metadata: authors: 0: author: Lebrand,Mathilde Sylvie Maria
1: author: Yin,Qiuyan
count: World
docna: 0: docna: Improving Multi-Topic Household Surveys for
            Better Transport Policy Analysis
docty: Policy Research Working Paper
subtopic: Transport Services,Health Care Services Industry,Labor & Employment Law,Transport in Urban Areas,Urban Transport,Educational Sciences
teratopic: Industry,Law and Development,Education,Urban Development,Transport
abstracts: cdata!: Household surveys remain underutilized
            for understanding transport choices such as expenditure
            level and composition, the economic impacts of road
            accidents, and the economic and distributional impacts of
            environmental policies such as vehicle restrictions or fuel
            taxes. This paper reviews more than 30 Living Standards
            Measurement Study surveys conducted after 2010, non-Living
            Standards Measurement Study surveys, and two World Bank
            harmonized household survey databases, to compile and
            categorize an extensive list of transport-related questions.
            The paper discusses current limitations in using Living
            Standards Measurement Study household surveys. Most of the
            transport-related questions in the Living Standards
            Measurement Study survey collection are not harmonized
            across years and countries. Consistent and more detailed
            data on road accidents and the type and use of vehicles
            should be added to help design and evaluate road safety and
            climate policies. A standard set of guidelines and sample
            questions to be integrated into future household surveys is
            therefore provided.
repnme: repnme: Improving Multi-Topic Household Surveys for
            Better Transport Policy Analysis
display_title: Improving Multi-Topic Household
            Surveys for Better Transport Policy Analysis
listing_relative_url: /research/2022/02/33741104/improving-multi-topic-household-surveys-better-transport-policy-analysis
topicv3: Transport m1326661 135,Education m1327048 470,Mass Transit m1327372 1726,Household Surveys m1504071 2761,Health m1504661 3480
publishtoextweb_dt: 2022-02-23T00:00:00Z
dois: 10.1596/1813-9450-9944
historic_topic: Industry,Law and Development,Education,Urban Development,Transport
origu: Off of Sr VP Dev Econ/Chief Econ (DECVP)
no_of_pages: 62
author_keys: 0: author_key: 1457978
1: author_key: 1826580
model_extractions: Policy Research Working Paper 9944 Improving Multi-Topic Household Surveys for Better Transport Policy Analysis _Mathilde Lebrand Qiuyan Yin_ Infrastructure Chief Economist Office February 2022
Policy Research Working Paper 9944

# **Abstract**

Household surveys remain underutilized for understanding transport choices such as expenditure level and composition, the economic impacts of road accidents, and the economic and distributional impacts of environmental policies such as vehicle restrictions or fuel taxes. This paper reviews more than 30 Living Standards Measurement Study surveys conducted after 2010, non-Living Standards Measurement Study surveys, and two World Bank harmonized household survey databases, to compile and categorize an extensive list of transport-related questions. The paper discusses current limitations in using Living Standards Measurement Study household surveys. Most of the transport-related questions in the Living Standards Measurement Study survey collection are not harmonized across years and countries. Consistent and more detailed data on road accidents and the type and use of vehicles should be added to help design and evaluate road safety and climate policies. A standard set of guidelines and sample questions to be integrated into future household surveys is therefore provided.

This paper is a product of the Infrastructure Chief Economist Office. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The author may be contacted at mlebrand@worldbank.org.

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent._ Produced by the Research Support Team
# Improving Multi-Topic Household Surveys

# for Better Transport Policy Analysis

## **Mathilde Lebrand, Qiuyan Yin**<sup>*1</sup>

* World Bank

**Keywords:** transport, household survey, LSMS **JEL Classification:** <mark>R20, R41</mark>

> 1 World Bank. Corresponding author: mlebrand@worldbank.org. We thank Vivien Foster, Sudeshna Mitra, Kazuyuki Neki, Nino Pkhikidze, and other participants at internal seminars for their useful comments and contributions. We also thank Gbemisola Oseni, Akiko Sagesaka, and David Newhouse for discussions and suggestions regarding the World Bank LSMS program and harmonized household survey data, and Olivier Dupriez and Tefera Degefu for their help with the World Bank Global Consumption dataset. This paper should not be reported as representing the views of the World Bank. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the World Bank or the World Bank’s policy.
# **1. Introduction**

Household surveys remain underutilized to understand transport choices such as expenditure level and composition, the economic impacts of traffic accidents, and the impacts of environmental policies such as vehicle restrictions or fuel taxes. While better transport infrastructure and services improve mobility and economic opportunities, transport is also a main source of CO2 emissions and is responsible for multiple injuries and death with dramatic impacts for households.

Household surveys can help us to understand better how to improve mobility for households while reducing the negative environmental and safety externalities. First, household surveys provide insights on transport affordability. Transportation affordability has received limited attention compared to housing affordability while high transport costs reduce the mobility of low-income households and limit their access to jobs, education, and health services. Household surveys provide disaggregated data on expenditures on regular costs such as fuel and insurance and on durable goods like vehicles ownership. Second, they document transport choices made by households to go to work, reach health or school facilities, and reach markets to buy or sell products. Third, they document the extent to which transport is a constraint for agricultural and non-farm production. Limited mobility reduces agricultural productivity and access to markets and can deter individuals from creating non-farm activities, slowing down the structural transformation of the economies. Finally, they can provide information on the economic impacts of traffic accidents when happening to a household member. Household surveys may include questions on the incidence of traffic death, injuries, and resulting disabilities experienced by the households, which are otherwise difficult to obtain. The lack of harmonization of transportrelated questions and the small number of questions has limited their use in providing stylized facts to inform works on transport mobility for the poorest, infrastructure investment beneficiaries, and environmental and road safety policies.

This paper reviews a set of household surveys, focusing on World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) surveys, to show their potential in providing insights on multiple transport-related questions. It then discusses the limits of such surveys and suggest a standard set of guidelines to design and harmonize transport related questions to improve future household surveys. The paper first reviews all World Bank LSMS surveys conducted since 2010 to list and categorize all transport-related questions. LSMS surveys include transport-related questions in multiple modules, which makes it difficult to have a comprehensive view of all transport-related questions for the whole survey collection. In addition, there is no consistency in the inclusion of transport-related questions in LSMS surveys across countries and over time. A main contribution of the paper is to list all transport-related questions in LSMS surveys for further work and categorize them. The paper also reviews non-LSMS surveys for comparison. The paper then shows how recent efforts to harmonize survey questions on consumption patterns and ownership of durable goods can bring interesting insights on expenditures across as well as within countries. Patterns differ significantly across countries based on their level of development, and 2
within countries if households live in urban or rural areas and based on their income. Based on the reviews, the paper ends on a standard set of guidelines and sample questions to be integrated into future household surveys, with a particular focus on questions related to climate change and road safety. Including more detailed questions on the type of vehicles owned by households can be used to understand the efficiency and redistributive impacts of restrictions on vehicle type or fuel taxes motivated by climate-change concerns. Including questions related to traffic accidents can be used to better quantify the gains from improving road safety.

A few papers have used household surveys to understand transport choices and expenditures. Gandelman et al. (2019) look at transportation affordability in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), with a focus on urban public transportation. They provide analysis of transportation expenditures across income groups and build a transportation affordability indicator to rank cities in accordance with their performance. In a companion paper, Gandelman and co-authors (2018) provide detailed transport expenditure patterns for Latin American countries and calculate income elasticities per mode of transportation. This study extends the work to countries outside Latin America. Finally, related work on transport affordability by Estache et al. (2018) was conducted for a sample of 90 countries for developing and emerging economies and for 26 European countries, as a proxy for developed countries practice. In a recent study, Mitra et al. (2021) investigated the nationally representative surveys and censuses in Low and MiddleIncome Countries (LMICs) for tracking the incidence of deaths and injuries from road traffic crashes in LMICs to see if these population-level data sources can be utilized to monitor progress made in SDG 3.6. The authors concluded that relatively small modifications and additions to questions in forthcoming surveys could provide countries with a way to benchmark their existing surveillance systems and result in a substantial increase in data for tracking road traffic injuries globally.

The contributions of the paper are twofold. This paper provides a unique review of transportrelated questions in LSMS surveys and discusses possible improvements to facilitate the harmonization of questions in future rounds and the inclusion of questions useful for climate change and road safety topics. This paper covers many countries and goes beyond affordability issues by collecting questions on accessibility, ownership, and transport behaviors in LSMS and harmonized datasets.

The first part of the paper reviews transport-related questions included in LSMS surveys. The second part reviews transport-related questions in non-LSMS surveys. The third part focuses on two harmonized surveys to show the potentials for more harmonization efforts. The last part concludes by providing a module complementary to the existing LSMS household surveys covering multiple aspects linked to transportation issues.

# **2. Transport-Related Questions in LSMS Surveys**

Multiple sources could be used to collect household-level information to learn about transport. Table 1 lists a variety of instruments for collecting households’ information. For the sake of this 3
paper, this review mainly focuses on LSMS<sup>2</sup> surveys, a household survey program by the World Bank’s Development Data Group that provides technical assistance to national statistical offices (NSOs) in the design and implementation of multi-topic household surveys It also mentions other sources such as Household Budget Surveys, Demographic and Health Surveys, and Afrobarometer surveys to some extent.

**Table 1. Variety of instruments for household-level data collection**

|**Instrument**|**Sponsor**|
|---|---|
|Censuses|UNFPA|
|Income Expenditure Survey (IES) /Household Budget Survey (HBS)|Central Banks,IMF,NSOs|
|Labor Force Survey (LFS)|ILO|
|Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)|USAID|
|Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS)|UNICEF|
|Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaires (CWIQ)|UNDP, Department of<br>International Development,<br>World Bank Africa Region|
|Welfare MonitoringSurvey (WMS)|Stat Norway|
|Statistics on Income and LivingConditions(SILC)|Eurostat|
|Comprehensive Food Securityand VulnerabilityAnalysis(CFSVA)|WFP|
|Integrated, Multi-topic Surveys<br>• Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS)<br>• Integrated Survey (IS)<br>• Family Life Survey (FLS)|World Bank, RAND, NSOs|

# **2.1. LSMS Survey Collection and Characteristics**

## **2.1.1. LSMS Research Collection**

To capture the up-to-date survey questions for understanding household transport characteristics, the paper focuses on the LSMS surveys conducted in 30 countries after 2010 (see Table 2). These surveys mainly fall into two categories; 12 in of 30 country surveys are from the LSMS collection included in the World Bank Microdata Library. The other 18 country surveys are from other multi-topic household surveys, most of which are used as the data sources for PovcalNet<sup>3</sup> , an online analysis tool for global poverty monitoring, covering more than 1,500 household surveys spanning 1967 – 2018 and 166 economies (138 economies after 2010). Since these surveys are included in the regional collections and are tagged “LSMS” in the Microdata Library searching tool, in this report they will be labelled as “LSMS-tagged” surveys<sup>4</sup> .

> 2 LSMS program website: https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/lsms. The data of 129 LSMS studies can be downloaded by external users through https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/lsms.

> 3 PovcalNet program website: http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/home.aspx.

> 4 Six “LSMS-tagged” countries surveys used to be supported by the LSMS program before 2010.

4
The research collection gathers surveys for a subset of heterogeneous countries. Most of the countries are in the Sub-Saharan Africa region, but there are also 4 countries in the South Asia region, 3 countries in the Europe and Central Asia region, 2 countries in the East Asia Pacific region, 2 countries in the Latin America and the Caribbean region, and 1 country in the Middle East and North Africa region. The coverage of income groups is also of great interest. Thirteen countries are in the low-income group, 11 countries are in the lower middle-income group, and 6 countries are in the upper middle-income group. Table 2 summarizes the selected countries and corresponding surveys.

**Table 2. Selected countries and corresponding surveys for further analysis**

|**Collection**<br>**Country**|**Region**|**Income group**|**Survey name**|**Survey year**|**Community**<br>**questionnaire?**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Albania|ECA|Upper middle<br>income|Living Standards Measurement<br>Survey|2012|No|
|Burkina Faso|AFR|Low income|Continuous Multisectoral Survey|2014|No|
|Cambodia|EAP|Lower middle<br>income|Socioeconomic Survey|**2019/20**<br>**(LSMS+)**|No|
|Ethiopia|AFR|Low income|Socioeconomic Survey|2011/12,<br>2013/14,<br>2015/16,<br>**2018/19**<br>**(LSMS+)**|Yes|
|Iraq|MENA|Upper middle<br>income|Household Socioeconomic Survey|2012/13|No|
|LSMS<br> <br>Malawi|AFR|Low income|Integrated Household Survey|2010/11,<br>**2016/17,**<br>**2019/20**<br>**(LSMS+)**|Yes|
|collection<br>Mali|AFR|Low income|Integrated Agricultural Survey|2014/15,<br>2017/18|No|
|Nepal|SAR|Low income|Living Standards Survey|2010/11|Yes|
|Niger|AFR|Low income|National Survey on Household<br>Living Conditions and Agriculture|2011/12,<br>2014/15|Yes|
|Nigeria|AFR|Lower middle<br>income|General Household Survey|2010/11,<br>2012/13,<br>2015/16,<br>2018/19|Yes|
|Tanzania|AFR|Low income|National Panel Survey|2010/11,<br>2012/13,<br>2014/15,<br>**2018/19**<br>**(LSMS+)**|Yes|
|Uganda|AFR|Low income|National Panel Survey|2010/11,<br>2011/12,<br>2013/14,<br>2015/16,<br>2018/19|Yes|

5
|Afghanistan|SAR|Low income|Living Conditions Survey|2011/12,<br>2013/14,<br>2016/17|No|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Armenia|ECA|Upper middle<br>income|Integrated Living Conditions<br>Survey|2010, 2011,<br>2012, 2013,<br>2014, 2015,<br>2016, 2017,<br>2018|No|
|Benin|AFR|Low income|Integrated Survey on Household<br>LivingConditions(EMICOV)|2011/12|No|
|Bhutan|SAR|Lower middle<br>income|Living Standards Survey|2012|No|
|Burundi|AFR|Low income|Household Living Conditions<br>Survey|2013/14|No|
|Cameroon|AFR|Lower middle<br>income|Cameroonian Household Survey<br>(ECAM-IV)|2014|No|
|Colombia|LAC|Upper middle<br>income|Integrated Household Survey<br>(GEIH)|2010, 2011,<br>2012, 2013,<br>2014, 2015,<br>2016,2017|No|
|Gambia|AFR|Low income|Integrated Household Survey|2010/11,<br>2015/16|No|
|<br>Ghana|AFR|Lower middle<br>income|Living Standards Survey|2012/13,<br>2016/17|Yes|
|Other<br>multi-<br> <br>Kenya|AFR|Lower middle<br>income|Integrated Household Budget<br>Survey|2015/16|Yes|
|topic<br>surveys<br>(LSMS-<br>d<br>Kyrgyz<br>Republic|ECA|Lower middle<br>income|Integrated Household Survey|2010, 2011,<br>2012, 2013,<br>2014,2015|No|
|tagge)<br>Lesotho|AFR|Lower middle<br>income|Continuous Multipurpose<br>Household Survey|2012/13,<br>2013/14,<br>2014/15,<br>2017/18|No|
|Mauritius|AFR|Upper middle<br>income|Continuous Multi-Purpose<br>Household Survey|2014, 2015,<br>2016,2017|No|
|Mongolia|EAP|Lower middle<br>income|Household Socio Economic<br>Survey|2010, 2011,<br>2014,2016|No|
|Nicaragua|LAC|Lower middle<br>income|National Household Survey on<br>Living Standards Measurement<br>(EMNV)|2014|No|
|Pakistan|SAR|Lower middle<br>income|Social and Living Standards<br>Measurement Survey|2010/11,<br>2011/12,<br>2013/14|No|
|Sierra Leone|AFR|Low income|Integrated Household Survey|2011, 2018|No|
|South Africa|AFR|Upper middle<br>income|Living Conditions Survey|2014/15|No|

_Notes:_

1. The rounds in bold were supported by the LSMS+ program. The LSMS+ program aims to improve the availability and quality of individual-disaggregated household survey data, and support 6 IDA countries in collecting intra-household, gender-disaggregated household survey data

2. Community questionnaire gathers the information on local conditions common to all households in the same community.

6
# **2.1.2. Characteristics of LSMS Surveys**

The LSMS program started in the 1980s, and it has been an important tool in measuring poverty and studying households’ characteristics in developing countries. LSMS surveys have two main characteristics: (i) multi-topic questionnaires, consisting of many modules to gather information on education, health, employment, consumption, non-farm enterprises, durable goods, housing, and migration, and (ii) extensive quality control procedures, such as the extensive use of screening questions and response codes, help resolve most inconsistencies in the data before they reach the NSOs.

LSMS surveys normally contain three types of questionnaires. The household questionnaire is to collect the detailed information on household members, covering diverse topics and focusing on the consumption modules. The community questionnaire is included in many countries’ LSMS programs (see the last column in Table 2) to gather the information on local conditions common to all households in the same community. Like the household questionnaire, the community questionnaire contains some specific modules asking respondents about the conditions of nearby health facilities, schools, markets, and infrastructures such as roads, means of communication and the availability of electricity. To conclude, some countries also design the price questionnaire to collect information on prices of commonly purchased goods from households.

To improve the quantity and quality of gender-disaggregated data and track targets for key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the LSMS+ program has been launched to collect individual-disaggregated information on labor, non-farm enterprises, and ownership of and rights to land, dwelling, financial assets, and mobile phones. LSMS+ surveys have been implemented in 5 countries: Cambodia, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nepal, and Tanzania.

# **2.2. Transport-Related Questions in LSMS Surveys**

All the surveys in our LSMS research sample contain some transport questions, which are synthesized by modules or sections in the household and community questionnaires separately. For the household questionnaires, Table 3 summarizes the availability of the common modules of expenditure, durable goods such as vehicle ownership, and access to facilities, and Table 4 lists the numbers of available transport questions by module in the household questionnaires. For the community questionnaires, Table 5 summarizes the availability of community questionnaire and the questions regarding roads, public transport, and relevant changes of transportation in the community. Some uncommon questions in the household and community questionnaires customized by individual country are listed in Annex 5. Annexes 1 to 4 contain the details of the common transport questions in household and community questionnaires for the 12 countries in LSMS collection and 18 countries in LSMS-tagged collection accordingly.

# **2.2.1. Transport Questions in Household Questionnaires**

The typical LSMS household survey contains the following three types of transport questions: 7
- Expenditures on transport and transport services during the recall periods

- Ownership of types of vehicles

- Travel mode, distance, time, and cost to different social services or facilities such as schools, health facilities, and workplace

# _Expenditures on transport and transport services_

The questions on expenditures ask whether the households purchased any vehicles or paid for transport-related goods or services during the following periods of time: i) 7days, ii) 1 month, iii) 3 months, iv) 6 months, and v) 1 year, and how much money they spent. Usually, the short-term time frame is used for transport expenditure on nondurables, such as public transport fares, fuels and lubricants, and maintenance and repairs, while the longer time frame is used for transport expenditure on durables, such as purchases of vehicles, spare parts, and accessories. As shown in the first column of Table 3, most countries in the sample collect the transport expenditure information using household survey instruments, however, the richness of the subcategories of expenditure on transport and transport services varies by country, for instance, some surveys do not capture the expenditure on vehicle purchases using the non-food expenditure modules.

# _Ownership of types of vehicles_

The questions on ownership of different types of vehicles are always present in the module of durable goods or household assets. The set of questions typically ask respondents whether their households own a list of vehicles (for example, car, motorcycle, minibus, bicycle, boat, animaldrawn cart), the number of vehicles they own, date of acquisition, purchase price, and estimated current resale price. However, the list of vehicles and the sophistication of questions vary by country, which means that some questionnaires do not collect sufficient information to estimate the annual use value<sup>5</sup> of vehicles, calculated based on the purchase and resell prices, and the date of acquisition. The standard LSMS household survey questionnaires of Albania, Malawi and Nepal even involve a question on whether the vehicle was purchased by the household or received as a gift, payment for services, or inheritance.

# _Travel to social services or facilities_

Many of the LSMS household questionnaires ask a group of questions regarding the accessibility to social services, including travel mode, time, distance, and cost to a long list of social facilities which varies widely by country. Typically, the list of social services includes school, health facilities (for example, hospital, private pharmacy, private doctor), telephone service, bus station, paved and dirt roads, bank branch and local shop. An example of the access to facilities module

> 5 The annual use value of transport durables = Stpt(rt −πt + δ) . Stpt is the current value of durables. rt −πt refers to the real rate of interest. δ is the depreciation rate of durables, which can be estimated using purchase 1 value, current resell value and age of durables using the formula <u>pt</u> T (Deaton and Zaidi, 2002). δ −π = 1 −�pt−T ~~�~~

8
is extracted from Lesotho’s 2017/18 Continuous Multipurpose Household Survey and listed in Annex 6.

The availability of the three common modules containing a group of consecutive questions in household questionnaires is summarized by Table 3. The details of the subcategories of transport expenditure vary dramatically by country, which can be found in Annex 1 and Annex 2.

**Table 3. Availability of three common sections in household questionnaires**

|**Country**|**Expenditure**<br>(recallperiods if available)|**Durable goods**|**Access to facilities**|
|---|---|---|---|
|Albania|1 month|X|X|
|Burkina Faso|7 days,3 months|X|X|
|Cambodia|1 month, 3 months,<br>6 months,1year|X|X|
|Ethiopia|7 days|X|X|
|Iraq|1 month,1year|X|X|
|Malawi|7 days,1 month|X|X|
|Mali|Not available|X||
|Nepal|1 month,1year|X|X|
|Niger|7 days, 1 month,<br>1year|X|X|
|Nigeria|7 days,1 month|X|X|
|Tanzania|7 days,1 month|X|X|
|Uganda|1 month,1year|X|X|
|Afghanistan|1 month,1year|X|X|
|Armenia|1year||X|
|Benin|3 months,6 months|X||
|Bhutan|1 month,1year|X|X|
|Burundi|3 months,1year|X|X|
|Cameroon|3 months,6 months|X|X|
|Colombia|Not available|X||
|Gambia|1 month,1year|X|X|
|Ghana|1 year|||
|Kenya|1 month,1year||X|
|Kyrgyz Republic|1 month,3 months|||
|Lesotho|3 months,1year|X|X|
|Mauritius|1 month|||
|Mongolia|1year|X||
|Nicaragua|7 days, 6 months,<br>1year|X||
|Pakistan|1 month,1year|X||
|Sierra Leone|1year|X|X|
|South Africa|1year|X|X|

Household surveys contain richer information on transport in other modules than the expenditure and ownership modules. The following paragraphs provide an overview of the presence of transport-related questions in various modules. We then identify a set of recurrent questions for each thematic across surveys. Table 4 lists the presence of such questions per module per country-survey. More details per country can be found in Annex 1.

9
# _Transport questions integrated in the modules of education, health, and employment_

In the typical multi-topic household questionnaires in our research sample, there are some transport questions regarding different aspects of human development in the modules of education, health, and employment, which ask the eligible individuals about the travel mode, distance, time, and cost to school, health facility, and workplace. Education-related transport questions are relatively more common than the transport questions in health and employment modules. The household questionnaires of Armenia, Lesotho and South Africa also ask individuals about the reasons for not attending in education or missing classes, where one option is related to transportation difficulty. Similarly, several surveys contain the additional questions on the main reason why respondents did not consult anyone during the illness or did not work or look for jobs, where transportation difficulty is also taken as one of the potential reasons.

# _Other transport sections_

Some transport-related questions do not cover as many countries as the four types of questions mentioned above but are also important to understand the role of transport in different aspects of household living conditions.

To better understand the households’ economic activities, most of the standard LSMS surveys contain the modules of agriculture and non-farm enterprises. The two common transport questions in the agriculture module are about transport mode and cost associated with the shipment of crop and animal inputs, and the sale of agricultural products. Regarding household non-farm enterprises, respondents are asked if any household member works on transportrelated business such as driving a household-owned taxi or pick-up truck to provide transportation or moving services, and the business cost of the enterprise on transportation.

Some standard LSMS surveys also contain the question on the cause of food insecurity, specifically, asking respondents whether they faced with a situation when they did not have enough food to feed the household during the past 12 months, and one option is lack of access to market due to high transportation costs.

There are also two special modules in the LSMS-tagged multi-topic household questionnaires of several countries. Ghana, Kenya, and Lesotho designed a module of tourism in their household surveys, asking about the main mode of travel and cost on transportation including fuel and transport rental services during the domestic and international tours. Sierra Leone, South Africa, and Mauritius (only the 2016 round) designed another special module of crimes, with which to collect the information on vehicle-related thefts and vandalisms during the last five years.

# _Identifying a set of recurrent questions_

For each thematic module, we identify a set of common questions that are recurrent across surveys. There are eight thematic modules: agriculture, non-farm enterprises, education, health, employment, food security, crimes/security, and tourism, for which we could identify recurrent transport-related questions.

10
The agriculture module includes the following questions:

1. The main mode of transportation associated with different agricultural production procedures.

2. The total cost of transportation associated with different agricultural production procedures.

3. Transport difficulty or high transport cost as the main difficulty encountered in selling the agricultural product The non-farm enterprises module includes the following questions:

1. Anyone in the household worked on transport-related business (e.g., driving a householdowned taxi or pick-up truck to provide transportation or moving services)

2. Business cost on transportation 3. Transportation as one of the three primary constraints preventing household members from opening a non-farm enterprise.

- a. Road access

- b. Road quality

- c. Cost

- d. Facilities to transport goods

The education module includes the following questions:

1. Main mode of transport to and from education facility

2. Time taken to get to school by this means of transport 3. Education cost on transportation 4. Transportation difficulty as main reason for non-attendance in education / missing the classes The health module includes the following questions:

1. Main mode of transport to and from health facility

2. Distance to the nearest health facility 3. Time taken to travel from the household to the nearest health facility 4. Health cost on transportation 5. Transportation difficulty or high transportation cost as the main reason for not consulting healthcare during illness The employment module includes the following questions:

1. Main mode of transport to and from work

2. Distance to the workplace 3. Time taken to reach the workplace 4. Transportation cost to work 5. Transportation problem as the main reason for not working or not looking for work 11
The food security module includes the following questions:

1. Not able to reach the market due to high transportation costs as the main reason for food insecurity in the past 12 months

The crimes module includes the following questions:

1. Experienced vehicle-related crime/attack

2. Type of vehicles were destroyed, lost, or robbed because of violence or displacement 3. Feel safe or not when you are waiting for or are on public transport The tourism module includes the following questions:

1. Main mode of transport during the trips

2. Transportation cost during the trips Each survey includes a subset of these questions, as reported in Table 4.

**Table 4. Number of questions from the list of recurrent questions identified per thematic subsection**

|**Country**|**Agriculture**|**Non-farm**<br>**enterprises**|**Education**|**Health**|**Employment**|**Food**<br>**security**|**Crimes/**<br>**Security**|**Tourism**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Total number of**<br>**recurrent**<br>**questions as**<br>**listed above**|**3**|**3**|**4**|**5**|**5**|**1**|**3**|**2**|
|Albania||1|3|1|||||
|Burkina Faso||1||||1|||
|Cambodia||2|1|1|||||
|Ethiopia|2|2|2|||1|||
|Iraq|1|1|2|2|2||||
|Malawi|2|2|3|||1|||
|Mali|3|2|||||||
|Nepal|1|1|3|4|||||
|Niger|2|1|1|||1|||
|Nigeria|2|3|3|2||1|||
|Tanzania|2||2|||1|1||
|Uganda|1|1|3|3||1||2|
|Afghanistan||||2|||||
|Armenia|2|1|2||||||
|Benin|||2||||||
|Bhutan|||3|2|||||
|Burundi||1|1||||1||
|Cameroon|||||||1||
|Colombia|||||2||||
|Gambia|||3|3|1||2||
|Ghana|1|1|2|1|1||1|2|
|Kenya|||1|1|4|||1|
|Kyrgyz Republic|||1||||||
|Lesotho|||3|4|1|||2|
|Mauritius|||1||||2||
|Mongolia|1||1|2|||||
|Nicaragua||1|2|3|||||
|Pakistan||1|1||||||

12
|Sierra Leone|1|2|1|2||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|South Africa|1|1|4|2|1|

# **2.2.2. Transport Questions in Community Questionnaires**

There are many transport questions of interest in the community questionnaires, especially for Ethiopia, Malawi, and Uganda in the standard LSMS collection, and Ghana and Kenya with LSMStagged surveys, where a group of questions on road and public transport are included. For instance, the road questions ask the surface type of the main road accessing the community, the distance to the nearest paved road, whether the main road is passable by vehicles throughout the year and, if not, in which months it is passable. The questions on public transport mainly ask whether public transport passes by the community and, if yes, the main means of public transport, the distance to the nearest public transport station, frequency of public transport stops in the community, as well as the cost of total fare to go to the nearest urban center from the community by public transport.

It is worth mentioning that there are a set of questions on the needs and changes regarding road construction and public transport improvement in the community. The community questionnaires of Ethiopia, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, and Uganda contain the similar questions on whether the community members approached the leaders to express, discuss or find ways to address the needs for construction and maintenance of roads, bridges, and public transportations during the past five years, as well as the amount of funding raised and results. Some of these countries also have a standalone module regarding the changes in the community, asking respondents whether the access to transportation became better or worse compared to five years ago and to describe the relevant events or programs happened in the community during the past five years. An example of the module of community needs, actions, and achievements is given in the Annex 7.

Even if most LSMS-tagged surveys do not have community questionnaires, several questions are inserted into some of these countries’ household questionnaires to collect the information on transport conditions in communities, for example, there are some questions on roads and public transport conditions in communities in the household questionnaires of Afghanistan, Cameroon, and Sierra Leone.

# _Identifying a set of recurrent questions_

We identify a set of common questions that are recurrent across surveys. There are five topics for which we could identify recurrent transport-related questions: roads, public transport, changes of transportation, governance, and the availability of needs and actions section.

The road topic includes the following questions:

1. Main type of road surface

2. Distance to the nearest tarred/asphalt road 13
3. Time taken to walk to the nearest vehicle passable road from your house 4. Whether the main road is passable by vehicles throughout the year 5. During which months is the main road passable or impassable by vehicles The public transport topic includes the following questions:

1. Does public transport pass by this community?

2. Main means of public transport 3. Distance to the nearest public transport/bus station 4. Time taken to the nearest public transport/bus station 5. How frequently can you expect a bus or minibus to stop in this community or at the nearest bus station?

6. Cost of the total fare to go by public transportation from community to the nearest county HQ or urban center The ‘changes of transportation’ topic includes the following questions:

1. Has the access to transportation become much worse/worse/about the same/better/much better?

2. Has there been any program for road repair or bridge construction?

3. Has there been a change in road access/public transportation?

The governance topic includes the following question:

1. Priorities that this community would like to see the government address. Relevant options include:  Pave/construct/repair local roads, Construct/rehabilitate bridges, and Public transport service.

The number of recurrent transport questions in the community questionnaire or other related parts of each country is listed in Table 5.

**Table 5. Number of transport questions by section in community questionnaires**

|**Country**|**Community**<br>**questionnaire?**|**Road**|**Public**<br>**transport**|**Changes of**<br>**transportation**|**Governance**|**Availability of needs**<br>**& actions section**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Number of**<br>**recurrentquestions**||**5**|**6**|**3**|**1**||
|Albania|No|3|||||
|Burkina Faso|No||1||||
|Cambodia|No|1|||||
|Ethiopia|Yes|4|3|||X|
|Iraq|No|1|||||
|Malawi|Yes|4|3|||X|
|Mali|No||||||
|Nepal|Yes||||||
|Niger|Yes|2|3|||X|
|Nigeria|Yes||3|2||X|
|Tanzania|Yes|||1|||
|Uganda|Yes|4|1|2||X|
|Afghanistan|No|4||2|1||

14
|Armenia|No|||1|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Benin|No||||||
|Bhutan|No||||1||
|Burundi|No||2||||
|Cameroon|No|4|2|1|1||
|Colombia|No||||||
|Gambia|No|||1|1||
|Ghana|Yes|3|4|2|1|X|
|Kenya|Yes|4|4|1|||
|Kyrgyz Republic|No|1|1||||
|Lesotho|No|2|||||
|Mauritius|No||||||
|Mongolia|No||||||
|Nicaragua|No||||||
|Pakistan|No||||||
|Sierra Leone|No|2|2||1||
|South Africa|No|1|1||||

# **3. Transport-related questions in non-LSMS surveys**

The review also examines transport-related questions in other types of household surveys, including the household surveys captured by International Household Survey Network (IHSN), Gender Data Navigator<sup>6</sup> , and the Afrobarometer surveys.

## **3.1. Non-LSMS Household Surveys**

Besides LSMS surveys, transport information is also collected by a wide variety of household surveys, according to IHSN, a tool for screening the content of 2,087 surveys and censuses in lowand middle-income countries as of 2014. Table 6 lists the numbers of surveys conducted between 2010 and 2014 that contain some detailed information on household transport characteristics and ownership of vehicles, where many surveys are Household Income and Expenditure Surveys, Household Budget Surveys, and Demographic Health Surveys. These household surveys are not as multi-topic or integrated as LSMS surveys, but some also collect abundant information on transport.

**Table 6. Number of household surveys with transport information (2010 - 2014)**

|**Information collected**|**Number of**<br>**surveys **|**Number of**<br>**countries**|
|---|---|---|
|Reasons for not attendingschool|||
|-<br>Distance/time to school|113|56|
|-<br>Lack of access to transportation|14|10|
|Gettingto school|||
|-<br>Distance to school|25|19|
|-<br>Time to school|33|21|

> 6 http://datanavigator.ihsn.org

15
|-|Mode of transportation to school|48|27|
|---|---|---|---|
|Reaso|ns for not consultinghealth care|||
|-|Distance to the facility|89|54|
|-|Lack of transportation|19|18|
|Inform|ation on health care utilization|||
|-|Distance/time to health care facility|24|16|
|-|Transportation to health care facility|17|12|
|Health|expenditure on transportation|39|30|
|Transp|ort related externalities - Road Safety|||
|-|Road crash fatality|12|10|
|-|Road crash injury|45|36|
|Owner|shipof vehicles|||
|-|Car/truck|295|111|
|-|Motorcycle/scooter|261|100|
|-|Bicycle|233|93|
|-|Boat|130|74|
|-|Animal-drawn cart|111|68|

The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) is the flagship program of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) mandated to produce household survey data on topics such as population, health, and nutrition. This program operates in more than 90 countries and emphasizes the statistical capacity building of NSOs in the design and implementation of surveys, as well as data analysis. In the most recent phase of DHS surveys, the household questionnaire collects the information on household ownership of different types of vehicles including car or truck, motorcycle or motor scooter, bicycle, boat with a motor, and animal-drawn cart.

In addition, information of road crash fatalities and injuries are collected in many DHS surveys (e.g., Ethiopia, Cambodia, etc.) and the health module of national population censuses and other surveys. Traffic injuries are part of broader transport issues, as lack of access to safe transport is faced by many LMICs, which has implications in participation in economic activities. While tracking progress towards SDG 3.6 of reducing traffic deaths and serious injuries poses a measurement challenge in most LMICs due to large discrepancies between reported official statistics and estimates from global health measurement studies, censuses and household surveys can fill the information gaps in traffic-related injuries.

The Household Budget Surveys (HBSs) are nationally representative household surveys with a focus on consumption expenditure. For most low- and middle-income countries, HBS is the main data source for poverty estimation and consumer price index weights calculation. Some HBSs, such as Kosovo’s and the Republic of Yemen’s, only collect the expenditure evidence, while some HBSs with additional modules, such as Albania’s, can capture more information on transport such as the vehicle ownership and number of cars in the household through the standalone section of transport and communication.

16
## **3.2. Afrobarometer Surveys**

The Afrobarometer is a pan-African, independent, non-partisan research network started in 1999, which measures public attitudes on economic, political, and social matters in Africa. Seven survey rounds have been conducted as of 2020 and more than 35 African countries have been surveyed since Round 5 in 2011.

The recent Round 5 to Round 7 surveys contain some transport questions, regarding the ownership of vehicles, road surface in the start point and the last 5 kilometers in the primary sampling unit, satisfaction with local government for maintaining roads, and whether the paid transport is available in the primary sampling unit or within the easy working distance.

**Table 7. Transport questions in Afrobarometer surveys (Round 5, 6, and 7)**

|**Transportquestion**|**Available round**|
|---|---|
|Own motor vehicle/car/motorcyclepersonally?|5,6,and 7|
|The road at the start point in the PSU/EA is paved/ tarred/<br>concrete?|5, 6, and 7|
|The road at the startpoint in the PSU/EA is impassable?|7|
|How well or badly would you say your local government is<br>handlingmaintaininglocal roads?|5, 6, and 7|
|How well or badly would you say your local government is<br>handlingmaintainingroads and bridges?|5, 6, and 7|
|Is paid transport present in the PSU/EA or in easy walking<br>distance?|6 and 7|
|Road surface in the last 5 km in the PSU/EA|7|
|Road condition in the last 5 km in the PSU/EA|7|

# **4. Using Harmonized Household Surveys to Produce Stylized Facts**

The diverse design of transport questions, especially the fragmented evidence on household ownership and expenditure of transport vehicles and services across countries, adds complexity and challenge to data harmonization and cross-country analysis. The World Bank’s Global Consumption Database can be taken as an example of synthesizing the evidence on household expenditure, and SSAPOV, a database of harmonized nationally representative household surveys in Sub-Saharan Africa, contains the harmonized information on ownership of vehicles.

## **4.1. Transport Expenditure: Global Consumption Database**

The Global Consumption Database is a one-stop source of data on household consumption patterns in developing countries, provided by the World Bank’s Development Data Group. It 17
draws on a diverse set of household consumption or expenditure surveys from 91 countries as of 2010, covering a range of topics including transport by region, country, and area.

The data standardization methodology of this database is of great significance to the harmonization of transport expenditure data from LSMS and other household surveys after 2010. The first step is annualizing each household’s expenditure data for each commodity, according to the “recall period”, on which the household is asked to report by recalling their expenditures. For example, if the transport expenditure data is collected for the past week, then it would be multiplied by 52, while monthly data would be multiplied by 12. The second step is mapping the transport products and services in each survey to a standard classification of products according to International Comparison Program (ICP) classification, equivalent to the Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP) as shown in Annex 8. Finally, all expenditure data would be converted to a common reference year, 2010, taking account of inflation and real growth in household consumption, then converted from local currencies into U.S. dollars based on the 2005 round of ICP.

Based on the most up-to-date harmonized consumption data provided by the Data Analytics and Tools team in the Development Data Group, covering 105 countries between 2000 and 2018 (in which 73 countries have data after 2010), we can analyze the share of household transport expenditure by rural or urban setting and expenditure quintile<sup>7</sup> at the global level and different income levels. The details of the transport subcategories are recorded in the COICOP classification. The country coverage of each subcategory varies as listed in Table 8.

**Table 8. Country coverage of the transport subcategories**

(105 countries are included in the standardized consumption database)

|**Category**|**Number of countries**|
|---|---|
|Motor cars|94|
|Motorcycles|89|
|Bicycles|97|
|Animal-drawn vehicles|29|
|Fuels and lubricants forpersonal transport equipment|105|
|Maintenance and repair ofpersonal transport equipment|103|
|Other services in respect ofpersonal transport equipment|87|
|Passenger transport byrailway|78|
|Passenger transport byroad|105|
|Passenger transport byair|100|
|Passenger transport bysea and inland waterway|80|
|Combinedpassenger transport|52|
|Otherpurchase transport services|85|

> 7 Quintiles were generated using <mark>weighted per capita expenditure, which was calculated</mark> by taking household total expenditure divided by household size.

18
This database can provide aggregate statistics at the country level and within-country statistics per rural or urban status, and per quintile of total expenditure. It can also provide information on the types of expenditures per transport subcategories. Further analysis is conducted in a companion paper (Lebrand et al., f _orthcoming_ ).

## **4.2. Vehicle Ownership: SSAPOV Harmonized Data Collection**

The World Bank Sub-Saharan Statistical Development team harmonized the existing household surveys in the Sub-Saharan Africa region by extracting about 200 variables and unifying the definitions and variables names. These variables contain the information on household consumption, employment status, education, and health, and there are also some harmonized variables about the ownership of vehicles.<sup>8</sup> The SSAPOV harmonized ownership data can be used to study the large heterogeneity of car and other vehicle ownership among the Sub-Saharan African countries. The country coverage, survey years, and availability of the vehicle ownership variables of the SSAPOV database are listed in Annex 9.

# **5. Suggestions for Designing the Transport Module in LSMS Survey**

LSMS surveys can capture abundant detailed information not only on the households’ ownership of vehicles, transport expenditures, access to facilities, and travel experience regarding human development, but also on the conditions of road and public transportation in the communities, however, the richness of the questions, options and expenditure subcategories varies a lot across countries. To facilitate the data harmonization and cross-country comparison, it is necessary to design and implement a set of structured questions on transport infrastructures, which can be inserted into LSMS surveys as a standalone module, and a series of questions to collect the travel information on education, health, and employment, which can be integrated into the existing modules.

For the sample countries in this review, Mauritius and Uganda designed an organized standalone transport section in their survey instruments, which can add some insights into our guidelines for questionnaire design. Annex 10 contains the transport section in Mauritius’s 2014 Continuous Multi-purpose Household Survey, which collects some detailed information on household ownership of vehicles and usage of school vans. It also includes the section of transport services and road infrastructure in the household questionnaire and community questionnaire of Uganda’s 2011/12 National Panel Survey.

This section presents two prototype modules: one includes the transport questions that are suggested to be integrated into the existing modules of education, health, and employment in the household questionnaire, the other includes the structured questions on road infrastructure

> 8 At the World Bank, this harmonized data collection can be accessed through Datalibweb by using the “datalibweb” command in Stata. Datalibweb is a data system enabling users to access the most up-todate harmonized and non-harmonized datasets of different collections across Global Practices.

19
and public transport services in the community, which are suggested to be inserted into the household questionnaire or community questionnaire as a standalone section. Since the information on transport expenditures and ownership of vehicles can be captured by the separate modules of household non-food expenditures and durable goods in the typical LSMS surveys, they are not included in these prototype modules.

# **5.1. Transport Questions to Be Integrated into the Existing Modules of LSMS Surveys**

This section identifies a number of questions to integrate into existing modules of LSMS surveys based on questions found in different LSMS surveys. It also complements the usual questions with new questions, not reviewed in the rest of the paper, that relate to road safety, pollution, and climate change. First, injuries or deaths from road accidents affect the socio-economic opportunities of households. Introducing a question to know whether such a negative shock has affected the household can be used to quantify the gains for households from improving road safety. Second, transport is major source of CO2emissions and local pollution. More questions to understand how household members choose among modes of transport and make decisions about vehicle ownership is helpful to understand the gains and distributional impacts from policies aiming to reduce transport emissions. Household surveys are a good source of information to understand the trade-off between more mobility and the economic gains in terms of jobs and access to services, and the need to reduce CO2 emissions.

# **5.1.1. Ownership / durables section**

The durable section often includes a question on ownership of vehicles that has been harmonized across countries (see Section on harmonized datasets for an example). We suggest two additional questions on the age of the vehicle and the type of fuel used to better understand two trade-offs informative for the climate change and pollution literature. Buying an older vehicle might be cheaper but older vehicles often pollute more. In many countries, most owned vehicles are second-hand vehicles, often imported from richer countries where newer restrictive regulations are enforced. Question 2 can be used to produce aggregate statistics on the age fleet of vehicles in a country and across groups within country. We suggest a last question on fuel type to understand the penetration of electric and hybrid cars across and within countries.

Three questions are therefore suggested for the durable section:

1. Does your household own any of the following means of transportation? [Already included in many of the questionnaires]

- A. Car

- B. Truck

- C. Motorcycle

- D. Bicycle

- E. Boat

- F. Animal-drawn cart

2. [If owns a motorized mean of transport] What is the year of production of your vehicle?

20
3. [If owns a motorized mean of transport] What kind of fuel do you consume for your car?

- A. Petrol

- B. Diesel

- C. Compressed gas

- D. Electricity

- E. Hybrid [electricity and other fuel]

# **5.1.2. Transport Questions to Be Integrated into the Education Module**

Improving transport remains critical for accessing education services, both in urban contexts where congestion is problematic and in rural contexts where the lack of mobility can restrict access to schools. Questions on the mode of transport, the time it takes for a certain distance, and the cost associated can be used to prioritize investments in transport and schools. The last question can be used to rank transport among other constraints to reach schools.

Five questions are therefore suggested for the education module: (For all household members aged 6 years and older)

1. How does [Name] generally go to school?

- A. Walk

- B. Bicycle

- C. Animal

- D. Car

- E. Motorcycle

- F. Bus

- G. Train

- H. Other (specify)

2. How far away is the school that [Name] attends from your residence? (in KM) 3. How long does it take [Name] to travel to her/his school from your residence during the school term? (time of one way) 4. How much does [Name] spend on average per month on transportation to and from school? (if separate from tuition) 5. What was the main reason for [Name] for not attending school or missing classes?

- A. Private lessons

- B. Illness

- C. Have to work

- D. <u>Transportation difficulties</u>

- E. Too expensive

- F. The institution is closed but for the other reason than holidays

- G. Low level of education

- H. Do not want to study

21
- I. Help is needed at home

- J. Other (specify)

# **5.1.3. Transport Questions to Be Integrated into the Health Module**

We suggest two types of transport-related questions for the health module: one related to mobility to health facilities and one to the risks of transport as a source of injury or death in the household. First, improving transport remains critical for accessing health services, both in urban contexts where congestion is problematic and in rural contexts where the lack of mobility can restrict access to health facilities. Questions on the mode of transport, the time it takes for a certain distance, and the cost associated can be used to prioritize investments in transport and health facilities. The last question can be used to rank transport among other constraints to reach health facilities.

Five questions are therefore suggested for the health module on mobility: (For all household members)

1. What is the main means of commuting to the health facility?

- A. Walk

- B. Bicycle

- C. Animal

- D. Car

- E. Motorcycle

- F. Bus

- G. Train

- H. Other (specify)

2. How far is this health facility from your residence? (in KM) 3. How long did it take to travel to this health provider? (time of one way) 4. In addition to costs for treatment services, how much was paid for transport (nonambulance), including gifts or non-monetary payments? (include the transport cost of the person who accompanied [Name]) 5. What is the main reason why [NAME] did not consult anybody for the illness or injury?

- A. Illness/injury was not serious enough

- B. Health facility was too far

- C. <u>No transport</u>

- D. Health care was too expensive

- E. <u>Transport was too expensive</u>

- F. Health workers were unfriendly

- G. Health workers did not present

- H. Health care did not have good quality

- I. Other (specify)

22
Second mobility in countries with poor levels of road safety can end up in injuries or worse for members of the households. More questions related to road safety can be used to quantify the extent of the problem and the economic loses for the whole household, and to better design policies to improve road safety. Two types of questions are suggested. Questions 3 and 4 aim at better understanding the circumstances of the accident, which modes of transport were involved, and direct policy recommendations. Questions 5 to 9 aim at quantifying the consequences for the victim as well as for the rest of the household. Such questions can be used to quantify the loses for the households that can be attributed to the road accident in cost-benefit analysis of different policies to improve road safety.

Nine questions are suggested for the health module on road safety:

1. In the last 12 months, was any member of your household killed or injured in an accident? _[Yes_  _Q2, No_  _end of this module]_

2. What was the type of accident (e.g., Road traffic crash, Drowning etc.) _[If road traffic crash_  _Q3, No_  _Q4]_ 3. What was the victim’s mode of transport?

- A. Pedestrian

- B. Bicyclist

- C. Motorcyclist

- D. Car/Van/3-wheeler occupant

- E. Bus occupant

- F. Truck occupant

- G. Other (please specify))

4. What type of vehicle was the victim struck by? _*Lower priority; only if there is room for more questions_

- A. Passenger car

- B. Bus/Truck/Heavy vehicle

- C. Motorcycle

- D. Bicycle

- E. Other (please specify))

5. What was the consequence of the accident? _[a. Killed_  _Q6, b. Injured_  _Q7 (survivor information of sex and age can be retrieved from general questions to household members)]_ 6. Sex, Age of the victim [ _end of this module_ ] 7. What type of care did the victim receive? (Alternative question: how long the injury prevented the person from carrying out their normal daily activities)

- A. Admitted to hospital

- B. Outpatient

- C. First aid without going to hospital

8. Did the victim get disabled by the road traffic crash? _[Yes_  _Q9, No_  _end of this module]_ 23
9. What was/is the type of difficulty or problem _*Lower priority; only if there is room for more questions_

*The recall period depends on the frequency of survey. Another option: “How many years ago did he/she die?”

# **5.1.4. Transport questions to Be integrated into the Employment Module**

Transport is critical for accessing jobs, both in urban contexts where congestion is problematic and in rural contexts where the lack of mobility can restrict access to jobs. Limited mobility can increase unemployment and reduce access to better jobs with higher qualifications or wages. Questions on the mode of transport, the time it takes for a certain distance, and the cost associated can be used to prioritize investments in transport and health facilities. The last question can be used to rank transport among other constraints to reach the workplace.

Five questions are suggested for the employment module: (For all household members aged 5 years or older)

1. What mode of transport does [Name] usually use to and from work?

- A. Walk

- B. Bicycle

- C. Car

- D. Motorcycle

- E. Bus

- F. Train

- G. Other (specify)

2. Approximately how far in KM is [Name]'s workplace?

3. How long does it take to travel to this workplace? (time of one way) 4. On average per month, how much does [NAME] pay for transport to work? (cost of one way) 5. (The main reason for unemployment) Why has [Name] not made any effort to find work or start a business?

- A. No jobs available

- B. Unable to find work requiring [Name]'s skills

- C. Lost hope of finding any kind of work

- D. Lacks necessary schooling, training, skills, or experience

- E. Employers think too old/too young to work

- F. Awaiting the seasons for work

- G. Waiting to be recalled to former job

- H. Pregnancy

- I. Sickness/injury

- J. Disabled or unable to work (handicapped)

24
- K. Housewife/family responsibilities

- L. Childcare problems

- M. Education or training

- N. <u>Transportation problems</u>

- O. Retirement

- P. Believe that no work is available

- Q. Legal restriction (convict and others restricted by law)

- R. Await result for recruitment to the public service

- S. Do not want to work

- T. Other (specify)

# **5.1.5. Transport questions to Be integrated into the Agriculture Module**

Access to mobility is key for agricultural production to buy inputs for production and sell the production. Access to a vehicle is the main determinant of mobility in this sector. In poorer contexts, vehicle ownership is rare and can be replaced by renting. This module gathers information on ownership versus renting, on the type of vehicle used for agricultural production, and the cost of renting such vehicle. A last question is added to rank transport among difficulties to improve agricultural production.

Three questions are suggested for the agriculture module:

1. The main mode of transportation associated with different agricultural production procedures

- A. Own car

- B. Own truck

- C. Own motorcycle

- D. Own Bicycle

- E. Own animal cart

- F. Rented/borrowed car

- G. Rented/borrowed truck

- H. Rented/borrowed motorcycle

- I. Rented/borrowed Bicycle

- J. Rented/borrowed animal cart

2. [If rented/borrowed] What was the total cost of transportation associated with different agricultural production procedures?

3. What are the main difficulties encountered in selling the agricultural product? (with transportation problems or high transport cost an option) 25
# **5.1.6. Non-Farm Enterprise Module**

Lack of access to mobility can be a constraint for household members who want to create nonfarm enterprises. Poor mobility can slow down the move of workers out of low-productivity agriculture towards services activities. One question is suggested for the non-farm enterprise module when transport has been identified as a primary constraint:

1. What is the main reason for transportation being a primary constraint preventing household members from opening a non-farm enterprise?

- A. Road access

- B. Road quality

- C. Cost

- D. Facilities to transport goods

- E. Lack of access to the means of transportation

# **5.1.7. Road Infrastructure and Public Transport Prototype Module**

Questions related to the availability and quality of transport infrastructures and public services can be included in the main household questionnaire or in a community questionnaire. We suggest a module that include questions both at the community level and at the household level. Such data can be geocoded and used to map transport networks across space and time. They can also be used to understand how households make choices across different transport modes and vehicles given the context. If roads are often impassable, buying a car is not a priority for example. If there are no public transport services offered in the community, the household’s choices will be restricted by what is available, instead of revealing a preference for private vehicles. Finally, such questions can be used to understand how households adapt to limited infrastructure or services availability. The next two modules are primarily directed to more isolated and rural locations. The first module focuses on road and transport services quality and availability. The second module on accessibility to urban centers.

- **Availability and Access to Vehicle Passable Road/Public Transport Service**

1. [Community question] Is there a vehicle passable road/public transport point in your community?

- A. Yes (>> Question 2)

- B. No (End this section)

2. [Community question] What is the distance to the vehicle passable road/public transport point?

3. [Community question] How long does it take to travel to the nearest vehicle passable road/public transport point?

4. [Household question] In the past month, how many times have you or any household member travelled on the road /used the public transport point?

5. [Community question] Is the road accessible to vehicles throughout the year?

6. [Community question] During which months, is this road impassable by vehicles?

26
7. [Community question] Why is this road impassable during these months?

- A. Bad weather, such as seasonal flooding or snow

- B. Poor maintenance, such as poor drainage or bushy roads

- C. Insecurity

- D. Other (specify)

## • **Access to Urban Centers**

1. [Community question] Is your community in a major urban center?

- A. Yes (End this section)

- B. No (>> Question 2)

2. [Community question] How far is it from your community to the nearest urban center?

3. [Community question] How much does it typically cost to go from your community to the nearest urban center by public transport?

4. [Community question] How frequently can you expect a bus or minibus to stop in this community or at the nearest bus station? (Already integrated in some countries)

# **6. Conclusion**

This paper reviews household-level information on transport using multi-topic Household Surveys for many countries and provides a standard set of guidelines to design transport-related questions in future household surveys. More than 30 LSMS surveys conducted after 2010 as well as other World Bank harmonized household survey databases (SSAPOV, Global Consumption Database, etc.) are reviewed to uncover transport-related questions. Household survey data can be used to better understand transport behaviors and frictions for households in subsequent work. They can also be used to quantify the impact of road crash fatalities and injuries to monitor SDG 3.6 on reducing traffic deaths and serious injuries, which is substantially underreported in official statistics of most LMICs, and also for identifying vehicle stock and transportation related costs for different activities. A more careful and harmonized design of the transport module in future household surveys, as suggested in the paper, would allow for more research questions to be covered in the developing country context where transport affordability and accessibility are of prime importance.

27
# Bibliography

Estache, Antonio, Lisa Bagnoli, and Salvador Bertomeu, 2018. "Infrastructure Affordability in Developed and Developing Economies: Rules of Thumbs and Evidence," Working Papers ECARES 2018-02, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.

Gandelman, Néstor, Tomás Serebrisky, and Suárez-Alemán, Ancor, 2018. “Household Spending on Transport in Latin America and the Caribbean: Understanding Transport Expenditure Patterns,” Documento de Investigación, Nro.115. Universidad ORT Uruguay. Facultad de Administración y Cien cias Sociales. ISSN 1688 - 6275.

Gandelman, Néstor, Tomás Serebrisky, and Suárez-Alemán, Ancor, 2019. "Household spending on transport in Latin America and the Caribbean: A dimension of transport affordability in the region," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 1-1.

Lebrand, Mathilde and Ewane Theophile, 2022. “Rising incomes, transport demand and Sector decarbonization”, forthcoming Mitra, S., Neki, K., Mbugua, L.W., Gutierrez, H., Bakdash, L., Winer, M., Balasubramaniyan, R., Roberts, J., Vos, T., Hamilton, E., Naghavi, M., Harrison, J., Job, R.F.S., Bhalla, K., 2021. “Availability of population-level data sources for tracking the incidence of deaths and injuries from road traffic crashes in low-income and middle-income countries,” BMJ Global Health 28
# **Annex 1. Detailed Information on Transport Expenditures in LSMS Surveys (12 Countries in LSMS Collection)**

|**Survey Question**|**Albania**|**Burkina Faso**|**Cambodia**|**Ethiopia**|**Iraq**|**Malawi**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**_Non-food Expendit_**|**_ures during..._**||||||
|Past 7 days||Urban transport by taxi, bus,<br>tricycle or other||Transport||1. Public transport - Bicycle<br>Taxi<br>2. Public transport -<br>Bus/Minibus<br>3. Public transport - Other<br>(Truck, Oxcart, etc.)|
|Past 1 month|1. Fuels and lubricants<br>for personal vehicles<br>2. Passenger transport<br>by road (bus, minibus,<br>taxi, etc.) or railway<br>(EXCLUDE expenses to<br>travel to school and<br>health care facilities)||Gasoline, diesel, and<br>lubricant, and gas||(Include a lot of detailed<br>subcategories)<br>1. Fuel and oils for personal<br>transport equipment<br>2. Maintenance and repair<br>of personal transport<br>equipment<br>3. Wages of transport<br>services<br>4. Other transport services|1. Petrol or diesel<br>2. Motor vehicle service,<br>repair, or parts<br>3. Bicycle service, repair, or<br>parts|
|Past 3 months||1. Bus<br>2. Taxi<br>3. Other transport<br>4. Spare parts and accessories<br>5. Maintenance and repair of<br>vehicles, bicycles, motorcycles,<br>etc.<br>6. Other transportation costs<br>(excluding international travel)<br>7. New motor cars<br>8. New motorcycle<br>(motorcycles, scooters, etc.)<br>9. New bike<br>10. Second-hand motor car<br>11. Second-hand motorcycles<br>(motorcycles, scooters, etc.)<br>12. Second-hand bicycle<br>13. Cart<br>14. Super Essence<br>15. Gasoline - mixture<br>16. Diesel<br>17. Lubricants|Local travel||||

29
|Past 6 months|Foreign travel|||
|---|---|---|---|
|Past 1 year|1. Car and travel<br>insurance<br>2. Costs for<br>motorbikes (other<br>than gasoline and<br>purchase)<br>3. Costs for cars (other<br>than gasoline and car<br>purchase)|Same as the 1-<br>month list above|(Include a lot of detailed<br>subcategories)<br>1. Purchase of transport<br>vehicles<br>2. Spare parts and<br>accessories of personal<br>transport equipment<br>3. Services related to<br>personal transport<br>equipment|

|**Survey Question**|**Mali**|**Nepal**|**Niger**|**Nigeria**|**Tanzania**|**Uganda**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**_Non-food Expenditur_**|**_es during..._**||||||
||||Urban transport in taxi||||
|Past 7 days|||,<br>bus, moto|Public transport|Public transport||
|Past 1 month||1. Public transportation<br>(buses, taxis,<br>rickshaws, train<br>tickets, etc.)<br>2. Petrol, diesel, motor<br>oil (for personal<br>vehicle only)<br>|1. Transport by boat<br>2. Transport in an animal<br>powered vehicle<br>3. Inter-urban transport<br>in bus, car, taxi|1. Motor vehicle service,<br>repair, or parts<br>2. Bicycle service, repair,<br>or parts|1. Motor vehicle<br>service, repair, or<br>parts<br>2. Bicycle service,<br>repair, or parts|1. Tires, tubes, spares, etc.<br>2. Lubricants (engine oil, grease,<br>coolant, etc.)<br>3. Petrol<br>4. Diesel<br>5. Maintenance and repair of<br>vehicles, motorcycles, and<br>bicycles<br>6. Public transport – Bodaboda-<br>Bicycle<br>7. Public transport – Bodaboda<br>Motorcycle<br>8. Public transport -<br>Taxi/Minibus<br>9. Public transport – Bus<br>10.Public transport – Others<br>(Truck)|
|Past 3 months|||||||
|Past 6 months|||||||

30
|Past 1 year|1. Vehicle rental for<br>personal use: car,<br>moto/vélo etc.<br>2. Domestic and foreign<br>air transport<br>3. Purchase of personal<br>transportation (car,<br>moto,bicycle,etc.)|1. Bicycle<br>2. Motors, Pick-ups<br>3. Motorcycles|
|---|---|---|

# **Annex 2. Detailed Information on Transport Expenditures in LSMS Surveys (18 Countries in LSMS-tagged Collection)**

|**Survey Question**|**Afghanistan**|**Armenia**|**Benin**|**Bhutan**|**Burundi**|**Cameroon**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**_Non-food Expendi_**|**_tures during..._**||||||
|Past 7 days|||||||
|Past 1 month|1. Transportation fare -<br>bus and taxis<br>2. Fuel for car/motor bike<br>(do not include business<br>vehicles)|||1. Bus/ taxi fare &<br>other transport fare<br>2. Potter, pony<br>charges, etc.<br>3. Air fare<br>4. Rail/train fare<br>5. Transport (car,<br>motorcycle, etc.)<br>exclude power tiller,<br>tractor<br>6. Fuel and lubricants<br>for personal transport<br>(petrol, diesel, mobil,<br>etc.)<br>7. Spare parts and<br>accessories for<br>personal transport<br>(tire, brake pad, etc.<br>8. Maintenance and<br>repair of cars (service<br>charges only)|||
|Past 3 months|||1. Vehicle purchases:<br>a. Automobiles<br>b. Motorcycles<br>c. Bicycle<br>2. Vehicle operating<br>expenses:<br>a. Spareparts and||1. User expenses of<br>vehicle:<br>a. Fuel and lubricant<br>b. Maintenance of<br>passenger cars<br>2. Transport services:<br>a. Rail transport for|(Include a lot of detailed<br>subcategories)<br>Transport services:<br>a. Rail passenger transport<br>b. Road passenger transport<br>c. Air passenger transport<br>d. Otherpassenger transport|

31
|||accessories for tourism<br>vehicle<br>b. Fuel and lubricants<br>c. Maintenance and repairs<br>d. Other vehicle-related<br>services, e.g., auto insurance,<br>parking fees, vehicle rental<br>without driver<br>3. Transport services:<br>a. Rail transport<br>b. Road passenger transport<br>c. Air passenger transport<br>d. Sea passenger transport<br>e. Miscellaneous transport<br>service||passengers<br>b. Road transport for<br>passengers<br>c. River or maritime<br>transport for<br>passengers<br>d. Combined transport<br>for passengers<br>3. Miscellaneous goods<br>and services:<br>Transport insurance||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Past 6 months||Same as the 3-month list<br>above|||(Include a lot of detailed<br>subcategories)<br>1. Spare parts and automotive<br>accessories<br>2. Fuels and lubricants<br>3. Vehicle maintenance and<br>repair<br>4. Miscellaneous vehicle services:<br>e.g., parking fees, driver's license<br>5. Transport insurance|
|Past 1 year|1. Repair, maintenance,<br>and tires for motor<br>vehicles<br>2. Airfares<br>1. Repair and other<br>expenses for<br>personal vehicle<br>(registration,<br>fines)<br>2. Bicycle<br>3. Motorcycle<br>4. Motor car or<br>other such vehicle||1. Bus/ taxi fare &<br>other transport fare<br>2. Air fare<br>3. Rail/train fare<br>4. Transport (car,<br>motorcycle, etc.)<br>exclude power tiller,<br>tractor<br>5. Fuel and lubricants<br>for personal transport<br>(petrol, diesel, mobil,<br>etc.)<br>6. Spare parts and<br>accessories for<br>personal transport<br>(tire, brake pad, etc.<br>7. Maintenance and<br>repair of cars (service<br>charges only)|1. Purchase of vehicles:<br>a. Automobiles<br>b. Cycles and<br>motorcycles<br>c. Other vehicles<br>2. User expenses of<br>vehicles:<br>a. Spare parts and<br>accessories<br>b. Other personal<br>vehicles related<br>services<br>3. Transport services:<br>a. Road passenger<br>transport<br>b. Air passenger<br>transport||

32
|**Survey Question**|**Colombia**|**Gambia**|**Ghana**|**Kenya**|**Kyrgyz Republic**|**Lesotho**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**_Non-food Expendi_**|**_tures during..._**||||||
|Past 7 days|||||||
|Past 1 month||Expenditure on transport<br>(fares, repairs of vehicles,<br>fuel etc.)<br>1. Fuels and lubricants<br>for personal transport<br>2. Maintenance and<br>repair of personal<br>transport<br>3. Passenger transport<br>- Taxi fares<br>- Bus Fares<br>- Ferry fares<br>- Motorcycle fares||1. Fuels and lubricants for<br>personal transport<br>equipment<br>2. Maintenance and repair<br>of personal transport<br>Equipment<br>3. Other services in<br>respect of personal<br>transport, such as<br>driving license and<br>parking fees<br>4. Passenger transport by<br>railway<br>5. Passenger transport by<br>road<br>6. Passenger transport by<br>air<br>7. Passenger transport by<br>air|1. Transport Expenditures<br>a. Public urban/rural transport<br>(bus/taxi/cartage)<br>b. Intercity transport<br>(bus/taxi/rail/air)<br>2. Transport Services<br>Maintenance and repair, wash<br>and painting of cars and other<br>vehicles (parking and lease of<br>cars, driving school services)||
|Past 3 months|||||1. Transport Expenditures<br>a. Public urban/rural transport<br>(bus/taxi/cartage)<br>b. Intercity transport<br>(bus/taxi/rail/air)<br>2. Transport Services<br>Maintenance and repair, wash<br>and painting of cars and other<br>vehicles (parking and lease of<br>cars,drivingschool services)|1. Buses and taxis (all<br>household members)<br>2. Other transport costs<br>3. Car and travel<br>insurances|
|Past 6 months|||||||
|Past 1 year||1. Purchase of motor cars<br>2. Purchase of<br>motorcycles<br>3. Purchase of bicycles<br>4. Purchase of animal<br>drawing vehicles<br>5. Wheelbarrow<br>6. Motor tires<br>7. Motor engine<br>8. Bicycle tire|1. Less frequently<br>purchased items:<br>a. Purchase of new cars /<br>second-hand cars<br>b. Purchase of new<br>motorcycles / second-hand<br>motorcycles<br>c. Car tire<br>d. Maintenance and repair<br>ofpersonal transport|1. Motor cars for personal<br>use<br>2. Motorcycles for<br>personal use<br>3. Cycles<br>4. Animal-drawn vehicles<br>5. Spare parts and<br>accessories for personal<br>transport||1. New motor cars or<br>vans<br>2. Second-hand cars or<br>vans<br>3. Motorcycles,<br>scooters, powered<br>bicycles<br>4. Bicycles<br>5. Other transport|

33
|9. Other Bicycle parts<br>10. Other Motor Parts<br>11. Car battery<br>12. International Flights|equipment<br>etc.<br>2. Frequently purchased<br>items:<br>a. Fuels and lubricants for<br>personal transport<br>equipment<br>b. Other services in<br>respect of personal<br>transport equipment<br>c. Passenger transport by<br>bus/railway/air/water, etc.<br>d. Cost of luggage and<br>items transported|equipment<br>6. Travel tickets abroad|
|---|---|---|

|**Survey Question**|**Mauritius**|**Mongolia**|**Nicaragua**|**Pakistan**<br>**Sierra Leone**|**South Africa**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|<br>**_Non-food Expendi_**|**_tures during..._**|||||
|Past 7 days|||1. Taxies, buses, and water<br>transportation<br>2. Fuel and lubricants for<br>vehicles for household use|||
|Past 1 month|Travelling and<br>transport|||Personal Transport and Travelling (Not<br>for commercial use):<br>1. Petrol/ Diesel charges, lubricants &<br>oils, punctures<br>2. Expenses on travelling by road (bus,<br>taxi, rickshaw etc.)<br>3. Expenses on travelling by train<br>4. Other travelling charges like tongas,<br>camels, donkeys, ferries, bicycles,<br>Garage rent etc.||
|Past 3 months||||||
|Past 6 months|||Repair and maintenance of<br>vehicles, motorcycles, and<br>bicycles for household use|||

34
|Past 1 year|1. Transport:<br>a. Car, Bus, Trucks, Motorcycle,<br>Bicycle, Carting<br>b. Repair and services of auto<br>vehicles<br>c. Wheels/Tires<br>d. Spare parts of auto mobile<br>e. Technical inspection and<br>diagnostics<br>f. Lease of garage<br>g. Other (Charge for using roads,<br>driving license, etc.)<br>h. Cost for transportation rent<br>2. Transportation services:<br>a. Cost for bus and trolleybus<br>b. Railway passenger service:<br>Domestic /International<br>c. Railway freight<br>d. Taxi cost: Inside the city<br>e. Road transportation service:<br>inter-urban (microbus, taxi, etc.)<br>f. Road transport: Inside the city<br>g. Road freight: Inter-urban<br>h. Air: Domestic/International<br>i. Luggage cost of air<br>j. Cost for traveling by water<br>transport<br>k. Freight of water transport|1. National and international<br>air tickets<br>2. Vehicles for household use<br>3. Bicycles and motorcycles<br>4. Fines, vehicle registration<br>and driver’s license<br>5. Vehicle insurances|1. Recreation, travelling & transport<br>expenditure:<br>a. Annual registration, tax, insurance,<br>driving license fee for car, motorcycle,<br>scooter etc.<br>b. Expenditure on by air travel<br>c. Other expenses on tire, tube, spare<br>parts, repairs of vehicle etc. and service<br>charges<br>2. Miscellaneous Expenditures:<br>a. Transport and travelling vehicles<br>(Bicycle, Motorcycle, Scooter, Car,<br>horses, camels, tongas etc.)|1. Tires, car<br>batteries, other<br>spare parts<br>2. Vehicle<br>accessories: seat<br>covers, floor<br>mats, steering<br>wheel glove etc.<br>3. Repair and<br>maintenance of<br>vehicles<br>4. Oil, grease<br>etc. for vehicles<br>5. Ferry/bridge<br>fees for vehicle,<br>driving lessons,<br>license, vehicle<br>registration<br>6. Inter-city bus/<br>poda poda/taxi<br>7. Boat / ferry<br>fare<br>8. Other<br>purchased<br>transport<br>services|1. Bus<br>2. Train<br>3. Aircraft<br>4. Boat/ship<br>5. Rented vehicle<br>6. Taxi<br>7. Supporting services<br>(e.g., baggage<br>wrapping, port<br>operators, etc.)<br>8. Insurance paid for<br>holiday purposes (e.g.,<br>life, luggage, medical,<br>etc.)<br>9. Others (e.g., cable<br>car, horse, trailer,<br>hitch-hiking), specify|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|

35
# **Annex 3. Detailed Transport Questions in LSMS Surveys (12 Countries in LSMS Collection)**

|**Survey Question**|**Albania**|**Burkina Faso**|**Cambodia**|**Ethiopia**|**Iraq**|**Malawi**|**Mali**|**Nepal**|**Niger**|**Nigeria**|**Tanzania**|**Uganda**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**_I. Education_**<br><br>d f d f|||||||||||||
|1.<br>Main moe o transport to an rom<br>education facility|X|||X|X|X||X||X|X|X|
|2.<br>Time taken to get to school by this<br>means of transport|X|||X|X|X||X||X|X|X|
|3.<br>Education cost on transportation|X||X|||X||X|X|X||X|
|4.<br>Transportation difficulty as main<br>reason for non-attendance in|||||||||||||
|education/missingthe classes|||||||||||||
|**_II. Health_**|||||||||||||
|1.<br>Main mode of transport to and from<br>health facility|||||X|||X|||||
|2.<br>Distance to the nearest health facility||||||||X||||X<br>(2018/19<br>only)|
|3.<br>Time taken to travel from the<br>household to the nearest health<br>facility|||||X|||||X|||
|4.<br>Health cost on transportation|X||X|||||X||X||X<br>(2018/19<br>only)|
|5.<br>Transportation difficulty or high<br>transportation cost as the main reason<br>for not consulting healthcare during||||||||X||||X|
|<br>illness|||||||||||||
|**_III. Employment_**|||||||||||||
|1.<br>Main mode of transport to and from<br>work|||||X||||||||
|2.<br>Distance to the workplace|||||||||||||
|3.<br>Time taken to reach the workplace|||||X||||||||
|4.<br>Transportation cost to work|||||||||||||
|5.<br>Transportation problem as the main<br>reason for not working or not looking|||||||||||||
|for work|||||||||||||
|**_IV. Food security_**|||||||||||||
|Not able to reach the market due to<br>high transportation costs as the main<br>reason for food insecurity in the past<br>12 months||X||X||X|||X|X|X|X|

36
|**_V. Agriculture_**<br>1Th i d f ttti|||||X|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|.e man moe o ransporaon<br>associated with different agricultural<br>productionprocedures|X|X|X|X|<br>(access<br>to land)|X|X|
|2. The total cost of transportation||||||||
|associated with different agricultural<br>productionprocedures|X|X|X<br>X|X<br>X|X|X|X<br>X|
|3. Transport difficulty or high transport<br>cost as the main difficulty encountered||||X||||
|in sellingthe agriculturalproduct<br>**_VI. Non-farm Enterprise_**||||||||
|1.<br>Anyone in the household worked on<br>transport-related business (e.g.,<br>driving a household-owned taxi or<br>pick-up truck to provide transportation<br>or movingservices)|X|X<br>X|X|X|X|X<br>(2018/19<br>only)|X<br>(2018/19<br>only)|
|2.<br>Business cost on transportation|X|X|X<br>X|X||X||
|3.<br>Transportation as one of the three<br>primary constraints preventing<br>household members from opening a<br>non-farm enterprise<br>a. Road access<br>b. Road quality||X||X||X||
|c. Cost||||||||
|d. Facilities to transportgoods<br>**_VII. Tourism_**||||||||
||||||||X|
|1. Main mode of transport during the trips|||||||(2018/19<br>only)|
|2. Transportation cost during the trips|||||||X<br>(2018/19|
||||||||only)|
|**_VIII. Crime / Security_**||||||||
|1.<br>Experienced vehicle-related<br>crime/attack||||||||
|2. Type of vehicles were destroyed, lost, or<br>robbed because of violence or<br>displacement|||||||X|
|3. Feel safe or not when you are waiting||||||||
|for or are onpublic transport||||||||
|**_IX. Community - Road_**||||||||
|1. Main type of road surface||X|X<br>X||||X|

37
|2. Distance to the nearest tarred/asphalt<br>road||X|X|X|X|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|3. Time taken to walk to the nearest<br>vehicle passable road/asphalt road from<br>your house||||X|X|
|4. Whether the main road is passable by<br>vehicles throughout theyear||X|X||X|
|5. During which months, the main road is<br>||X|X|||
|passable or impassable byvehicles||||||
|**_X._**<br>**_Community - Public transport_**||||||
|1. Does public transport pass by this<br>community?||||X||
|2. Main means ofpublic transport|||||X|
|3. Distance to the nearest public<br>transport/bus station||X|X|X|X<br>X|
|4. Time taken to the nearest public<br>transport/bus station|X||||X|
|5. How frequently can you expect a bus or<br>minibus to stop in this community or at<br>the nearest bus station?||X|X|X||
|6. Cost of the total fare to go by public<br>transportation from community to the||X|X|||
|nearest countyHQor urban center||||||
|**_XI. Community - Changes of transportation_**||||||
|1. Has the access to transportation<br>become much worse/worse/about the<br>same/better/much better?|||||X<br>X|
|2. Has there been any program for road<br>repair or bridge construction?|||||X<br>X|
|3. Has there been a change in road<br>access?|||||X|
|**_XII. Community - Needs and actions_**||X|X|X|X<br>X|

38
# **Annex 4. Detailed Transport Questions in LSMS Surveys (18 Countries in LSMS-tagged Collection)**

|**Survey Question**|**Afghanistan**|**Armenia**|**Benin**|**Bhutan**|**Burundi**|**Cameroon**|**Colombia**|**Gambia**|**Ghana**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**_I. Education_**||||||||||
|1. Main mode of transport to and from education<br>facility|||X|X||||X|X|
|2. Time taken to get to school by this means of<br>transport||||X||||X<br>(and<br>distance)||
|3. Education cost on transportation||X|X|X|X|||X|X|
|4. Transportation difficulty as main reason for non-<br>attendance in education/missingthe classes||X||||||||
|**_II. Health_**||||||||||
|1. Main mode of transport to and from health facility||||||||X|X|
|2. Distance to the nearest health facility||||||||||
|3. Time taken to travel from the household to the<br>nearest health facility|X<br>(with different<br>transport<br>|||||||||
||modes)|||||||||
|4. Health cost on transportation|X|||X||||X||
|5. Transportation difficulty or high transportation cost<br>as the main reason for not consulting healthcare||||X||||X||
|duringillness||||||||||
|**_III. Employment_**||||||||||
|1. Main mode of transport to and from work|||||||X|X||
|2. Distance to the workplace||||||||||
|3. Time taken to reach the workplace|||||||X|||
|4. Transportation cost to work||||||||||
|5. Transportation problem as the main reason for not<br>|||||||||X|
|workingor not lookingfor work||||||||||
|**_IV. Food security_**||||||||||
|Not able to reach the market due to high<br>transportation costs as the main reason for food||||||||||
|insecurityin thepast 12 months||||||||||
|**_V. Agriculture_**||||||||||
|1. The main mode of transportation associated with<br>different agriculturalproductionprocedures||||||||||
|2. The total cost of transportation associated with<br>different agriculturalproductionprocedures||X|||||||X|

39
|3. Transport difficulty or high transport cost as the<br>|||
|---|---|---|
|main difficulty encountered in selling the|X||
|<br>agriculturalproduct|||
|**_VI. Non-farm Enterprise_**|||
||X||
|1. Anyone in the household worked on transport-<br>related business (e.g., driving a household-owned<br>taxi or pick-up truck to provide transportation or<br>moving services)|(type of<br>activity your<br>work or<br>business<br>relates to)||
|2. Business cost on transportation||X<br>X<br>(revenue and<br>expenditure)|
|3. Transportation as one of the three primary<br>constraints preventing household members from<br>opening a non-farm enterprise<br>a. Road access<br>b. Road quality<br>c. Cost|||
|d. Facilities to transportgoods|||
|**_VII. Tourism_**|||
|1. Main mode of transport during the trips||X<br>(domestic<br>and<br>international)|
|2. Transportation cost during the trips||X<br>(2016/17|
|||only)|
|**_VIII. Crime / Security_**|||
|1. Experienced vehicle-related crime/attack||X|
|2. Type of vehicles were destroyed, lost, or robbed<br>because of violence or displacement||X<br>X|
|3. Feel safe or not when you are waiting for or are on||X<br>X|
|public transport||<br>|
|**_IX. Community - Road_**|||
|1. Main type of road surface|X|X|
|2. Distance to the nearest tarred/asphalt road|X|X<br>X|
|3. Time taken to walk to the nearest vehicle passable<br>road fromyour house||X|
|4. Whether the main road is passable by vehicles<br>throughout theyear|X|X|
|5. During which months is the main road passable or<br>impassable byvehicles|X|X<br>X|

40
|**_X._**<br>**_Community - Public transport_**|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|1. Doespublic transportpass bythis community?||||X|
|2. Main means ofpublic transport||||X|
|3. Distance to the nearestpublic transport/bus station|||X<br>X|X|
|4. Time taken to the nearest public transport/bus<br>station|||X<br>X||
|5. How frequently can you expect a bus or minibus to<br>stop in this community or at the nearest bus<br>station?||||X|
|6. Cost of the total fare to go by public transportation<br>from community to the nearest county HQ or urban<br>center|||||
|**_XI. Community - Changes of transportation_**|||||
|1. Has the access to transportation become much<br>worse/worse/about the same/better/much better?||||X|
|2. Has there been any program for road repair or<br>bridge construction?|X||X|X<br>X|
|3. Has there been a change in road access/public|X|X|||
|transportation?<br>**_XII. Community - Governance_**|||||
|Priorities that this community would like to see the<br>government address<br>- Relevant options include:<br>· Pave/construct/repair local roads<br>· Construct/rehabilitate bridges<br>· Public transport service|X||X<br>X|X<br>X|

|**Survey Question**|**Kenya**|**Kyrgyz Republic**|**Lesotho**|**Mauritius**|**Mongolia**|**Nicaragua**|**Pakistan**|**Sierra Leone**|**South Africa**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|<br>**_I. Education_**||||||||||
|1. Main mode of transport to and from<br>education facility||||||X||||
|2. Time taken to get to school by this means of<br>transport|X||X|||||||
|3. Education cost on transportation||X|X|X<br>(2014 only)|X|X|X|X||
|4. Transportation difficulty as main reason for<br>non-attendance in education / missing the<br>classes|||X||||||X|
|**_II. Health_**||||||||||

41
|1. Main mode of transport to and from health<br>facility||X|X||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|2. Distance to the nearest health facility||X|||
|3. Time taken to travel from the household to<br>the nearest health facility||X|X|X|
|4. Health cost on transportation|X|X|X<br>X|X|
|5. Transportation difficulty or high<br>transportation cost as the main reason for|||X|X|
|not consultinghealthcare duringillness|||||
|**_III. Employment_**|||||
|1. Main mode of transport to and from work|X|||X|
|2. Distance to the workplace|X|||X|
|3. Time taken to reach the workplace||||X|
|4. Transportation cost to work|X||||
|5. Transportation problem as the main reason<br>|X|X||X<br>X|
|for not workingor not lookingfor work||||<br>|
|**_IV. Food security_**|||||
|Not able to reach the market due to high<br>transportation costs as the main reason for|||||
|food insecurityin thepast 12 months|||||
|**_V. Agriculture_**|||||
|1. The main mode of transportation associated<br>with different agricultural production<br>procedures|||||
|2. The total cost of transportation associated<br>with different agricultural production<br>procedures|||X||
|3. Transport difficulty or high transport cost as<br>the main difficulty encountered in selling the<br>agriculturalproduct|||||
|**_VI. Non-farm Enterprise_**|||||
|1. Anyone in the household worked on<br>transport-related business (e.g., driving a<br>household-owned taxi or pick-up truck to<br>provide transportation or movingservices)|||||
|2. Business cost on transportation|||X<br>X<br>(revenue<br>and<br>expenditure)||

42
|3. Transportation as one of the three primary<br>constraints preventing household members<br>from opening a non-farm enterprise<br>a. Road access<br>b. Road quality<br>c. Cost<br>d. Facilities to transportgoods||||
|---|---|---|---|
|**_VII. Tourism_**||||
|1. Main mode of transport during the trips|X|||
|2. Transportation cost during the trips|X<br>X||X|
|**_VIII. Crime/Security_**||||
||X|||
|1. Experienced vehicle-related crime/attack|<br>(2016 only)|X|X|
|2. Type of vehicles were destroyed, lost, or<br>robbed because of violence or displacement|X<br>(2016 only)|X|X|
|3. Feel safe or not when you are waiting for or<br>are on public transport||||
|**_IX. Community - Road_**||||
|1. Main type of road surface|X||X<br>(Whether the<br>HH has access<br>to tarred roads<br>close to the<br>house)|
|2. Distance to the nearest tarred/asphalt road|X|X<br>(all year<br>motorable<br>road)||
|3. Time taken to walk to the nearest vehicle<br>passable road from your house|X<br>X<br>(2017/18<br>only)|X<br>(all seasons<br>road)||
|4. Whether the main road is passable by<br>vehicles throughout the year|X<br>X<br>(2017/18<br>only)|||
|5. During which months is the main road<br>|X|||
|passable or impassable byvehicles||||
|**_X. Community - Public transport_**||||
|1. Does public transport pass by this<br>community?|X|||
|2. Main means of public transport||||
|3. Distance to the nearest public transport/bus<br>station|X|X|X|

43
|4. Time taken to the nearest public<br>transport/bus station|X|X|
|---|---|---|
|5. How frequently can you expect a bus or<br>minibus to stop in this community or at the<br>nearest bus station?|X||
|6. Cost of the total fare to go by public<br>transportation from community to the<br>nearest countyHQor urban center|X||
|<br>**_XI. Community - Changes of transportation_**|||
|1. Has the access to transportation become<br>much worse/worse/about the<br>same/better/much better?|X||
|2. Has there been any program for road repair<br>or bridge construction?|||
|3.Has there been a change in road access?|||
|<br>**_XII. Community - Governance_**|||
|Priorities that this community would like to<br>see the government address<br>- Relevant options include:<br>· Pave/construct/repair local roads<br>· Construct/rehabilitate bridges<br>· Public transport service||X|

44
# **Annex 5 Uncommon Transport Questions in the Sample Surveys**

## **1. Iraq**

- Do the household members suffer from transportation problems? What are the problems?

- Bad condition of roads

- Traffic jams and condensations

- Scarcity or distant

- Hard to reach the transport means

- Personal security

- Other

## **2. Nepal**

- What problems, if any, do you have in running your business?

- Transport problems

- (Community – local markets and prices) How much does it cost to transport goods from the market center to the local shop/shops?

- (Community - Adequacy of consumption and government facilities) Now, I would like to ask your opinion about the condition of government facilities your household consuming. How do you take the road facilities consuming by your household?

## **3. Niger**

- In your opinion, what are the three principal causes of household poverty?

- Lack of roads

## **4. Tanzania (LSMS+, 2018/2019)**

- How satisfied or dissatisfied would you say you are with your safety in transportation /on roads?

- (Agricultural questionnaire) Generally, did you transport [CROP] for sale?

- What is the average distance you transported [CROP] for sale?

How many times did you transport [CROP] for sale during the long rainy season?

## **5. Afghanistan (Male questionnaire)**

- How long did it take to reach the nearest permanent food market (one-way travel) by foot/animal, shared public transport/bus, private vehicle/taxi, bicycle in the past month?

- What was the cost of return transport to the permanent food market, including overnight accommodation if needed, in the past month?

- What is the cost of transporting 50 kg of wheat from the permanent food market to the community in the past month?

45
# **6. Armenia**

- How would you rate the quality of below-mentioned type of road/transport?

- Roads within your settlement or community

- Roads to regional towns or markets

- Buses, minivans, and any other available transportation services

- How many days in a typical month does someone in your household (including all members) use road transportation for the below-identified purposes, and how far do you travel?

- Buying fertilizers, seedlings, seeds, etc.

- Selling agricultural products or production

- Getting to working place outside of your community

- Other (specify)

- What kind of fuel do you consume for your car?

- Petrol

- Diesel oil

- Compressed gas

# **7. Bhutan**

- How often does your household use public transport (bus, taxi)?

- Never

- Almost everyday

- At least once a week

- At least once a month

- How would you qualify the following aspects of the public transport you are using?

# **8. Benin & Cameroon**

- Do you consider it is necessary that the following items are part of the minimum requirements to have a good living condition? `o` Being able to take the bus (or equivalent) to go to work

- Being able to take a taxi in case of necessity (emergency)

- Having a means of personal transport (motorcycle, bicycle)

# **9. Benin**

- What do you think represents threat to your personal safety or that of your children and to what extent?

- Motorcycle theft

- Car theft

46
# **10. Cameroon**

- Have you, in the past 6 months, been bothered in your accommodation by the noise from passers-by or neighboring transport networks (roads, airports, etc.)?

- What do you think are the three main causes of poverty?

- No road

- Is a railway line (within 200m) or an airport (within 1km) in the community?

# **11. The Gambia**

- Does this settlement have access to the following?

- Highway

- Feeder road

- Car park

- Petrol station

- Distance to main highway from this settlement?

- Who paid most of the cost of treatment including transport, medication etc.?

- (Crime and security) Over the last 5 years has any household member experienced any crime in the following? How many household members experienced the attack/crime last 5 years?

- When was the last attack/ crime?

How many times did this attack/crime occur last 5 years?

Compared to 5 years ago, what is the level of this kind of attack/crime in your neighborhood?

- Car/van/truck stolen

- Car vandalism

- Theft of car radio or items left in car

- Theft of motorcycle

- Theft of bicycle

# **12. Ghana**

- For how long is the road usually impassable during the year?

- What are the four major schooling challenges (from the point of view of the people) in this community?

# **13. Kenya**

- During the past 12 months, how many months was the main road passable by a car/van?

- During the past 12 months, how many months was the main road passable by a lorry/minibus?

47
`o` Lack of access roads/routes

# **14. Kyrgyz Republic**

- Did any of your household members apply for local or intercity passenger transport services over the past three months? (except for payment of education or health-related trips)

# **15. Lesotho**

- What is the main reason why [NAME] wants to change his/her current employment situation? `o` Far from house /No transport

- Is this road accessible to vehicles even during the rainy season?

- In the past month, how many times have you or any household member travelled on this road (by walking, by motorcycle, by minibus etc.)?

- What are the three main reasons why your household normally uses this road?

# **16. Sierra Leone**

- (Effects of conflict) What reason(s)stopped your household from returning?

- No transportation to return

48
RESPONDENT: HOUSEHOLD HEAD OR MOST INFORMED HOUSEHOLD MEMBER

|||sor)<br>|s<br>og|y|o|gy<br>0H)|0H)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|5||Have the member<br>ofthis household =<br>everused||Why have the member ofthis household never<br> jused _[FACILITY]..?<br>wD||How many monihs/<br>You or anyother th<br>memberusethisIF|years ago did<br>e household<br>ACILITY].2|Howdo you normally travel to this |How long does &<br>.[FACILITY]..?<br>take to travel from<br>Wa OT her°tths|How far<br>is tirom your<br>house to the<br>__JFACILITY]... your|
|=|||BAOQUALITYnnnennnnnnmnnnnnnnnnnnnneti|||hhh||
|=|||<br>DOESN'T KNOWANY<br>5||<br>IFTHIS MONTH|WRITEZERO IN|||
|||-<br>(5.03)<br>||vorruaeaem|| veaneanm||RUING HORSE<br>6||
|[or<br><br>|kindergarten<br><br> <br>|||||||
|<br>[02[<br><br><br>|Primaryschool<br><br><br>|**|**<br>||||||
|<br><br><br>|<br><br><br>|||||||
|04<br>|Scondaryco<br>||<br><br>||||||
|<br>[05<br><br>|<br> <br>|Vocaionalcenier<br><br><br>|<br><br>|<br>|<br>||||||
|<br>[06<br><br>|[PubicHospial<br><br><br>||<br>||||||
|<br><br> <br>|PubicHeamros<br> <br>||<br>||||||
|<br> <br><br><br>|<br><br><br><br>|||||||
|<br><br><br><br>|<br><br><br><br>|||||||
|<br><br><br><br><br><br>|<br><br><br><br><br><br>|||||||
|<br><br><br><br>||||||||
|<br><br><br><br> <br>|<br>|||||||
|<br> <br>|<br><br>|||||||
|<br> <br>14<br>|<br> <br>Posome<br><br>|||||||
|<br> <br>[15<br><br>|<br><br><br>BusTermnusisiop<br><br>||<br>|<br>||||||
|<br>[16<br>||VeterinaryFacity<br><br>|**|**<br><br>||||||
|<br>[17||Poicesiaion<br>||<br>|||||||
|||||CHS|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|||BEFORE MOV<br><br>|ING ON TO CH3<br><br><br>|TO EITHER QUESTION CH1 OR<br>|
|||.<br>Since 2013, have any ofthe community members ever<br>approached the village headman, other village leaders<br>or political leaders about expressing a need for [ITEM]<br>in the community?|:<br>=<br>=<br>|Since 2013, have the village headman or other village<br>|leader or political leaders organized the community<br>|members to discuss how to address a need for [ITEM]<br>in the community?|QUESTION CH2?|
|ITEM<br>|CODE<br>|¥ES..1<br>NO...2<br><br>|YES..1<br>NO...2<br>|¥YES..1<br>NO...2<br>>> NEXT ROW|
||||||
|<br><br>|||S<br>||
|ridge:Construction<br><br>|||R<br>|T<br>|
|<br>Ci<br>i<br><br>|<br><br>|i<br>ii|e|e|
||||||
|<br> <br>|<br>||||
|Maintenance/Improvement<br> <br>|||||
|<br><br>|||||
|<br><br>Secondary School:<br>|108<br>||||
||||||
|<br>Community Based Child Care Centers’ <br>Nursery: Construction<br>|<br> | 1081<br>||||
|fuerMantonancotmprovemont <br>Nursery: Maintenance/Improvement||[|f|f|
|<br>Health Center/Clinic/Dispensary:<br>Construction|<br>109<br>|<br>|<br>|<br>|
|a<br>Maintenance/Improvement<br>||ee|e|e|
|nc<br>Construction<br>|||<br>||
|erie<br>Maintenance/Improvement<br><br>||E<br>|||
|<br>Orphanage: Construction/<br>ftamennceimprovemont<br>|113<br><br>||||
|<br><br>Maintenance/Improvement<br>|<br><br>||||
|Public Transportation:<br>Intatonimprovement|115<br>||||
|<br>Agricultural/Fishery/ Livestock<br>Extension Services<br>|<br>116<br>||||
|ic <br>Improvement<br><br>|<br>||||
|<br>foien(Sper<br>a|<br>e||||
|al||CH4<br>members (besides village headman<br>and other local/political leaders) meet<br>to find ways to address the need for<br>[ITEM]?|CHS<br>VILLAGE HERDMRN.....----cccccccceeceed<br>GROUP VILLAGE HEADMAN......eeeeeeeesd<br>VILLAGE<br>DEVELOPMENT<br>COMMITTEE.......3<br>HEALTH COMMITTEE...<br>...eeeeeeee<br>AGRICULTURAL COOP/FARMERS'<br>GROUP....6<br>ASSIST.<br>AG.<br>EXTENSION<br>DEV.<br>OFFICER. .7<br>NGO/RELIGIOUS<br>OR<br>INTERNATIONAL ORG. .8|CH6<br>determining the steps thatwere<br>needed to be taken by the community<br>to address the need for [ITEM]?|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|||D||P|
||||||
||||||
|||a|a|a|
|||e||e|
|Maintenance/Improvement<br>||r<br>||r|
||||||
|<sup>School:</sup><br>|108<br>||||
|pianvonancsimprovem|ent||||
|Community Based Child Care Centers’ <br>Nursery: Construction<br>|| 1081||||
|Nursery: <sup>Maintenance/Improvement</sup>||es|ee||
|<br>Health Center/Clinic/Dispensary:<br>Construction|109||||
|Maintenance/Improvement|||||
|Construction<br>||G<br>||e<br><br>|
||||||
||||||
|Orphanage: Construction/<br>ftanenanceimpovem<br>Maize<br>|113<br>ent<br>|f<br>|||
|Mill: Construction!<br>|114<br>||||
||||||
|<br>Public Transportation:<br>|<br>115<br>||||
||||||
|<br>Agricultural/Fishery/ Livestock<br>|<br>116||||
|<br>Improvement|||||
|||L||L|
|||CH7<br>To address the ne<br>ee<br>|ed for [ITEM], did th<br><br>|e community...<br><br>||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|ITEM|CODE|Mobilize<br>ManpowerAmong<br>Community<br>Members<br>|Mobilize Financial <br>Resources<br>Among<br>Community<br>Members<br>||SubmitaProposal)<br>to be Funded<br>Through MASAF/<br>Local<br>Development<br>Fund (LDF)<br>|Seek Resources <br>Through the<br>Traditional<br>Authority<br>||Seek Resources |<br>Through the City/<br>District<br>Assembly /<br>Commissioner<br>|Seek Resources <br>Through the<br>Relevant<br>MP<br>|| Seek resources<br>through an<br>NGO/<br>Religious /<br>International<br>Organization<br>|Other (Specify)<br>|
|||a||||||||
|||a||||||||
|||<br>a<br>|<br>a <br>|<br>||||||
|||Se<br>|||||<br>e<br>|S S<br>|DE <br> <br>|CS<br> <br>|
|||e||||||<br>|<br>|
||||<br>|<br>|<br>|<br>|<br>|<br><br>|<br><br>|
|||a|a|||||||
|Secondary School:<br>Maintenance/Improvement|108|||||||||
|Community Based Child Care Centers’ <br>Nursery: Construction<br>|| 1081|||||||||
|Nursery:<br>Maintenance/Improvement||a|ee|es||||||
|Health Center/Clinic/Dispensary:<br>Construction<br>|109|||||||||
|Maintenance/Improvement<br>||||||||||
|||||||||||
|Maintenance/Improvement<br>||<br><br>|<br>|<br>|<br>|<br>|<br>|||
|Maintenance/Improvement<br>||a<br>||||||||
|Maintenance/Improvement||a||||||||
|Public Transportation:<br>Intatontmpoveme|115<br>nt|||||||||
|Agricultural/Fishery! Livestock<br>|116|||||||||
|||||||||||
|<br>Improvement||||||||||
|||||||||||
|||CH8|CH9|CH9_1||CH10|CH11|CH12|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||ENUMERATOR: DIDTHE<br>COMMUNITY TAKE ANY<br>ACTIONTOADDRESS<br>NEED FOR [ITEM], AS<br>REPORTED IN QUESTION) <br>ICH7,COLUMNSA<br>THROUGH I?<br>vES..1<br><br>||Was the need for [ITEM]addressed?<br>/READ RESPONSES<br> a.39ressed/Being<br>Addressed..........1<br>To be Addressed;<br>.<br>sesnense nur Nowa<br>Response Fencing. ..4 >>NEXT ROW<br><br>|Whatwas/willbe the source<br>funds for[ITEM]?<br>READ RESPONSES.LIST UP <br>ORDEROF IMPORTANCE.<br>MASAP.<br>ec ee eeeeeeee <br>District/City Assembly<br>ae GOVEINMENT.<br>e<br>Religious Organization<br>Community Fundraising.<br><br><br>|of the<br>TO3 IN<br>eee ed<br>...2<br>res3<br>/<br>...7<br><br>|Whatwas/will be the<br>total funding for[ITEM]?<br>INCLUDEALLSOURCES<br>FROM OUTSIDEAND<br>WITHINTHECOMMUNITY<br><br>|Whatwasiwillbe the — <br>|totalamount ofmoney<br>contributed by<br>|community members?<br>:<br> | |FNOMONEYWAS<br>RAISED, RECORDZERO<br>AND>>CH13.<br>||How were/will be<br>|the contributions<br>raised?<br>|READ<br>RESPONSES<br>other<br>|
|||s<br>|D<br>|Q<br><br>|||||
|||s<br>|D<br>|O<br>QOG<br><br>|s<br>|(<br>|O<br>|C<br>|
|||C|ee<br>|<br>eee<br><br><br>|eee<br><br>|e<br><br>|e<br>|e<br>|
|||F<br>|LL<br>rrrcrLLCLULUcLcLc<br>|<br><br><br>El<br>lL<br>|l<br>er<br>|Lc<br>|Er<br>rrLLcLCLc<br>|LlLrcrcr<br>LL<br>|
|Maintenance/Improvement<br>|||<br><br>|<br><br><br><br>||<br><br><br>|<br><br>||
|Secondary<br><br>|<br>|s<br>|D<br>|Q<br>ID <br>|D<br>|(|||
|<sup>School:</sup><br>fiamtenencsimprovene<br>|<br>Community|108<br>nt<br> <br>|P|||<br>|||||
|Based Child Care Centers’ | <br>Nursery: Construction<br>|<br> 1081|<br>||<br>|||||
|Nursery: Maintenance/Improvement||a||G|O||||
|Health Center/Clinic/Dispensary:<br>Construction|109||||||||
|Maintenance/Improvement<br>|||e<br>||||||
|Construction<br>||EE<br>rrrrrr—r—“<br>|—i‘“—iemLmLmMmC<br>|s—<=i~i—i“i<br>|“i‘“<br>|‘<‘<‘<‘“‘“<br>|‘“‘—iaS<br>|ECzC<br>|
|Maintenance/Improvement<br>||cE<br>|rrt—“i‘—si~i—sSsCs*s<br>|s*ts~s~s*s*s~s<br>|~s*s~<br>|~s~si<‘(‘<(Cs<br>|<br>i‘i‘<‘<‘<‘i‘<br>|i‘“‘SSC“<br>|
|Orphanage: Construction/<br>fiamenmoeinpowemenr<br>|113<br>||||||||
|<br>Maintenance/Improvement<br>||a<br>|||||||
|Initiation/Improvement||ee|es|Gse|s||||
|Agricultural/Fishery/ Livestock<br>Extension Services<br>|116|||<br>|||||
|Improvement||r<br>|rr<br><br>|err<br><br>|r<br>|rrr<br>|r<br>|c<br>|
|||e|e<br>a|a||<br>eeeee|<br>eeee|ee|
CH13 CH14 CH15 To address the need for [ITEM], did the community members... |\Who chose the members of the [ITEM] |Was the need for [ITEM]/ Is project committee? the need for [ITEM] gaing to be addressed without need ¥ES....1 for community action? NO... ad NO PROJECT COMMITIEE...1 VILLAGE RESIDENTS......2 VILLAGE ELDERS......0.2083 Serve in the project |Provide material Supply any other inGROUP VILLAGE HELDMAN..5 committee? input such as bricks |kind contribution? TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY. .6 and sand? SPECIFY OTHER (SPECIFY)........7 vES..1 Road Constuucton SSCs tr]<sup>CC*dC‘“‘;!TC*diLSCOC~“‘;SWTC*r!OCOC~C~C‘C;CSCTTC~dC</sup> SC TTC Road-Maintenance——SsS—=~“—~ir*OYECSC“‘CNSNCSC#CUSCNSC(‘NNNNNCYNLUNNNNNN’—SWd«‘iY)/)s—S———CC Bridge: Constucion oT C~<~dSS C~id SS SY ee TTTTTTTTTTCOCd Pamaty Schenk Constreeson 75s Maintenance/Improvement ooo ee Secondary Schoo Construction [o7[ OT CTC faanvenancotmprovementSecondary School: tf108 FP Community Based Child Care Centers/ | 1081 Nursery: Construction NursonyMantenacotmprovementNursery: Maintenance/Improvement | fF Health Center/Clinic/Dispensary: 109 Construction SaecoMaintenance/Improvement ee EeConstruction | Maintenance/Improvement OEE iOrphanage:tooConstruction/ El113 Eee Gea Con fiantenenvoimpovemontef | fisitenanceimpovementMaintenance/Improvement Ef | Initiation/Improvement fntatonimprvemenr fe Agricultural/Fishery/ Livestock 116 Extension Services es GreeImprovement Es | SS |S Cha lL ll ld ll
**Annex 8. ICP/COICOP Detailed Description of Transport Products or Services**

|**Transport product/service**|**Description of transport product / service**|
|---|---|
|Motor cars|Motor cars, passenger vans, station wagons, estate cars and the like<br>with either two-wheel drive or four-wheel drive; excludes invalid<br>carriages;camper vans; golf carts.|
|Motorcycles|Motorcycles of all types, scooters, and powered bicycles; includes<br>sidecars; snowmobiles; excludes invalid carriages;golf carts.|
|Bicycles|Bicycles and tricycles of all types; includes rickshaws; excludes toy<br>bicycles and tricycles.|
|Animal drawn vehicles|Animal drawn vehicles includes animals required to draw the vehicles<br>and related equipment (yokes, collars, harnesses, bridles, reins, etc.);<br>excludes horses and ponies, horse or pony-drawn vehicles and related<br>equipmentpurchased for recreationalpurposes.|
|Fuels and lubricants for<br>personal transport<br>equipment|Petrol and other fuels such as diesel, liquid petroleum gas, alcohol and<br>two-stroke mixtures; lubricants, brake and transmission fluids,<br>coolants and additives; includes fuel for recreational vehicles covered<br>under; excludes charges for oil changes andgreasing.|
|Maintenance and repair of<br>personal transport<br>equipment|Services purchased for the maintenance and repair of personal<br>transport equipment (fitting of parts and accessories, wheel balancing,<br>technical inspection, breakdown services, oil changes, greasing and<br>washing; includes total value of the service (both the cost of labor and<br>the cost of materials); excludes separate purchases of spare parts,<br>accessories or lubricants made by households with the intention of<br>undertaking the maintenance or repair themselves; roadworthiness<br>tests.|
|Other services in respect of<br>personal transport<br>equipment|Hire of garages or parking spaces not providing parking in connection<br>with the dwelling; toll facilities (bridges, tunnels, shuttle ferries,<br>motorways) and parking meters; driving lessons, driving tests and<br>driving licenses; roadworthiness tests; hire of personal transport<br>equipment without drivers; excludes hire of a car with driver; service<br>charges for insurance in respect ofpersonal transport equipment.|
|Passenger transport by<br>railway|Transport of individuals and groups of persons and luggage by train,<br>tram and underground; includes transport of private vehicles; excludes<br>funicular transport.|
|Passenger transport by<br>road|Transport of individuals and groups of persons and luggage by bus,<br>coach,taxi and hired car with driver.|
|Passenger transport by air|Transport of individuals and groups of persons and luggage by airplane<br>and helicopter.|
|Passenger transport by sea<br>and inland waterway|Transport of individuals and groups of persons and luggage by ship,<br>boat, ferry, hovercraft, and hydrofoil; includes transport of private<br>vehicles.|

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|Combined passenger<br>transport|Transport of individuals and groups of persons and luggage by two or<br>more modes of transport when the expenditure cannot be<br>apportioned between them; includes transport of private vehicles;<br>excludes package holidays.|
|---|---|
|Other purchase transport<br>services|Funicular, cable-car, and chairlift transport; removal and storage<br>services; services of porters and left-luggage and luggage-forwarding<br>offices; travel agents' commissions, if separately priced; excludes<br>cable-car and chairlift transport at ski resorts and holidaycenters.|

**Annex 9. Countries and Data Availability of the Ownership Variables in SSAPOV Collection**

|**Country**|**Survey year**|**Car**|**Motorcycle**|**Bicycle**|**Oxcart**|**Boat**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Angola|2018|X|X|X|X|X|
|Benin|2015|X|X|X|X|X|
|Burkina Faso|2014|X|X|X|||
|Burundi|2013|X|X|X|X|X|
|Cabo Verde|2015|X|X|||X|
|Cameroon|2014|X|X|X|X||
|Comoros|2013|X|X|X|||
|Congo,Dem. Rep.|2012|X|X|X|X|X|
|Congo,Rep.|2011|X|X|X|||
|Eswatini|2016|X|X|X|||
|Ethiopia|2015|X|X|X|X||
|Gabon|2017|X|X|X|||
|Gambia|2015|X|X|X|X|X|
|Ghana|2016|X|X|X|X|X|
|Guinea-Bissau|2010|X|X|X|||
|Lesotho|2017|X|X|X|X||
|Liberia|2016|X|X|X|||
|Madagascar|2012|X||X|X||
|Malawi|2016|X|X|X|X||
|Mali|2009|X|X|X|X|X|
|Mauritania|2014|X|||X|X|
|Mauritius|2017|X|X||||
|Mozambique|2014|X|X|X|X||
|Namibia|2015|X|X|X|X|X|
|Niger|2014|X|X|X|X||
|Nigeria|2015|X|X|X|||
|Rwanda|2016|X|X|X|||
|Senegal|2011|X|X|X|X|X|
|Sierra Leone|2011|X|X|X|||

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# Section 18: Transport Services and Road Infrastructure

<!-- Start of picture text --> SER. Do you have a [.......] What is the commonest mode | How long does it take you to Is the road usable all the What is the distance Why was the road<br>NO. in your community? of transport used to reach the | travel to the nearest [ROAD]? year round? from your household to | unusable?<br>nearest [ROAD]? an all year usable road<br>1=Bad weather<br>1=Yes 1= Walking 1=Yes 2=Bad terrain<br>2=No (>>NEXT 2= Taxi (car) 2=No (>>6) 3=Potholes<br>ROAD) 3= Boda-boda (if yes in qn 5) 4=Poor drainage<br>4= Bus/minibus 5=Bushy roads<br>5= Motorcycle 6=Insecurity<br>6= Bicycle 8=Other (specify)<br>T= Boat TIME IN MINUTES<br>8= Other (Specify) KILOMETERS<br>eeGr GS GS Sd,<br>Fa<br>What is Roadthe distance from | What type of road is this public AWas [ACTIVITY] affected by How was [ACTIVITY] affected?<br>your household to the transportation point/stage? HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITY your local road conditions?<br>nearest public transport INTERVIEWER: IF NEGATIVELY,<br>point/stage? 1=Yes PROBE FOR SEVERITY.<br>1= Trunk road (Tarmac) 2=No (>>NEXT ACTIVITY)<br>2= Trunk road (Murram) 1=Made it easier<br>3= District/feeder road 2=Did not affect much<br>4= Community Access Road 3=Made it a little more difficult<br>8=Other (specify) 4=Made it much more difficult<br>KILOMETERS 5=Made it impossible / almost impossible<br>tt<br>a i OO<br>a<br>education, etc.<br>END TIME | T ts] fT ones? es<br><!-- End of picture text -->
<!-- Start of picture text --> SECTION 5A:Infrastructure (roads/bridges/culverts) availability and condition<br>Type of road/bridge/culvert Does this sub- What is the total INTERVIEWER: IS THIS What is the current state of | In your opinion, what is the main reason for<br>county have any length of [ROAD] NUMBER BASED ON the [ROADS}/bridges? the poor roads?<br>COMPLETE COLUMN 5 [ROAD]? within sub-county RECORDS OR SUB-COUNTY<br>BEFORE MOVING ON TO (km)? CHIEF ESTIMATIONS? 1=Good (>>NEXT) 1=Bad weather<br>FOLLOW UP QUESTIONS 1=Yes 2=Usable (>>NEXT) 2=Lack of equipment<br>2=No (>>NEXT (FOR BRIDGES/ 1=Based on written records 3=Poor 3=Poor maintenance<br>ROAD) CULVERTS 2=Based on respondent 4=Lack of engineers<br>Re SsGGRECORD NUMBER) estimation 8=Other<br>[3 [Feeders PP<br>[4 [communiyroats ff ee<br><!-- End of picture text -->

|SECTION 5A:Infrastructure|(roads/bridges/culve|rts) availabilityand c|ondition|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Type ofroad/bridge/culvert<br>COMPLETE COLUMN 5<br>BEFOREMOVING ON TO<br>FOLLOWUP QUESTIONS<br>|Does this sub-<br>county have any<br>[ROAD]?<br>1=Yes<br>2=No (>>NEXT<br>ROAD)<br>|What is the total<br>length of [ROAD]<br>within sub-county<br>(km)?<br>(FOR BRIDGES/<br>CULVERTS<br> <br>|INTERVIEWE<br>NUMBER BA<br>RECORDS O<br>CHIEFESTIM<br>1=Based on w<br>2=Based on r<br>|R: IS THIS<br>SED ON<br>R SUB-COUN<br>ATIONS?<br>ritten records<br>espondent|What is the current st<br>the [ROADS}/bridges?<br>TY<br>1=Good (>>NEXT)<br>2=Usable (>>NEXT)<br>3=Poor|ate of | In youropinion, what is the m<br><br>the poor roads?<br>1=Bad weather<br>2=Lack ofequipment<br>3=Poor maintenance<br>4=Lack ofengineers<br>|ain reason for|
|ReSs|G|RECORDNUMBER)<br>G|estimation|||8=Other||
|[3[Feeders<br>|PP<br>|||||||
|<br>[4[communiyroats|ff|ee||||||
|<br>SECTION 5B<br>: Maintenance a|<br>nd Repair of Infrast<br>|<br>ructure<br>||||||
|FOR THOSEROADS<br>INDICATEDINCOLUMN5|Who is the<br>responsible for<br>maintaining<br>[ROAD)/bridge?<br>A=Sub-county<br>B=District<br>C= Ministryof<br>Works (>> NEXT<br>ROAD)<br>D=Other|Number ofkm of <br>[ROAD]<br>maintained<br>(KM<br>EXECUTED)<br>(FOR BRIDGES/ <br>CULVERTS<br>RECORD<br>NUMBER)|| Do you<br>contract<br>maintenance | <br>of[ROAD] to |<br>the private<br>sector?<br>| 1=Yes<br>2=No|Howdo you <br>rate the<br> quality of<br> work for<br>[ROAD]?<br>1=Good<br>2=Average <br>3=Poor|| What is the frequency of<br>repairs for [ROAD]?<br>1=Routine-manual<br>2=Routine-mechanized<br>3=Regular-manual<br>4=Regular-mechanized<br>| 8=Other<br>(specify)|Have there<br>Whatis the length <br>been anynew | in km of[ROAD]<br>[ROAD]<br>constructed?<br>constructed in<br>sub-county in<br>(FORBRIDGES/<br>the last2<br>CULVERTS<br>years?<br>RECORD<br>NUMBER)<br>1=Yes<br>2=No (>>17)<br>[>>18]|| What are the<br>reasons?<br>1=No need<br>2=Lack offunds<br>3=Lack of<br>equipment<br>4=Insecurity<br>8=Other<br>(specify)|
|||tt|t|t|ta<br>t|t8t|t|
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|SECTION 5C<br>: Funding for ma|intenance of Roads|/Bridges/Culverts||SECTI|ON 5D: Constraints faced in|the Maintenance and Repairs of Ro|ads|
|Category of road|On average, How muc<br>|h<br>How much was<br>|Were the funds<br>|||RANKUP TO 3<br>How has the <br><br>|situation changed in the|
|FOR THOSEROADS INDICATED<br>INCOLUMN5|was required to<br>maintain [ROAD] in th<br>lastfinancialyear?<br>SHILLINGS|actually released to<br>e<br>maintain [ROAD] in the<br>lastfinancialyear?<br>SHILLINGS|that you<br>requested for<br>received in<br>time?<br>1=Yes<br>2=No|Whatare<br>repairofW<br>P<br>(Do notr|-<br>-<br>the MAJOR constraints facedbyitis<br>y!ds?<br>eadout these factors torespondent|SOURCES BY<br>last2 years?<br>IMPORTANCE<br>1=Mostserious<br>1=Improved<br>2**=**2"mostserious<br>2**=**Same<br>3 3” most serious<br>3 Worsened<br>)||
||||1=Yes<br>|||||
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<!-- Start of picture text --> SECTION 5B : Maintenance and Repair of Infrastructure<br>Who is the Number of km of | Do you How do you | What is the frequency of Have there Whatis the length | What are the<br>responsible for [ROAD] contract rate the repairs for [ROAD]? been any new | in km of [ROAD] reasons?<br>maintaining maintained maintenance | quality of [ROAD] constructed?<br>FOR THOSE ROADS [ROAD)/bridge? of [ROAD] to | work for 1=Routine-manual constructed in 1=No need<br>INDICATED IN COLUMN 5 (KM the private [ROAD]? 2=Routine-mechanized sub-county in (FOR BRIDGES/ 2=Lack of funds<br>A=Sub-county EXECUTED) sector? 3=Regular-manual the last 2 CULVERTS 3=Lack of<br>B=District 1=Good 4=Regular-mechanized years? RECORD equipment<br>C= Ministry of (FOR BRIDGES/ | 1=Yes 2=Average | 8=Other (specify) NUMBER) 4=Insecurity<br>Works (>> NEXT CULVERTS 2=No 3=Poor 1=Yes 8=Other<br>ROAD) RECORD 2=No (>>17) [>>18] (specify)<br>D=Other NUMBER)<br>Pttt tt ta tt 8 tt<br>Trunkroads (Tarmac) fF ee fi<br>eS TT<br>SECTION 5C : Funding for maintenance of Roads/Bridges/Culverts SECTION 5D: Constraints faced in the Maintenance and Repairs of Roads<br>Category of road On average, How much How much was Were the funds RANK UP TO 3 How has the situation changed in the<br>was required to actually released to that you SOURCES BY last 2 years?<br>FORIN COLUMNTHOSE 5 ROADS INDICATED maintainlast financial[ROAD] year?in the maintainlast financial[ROAD] year?in the requestedreceived infor What arethe MAJOR constraints- faced by itis- IMPORTANCE1=Most serious 1=Improved<br>SHILLINGS time?1=Yes repairP of Wy!ds? 23 = 3”2" mostmost seriousserious 23 = WorsenedSame<br>SHILLINGS 2=No (Do not read out these factors to respondent)<br>1=Yes<br>CC a ><.<br>[a [Tninkroads (Tama) | —SSSSC~dTSSSSSSCSC~dC S| | Detayedremittonce otunes |<br>———SS«dT~SSTM~C~SsS~—‘i<br>[2 [Tnnk roads uram | 12 | 2 tnadequate tects |CdTSSCSCSCSCS<br>[3 [Feederroass ST SSCSCSC~iSC“‘SS CSC*dSSC“‘“‘;SSCC~*'<br>[4 Cd tT | CLS J tnadequatestaf SS ESSCSC~sSCSC“C*‘“CSCSC~C~C~SCSCSY<br>[5 [ Communityroadsendgesicutver crossings |Pt+i | 1 2 | [_8 | tackofpeopesinterestWide roadnetwork |PPSSSSCSC~C~iSSCS<br>[6 | inadequatetunang S| SSSSCSC~d SSCS<br>a<br>[9 otter<br><!-- End of picture text -->