metadata: authors: 0: author: Filmer,Deon P.
count: World
docna: 0: docna: Estimating the world at work
docty: Policy Research Working Paper
subtopic: Labor & Employment Law,Labor Markets,Food Security,Employment and Unemployment,Rural Labor Markets
teratopic: Health, Nutrition and Population
abstracts: cdata!: Addressing the question, "What is
            the work status of the world's working-age population
            and subgroups thereof?" The author gathers data for
            many countries and infers data where it is missing (which
            requires making "heroic assumptions"). The results
            are of course only as good as the data are representative
            and accurate. Data are least reliable for sub-Saharan
            Africa. The high-income group is dominated (in population)
            by the United States, Germany, and Japan, which account for
            58 percent of that group's working-age population. The
            middle-income group is dominated by Indonesia, the Russian
            Federation, and Brazil, which account for 40 percent of that
            group's working-age population. The low-income group is
            dominated by China and India, which account for 70 percent
            of that group's working-age population. Among other
            things, the author's charts and tables show the
            breakdown on working-age employment - in services, industry,
            agriculture - and unemployment in various parts of the world.
repnme: repnme: Estimating the world at work
display_title: Estimating the world at work
listing_relative_url: /research/1995/07/697197/estimating-world-work
topicv3: Agriculture and Food Security m1326205 435,Labor Markets m1326488 855,Wage Employment m1504005 2703,Unemployment m1504051 2747,Working Age Population m1504053 2749
publishtoextweb_dt: 2010-07-01T00:00:00Z
historic_topic: Health, Nutrition and Population
origu: Off of Sr VP Dev Econ/Chief Econ (DECVP)
no_of_pages: 48
author_keys: 0: author_key: 97345
model_extractions: **Acy** RFSFARCH WORKING PAiFR 14W8

# Summary findings

Addressing the **question,** 'What is th, work **stattis** of the w,,!orld's workiing-age populatioi and stbgr **ups** tlercof h Filmer gathers data for many countries anti infers dara where it is missing (which requires making 'heroic assumptions"). The results are of couirse onily as good as the data are representative and accurate. Data are least reliable for Sub-Saharan Africa.

The high-inconme grout is dominated (in population) bv the lUniited States, Germany, and Japan, which account for 58 percent of i hat grotip's work ing-age population.

1T1c middli-incomei groLup is dominated by Indonesia, til Ru5 sian Federatio)n, and Brazil. whiich. account for 40 percent of that grouip's working-age population.

The low-inconme grouip is dominated 1y China and India. which account for 70 percelt of that group's workinig-page population.

Aniong (othetr things, Filnlert' charts and tables show the breakdown on wvor ;king-age erriplomnient -in ,ertvices, indlstry, agriculture -- and uinemiiploymient in varioujs parts of the world.

Thispaper-aproduct of the OfficeoftheViccPresident, Deveiopment Economics--waspre paredasabackground paper for _World Development Report_ 1995 on labor. Copies of this paper are available free from the World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433. Please contact Michael Geller. oo0m T7-(079, telephone 202-473 1 39.3, fax 202-676-0652, internet address M FLLFRf\aVORLD)BANK.OR(, ( 2 pages). jul y _1995._

> _The Policy Research Working P'aper .S,erics d-ssenzinates the findings ot fwork_ **_in_** _progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objectivie /the cet- s_ **_is_** _t -get the findings_ **_iust_** _quicrkli. even i/tlJhe p7esentations are less t/an fully polished. The papers tarry the_ **_names_** _of the_ **_author s and_** _should be used and_ **_citedt_** _at_ **_ordingly._** _The fitndinigs._ **_interpretations,_** _and c_ **_onc_** _luisions are ft'e authors' own and should not he_ **_attributed._** _to the Worid Bank., its ILxeC_ **_i.it_** _B1/aid (,I )ireftors. or_ **_ny,i_** _of its_ **_niernher_** _countries._

**IPrOdUced** bsv tIlc Prdicv Rejrdareh l)Iv, -iisv'.iton Center
# Estimating the World at Work

## Deon Filmer I

Background paper to the 1995 World Development Report: Workers in an Integrating World.

'I would like to thank David Lindauer and Michael 'Walton for valuable comments and suggestions at various stages of this project.
# 1. Introduction

What is the employment status of the world's population? It is this simple question that this paper attempts to answer. By gathering data for many countries and inferring data for countries with missing data, this paper describes the work status of the working age population for the world, and various subgroups thereof. In order to describe the characteristics of the word's working age population one needs make some heroic assumptions about the mapping between available and unavailable data, and the way these aggregate into various country groupings. This paper documents the data, assumptions and methods used to estimate the "World at Work" numbers presented in the _World Development Report 1995: WZorkers inz an Integrating World_ [World Bank 1995].

First, a preliminary note on methodology: The goal is to estimate numbers for the working age population, and shares of the working age population out of the labor force, unemployed, in wage employment and nonwage employment in agriculture, industry, and services for the world, and various income and regional groupings. Clearly there are several ways of doing this. The strategy used here is twofold. First, get global estimates for the three World Bank income classifications (low-, middle-, and high-income countries) and aggregate these into estimates for the world. Second, for each geographic region, estimate the share of the working age population that falls into each category.

In order to aggregate, data on the _shares_ for countries with available data are taken as representative of their income group or region and the weighted average share is projected onto the population data for the group or region. As the distinctions between employment status categories become finer (for example from the share in agriculture to the share of 1
agriculture in wage employment), data become more scarce. In order to maximize the data that enter into each calculation, the estimates are made in a sequential way. So for each income group or region: First, aggregate population data to get group totals. Second, estimate the share of the working age population that is in the labor force. Third, estimate the share in the labor force that is unemployed. Fourth, estimate the share of the work force that is in each sector. Fifth, within each sector, estimate the share that is in wage employment. The following section describes these steps in more detail.

# 2. Methodology

## 2.1. The working age population and activity rates

Population data for 1995 are obtained from age specific population estimates from the ILO. These are ILO updates to the data presented in the _ILO Estimates and Projections 1950-2025_ [ILO 1986]2 and are the latest available as of December 1994. The working age population for each country is calculated as the total population minus ages 0-14, and ages 65 and over. The labor force (ages 15-64) is calculated as the sum of the Economically Active Population for each age group between 15 and 64. These are derived by ILO from age-specific estimates of activity rates which are reported in _ILO Estimates and Projections 1950-2025._ Country level data for working age population, labor force (ages 15-64) and activity rates are given in Table 1. Activity rates are calculated as the share of the working age population that is economically active.

Defining who is economically active is not an uncontroversial task. Typically, women who 2According to personal communication with someone at the ILO, the "updated" nature of the data is new population estimates from the United Nations.

2
are not engaged in farm labor or wage employment are not classified as being economically active. Futhermore, inclusion in the economically active group, especially for women, varies across countries. In the _ILO Estimates and Projections 1950-2025,_ a working definition of the economically active is used which consists of the following:

[...] including among the economically active population all persons who contribute to the supply of labour for the production of goods and services, i.e. all persons in employment (employers, own-account workers, salaried employees, wage earners, unpaid family workers, members of producer co-operatives and members of the armed forces), as well as all the unemployed (both those woth previous job experience and those seeking work for the forst time). It should be noted that this definition of the economically active population is the one adopted in 1954 by the Eighth International Conference of Labour Statisticians (OCLS). A new definition of the economically active population and its componants (employment and unemployment) was adopted by the 13th ICLS in 1982. It was not possible to take account of the new definition in the present edition, data in accordance with the new definition not yet being available.[ILO 1986] In estimating the _World at Work,_ group specific estimates of the working age population are calculated as the sum over countries in each income group or region, using the groups defined in _1995 World Development Indicators_ [World Bank 19951. Group specific activity rates are calculated as the weighted mean of country specific participation rates. The weights used are the size of the working age population in 1995.

# 2.2. Unemployment

Cross-country comparability of unemployment statistics is not guaranteed (even within the OECD [OECD 1994 p. 6]). However, for present purposes, they are treated as equivalently defined shares of the labor force that is unemployed. There are several main sources for the data used here. First. a labor statistics database under construction [Topel, Levy and 3
Rama 1994] reports a set of unemployment figures for many countries around the world. Some of the data reported are relatively old, and some are not credible (for example 9.45% for India in 1986 or 0.09% for Nigeria in 1986) hence these data are supplemented from other sources. Second, the OECD's _Employment Outlook_ [OECD 1994] reports estimates of 1995 unemployment rates for OECD countries (excluding Mexico). Third, the ILO's 1994 _World Labor Report_ [ILO 94] reports 1991 unemployment rate estimates for many countries. Fourth, the EBRD's _Transition Report_ [EBRD 1994] estimates are used for the countries of the former Soviet Union except for the Russian Federation. Fifth, country publications or WVorld Bank sources are used in special cases for data which are still missing, old, or not credible. These are described below.

- **2.2.1.** Special cases:

- Country statistical publications are used for Bangladesh [Bangladesh 1992], India [India 1992].

- l A staff estimate is used for the Russian Federation.

- For South Africa, an estimate based on the _Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development_ data is used.

- For Ghana, an estimate based on the _Ghana Living Standards Survey 1988-89_ is used.

- For Nigeria, an estimate reported in _Adjustment in Africa: Case Studies_ [Faruqee 1994] is used.

4
Where there is more than one observation. on unemployment for a particular country, only the latest date is used. The unemployment data used in the group aggregations and the size of the working age population used for weighting are presented Table 2'.

# 2.3. The sectoral distribution **of** the work **force**

Sectoral distribution data are also compiled from a variety of sources. First, and most importantly, is the ILO's _Yearbook of Labor Statistics_ data. Data from Table 2-A of the Yearbook -which reports census survey, labor force survey, household survey, and official estimates- was downloaded from the World Bank's BESD on-line database. Only the last observation in the 1980-93 period is used for each country. The data give the number of workers in each of 10 industry categories which are aggregated as follows:

## * Agriculture: Agriculture

- Industry: Mining and Quarrying; Manufacturing; Gas, Electricity and WN'ater; Construction

- Services: Trade; Transport; Banking; Commercial Services; Not Adequately Defined or Described

Second, these data supplemented with ILO estimates for the distribution of the wvork force across the three sectors in 1990 for a variety of countries in all regions except Latin America and the Caribbean<sup>4</sup> - these are recent (current as of May 1995) estimates for 1990.

> 31n Table 2 there are several countries in East and Central Asia (marked with an asterisk) with working age population data not present in Table 1 . These data are derived from a recent update from the ILO which reports decennial population estimates until 1990 for these new countries. A 1995 projection is made by applying the 1980-90 annual average growth rate of the working age population to the 1990 size of the working age population.

> 4 Estimates dor Latin America and the Caribbean are said to be forthcoming.

5
Third, sectoral distribution data as reported in the ILO's _Wlorld Labor Report_ [ILO 1994] are used. Fourth, country statistical publications are used for China [China 1993a, 1993b], Bangladesh [Bangladesh 19921, India [India 1992], Indonesia [Indonesia 1993]. Where there is more than one observation for a particular country, only the latest date is used<sup>5</sup> .

The share of the work force in each sector is then averaged by income group or region using the 1995 working age population as the weight. The data used in these aggregations are given in Table 3 (see previous section for note on new countries in Europe and Central Asia).

# 2.4. Status of workers within sectors

When there is a breakdown of workers by status, the breakdown is usually as follows

- Employers and own-account workers

# D Employees

- Unpaid family workers

- Not classifiable by status

Within each aggregated sector (agriculture, industry, services), the share of workers that are reported as employees is treated as the share that is in wage employment. The residual is the share that in is nonwage employment. Since actual data on the share of each sector that is in wage employment is only available for a relatively small sample of countries, a simple statistical model is used to estimate data where they are missing.

'Except for Bangladesh, where Labor Force survey data for 1989 are used over 1990 ILO estimates.

6
Actual data on the share of each sector in wage employment is combined with GNP per capita data as reported in the _1994 World Development Indicators_ [World Bank 1994] as well as with population data from the same source. Predicted values from simple OLS regressions of the share of each sector in wage employment on the log of GNP per capita, its square, log of the size of the population, its square, as well as a set of regional dummies are used as estimates of the shares. In order to capture the reliability of the GNP and population data, a dummy equal to one if the data come from the Table la of the World Development indicators is also included. Results from these regressions are presented in Table 4a.

The share of each sector in wage employment is then averaged by income group and by region using the 1995 working age population as the weight. The source data for these aggregations are given in Table 4b.

# 3. The world at work

## **3.1. A** note of caution

In interpreting the results of this estimation exercise, one must use a certain degree of caution. The group statistics are only valid up to the representativeness and accuracy of the underlying data. Given that the primary purpose of this exercise is to estimate the numbers for the world and for the income groups, it is these groups that are focused on. The aggregate income group statistics are driven by a few very large countries: The high-income group is dominated (in terms of population) by the United States, Japan and Germany which account for 58% of the group's working age population. The middle-income group is dominated by Indonesia, the Russian Federation, and Brazil which account for 40% of the group's working 7
age population. The low-income group is domninated by China and India which account for 70% of the group's working age population. Reliable and recent data were sought out for these countries, and the group aggregates (especially when wage and nonwage work are aggregated) are robust to the inclusion and non-inclusion of many of the other countries in each group.

Regional statistics are also dominated by a few large countries. Again, reliable data were sought for the largest in each group and when wage and nonwage work are aggregated, the source data are fairly representative. Data on the status of workers is hard to obtain, and was predicted for many countries<sup>6</sup> (see Table 4b). In addition, the reliability of some of these data is questionable. These problems are particularly important for the Sub-Saharan African group.

In interpreting the results, care must also be taken as to which countries are included and excluded from each group or region. Two issues are of note here. First, from the _1994_ to the _1995 World Development Indicators_ [World Bank 1994, 1995] classifications, Indonesia changed from a low-income economy to a middle-income economy. The size of Indonesia's population makes the results (particularly those for middle-income economies) sensitive to this change in classification. Second, the high-income OECD regional group does not consist of all the .OECD economies. Greece, Mexico, Portugal, and Turkey are excluded. So, for example, the number of unemployed persons in the high-income OECD group is estimated at 30.9 million. If Greece, Portugal, and Turkey are included in the group, the estimated number of unemployed pepsons would be 35.3 million. This compares to a projection for 6None of the results are qualitatively effected when only actual data are used in caculating group aggregates.

8
1995 of 34.7 million in the OECD's _Employmrent Outlook_ [OECD 1994].

# **3.2.** Results

Table 5 - A presents the aggregated data. The totals (and averages) of the working age population, the unemployment rates, the sectoral shares and the within sector shares in wage employment are the only data input. All the other data Tables 5-A through 5-F are derived from these. World totals are aggregated from the estimates for low-, middle-, and high-income economies.

For ease of use, Tables 5-B through 5-F present the estimates in various forms: Table 5 - B presents the estimated number of individuals in each category.

- Table 5 - C presents the share in each category as a percentage of the working age population in each income group or region.

- Table 5 - D presents the share in each category as a percentage of the labor force in each income group or region.

- Table 5 - E presents the share in each category as a percentage of the world's working age population

Table 5 - F presents the share in each category as a percentage of the world's labor force.

Figures 1 through 7 present these data in graphical form 9
# 4. References

Bangladesh, Bureau of Statistics. 1992. _Report on Labour Force Survey 1989._ Dhaka.

China.1993a. _Chinese Social Statistics 1993_ China.1993b. _Chinese Yearbook of Labor Statistics 1993._ European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. 1994. _Transition Report 1994._ London.

Indonesia, Biro Pusat Statistik. 1993. _Labor force situation in Indonesia:. May 1993._ Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics. Jakarta.

Nigeria, Federal Office of Statistics. 1991. _Annual Abstract of Statistics 1991._ Lagos.

ILO. 1986. _Estimates and projections 1950-2025._ Geneva.

ILO. 1994. _World labor report 1994._ Geneva.

ILO various years. _Yearbook of Labor Statistics._ Geneva.

- Faruqee, Rashid. 1994. "Nigeria: ownership abandoned", in _Adjustment in Africa: Lessons_

- _from case studies,_ Ishrat Husain and Rashid Hussain eds. The World Bank. Washington.

- India, National Sample Survey Organization. 1992. _Tables with notes on fifth annual survey_

-

- _on consumer expenditure and employment and unemployment NSS 47th round (July-_

_December 1991),_ Government of India. New Delhi.

10
OECD. July 1994. _Employment outlook._ Paris.

Topel, Robert, Anat Levy and Martin Rama. 1992. _A labor market cross-country database._ Paper prepared for the conference on Labor Markets in Developing Countries, held at the World Bank on July 6-8, 1994. Mimeo. Washington, D.C.

World Bank. 1994. _World Development Report 1994: Infrastructure for Development._ Oxford University Press. Washington, D.C.

World Bank. 1995. _World Development Report 1995: WVorkers in an Integrating World._ Oxford University Press. Washington, D.C.

11
Figure 1 The world at work: The distribution of the working-age population by income group <!-- Start of picture text --> High income economies<br>working-age population 547 milion<br>workers in services<br>inemploVed<br>42% 6% -<br>n _ | not in labor force<br>workers in industry workers in agriculture 30%<br>19% 3%<br>Middle income econonies<br>working-age population 1031 million<br>workers in services unernployeo4%<br>25%<br>not in labor force<br>36%<br>workers in industry<br>16%<br>wvorkers in agriculture<br>18%<br>Low income economies<br>working-age population 1963 million<br>unemployed<br>workers in services 2% not in labor force<br>workers in industry<br>11%<br>workers in agriculture<br>44%<br><!-- End of picture text -->

12
# Figure 2

The distribution of the world's labor force by sector <!-- Start of picture text --> Agriculture 7 188- 3*<br>* Low income<br>economies<br>Services 228 260 U Z ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~econonmies Middle income<br>O High income<br>economies<br>Industry 104 164<br>Unemployed 32 45 43<br>0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200<br>Number of workers (in millions)<br><!-- End of picture text --> 13
# Figure 3

The distribution of the world's labor force by income group <!-- Start of picture text --> I<br>Lowincomeeconomies 43 211 312<br>* Agculture<br>D Scrvices<br>Middle income economies 4614 260 1i E<br>I Unemployed<br>High income economies 32 104 228 17<br>0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600<br>Number of workers (in millions)<br><!-- End of picture text --> 14
<!-- Start of picture text --> _________________ _Figure 4: Distribution of the working-age population by region<br>Fast AsM and Pacific (working-age populationi 1175 Europe and Central Asia (%%orking-age population 324 Latin America and Caribbean (working-age population<br>million) million) 294 million)<br>ViLcs tinciniplnyed niot in laIor ser ices uneniployed notinlabor unemployed not in alaor<br>I 9%;, 2% rorce 28° 6% Ibre firce<br>;~~~~~~~~~~~~8 ° 28 66' 0,1 44<br>d(l;lrs 0 1 ) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iind u s r<br>agiculture indiotry agriculture 1 4 agiculture<br>46% 24° 164 |2%<br>-I<br>Sliddle Fast anid Nirtilh Afiic a (w%orkinig-ige population I O.E.C.D. (sorking-age population 53 1 million) _ _ _ _ __ South __ Asia ______ (workinig-age population 744 __ _____ million) _-_<br>155 million)<br>unemploed not in labor senlces unemployed iiot in labor<br>cer C: uel 42°o 6°o force industry 13°% 2% force<br>10%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3'<br>ariL-lbr-.,,,,,i,,. Ilture<br>I co f4orc;e m idustry 3 agriculture b<br>6n O ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- - - - - - -- -- .<br>Maib-Saliarairl Africa (wAorkinig-age 1/. o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. population 31 4n~LOi ... .....- . iaiioor<br>rs sets - -xices ~~~~~~~~~~. unemployed ..... ......... l;rce<br>41%17°% 4°b 32°'%<br>agriculture~ ~ ~ ~~~~~frc inus 315rcltr<br>41°b |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9<br><!-- End of picture text -->
# Figure 5: Labor force by sector in different regions

<!-- Start of picture text --> East Asia and Pacific<br>a_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. :..:.....:... .. .. ........<br>_11111 I | 1 111111 0' :~~~.. ....... .:'..::<br>SoUth Asia l_ll-!l - EF:...f<br>. _ i~~~ ...... IL._<br>Europe and Central Asia .. .... ....<br>El Workeit- in services<br>(millions)<br>Su .ESa Africa Ca.Dn o Workers in industry<br>(millions)<br>......... .. > W orkers in<br>Latin America and Caribbean aLgriculture (millions)<br>* Unemployed<br>(millions)<br>Middle East and North Africa<br>0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 900 900 1000<br><!-- End of picture text -->

16
Figure 6: Distribution of the labor force (ages 15-64) by region <!-- Start of picture text --> Sub-Saharan Africa 7 ....<br>(labor force 214 million) . ..<br>South Asia<br>(labor force 440 million)... . ..<br>East Asqi a nd Pacific...<br>(labor force 963 million)<br>Middle East and North Africa<br>2<br>(labor force SO million) U<br>Europe and Central Asia<br>3<br>(labor force 239 million) 00<br>Latin America and Cari'bbean . .....<br>(labor force 166 million) V<br>O.E C.D. 2<br>(labor force 372 million)<br>0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100<br>1 7<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> U Workers in<br>* services(%<br>Work erq in<br>industry<br>U Workers in<br>arcltr306<br>* Unemployed (3⁄4)<br><!-- End of picture text -->
Figure 7: Distribution of the labor force (ages 15-64) by region <!-- Start of picture text --> Sub-Saharan Africa<br>(labor force 214 million)<br>|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . 1 ..................<br>South Asia - .:.g8..... .--<br>(labor force 440 million) . Non-.age<br>....... ~~~~~~~~~~services()<br>..... .. 0 Wage services1<br>Eadt Asia and Pacific 312<br>(labor force 963 million) ;Non-wage<br>industry()<br>C3 Wage industry<br>Middle EaSt .nd North Africa (3⁄4)<br>(labor force 80 million) 0 Non-wage<br>........... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~agriculture (91)<br>* Wage<br>Furope and CntralAi agriculture(O)<br>(labor force 2~39 million)8Uepoe<br>Lalin America and Caribbean _ 3 9<br>(labor force 166 million)<br>O.E.C.D. .....<br>(labor force 372 million) 3<br>0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100<br>18<br><!-- End of picture text -->
Table 1: Labor supply estimates for 1995

||Working age<br>population<br>in 1995<br>(thousands)|Labor force<br>ages 15-64<br>in 1995<br>(thousands)|Labor force<br>participation rate<br>in 1995<br>(N<br>|Income<br>group<br>___|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|East Asia and the Pacific|||||
|Guam|95|53|55.S|middle|
|French Polynesia|137|75|54.7|high|
|Brunei|178|119|66.9|high|
|Solomon Islands|199|156|78.4|mniddle|
|Vanuatu|201|144|71.6|middle|
|Macso|356|303|35.1|middle|
|East Timor|459|257|56.0|low|
|Fiji|466|261|56.0|middle|
|<br>Mongolia|1,412|1,157|31.9|low|
|Singapore|1,436|.|.|high|
|Papua New Guinea|2,500|1,846|73.3|middle|
|Lao PDR|2,549|2,209|36.7|low|
|Hong Kong|4,198|2,900|69.1|high|
|Cambodia|5,230|3,713|71.0|low|
|Malaysia|11,709|8,369|71.5|middle|
|Korea, Dem. Rep.|15,863|11,035|69.9|middle|
|Myanmar|27,235|19,512|71.6|low|
|Korea, Rep.|32,200|13,913|53.3|mniddle|
|Thailand|33,637|29,625|76.7|middle|
|Philippines|40,387|25,070|62.1|middle|
|Viet Nam|42,912|36,295|84.6|low|
|Indonesia|125,299|76,923|61.4|middle|
|China|822,508|723,283|87.9|low|
|Europe and Central Asia|||||
|Lichtenstein|39|27|69.2|high|
|Andorra|66|41|62.1|high|
|Channel Islands|167|123|76.7|high|
|Malta|245|139|56.7|middle|
|Cyprus|473|332|70.2|high|
|Estonia|1,030|766|74.4|middle|
|Latvia|1,730|1,291|74.6|middle|
|Lithuania|2,470|1,840|74.5|middle|
|Bulgaria|5,895|4,232|71.8|middle|
|<br>Portugal|<br>6,649|<br>4,353|65.5|middle|
|Greece|6,893|3,731|54.1|middle|
|Hungary|7,038|5,275|74.4|middle|
|Czechoslovakia, former|10,640|8,457|79.5|middle|
|Romania|15,611|11,436|73.6|middle|
|Yugoslavia, former|16,343|10,646|65.1|middle|
|Poland|25,420|19,665|77.4|middle|
|Turkey|<br>33,123|<br>25,924|68.0|middle|
|<br>USSR, former|134,792|140,934|76.3|middle|
|Latin America and the Ca|ribbean||||
|Falkland Islands|75|40|53.3|middle|
|Berrnuda|S0|60|750|hih|
|<br>Belize|<br>124|<br>70|.<br>56.5|g<br>middle|

19
|Table I continued<br>Working age<br>population<br>in 1995|Labor Force<br>ages 15-64<br>in 1995|Labor force<br>participation rate<br>in 1995|Income<br>group|
|---|---|---|---|
|(thousands)|(thousands)|||
|Barbados<br>169|139|82.3|mniddle|
|Bahanas<br>190|108|56.8|high|
|Martinique<br>246|174|70.7|mniddle|
|Guadeloupe<br>274|192|70.1|middle|
|<br>Surinam<br>284|162|57.0|middle|
|<br>Guyana<br>532|317|59.6|low|
|Trinidad and Tobago<br>790|514|65.1|rniddle|
|Jamaica<br>1,595|1,278|80.1|rniddle|
|Panama<br>1,643|968|58.9|nmiddle|
|Uruguay<br>2,018|1,223|60.6|mniddle|
|<br>Costa Rica<br>2,066|1,171|56.7|middle|
|Nicaragua<br>2,259|1,326|58.7|low|
|Puerto Rico<br>2,396|1,231|51.4|middle|
|Paraguay<br>2,777|1,584|57.0|middle|
|El Salvador<br>3,184|1,808|56.8|middle|
|Honduras<br>3,188|1,785|56.0|low|
|<br>Haiti<br>4,010|2,594|64.7|low|
|Bolivia<br>4,551|2,323|51.0|middle|
|Dominican Rep.<br>4,741|2,525|53.3|middle|
|<br>Guatemala<br>5,544|2,884|52.0|middle|
|Ecuador<br>6,965|3,461|49.7|middle|
|Cuba<br>7,524|4,744|63.1|middle|
|Chile<br>8,991|5,190|57.7|middle|
|Venezuela<br>13,135|7,505|57.1|middle|
|Peru<br>14,414|7,489|52.0|middle|
|Argentina<br>21,271|11,914|56.0|middle|
|Colombia<br>21,975|11,341|51.6|middle|
|Mexico<br>56,158|32,068|57.1|middle|
|<br>Brazil<br>101,150|<br>58,021|57.4|middle|
|Middle East and North Africa||||
|Qatar<br>337|216|64.1|high|
|Bahrain<br>363|237|65.3|middle|
|Kuwait<br>919|592|64.4|high|
|Oman<br>923|479|51.9|middle|
|United Arab Emirates<br>1,229|863|70.2|high|
|<br> <br>Lebanon<br>1826|933|51.1|middle|
|<br>,<br>Jordan<br>2,555|1,077|42.2|middle|
|Libya<br>2,811|1,309|46.6|middle|
|<br>Israel<br>3,620|2,302|63.6|high|
|Tunisia<br>5396|2983|55.3|mniddle|
|<br>,<br>Yemen, Rep.<br>6,715|,<br>3,240|<br>48.3|low|
|<br> <br>Syrian Arab Rep.<br>7,328|<br>3,545|48.4|middle|
|<br>Saudi Arabia<br>9,740|5,010|51.4|middle|
|Iraq<br>11,310|5,821|51.5|middle|
|Algeria<br>15,820|6,600|41.7|middle|
|<br> <br>Morocco<br>16,211|<br>8,994|55.5|middle|
|Iran, Islamic Rep.<br>33,534|19,501|58.2|middle|
|<br>Egypt, Arab Rep.<br>33,869|16,118|47.6|low|

20
Table I continued

||Working age<br>|Labor Force<br>|Labor force<br>|Income<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|
||population<br>in1995<br>(thousands)|ages 15-64<br>in 1995<br>(thousands)|participation rate<br>in 1995|group|
|High-income OECD|||||
|<br>Iceland|173|142|82.1|high|
|Luxembourg|264|162|61.4|high|
|Ireland|2,211|1,318|59.6|high|
|New Zealand|2,337|1,611|68.9|high|
|Norway|2,808|2,211|78.7|high|
|Finland|3,380|2,579|76.3|high|
|Denmark|3,503|2,883|82.3|high|
|Austria|3,642|.|.|high|
|Switzerland|4,709|3,409|72.4|high|
|Sweden|5,600|4,605|82.2|high|
|Belgium|6,658|4,152|62.4|high|
|Netherlands|10,592|6,473|61.1|high|
|Australia|12,242|8,651|70.7|high|
|Canada|19,193|13,961|72.7|high|
|Spain|26,832|14,269|53.2|high|
|United Kingdom|37,598|28,231|75.1|high|
|France|37,734|26,361|69.9|high|
|Italy|39,951|23,122|57.9|high|
|Germany|55,309|39,874|72.1|high|
|<br>Japan|87,167|59,823|68.6|high|
|United States|172,328|125,684|72.9|high|
|South Asia|||||
|Maldives|129|86|66.7|middle|
|Bhutan|964|675|70.0|low|
|SriLanka|11,706|6,569|56.1|low|
|Nepal|11,900|8,047|67.6|low|
|Afghanistan|13,309|6,403|48.1|low|
|<br>Pakistan|72,119|39,352|54.6|low|
|Bangladesh|72,677|34,181|47.0|low|
|India|560,958|344,304|61.4|low|
|Sub-Saharan Africa|||||
|Seychelles|33|27|81.8|middle|
|Sao Tome and Principe|72|46|63.9|low|
|Western Sahara|159|80|50.3|low|
|Equatorial Guinea|210|149|71.0|low|
|<br>Cape Verde|222|148|66.7|middle|
|Djibouti|264|191|72.4|middle|
|Comores|319|253|79.3|low|
|Reunion|422|274|64.9|middle|
|Swaziland|466|298|640|middle|
|<br>Gambia The|<br>520|<br>386|.<br>74.2|low|
|,<br>Guinea-Bissau|<br>582|<br>429|<br>73.7|low|
|Botswana|743|429|57.7|middle|
|Mauritius|763|442|57.9|middle|
|Gabon|797|491|61.6|middle|
|Namibia|872|483|55.4|middle|
|Lesotho|1,094|806|73.7|low|

21
Table I continued

||Working age|Labor Force|Labor force<br>|Income|
|---|---|---|---|---|
||population<br>in 1995<br>(thousands)|ages 15-64<br>in 1995<br>(thousands)|pariicipation rate<br>in 1995|group|
|Mauritaria|1,212|665|54.9|low|
|Congo|1,321|923<br>|69.9<br>|middle<br>|
|Liberia|1,531|933|60.9|low|
|Central African Rep.|1,750|1,406|80.3<br>|low<br>|
|Togo|2,116|1,416|66.9|low<br>|
|Sierra Leone|2,463|1,578|64.1|low|
|Benin|2,692|2,221<br>|82.5<br>|low<br>|
|Burundi|3,217|2,801|87.1|low|
|Guinea|3,370|2,606|77.3|low|
|Chad|3,371|1,899|56.3|low|
|Rwanda|3,985|3,502|87.9|low|
|Senegal|4,403|3,059|69.5<br>|middle<br>|
|Niger|4,499|3,920|87.1|low|
|Zambia|4,622|2,864|62.0|low|
|Somalia|5,069|3,710|73.2<br>|low<br>|
|Burkina Faso|5,383|4,611|85.7|low|
|Mali|5,399|2,851|52.8|low|
|Malawi|5,454|4,085|74.9|low|
|Angola|5,533|3,978|71.9|middle|
|Zimbabwe|6,071|3,722|61.3<br>|low<br>|
|Cameroon|6,958|4,432|63.7|middle|
|Cote dlvoire|6,967|5,032|72.2|low|
|Madagascar|7,277|5,265|72.4|low|
|Mozambique|8,486|7,259|S5.5|low|
|Ghana|9,045|5,746|63.5<br>|low<br>|
|Uganda|9,970|7,532|76.1|low|
|Kenya|13,845|9,177|66.3|low|
|Sudan|15,238|3,675|56.9|low|
|Tanzania|15,242|12,110|79.5|low|
|Zaire|21,435|14,653|68.2|<br>low|
|South Africa|24,994|14,526|53.1<br>|middle<br>|
|Ethiopia|29,401|21,201|72.1|low|
|Nigeria|63,933|40,679|63.6|low|

Source: ILO 1986 with ILO data updates 22
Table 2: Unemployment rates

||Year|Unemploysnexn|Working age<br>|Source|Income|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||rate|population<br>in 1995'<br>(thousands)||group|
|East Asia and the Pacific||||||
|Guamn|1990<br>|2.8<br>|95<br>|r|mniddle<br>|
|Fiji|1991<br>|5.9<br>|466<br>|r|mriddle<br>|
|Singapore|1991|1.9|1,436|r|high|
|Hong Kong|1991|1.8|4,198|r|high|
|Malaysia|1987|8.2|11,709|r|rniddle|
|Korea, Rep.|1991|2.4|32,200<br>|w|rniddle<br>|
|Tbailand|1987|5.8|38,637|r|midMe|
|Philippines|1991|9.7|40,387|w|middle|
|Indonesia|1991|2.7|125,299|w|mniddle|
|China|1991|2.3|822,508|w|low|
|Europe and Central Asia||||||
|Cyprus|1991<br>|3.0<br>|469<br>|r|high<br>|
|Estonia|1993<br>|2.6<br>|I,030<br>|s|mniddle<br>|
|Slovenia|1995|14.5|1,363|s|middle|
|Macedonia, FiR|1993|28.6|1,473|s|mniddle|
|Latvia<br>|1993<br>|5.3<br>|1,730<br>|s|rniddle<br>|
|Armenia|1993|5.8|2,247|s<br>.|low|
|Albania|1994|18.3|2,316|s|low|
|Lithuania|1993|1.4|2,470|s|middle|
|Croatia|1994|12.8|3,149|s|middle|
|Slovak Rep.|1994|14.8|3,506|s|middle|
|Georgia<br>|1992<br>|5.4<br>|3,733<br>|s|low<br>|
|Bulgaria|1993|16.0|5,895|s|mniddle|
|Porfugal|1995|6.9<br>|6,649<br>|o|mniddle<br>|
|Greece|1995|11.0<br>|6,893<br>|o|rniddle<br>|
|Belarus|1993|1.5|6,965|s|middle|
|Czech Rep.|1994|3.1|6,967|s|middle|
|Yugoslavia, Fed Rep.|1990<br>|16.4<br>|7,083<br>|r|middle<br>|
|Hungary|1993|10.9|7,088|s|rmiddle|
|Kazakstan|1993|9.3|11,135|s|middle|
|Uzbekistan|1993|0.2|12,860|s|middle|
|Romania|1993|10.2|15,611|s|middle|
|Poland|1994|16.0|25,420|s|middle|
|Ukraine|1993|0.4|34,820|s|middle<br>|
|Turkey|1995|14.0|38,123|o|middle|
|Russian Fed.|1993|_5.5_|101,575|s|middle|
|Latin America and the Caribbean||||||
|Barbados|1991|17.1|169|r|middle|
|Bahamas|1989|11.7|190|r|high|
|Trinidad and Tobago|1991|18.5|790|r|mniddle|
|Jarnaica|1990|15.7|1,595|r|middle|
|Panama|1991|15.7|1,643|r|middle|
|Uruguay|1991|11.9|2,018<br>|w|middle<br>|
|Costa Rica|1991|5.5|2,066|r|middle|
|Nicaragua|1991|14.0|2,259|w|low|
|<br>Puerto Rico|1991|16.0|<br>2,396|r|middle|

23
|Table 2 continued|Year|Unemployment|Working age|Source|Incorme|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||<br>rate|<br>population<br>in 1995<br>||group<br>|
||_||~~~~~~~~~(t|housa|nxds)|
|Paraguay|1991|5.1|2,777|r|middle|
|<br>El Salvador|1991|7.9|3,1S4|w|mniddle|
|Honduras|1991|3.1|3,188|w|low|
|Haiti|1990|10.9|4,010|r|low|
|Bolivia|1991|7.3|4,551|w|middle|
|Ecuador|1991|5.8|6,965|w|middle|
|Chile|1991|4.4|8,991|w|middle|
|Venezuela|1991|9.5|13,135|r|middle|
|Peru|1991|5.8|14,414|r|mniddle|
|Argentina|1989|7.3|21,271|r|middle|
|<br>Colombia|1991|9.1|21,975|w|middle|
|Mexico|1991|2.6|56,158|r|middle|
|Brazil|1988|3.9|101,150|r|middle|
|Middle East and North Africa||||||
|Jordan|1991|18.8|2,555|s|middle|
|Israel|1991|11.2|3,620|w|high|
|Tunisia|1993|16.1|5,396|s|rmiddle|
|Yemen, Rep.|1992|12.3|6,715|s|low|
|Syrian Arab Rep.|1991|6.8|7,328|w|mniddle|
|Algeria|1991|21.0|15,820|s|middle|
|<br>Morocco|1991|12.1|16,211|s|middle|
|Iran, Islamic Rep.|1993|12.0|33,534|s|middle|
|Egypt, Arab Rep.|1992|14.0|33,869|s|low|
|High-income OECD||||||
|<br>Iceland|1995|6.2|173|o|high|
|Luxembourg|1995|2.5|264|o|high|
|<br>Ireland|1995|15.4|2,211|o|high|
|New Zealand|1995|8.1|2,337|o|high|
|Norway|1995|5.2|2,808|o|high|
|Finland|1995|17.7|3,380|o|high|
|Denmark|1995|10.5|3,503|o|high|
|Switzerland|1995|3.8|4,709|o|high|
|Austria|1995|4.6|5,000|o|high|
|Sweden|1995|7.4|5,600|o|high|
|Blim|1995|127|6658|o|high|
|egu<br>Netherlands|<br>1995|.<br>9.5|,<br>10,592|<br>o|high|
|<br>Australia|<br>1995|<br>9.2|<br>12,242|0|high|
|Canada|1995|10.2|19,193|o|high|
|Spain|1995|24.4|26,832|o|high|
|<br>United Kingdom|1995|8.9|37,598|o|high|
|France|1995|12.2|37,734|o|high|
|Italy|1995|11.9|39,951|o|high|
|<br>Germany|1995|10.0|55,309|o|high|
|Japan|1995|2.8|87,167|o|high|
|<br>United States|1995|5.8|172,328|o|high|

24
Table 2 continued

||Year|Unemployment<br>rate|Working age<br> <br>population<br>in 1995<br>(thousands)|Source|Income<br>group|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|South Asia<br>||||||
|Sri Lanka<br>Pakistan<br>Bangladesh<br>India|1991<br>1991<br>1989<br>1991|14.1<br>6.3<br>1.2<br>2.5|11,706<br>72,119<br>72,677<br>560,958|w<br>w<br>s<br>s|low<br>low<br>low<br>low|
|Sub-Saharan Africa<br>||||||
|Seychelles<br>|1985<br>1|22.5<br>2|33<br>422|r<br>|middle<br>iddl|
|Reunion<br>|990<br>|3.7<br>|<br>|r<br>|me<br>|
|Cote dlvoire<br>|1986<br>|2.5<br>|6,967<br>|_r_<br>|low<br>|
|Ghana<br>|1989<br>|1.6<br>|9,045<br>|s<br>|low<br>|
|Kenya<br>|1986<br>|6.9<br>|13,845<br>|r<br>|low<br>|
|South Africa<br>Nigeria|1993<br>1989|12.8<br>4.0|24,994<br>63,988|s<br>s|middle<br>low|

Note: Working age population for countries of the former Yugoslavia, forner Czechoslovakia, and former Soviet Union arc calculated by a forward projection ofthe 1980-90 growth rate, see text for dtails.

Sources: r=Topel, Levy and Rama 1994, w=ILO 1994, o=OECD 1994, s=Country sources, see text for details 25
Table 3: Distribution of the work force across sectors

||Year|Work force<br>in<br>agriculture<br>_(%)|Work force<br>in<br>indusizy<br>(°)|Work force<br>in<br>services<br>(%)|Working age<br>population<br>in 1995S<br>(thousands)|Source|Income<br>group|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|East Asia and the Pacific||||||||
|Guam|1980|0.9|15.0|84.2|95|c|middle|
|French Polynesia|1988|12.8|10.2|77.0|137|c|high|
|Brunei|1990|2.0|24.4|73.6|178|i|high|
|Macao|1990|0.2|42.5|57.4|356|1|middle|
|Fiji|1986|47.7|15.0|37.4|466|c|rniddle|
|Mongolia|1990|32.0|22.5|45.5|1,412|i|low|
|Singapore|1991|0.3|35.2|64.6|1,436|1|high|
|Lao PDR|1990|78.1|6.3|15.6|2,549|i|low|
|Hong Kong|1991|0.8|34.9|64.3|4,198|h|high|
|Cambodia|1990|73.9|7.5|18.6|5,230|i|low|
|Malaysia|1990|27.3|23.1|49.5|11,709|imiddl|e|
|Korea, Dem. Rep.|1990|38.1|31.4|30.5|15,863|i|middlc|
|Myanmar|1990|73.3|9.8|16.9|27,235|i|low|
|Korea, Rep.|1991|16.7|35.6|47.7|32,200|I|middle|
|Thailand|1990|64.1|14.0|22.0|38,637|i|middle|
|Philippines|1991|45.3|16.0|38.7|40,387|h|middle|
|Viet Nam|1990|71.3|14.0|14.7|42,912|i|low|
|Indonesia|1993|50.5|15.8|33.8|125,299|s|middle|
|China|1993|61.0|18.0|21.0|822,508|s|low|
|Europe and Central Asia||||||||
|<br>Malta|1990|2.6|34.6|62.9|245|i|middle|
|Cyprus|1990|13.6|30.0|56.4|469|i|high|
|Estonia|1990|14.4|41.3|44.3|1,030|i|middle|
|Slovenia|1990|5.7|46.2|48.2|1,363|i|middle|
|Macedonia, FYR|1990|21.5|40.4|38.1|1,473|i|middle|
|Latvia|1990|15.8|39.8|44.5|1,730|i|middle|
|Armenia|1990|17.6|43.1|39.3|2,247|i|low|
|Albania|1990|54.6|23.2|22.3|2,316|i|low|
|Turkmenistan|1990|37.2|22.8|39.9|2,331|i|middle|
|Lithuania|1990|18.5|40.6|40.9|2,470|i|middle|
|Kyrgyz Rep.|1990|32.1|26.7|41.2|2,758|i|middle|
|Moldova|1990|33.0|29.9|37.1|2,864|i|middle|
|Croatia|1990|16.1|33.8|50.2|3,149|i|middle|
|Bosnia and Herz|1990|11.3|47.5|41.2|3,236|i|low|
|Tajikistan|1990|40.7|23.4|35.9|3,255|i|low|
|Slovak Rep.<br>.|1990|12.1|33.3|54.6|3,506|i|mniddle|
|Georgia|1990|26.0|31.4|42.5|3,733|i|low|
|Azerbaijan|1990|31.0|28.7|40.3|4,831|i|middle|
|Bulgaria|1990|13.5|48.3|38.3|5,895|i|middle|
|<br>Porttagal|1990|17.8|34.0|48.2|<br>6,649|i|mniddle|
|Greece|1990|23.2|27.7|49.1|6,893|1|middle|
|Belarus|1990|19.7|40.3|40.0|6,965|i|middle|
|Czech Rep.|1990|11.2|45.4|43.4|6,967|i|middle|
|Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep.|1990|29.7|33.1|37.2|7,083|i|middle|
|Hungary|1991|38.6|15.5|45.9|7,088|o|middle|
|Kazakstan|1990|22.2|31.5|46.3|11,135|i|middle|
|<br>Uzbekistan|1990|34.9|25.1|40.0|<br>12.860|i|middle|

26
Table 3 continued

||Year|Work force<br>in<br>agriculture<br>_______ ____<br>(%)|Work force<br>in<br>industiy<br>___ _______ ___ _<br>(%)|Work force<br>in<br>services<br>__ _ _<br>(%)|Working age<br>population<br>in 1995<br>(thousands)|Source|Income<br>group|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Romnania|1990|28.6|43.1|28.4|15,611|o|middle|
|Poland|1990|27.5|35.8|36.7|25,420|i|middle|
|Ukraine|1990|20.0|39.8|40.2|34,820|i|middle|
|Turkey|1991|48.9|20.1|31.0|38,123|I|middle|
|Russian Fed.|1990|13.7|41.7|44.6|101,575|i|middle|
|Latin America**and the**C|aribbean|||||||
|Barbados|1982|10.0|10.9|79.1|169|1|middle|
|Bahamas|1980|5.6|16.4|77.9|190|c|high|
|Suriname|1980|9.2|21.8|69.0|284|c|middle|
|Trinidad and Tobago|1991|10.4|32.5|57.1|790|I|mniddle|
|Panama|1989|27.0|16.0|57.0|1,643|I|middle|
|Uruguay|1985|14.7|25.8|59.6|2.018|c|middle|
|<br>Costa Rica|1991|25.1|26.9|48.0|2,066|h|middle|
|Puerto Rico|1992|3.6|26.3|70.1|2,396|I|middle|
|El Salvador|1991|10.7|29.2|60.2|3,184|h|middle|
|Honduras|1991|36.9|20.9|42.3|3,188|I|low|
|Haiti|1990|65.6|8.8|25.6|4,010|o|low|
|Bolivia|1991|1.2|24.8|74.0|4,551|h|middle|
|Dominican Rep.|1981|23.6|18.2|58.3|4,741|c|middle|
|<br>Guatemala|1989|49.9|18.3|31.8|5,544|h|middle|
|Ecuador|1990|31.2|18.1|50.7|6,965|c|middle|
|Cuba|1981|32.2|40.0|27.8|7,524|c|middle|
|Chile|1991|19.1|26.3|54.6|8,991|l|middle|
|Venezuela|1991|11.4|27.6|61.0|13,135|h|middle|
|Argentina|1980|12.0|31.4|56.6|21,271|c|middle|
|Mexico|1990|22.7|27.8|49.6|56,158|c|middle|
|Brazil|1988|24.2|23.3|52.4|101,150|h|middle|
|Middle East and North A|frica|||||||
|Qatar|1990|2.7|32.0|65.4|337|i|high|
|Bahrain|1990|2.0|29.8|68.2|363|i|middle|
|Kuwait|1990|1.2|25.2|73.7|919|i|high|
|Oman|1990|44.5|23.8|31.7|923|i|middle|
|United Arab Emirates|1990|7.8|26.8|65.5|1,229|i|high|
|Lebanon|1990|7.3|31.0|61.7|1,826|i|middle|
|Jordan|1990|15.3|23.5|61.3|2,555|i|middle|
|Libya|1990|10.9|23.0|66.2|2,811|i|middle|
|<br>Israel|1990|4.1|29.1|66.8|3,620|i|high|
|Tunisia|1990|28.1|32.8|39.1|5,396|i|middle|
|Yemen, Rep.|1990|61.0|16.8|22.2|6,715|i|low|
|<br>Syrian Arab Rep.|1990|33.2|24.0|42.9|7,328|i|middle|
|<br>Saudi Arabia|1990|19.2|19.8|61.0|<br>9,740|i|middle|
|Iraq|1990|16.1|17.5|66.4|11,310|i|middle|
|<br>Algeria|1990|26.1|31.3|42.6|15,820|i|middle|
|Morocco|1990|44.7|24.8|30.5|16,211|i|middle|
|Iran, Islamic Rep.|1990|38.8|22.5|38.7|33,534|i|middle|
|<br>Egypt, Arab Rep.|1990|40.3|21.5|38.2|33,869|i|1ow|

27
Table 3 continued

||Y'ear|Workforce<br>in<br>agriculture<br>(%)|Work force<br>in<br>industry<br>(%Mo)|Work force<br>in<br>services<br>(%)|Working age<br>population<br>in 1995<br>(thousands)|Source|Income<br>group|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**High-income OECD**||||||||
|Iceland|1990|11.0|26.5|62.5|173|i|high|
|Luxembourg|1991|3.5|28.9|67.6|264|I|high|
|Ireland|1990|14.3|28.6|57.0|2,211|i|high|
|New Zealand|1991|10.2|23.7|66.2|2,337|c|high|
|Norway|1991|5.8|23.6|70.6|2,808|I|high|
|Finland|1991|8.2|30.1|61.7|3,380|I|high|
|Denmark|1990|5.4|27.7|67.0|3,503|I|high|
|Switzerland|1990|5.5|34.7|59.8|4,709|i|high|
|Austria|1990|7.8|37.6|54.7|5,000|i|high|
|Sweden|1991|3.2|28.2|68.6|5,600|1|high|
|Belgium|1990|2.6|27.7|69.7|6,658|o|high|
|Netherlands|1991|4.5|25.2|70.3|10,592|1|high|
|Australia|1991|5.2|24.4|70.4|12.242|1|higb|
|Canada|1991|3.5|24.4|72.1|19,193|1|high|
|Spain|1991|10.7|32.8|56.6|26,S32|1|high|
|UnitedKingdom|1990|2.1|28.7|69.2|37,598|o|high|
|France|1991|5.6|28.8|65.6|37,734|°|high|
|Italy|1991|8.4|32.0|59.5|39,951|1|high|
|Germany|1990|4.0|38.1|57.9|55,309|i|high|
|Japan|1991|6.7|34.4|58.9|87,167|I|high|
|United States|1991|2.9|25.8|71.3|172,328|I|high|
|**South Asia**||||||||
|Maldives|1990|32.3|31.0|36.7|129|i|middle|
|Bhutan|1990|94.1|0.9|5.0|964|i|low|
|SriLanka|1990|48.5|20.9|30.6|11,706|i|low|
|Nepal|1990|93.6|0.3|6.2|11,900|i|low|
|Afghanistan|1990|70.3|10.7|19.0|13,309|i|low|
|Pakistan|1992|47.5|19.8|32.7|72,119|o|low|
|Bangladesh|1989|65.5|15.5|19.6|72,677|s|low|
|India|1991|63.2|14.2|22.6|560,958|s|low|
|**Sub-Sabaran Africa**||||||||
|Seychelles|1981|10.1|20.5|69.4|33|o|middle|
|Sao Tome and Principe|1981|59.8|7.6|32.6|72|c|low|
|Equatorial Guinea|1990|74.8|5.3|19.9|210|i|low|
|Cape Verde|1990|30.6|29.7|39.7|222|i|middle|
|Comores|1990|77.4|9.3|13.3|319|i|low|
|Reunion|1990|6.8|18.3|75.0|422|i|middle|
|Swaziland|1990|39.5|22.3|38.2|466|i|middle|
|Gambia, The|1990|81.9|7.6|10.5|520|i|low|
|Guinea-Bissau|1990|853|19|128|582|i|low|
|<br>Botawana|<br>1990|.<br>46.4|.<br>20.4|.<br>33.2|<br>743|<br>i|middle|
|Mauritius|1990|16.7|43.2|40.1|763|i|middle|
|Gabon|1990|51.5|15.9|32.6|797|i|miiddle|
|Namibia|1990|49.1|15.4|35.5|872|i|middle|
|Lesotho|1990|40.1|27.8|32.1|1,094|i|low|
|Mauritania|1990|55.2|10.4|34.4|1,212|i|low|
|Congo|1990|48.7|14.7|36.6|<br>1.321|i|rmiddle|

28
Table 3 continued

||Year|Work force<br>in<br>agriculture<br>(°/0)|Work force<br>in<br>industry<br>(%)|Work force<br>in<br>services<br>(%)|Working age<br>population<br>in 1995<br>(thousands)|Source|Income<br>group|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|liberia|1990|72.3|5.6|22.2|1,531|i|low|
|Central African Rep.|1990|80.2|3.5|16.3|1,750|i|low|
|Togo|1990|65.6|10.1|24.4|2,116|i|low|
|Sierra Leone|1990|67.4|15.3|17.2|2,463|i|low|
|Benin|1990|63.5|8.1|28.4|2,692|i|low|
|Burundi|1990|91.7|2.7|5.6|3,217|i|low|
|Guinea|1990|87.2|1.9|10.9|3,370|i|low|
|Chad|1990|83.2|4.2|12.6|3,371|i|low|
|Rwanda|1990|91.7|3.4|4.9|3,985|i|low|
|Senegal|1990|76.7|7.5|15.8|4,403|i|middle|
|Niger|1990|89.9|3.9|6.2|4,499|i|low|
|Zambia|1990|74.6|8.5|16.9|4.622|i|low|
|Somalia|1990|75.3|8.2|16.4|5,069|i|low|
|Burkina Faso|1990|92.4|1.8|5.8|5,383|i|low|
|Mali|1990|85.8|2.0|12.2|5,399|i|low|
|Malawi|1990|86.6|4.9|8.4|5,454|i|low|
|Angola|1990|74.5|8. 1|17.4|5,533|i|middle|
|Zimbabwe|1990|68.2|8.3|23.5|6,071|i|low|
|Cameroon|1990|69.7|8.8|21.5|6,958|i|nmiddle|
|Cole dlvoire|1990|59.9|9.6|30.5|6,967|i|low|
|Madagascar|1990|78.2|6.8|15.1|7,277|i|low|
|Mozambique|1990|82.7|8.0|9.3|8,486|i|low|
|Ghana|1990|59.3|13.0|27.7|9,045|i|low|
|Uganda|1990|84.5|4.7|10.7|9,970|i|low|
|Kenya|1990|79.5|7.3|13.2|13,845|i|low|
|<br>Sudan|1990|69.5|8.5|22.1|15,238|i|low|
|Tanzania|1990|84.4|4.9|10.7|15,242|i|low|
|Zaire|1990|67.8|13.4|18.8|21,485|i|low|
|South Africa|1990|13.5|32.0|54.5|24.994|i|middle|
|Ethiopia|1990|86.2|2.1|11.7|29,401|i|low|
|<br>Nigeria|1990|43.0|6.9|50.1|63,9X8|i|low|

Note: Working age population for countries of the forrmer Yugoslavia, former Czechoslovakia, and former Soviet Union are calculated by a forward projection of the 1980-90 growth rate, see text for details.

Sources: c,l,h,o= Census survey, Labor force survey, Household survev and Official Estimates from ILO various years; i=New ILO estimates for 1990; s=Country sources, see text for details.

29
Table 4a: OLS estimates of the share of each sector in **wage** employment Share of agriculture in wage emplovment

|Variable|Coefficient|Std. Error|T-ratio|**P>ItI**|Number of observations|99|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Log of GNP per capita|10.22|<br>24.81|0.41|<br>0.68|F( 11. 87)|4.6|
|Square of log of GNP per capita|-0.15|<br>1.54|-0.09|<br>0.93|Prob > F|0|
|Log of population|-3.89|<br>2.87|-1.35|<br>0.18|**R-squared**|**0.3675**|
|Square of log of population|0.37|0.48|0.78|<br>0.44|Adj R-squared|0.2875|
|Europe and Central Asia|8.10|8.99|0.90|<br>0.37|Root MSE|21.185|
|Latin America and the Caribbean|28.10|7.28|3.86|<br>0.00|||
|Middle East and North Africa|22.50|9.05|2.49|<br>0.02|||
|High-income OECD|-1.44|10.59|-0.14|0.89|||
|South Asia|11.87|<br>12.72|0.93|<br>0.35|||
|Sub-Saharan Africa|11.54|<br>9.42|1.23|<br>0.22|||
|Table I a dummny|-3.34|8.64|-0.39|0.70|||
|Constant|-46.30|99.93|-0.46|0.64|||

# Share of industrv in wage employment

|Variable|Coefficient|Std. Error|T-ratio|P>Itl|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Log of GNP per capita|49.48|17.63|2.81|<br>0.01|
|SquareoflogofGNP per capita|-2.73|<br>1.10|-2.49|<br>0.02|
|Log ofpopulation|-0.64|2.04|-0.31|0.75|
|Square of log of population|-0.34|0.34|-1.00|0.32|
|Europe and Central Asia|3.56|6.39|0.56|0.58|
|Latin America and the Caribbean|-6.97|5.17|-1.35|0.18|
|Middle East and North Africa|-1.83|6.43|-0.28|0.78|
|High-income OECD|4.76|7.53|0.63|0.53|
|SouthAsia|-13.51|9.04|-1.49|0.14|
|Sub-Saharan Africa|-13.511|<br>6.691|<br>-2.02|0.05|
|Table Ia dummy|3.79|6.14|0.62|0.54|
|Constant|-132.55|71.031|<br>-1.87|0.07|

|Number of observations|99|
|---|---|
|F( 11, 87)|10.55|
|Prob > F|0|
|R-squared|0.5716|
|Adj R-squared|0.5174|
|Root MSE|15.059|

Share of services in wage emplovment

|Variable|Coefficient|Std. Error|T-ratio|**P>Itl**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|L og of GNP per capita|41.34|14.63|<br>2.83|0.01|
|Square of log of GNP per capita|-2.24|<br>0.91|-2.46|<br>0.02|
|Log of population|-4.1S|<br>1.69|<br>-2.47|<br>0.02|
|Square of log of population|0.29|0.28|1.04|<br>0.30|
|Europe and Central Asia|12.75|<br>5.30|2.41|0.02|
|Latin America and the Caribbean|-1.35|<br>4.29|-0.32|<br>0.75|
|Middle East and North Africa|7.34|5.33|1.38|<br>0.17|
|High-income OECD|11.13|<br>6.24|1.78|<br>0.08|
|South Asia|3.53|7.50|0.47|0.64|
|Sub-Saharan Africa|-9.73|<br>5.55|-1.75|<br>0.08|
|Table Ia dumnmy|-3.15|<br>5.09|.<br>-0.62|0.54|
|Constant|-105.61|<br>58.91|-1.79|0.08|

|Number of observations|99|
|---|---|
|F( 11, 87)|13.66|
|Prob > F|0|
|R-squared|0.6334|
|Adj R-squared|0.587|
|Root MSE|12.49|

30
Table 4b: Distribution of the work force within sectors

||Year|Share of<br>wage<br>employment<br>in<br>agriculture<br>(%)|Share of<br>wage<br>enployment<br>in<br>industry<br>(%)|Share of<br>wage<br>employment<br>in<br>services<br>(%)|Working age<br>population<br>in 1995*<br>(thousands)|Source|Income<br>group|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|East Asia and the Pacific||||||||
|Guam|1980|84.4|98.1|96.6|95|c|middle|
|French Polynesia|1988|10.1|86.5|72.8|137|c|high|
|Brunei|1981|49.9|95.9|93.0|178|c|high|
|Solomon Islands|.|15.9|78.8|71.0|199|e|middle|
|Vanuatu|.|24.1|85.1|80.6|201|e|niddle|
|Macao|1990|16.6|94.0|82.5|356|I|middle|
|Fiji|1986|4.5|85.3|82.1|466|c|mriddle|
|Mongolia|.|16.5|81.3|72.4|1,412|e|low|
|Singapore|1991|65.8|92.6|83.5|2,000|1|high|
|Papua New Guinea|.|12.2|76.9|67.2|2,500|e|middle|
|Lao PDR|.|0.7|55.8|48.8|2,549|e|low|
|HongKong|1991|36.5|92.1|86.7|4,198|h|high|
|Cambodia<br>|.<br>|0.0<br>|62.3<br>|46.9<br>|5,230<br>|e<br>|low<br>|
|Malaysia|1988|28.8|84.0|72.8|11,709|1|middle|
|Korea, Dem. Rep.|.|7.6|80.5|62.3|15,863|e|mniddle|
|Myaniar|.|0.0|54.3|46.2|27,235|e|low|
|Korea, Rep.|1991|7.4|85.7|60.9|32,200|1|middle|
|Thailand|1989|9.9|73.5|53.1|38,637|1|middle|
|Philippincs|1991|21.1|76.7|60.9|40,387|h|mniddle|
|VietNam|.|0.0|56.5|42.2|42,912|e|low|
|Indonesia|1993|13.0|63.5|42.4|125,299|s|middle|
|China|1993|1.6|22.2|52.4|822,508|s|low|
|Europe and Central Asia||||||||
|Andorra|.|59.5|96.3|100.0|66|e|high|
|Channel Islands<br>|.|54.6<br>|97.1|100.0<br>|167<br>|e|high<br>|
|Malta|1983|16.9|90.9|86.3|245|o|middle|
|Cyprus|1989|15.7|86.0|82.3|469|o|high|
|Estonia||31.9|91.5|92.2|1,030|e|mniddle|
|Slovenia|.|37.8|94.6|94.7|1,363|e|middle|
|Macedonia, FYR|.|21.4|88.7|82.2|1,473|e|middle|
|Latvia|.|27.4|88.3|88.0|1,730|e|middle|
|Armenia||18.9|78.2|78.2|2,247|e|low|
|Albania||23.4|84.3|83.8|2,316|e|low|
|Turkmenistan||22.5|83.5|82.8|2,331|e|middle|
|Lithuania||23.1|84.2|83.4|2,470|e|middle|
|Kyrgyz Rep.||18.8|78.5|78.1|2,758|e|middle|
|<br>Moldova||22.6|83.9|82.9|<br>2,864|e|middle|
|Croatia||19.1|87.5|79.4|3,149|e|rniddle|
|Bosnia and Her|.|7.3|67.2|61.9|3,236|e|low|
|Tajikistan||13.9|70.8|71.0|<br>3,255|a|low|
|<br>Slovak Rep.||25.3|87.3|85.6|3,506|e|middle|
|Georgia||18.5|78.6|77.8|3,733|e|low|
|Azerbaijan||16.7|76.2|75.3|4,831|e|rniddle|
|Bulgaria|1985|99.4|99.7|99.5|5,895|c|middle|
|<br>Portugal|1990|19.0|87.1|78.3|6,649|1|middle|

31
|Table 4b continued||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Year|Share of<br>wage<br>employment<br>in<br>agriculture|Share of<br>wage<br>employmern<br>in<br>industry|Share of<br>wage<br>employment<br>in<br>services|Working age<br>population<br>in 1995<br>(thousands)|Sourox|Income<br>group|
|||_ _ _ _ _ _ _<br>**(°/)**|_ _ _ _ _<br>(% )|**(%o)**|_|||
|Greece|1990|4.2|70.7|65.3|6,893|1|middle|
|Belarus||27.0|88.9|86.3|6,965|e|niiddle|
|Czech Rep.|1980|44.1|98.8|99.0|6,967|c|middle|
|Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep.|1981|11.7|94.2|93.4|7,083|c|middle|
|Hungary|1991|44.4|75.1|81.3|7,088|o|middle|
|Kazakstan||21.6|83.5|81.2|11,135|e|middle|
|Uzbekistan||15.7|75.5|74.0|12,860|e|mniddle|
|Romania|1990|18.3|95.4|93.8|15,611|o|middle|
|Poland|1988|21.4|94.9|96.7|25,420|c|middle|
|Ukraine||20.7|80.9|79.3|34,820|e|middle|
|Turkey|1991|2.9|76.0|62.8|38,123|1|middle|
|Russian Fed.||22.7|79.5|79.9|101,575|e|middle|
|**Latin America and Ca**|**ribbean**|||||||
|FaLkland Islands|1986|71.9|93.3|95.5|75|c|middle|
|Belize||55.8|83.8|83.0|124|e|middle|
|Barbados|1982|85.5|83.3|89.9|169|I|middle|
|Bahamas|1980|58.2|80.1|91.5|190|c|high|
|Martinique||56.4|86.7|82.6|246|e|middle|
|Guadeloupe||56.0|86.7|82.1|274|e|middle|
|Surname|1980|62.4|87.6|84.1|284|c|middle|
|Guyana||33.7|59.6|55.2|532|e|low|
|Trinidad and Tobago|1991|52.8|92.1|76.7|790|I|middle|
|Jamaica||44.7|74.5|71.2|1,595|e|middle|
|Panama|1989|29.2|70.4|78.5|1,643|I|middle|
|Uruguay|1985|56.8|78.1|73.0|2,018|c|middle|
|<br>Costa Rica|1991|58.0|74.2|75.6|2,066|h|middle|
|Nicaragua||31.8|54.7|52.8|2,259|e|low|
|Puerto Rico|1992|59.0|93.7|83.2|2,396|1|middle|
|Paraguay||43.1|73.9|69.2|2,777|e|middle|
|El Salvador|1991|65.5|67.2|63.2|3,184|h|middle|
|Honduras|1991|32.1|64.7|49.6|3,188|1|low|
|Haiti|1990|6.2|53.1|39.7|4,010|o|low|
|Bolivia|1991|42.7|61.3|46.1|4,551|h|middle|
|Dominican Rep.|1981|19.4|77.9|62.4|4,741|c|middle|
|<br>Guatemala|1989|34.5|60.7|63.8|<br>5,544|b|middle|
|Ecuador|1990|26.2|46.6|52.0|6,965|c|middle|
|Cuba|1981|78.2|99.1|97.0|7,524|c|middle|
|Chile|1991|54.9|78.0|69.6|8,991|1|middle|
|Venezuela|1991|40.9|67.6|62.9|13,135|h|middle|
|Peru||36.5|66.3|61.0|14,414|e|middle|
|Argentina|1980|52.9|74.9|73.6|21,271|c|middle|
|Colombia||38.7|68.9|63.5|21,975|e|middle|
|Mexico|1990|41.2|83.4|71.8|56,158|c|rniddle|
|Brazil|1988|38.8|83.0|71.1|<br>_101,150_|h|middle|

32
Table 4b continued

||Year|Share of<br>wage<br>employment<br>in<br>agriculture<br>**(0/%)**|Share of<br>wage<br>employment<br>in<br>industry<br>**(%)**|Share of<br>wage<br>employment<br>in<br>services<br>**(%)**|Working age<br>population<br>in 1995<br>(thousands)|Source|Income<br>group|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Middle East and North**|**Africa**|||||||
|Qatar|1986|98.5|98.7|97.8|337|c|high|
|Bahrain|_1981_|43.3|93.7|S7.5|363|c|middle|
|Kuwait|1985|89.9|91.6|94.4|919|c|high|
|Oman|.|52.9|89.4|90.1|923|e|middle|
|United Arab Emiraas|1980|85.2|97.7|90.6|1,229|c|high|
|Lebanon|.|34.1|82.5|<br>74.8|1,826|e|middle|
|Jordan|.|36.2|77.1|76.4|2,555|e|middle|
|Libya|.|41.3|89.7|80.9|2,811|e|middle|
|Israel|1990|28.0|73.6|77.6|3,620|**f**|high|
|Tunisia|1989|35.7|77.2|75.7|5,396|1|mniddle|
|Yemen, Rep.|.|22.5|55.9|56.4|6,715|e|low|
|Syrian Arab Rep.|1989|15.4|71.3|66.7|7,328|1|middle|
|Saudi Arabia|.|47.8|85.5|82.8|9,740|e|middle|
|Iraq|.|30.4|79.1|70.1|11,310|e|middle|
|<br>Algeria|1987|35.9|87.1|78.4|<br>15,820|c|rniddle|
|Morocco|.|31.3|71.9|70.2|16,211|e|middle|
|Iran, Islamic Rep.|1986|10.3|59.3|66.5|33,534|c|middle|
|Egypt, Arab Rep.|1999|14.8|75.3|74.0|33,869|1|low|
|**High-income OECD**||||||||
|Iceland||43.0|97.9|97.7|173|e|high|
|Luxembourg|1991|14.0|95.0|90.6|264|1|high|
|<br>Ireland|1990|13.9|88.8|84.9|2,211|1|high|
|New Zealand|1991|40.5|80.6|83.2|2,337|c|high|
|Norway|1991|25.0|88.6|90.6|2,808|I|high|
|Finland|1991|28.4|91.9|91.2|3,380|I|high|
|Denmark|1990|37.5|92.1|92.1|3,503|I|high|
|Switzerland|1980|55.7|94.4|91.3|4,709|c|high|
|Austria|1990|13.0|94.9|90.1|5,000|1|high|
|Sweden|1991|40.6|93.2|92.7|5,600|I|high|
|Belgium|1990|17.9|90.7|79.5|6,658|o|high|
|Netherlands|1991|36.5|95.8|89.8|10,592|I|high|
|Australia|1991|33.5|76.2|81.0|12,242|1|high|
|Canada|1991|43.1|93.9|91.8|19,193|I|high|
|Spain|1991|42.4|86.5|74.1|26,832|I|high|
|<br>United Kingdom|1990|52.4|86.8|86.9|37,598|o|high|
|<br>France|1991|20.6|91.6|87.7|37,734|o|high|
|Italy|1991|40.8|82.8|70.1|39,951|1|high|
|Germany|.|30.3|84.7|82.1|55,309|e|high|
|Japan|1991|10.1|85.5|82.3|87,167|I|high|
|<br>United States|1991|55.3|93.8|91.9|172,328|I|high|

33
Table 4b continued

||Year|Share of<br>wage<br>employment<br>in<br>agriculture<br>|Share of<br>wage<br>employmelt<br>in<br>industry|Share of<br>wage<br>employment<br>in<br>services|Working age<br>population<br>in 1995<br>(thousands)|Source|Income<br>group|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||(<sup>0</sup>%)|**(%)**|**(%)**||||
|**South Asia**<br>||||||||
|Maldives|1990|14.4|32.4|74.1|129|c|middle|
|Bhutan|.|13.2|37.0|50.6|964|e|low|
|Sri lAnka|1986|43.8|73.2|72.3|11,706|1|low|
|Nepal|.|5.9|31.2|41.3|11,900|e|low|
|Afghanistan<br>|.<br>|7.6|46.7|48.2|13,309|e|low|
|Pakistan|1992|9.5|69.5|49.6|72,119|o|low|
|Bangladesh|1989|0.9|12.9|35.7|72,677|s|low|
|India|1991|2.3|26.3|41.7|560,958|s|low|
|**Sub-Saharan Africa**||||||||
|Seychelles|1981|71.8|83.3|78.7|33|o|middle|
|Sao Tome and Principe|1981|88.1|84.0|79.2|72|c|low|
|Equatorial Guinea|.|19.7|53.3|49.6|210|e|low|
|Cape Verde|1990|36.7|88.6|45.2|222|c|rniddle|
|Djibouti|.|30.2|72.6|65.4|264|e|middle|
|Comores<br>|1980<br>|17.7|47.3|32.3|319|c|low|
|Reunion<br>|1982|41.7<br>|89.3<br>|89.2<br>|422<br>|. c|middle|
|Swaziland|.|26.9|70.5|61.7|466|e|middle|
|Gambia,The|1983|0.2|3.2|1.3|520|c|low|
|Guinea-Bissau<br>|.<br>|16.1<br>|41.5|42.5|582|e|low|
|Botswana<br>|1981|5.4|96.9|91.4|743|c|middle|
|Mauritius|.|36.5|74.6|71.1|763|e|middle|
|Gabon|.|40.1|77.0|73.1|797|e|middle|
|Namibia|.|31.2|70.3|66.2|872|e|middle|
|Lesotho|.|22.2|58.1|54.7|1,094|e|low|
|Mauritania<br>|.|20.9<br>|56.4|52.9|1,212|e|low|
|Congo|.|26.0|65.1|60.2|1,321|e|middle|
|Liberia|1984|8.5|63.2|33.7|1,531|c|low|
|Central African Rep.|1988|0.8|35.7|41.3|1,750|c|low|
|Togo<br>|1981|1.0<br>|20.6<br>|33.8<br>|2,116<br>|c|low<br>|
|Sierra Leone|.|8.4|33.1|31.2|2,463|e|low|
|Benin|.|16.1|51.0|46.4|2,692|e|low|
|Burundi<br>|.|10.0|38.4|35.2|3,217|e|low|
|Guinea<br>|.|17.5|54.2|48.8|3,370|e|low|
|Chad|.|10.3|39.2|35.9|3,371|e|low|
|Rwanda|.|11.0|41.4|37.5|3,985|e|low|
|Senegal|.|20.4|59.8|53.3|4,403|e|middle|
|Niger<br>|.|11.7|43.3|39.0|4,499|e|low|
|Zambia|1980|43.0|88.2|70.7|4,622|c|low|
|Somalia|.|12.5|45.2|40.6|5,069|e|low|
|Burkina Faso|.|11.9|44.3|39.7|5,383|c|low|
|Mali||123|450|404|5399||l|
|<br>|.<br>|.|.|.|,|e|ow|
|Malawi|1987|6.1|72.8|61.6|5,454|c|low|
|Angola|.|20.8|69.1|54.8|<br>5,533|e|middle|
|Zimbabwe|.|17.1|54.8|48.6|6,071|e|low|
|Cameroon|1982|3.3|37.9|62.1|6,958|o|middle|
|Cote dlvoire<br>|.|18.1|56.6|50.1|6,967|e|low|
|Madagascar|.|9.1|38.6|34.6|7,277|e|low|

34
Table 4b continued

||Year|Share of<br>wage<br>employment<br>in<br>agriculture<br>_ _ _ _ _ _ _|Share of<br>wage<br>employment<br>in<br>industry<br>_ _ _ _ _ _ _**_(%)**<br>**(%J)**|Share of<br>wage<br>employment<br>in<br>services<br>(NO<br>M|Working age<br>population<br>in 1995<br>(thousands)|Source|Income<br>group|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|MozAnbique||0.0|6.4|7.0|8,486|e|low|
|Ghana|1984|5.3|25.2|37.0|9,045|c|low|
|Uganda||_5.8_|31.5|28.4|9,970|e|low|
|Kenya||10.4|42.4|37.6|13,845|e|low|
|Sudan||10.3|42.3|37.6|15,238|e|low|
|Tanzania||1.3|20.6|19.0|15,242|e|low|
|Zaire||6.4|44.9|33.5|21,485|e|low|
|South Africa||27.5|67.6|60.0|24,994|e|middle|
|Ethiopia||0.4|I83|17.5|29,401|e|low|
|Nigeria|1986|2.3|21.0|35.1|63,988|1|low|

Note: Working age population for countries ofthe forner Yugoslavia, former Czechoslovakia, and former Soviet Union are calculated by a forward projection of the 1980-90 growth rate, see text for detail Sources: cl,b,o Census survey, Labor force survey, Household survey and Official Estimates from ILO various years; sCountry sources, see text for details; e=Estimates, see text for details 35
|[rble5**-**A||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|TheWorld at Work||||||||||||
|_Raw data_**_(part_**_1):_||||||||||||
||Working age|Participation|Labor force|Unernpl-|Work Force|Share in|Share in|Share in|Labor in|Labor in|Labor in|
||population|rate||oyment rate||agriculture|industry|services|Agriculture|Industry|Services|
|._|__.____<br>(thousands)|(% O)|(thousands)|(%)|(thousands)|(%)|(%)|(%)|(thousands)|(thousands)|(thousands)|
|World|3540558|69.89|2474324|4.85|2354254|45.65|20.38|33.97|1074625|479843|799787|
|**lliph**inconme**econondes**|547300|69.58|380811|8.30|349204|4.84|29.91|65.25|16901|104447|227856|
|Mliddle**income econondes**|1030643|63.83|657859|6.90|612467|30.75|26.80|42.45|188334|164141|259992|
|**Low**incoie econondes|1962615|73.15|1435653|3.00|1392583|62.43|15.17|22.40|869390|211255|311939|
|**East Asia and Pacific**|1176166|81.91|963398|2.80|936422|57.93|17.97|24.10|542470|168275|225678|
|**Europe and Central**Asia|323679|73.94|239328|7.90|220421|24.02|35.50|40.48|52945|78250|89227|
|**Latin America and Caribbean**|294319|56.47|166202|5.40|<br>157227|22.87|25.38|51.75|<br>35958|39904|81365|
|**Middle East and North Africa**|154506|51.66|79818|13.70|<br>68883|33.27|23.35|43.38|<br>22917|16084|29881|
|O.E.C.D.|534231|69.64|372038|8.30|<br>341159|4.89|29.88|65.23|<br>16683|101938|222538|
|Smalih Asla|743762|59.11|439638|2.90|<br>426888|62.31|14.68|23.07|<br>265994|62667|98483|
|**SuliI-Ssmiarson**<br>**Af.ica**|313895|68.181|<br>214014|6.00|201173|64.57|9.21|26.22|<br>129897|18528|52748|

36
|**Table5 **-**A**||_||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**_li .u-Iat**<br>**_R_**<br>|<br>_<br>**_r**<br>_t_|__<br>_ _ _ _ _|_ _ _ _<br>_ _ _ _|_ _<br>_ _ _ _<br>_ _|_ _ _ _ _<br>_||__<br>_ _ _<br>_ _ _|
|**_awn_**<br>**_data_**_(pa_<br>|_r2):__<br> <br>|<br>||||||
|Share in Ag<br>|Share<br>in In<br>|Share<br>in Sv<br>|Laborin Wage<br>|Labor in Wage<br>|LaborinWage|Share in WF||
|that is wage<br>|that is wage<br>|that is wage<br> <br>|agriculture<br>|industry<br>|services<br>|that is wage||
|**(00o)**<br>'|**(%)**<br>|**(**)<br>__° o)<br>|(thousands)<br>|(thousands)|(thousands)|(%)|_|
|7.9|58.76|64.66|85760|281960|517137|37.59|World|
|38.18<br>|89.13<br>|85.61<br>|6453|93094|195067|84.37|**Highinconeecononmes**|
|25.63<br>|76.71<br>|68.23<br>|48270|125913|177393|57.40|Middle Income economnles|
|3.57|29.80|46.38|31037|62954|144677|17.14|Lowincome econonles|
|4.49<br>|36.21<br>|51.93<br>|24357<br>|60932|117194|21.62|**East AslaandPaelfic**|
|20.96<br>|82.56<br>|80.46<br>|11097<br>|64603|71792|66.91|**Europe and Central Asla**|
|41.42<br>|77.27<br>|68.84<br>|14894|30834|56012|64.71|**LatinAnierica**and Caribbean|
|20.96<br>|73.44<br>|72.32<br>|4803|11812|21610|55.49|**Middle East and North Africa**|
|37.93<br>|89.17<br>|85.63<br>|6328<br>|90898|190559|84.36|O.E.C.D.|
|3.71<br>|30.40|42.48|9868|19051|41836|16.56|South Asia|
|9.29|38.14|37.99|12067|7067|20039|19.47|**Sub-Saharan Africa**|

37
|**luhble**<br>5 - U_||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**1**e Vorld at**Work**<br>||||||||||||||
|_Estimatednumbers:_||||||||||||||
|._______________________|_______<br>Working age<br>|Labor force|Unemployed|Not in labor<br>|Workers in|Workers in|Workers in|Wage|Non-wage|Wage|Non-wage|Wage|Non-wage|
||population<br>|||force<br>|agriculture|industry|services|agriculture|agriculture|industry|industry|services|services|
|_ _______________________<br>|(thousands)|(thousands)|(thousands)|(thousands)|(thousands)|(thousanands|)(thounds)|(thousands)|(thousands)|(thousands)|(thousands)|(thousands)|(thousands)|
|IVo,l-d|3540558|2474324|120069|1066234|<br>1074625|479843|799787|85760|988865|281960|197883|517137|282649|
|llg2l<br>lncone econondes<br>|547300<br>|380811<br>|31607<br>|166489|<br>16901|104447|227856|6453|10448|93094|11353|195067|32788|
|**Nliddle tnconic econondes**<br>|1030643<br>|657859|45392|372784|188334|164141|259992|48270|140064|125913|38228|<br>177393|82600|
|Low incone econondes|1962615|1435653|43070|526962|869390|211255|311939|31037|838353|62954|148301|144677|167262|
|EastAsiaand**Pacific**<br>|1176166<br>|963398<br>|26975|212768|542470|168275|225678|24357|518113|60932|107343|117194|108483|
|Europe and Central Asla<br> <br>|323679<br>|239328|18907|<br>84351|52945|78250|89227|11097|41848|64603|13647|71792|17435|
|LatilnAnierica<br>and Caribbean<br> <br>|294319<br>|166202<br>|8975|128117|35958|39904|81365|14894|21064|30834|9070|56012|25353|
|!lI,die<br>East asid NorthAfl1a<br>|154506<br>|79818<br>|10935|74688|22917|16084|29881|4803|18114|11812|4272|21610|8271|
|O.E.C:.D.<br>|534231<br>|372038<br>|30879|162193|16683|101938|222538|6328|10355|90898|<br>11040|190559|31979|
|SouthAsia<br>|743762<br>|439638<br>|12749<br>|304124|265994|62667|98483|<br>9868|<br>256126|19051|43616|41836|56647|
|Sub-Saharan Africa|313895|214014|12841|99881|<br>129897|18528|<br>52748|12067|117830|7067|11461|20039|32709|

38
|TableS- C|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|The Worldat Work|||||||||||||
|_Estinates as ashareof wrkuing agep opul_|_ation in region_||||||||||||
|.__________________|_____<br>Working age|Unemployed|Not in labor|Workers in|Workers in|Workers in|Wage|Non-wage|Wage|Non-wage|Wage|Non-wage|
||population||force|agriculture|industry|5ervices|agriculture|agriculture|industry|industry|services|services|
||. <br>**(%/o)**|**(%/o)**|**(%/o)**|**( /3⁄4)**|**( /3⁄4)**|**(0/6)**|**(3⁄4/o)**|**(%/o)**|**(/o)**|**(**/)|**(/)**|**(n)**|
|World|**__**<br> <br>100|<br>3.4|<br>30.1|<br>30.4|<br>13.6|<br>22.6|<br>2.4|<br>27.9|<br>8.0|<br>5.6|<br>14.6|8.0|
|I lighlas"lile econondes|100|5.8|30.4|3.1|19.1|41.6|1.2|1.9|17.0|2.1|35.6|6.0|
|Mliddle income econondes|100|4.4|36.2|18.3|15.9|25.2|4.7|13.6|12.2|3.7|17.2|8.0|
|Low incomne econonsdes|100|2.2|26.9|44.3|10.8|15.9|<br>1.6|42.7|3.2|7.6|7.4|8.5|
|||unemployed|otin labor forc|agriculture|industry|services|||||||
|East Asla and Pacilic|100|2.3|18.1|46.1|14.3|19.2|<br>2.1|44.1|5.2|9.1|10.0|9.2|
|Europe and Central**Asia**|100|5.8|26.1|16.4|24.2|27.6|3.4|12.9|20.0|4.2|22.2|5.4|
|Latin Amerlca and Caribbean|100|3.0|43.5|12.2|13.6|27.6|5.1|7.2|10.5|3.1|19.0|8.6|
|MiddleEastand NorthAfrlca|100|7.1|48.3|14.8|10.4|19.3|<br>3.1|11.7|7.6|2.8|14.0|5.4|
|O.E.C.D.|100|5.8|30.4|3.1|19.1|41.7|1.2|1.9|17.0|2.1|35.7|6.0|
|SosthA.ila<br>_|100|<br>1.7|<br>40.9|35.8|8.4|13.2|<br>1.3|34.4|2.6|5.9|5.6|7.6|
|Sub-Saliaran Africa|100|4.1|31.8|41.4|5.9|16.8|<br>3.8|37.5|2.3|3.7|6.4|10.4|

39
|I aidel-<br>S- D<br>_____-<br>i<br>_______||_____||||||||.|.<br>_____|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|TheVorld at**WVork**<br>||||||||||||
|_Estimated as shares oflaborforce_<br>_in region_|||_____|_._||||||||
||Labor Force<br>|Unemployed|Workers in|Workers in<br>|Workers in|Wage|Non-wage|Wage|Non-wage|Wage|Non-wage|
|______|_____<br>_<br>(ages 15-64)||agriculture|industry|services|agriculture|agriculture|industry|industry|services|services|
|._______<br>|_(%)_|__(%)_|**(%/)**|_(%)_<br>_|<br>_(%)_|_(%)_|_(%)_|(/'o)|_(%)_<br>-|- **(O/°)**<br>-|_(e)_|
|Woild|100|4.9|43.4|19.4|<br>32.3|3.5|40.0|11.4|8.0|20.9|11.4|
|Illhi**nconie**econonles<br>|100|8.3|4.4|27.4|59.8|1.7|<br>2.7|24.4|3.0|51 2|8.6|
|MiddleIncome economies<br>|100|6.9|28.6|25.0|39.5|7.3|21.3|_19.1_|**5.8**|27.0|12.6|
|Lorincone<br>**economles**|**100**|3.0|60.6|14.7|<br>21.7|**2.2**|58.4|**4.4**|10.3|10.1|11.7|
|East**Asia**and Paciflc<br>|**100**|2.8|56.3|17.5|<br>23.4|**2.5**|53.8|**6.3**|**11.1**|**12.2**|<br>11.3|
|Furo,pe and Central Asia<br>|100|7.9|22.1|32.7|37.3|4.6|17.5|27.0|**5.7**|30.0|7.3|
|**Latin**America and Caribbean<br>|100|**5.4**|21.6|24.0|49.0|**9.0**|12.7|**18.6**|**_5.5_**|33.7|15.3|
|MiddleEast and North**Aftice**<br>|**100**|13.7|**28.7**|20.2|37.4|6.0|22.7|14.8|**_5.4_**|27.1|**10.4**|
|**O.E.C.D.**<br>|**100**|8.3|4.5|27.4|59.8|**1.7**|<br>2.8|24.4|3.0|51.2|8.6|
|**South**Asia<br> <br>|100|2.9|60.5|14.3|<br>22.4|**2.2**|**58.3**|**4.3**|9.9|9.5|12.9|
|.Sub-Sahiaran<br>Africa|100|6.0|60.7|8.7|24.6|**5.6**|**55.1**|3.3|**5.4**|**9.4**|15.3|

40
|'able5-|-1||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|I lie V''nrld at *'ork<br>|l<br>||||||||||||
|_Fstimated assharesof world working-age_|_population_||||||||||||
||Working age|Unemployed|Not in labor|Workers in|Workers in|Workers in|Wage|Non-wage|Wage|Non-wage|Wage|Non-wage|
|_<br>______________________|population||force|agriculture|industry|services|agriculture|agriculture|industry|industry|services|services|
|'World|100.0|3.4|30.1|30.4|13.6|22.6|2.4|27.9|8.0|5.6|14.6|R.0|
|IlizhIncminre econonmles_<br>_<br>|15.5|0.9|4.7|0.5|3.0|6.4|0.2|0.3|2.6|0.3|5.5|0.9|
|MliddleInconme econo,ndes<br>|29.1|1.3|10.5|<br>5.3|4.6|7.3|1.4|4.0|3.6|1.1|5.0|2.3|
|Low inconie econondes|55.4|1.2|14.9|<br>24.6|6.0|8.8|0.9|23.7|1.8|4.2|4.1|4.7|
|F.ast Asia and Pacific<br>|33.2|0.8|6.0|15.3|4.8|6.4|0.7|14.6|1.7|3.0|3.3|3.1|
|Eluropeand Central Asia<br>|9.1|0.5|2.4|1.5|2.2|2.5|0.3|1.2|1.8|0.4|2.0|0.5|
|I.atin America and Caribbean<br>|8.3|0.3|3.6|1.0|1.1|2.3|0,4|0.6|0.9|0.3|1.6|0.7|
|MliddleEast and North Africa<br>|4.4|0.3|2.1|<br>0.6|0.5|0.8|0.1|0.5|0.3|0.1|0.6|0.2|
|O.E.C.D.<br>|15.1|0.9|4.6|0.5|2.9|6.3|0.2|0.3|2.6|0.3|5.4|0.9|
|S,,tld Asia<br>|21.0|0.4|8.6|<br>7.5|1.8|2.8|0.3|7.2|0.5|1.2|1.2|1.6|
|Sub-Saharan Africa|8.9|0.4|2.8|<br>3.7|0.5|1.5|<br>0.3|3.3|0.2|0.3|0.6|0.9|

41
|FableS - F|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|TheWVurld atWrk_|||||||||||||
|_Estimated assharesofworldlaborfo_|_rce_||||||||||||
||=__|_____________I_<br>LaborForce|Unemployed|Workers in|Workers in|Workersin|Wage|Non-wage|Wage|Non-wage|Wage|Non-wage|
|||(ages 15-64)||agriculture|industry|services|agriculture|agriculture|industry|industry|services|services|
|_______________________||(%/o)|(%)|(%)|(%)|(%)|(%/o)|(%/o)|(/o)|(/)|(/)|(/)|
|<br>World||<br>100.0|<br> <br>4.9|<br>43.4|<br> <br>19.4|<br> <br>32.3|<br> <br>3.5|<br>40.0|<br>11.4|<br> <br>8.0|<br>20.9|11.4|
|lillti Inconme<br>econondes||15.4|1.3|0.7|<br>4.2|<br>9.2|<br>0.3|0.4|3.8|0.5|7.9|1.3|
|Middle inconm**e**cononIes||26.6|1.8|7.6|<br>6.6|<br>10.5|<br>2.0|5.7|5.1|<br>1.5|<br>7.2|3.3|
|**[.4mw**income economles||58.0|1.7|35.1|<br>8.5|<br>12.6|<br>1.3|33.9|2.5|6.0|_5.8_|6.8|
|East Asia and Paciflc||38.9|1.1|21.9|<br>6.8|<br>9.1|<br>1.0|20.9|2.5|4.3|4.7|4.4|
|Europe and Central Asia||9.7|0.8|2.1|<br>3.2|<br>3.6|<br>0.4|1.7|2.6|0.6|2.9|0.7|
|Latin America and Caribbean||6.7|0.4|1.5|<br>1.6|<br>3.3|<br>0.6|0.9|1.2|<br>0.4|2.3|1.0|
|Middle East and North Africa||3.2|0.4|0.9|<br>0.7|<br>1.2|<br>0.2|0.7|0.5|0.2|0.9|0.3|
|O.E.C.D.||15.0|1.2|0.7|<br>4.1|<br>9.0|<br>0.3|0.4|3.7|0.4|7.7|1.3|
|Southi Asia||17.8|0.5|10.8|<br>2.5|<br>4.0|<br>0.4|10.4|0.8|1.8|<br>1.7|<br>2.3|
|Sg,h-SalersuraMAic_|_|<br>8.6|0.5|5.2|<br>0.7|2.1|0.5|4.8|0.3|0.5|0.8|1.3|

42
# **Policy Research Working Paper Series**

|**Title**|**Author**|**Date**|**Contact**<br>**for paper**|
|---|---|---|---|
|WPS1464 How Does the North Arreric nn Free<br>Traae Agreement Affect Central<br>America?|Edward E. Leamer<br>Alfonso Guerra<br>Martin Kaufn ,an<br>Boris Segura|May 1995|S. Vallimont<br>37791|
|WPS 1465 Post Trade Liberalizatior Policy<br>and Institutional Challenges irn<br>Latin America arid the Caribbean|Sarath Rajapatirana|May 1995|J. Troncoso<br>37826|
|WPS1466 Ownership andFinancingc,:<br>Infrastructure: Historical<br>Perspectives|Charles D. Jacobson<br>Joel A. Tarr|June 1995|WDR<br>31393|
|WPS1467 Beyond the Uruguay ROLind The<br>implications of an Asian Free Trade<br>Area|JeitheyD.Lewis<br>Shermian Robinson<br>Zhi Wana|June 1995|B. Kim<br>82477|
|WPS1468 Government's Role in Pakistarn<br>Agriculture: Major Refor-ms are Needed|Rashid Farjqee<br>|June 1995|C. Anbiah<br>81275|
|WPS1469 The Role of Labor Unions in Fostering<br>Economic Development|'ohn Pencavel|June 1995|WDR<br>31393|
|WPS1470 Pension Systerns arid Reforms:<br>Country Experiences and Research<br>Issues|Patricio Arrau<br>Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel|June 1995|E. Khine<br>37471|
|WPS1471 Pension Reform and rtowth|Giancarlo Corsetti<br>Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel|June 1995|E. Khine<br>37471|
|WPS1472 Fiscal and Monetary Contraction in<br>Chile: A Rational-Expectat!on.s<br>App roach|Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel<br>Luis Serveni|June 1995|E. Khine<br>37471|
|WPS1473 The Surge in Capital Inflows to<br>Developing Countries: Prospects and<br>Policy Response|Eduardo Fernandez-Arias<br>Petet J. Montiel|June 1995|R. Vo<br>33722|
|WPS1474 Are Stable Agreements for Sharing<br>International River Waters N'ow<br>Possible?|D. Marc Kilgour<br>Aiel Dinar|June 1995|C. Spooner<br>32116|
|WPS1475 Decentralization: The 'Way Forward<br>for Rural Development?|Andrew N. Parker|June 1995|D. Housden<br>36637|
|WPS1476 Public Spending and lhe Poor: What<br>We Know, What We Need to Know|Dominique van de Walle|June 1995|**C.**Bernardo<br>37699|
|WPS1477 Cities Without Land Markets<br>-Locationand L-and Use in the<br>Socialist City|Alain Bertaud<br>Bertrand Renaud|June 1995|L. Lewis<br>30539|
Poioy **Researcth Working Paper Series**

||s**itie**|**Author**|**Date**|**Contact**<br>**for paper**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|;'VPS<br>P<br>><br>-;|Promoting Growth i Sri Lanka<br>1-essonsfrmn East Asia|Amadr<br>e<br>A tmed<br>_Prva_Rar-win|June1995|A. Bhalla<br>82168|
|WPS,1479|IsThere a Com:nercial Case<br>~<br>Tropical Timber Cedtlficatio.|Panayot:sN. Vara:iq.<br>Hachel Crossley<br>2arlos A. Primo F3raga|June 1995|J.**Jacobson**<br>33710|
|WPS 1480|Debt as a Control Device irr<br>Transitional Economre: The<br>Experiences oflHungaryand Pola-!|H!etbert L. Baer<br>C eryl W. CGray|June 1995|G. Evans<br>85783|
|.VPS1481|Corporate Control in Central Europe<br>and Russia: '-rhuld Banks 3. r!<br>Shares"'|Peter Dittus<br>Stepher Prowse|June 1995|G. Evans<br>85783|
|'V FS 1482|A Measure of Stock Market<br>Integration for Developed and<br>Emerging Markats|Robert A. Korajczyk|June 1995|P. Sintim-Aboagye<br>38526|
|/VPS1483|Costa Rican Pension Systemn<br>Options for Reform|Asli Demirg:c-Kunt<br>Arnita Schwarz|June 1995|P. Sintim-Aboagye<br>38526|
|VPS1484|The Uruguay Round and SouthAs;ia<br>An Overview of the Impact and<br>Opportunities|Nicier Majd|July 1995|J. Ngaine<br>37947|
|WPS1485|Aggregate Agricultura! Supply<br>Response in Dcvelop;ng Countrie-.<br>A Survey of Selected Issues|Maurice Schiff<br>Claudio E. Montenegro|July 1995|J. Ngaine<br>37947|
|WPS1486|The Emerging Legal Framework for<br>Private Sector Development in<br>Viet Nam's Transitional Economy|Pham van- Thuyet|July 1995|G. Evans<br>85783|
|WPS1487|Decomposing Social Indicatcrs lUsing<br>Distributional Data|Benu Bidani<br>Martin Ravaliion|July 1995|P. Sader<br>33902|
|WPS 1488|Estimating the World at Worl,|Doon Filmer|July 1995|M. Geller<br>31393|
|AE/PS148|9 Educationai Attainment in Developing<br>Countries Now Estimates and<br>Projections Disaggregated bv Gt.r tder|Virnod Ahuja<br>Deon Filmer<br>|July 1995|M. Geller<br>31393|