2|70.9|69.6|68.6|
|**Latin America and Caribbean**|19.9|18.5|16.9|15.1|
|**Europe and Central Asia**|2.9|2.4|2.2|2.2|
|**Middle East and North Africa**|15.9|22.0|22.9|21.6|
|**Total**|47.8|43.3|41.3|38.9|

**Appendix Table 8: Children in monetary** **<u>poor households in 2022 at the $6.85 line in 2017 PPP by region</u>**

|**Region**|**Children in poverty**<br>**(millions)**|**Headcount poverty**<br>**rate(%)**|**Share of poor (%)**|**Share of population**<br>**(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|**East Asia and Pacific**|174.0|42.0|12.3|19.7|
|**East Asia and Pacific without**<br>**China**|117.0|57.7|13.6|15.2|
|**South Asia**|557.0|86.7|39.2|30.5|
|**South Asia without India**|157.1|83.3|18.2|14.1|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa**|537.8|91.1|37.9|28.0|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa without**<br>**Nigeria**|436.9|90.3|50.7|36.3|
|**Latin America and Caribbean**|64.5|39.5|4.5|7.8|
|**Europe and Central Asia**|18.5|10.8|1.3|8.2|
|**Middle East and North Africa**|68.2|55.2|4.8|5.9|
|**Total**|1420.0|67.4|100.0|100.0|

13
**Appendix Table 9: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at $6.85 (UMIC) lines in 2017 PPP in 2013, 2017 and 2022 by region (%)**

|**Region**|2013|2017|2020|2022|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|**East Asia and Pacific**|60.9|49.3|45.0|42.0|
|**East Asia and Pacific without**<br>**China**|69.4|61.3|58.3|57.7|
|**South Asia**|92.2|89.3|88.7|86.7|
|**South Asia without India**|89.6|85.8|85.0|83.3|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa**|92.5|91.7|91.6|91.1|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa without**<br>**Nigeria**|92.1|91.2|90.7|90.3|
|**Latin America and Caribbean**|47.5|44.7|42.9|39.5|
|**Europe and Central Asia**|12.6|11.4|10.6|10.8|
|**Middle East and North Africa**|52.4|53.9|57.0|55.2|
|**Total**|72.7|69.5|68.8|67.4|

**Appendix Table 10: Children in monetary** **<u>poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 line in 2017 PPP by income group</u>**

|Income group|Extreme poor<br>(millions)|Headcount<br>poverty rate<br>(%)|Share of<br>extreme<br>poor(%)|Share of<br>population<br>(%)|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Low income**|153.7|47.1|46.1|15.5|
|**Lower middle income**|166.3|15.3|49.9|51.5|
|**Lower middle income without India**|114.1|18.1|40.6|43.8|
|**Lower middle income without Nigeria**|126.2|12.9|43.0|48.9|
|**Upper middle income**|13.0|2.2|3.9|28.8|
|**Upper middle income without China**|12.8|3.3|4.6|27.3|
|**High-income**|.5|.6|.2|4.2|
|**Total**|333.5|15.8|100.0|100.0|

**Appendix Table 11: Children in monetary** **<u>poor households in 2022 at the $3.65 line in 2017 PPP by income group</u>**

|Income group|Children in<br>poverty (millions)|Headcount<br>povertyrate(%)|Share of poor<br>(%)|Share of<br>population(%)|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Low income**|241.9|74.2|29.5|15.5|
|**Lower middle income**|517.4|47.7|63.1|51.5|
|**Lower middle income without India**|291.5|46.2|49.6|43.8|
|**Lower middle income without Nigeria**|440.5|45.0|59.3|48.9|
|**Upper middle income**|59.2|9.8|7.2|28.8|
|**Upper middle income without China**|53.9|13.7|9.2|27.3|
|**High-income**|1.0|1.1|0.1|4.2|
|**Total**|819.5|38.9|100.0|100.0|

14
# **Appendix Table 12: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $6.85 line in 2017 PPP by income group**

|Income group|Children in<br>poverty<br>(millions)|Headcount<br>poverty rate (%)|Share of poor<br>(%)|Share of<br>population (%)|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Low income**|304.2|93.3|21.4|15.5|
|**Lower middle income**|903.6|83.4|63.6|51.5|
|**Lower middle income without India**|503.7|79.9|52.3|43.8|
|**Lower middle income without Nigeria**|802.8|82.1|60.9|48.9|
|**Upper middle income**|209.2|34.6|14.7|28.8|
|**Upper middle income without China**|152.2|38.6|15.8|27.3|
|**High-income**|2.8|3.2|.2|4.2|
|**Total**|1420.0|67.4|100.0|100.0|

**Appendix Table 13: Children in monetary** **<u>poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 line in 2017 PPP in fragile countries</u>**

|**GMD sample**|**Extreme poor**<br>**(millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate (%)**|**Share of extreme**<br>**poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population (%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Non-fragile states|168.9|10.1|50.6|79.8|
|Fragile states|164.7|38.6|49.4|20.2|
|**Total**|333.5|15.8|100.0|100.0|

|**Appendix Table 14: Ch**|**ildren in monetary po**|**or households in 202**|**2 at the $3.65 lin**|**e in 2017 PPP in fragile countries**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|**GMD sample**|**Children in**<br>**poverty (millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate(%)**|**Share of poor**<br>**(%)**|**Share of population**<br>**(%)**|
|Non-fragile states|538.2|32.0|65.7|79.8|
|Fragile states|281.4|66.0|34.3|20.2|
|**Total**|819.5|38.9|100.0|100.0|

**Appendix Table 15: Children in monetary** **<u>poor households in 2022 at the $6.85 line in 2017 PPP in fragile countries</u>**

|**GMD sample**|**Children in**<br>**poverty (millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate(%)**|**Share of poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Non-fragile states|1045.2|62.2|73.6|79.8|
|Fragile states|374.8|87.9|26.4|20.2|
|**Total**|1420.0|67.4|100.0|100.0|

**Appendix Table 16: Children in monetary** **<u>poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 line in 2017 PPP by gender</u>**

|**Gender**|**Extreme poor**<br>**(millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate (%)**|**Share of extreme**<br>**poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population (%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Female children|162.9|16.2|25.6|14.9|
|Male children|170.6|15.7|26.8|16.0|
|Female adults|158.5|6.6|24.9|35.2|
|Male adults|143.4|6.2|22.6|33.9|
|**Total**|635.4|9.4|100.0|100.0|

15
# **Appendix Table 17: Children in monetary** **<u>poor households in 2022 at the $3.65 line in 2017 PPP by gender</u>**

|**Gender**|**Children in**<br>**poverty (millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate(%)**|**Share of poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Female children|397.6|39.5|22.7|14.9|
|Male children|421.6|38.9|24.0|16.0|
|Female adults|481.4|20.2|27.5|35.2|
|Male adults|452.6|19.7|25.8|33.9|
|**Total**|1753.3|25.9|100.0|100.0|

# **Appendix Table 18: Children in monetary** **<u>poor households in 2022 at the $6.85 line in 2017 PPP by gender</u>**

|**Gender**|**Children in**<br>**poverty (millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate(%)**|**Share of poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Female children|684.6|68.0|19.4|14.9|
|Male children|732.4|67.6|20.7|16.0|
|Female adults|1076.9|45.1|30.5|35.2|
|Male adults|1037.3|45.1|29.4|33.9|
|**Total**|3531.2|52.1|100.0|100.0|

# **Appendix Table 19: Children in monetary** **<u>poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 line in 2017 PPP by rural/urban location</u>**

|**Location**|**Extreme poor**<br>**(millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate (%)**|**Share of extreme**<br>**poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population (%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Urban|54.1|6.5|16.4|40.3|
|Rural|276.4|22.4|83.6|59.7|
|**Total**|330.5|16.0|100.0|100.0|

# **Appendix Table 20: Children in monetary** **<u>poor households in 2022 at the $3.65 line in 2017 PPP by rural/urban location</u>**

|**Location**|**Children in**<br>**poverty (millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate(%)**|**Share of extreme**<br>**poor(%)**|**Share of**<br>**population(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Urban|167.3|20.0|20.5|40.3|
|Rural|647.8|52.4|79.5|59.7|
|**Total**|815.1|39.4|100.0|100.0|

# **Appendix Table 21: Children in monetary** **<u>poor households in 2022 at the $6.85 line in 2017 PPP by rural/urban location</u>**

|**Location**|**Children in**<br>**poverty (millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate(%)**|**Share of poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Urban|391.5|46.9|27.7|40.3|
|Rural|1019.7|82.5|72.3|59.7|
|**Total**|1411.1|68.1|100.0|100.0|

16
# **Appendix Table 22: Children in monetary** **<u>poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 line in 2017 PPP by household size</u>**

|**Household size**|**Extreme poor**<br>**(millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate(%)**|**Share of extreme**<br>**poor(%)**|**Share of**<br>**population(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Two or less|2.2|6.1|0.7|1.7|
|Three|10.6|4.2|3.2|11.9|
|Four|29.4|6.5|8.8|21.5|
|Five|47.8|11.5|14.3|19.8|
|Six or more|243.6|25.7|73.0|45.1|
|**Total**|333.5|15.8|100.0|100.0|
|**Household size**|**Extreme poor**<br>**(millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate (%)**|**Share of extreme**<br>**poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population (%)**|
|No children|302.4|6.4|47.6|69.3|
|Children|333.5|15.8|52.4|30.7|
|**Total**|635.9|9.3|100.0|100.0|

# **Appendix Table 23: Children in monetary** **<u>poor households in 2022 at the $3.65 line in 2017 PPP by household size</u>**

|**Household size**|**Children in**<br>**poverty (millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate(%)**|**Share of poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Two or less|6.2|17.0|0.8|1.7|
|Three|32.8|13.1|4.0|11.9|
|Four|97.9|21.6|11.9|21.5|
|Five|141.8|34.1|17.3|19.8|
|Six or more|540.9|57.0|66.0|45.1|
|**Total**|819.5|38.9|100.0|100.0|
|**Household size**|**Children and**<br>**adults in poverty**<br>**(millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate (%)**|**Share of poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population (%)**|
|No children|935.2|19.7|53.3|69.3|
|Children|819.5|38.9|46.7|30.7|
|**Total**|1754.7|25.6|100.0|100.0|

# **Appendix Table 24: Children in monetary** **<u>poor households in 2022 at the $6.85 line in 2017 PPP by household size</u>**

|**Household size**|**Children living in**<br>**poverty (millions)**|**Headcount poverty**<br>**rate(%)**|**Share of poor**<br>**(%)**|**Share of**<br>**population(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Two or less|14.3|39.6|1.0|1.7|
|Three|86.0|34.3|6.1|11.9|
|Four|235.0|51.9|16.5|21.5|
|Five|281.3|67.6|19.8|19.8|
|Six or more|803.3|84.6|56.6|45.1|
|**Total**|1419.9|67.4|100.0|100.0|
|**Household size**|**Children and adults in**<br>**poverty (millions)**|**Headcount poverty**<br>**rate(%)**|**Share of poor**<br>**(%)**|**Share of**<br>**population(%)**|
|No children|2121.5|44.7|59.9|69.3|
|Children|1419.9|67.4|40.1|30.7|
|**Total**|3541.4|51.7|100.0|100.0|

17
**Appendix Table 25: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 line in 2017 PPP by education of household head**

|**Education of head**|**Extreme poor**<br>**(millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate(%)**|**Share of extreme**<br>**poor(%)**|**Share of**<br>**population(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|No education|94.7|32.6|38.0|22.6|
|Primary|99.9|24.3|40.1|31.9|
|Secondary|48.5|11.4|19.5|33.2|
|Tertiary|6.3|3.9|2.5|12.3|
|**Total**|249.5|19.4|100.0|100.0|

**Appendix Table 26: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $3.65 line in 2017 PPP by education of household head**

|**Education of head**|**Children living in**<br>**poverty (millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate(%)**|**Share of poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|No education|189.1|65.0|35.4|22.6|
|Primary|200.9|48.9|37.6|31.9|
|Secondary|125.1|29.3|23.4|33.2|
|Tertiary|19.4|12.2|3.6|12.3|
|**Total**|534.5|41.5|100.0|100.0|

**Appendix Table 27: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $6.85 line in 2017 PPP by education of household head**

|**Education of head**|**Children living in**<br>**poverty (millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate(%)**|**Share of poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|No education|266.0|91.4|29.8|22.6|
|Primary|317.7|77.3|35.6|31.9|
|Secondary|255.9|59.9|28.7|33.2|
|Tertiary|52.6|33.1|5.9|12.3|
|**Total**|892.1|69.2|100.0|100.0|

**Appendix Table 28: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $2.15 line in 2017 PPP by industry of work of household head**

|**Industry of head**|**Extreme poor**<br>**(millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate(%)**|**Share of extreme**<br>**poor(%)**|**Share of**<br>**population(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Agriculture|80.8|30.8|71.0|38.3|
|Industry|10.1|7.4|8.8|19.7|
|Services|17.2|7.7|15.1|32.7|
|Other|5.8|9.1|5.1|9.3|
|**Total**|113.8|16.6|100.0|100.0|

**Appendix Table 29: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $3.65 line in 2017 PPP by industry of work of household head**

|**Industry of head**|**Children living in**<br>**poverty (millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate (%)**|**Share of poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population (%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Agriculture|153.4|58.4|58.8|38.3|
|Industry|37.0|27.4|14.2|19.7|
|Services|53.0|23.6|20.3|32.7|
|Other|17.6|27.7|6.7|9.3|
|**Total**|260.9|38.0|100.0|100.0|

18
**Appendix Table 30: Children in monetary poor households in 2022 at the $6.85 line in 2017 PPP by industry of work of household head**

|**Industry of head**|**Children living in**<br>**poverty (millions)**|**Headcount**<br>**poverty rate(%)**|**Share of poor (%)**|**Share of**<br>**population(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Agriculture|225.4|85.8|48.6|38.3|
|Industry|79.9|59.1|17.2|19.7|
|Services|119.1|53.0|25.7|32.7|
|Other|39.3|61.9|8.5|9.3|
|**Total**|463.7|67.6|100.0|100.0|

19
<u>Note the national child poverty rates according to the different international poverty lines are for international comparison only. National monetary child poverty rates should be based on national poverty lines, not international.</u>

**<mark>Appendix Table 31: Low-income economy - Percent of children living in monetary poor households in 2022</mark>**

|Country Name|$2.15|$3.65|$6.85|
|---|---|---|---|
|Burkina Faso|32.9|63.3|83.8|
|Burundi|79.1|93.6|98.9|
|Central African<br>Republic|72.2|86.9|95.5|
|Chad|38.2|72.8|93.6|
|Congo, Dem.<br>Rep.|66.9|87.1|97.4|
|Ethiopia|20.9|56.4|90.3|
|Gambia,The|11.2|42.2|81.1|
|Guinea|16.2|50.6|88.6|
|Guinea-Bissau|22.9|59.1|89.0|
|Haiti|33.2|63.2|89.6|
|Liberia|35.6|70.1|93.8|
|Madagascar|86.8|96.0|99.3|
|Malawi|75.3|92.4|98.5|
|Mali|19.2|53.0|84.0|
|Niger|51.7|82.5|95.9|
|Rwanda|47.5|77.2|93.0|
|Sierra Leone|28.5|68.0|92.7|
|Somalia|70.4|89.5|98.6|
|South Sudan|77.7|92.3|98.8|
|Sudan|31.0|69.3|94.4|
|Tajikistan|3.3|16.7|54.4|
|Togo|30.9|62.4|88.9|
|Uganda|44.4|75.3|93.4|
|Yemen,Rep.|69.8|89.9|98.0|

20
**Appendix Table 32: Lower middle-income economy - Percent of children living in monetary poor households in 2022**

|Country Name|$2.15|$3.65|$6.85|
|---|---|---|---|
|Angola|39.6|62.7|85.6|
|Bangladesh|5.3|35.2|80.0|
|Benin|19.9|53.5|85.0|
|Bhutan|0.3|5.1|30.3|
|Bolivia|4.7|9.4|21.7|
|Cabo Verde|4.9|18.5|52.1|
|Cameroon|28.4|51.9|80.0|
|Comoros|23.3|47.0|74.8|
|Congo, Rep.|60.5|81.1|94.3|
|Côte d'Ivoire|11.8|42.6|80.3|
|Djibouti|18.8|42.9|78.8|
|Egypt, Arab Rep.|2.9|24.5|80.4|
|El Salvador|1.9|8.9|37.8|
|Eswatini|40.6|65.3|84.9|
|Ghana|25.6|49.7|81.6|
|Honduras|17.1|33.8|59.6|
|India|11.5|49.8|88.2|
|Kenya|29.1|62.3|89.6|
|Kiribati|2.6|23.4|74.3|
|Kyrgyz Republic|2.0|24.5|76.7|
|Lao PDR|8.4|37.0|75.4|
|Lesotho|42.1|66.2|89.1|
|Mauritania|6.5|26.9|68.4|
|Micronesia, Fed.<br>Sts.|19.9|48.0|81.3|
|Moldova|0.1|0.9|20.5|
|Mongolia|1.1|9.0|45.0|
|Morocco|1.5|10.2|43.6|
|Myanmar|3.6|27.4|77.2|
|Nepal|3.7|28.5|73.6|
|Nicaragua|3.0|13.8|45.5|
|Nigeria|37.9|72.6|95.2|
|Pakistan|5.6|45.0|88.5|
|Papua New<br>Guinea|33.4|60.9|87.4|
|Philippines|12.4|43.0|77.7|
|São Tomé and<br>Principe|17.5|48.8|84.8|
|Senegal|8.3|38.2|77.2|
|Solomon Islands|34.0|70.6|93.0|
|Sri Lanka|1.5|15.7|57.1|
|Tanzania|48.6|78.9|94.8|
|Timor-Leste|11.7|55.5|92.4|

21
|Tunisia|0.3|3.9|25.6|
|---|---|---|---|
|Ukraine|0.2|3.0|33.1|
|Vanuatu|15.1|44.9|84.6|
|Vietnam|1.2|6.0|22.9|
|West Bank and|1.1|5.0|27.7|
|Gaza||||
|Zambia|66.7|82.5|93.6|
|Zimbabwe|48.0|73.8|90.5|

**Appendix Table 33: Upper middle-income economy - Percent of children living in monetary poor households in 2022**

|Country Name|$2.15|$3.65|$6.85|
|---|---|---|---|
|Albania|0.0|0.8|13.7|
|Armenia|0.2|8.6|60.4|
|Azerbaijan|0.0|0.0|0.1|
|Belarus|0.0|0.2|3.0|
|Botswana|16.8|44.3|72.5|
|Brazil|3.1|9.0|30.2|
|Bulgaria|2.2|5.1|17.2|
|China|0.1|2.5|27.0|
|Colombia|10.4|22.2|49.0|
|Costa Rica|3.1|9.0|27.6|
|Dominican<br>Republic|1.0|5.8|28.1|
|Ecuador|10.4|19.7|46.4|
|Fiji|2.0|18.0|65.7|
|Gabon|3.7|12.2|41.4|
|Georgia|5.8|22.1|59.5|
|Guatemala|7.8|24.8|55.7|
|Indonesia|4.2|25.3|65.8|
|Iran, Islamic<br>Rep.|0.5|3.7|34.9|
|Iraq|0.0|1.9|24.0|
|Jordan|0.1|0.3|5.8|
|Kazakhstan|0.0|0.7|18.0|
|Kosovo|0.3|4.1|33.4|
|Lebanon|0.0|0.9|11.1|
|Malaysia|0.0|0.1|4.5|
|Maldives|0.0|0.0|0.9|
|Mexico|4.5|13.6|42.2|
|Montenegro|4.1|9.5|27.2|
|Namibia|24.1|45.3|71.1|
|North<br>Macedonia|5.3|12.1|29.3|
|Paraguay|1.1|7.3|29.5|
|Peru|6.4|19.8|47.7|

22
|Russian<br>Federation|0.0|0.7|7.7|
|---|---|---|---|
|Samoa|1.8|12.1|46.7|
|Serbia|0.0|2.0|12.7|
|South Africa|7.1|46.6|73.7|
|Thailand|0.1|1.1|18.7|
|Tonga|1.7|13.7|48.9|
|Turkey|0.2|2.8|18.1|
|Tuvalu|0.1|10.0|39.1|

**Appendix Table 34: High-income economy - Percent of children living**

# **in monetary poor households in 2022**

|Country Name|$2.15|$3.65|$6.85|
|---|---|---|---|
|Austria|0.7|0.7|1.5|
|Belgium|0.1|0.1|0.1|
|Chile|0.7|2.0|9.2|
|Croatia|0.5|0.7|2.9|
|Cyprus|0.1|0.5|1.0|
|Czech Republic|0.0|0.1|0.5|
|Denmark|0.5|0.5|0.5|
|Estonia|0.2|0.4|1.0|
|Finland|0.0|0.0|0.1|
|France|0.1|0.1|0.1|
|Greece|0.4|1.6|5.4|
|Hungary|0.0|0.1|3.0|
|Iceland|0.0|0.0|0.0|
|Ireland|0.2|0.6|1.1|
|Italy|1.7|2.4|4.0|
|Latvia|0.0|0.3|1.7|
|Lithuania|0.6|1.1|2.8|
|Luxembourg|0.1|0.1|0.1|
|Malta|0.2|0.2|0.9|
|Mauritius|0.4|4.1|24.5|
|Netherlands|0.2|0.2|0.4|
|Norway|0.3|0.3|0.3|
|Panama|1.5|6.0|19.7|
|Poland|0.0|0.0|2.6|
|Portugal|0.3|0.6|2.5|
|Romania|3.3|8.9|19.8|
|Seychelles|0.9|1.9|10.2|
|Slovak Republic|0.2|2.0|6.1|
|Slovenia|0.0|0.0|0.1|
|Spain|1.2|1.7|4.0|
|Sweden|0.4|0.4|0.5|
|Switzerland|0.0|0.0|0.0|

23
**Appendix Table 35: All countries (alphabetical) - Percent of children living in monetary poor households in 2022**

|**Country Name**|**$2.15**|**$3.65**|**$6.85**|
|---|---|---|---|
|Albania|0.0|0.8|13.7|
|Angola|39.6|62.7|85.6|
|Armenia|0.2|8.6|60.4|
|Austria|0.7|0.7|1.5|
|Azerbaijan|0.0|0.0|0.1|
|Bangladesh|5.3|35.2|80.0|
|Belarus|0.0|0.2|3.0|
|Belgium|0.1|0.1|0.1|
|Benin|19.9|53.5|85.0|
|Bhutan|0.3|5.1|30.3|
|Bolivia|4.7|9.4|21.7|
|Botswana|16.8|44.3|72.5|
|Brazil|3.1|9.0|30.2|
|Bulgaria|2.2|5.1|17.2|
|Burkina Faso|32.9|63.3|83.8|
|Burundi|79.1|93.6|98.9|
|Cabo Verde|4.9|18.5|52.1|
|Cameroon|28.4|51.9|80.0|
|Central African<br>Republic|72.2|86.9|95.5|
|Chad|38.2|72.8|93.6|
|Chile|0.7|2.0|9.2|
|China|0.1|2.5|27.0|
|Colombia|10.4|22.2|49.0|
|Comoros|23.3|47.0|74.8|
|Congo, Dem.<br>Rep.|66.9|87.1|97.4|
|Congo,Rep.|60.5|81.1|94.3|
|Costa Rica|3.1|9.0|27.6|
|Côte d'Ivoire|11.8|42.6|80.3|
|Croatia|0.5|0.7|2.9|
|Cyprus|0.1|0.5|1.0|
|Czech Republic|0.0|0.1|0.5|
|Denmark|0.5|0.5|0.5|
|Djibouti|18.8|42.9|78.8|
|Dominican<br>Republic|1.0|5.8|28.1|
|Ecuador|10.4|19.7|46.4|
|Egypt,Arab Rep.|2.9|24.5|80.4|
|El Salvador|1.9|8.9|37.8|
|Estonia|0.2|0.4|1.0|
|Eswatini|40.6|65.3|84.9|
|Ethiopia|20.9|56.4|90.3|

25
|Fiji|2.0|18.0|65.7|
|---|---|---|---|
|Finland|0.0|0.0|0.1|
|France|0.1|0.1|0.1|
|Gabon|3.7|12.2|41.4|
|Gambia,The|11.2|42.2|81.1|
|Georgia|5.8|22.1|59.5|
|Ghana|25.6|49.7|81.6|
|Greece|0.4|1.6|5.4|
|Guatemala|7.8|24.8|55.7|
|Guinea|16.2|50.6|88.6|
|Guinea-Bissau|22.9|59.1|89.0|
|Haiti|33.2|63.2|89.6|
|Honduras|17.1|33.8|59.6|
|Hungary|0.0|0.1|3.0|
|Iceland|0.0|0.0|0.0|
|India|11.5|49.8|88.2|
|Indonesia|4.2|25.3|65.8|
|Iran,Islamic Rep.|0.5|3.7|34.9|
|Iraq|0.0|1.9|24.0|
|Ireland|0.2|0.6|1.1|
|Italy|1.7|2.4|4.0|
|Jordan|0.1|0.3|5.8|
|Kazakhstan|0.0|0.7|18.0|
|Kenya|29.1|62.3|89.6|
|Kiribati|2.6|23.4|74.3|
|Kosovo|0.3|4.1|33.4|
|Kyrgyz Republic|2.0|24.5|76.7|
|Lao PDR|8.4|37.0|75.4|
|Latvia|0.0|0.3|1.7|
|Lebanon|0.0|0.9|11.1|
|Lesotho|42.1|66.2|89.1|
|Liberia|35.6|70.1|93.8|
|Lithuania|0.6|1.1|2.8|
|Luxembourg|0.1|0.1|0.1|
|Madagascar|86.8|96.0|99.3|
|Malawi|75.3|92.4|98.5|
|Malaysia|0.0|0.1|4.5|
|Maldives|0.0|0.0|0.9|
|Mali|19.2|53.0|84.0|
|Malta|0.2|0.2|0.9|
|Mauritania|6.5|26.9|68.4|
|Mauritius|0.4|4.1|24.5|
|Mexico|4.5|13.6|42.2|
|Micronesia, Fed.<br>Sts.|19.9|48.0|81.3|

26
|Moldova|0.1|0.9|20.5|
|---|---|---|---|
|Mongolia|1.1|9.0|45.0|
|Montenegro|4.1|9.5|27.2|
|Morocco|1.5|10.2|43.6|
|Myanmar|3.6|27.4|77.2|
|Namibia|24.1|45.3|71.1|
|Nepal|3.7|28.5|73.6|
|Netherlands|0.2|0.2|0.4|
|Nicaragua|3.0|13.8|45.5|
|Niger|51.7|82.5|95.9|
|Nigeria|37.9|72.6|95.2|
|North Macedonia|5.3|12.1|29.3|
|Norway|0.3|0.3|0.3|
|Pakistan|5.6|45.0|88.5|
|Panama|1.5|6.0|19.7|
|Papua New<br>Guinea|33.4|60.9|87.4|
|Paraguay|1.1|7.3|29.5|
|Peru|6.4|19.8|47.7|
|Philippines|12.4|43.0|77.7|
|Poland|0.0|0.0|2.6|
|Portugal|0.3|0.6|2.5|
|Romania|3.3|8.9|19.8|
|Russian<br>Federation|0.0|0.7|7.7|
|Rwanda|47.5|77.2|93.0|
|Samoa|1.8|12.1|46.7|
|São Tomé and<br>Principe|17.5|48.8|84.8|
|Senegal|8.3|38.2|77.2|
|Serbia|0.0|2.0|12.7|
|Seychelles|0.9|1.9|10.2|
|Sierra Leone|28.5|68.0|92.7|
|Slovak Republic|0.2|2.0|6.1|
|Slovenia|0.0|0.0|0.1|
|Solomon Islands|34.0|70.6|93.0|
|Somalia|70.4|89.5|98.6|
|South Africa|7.1|46.6|73.7|
|South Sudan|77.7|92.3|98.8|
|Spain|1.2|1.7|4.0|
|Sri Lanka|1.5|15.7|57.1|
|Sudan|31.0|69.3|94.4|
|Sweden|0.4|0.4|0.5|
|Switzerland|0.0|0.0|0.0|
|Tajikistan|3.3|16.7|54.4|
|Tanzania|48.6|78.9|94.8|

27
|Thailand|0.1|1.1|18.7|
|---|---|---|---|
|Timor-Leste|11.7|55.5|92.4|
|Togo|30.9|62.4|88.9|
|Tonga|1.7|13.7|48.9|
|Tunisia|0.3|3.9|25.6|
|Turkey|0.2|2.8|18.1|
|Tuvalu|0.1|10.0|39.1|
|Uganda|44.4|75.3|93.4|
|Ukraine|0.2|3.0|33.1|
|United Kingdom|0.1|0.2|0.3|
|Uruguay|0.3|1.4|12.5|
|Vanuatu|15.1|44.9|84.6|
|Vietnam|1.2|6.0|22.9|
|West Bank and||||
|Gaza|1.1|5.0|27.7|
|Yemen,Rep.|69.8|89.9|98.0|
|Zambia|66.7|82.5|93.6|
|Zimbabwe|48.0|73.8|90.5|

**Appendix Table 36: Number of children living in monetary poor households in 2022 (thousands)**

|**Country Name**|**$2.15**|**$3.65**|**$6.85**|
|---|---|---|---|
|Albania|0|5.186824|84.10678|
|Angola|7700.474|12206.17|16643.7|
|Armenia|1.510307|52.7315|371.7715|
|Austria|10.19022|10.19022|21.99895|
|Azerbaijan|0|0|3.257972|
|Bangladesh|3355.096|22467.92|51136.74|
|Belarus|0|3.77328|54.53297|
|Belgium|1.990578|1.990578|1.990578|
|Benin|1375.799|3695.925|5878.679|
|Bhutan|0.687171|12.91381|77.34944|
|Bolivia|188.9759|373.8563|863.9526|
|Botswana|160.7908|423.2315|693.22|
|Brazil|1683.131|4860.815|16363.75|
|Bulgaria|24.54427|56.76107|190.6079|
|Burkina Faso|3854.473|7410.354|9815.407|
|Burundi|5535.421|6549.196|6924.05|
|Cabo Verde|10.18035|38.89144|109.3629|
|Cameroon|3921.617|7167.28|11046.97|
|Central African Republic|1911.727|2301.232|2529.766|
|Chad|3944.843|7516.334|9660.856|
|Chile|31.61551|87.8199|411.6587|
|China|195.6503|5349.396|56980.89|
|Colombia|1613.2|3435.555|7572.7|

28
|Comoros|52.11318|105.1381|167.1816|
|---|---|---|---|
|Congo,Dem. Rep.|32787.84|42738.02|47755.2|
|Congo,Rep.|1610.644|2157.504|2510.474|
|Costa Rica|38.30685|113.1281|346.2035|
|Côte d'Ivoire|1554.634|5628.655|10600.42|
|Croatia|3.011773|4.663522|18.92485|
|Cyprus|0.2241197|1.196816|2.190999|
|Czech Republic|0|2.037202|9.426696|
|Denmark|5.571774|5.571774|5.571774|
|Djibouti|79.11378|180.2917|331.2072|
|Dominican Republic|35.10217|200.5947|967.0349|
|Ecuador|657.1144|1244.762|2936.629|
|Egypt,Arab Rep.|1173.275|10001.72|32781.28|
|El Salvador|35.86927|169.0623|716.2165|
|Estonia|0.3886565|0.9287381|2.508068|
|Eswatini|223.95|360.0431|468.3373|
|Ethiopia|13005.29|35032.19|56097.48|
|Fiji|6.117696|55.12632|201.2714|
|Finland|0|0|0.8496094|
|France|12.60564|12.60564|17.92351|
|Gabon|36.77732|121.3454|412.1412|
|Gambia,The|142.8998|536.3342|1029.987|
|Georgia|48.04409|183.6652|494.4258|
|Ghana|3717.882|7222.602|11857.61|
|Greece|7.375828|27.50722|90.1492|
|Guatemala|600.6694|1907.536|4283.85|
|Guinea|1149.046|3594.725|6300.409|
|Guinea-Bissau|201.1364|519.2704|781.207|
|Haiti|1646.357|3131.098|4438.029|
|Honduras|627.9922|1240.601|2185.674|
|Hungary|0|0.9767429|49.21745|
|Iceland|0|0|0.0344411|
|India|52226.04|225892.1|399907|
|Indonesia|3472.268|20681.62|53863.48|
|Iran,Islamic Rep.|118.8349|839.2977|7849.823|
|Iraq|5.633495|377.9468|4799.011|
|Ireland|2.722397|6.98104|13.93939|
|Italy|158.1124|220.0433|361.5813|
|Jordan|2.575999|13.86034|260.3482|
|Kazakhstan|1.727943|41.93373|1081.53|
|Kenya|7830.01|16728.21|24061.78|
|Kiribati|1.302421|11.64372|36.91754|
|Kosovo|1.249114|19.16189|155.2951|
|Kyrgyz Republic|51.99433|643.9048|2013.268|

29
|Lao PDR|226.8996|998.0737|2032.86|
|---|---|---|---|
|Latvia|0.1176372|1.048158|5.564975|
|Lebanon|0|14.89527|191.7549|
|Lesotho|367.3868|577.3427|777.3198|
|Liberia|951.6974|1872.61|2505.488|
|Lithuania|2.683299|4.926277|13.21916|
|Luxembourg|0.0575014|0.0575014|0.1526863|
|Madagascar|13159.26|14558.05|15050.69|
|Malawi|7825.384|9599.875|10238.13|
|Malaysia|0.7316235|11.04362|466.7399|
|Maldives|0|0|1.749184|
|Mali|2482.526|6863.106|10879.5|
|Malta|0.1583961|0.1583961|0.8432172|
|Mauritania|162.2448|669.7794|1706.111|
|Mauritius|1.163418|11.95323|72.12878|
|Mexico|1698.732|5187.476|16079.05|
|Micronesia,Fed. Sts.|8.450867|20.42058|34.55997|
|Moldova|0.6252122|6.435693|154.0855|
|Mongolia|13.72637|112.0825|559.9807|
|Montenegro|5.65167|13.0302|37.13819|
|Morocco|183.3901|1278.556|5453.321|
|Myanmar|638.4299|4862.876|13712.44|
|Namibia|274.4387|516.7523|810.4708|
|Nepal|484.535|3766.246|9727.024|
|Netherlands|5.786676|6.068433|14.19541|
|Nicaragua|76.16511|351.43|1154.562|
|Niger|5737.315|9148.237|10628.14|
|Nigeria|40141.31|76970.09|100880.9|
|North Macedonia|20.65648|47.20074|114.8781|
|Norway|3.751811|3.751811|3.751811|
|Pakistan|5857.428|46998.08|92432.9|
|Panama|21.74114|86.4217|284.1583|
|Papua New Guinea|1453.883|2655.867|3810.095|
|Paraguay|28.1025|187.6095|756.2543|
|Peru|670.8369|2074.538|5005.497|
|Philippines|5144.525|17808.07|32232.24|
|Poland|0|4.592358|245.5378|
|Portugal|5.118236|9.857941|40.35194|
|Romania|113.9158|310.6009|692.4258|
|Russian Federation|9.7763|214.2311|2548.578|
|Rwanda|3094.222|5034.312|6061.354|
|Samoa|1.592225|11.00143|42.43204|
|São Tomé and Principe|16.92154|47.27649|82.17635|
|Senegal|644.7027|2947.575|5961.504|

30
|Serbia|0|30.60235|191.9749|
|---|---|---|---|
|Seychelles|0.2310493|0.4979186|2.682821|
|Sierra Leone|1149.182|2747.342|3746.204|
|Slovak Republic|1.663308|19.61043|60.04373|
|Slovenia|0|0|0.4167346|
|Solomon Islands|117.8629|244.6003|322.2311|
|Somalia|6527.828|8293.895|9134.311|
|South Africa|1536.889|10095.35|15978.93|
|South Sudan|5133.432|6094.092|6526.723|
|Spain|97.14679|140.1227|321.9515|
|Sri Lanka|101.2248|1030.915|3750.062|
|Sudan|7024.842|15691.02|21387.46|
|Sweden|8.271728|8.271728|11.45|
|Switzerland|0|0|0|
|Tajikistan|127.6695|641.1779|2090.673|
|Tanzania|15236.01|24748.72|29708.87|
|Thailand|11.03589|149.6525|2549.372|
|Timor-Leste|75.18097|355.5013|592.091|
|Togo|1314.078|2653.97|3780.477|
|Tonga|0.6127101|5.040916|18.02077|
|Tunisia|11.28816|134.5913|882.31|
|Turkey|57.42705|682.5817|4379.826|
|Tuvalu|0.0042463|0.4483488|1.758544|
|Uganda|11667.06|19785.41|24557.04|
|Ukraine|12.21936|222.0974|2482.361|
|United Kingdom|11.36691|28.58995|39.67757|
|Uruguay|2.495872|12.01934|106.3643|
|Vanuatu|21.10301|62.65641|118.2008|
|Vietnam|328.6626|1662.441|6383.118|
|West Bank and Gaza|26.47729|121.4363|665.8117|
|Yemen,Rep.|10700.74|13782.11|15021.78|
|Zambia|5709.096|7062.401|8010.187|
|Zimbabwe|3515.722|5406.728|6625.744|

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# Data and methodology

This exercise builds on a similar one conducted in 2020 to examine child poverty using the GMD (Silwal, Engilbertsdottir, Cuesta, Newhouse and Stewart, 2020). The analysis contains records from 10.4 million individuals from 147 countries, taken from the 2022 spring version of the GMD with 2019 as a base year. The GMD is a collection of globally harmonized household survey data compiled by the Data for Goals group of the World Bank’s Poverty and Equity Global Practice. Further details on the background of the GMD are given in Castañeda et al. (2016). A unique feature of the GMD is that the welfare aggregates are the same as those used to compute the poverty estimates published by PovcalNet and the World Development Indicators. These aggregates are based on household per capita income or consumption, depending on the specific concept that is used to measure national poverty in any given country.

For the effects of this exercise, the rescaling of welfare was performed using the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) which contains data on poverty headcounts for each year (2013-2018). For 2020-2022, the data was provided by the Poverty and Shared Prosperity team. A rescaling of the weights was done using the UNDESA population estimates from 2013-2021. In other words, the number of children is estimated by applying the proportion of people that are children in the relevant survey to the total UNDESA national population projections for each country. This could lead to discrepancies with UNDESA estimates of the number of children in a country. For the 2022 estimates, UNDESA population prospects were used.

Poverty estimates for 2020, 2021 and 2022 are “nowcasted”—that is, gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates have been used to forecast household incomes, assuming all households experience equal consumption growth in percentage terms.

Trends from 2013 to 2018 are all based on back casted projections rather than repeated survey data. These are based on distributional neutral growth assumptions applied to one survey per country rather than changes observed in repeated cross-sections.

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