metadata: authors: 0: author: Lall,Somik V.
1: author: Rajan,Raghuram Govind
2: author: Schoder,Christian
count: World,United States,China,India,Nigeria,Pakistan,Bangladesh,Indonesia
docna: 0: docna: A Global Incentive Scheme to Reduce Carbon Emissions
docty: Policy Research Working Paper
abstracts: cdata!: This paper proposes an objective way of
            estimating and allocating
            &#x201c;differentiated&#x201d; responsibilities for
            carbon emissions across countries. These responsibilities
            translate into specific obligations and incentives for
            future emission reductions and support for adaptation,
            mitigation, and development. The proposals in this paper
            should be seen as a starting point for an informed and
            productive debate. Under the Global Carbon Reduction
            Incentive, every country that emits more than the per capita
            global average pays into a global incentive fund. This
            annual payment will be calculated based on the
            &#x201c;excess&#x201d; emissions per capita, the
            country&#x2019;s population, and a dollar amount called
            the Global Carbon Incentive. Countries below the global per
            capita average would receive a payout commensurate with
            their &#x201c;under-emission.&#x201d; The United
            States and China are the two biggest emitters and, assuming
            a Global Carbon Incentive of $10, they jointly would
            contribute more than $70 billion to the fund, from which
            nations such as India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and
            Indonesia would be the major recipients. An important
            adjustment to the Global Carbon Reduction Incentive is to
            focus on consumption rather than production&#x2014;a
            country should not avoid responsibility for the carbon it
            consumes by outsourcing production to another country. The
            proposal considers that countries that have used more of the
            collective carbon budget have benefited from the associated
            development and should pay for it. The proposal also
            considers methane emissions as well as crediting countries
            for their efforts toward preventing deforestation.
display_title: A Global Incentive Scheme to Reduce
            Carbon Emissions
listing_relative_url: /research/2024/04/34308394/global-incentive-scheme-reduce-carbon-emissions
topicv3: Climate Change m1326829 567,Carbon Finance m1582410 4698
publishtoextweb_dt: 2024-04-25T00:00:00Z
dois: 10.1596/1813-9450-10759
origu: Off of Sr VP Dev Econ/Chief Econ (DECVP)
no_of_pages: 42
author_keys: 0: author_key: 124534
1: author_key: 456554
2: author_key: 1925719
model_extractions: Policy Research Working Paper 10759 A Global Incentive Scheme to Reduce Carbon Emissions _Somik V. Lall Raghuram Rajan Christian Schoder_ Development Economics Development Policy Team April 2024 A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http://reproducibility.worldbank.org, click **here** for direct access.
Policy Research Working Paper 10759

# **Abstract**

This paper proposes an objective way of estimating and allocating “differentiated” responsibilities for carbon emissions across countries. These responsibilities translate into specific obligations and incentives for future emission reductions and support for adaptation, mitigation, and development. The proposals in this paper should be seen as a starting point for an informed and productive debate. Under the Global Carbon Reduction Incentive, every country that emits more than the per capita global average pays into a global incentive fund. This annual payment will be calculated based on the “excess” emissions per capita, the country’s population, and a dollar amount called the Global Carbon Incentive. Countries below the global per capita average would receive a payout commensurate with their “under-emission.” The United States and China are the two biggest emitters and, assuming a Global Carbon Incentive of $10, they jointly would contribute more than $70 billion to the fund, from which nations such as India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Indonesia would be the major recipients. An important adjustment to the Global Carbon Reduction Incentive is to focus on consumption rather than production—a country should not avoid responsibility for the carbon it consumes by outsourcing production to another country. The proposal considers that countries that have used more of the collective carbon budget have benefited from the associated development and should pay for it. The proposal also considers methane emissions as well as crediting countries for their efforts toward preventing deforestation.

This paper is a product of the Development Policy Team, Development Economics. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at raghuram.rajan@chicagobooth.edu and slall1@worldbank.org. A verified reproducibility package for this paper is available at http://reproducibility.worldbank.org, click **here** for direct access.

<!-- Start of picture text --> TRANSPARENT<br>ANALYSIS<br>G<br>R E<br>N<br>S<br>I P<br>Y E<br>K A<br>C A<br>R P<br>LI R<br>O E<br>O C<br>W R<br>H<br>S<br>P<br><!-- End of picture text --> _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent._ Produced by the Research Support Team
# **A Global Incentive Scheme to Reduce Carbon Emissions**<sup>**1**</sup>

Somik V. Lall, Raghuram Rajan, and Christian Schoder

## JEL classification: F30, F55, Q56

Keywords: greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, international financial institutions 1 Somik Lall is an Economic Adviser at the World Bank, Raghuram Rajan is the Katherine Dusak Miller Distinguished Service Professor of Finance at the University of Chicago, and Christian Schoder is an Economist at the World Bank. The authors thank Baris Tercioglu for excellent research assistance, and Indermit Gill and Ayhan Kose for helpful discussions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Author for correspondence: Rajan < raghuram.rajan@chicagobooth.edu>
# **Motivation**

The 1992 UN Rio Summit concluded that countries had a _common_ but _differentiated_ responsibility to tackle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions – _common_ in that climate change affects everyone, and _differentiated_ because countries have different responsibilities for creating the problem, as well as differing abilities to resolve it. Thirty years on, in its report released in April 2022 (IPCC 2022), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change highlights the urgency of steep emissions reductions to keep global warming from reaching 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.<sup>2</sup> Ideally, the allocation of responsibilities would be within a framework that provides sufficient incentives to achieve this target.

Unfortunately, there is no agreement on how to allocate responsibilities. Clearly, Uganda, which emits 0.1 ton per capita of carbon per year (in 2018), has much less responsibility both for the carbon that is already in the atmosphere and for what continues to be pumped out than the US, which emits 16 tons per capita per year.<sup>3</sup> And the US has more responsibility than the EU, which emits 6.4 tons per capita. Yet the EU has committed to cut its 1990 emission levels by at least 55 <u>percent by 2030, while the Biden administration wants only to halve its 2005 emissions by 2030.</u> And of course, there are no penalties if a country fails to adhere to commitments.

Without international agreements that set out clear rewards and penalties, policy commitments are not credible. This impedes the low-carbon transition, which is largely driven by private sector expectations about future carbon prices and technological change. Forward guidance and expectations management can be effective instruments to promote the low-carbon transition. By making “excess emissions” costly, the Global Carbon Reduction Incentive GCRI could serve as a simple institutional arrangement to improve the credibility of policy commitments. In fact, it can help mobilize the private sector in hastening mitigation of GHG emissions.

> 2 The report finds that limiting future emissions to 300 Gt CO2 will be required to ensure the 1.5° ceiling with high probability.

> 3 Hallegatte et al (2023) find that the global emissions increase associated with eradicating extreme poverty is small -- global energy emissions would need to be reduced by 2.08 GtCO2e per year, instead of 2.0 GtCO2e per year in the absence of any progress towards extreme poverty eradication.

2
Emission rights are a form of property right held against the planet. The weaker a country’s commitment to reduce emissions, the more rights it claims. Collectively, countries have claimed significantly more emission rights than is consistent with the 1.5°C ceiling, and there is no agreement on how to limit these self-claimed rights.

Relatedly, in 2009 in Copenhagen, high-income countries <mark>promised to channel US$100 billion a year to less wealthy nations by 2020, to help them adapt to climate change and mitigate further rises in temperature. The promise was vague in that it was not clear whether these would be grants and subsidies, or simply financing at market rates. It was made vaguer still because it did not specify who would put up the money.</mark> <mark>In sum, an objective way of estimating and allocating “differentiated” responsibility is needed, which can then translate into specific obligations (as well as specific support for adaptation and mitigation) and policy incentives. Absent such an objective measure, action plans will tend to be based on domestic political compulsions and fiscal space rather than the planet’s needs, with substantial amounts of free-riding. Worse, i</mark> t is likely that the principle of “common but differentiated” goes by the wayside as the imperative to avoid climatic catastrophe looms larger.

This paper outlines the desirable characteristics of any scheme that allocates responsibility and provides incentives for future climate action. It continues by describing a few schemes that satisfy these characteristics and highlighting the key parameters about which international negotiations should be most concerned. These include the issue of consumption- versus production-based emissions, the balance between considering past and future emissions, and what type of emissions are included. Finally, the paper offers some preliminary calculations on how these schemes would affect different countries.

3
# **1. Desirable Characteristics of a Responsibility Allocation and Incentive Scheme**

Desirable characteristics of a responsibility allocation and incentive scheme include fairness, forward-looking orientation, efficiency, ease of operation and flexibility, and ease of decentralization.

# _Fairness_

High-income countries have put much of the carbon that already exists into the air. And they are still emitting more per capita than many low-income countries. To the extent that the right to emit is a property right held by each individual on the planet,<sup>4</sup> high-income countries have a greater responsibility to curtail emissions, both because they have used up more of their property right (assuming an overall budget of emissions rights that would take the world to 1.5 ° C), and they continue to emit more. Having become rich partly based on past emissions, they also have the wealth to pay for adaptation and mitigation. In sum, any scheme to allocate responsibility should do so based on emissions, past and present. It should also help raise the $100 billion annually that has been promised.

Ahluwalia and Patel (2021) make a case to allocate the available carbon budget in a demonstrably fair manner into individual country budgets, with each country defining its own emission trajectory to stay within its carbon budget. Dasgupta, Lall, and Wheeler (2022) consider equity considerations from a historical perspective going back to 1900; they show that 60 percent of highincome countries have already exceeded their carbon budgets (based on population shares). The United States crossed its per capita allocation in 1945, the United Kingdom in 1947, and Germany in 1956.

> 4 Our focus on fairness based on individuals rather than nations is consistent with the treatment of climate equity by Stern (2007), Mattoo and Subramaniam (2013) and many others.

4
# _Forward-Looking Orientation_

Making the payment scheme dependent only on past or present emissions addresses the objective of fairness, but penalizing past behavior may not provide strong incentives for future decarbonization. Hence, the payment scheme should have a forward-looking element which includes future emissions in the payment scheme. This would imply that the scheme is rolled out over time with periodic payments which depend on historic emissions and the recent performance. Balancing the historical-responsibility and incentive aspects of the scheme would be an important parameter subject to international negotiations.

# _Efficiency_

It is important that the world economizes on costs. One way to get efficient outcomes is for all countries to be faced with the same price of emissions. So, Europe scrapes coal plants because the price of carbon emissions is high there, while Uganda builds them because the price of carbon emissions is low there.

Unequal incentives can also breed resentment. Workers in coal-fired utilities in high-income countries that are being closed will not be happy if they see such utilities being opened in lowincome countries. Unfortunately, emissions are still not priced in a consistent manner across as well as within countries (Agnolucci et al, forthcoming).

# _Ease of Operation and Flexibility_

Any scheme has to be easy to operationalize and monitor. Overly complicated schemes can be hard to communicate to the public, whose buy-in is essential. Difficulties in measuring inputs and outputs can lead to gaming and evasion, reducing fairness and efficiency. It will also increase operational costs for the scheme, reducing the funds that can be devoted to adaptation and mitigation.

The scheme should also be flexible. If the world is emitting much more than consistent with the 1.5 ° C ceiling, it should be easy to ramp up the incentive by increasing the price of “excess” emissions without detailed global renegotiation. Conversely, if technological change significantly reduces the costs of emissions, it should be possible to dial down incentives equally easily. Ideally, the scheme should be self-adjusting based on objective measures.

5
# _Ease of Decentralization_

Countries are not ready for a one-size-fits-all scheme. Some may want to impose a carbon tax, while a carbon tax may be politically impossible in other countries. Conversely, emissions regulation or a ban on coal use may be more easily implemented in those countries. At any rate, countries should have the flexibility, within the umbrella of the scheme, to experiment with what works best in their countries. Experimentation and innovation could result in better practices for mitigation that could spread across countries.

# **2. Possible Schemes**

A variety of schemes that satisfy these desired criteria are possible. These could be thought of as variations on a common theme, with extensions or alternatives addressing different concerns.

# _Global Carbon Reduction Incentive_

The starting point is that every individual has the implicit right to emit at the world per capita emission level. Of course, “under-emitting” countries should not be incentivized to increase their emissions, while “excess emission” countries should reduce them. Hence, embedding incentives is key.

Every country that emits more than the per capita world average (currently around 5 tons) would pay into a global incentive fund. This annual payment would be calculated by multiplying the excess emissions per capita by the country’s population and a dollar amount called the Global Carbon Incentive. So if the country’s population is 30 million, its per capita emission is 17 tons, and the Global Carbon Incentive (GCI) is set at $10, it would pay $30 million*(17-5)*10= $3.6 billion. Countries below the global per capita average would receive a payout commensurate with their “under-emission”. A country of 40 million emitting 2 tons per capita would receive $40 million*(5-2)*10= $1.2 billion. The fund is completely self-financing by design – what is paid in exactly equals what is paid out (assuming administrative costs are negligible). Note that the $10 GCI is set for illustrative purposes and future research should compute an optimal rate balancing political feasibility and sufficient incentives.

Importantly, every country would face a loss of $10 per capita for every ton by which they increase per capita emissions, whether they are at a high, low, or average level today. So Uganda has the 6
same incentives to economize on emissions as the United States because the payment Uganda receives from the fund would fall commensurately if it increased per capita emissions.

Moreover, this scheme addresses the equity problem. Low emitters, which are often the poorest countries and most endangered by climatic changes they did not cause, get a payment, which they can use to help their people adapt. The Global Carbon Reduction Incentive (GCRI) scheme also assigns responsibility for payments in a feasible way: the big emitters typically have the ability to pay. This approach is consistent with the broader principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (see also Mattoo and Subramaniam 2013).

Of course, what a country does domestically is entirely its own business. Instead of levying a politically unpopular carbon tax, one country may impose prohibitive regulations on coal, while another may levy taxes on energy inputs and a third may incentivize renewables. Each one does it their own way, with the GCRI supplementing any moral incentives they already have to act at the country level. The GCRI does not snuff out domestic experimentation.

Incentives can be enhanced, or softened, simply by changing the amount of the GCI. It could be increased if the urgency for action increases. It can be reduced if some miraculous technological breakthrough occurs on emission reduction. To avoid creating uncertainty, after an initial period of calibration, any change in the GCI could be contemplated only every 3 years or so. The process of adjustment can also be automated by allowing the GCI to depend on the available carbon budget in a transparent way.

The annual payments/receipts by each country for a GCI of $10 are listed in Annex Table A. Table 1 presents the GCI payments and receipts for the top 10 countries. The biggest net payers are the United States and China, while the biggest net receivers are India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Indonesia. For a GCI of $10 per ton, the total payments are $133 billion (and, obviously, the receipts by carbon under-emitters are the same). Countries such as France and the UK, with per capita emissions close to the global average pay small amounts --- $0.29 billion and $0.84 billion, respectively. Countries such as Sweden, with per capita emissions below the global average, would in fact be a net recipient. To get a payment of $100 billion by the excess emitters, the GCI could be reduced to $7.5 per ton.

7
**_Table 1: The Global Carbon Reduction Incentive – payments and receipts for the top 10 countries_**

|**Country**|**Production CO2 (mil**<br>**tons)**|**Population**<br>**2019**<br>**(millions)**|**Per capita CO2**<br>**(production)**|**Deviation from global**<br>**average (per capita CO2 –**<br>**4.61 tons/person)**|**Tax or incentive USD**<br>**Billions (valuing**<br>**'excess' emissions at**<br>**USD 10per ton)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|United States|5291.77|325.03|16.28|11.67|37.92|
|China|10053.86|1420.67|7.08|2.46|34.96|
|Russian Federation|1651.85|145.48|11.35|6.74|9.80|
|Japan|1172.92|127.46|9.20|4.59|5.85|
|Saudi Arabia|639.54|33.05|19.35|3.65|4.87|
|Korea, Rep.|649.98|51.06|12.73|3.11|4.14|
|Canada|572.77|36.73|15.60|3.02|4.03|
|Germany|769.54|82.66|9.31|2.91|3.88|
|Iran, Islamic Rep.|683.75|80.69|8.47|2.33|3.11|
|Australia|412.90|24.58|16.80|2.25|2.99|
|Kazakhstan|299.67|18.07|16.58|1.62|2.16|
|Tanzania|11.35|54.70|0.21|-1.81|-2.41|
|Philippines|131.31|105.14|1.25|-2.66|-3.54|
|Congo, Dem. Rep.|2.55|81.46|0.03|-2.80|-3.73|
|Brazil|498.47|207.80|2.40|-3.46|-4.61|
|Ethiopia|14.96|106.43|0.14|-3.57|-4.76|
|Indonesia|592.60|264.58|2.24|-4.71|-6.29|
|Bangladesh|81.50|159.67|0.51|-4.92|-6.55|
|Pakistan|216.57|207.95|1.04|-5.57|-7.43|
|Nigeria|120.27|190.96|0.63|-5.71|-7.61|
|India<br>Source: Author cal|2462.08<br>culations based on ‘|1338.48<br>Our World in Da|1.84<br>ta‘(https://ourw|-27.87<br>orldindata.org/).|-37.16|

Source: Author calculations based on ‘Our World in Data‘ (https://ourworldindata.org/).

# _Modification 1: Consumption versus Production_

An important adjustment to the GCRI is to focus on consumption rather than production – a country should not avoid responsibility for the carbon it consumes by outsourcing production to another country. So, the proposal adds the carbon embedded in imported goods and subtracts the carbon embedded in exported goods from the carbon produced by a country. For a country like China, CO2 emissions based on production are 10 billion tons and fall to 9 billion tons when a consumption-based measure is used. In the United States, 5.2 billion tons of CO2 are “produced” and 5.6 billion tons are “consumed”. This exercise is carried out for all countries where these data 8
are available through Our World in Data (https://ourworldindata.org/). The results are presented in Annex Table A. With the consumption-based emissions, China’s payments decline significantly – from USD 35 billion to USD 20 billion. This adjustment does not materially impact other countries.

# _Modification 2: Stock of Carbon Emitted_

The proposal has ignored the stock of emissions thus far. Some countries would argue that they should not be held responsible for emissions when there was little knowledge that emissions were damaging. Others would argue that regardless of foreknowledge, countries that have used more of the collective carbon budget have benefited from the associated development and should pay for it. A middle ground may be sensible here, backing out the stock of carbon emitted thus far, with 1990 as the start year. This is well into a timeframe where high- and low-income countries alike were aware of climate change; the Rio Earth Summit was held in 1992.

One could follow the same principle as above and argue that every individual today has the right to have emitted the average stock of carbon between 1990 and today (again, the fund can consider either carbon production emissions or carbon consumption emissions). So excess emission countries will be those whose per capita average is more than the global per capita average stock emitted between 1990 and today.<sup>5</sup> The last question is what rate the excess stock of emissions should attract. Given that this one-off payment will not change any incentive to act (since the emissions have already occurred), its value can be debated. Arguably, the cost of additional emissions should grow as the carbon budget shrinks, so emissions in the past ought to be costed at a lower rate than current emissions. What payments are required with a “moderate” rate of $0.3 /ton and how does this compare to a GCI of $10/ton? Once again, this would be a one-off payment rather than a recurring payment, though it is also possible to consider amortizing the payment over say 20 years and adding it to the annual GCRI payments. Table 2 presents the payments and receipts for the top 10 countries; Annex Table B provides the full list.

> 5 An alternative would be to calculate country payments each year if the GCRI scheme were in operation since 1990 and cumulate the payments. This more detailed calculation takes into account the variation in population over time, as well as allows for possible variation in the GCI.

9
# **_Table 2: The Global Carbon Reduction Incentive, modifying for carbon stocks– payments and receipts for the top 10 countries valued at 0.3 USD per ton_**

|**Country**|**CO2 stock (mil**<br>**tons)**|**Population**<br>**2019(millions)**|**Per capital CO2**<br>**stock**|**Deviations from**<br>**global average (per**<br>**capita CO2 stock)**|**Tax or incentive**<br>**USD billions**<br>**(valued at 0.3 USD**<br>**per ton)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|United States|167927.36|329.06|510.32|400.17|39.50|
|Russian Federation|49909.67|145.87|342.15|232.00|10.15|
|China|184376.75|1433.78|128.59|18.45|7.94|
|Japan|36938.62|126.86|291.18|181.03|6.89|
|Germany|26251.71|83.52|314.33|204.18|5.12|
|Canada|16332.75|37.41|436.58|326.43|3.66|
|Korea, Rep.|14869.02|51.23|290.27|180.12|2.77|
|Saudi Arabia|12329.56|34.27|359.79|249.65|2.57|
|United Kingdom|15728.91|67.53|232.92|122.77|2.49|
|Australia|10982.38|25.20|435.75|325.61|2.46|
|Viet Nam|3004.90|96.46|31.15|-78.99|-2.29|
|Congo, Dem. Rep.|64.39|86.79|0.74|-109.40|-2.85|
|Philippines|2392.64|108.12|22.13|-88.01|-2.85|
|Brazil|11339.75|211.05|53.73|-56.41|-3.57|
|Ethiopia|198.21|112.08|1.77|-108.38|-3.64|
|Bangladesh|1273.65|163.05|7.81|-102.33|-5.01|
|Indonesia|11061.53|270.63|40.87|-69.27|-5.62|
|Nigeria|2530.88|200.96|12.59|-97.55|-5.88|
|Pakistan|4005.61|216.57|18.50|-91.65|-5.95|
|India|41536.37|1366.42|30.40|-79.75|-32.69|

Source: Author calculations based on ‘Our World in Data‘ (https://ourworldindata.org/).

The key finding of the GCRI based on production-related carbon stocks is that the rankings for both payers and recipients do not change much compared to the GCRI based on annual emissions. The United States and the Russian Federation are the top contributors based on stock values. China is the third largest contributor. Yet, the net contributions of China decrease drastically from $35 billion to $8 billion. The cumulative emissions since the 1990s have been low in China compared to the US and Russia. These numbers are computed using a production-based approach. With the consumption-based approach (reported in the Annex), however, China moves from paying into the fund to becoming a recipient.

10
# _Modification 3: Accounting for Methane_

Methane is a major greenhouse gas. Following the same logic as with CO2, the deviation of the country (per capita) emissions and stocks from the global average can be calculated for each country. Excess emissions or deviations were multiplied by the country’s population and the GCI. The results are reported in Annex Table C **.** To the extent that methane is more problematic than carbon for climate change, the GCI could be set higher. Per capita methane emissions are over four times the global average in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Russia. Countries such as France, Germany, and the UK have per capita emissions lower than the global average. In addition, the price of the excess stock emitted since 1990 can be calculated. Annex Table D reports the results.

In terms of methane emissions, Russia takes the lead as the main emitter. With a stock-based approach, emissions of Brazil and Australia become more significant. China is the second largest recipient following India if only methane emissions are considered.

# _Modification 4: Forestry_

One large carbon sink is a country’s forests. Bastin et al. (2019) use spatially granular data to estimate forest restoration potential across the globe and find room for an additional 0.9 billion hectares of forest cover, which could store about 750 Gt of CO2 at maturity.

To the extent that a country has protected its forests, given its stage of development and its population density, it should get some credit for it.<sup>6</sup> To objectively compute a measure for ‘excess’ forest cover, the proposed framework predicts a baseline forest cover in a country given its natural environment and initial forest endowment (in 1990) as well as hard-to-control factors like its stage of development (e.g., more agriculture means less forest cover), and its population (larger population for a given terrain means less forest cover). The actual forest cover less the predicted forest cover is the ‘excess’ forest cover that the country should get credit for. Using a conversion rate for how much carbon is stored per square km of forest, the total tons of carbon stored in the ‘excess’ forest can be obtained. It is important to note that the carbon absorption quality of forests varies across countries; the proposal accounts for these differences using the Global Forest

> 6 The point here is that countries with a natural propensity for forest cover should not receive credit for their natural endowments.

11
Resources Assessment data of the FAO.<sup>7</sup> For example, a sq km of forest in India stores 4,100 tons of CO2. In Brazil, that figure is 12,100 tons; in Indonesia it is 13,800 tons.

The CO2 equivalent of excess forest can be priced at the GCI to get an excess forestry benefit for a country. Of course, the specific model used to determine the predicted area of forests needs to be worked out. A potential first pass is in Annex 1 which computes the CO2 stored by the ‘excess’ forest in 2019 controlling for a country’s income level, population density, temperature and precipitation, land area, agricultural land, and forest endowment in 1990. Table 3 highlights the top 10 countries that could be credited for forestry based on our first approximation estimates.<sup>8</sup> China leads the way. Its initial forest coverage was around 1.6 million sq km in 1990. Given its zChina to have around 1.8 million sq km of forest in 2019. Its actual forest cover in 2019, however, is around 2.2 million sq km. Hence it overperformed compared to the global average, making it eligible for USD 0.36 billion as credit using a GCI of USD 0.3 per ton.

The key finding is that measures that protect forest cover, over and beyond a country’s development, natural endowment and demography, have only a limited impact in offsetting carbon emissions. The change in the stock of emissions since 1990 is mostly the result of rapidly increasing production and consumption of carbon.

> 7 http://countrystat.org/home.aspx?c=FOR.

> 8 Countries could also be credited at the GIC rate on a flow basis for the carbon absorbed annually by their “excess” forests. This would create an additional incentive to maintain, or even expand, forest cover. These calculations can be done using the methods already outlined.

12
# **_Table 3: Forestry Credits for top 10 countries valued at 0.3 USD per ton_**

|**Country**|**Forest coverage 1990**<br>**(000’s of sq km)**|**Forest**<br>**coverage**<br>**2019 (000’s**<br>**of sq km)**|**Predicted forest**<br>**(000’s of sq km)**|**Forest**<br>**performance**<br>**(deviations from**<br>**regression**<br>**predictions –**<br>**000’s of sq km)**|**CO2**<br>**equivalents**<br>**(mil tons)**|**Credit (billion USD)**<br>**valuing excess stock at**<br>**$0.3per ton)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|China|1571.41|2180.99|1779.76|401.23|1203.68|0.36|
|India|639.38|718.94|595.92|123.01|504.36|0.15|
|Vietnam|93.76|145.67|92.53|53.14|382.64|0.11|
|Mexico|705.92|658.20|605.16|53.04|169.73|0.05|
|Congo, Rep.|223.15|219.61|172.90|46.71|714.72|0.21|
|Gabon|237.62|235.42|189.51|45.91|564.71|0.17|
|Spain|139.05|185.68|141.08|44.60|102.57|0.03|
|Guyana|186.02|184.25|147.88|36.36|389.10|0.12|
|Thailand|193.61|199.09|164.29|34.80|160.08|0.05|
|Colombia|649.58|593.41|563.36|30.06|336.63|0.10|

# **Implementation**

Once the broad contours of the framework are decided, some structures will have to be put in place.

- 1) The process of measuring actual carbon emissions by a country will have to be standardized. As with the calculation of any aggregates like GDP, there will have to be some assumptions as well as the use of rules of thumb. Since these decisions will imply actual money gained or lost by a country, it is best that these be set by a small independent technical group or secretariat. Further, advances in satellite image processing have made it possible to accurately measure carbon and methane in near real time. NASA’s OCO-2 and OCO-3 instruments, the European Space Agency’s METOP-A and TROPOMI (Sentinel-5P) platforms, China’s TANSAT, and the Japan Space Exploration Agency’s GOSAT and GOSAT-2 can be tapped for accurate and independent measurement (Dasgupta et al 2021).

- 2) There will be a debate about whether countries that are poorly governed should receive payments. In general, so long as there is a functioning government that is not kleptocratic, payments should not be withheld. If there is no government that meets these minimum conditions, payment could be held in trust by the World Bank for when such a government emerges. Furthermore, there should be no presumption that payments would be used for

13
climate adaptation or mitigation – some countries may decide to invest more in schooling or in poverty relief.

- 3) Parameters like the value of the GCI for carbon or methane could be decided periodically (say every 3-5 years). Better still, they could be tied to the remaining emission budget in a transparent way.

# **3. Political Feasibility**

Clearly, large emitters have a disincentive to bind themselves to make payments. They may also have little ability to bind successor governments. Yet, if the world is to make some collective headway on climate change, governments have to make costly commitments that may be unappealing to successor governments – this problem is not specific to the proposed schemes. While the political infeasibility of any climatic action is clear, the existential cost of inaction is equally clear.

Furthermore, the issue of differentiated responsibility cannot be avoided. Fuzzy unenforceable long-term commitments need to be transformed into short-term specific obligations. The more these short-term obligations are obtained through simple transparent calculations, the more legitimacy the global community will have in requiring they be adhered to. The proposals in this paper should be seen as a starting point for an informed, and hopefully productive, debate.

14
# **References**

- Agnolucci, Paolo, Carolyn Fischer, Dirk Heine, Mariza Montes de Oca León, Kathleen Patroni, Joseph Pryor, and Stéphane Hallegatte. Forthcoming. “Measuring Total Carbon Pricing.” World Bank, Washington, DC.

- Ahluwalia, M. S., & Patel, U. 2022. Climate Change Policy for Developing Countries (CSEP Working Paper 23). New Delhi: Centre for Social and Economic Progress.

- Bastin, J-F., Y. Finegold, C. Garcia, D. Mollicone et al. 2019. The global tree restoration potential. Science, 365(6448): 76-79.

- Dasgupta, S., Lall, S, and Wheeler, D. 2021. Urban CO2 Emissions : A Global Analysis with New Satellite Data. Policy Research working paper,no. WPS 9845 Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group.

- Dasgupta, S., Lall, S, and Wheeler, D. 2022. Who is Accountable for Climate Change?  History and Equity in Carbon Budget Allocation, mimeo, World Bank.

- Hallegatte, S., Wolburg, P., and Mahler, D. 2023. The Climate Implications of Ending Global Poverty. World Bank.

Mattoo, A. and Subramanian, A. 2013. Greenprint: a new approach to cooperation on climate change. Center for Global Development.

Stern, N. 2007. The Economics of Global Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge University Press.

15
# **Annex: Forestry**

In considering country-specific efforts to protect, one needs to control for a country’s natural forest propensity, as well as account for forest ‘consumption’ as part of a country’s development trajectory. One also needs to consider economic geography in terms of the density of settlements.

The regression model outlined here (Table 4) seeks to identify a measure of “ _excess_ forestation” for every country _i_ . Excess forestation is the difference between the observed forest cover in 2019 ( _forest19i_ ) (sq kms) and a hypothetical share in 2019 predicted by the regression model. Hence, excess forestation for country _i_ is simply the residual, _ui_ , of the regression model: _forest19i_ = α + X _i_ β + _ui_ (1) where α is the intercept and β is a vector of coefficients for controls of interest.

The key question is on the choice of control variables that should be included in X _i_ . What are the main drivers of (de)forestation?

- Log of per-capita GDP ( _incomei_ ): Richer countries are expected to have smaller forest shares if they exploited forests during earlier stages of development. Yet this relationship is non-linear with faster deforestation in low-income countries (which may rely on forest resources) than in high-income countries. Hence, the specification also includes this variable with a squared term. The variables are averages over the last 5 years to flatten out business cycle fluctuations.

- Population density ( _population_densityi_ ): Countries with higher population densities may need to expand into the forest frontier to accommodate its residents – the evidence from the urban literature suggests that cities around the world expand at the extensive margin as incomes and populations increase (Lall et al 2021).

- Precipitation ( _Annual_precipi_ ) and temperature ( _Annual_tempi_ ): They both capture climatic properties. While it may be preferred to use measures reflecting agroclimatic zones, considerable heterogeneity within large countries makes it difficult to assign specific zones to a country.

- Share of agricultural land ( _agricultural_landi_ ): Agriculture is a main driver of deforestation.

Variants of the specification have also considered urban density, education, real effective exchange rates, and the share of services as a proxy for structural change. Yet, these variables were statistically insignificant and did not change R<sup>2</sup> considerably. Hence, they are excluded from the final specifications. All data have been obtained from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators.

The regression model above seeks to explain the forest coverage by various explanatory variables. Yet, if countries are rich today, have a high population density, or have a high share of agriculture, they could have reduced their forest shares many decades, even centuries ago. While it may be useful to consider natural propensity for a country to have forest cover, such historic data are challenging to collect for a large sample of countries. Further, since much of the work in the paper 16
takes 1990 as a starting point and the interest lies in forestation ambitions in recent decades, 1990 is taken as the cut-off year.

Hence, the specification includes an additional regressor:

- Forest cover in 1990 ( _forest90i_ ): This variable controls for both the country’s natural inclination to forests (jointly with precipitation and temperature) and the deforestation before 1990.

In this case, the residuals can be interpreted as the change in forest over since 1990 above or below what the economic and climatic regression model would predict. Countries with a positive (negative) residual have increased (reduced) forest cover since 1990 relative to the model’s prediction, and _excess forestation_ is positive (negative).

After estimating countries’ excess forestation and deforestation, these values expressed in sq km of land area are converted to CO2 equivalents. The carbon stock in living forest biomass data of the FAO provides the conversion rates. These data express carbon stock per hectare of forest for each country. The reference year to convert forest area in square km to CO2 equivalent is 2010. Countries with forest cover less than 5 percent of land area are dropped from the analysis as their residuals were noisy.

17
# **_Table 4: Forest area coverage in 2019_**

||**Dependent vari**<br>**Forest area(sq. km**|**able:**<br>**) in 2019**|
|---|---|---|
||(1)|(2)|
|Income|-0.203|-0.152**|
||(0.172)|-(0.059)|
|I(income<sup>2</sup>)|0.007|0.006**|
||(0.007)|(0.002)|
|Population density|-0.042|0.027*|
||(0.056)|(0.016)|
|Annual precipitation|0.0005***|0.00003|
||(0.0001)|(0.00003)|
|Annual temperature|-0.012*|-0.011***|
||(0.007)|(0.002)|
|Land area|1.339***|0.134***|
||(0.066)|(0.037)|
|Agricultural land|-0.284***|-0.056***|
||(0.082)|(0.021)|
|Forest area in 1990||0.896***|
|||(0.025)|
|Constant|0.907|1.051***|
||(1.093)|(0.369)|
|Observations|130|130|
|R2|0.94|0.993|
|Adjusted R2|0.937|0.992|
|Residual Std. Error|0.489 (df = 122)|0.170 (df = 121)|
|Note: Standard errors are robust (White);|*p<0.1; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01||

18
Annex Table A: Annual payments/receipts by each country for a GCI of $10 and $7.5.

||||||**Deviation from**|**Deviation from**|**Valuing**<br>**emissions a**<br>**Payments**<br>**or**|**'excess'**<br>**t $10 per ton**<br>**Payments**<br>**or**|**Valuing 'exces**<br>**$7.5 per ton**<br>**with a$1**|**s' emissions at**<br>**-- compatible**<br>**00 B fund**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**ECONOMY**<br>|**CO2**<br>**production**<br>**(mil tons)**|**CO2**<br>**consumption**<br>**(mil tons)**|**Per Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**(production)**|**Per Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**(consumption)**|**global average**<br>**(per capita CO2**<br>**production -**<br>**4.61**<br>**tons/person)**|**global average**<br>**(per capita CO2**<br>**consumption**<br>**4.9**<br>**tons/person)**|**Receipts**<br>**(producti**<br>**on based)**<br>**USD**<br>**Billions**|**Receipts**<br>**(consumpt**<br>**ion based)**<br>**USD**<br>**Billions**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(production**<br>**based)**|**Payments**<br>**or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(consumpt**<br>**ion based)**|
|United States|5,291.77|5,635.92|16.28|17.34|11.67|12.44|37.92|40.42|28.44|30.31|
|China|10,053.86|8,999.52|7.08|6.33|2.46|1.43|34.96|20.32|26.22|15.24|
|Russian Federation|1,651.85|1,419.53|11.35|9.76|6.74|4.85|9.80|7.06|7.35|5.30|
|Japan|1,172.92|1,341.14|9.20|10.52|4.59|5.62|5.85|7.16|4.38|5.37|
|Saudi Arabia|639.54|663.66|19.35|20.08|14.74|15.18|4.87|5.02|3.65|3.76|
|Korea, Rep.|649.98|691.55|12.73|13.54|8.11|8.64|4.14|4.41|3.11|3.31|
|Canada|572.77|572.67|15.60|15.59|10.98|10.69|4.03|3.93|3.02|2.94|
|Germany|769.54|861.69|9.31|10.42|4.69|5.52|3.88|4.56|2.91|3.42|
|Iran, Islamic Rep.|683.75|638.57|8.47|7.91|3.86|3.01|3.11|2.43|2.33|1.82|
|Australia|412.90|385.69|16.80|15.69|12.19|10.79|2.99|2.65|2.25|1.99|
|Kazakhstan|299.67|238.79|16.58|13.21|11.97|8.31|2.16|1.50|1.62|1.13|
|South Africa|463.93|328.49|8.14|5.76|3.52|0.86|2.01|0.49|1.51|0.37|
|Taiwan, China|279.71|272.16|11.82|11.50|7.20|6.59|1.70|1.56|1.28|1.17|
|Poland|326.39|292.55|8.60|7.71|3.98|2.80|1.51|1.06|1.13|0.80|
|United Arab<br>Emirates|181.69|212.70|19.12|22.38|14.50|17.48|1.38|1.66|1.03|1.25|
|Malaysia|256.77|249.98|8.25|8.04|3.64|3.13|1.13|0.97|0.85|0.73|
|Qatar|100.15|67.32|36.93|24.82|32.32|19.92|0.88|0.54|0.66|0.41|
|United Kingdom|392.03|542.39|5.88|8.13|1.26|3.23|0.84|2.15|0.63|1.61|
|Netherlands|160.87|151.39|9.45|8.90|4.84|3.99|0.82|0.68|0.62|0.51|
|Kuwait|95.92|89.91|23.75|22.26|19.13|17.36|0.77|0.70|0.58|0.53|
|Italy|352.20|458.56|5.81|7.56|1.19|2.66|0.72|1.61|0.54|1.21|
|Czechia|105.22|104.80|9.89|9.85|5.27|4.94|0.56|0.53|0.42|0.39|
|Spain|265.66|281.18|5.69|6.02|1.08|1.12|0.50|0.52|0.38|0.39|
|Belgium|100.07|173.10|8.77|15.16|4.15|10.26|0.47|1.17|0.36|0.88|
|Turkmenistan|71.48||12.42||7.80||0.45||0.34||
|Oman|61.89|64.91|13.33|13.98|8.71|9.07|0.40|0.42|0.30|0.32|
|Trinidad and<br>Tobago|41.20|29.18|29.78|21.10|25.16|16.19|0.35|0.22|0.26|0.17|
|Türkiye|405.34|422.21|5.00|5.21|0.39|0.31|0.31|0.25|0.23|0.19|
|Mongolia|43.81|38.98|14.08|12.52|9.46|7.62|0.29|0.24|0.22|0.18|
|France|327.76|432.67|5.06|6.68|0.44|1.77|0.29|1.15|0.21|0.86|
|Iraq|201.21||5.37||0.75||0.28||0.21||
|Austria|67.54|92.84|7.66|10.53|3.04|5.62|0.27|0.50|0.20|0.37|
|Bahrain|32.70|18.17|21.79|12.11|17.18|7.20|0.26|0.11|0.19|0.08|
|Libya|54.79||8.31||3.70||0.24||0.18||
|Israel|61.20|78.36|7.42|9.50|2.81|4.60|0.23|0.38|0.17|0.28|

19
||||||**Deviation from**|**Deviation from**|**Valuing**<br>**emissions a**<br>**Payments**<br>**or**|**'excess'**<br>**t $10 per ton**<br>**Payments**<br>**or**|**Valuing 'exces**<br>**$7.5 per ton**<br>**with a$1**|**s' emissions at**<br>**-- compatible**<br>**00 B fund**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||||||**lobal averae**|**lobal averae**|**Receits**|**Receits**||**Paments**|
|**ECONOMY**|**CO2**<br>**production**<br>**(mil tons)**|**CO2**<br>**consumption**<br>**(mil tons)**|**Per Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**(production)**|**Per Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**(consumption)**|**g g**<br>**(per capita CO2**<br>**production -**<br>**4.61**<br>**tons/person)**|**g g**<br>**(per capita CO2**<br>**consumption**<br>**4.9**<br>**tons/person)**|**p**<br>**(producti**<br>**on based)**<br>**USD**<br>**Billions**|**p**<br>**(consumpt**<br>**ion based)**<br>**USD**<br>**Billions**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(production**<br>**based)**|**y**<br>**or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(consumpt**<br>**ion based)**|
|Greece|71.75|59.61|6.79|5.64|2.17|0.74|0.23|0.08|0.17|0.06|
|Ukraine|227.11|207.78|5.11|4.67|0.49|-0.23|0.22|-0.10|0.16|-0.08|
|Singapore|46.64|110.84|8.18|19.43|3.56|14.53|0.20|0.83|0.15|0.62|
|Norway|44.42|48.92|8.39|9.24|3.78|4.34|0.20|0.23|0.15|0.17|
|Finland|44.88|64.96|8.15|11.79|3.53|6.89|0.19|0.38|0.15|0.28|
|Ireland|38.89|41.94|8.17|8.81|3.55|3.91|0.17|0.19|0.13|0.14|
|Belarus|60.00|62.67|6.35|6.63|1.73|1.73|0.16|0.16|0.12|0.12|
|New Zealand|35.90|38.91|7.64|8.28|3.02|3.37|0.14|0.16|0.11|0.12|
|Bulgaria|45.44|39.55|6.40|5.57|1.78|0.66|0.13|0.05|0.10|0.04|
|Venezuela, RB|146.10|162.84|4.98|5.55|0.36|0.64|0.11|0.19|0.08|0.14|
|Estonia|16.51|17.10|12.51|12.95|7.89|8.05|0.10|0.11|0.08|0.08|
|Slovak Republic|35.02|46.78|6.43|8.59|1.81|3.68|0.10|0.20|0.07|0.15|
|Hong Kong SAR,<br>China|42.57|107.72|5.82|14.74|1.21|9.83|0.09|0.72|0.07|0.54|
|Denmark|34.51|50.41|6.02|8.80|1.40|3.89|0.08|0.22|0.06|0.17|
|Brunei Darussalam|8.72|9.33|20.55|21.99|15.94|17.09|0.07|0.07|0.05|0.05|
|Luxembourg|9.40|23.06|15.90|38.97|11.28|34.07|0.07|0.20|0.05|0.15|
|Bosnia and<br>Herzegovina|21.79||6.49||1.87||0.06||0.05||
|<br>Equatorial Guinea|11.20||8.87||4.26||0.05||0.04||
|Serbia|45.58||5.16||0.55||0.05||0.04||
|New Caledonia|5.98||21.58||16.96||0.05||0.04||
|Slovenia|14.23|18.50|6.85|8.91|2.24|4.01|0.05|0.08|0.03|0.06|
|Curacao|4.95||30.58||25.96||0.04||0.03||
|Portugal|51.42|55.86|5.00|5.43|0.38|0.52|0.04|0.05|0.03|0.04|
|Hungary|48.33|64.87|4.97|6.67|0.35|1.76|0.03|0.17|0.03|0.13|
|Iceland|3.57||10.67||6.05||0.02|0.00|0.02||
|Cyprus|7.31|7.66|6.20|6.50|1.58|1.59|0.02|0.02|0.01|0.01|
|Guadeloupe|2.50||6.25||1.63||0.01||0.00||
|Martinique|2.29||6.08||1.47||0.01||0.00||
|Bahamas, The|2.31||6.05||1.43||0.01||0.00||
|Sint Maarten (Dutch<br>part)|0.74||17.89||13.27||0.01||0.00||
|<br>Faeroe Islands|0.68||14.09||9.47||0.00||0.00||
|Lithuania|13.57|21.77|4.77|7.65|0.15|2.75|0.00|0.08|0.00|0.06|
|Aruba|0.88||8.34||3.73||0.00||0.00||
|Bermuda|0.64||10.14||5.52||0.00||0.00||
|Greenland|0.54||9.53||4.92||0.00||0.00||
|Bonaire Sint<br>Eustatius and Saba|0.34||13.41||8.80||0.00||0.00||
|Palau|0.21||11.96||7.35||0.00||0.00||
|Andorra|0.48||6.20||1.58||0.00||0.00||
|Seychelles|0.54||5.62||1.01||0.00||0.00||

20
||||||**Deviation from**|**Deviation from**|**Valuing**<br>**emissions a**<br>**Payments**<br>**or**|**'excess'**<br>**t $10 per ton**<br>**Payments**<br>**or**|**Valuing 'exces**<br>**$7.5 per ton**<br>**with a$1**|**s' emissions at**<br>**-- compatible**<br>**00 B fund**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**ECONOMY**|**CO2**<br>**production**<br>**(mil tons)**|**CO2**<br>**consumption**<br>**(mil tons)**|**Per Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**(production)**|**Per Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**(consumption)**|**global average**<br>**(per capita CO2**<br>**production -**<br>**4.61**<br>**tons/person)**|**global average**<br>**(per capita CO2**<br>**consumption**<br>**4.9**<br>**tons/person)**|**Receipts**<br>**(producti**<br>**on based)**<br>**USD**<br>**Billions**|**Receipts**<br>**(consumpt**<br>**ion based)**<br>**USD**<br>**Billions**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(production**<br>**based)**|**Payments**<br>**or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(consumpt**<br>**ion based)**|
|Anguilla|0.15||10.05||5.44||0.00||0.00||
|Turks and Caicos<br>Islands|0.22||6.01||1.39||0.00||0.00||
|Antigua and<br>Barbuda|0.49||5.13||0.51||0.00||0.00||
|British Virgin Islands|0.18||6.17||1.56||0.00||0.00||
|Saint Pierre and<br>Miquelon|0.06||10.65||6.04||0.00||0.00||
|Montserrat|0.04||7.02||2.41||0.00||0.00||
|Nauru|0.05||5.16||0.55||0.00||0.00||
|Niue|0.01||5.34||0.72||0.00||0.00||
|Saint Kitts and Nevis|0.24||4.61||-0.01||0.00||0.00||
|Cook Islands|0.07||4.25||-0.36||0.00||0.00||
|Saint Helena|0.01||1.97||-2.64||0.00||0.00||
|Liechtenstein|0.15||4.00||-0.62||0.00||0.00||
|Tuvalu|0.01||0.63||-3.98||0.00||0.00||
|Barbados|1.23||4.31||-0.31||0.00||0.00||
|Marshall Islands|0.15||2.52||-2.10||0.00||0.00||
|Suriname|2.50||4.38||-0.24||0.00||0.00||
|Dominica|0.17||2.34||-2.28||0.00||0.00||
|Grenada|0.29||2.61||-2.01||0.00||0.00||
|Saint Vincent and<br>the Grenadines|0.23||2.13||-2.49||0.00||0.00||
|Tonga|0.14||1.35||-3.27||0.00||0.00||
|Saint Lucia|0.50||2.74||-1.88||0.00||0.00||
|Malta|1.58|5.16|3.62|11.79|-1.00|6.88|0.00|0.03|0.00|0.02|
|Kiribati|0.06||0.54||-4.07||0.00||0.00||
|French Polynesia|0.79||2.85||-1.76||0.00||0.00||
|French Guiana|0.71||2.58||-2.04||-0.01||0.00||
|Montenegro|2.28||3.63||-0.98||-0.01||0.00||
|Samoa|0.24||1.22||-3.39||-0.01||0.00||
|Maldives|1.56||3.15||-1.46||-0.01||-0.01||
|São Tomé and<br>Príncipe|0.13||0.61||-4.01||-0.01||-0.01||
|<br>Mayotte|0.30||1.18||-3.44||-0.01|0.00|-0.01||
|Switzerland|37.94|118.28|4.49|14.00|-0.13|9.09|-0.01|0.77|-0.01|0.58|
|Chile|84.16|91.87|4.56|4.97|-0.06|0.07|-0.01|0.01|-0.01|0.01|
|Belize|0.63||1.67||-2.94||-0.01||-0.01||
|Vanuatu|0.16||0.54||-4.07||-0.01||-0.01||
|Guyana|2.33||3.00||-1.61||-0.01||-0.01||
|Croatia|18.02|21.30|4.31|5.09|-0.31|0.19|-0.01|0.01|-0.01|0.01|
|Mauritius|4.40|5.51|3.48|4.36|-1.14|-0.55|-0.01|-0.01|-0.01|-0.01|
|Latvia|7.44|12.52|3.81|6.41|-0.80|1.51|-0.02|0.03|-0.01|0.02|
|Cabo Verde|0.56||1.05||-3.57||-0.02||-0.01||

21
||||||**Deviation from**|**Deviation from**|**Valuing**<br>**emissions a**<br>**Payments**<br>**or**|**'excess'**<br>**t $10 per ton**<br>**Payments**<br>**or**|**Valuing 'exces**<br>**$7.5 per ton**<br>**with a$1**|**s' emissions at**<br>**-- compatible**<br>**00 B fund**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**ECONOMY**<br>|**CO2**<br>**production**<br>**(mil tons)**|**CO2**<br>**consumption**<br>**(mil tons)**|**Per Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**(production)**|**Per Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**(consumption)**|**global average**<br>**(per capita CO2**<br>**production -**<br>**4.61**<br>**tons/person)**|**global average**<br>**(per capita CO2**<br>**consumption**<br>**4.9**<br>**tons/person)**|**Receipts**<br>**(producti**<br>**on based)**<br>**USD**<br>**Billions**|**Receipts**<br>**(consumpt**<br>**ion based)**<br>**USD**<br>**Billions**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(production**<br>**based)**|**Payments**<br>**or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(consumpt**<br>**ion based)**|
|Bhutan|1.34||1.80||-2.81||-0.02||-0.02||
|North Macedonia|7.30||3.51||-1.11||-0.02||-0.02||
|Solomon Islands|0.29||0.46||-4.16||-0.03||-0.02||
|Fiji|1.33||1.52||-3.10||-0.03||-0.02||
|Sweden|42.50|70.03|4.29|7.07|-0.32|2.17|-0.03|0.21|-0.02|0.16|
|Comoros|0.25||0.31||-4.31||-0.04|0.00|-0.03||
|Botswana|6.66|17.46|3.02|7.91|-1.60|3.00|-0.04|0.07|-0.03|0.05|
|Djibouti|0.41||0.43||-4.18||-0.04||-0.03||
|Eswatini|0.99||0.88||-3.74||-0.04||-0.03||
|Lebanon|26.68||3.95||-0.67||-0.05||-0.03||
|Gabon|4.91||2.38||-2.23||-0.05||-0.03||
|Timor-Leste|0.53||0.42||-4.19||-0.05||-0.04||
|Jamaica|8.01|8.83|2.74|3.02|-1.87|-1.88|-0.05|-0.05|-0.04|-0.04|
|Namibia|4.06|8.99|1.69|3.74|-2.93|-1.16|-0.07|-0.03|-0.05|-0.02|
|Lesotho|2.36||1.13||-3.49||-0.07||-0.05||
|Panama|11.13|23.94|2.71|5.83|-1.90|0.92|-0.08|0.04|-0.06|0.03|
|Armenia|5.51|5.76|1.87|1.96|-2.74|-2.95|-0.08|-0.09|-0.06|-0.07|
|Guinea-Bissau|0.30||0.17||-4.45||-0.08||-0.06||
|Azerbaijan|37.27|39.72|3.79|4.04|-0.83|-0.87|-0.08|-0.09|-0.06|-0.06|
|Georgia|10.12|11.27|2.52|2.81|-2.09|-2.09|-0.08|-0.08|-0.06|-0.06|
|Albania|4.78|5.79|1.66|2.01|-2.96|-2.90|-0.09|-0.08|-0.06|-0.06|
|Uruguay|6.51|11.41|1.89|3.32|-2.72|-1.59|-0.09|-0.05|-0.07|-0.04|
|Gambia, The|0.54||0.24||-4.37||-0.10||-0.07||
|Lao PDR|19.23|18.95|2.77|2.73|-1.85|-2.18|-0.13|-0.15|-0.10|-0.11|
|Moldova|5.10||1.26||-3.36||-0.14||-0.10||
|Romania|76.03|76.83|3.87|3.91|-0.75|-0.99|-0.15|-0.20|-0.11|-0.15|
|Costa Rica|8.14|12.83|1.64|2.59|-2.97|-2.31|-0.15|-0.11|-0.11|-0.09|
|Eritrea|0.72||0.21||-4.40||-0.15||-0.11||
|Mauritania|3.28||0.77||-3.85||-0.16||-0.12||
|Kyrgyzstan|10.40|16.23|1.68|2.62|-2.94|-2.28|-0.18|-0.14|-0.14|-0.11|
|Argentina|183.97|188.83|4.19|4.30|-0.43|-0.61|-0.19|-0.27|-0.14|-0.20|
|West Bank and<br>Gaza|3.09||0.65||-3.97||-0.19||-0.14||
|Jordan|25.29|33.84|2.60|3.48|-2.02|-1.43|-0.20|-0.14|-0.15|-0.10|
|Congo, Rep.|3.53||0.69||-3.93||-0.20||-0.15||
|Liberia|1.19||0.25||-4.36||-0.21||-0.15||
|Central African<br>Republic|0.20||0.04||-4.57||-0.21||-0.16||
|<br>El Salvador|6.51|8.41|1.02|1.32|-3.60|-3.59|-0.23|-0.23|-0.17|-0.17|
|Tunisia|29.38|27.81|2.57|2.43|-2.05|-2.47|-0.23|-0.28|-0.18|-0.21|
|Dominican Republic|<br>25.08|26.61|2.39|2.53|-2.23|-2.37|-0.23|-0.25|-0.18|-0.19|
|Nicaragua|5.45|6.44|0.85|1.01|-3.76|-3.90|-0.24|-0.25|-0.18|-0.19|

22
|**ECONOMY**|**CO2**<br>**production**<br>**(mil tons)**|**CO2**<br>**consumption**<br>**(mil tons)**|**Per Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**(production)**|**Per Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**(consumption)**|**Deviation from**<br>**global average**<br>**(per capita CO2**<br>**production -**<br>**4.61**<br>**tons/person)**|**Deviation from**<br>**global average**<br>**(per capita CO2**<br>**consumption**<br>**4.9**<br>**tons/person)**|**Valuing**<br>**emissions a**<br>**Payments**<br>**or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(producti**<br>**on based)**<br>**USD**<br>**Billions**|**'excess'**<br>**t $10 per ton**<br>**Payments**<br>**or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(consumpt**<br>**ion based)**<br>**USD**<br>**Billions**|**Valuing 'exces**<br>**$7.5 per ton**<br>**with a$1**<br>**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(production**<br>**based)**|**s' emissions at**<br>**-- compatible**<br>**00 B fund**<br>**Payments**<br>**or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(consumpt**<br>**ion based)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Paraguay|7.67|11.06|1.12|1.61|-3.50|-3.29|-0.24|-0.23|-0.18|-0.17|
|Cuba|25.57||2.26||-2.36||-0.27||-0.20||
|Bolivia|23.07|22.46|2.06|2.01|-2.55|-2.90|-0.29|-0.32|-0.21|-0.24|
|Papua New Guinea|6.48||0.77||-3.85||-0.32||-0.24||
|Togo|2.20|7.09|0.29|0.92|-4.33|-3.98|-0.33|-0.31|-0.25|-0.23|
|Tajikistan|7.47||0.84||-3.77||-0.34||-0.25||
|Sierra Leone|0.92||0.12||-4.49||-0.34||-0.25||
|Honduras|9.76|11.91|1.03|1.26|-3.58|-3.64|-0.34|-0.34|-0.25|-0.26|
|Algeria|156.34||3.78||-0.84||-0.35||-0.26||
|Uzbekistan|109.13||3.41||-1.20||-0.38||-0.29||
|Ecuador|38.84|46.60|2.31|2.78|-2.30|-2.13|-0.39|-0.36|-0.29|-0.27|
|Thailand|280.58|277.88|4.06|4.02|-0.56|-0.89|-0.39|-0.61|-0.29|-0.46|
|Benin|6.69|8.70|0.60|0.78|-4.02|-4.13|-0.45|-0.46|-0.34|-0.35|
|Haiti|3.08||0.28||-4.34||-0.48||-0.36||
|South Sudan|1.56||0.14||-4.47||-0.49||-0.37||
|Burundi|0.55||0.05||-4.56||-0.49||-0.37||
|Syrian Arab<br>Republic|30.13||1.74||-2.88||-0.50||-0.37||
|Guinea|3.17|3.17|0.26|0.26|-4.35|-4.64|-0.53|-0.56|-0.39|-0.42|
|Rwanda|1.07|1.07|0.09|0.09|-4.53|-4.82|-0.54|-0.58|-0.41|-0.43|
|Zimbabwe|11.07|12.47|0.78|0.88|-3.84|-4.03|-0.55|-0.57|-0.41|-0.43|
|Guatemala|18.12|22.84|1.07|1.35|-3.54|-3.55|-0.60|-0.60|-0.45|-0.45|
|Senegal|10.64|11.05|0.69|0.72|-3.93|-4.19|-0.61|-0.65|-0.45|-0.48|
|Cambodia|12.03|17.34|0.75|1.08|-3.86|-3.82|-0.62|-0.61|-0.46|-0.46|
|Somalia|0.64||0.04||-4.57||-0.67||-0.50||
|Chad|0.96||0.06||-4.55||-0.68||-0.51||
|Zambia|6.33|9.58|0.38|0.57|-4.24|-4.34|-0.72|-0.73|-0.54|-0.55|
|Sri Lanka|21.94|31.58|1.04|1.50|-3.58|-3.41|-0.76|-0.72|-0.57|-0.54|
|Malawi|1.39|3.12|0.08|0.18|-4.54|-4.73|-0.80|-0.84|-0.60|-0.63|
|Mali|3.50||0.19||-4.43||-0.82||-0.62||
|Burkina Faso|3.85|4.94|0.20|0.26|-4.42|-4.65|-0.85|-0.89|-0.64|-0.67|
|Peru|53.03|61.78|1.69|1.96|-2.93|-2.94|-0.92|-0.93|-0.69|-0.69|
|Korea, Dem.<br>People’s Rep.|24.57||0.97||-3.65||-0.93||-0.70||
|<br>Niger|1.96||0.09||-4.52||-0.98||-0.73||
|Côte d'Ivoire|10.76|15.55|0.44|0.64|-4.18|-4.27|-1.02|-1.04|-0.77|-0.78|
|Morocco|61.83|64.33|1.74|1.81|-2.88|-3.10|-1.02|-1.10|-0.77|-0.83|
|Cameroon|7.72|10.51|0.31|0.43|-4.30|-4.48|-1.06|-1.10|-0.79|-0.83|
|Angola|28.26||0.95||-3.67||-1.09||-0.82||
|Mexico|463.09|484.10|3.71|3.88|-0.90|-1.02|-1.13|-1.28|-0.85|-0.96|
|Madagascar|3.76|5.02|0.15|0.20|-4.47|-4.71|-1.14|-1.20|-0.86|-0.90|
|Nepal|11.78|17.30|0.42|0.62|-4.19|-4.28|-1.16|-1.19|-0.87|-0.89|

23
|**ECONOMY**|**CO2**<br>**production**<br>**(mil tons)**|**CO2**<br>**consumption**<br>**(mil tons)**|**Per Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**(production)**|**Per Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**(consumption)**|**Deviation from**<br>**global average**<br>**(per capita CO2**<br>**production -**<br>**4.61**<br>**tons/person)**|**Deviation from**<br>**global average**<br>**(per capita CO2**<br>**consumption**<br>**4.9**<br>**tons/person)**|**Valuing**<br>**emissions a**<br>**Payments**<br>**or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(producti**<br>**on based)**<br>**USD**<br>**Billions**|**'excess'**<br>**t $10 per ton**<br>**Payments**<br>**or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(consumpt**<br>**ion based)**<br>**USD**<br>**Billions**|**Valuing 'excess**<br>**$7.5 per ton -**<br>**with a$10**<br>**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(production**<br>**based)**|**' emissions at**<br>**- compatible**<br>**0 B fund**<br>**Payments**<br>**or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(consumpt**<br>**ion based)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Yemen, Rep.|10.64||0.38||-4.23||-1.18||-0.88||
|Ghana|16.00|20.18|0.55|0.69|-4.07|-4.21|-1.18|-1.23|-0.89|-0.92|
|Mozambique|7.39|16.86|0.26|0.59|-4.36|-4.32|-1.25|-1.24|-0.94|-0.93|
|Colombia|89.36|100.48|1.83|2.05|-2.79|-2.85|-1.36|-1.39|-1.02|-1.05|
|Afghanistan|8.40||0.23||-4.38||-1.59||-1.19||
|Sudan|20.88||0.51||-4.10||-1.68||-1.26||
|Uganda|5.18|7.57|0.13|0.18|-4.49|-4.72|-1.85|-1.95|-1.39|-1.46|
|Egypt, Arab Rep.|231.50|236.27|2.40|2.45|-2.22|-2.45|-2.14|-2.37|-1.60|-1.77|
|Kenya|17.23|26.69|0.34|0.53|-4.27|-4.37|-2.15|-2.20|-1.61|-1.65|
|Myanmar|28.21||0.53||-4.09||-2.18|0.00|-1.64||
|Viet Nam|213.01|210.08|2.25|2.22|-2.36|-2.68|-2.24|-2.54|-1.68|-1.90|
|Tanzania|11.35|20.07|0.21|0.37|-4.41|-4.54|-2.41|-2.48|-1.81|-1.86|
|Philippines|131.31|151.47|1.25|1.44|-3.37|-3.46|-3.54|-3.64|-2.66|-2.73|
|Congo, Dem. Rep.|2.55||0.03||-4.58||-3.73||-2.80||
|Brazil|498.47|518.93|2.40|2.50|-2.22|-2.41|-4.61|-5.00|-3.46|-3.75|
|Ethiopia|14.96|20.24|0.14|0.19|-4.48|-4.71|-4.76|-5.02|-3.57|-3.76|
|Indonesia|592.60|607.82|2.24|2.30|-2.38|-2.61|-6.29|-6.90|-4.71|-5.17|
|Bangladesh|81.50|102.88|0.51|0.64|-4.11|-4.26|-6.55|-6.80|-4.92|-5.10|
|Pakistan|216.57|224.50|1.04|1.08|-3.57|-3.82|-7.43|-7.95|-5.57|-5.97|
|Nigeria|120.27|125.56|0.63|0.66|-3.99|-4.25|-7.61|-8.11|-5.71|-6.08|
|India|2,462.08|2,254.74|1.84|1.68|-2.78|-3.22|-37.16|-43.09|-27.87|-32.32|

24
# Annex Table B: Annual payments/receipts by each country for the stock of historical emissions.

|**Note: stock values take**<br>**year**|**1990 as initial**||||**Global**<br>**average**<br>**110.14**<br>**tons/person**|**Global**<br>**average**<br>**117.33**<br>**tons/person**|**Valuing 'ex**<br>**$0.3**<br>**Payments**|**cess' stock at**<br>**per ton**<br>**Payments**|**Valuing 'exc**<br>**p **|**ess' stock at $10**<br>**er ton**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||||**Per**|**Per**|**Deviation**|**Deviation**|<br>**or Receipts**|<br>**or Receipts**|**Payments or**||
|**ECONOMY**|**CO2 STOCK**<br>**prod.**<br>**(MIL TONS)**|**CO2 STOCK**<br>**cons.**<br>**(MIL TONS)**|**Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**STOCK**<br>**(prod**|**Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**STOCK**<br>**(cons.)**|**from global**<br>**average (per**<br>**capita CO2**<br>**STOCKprod.)**|**from global**<br>**average (per**<br>**capita CO2**<br>**STOCK cons.)**|**(prod.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based) USD**<br>**Billions**|**(cons.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based) USD**<br>**Billions**|**Receipts**<br>**(prod.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based)**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(cons. STOCK**<br>**based)**|
|United States|167,927.36|174,897.27|510.32|531.50|400.17|414.16|39.50|40.89|1,316.83|1,362.86|
|Russian Federation|49,909.67|39,171.85|342.15|268.54|232.00|151.20|10.15|6.62|338.43|220.56|
|China|184,376.75|159,742.45|128.59|111.41|18.45|-5.92|7.94|-2.55|264.55|-84.91|
|Japan|36,938.62|43,373.05|291.18|341.90|181.03|224.56|6.89|8.55|229.66|284.88|
|Germany|26,251.71|30,768.19|314.33|368.41|204.18|251.07|5.12|6.29|170.53|209.69|
|Canada|16,332.75|16,581.75|436.58|443.23|326.43|325.90|3.66|3.66|122.12|121.92|
|Korea, Rep.|14,869.02|16,500.10|290.27|322.11|180.12|204.77|2.77|3.15|92.27|104.90|
|Saudi Arabia|12,329.56|11,839.89|359.79|345.50|249.65|228.17|2.57|2.35|85.55|78.19|
|United Kingdom|15,728.91|19,731.77|232.92|292.19|122.77|174.86|2.49|3.54|82.91|118.08|
|Australia|10,982.38|9,996.75|435.75|396.65|325.61|279.31|2.46|2.11|82.06|70.40|
|Italy|13,001.65|16,469.68|214.73|272.00|104.58|154.67|1.90|2.81|63.32|93.65|
|South Africa|12,404.14|8,800.90|211.83|150.29|101.68|32.96|1.79|0.58|59.54|19.30|
|Poland|10,105.69|9,230.14|266.73|243.62|156.58|126.28|1.78|1.44|59.33|47.85|
|Ukraine|10,248.41|8,047.84|232.95|182.93|122.81|65.60|1.62|0.87|54.03|28.86|
|Kazakhstan|6,667.81|5,144.53|359.42|277.31|249.28|159.98|1.39|0.89|46.24|29.68|
|Iran, Islamic Rep.|13,670.99|12,775.33|164.88|154.08|54.74|36.74|1.36|0.91|45.39|30.47|
|Taiwan, China|6,969.11|7,380.76|293.14|310.46|183.00|193.12|1.31|1.38|43.51|45.91|
|France|11,424.20|14,915.20|175.41|229.01|65.26|111.67|1.28|2.18|42.51|72.73|
|Spain|8,649.46|9,600.33|185.07|205.41|74.92|88.08|1.05|1.23|35.02|41.16|
|Netherlands|5,105.98|5,441.35|298.65|318.26|188.50|200.93|0.97|1.03|32.23|34.35|
|United Arab<br>Emirates|3,771.82|4,479.95|386.04|458.52|275.90|341.18|0.81|1.00|26.96|33.34|
|<br>Czechia|3,701.09|3,538.02|346.25|330.99|236.10|213.65|0.76|0.69|25.24|22.84|
|Belgium|3,503.16|5,515.31|303.58|477.96|193.44|360.62|0.67|1.25|22.32|41.61|
|Greece|2,780.07|2,734.50|265.44|261.09|155.30|143.75|0.49|0.45|16.26|15.06|
|Kuwait|2,043.93|1,801.20|485.83|428.14|375.69|310.80|0.47|0.39|15.81|13.08|
|Venezuela, RB|4,662.38|3,993.38|163.50|140.04|53.36|22.71|0.46|0.19|15.22|6.47|
|Malaysia|5,029.87|4,659.72|157.43|145.85|47.29|28.51|0.45|0.27|15.11|9.11|
|Qatar|1,706.13|1,070.36|602.43|377.94|492.29|260.61|0.42|0.22|13.94|7.38|
|Finland|1,716.50|2,314.04|310.28|418.29|200.13|300.95|0.33|0.50|11.07|16.65|
|Austria|2,053.78|2,878.38|229.34|321.42|119.20|204.09|0.32|0.55|10.67|18.28|
|Denmark|1,555.30|1,891.43|269.46|327.70|159.32|210.36|0.28|0.36|9.20|12.14|
|Belarus|1,923.29|1,761.68|203.47|186.37|93.33|69.04|0.26|0.20|8.82|6.53|
|Romania|2,998.02|2,842.04|154.82|146.76|44.68|29.43|0.26|0.17|8.65|5.70|
|Singapore|1,480.34|3,244.81|255.04|559.03|144.90|441.70|0.25|0.77|8.41|25.64|
|Trinidad and<br>Tobago|982.33|591.04|704.19|423.70|594.05|306.36|0.25|0.13|8.29|4.27|
|<br>Turkmenistan|1,464.05||246.39||136.24||0.24||8.10||
|Israel|1,730.61|2,161.42|203.14|253.71|92.99|136.37|0.24|0.35|7.92|11.62|
|Bulgaria|1,545.68|1,344.07|220.81|192.01|110.66|74.67|0.23|0.16|7.75|5.23|

25
|**Note: stock values take**<br>**year**|**1990 as initial**||||**Global**<br>**average**<br>**110.14**<br>**tons/person**|**Global**<br>**average**<br>**117.33**<br>**tons/person**|**Valuing 'ex**<br>**$0.3**<br>**Payments**|**cess' stock at**<br>**per ton**<br>**Payments**|**Valuing 'exc**<br>**p **|**ess' stock at $10**<br>**er ton**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**ECONOMY**|**CO2 STOCK**<br>**prod.**<br>**(MIL TONS)**|**CO2 STOCK**<br>**cons.**<br>**(MIL TONS)**|**Per**<br>**Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**STOCK**<br>**(prod**|**Per**<br>**Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**STOCK**<br>**(cons.)**|**Deviation**<br>**from global**<br>**average (per**<br>**capita CO2**<br>**STOCKprod.)**|**Deviation**<br>**from global**<br>**average (per**<br>**capita CO2**<br>**STOCK cons.)**|<br>**or Receipts**<br>**(prod.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based) USD**<br>**Billions**|<br>**or Receipts**<br>**(cons.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based) USD**<br>**Billions**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(prod.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based)**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(cons. STOCK**<br>**based)**|
|Libya|1,485.15||219.13||108.99||0.22||7.39||
|Ireland|1,214.48|1,513.28|248.74|309.94|138.60|192.61|0.20|0.28|6.77|9.40|
|Norway|1,268.00|828.61|235.74|154.05|125.59|36.71|0.20|0.06|6.76|1.97|
|Slovak Republic|1,246.41|1,450.34|228.41|265.78|118.26|148.44|0.19|0.24|6.45|8.10|
|Hungary|1,703.34|2,199.36|175.88|227.10|65.74|109.76|0.19|0.32|6.37|10.63|
|Portugal|1,685.86|1,966.24|164.86|192.28|54.71|74.94|0.17|0.23|5.60|7.66|
|Oman|1,058.20|1,040.26|212.70|209.10|102.56|91.76|0.15|0.14|5.10|4.57|
|Bahrain|665.55|429.93|405.54|261.97|295.39|144.63|0.15|0.07|4.85|2.37|
|New Zealand|1,000.58|1,070.98|209.19|223.91|99.05|106.58|0.14|0.15|4.74|5.10|
|Sweden|1,575.29|2,446.66|156.96|243.78|46.81|126.44|0.14|0.38|4.70|12.69|
|Serbia|1,404.73||160.13||49.99||0.13||4.39||
|Estonia|568.53|570.89|428.87|430.65|318.73|313.32|0.13|0.12|4.23|4.15|
|Hong Kong SAR,<br>China|1,171.08|3,172.13|157.48|426.58|47.34|309.25|0.11|0.69|3.52|23.00|
|<br>Switzerland|1,287.44|3,240.89|149.85|377.23|39.71|259.89|0.10|0.67|3.41|22.33|
|Luxembourg|310.77|471.58|504.72|765.88|394.58|648.55|0.07|0.12|2.43|3.99|
|Slovenia|465.95|568.46|224.16|273.48|114.02|156.14|0.07|0.10|2.37|3.25|
|Mongolia|546.86|505.56|169.56|156.75|59.42|39.42|0.06|0.04|1.92|1.27|
|Lithuania|475.26|731.53|172.22|265.08|62.07|147.75|0.05|0.12|1.71|4.08|
|Brunei Darussalam|194.26|178.29|448.34|411.47|338.19|294.13|0.04|0.04|1.47|1.27|
|Croatia|593.53|694.85|143.70|168.23|33.56|50.90|0.04|0.06|1.39|2.10|
|Curacao|137.76||842.94||732.79||0.04||1.20|0.00|
|Bosnia and<br>Herzegovina|480.10||145.44||35.30||0.03||1.17|0.00|
|<br>Cyprus|210.68|273.80|175.77|228.44|65.63|111.11|0.02|0.04|0.79|1.33|
|North Macedonia|297.58||142.83||32.69||0.02||0.68|0.00|
|New Caledonia|93.94||332.22||222.08||0.02||0.63|0.00|
|Latvia|270.70|420.19|141.97|220.37|31.83|103.04|0.02|0.06|0.61|1.96|
|Iceland|91.90||271.07||160.93||0.02||0.55|0.00|
|Aruba|45.09||424.13||313.98||0.01||0.33|0.00|
|Malta|73.14|140.46|166.08|318.95|55.94|201.62|0.01|0.03|0.25|0.89|
|Martinique|63.21||168.31||58.17||0.01||0.22||
|Guadeloupe|65.70||164.22||54.07||0.01||0.22||
|Bahamas|61.32||157.44||47.30||0.01||0.18||
|Equatorial Guinea|167.26||123.35||13.21||0.01||0.18||
|Faeroe Islands|19.57||402.08||291.94||0.00||0.14||
|Sint Maarten<br>Dh|17.20||405.84||295.69||0.00||0.13||
|(utc part)<br>Greenland|17.96||316.91||206.76||0.00||0.12||
|Bermuda|16.84||269.47||159.33||0.00||0.10||
|Andorra|14.61||189.33||79.19||0.00||0.06||
|Bonaire Sint<br>Eustatius and Saba|7.74||297.81||187.67||0.00||0.05||

26
|**Note: stock values take**<br>**year**|**1990 as initial**||||**Global**<br>**average**<br>**110.14**<br>**tons/person**|**Global**<br>**average**<br>**117.33**<br>**tons/person**|**Valuing 'exc**<br>**$0.3p **<br>**Payments**|**ess' stock at**<br>**er ton**<br>**Payments**|**Valuing 'exc**<br>**pe **|**ess' stock at $10**<br>**r ton**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||||**Per**<br>|**Per**<br>|**Deviation**<br>|**Deviation**<br>|<br>**or Receipts**<br>|<br>**or Receipts**<br>|**Payments or**<br>||
|**ECONOMY**<br>|**CO2 STOCK**<br>**prod.**<br>**(MIL TONS)**<br>|**CO2 STOCK**<br>**cons.**<br>**(MIL TONS)**|**Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**STOCK**<br>**(prod**<br>|**Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**STOCK**<br>**(cons.)**|**from global**<br>**average (per**<br>**capita CO2**<br>**STOCKprod.)**<br>|**from global**<br>**average (per**<br>**capita CO2**<br>**STOCK cons.)**|**(prod.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based) USD**<br>**Billions**<br>|**(cons.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based) USD**<br>**Billions**|**Receipts**<br>**(prod.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based)**<br>|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(cons. STOCK**<br>**based)**|
|Barbados|36.45||127.01||16.86||0.00||0.05||
|Palau|6.38||354.65||244.50||0.00||0.04||
|Liechtenstein|5.97||156.97||46.83||0.00||0.02||
|Anguilla|3.30||221.76||111.62||0.00||0.02||
|Saint Pierre and<br>|1.99||342.04||231.89||0.00||0.01||
|Miquelon<br>British Virgin<br>Islands|4.56||151.67||41.52||0.00||0.01||
|Nauru|2.21||204.94||94.80||0.00||0.01||
|Montserrat|1.14||227.41||117.27||0.00||0.01||
|Antigua and<br>|10.74||110.54||0.40||0.00||0.00||
|Barbuda|||||||||||
|Niue|0.20||124.54||14.39||0.00||0.00||
|Seychelles|10.78||110.30||0.16||0.00||0.00||
|Saint Kitts and<br>Nevis|5.61||106.16||-3.98||0.00||0.00||
|<br>Suriname|63.82||109.77||-0.37||0.00||0.00||
|Cook Islands|1.61||91.75||-18.39||0.00||0.00||
|Saint Helena|0.32||53.13||-57.02||0.00||0.00||
|Turks and Caicos<br>Islands|3.73||97.63||-12.51||0.00||0.00||
|Tuvalu|0.27||22.99||-87.15||0.00||-0.01||
|Marshall Islands|3.27||55.59||-54.56||0.00||-0.03||
|Dominica|3.74||52.08||-58.06||0.00||-0.04||
|Grenada|6.41||57.22||-52.92||0.00||-0.06||
|Saint Vincent and<br>the Grenadines|5.60||50.65||-59.50||0.00||-0.07||
|Tonga|3.25||31.13||-79.01||0.00||-0.08||
|Saint Lucia|11.42||62.50||-47.65||0.00||-0.09||
|French Polynesia|19.62||70.25||-39.89||0.00||-0.11||
|Kiribati|1.36||11.54||-98.61||0.00||-0.12||
|French Guiana|19.90||68.44||-41.70||0.00||-0.12||
|Montenegro|56.57||90.08||-20.07||0.00||-0.13||
|Samoa|4.91||24.89||-85.26||-0.01||-0.17||
|São Tomé and<br>íi|2.38||11.08||-99.06||-0.01||-0.21||
|Prncpe<br>Mayotte|6.21||23.34||-86.80||-0.01||-0.23||
|Azerbaijan|1,081.52|939.72|107.64|93.53|-2.51|-23.81|-0.01|-0.07|-0.25|-2.39|
|Belize|13.60||34.85||-75.30||-0.01||-0.29||
|Vanuatu|2.94||9.80||-100.34||-0.01||-0.30||
|Guyana|53.30||68.09||-42.05||-0.01||-0.33||
|Maldives|22.32||42.04||-68.11||-0.01||-0.36||
|Mauritius|93.17|134.68|73.38|106.08|-36.76|-11.26|-0.01|0.00|-0.47|-0.14|
|Cabo Verde|10.51||19.11||-91.03||-0.02||-0.50||
|Jamaica|271.62|289.37|92.13|98.15|-18.01|-19.19|-0.02|-0.02|-0.53|-0.57|

27
|**Note: stock values ta**<br>**year**|**ke 1990 as initial**||||**Global**<br>**average**<br>**110.14**<br>**tons/person**|**Global**<br>**average**<br>**117.33**<br>**tons/person**|**Valuing 'exc**<br>**$0.3p **<br>**Payments**|**ess' stock at**<br>**er ton**<br>**Payments**|**Valuing 'exc**<br>**pe **|**ess' stock at $10**<br>**r ton**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||||**Per**<br>|**Per**<br>|**Deviation**<br>|**Deviation**<br>|<br>**or Receipts**<br>|<br>**or Receipts**<br>|**Payments or**<br>||
|**ECONOMY**|**CO2 STOCK**<br>**prod.**<br>**(MIL TONS)**|**CO2 STOCK**<br>**cons.**<br>**(MIL TONS)**|**Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**STOCK**<br>**(prod**|**Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**STOCK**<br>**(cons.)**|**from global**<br>**average (per**<br>**capita CO2**<br>**STOCKprod.)**|**from global**<br>**average (per**<br>**capita CO2**<br>**STOCK cons.)**|**(prod.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based) USD**<br>**Billions**|**(cons.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based) USD**<br>**Billions**|**Receipts**<br>**(prod.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based)**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(cons. STOCK**<br>**based)**|
|Solomon Islands|7.76||11.59||-98.56||-0.02||-0.66||
|Bhutan|16.65||21.81||-88.33||-0.02||-0.67||
|Fiji|30.11||33.84||-76.31||-0.02||-0.68||
|Comoros|4.10||4.82||-105.33||-0.03||-0.90||
|Djibouti|11.82||12.14||-98.00||-0.03||-0.95||
|Eswatini|30.69||26.73||-83.42||-0.03||-0.96||
|Gabon|141.79||65.26||-44.88||-0.03||-0.98||
|Botswana|129.03|249.47|56.01|108.29|-54.14|-9.05|-0.04|-0.01|-1.25|-0.21|
|Timor-Leste|6.02||4.65||-105.49||-0.04||-1.36||
|Lesotho|61.80||29.08||-81.07||-0.05||-1.72||
|Armenia|137.88|146.46|46.62|49.52|-63.53|-67.82|-0.06|-0.06|-1.88|-2.01|
|Moldova|251.84||62.29||-47.86||-0.06||-1.93||
|Namibia|72.16|137.99|28.93|55.32|-81.22|-62.02|-0.06|-0.05|-2.03|-1.55|
|Uruguay|178.56|269.73|51.58|77.92|-58.56|-39.42|-0.06|-0.04|-2.03|-1.36|
|Albania|114.00|143.57|39.57|49.84|-70.57|-67.50|-0.06|-0.06|-2.03|-1.94|
|Guinea-Bissau|6.54||3.40||-106.74||-0.06||-2.05||
|Argentina|4,714.87|4,551.44|105.29|101.64|-4.86|-15.70|-0.07|-0.21|-2.17|-7.03|
|Georgia|221.40|252.81|55.40|63.25|-54.75|-54.08|-0.07|-0.06|-2.19|-2.16|
|Lebanon|529.59||77.25||-32.90||-0.07||-2.26||
|Chile|1,849.60|1,949.11|97.59|102.84|-12.55|-14.49|-0.07|-0.08|-2.38|-2.75|
|Uzbekistan|3,393.62||102.89||-7.25||-0.07||-2.39||
|Gambia, The|10.42||4.44||-105.71||-0.07||-2.48||
|Panama|215.84|317.66|50.83|74.81|-59.32|-42.53|-0.08|-0.05|-2.52|-1.81|
|Costa Rica|190.39|320.36|37.72|63.47|-72.42|-53.87|-0.11|-0.08|-3.66|-2.72|
|Eritrea|17.10||4.89||-105.25||-0.11||-3.68||
|Mauritania|51.61||11.40||-98.74||-0.13||-4.47||
|Kyrgyzstan|239.33|343.47|37.30|53.53|-72.84|-63.80|-0.14|-0.12|-4.67|-4.09|
|Cuba|772.58||68.17||-41.98||-0.14||-4.76||
|West Bank and<br>Gaza|56.54||11.35||-98.79||-0.15||-4.92||
|Central African<br>Republic|6.04||1.27||-108.87||-0.15||-5.17||
|<br>Syrian Arab<br>Rbli|1,363.03||79.85||-30.29||-0.16||-5.17||
|epuc<br>Liberia|20.16||4.08||-106.06||-0.16||-5.24||
|Congo, Rep.|52.72||9.80||-100.34||-0.16||-5.40||
|El Salvador|170.55|235.97|26.43|36.56|-83.72|-80.77|-0.16|-0.16|-5.40|-5.21|
|Jordan|556.20|728.91|55.06|72.16|-55.08|-45.18|-0.17|-0.14|-5.56|-4.56|
|Nicaragua|119.77|150.04|18.30|22.92|-91.85|-94.41|-0.18|-0.19|-6.01|-6.18|
|Dominican<br>Reublic|562.86|624.22|52.41|58.13|-57.73|-59.21|-0.19|-0.19|-6.20|-6.36|
|p<br>Tunisia|661.73|673.41|56.58|57.58|-53.56|-59.75|-0.19|-0.21|-6.26|-6.99|
|Paraguay|137.84|210.92|19.57|29.94|-90.58|-87.39|-0.19|-0.18|-6.38|-6.16|

28
|**Note: stock values take**<br>**year**|**1990 as initial**||||**Global**<br>**average**<br>**110.14**<br>**tons/person**|**Global**<br>**average**<br>**117.33**<br>**tons/person**|**Valuing 'ex**<br>**$0.3**<br>**Payments**|**cess' stock at**<br>**per ton**<br>**Payments**|**Valuing 'exc**<br>**pe **|**ess' stock at $10**<br>**r ton**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||||**Per**|**Per**|**Deviation**|**Deviation**|<br>**or Receits**|<br>**or Receits**|**Paments or**||
||||<br>|<br>|<br>|<br>|**p**<br>|**p**<br>|**y**<br>||
|**ECONOMY**|**CO2 STOCK**<br>**prod.**<br>**(MIL TONS)**|**CO2 STOCK**<br>**cons.**<br>**(MIL TONS)**|**Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**STOCK**<br>**(prod**|**Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**STOCK**<br>**(cons.)**|**from global**<br>**average (per**<br>**capita CO2**<br>**STOCKprod.)**|**from global**<br>**average (per**<br>**capita CO2**<br>**STOCK cons.)**|**(prod.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based) USD**<br>**Billions**|**(cons.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based) USD**<br>**Billions**|**Receipts**<br>**(prod.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based)**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(cons. STOCK**<br>**based)**|
|Lao PDR|136.63|160.19|19.06|22.34|-91.09|-94.99|-0.20|-0.20|-6.53|-6.81|
|Togo|49.44|112.77|6.12|13.95|-104.03|-103.38|-0.25|-0.25|-8.41|-8.36|
|Papua New Guinea|124.12||14.14||-96.00||-0.25||-8.43|0.00|
|Sierra Leone|16.92||2.17||-107.98||-0.25||-8.44|0.00|
|Bolivia|401.82|379.91|34.90|33.00|-75.24|-84.34|-0.26|-0.29|-8.66|-9.71|
|Honduras|196.77|254.78|20.19|26.14|-89.95|-91.19|-0.26|-0.27|-8.77|-8.89|
|Tajikistan|126.48||13.57||-96.57||-0.27||-9.00|0.00|
|Korea, Dem.<br>Pl’ R|1,859.09||72.43||-37.71||-0.29||-9.68|0.00|
|eopes ep.<br>Türkiye|8,193.71|9,180.14|98.21|110.03|-11.93|-7.30|-0.30|-0.18|-9.96|-6.09|
|Iraq|3,289.27||83.68||-26.47||-0.31||-10.40|0.00|
|Ecuador|865.38|983.55|49.81|56.61|-60.33|-60.72|-0.31|-0.32|-10.48|-10.55|
|Haiti|54.11||4.80||-105.34||-0.36||-11.86|0.00|
|South Sudan|27.46||2.48||-107.66||-0.36||-11.91|0.00|
|Benin|94.78|144.32|8.03|12.23|-102.11|-105.11|-0.36|-0.37|-12.05|-12.40|
|Zimbabwe|361.87|385.58|24.71|26.33|-85.44|-91.01|-0.38|-0.40|-12.51|-13.33|
|Burundi|8.89||0.77||-109.37||-0.38||-12.61|0.00|
|Mexico|12,709.96|13,446.17|99.63|105.40|-10.52|-11.94|-0.40|-0.46|-13.42|-15.23|
|Guinea|57.33|57.33|4.49|4.49|-105.65|-112.85|-0.40|-0.43|-13.49|-14.41|
|Rwanda|18.93|18.93|1.50|1.50|-108.64|-115.84|-0.41|-0.44|-13.72|-14.63|
|Thailand|6,235.59|6,229.33|89.56|89.47|-20.58|-27.87|-0.43|-0.58|-14.33|-19.40|
|Algeria|3,281.56||76.22||-33.92||-0.44||-14.60|0.00|
|Guatemala|328.95|446.77|18.71|25.41|-91.43|-91.92|-0.48|-0.48|-16.08|-16.16|
|Senegal|173.94|205.00|10.67|12.58|-99.47|-104.76|-0.49|-0.51|-16.21|-17.07|
|Somalia|18.14||1.17||-108.97||-0.50||-16.83|0.00|
|Cambodia|131.87|221.80|8.00|13.45|-102.15|-103.88|-0.51|-0.51|-16.84|-17.13|
|Chad|20.66||1.30||-108.85||-0.52||-17.36|0.00|
|Zambia|96.12|164.37|5.38|9.20|-104.76|-108.13|-0.56|-0.58|-18.71|-19.31|
|Sri Lanka|361.18|559.22|16.94|26.23|-93.21|-91.11|-0.60|-0.58|-19.87|-19.43|
|Malawi|30.42|67.17|1.63|3.61|-108.51|-113.73|-0.61|-0.64|-20.21|-21.19|
|Mali|51.07||2.60||-107.55||-0.63||-21.14|0.00|
|Burkina Faso|51.66|72.29|2.54|3.56|-107.60|-113.78|-0.66|-0.69|-21.87|-23.12|
|Peru|1,095.70|1,251.44|33.70|38.49|-76.44|-78.84|-0.75|-0.77|-24.85|-25.63|
|Niger|31.63||1.36||-108.79||-0.76||-25.36|0.00|
|Côte d'Ivoire|215.19|270.57|8.37|10.52|-101.78|-106.81|-0.79|-0.82|-26.17|-27.47|
|Cameroon|142.24|186.33|5.50|7.20|-104.65|-110.13|-0.81|-0.85|-27.08|-28.50|
|Morocco|1,294.02|1,475.08|35.48|40.44|-74.66|-76.89|-0.82|-0.84|-27.23|-28.04|
|Yemen, Rep.|457.75||15.70||-94.45||-0.83||-27.54|0.00|
|Madagascar|62.07|92.04|2.30|3.41|-107.84|-113.92|-0.87|-0.92|-29.08|-30.72|
|Angola|549.49||17.27||-92.88||-0.89||-29.56|0.00|
|Nepal|136.67|217.84|4.78|7.61|-105.37|-109.72|-0.90|-0.94|-30.14|-31.39|

29
|**Note: stock values take**<br>**year**|**1990 as initial**||||**Global**<br>**average**<br>**110.14**<br>**tons/person**|**Global**<br>**average**<br>**117.33**<br>**tons/person**|**Valuing 'exc**<br>**$0.3p**|**ess' stock at**<br>**er ton**|**Valuing 'exc**<br>**pe **|**ess' stock at $10**<br>**r ton**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||||||||**Payments**|**Payments**|||
|**ECONOMY**|**CO2 STOCK**<br>**prod.**<br>**(MIL TONS)**|**CO2 STOCK**<br>**cons.**<br>**(MIL TONS)**|**Per**<br>**Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**STOCK**<br>**(prod**|**Per**<br>**Capita**<br>**CO2**<br>**STOCK**<br>**(cons.)**|**Deviation**<br>**from global**<br>**average (per**<br>**capita CO2**<br>**STOCKprod.)**|**Deviation**<br>**from global**<br>**average (per**<br>**capita CO2**<br>**STOCK cons.)**|**or Receipts**<br>**(prod.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based) USD**<br>**Billions**|**or Receipts**<br>**(cons.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based) USD**<br>**Billions**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(prod.**<br>**STOCK**<br>**based)**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**<br>**(cons. STOCK**<br>**based)**|
|Ghana|271.36|385.78|8.92|12.68|-101.22|-104.65|-0.92|-0.95|-30.79|-31.83|
|Mozambique|86.69|236.24|2.85|7.78|-107.29|-109.56|-0.98|-1.00|-32.58|-33.27|
|Colombia|2,063.90|2,300.09|41.00|45.69|-69.14|-71.64|-1.04|-1.08|-34.81|-36.06|
|Afghanistan|124.11||3.26||-106.88||-1.22||-40.66||
|Sudan|320.52||7.49||-102.66||-1.32||-43.95||
|Uganda|74.32|124.35|1.68|2.81|-108.46|-114.53|-1.44|-1.52|-48.02|-50.70|
|Kenya|312.95|454.59|5.95|8.65|-104.19|-108.69|-1.64|-1.71|-54.78|-57.14|
|Myanmar|380.44||7.04||-103.10||-1.67||-55.72||
|Tanzania|169.72|298.68|2.93|5.15|-107.22|-112.19|-1.87|-1.95|-62.19|-65.07|
|Egypt, Arab Rep.|4,770.86|4,778.06|47.52|47.60|-62.62|-69.74|-1.89|-2.10|-62.86|-70.01|
|Viet Nam|3,004.90|3,201.71|31.15|33.19|-78.99|-84.14|-2.29|-2.44|-76.20|-81.17|
|Congo, Dem. Rep.|64.39||0.74||-109.40||-2.85||-94.95||
|Philippines|2,392.64|3,007.47|22.13|27.82|-88.01|-89.52|-2.85|-2.90|-95.16|-96.78|
|Brazil|11,339.75|11,895.08|53.73|56.36|-56.41|-60.97|-3.57|-3.86|-119.06|-128.68|
|Ethiopia|198.21|286.84|1.77|2.56|-108.38|-114.78|-3.64|-3.86|-121.47|-128.64|
|Bangladesh|1,273.65|1,635.21|7.81|10.03|-102.33|-107.31|-5.01|-5.25|-166.85|-174.96|
|Indonesia|11,061.53|10,723.20|40.87|39.62|-69.27|-77.71|-5.62|-6.31|-187.46|-210.31|
|Nigeria|2,530.88|2,307.89|12.59|11.48|-97.55|-105.85|-5.88|-6.38|-196.04|-212.72|
|Pakistan|4,005.61|4,220.89|18.50|19.49|-91.65|-97.84|-5.95|-6.36|-198.48|-211.90|
|India|41,536.37|38,611.39|30.40|28.26|-79.75|-89.08|-32.69|-36.52|-1,089.66|-1,217.17|

30
Annex Table C: Annual payments/receipts by each country for a GCI on methane flows of $10 and $7.5.

||||||**Payments or**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Economy**|**Methane**<br>**(mil tons)**|**Population**|**Methane**<br>**perperson**|**Deviation from**<br>**Global Average**|**Receipts USD Billions**<br>**($7.5per ton)**|**USD Billions**<br>**($10per ton)**|
|Russian Federation|881.39|145.48|6.06|4.92|5.37|7.16|
|United States|638.97|325.03|1.97|0.83|2.02|2.69|
|Brazil|445.97|207.80|2.15|1.01|1.57|2.09|
|Australia|129.59|24.58|5.27|4.13|0.76|1.02|
|Zambia|116.95|16.86|6.94|5.80|0.73|0.98|
|Canada|118.86|36.73|3.24|2.10|0.58|0.77|
|Argentina|119.46|43.93|2.72|1.58|0.52|0.69|
|Uzbekistan|105.42|31.96|3.30|2.16|0.52|0.69|
|Indonesia|357.96|264.58|1.35|0.21|0.43|0.57|
|Iran, Islamic Rep.|141.16|80.69|1.75|0.61|0.37|0.49|
|Venezuela, RB|81.85|29.35|2.79|1.65|0.36|0.48|
|Turkmenistan|50.49|5.76|8.77|7.63|0.33|0.44|
|United Arab Emirates|50.11|9.50|5.27|4.14|0.29|0.39|
|Afghanistan|77.40|36.26|2.13|1.00|0.27|0.36|
|Azerbaijan|45.13|9.84|4.59|3.45|0.25|0.34|
|Chad|49.98|15.02|3.33|2.19|0.25|0.33|
|New Zealand|32.81|4.70|6.98|5.84|0.21|0.27|
|Paraguay|33.23|6.87|4.84|3.70|0.19|0.25|
|Angola|54.79|29.84|1.84|0.70|0.16|0.21|
|Central African Republic|25.66|4.61|5.57|4.43|0.15|0.20|
|Libya|27.88|6.59|4.23|3.09|0.15|0.20|
|Colombia|75.88|48.92|1.55|0.41|0.15|0.20|
|Kazakhstan|40.40|18.07|2.24|1.10|0.15|0.20|
|Botswana|22.27|2.21|10.08|8.94|0.15|0.20|
|Myanmar|79.64|53.37|1.49|0.35|0.14|0.19|
|Uruguay|21.65|3.44|6.30|5.16|0.13|0.18|
|Bolivia|30.37|11.19|2.71|1.58|0.13|0.18|
|Ukraine|66.18|44.47|1.49|0.35|0.12|0.16|
|Tanzania|75.99|54.70|1.39|0.25|0.10|0.14|
|Papua New Guinea|23.28|8.44|2.76|1.62|0.10|0.14|
|Mongolia|17.09|3.11|5.49|4.35|0.10|0.14|
|Malaysia|48.43|31.11|1.56|0.42|0.10|0.13|
|Bahrain|14.09|1.50|9.39|8.25|0.09|0.12|
|Equatorial Guinea|13.50|1.26|10.69|9.55|0.09|0.12|
|Ireland|16.20|4.76|3.40|2.26|0.08|0.11|
|Sudan|55.73|40.84|1.36|0.23|0.07|0.09|
|Brunei|9.40|0.42|22.14|21.00|0.07|0.09|
|Congo, Rep.|12.44|5.11|2.43|1.29|0.05|0.07|
|Cambodia|24.66|16.01|1.54|0.40|0.05|0.06|
|Belarus|17.17|9.45|1.82|0.68|0.05|0.06|
|Guyana|6.86|0.78|8.85|7.71|0.04|0.06|

31
||||||**Payments or**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Economy**|**Methane**<br>**(mil tons)**|**Population**|**Methane**<br>**perperson**|**Deviation from**<br>**Global Average**|**Receipts USD Billions**<br>**($7.5per ton)**|**USD Billions**<br>**($10per ton)**|
|Lao PDR|13.78|6.95|1.98|0.84|0.04|0.06|
|Thailand|83.89|69.19|1.21|0.07|0.04|0.05|
|Qatar|7.69|2.71|2.83|1.70|0.03|0.05|
|Saudi Arabia|42.17|33.05|1.28|0.14|0.03|0.05|
|Guinea|18.23|12.08|1.51|0.37|0.03|0.04|
|Poland|47.15|37.96|1.24|0.10|0.03|0.04|
|Nicaragua|10.35|6.38|1.62|0.48|0.02|0.03|
|Somalia|19.46|14.60|1.33|0.19|0.02|0.03|
|Liberia|7.96|4.70|1.69|0.55|0.02|0.03|
|Romania|24.85|19.65|1.26|0.13|0.02|0.02|
|Niger|27.05|21.63|1.25|0.11|0.02|0.02|
|Serbia|12.45|8.83|1.41|0.27|0.02|0.02|
|Israel|11.66|8.25|1.41|0.28|0.02|0.02|
|Algeria|49.38|41.39|1.19|0.05|0.02|0.02|
|Namibia|4.81|2.40|2.00|0.86|0.02|0.02|
|Barbados|2.33|0.29|8.14|7.00|0.02|0.02|
|Mauritania|6.83|4.28|1.59|0.45|0.01|0.02|
|Grenada|2.01|0.11|18.09|16.95|0.01|0.02|
|Mexico|143.81|124.75|1.15|0.01|0.01|0.02|
|Ecuador|20.51|16.79|1.22|0.08|0.01|0.01|
|Suriname|1.87|0.57|3.28|2.14|0.01|0.01|
|Kuwait|5.82|4.04|1.44|0.30|0.01|0.01|
|Nepal|32.70|27.72|1.18|0.04|0.01|0.01|
|Georgia|5.42|4.01|1.35|0.21|0.01|0.01|
|Panama|5.36|4.11|1.30|0.17|0.01|0.01|
|Denmark|7.18|5.73|1.25|0.11|0.00|0.01|
|Belize|1.06|0.38|2.81|1.67|0.00|0.01|
|Czechia|12.59|10.64|1.18|0.04|0.00|0.00|
|Mauritius|1.87|1.26|1.48|0.34|0.00|0.00|
|Mali|21.35|18.53|1.15|0.01|0.00|0.00|
|Eswatini|1.49|1.13|1.32|0.18|0.00|0.00|
|Iceland|0.56|0.33|1.66|0.52|0.00|0.00|
|Vanuatu|0.50|0.29|1.73|0.60|0.00|0.00|
|Lithuania|3.37|2.85|1.18|0.05|0.00|0.00|
|Montenegro|0.84|0.63|1.34|0.20|0.00|0.00|
|Fiji|1.11|0.88|1.26|0.13|0.00|0.00|
|North Macedonia|2.48|2.08|1.19|0.05|0.00|0.00|
|Cuba|13.00|11.33|1.15|0.01|0.00|0.00|
|Antigua and Barbuda|0.20|0.10|2.10|0.96|0.00|0.00|
|Samoa|0.31|0.20|1.56|0.42|0.00|0.00|
|Saint Lucia|0.27|0.18|1.49|0.35|0.00|0.00|
|Bhutan|0.91|0.75|1.22|0.08|0.00|0.00|
|Oman|5.31|4.64|1.14|0.01|0.00|0.00|
|Saint Kitts and Nevis|0.08|0.05|1.54|0.40|0.00|0.00|

32
||||||**Payments or**<br>|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Economy**|**Methane**<br>**(mil tons)**|**Population**|**Methane**<br>**perperson**|**Deviation from**<br>**Global Average**|**Receipts USD Billions**<br>**($7.5per ton)**|**USD Billions**<br>**($10per ton)**|
|Palau|0.02|0.02|1.12|-0.02|0.00|0.00|
|Tuvalu|0.01|0.01|0.88|-0.26|0.00|0.00|
|Cook Islands|0.01|0.02|0.57|-0.57|0.00|0.00|
|Tonga|0.10|0.10|0.98|-0.16|0.00|0.00|
|Seychelles|0.09|0.10|0.93|-0.20|0.00|0.00|
|Liechtenstein|0.02|0.04|0.53|-0.61|0.00|0.00|
|Albania|3.26|2.88|1.13|-0.01|0.00|0.00|
|Marshall Islands|0.03|0.06|0.52|-0.62|0.00|0.00|
|Dominica|0.05|0.07|0.63|-0.51|0.00|0.00|
|Andorra|0.05|0.08|0.65|-0.49|0.00|0.00|
|Saint Vincent and the<br>Grenadines|0.07|0.11|0.64|-0.50|0.00|0.00|
|Kiribati|0.02|0.11|0.18|-0.96|0.00|0.00|
|Bahamas|0.32|0.38|0.83|-0.31|0.00|0.00|
|Luxembourg|0.55|0.59|0.93|-0.21|0.00|0.00|
|Lesotho|2.25|2.09|1.08|-0.06|0.00|0.00|
|Portugal|11.58|10.29|1.13|-0.01|0.00|0.00|
|São Tomé and Príncipe|0.03|0.21|0.14|-0.99|0.00|0.00|
|Eritrea|3.66|3.42|1.07|-0.07|0.00|0.00|
|Latvia|1.99|1.95|1.02|-0.12|0.00|0.00|
|Malta|0.22|0.44|0.49|-0.65|0.00|0.00|
|Trinidad and Tobago|1.26|1.38|0.91|-0.23|0.00|0.00|
|Solomon Islands|0.40|0.64|0.62|-0.52|0.00|0.00|
|Bosnia and Herzegovina|3.49|3.36|1.04|-0.10|0.00|0.00|
|Slovenia|1.99|2.08|0.96|-0.18|0.00|0.00|
|Estonia|1.11|1.32|0.84|-0.30|0.00|0.00|
|Djibouti|0.68|0.94|0.72|-0.42|0.00|0.00|
|Maldives|0.12|0.49|0.24|-0.90|0.00|0.00|
|Netherlands|18.92|17.02|1.11|-0.03|0.00|0.00|
|Cabo Verde|0.13|0.54|0.24|-0.90|0.00|0.00|
|Guinea-Bissau|1.46|1.83|0.80|-0.34|0.00|-0.01|
|Cyprus|0.71|1.18|0.60|-0.54|0.00|-0.01|
|Comoros|0.28|0.81|0.34|-0.79|0.00|-0.01|
|Costa Rica|4.88|4.95|0.99|-0.15|-0.01|-0.01|
|Armenia|2.57|2.94|0.87|-0.27|-0.01|-0.01|
|Bulgaria|7.25|7.10|1.02|-0.12|-0.01|-0.01|
|Gambia, The|1.65|2.22|0.74|-0.39|-0.01|-0.01|
|Gabon|1.46|2.06|0.71|-0.43|-0.01|-0.01|
|Norway|5.03|5.29|0.95|-0.19|-0.01|-0.01|
|Croatia|3.74|4.18|0.89|-0.25|-0.01|-0.01|
|Moldova|3.39|4.06|0.84|-0.30|-0.01|-0.01|
|Finland|4.55|5.51|0.83|-0.31|-0.01|-0.02|
|Honduras|8.90|9.43|0.94|-0.19|-0.01|-0.02|
|Slovak Republic|4.35|5.45|0.80|-0.34|-0.01|-0.02|
|Kyrgyzstan|4.76|6.19|0.77|-0.37|-0.02|-0.02|

33
||||||**Payments or**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Economy**|**Methane**<br>**(mil tons)**|**Population**|**Methane**<br>**perperson**|**Deviation from**<br>**Global Average**|**Receipts USD Billions**<br>**($7.5per ton)**|**USD Billions**<br>**($10per ton)**|
|Greece|9.61|10.57|0.91|-0.23|-0.02|-0.02|
|Jamaica|0.83|2.92|0.28|-0.85|-0.02|-0.02|
|Sierra Leone|6.02|7.49|0.80|-0.33|-0.02|-0.03|
|Singapore|3.89|5.70|0.68|-0.46|-0.02|-0.03|
|Dominican Republic|9.06|10.51|0.86|-0.28|-0.02|-0.03|
|El Salvador|4.11|6.39|0.64|-0.49|-0.02|-0.03|
|Austria|6.84|8.82|0.78|-0.36|-0.02|-0.03|
|Hungary|7.21|9.73|0.74|-0.40|-0.03|-0.04|
|Zimbabwe|11.90|14.23|0.84|-0.30|-0.03|-0.04|
|Belgium|8.50|11.42|0.74|-0.39|-0.03|-0.04|
|Peru|31.21|31.47|0.99|-0.15|-0.03|-0.05|
|Lebanon|3.07|6.76|0.45|-0.68|-0.03|-0.05|
|Switzerland|4.88|8.45|0.58|-0.56|-0.04|-0.05|
|Tajikistan|5.32|8.88|0.60|-0.54|-0.04|-0.05|
|Jordan|5.92|9.73|0.61|-0.53|-0.04|-0.05|
|Togo|3.49|7.70|0.45|-0.69|-0.04|-0.05|
|Sweden|4.81|9.90|0.49|-0.65|-0.05|-0.06|
|Tunisia|6.30|11.44|0.55|-0.59|-0.05|-0.07|
|Guatemala|12.53|16.92|0.74|-0.40|-0.05|-0.07|
|Syrian Arab Republic|12.98|17.31|0.75|-0.39|-0.05|-0.07|
|Burkina Faso|15.09|19.20|0.79|-0.35|-0.05|-0.07|
|Senegal|10.74|15.43|0.70|-0.44|-0.05|-0.07|
|Benin|5.63|11.18|0.50|-0.64|-0.05|-0.07|
|Chile|13.44|18.47|0.73|-0.41|-0.06|-0.08|
|Haiti|4.63|10.98|0.42|-0.72|-0.06|-0.08|
|Madagascar|20.51|25.59|0.80|-0.34|-0.06|-0.09|
|Malawi|10.91|17.68|0.62|-0.52|-0.07|-0.09|
|Cameroon|17.97|24.58|0.73|-0.41|-0.08|-0.10|
|Rwanda|3.32|11.99|0.28|-0.86|-0.08|-0.10|
|Burundi|1.97|10.84|0.18|-0.96|-0.08|-0.10|
|Korea, Dem. People’s Rep.|18.55|25.43|0.73|-0.41|-0.08|-0.10|
|Ghana|20.81|29.13|0.71|-0.42|-0.09|-0.12|
|France|60.47|64.82|0.93|-0.21|-0.10|-0.13|
|Mozambique|18.92|28.68|0.66|-0.48|-0.10|-0.14|
|Spain|39.33|46.68|0.84|-0.30|-0.10|-0.14|
|Uganda|32.87|41.21|0.80|-0.34|-0.11|-0.14|
|Sri Lanka|9.42|21.12|0.45|-0.69|-0.11|-0.15|
|Viet Nam|91.31|94.59|0.97|-0.17|-0.12|-0.16|
|Ethiopia|103.97|106.43|0.98|-0.16|-0.13|-0.17|
|Kenya|39.39|50.22|0.78|-0.35|-0.13|-0.18|
|South Africa|45.14|56.99|0.79|-0.35|-0.15|-0.20|
|Côte d'Ivoire|7.05|24.45|0.29|-0.85|-0.16|-0.21|
|Morocco|17.09|35.57|0.48|-0.66|-0.18|-0.23|
|Yemen, Rep.|8.18|27.83|0.29|-0.84|-0.18|-0.24|

34
|||||**Payments or**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Economy**<br>**Methane**<br>**(mil tons)**|**Population**|**Methane**<br>**perperson**|**Deviation from**<br>**Global Average**|**Receipts USD Billions**<br>**($7.5per ton)**|**USD Billions**<br>**($10per ton)**|
|United Kingdom<br>52.18|66.71|0.78|-0.36|-0.18|-0.24|
|Italy<br>44.88|60.62|0.74|-0.40|-0.18|-0.24|
|Iraq<br>15.69|37.50|0.42|-0.72|-0.20|-0.27|
|Korea, Rep.<br>25.87|51.06|0.51|-0.63|-0.24|-0.32|
|Germany<br>56.17|82.66|0.68|-0.46|-0.28|-0.38|
|Congo, Dem. Rep.<br>51.20|81.46|0.63|-0.51|-0.31|-0.42|
|Türkiye<br>43.53|81.05|0.54|-0.60|-0.37|-0.49|
|Egypt, Arab Rep.<br>55.94|96.43|0.58|-0.56|-0.40|-0.54|
|Philippines<br>65.61|105.14|0.62|-0.51|-0.41|-0.54|
|Nigeria<br>128.95|190.96|0.68|-0.46|-0.66|-0.88|
|Pakistan<br>141.53|207.95|0.68|-0.46|-0.71|-0.95|
|Bangladesh<br>80.77|159.67|0.51|-0.63|-0.76|-1.01|
|Japan<br>21.69|127.46|0.17|-0.97|-0.93|-1.23|
|China<br>1261.56|1420.67|0.89|-0.25|-2.67|-3.55|
|India<br>659.96|1338.48|0.49|-0.65|-6.48|-8.64|
|Taiwan, China|23.67|||||
|Hong Kong SAR, China|7.31|||||
|New Caledonia|0.28|||||
|Curacao|0.16|||||
|Guadeloupe|0.40|||||
|Martinique|0.38|||||
|Sint Maarten (Dutch part)|0.04|||||
|Faeroe Islands|0.05|||||
|Aruba|0.11|||||
|Bermuda|0.06|||||
|Greenland|0.06|||||
|Bonaire Sint Eustatius and Saba|0.03|||||
|Anguilla|0.01|||||
|Turks and Caicos Islands|0.04|||||
|British Virgin Islands|0.03|||||
|Saint Pierre and Miquelon|0.01|||||
|Montserrat|0.00|||||
|Nauru|0.01|||||
|Niue|0.00|||||
|Saint Helena|0.01|||||
|French Polynesia|0.28|||||
|French Guiana|0.28|||||
|Mayotte|0.25|||||
|Timor-Leste|1.24|||||
|West Bank and Gaza|4.75|||||
|South Sudan|10.90|||||

35
Annex Table D: Annual payments/receipts by each country for a GCI on historical methane stocks of $10 and $7.5.

|**Economy**|**Cumulative**<br>**Methane(mil ton)**|**Population**<br>**2019**<br>**(millions)**|**Cumulative**<br>**methane per**<br>**capita**|**Deviation**<br>**from Global**<br>**Average**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts ($**<br>**Billions) Valuing**<br>**excess stock at**<br>**$0.3per ton**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts ($**<br>**Billions) Valuing**<br>**excess stock at**<br>**$10per ton**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Russian Federation|21,225.52|145.87|145.51|118.54|5.19|172.92|
|United States|19,142.54|329.06|58.17|31.21|3.08|102.70|
|Brazil|10,191.58|211.05|48.29|21.33|1.35|45.01|
|Australia|4,106.56|25.20|162.94|135.97|1.03|34.27|
|Indonesia|9,858.37|270.63|36.43|9.46|0.77|25.61|
|Zambia|2,815.89|17.86|157.66|130.69|0.70|23.34|
|Canada|3,116.75|37.41|83.31|56.35|0.63|21.08|
|Argentina|3,240.60|44.78|72.37|45.40|0.61|20.33|
|Ukraine|3,099.93|43.99|70.46|43.50|0.57|19.14|
|Uzbekistan|2,605.15|32.98|78.99|52.02|0.51|17.16|
|Libya|1,834.70|6.78|270.71|243.74|0.50|16.52|
|Venezuela, RB|2,066.12|28.52|72.46|45.49|0.39|12.97|
|United Kingdom|2,626.73|67.53|38.90|11.93|0.24|8.06|
|New Zealand|893.99|4.78|186.91|159.94|0.23|7.65|
|Turkmenistan|913.45|5.94|153.73|126.76|0.23|7.53|
|Iran, Islamic Rep.|2,923.52|82.91|35.26|8.30|0.21|6.88|
|United Arab Emirates|789.08|9.77|80.76|53.80|0.16|5.26|
|Kazakhstan|1,020.55|18.55|55.01|28.05|0.16|5.20|
|Paraguay|700.57|7.04|99.45|72.48|0.15|5.11|
|Azerbaijan|765.45|10.05|76.18|49.22|0.15|4.95|
|Uruguay|570.20|3.46|164.72|137.75|0.14|4.77|
|Angola|1,320.63|31.83|41.50|14.53|0.14|4.62|
|Colombia|1,804.98|50.34|35.86|8.89|0.13|4.48|
|Central African Republic|565.69|4.75|119.21|92.25|0.13|4.38|
|Poland|1,427.63|37.89|37.68|10.72|0.12|4.06|
|Botswana|443.41|2.30|192.48|165.51|0.11|3.81|
|Bolivia|684.64|11.51|59.47|32.50|0.11|3.74|
|Romania|886.36|19.36|45.77|18.81|0.11|3.64|
|Myanmar|1,799.27|54.05|33.29|6.33|0.10|3.42|
|Syrian Arab Republic|776.02|17.07|45.46|18.50|0.09|3.16|
|Ireland|429.66|4.88|88.00|61.04|0.09|2.98|
|Brunei|295.49|0.43|681.96|654.99|0.09|2.84|
|Equatorial Guinea|263.32|1.36|194.19|167.23|0.07|2.27|
|Malaysia|1,085.38|31.95|33.97|7.01|0.07|2.24|
|Mongolia|303.13|3.23|93.99|67.03|0.06|2.16|
|Thailand|2,082.47|69.63|29.91|2.95|0.06|2.05|
|Netherlands|641.94|17.10|37.55|10.58|0.05|1.81|
|Bahrain|224.45|1.64|136.76|109.80|0.05|1.80|
|Belarus|429.64|9.45|45.45|18.49|0.05|1.75|
|France|1,905.37|65.13|29.26|2.29|0.04|1.49|
|Czechia|425.31|10.69|39.79|12.82|0.04|1.37|

36
|**Economy**|**Cumulative**<br>**Methane(mil ton)**|**Population**<br>**2019**<br>**(millions)**|**Cumulative**<br>**methane per**<br>**capita**|**Deviation**<br>**from Global**<br>**Average**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts ($**<br>**Billions) Valuing**<br>**excess stock at**<br>**$0.3per ton**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts ($**<br>**Billions) Valuing**<br>**excess stock at**<br>**$10per ton**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Papua New Guinea|367.61|8.78|41.89|14.92|0.04|1.31|
|Serbia|339.82|8.77|38.74|11.77|0.03|1.03|
|Chad|527.58|15.95|33.08|6.12|0.03|0.98|
|Georgia|199.72|4.00|49.97|23.01|0.03|0.92|
|Lao PDR|280.42|7.17|39.11|12.15|0.03|0.87|
|Bulgaria|274.23|7.00|39.18|12.21|0.03|0.85|
|Somalia|496.17|15.44|32.13|5.17|0.02|0.80|
|Guyana|98.72|0.78|126.12|99.15|0.02|0.78|
|Congo, Rep.|221.49|5.38|41.17|14.20|0.02|0.76|
|Cambodia|519.02|16.49|31.48|4.52|0.02|0.74|
|Namibia|140.87|2.49|56.47|29.51|0.02|0.74|
|Sudan|1,223.68|42.81|28.58|1.62|0.02|0.69|
|Denmark|224.01|5.77|38.81|11.85|0.02|0.68|
|Belize|71.68|0.39|183.63|156.67|0.02|0.61|
|Barbados|60.95|0.29|212.35|185.39|0.02|0.53|
|Lithuania|124.80|2.76|45.22|18.26|0.02|0.50|
|Portugal|326.04|10.23|31.88|4.92|0.02|0.50|
|Grenada|50.65|0.11|452.22|425.26|0.01|0.48|
|Ecuador|509.50|17.37|29.33|2.36|0.01|0.41|
|Germany|2,288.75|83.52|27.40|0.44|0.01|0.37|
|Cuba|341.94|11.33|30.17|3.21|0.01|0.36|
|Nicaragua|202.28|6.55|30.90|3.94|0.01|0.26|
|Mauritania|145.65|4.53|32.18|5.22|0.01|0.24|
|Suriname|38.93|0.58|66.96|40.00|0.01|0.23|
|Qatar|98.55|2.83|34.80|7.83|0.01|0.22|
|Finland|170.54|5.53|30.83|3.86|0.01|0.21|
|Albania|95.54|2.88|33.16|6.20|0.01|0.18|
|Israel|246.14|8.52|28.89|1.93|0.00|0.16|
|Latvia|66.53|1.91|34.89|7.93|0.00|0.15|
|Panama|123.66|4.25|29.12|2.16|0.00|0.09|
|Saudi Arabia|933.12|34.27|27.23|0.27|0.00|0.09|
|North Macedonia|64.43|2.08|30.92|3.96|0.00|0.08|
|Eswatini|39.22|1.15|34.16|7.20|0.00|0.08|
|Slovenia|64.16|2.08|30.87|3.90|0.00|0.08|
|Greece|290.22|10.47|27.71|0.75|0.00|0.08|
|Norway|152.13|5.38|28.28|1.32|0.00|0.07|
|Iceland|15.23|0.34|44.92|17.96|0.00|0.06|
|Bosnia and Herzegovina|94.61|3.30|28.66|1.70|0.00|0.06|
|Saint Lucia|10.08|0.18|55.14|28.18|0.00|0.05|
|Montenegro|21.79|0.63|34.70|7.73|0.00|0.05|
|Estonia|40.34|1.33|30.43|3.47|0.00|0.05|
|Mauritius|38.24|1.27|30.12|3.15|0.00|0.04|
|Bhutan|24.21|0.76|31.73|4.76|0.00|0.04|
|Vanuatu|11.05|0.30|36.85|9.88|0.00|0.03|

37
|**Economy**|**Cumulative**<br>**Methane(mil ton)**|**Population**<br>**2019**<br>**(millions)**|**Cumulative**<br>**methane per**<br>**capita**|**Deviation**<br>**from Global**<br>**Average**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts ($**<br>**Billions) Valuing**<br>**excess stock at**<br>**$0.3per ton**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts ($**<br>**Billions) Valuing**<br>**excess stock at**<br>**$10per ton**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Antigua and Barbuda|4.77|0.10|49.12|22.15|0.00|0.02|
|Samoa|6.99|0.20|35.47|8.50|0.00|0.02|
|Kuwait|114.51|4.21|27.22|0.25|0.00|0.01|
|Saint Kitts and Nevis|2.02|0.05|38.23|11.27|0.00|0.01|
|Fiji|23.99|0.89|26.96|-0.01|0.00|0.00|
|Palau|0.45|0.02|25.00|-1.97|0.00|0.00|
|Tuvalu|0.27|0.01|23.17|-3.80|0.00|0.00|
|Tonga|2.71|0.10|25.93|-1.03|0.00|0.00|
|Slovak Republic|146.99|5.46|26.94|-0.03|0.00|0.00|
|Cook Islands|0.30|0.02|17.10|-9.87|0.00|0.00|
|Dominica|1.55|0.07|21.59|-5.38|0.00|0.00|
|Liechtenstein|0.54|0.04|14.20|-12.76|0.00|0.00|
|Seychelles|2.04|0.10|20.87|-6.09|0.00|-0.01|
|Moldova|108.34|4.04|26.80|-0.17|0.00|-0.01|
|Marshall Islands|0.75|0.06|12.76|-14.21|0.00|-0.01|
|Andorra|1.03|0.08|13.35|-13.61|0.00|-0.01|
|Saint Vincent and the<br>Grenadines|1.89|0.11|17.09|-9.87|0.00|-0.01|
|Luxembourg|15.39|0.62|24.99|-1.97|0.00|-0.01|
|Kiribati|0.48|0.12|4.08|-22.88|0.00|-0.03|
|Bahamas|7.29|0.39|18.72|-8.25|0.00|-0.03|
|Austria|237.05|8.96|26.47|-0.49|0.00|-0.04|
|São Tomé and Príncipe|0.84|0.22|3.91|-23.06|0.00|-0.05|
|Malta|5.60|0.44|12.72|-14.25|0.00|-0.06|
|Gambia, The|55.11|2.35|23.47|-3.49|0.00|-0.08|
|Djibouti|16.47|0.97|16.92|-10.05|0.00|-0.10|
|Solomon Islands|8.27|0.67|12.35|-14.62|0.00|-0.10|
|Trinidad and Tobago|26.09|1.39|18.70|-8.26|0.00|-0.12|
|Cabo Verde|2.91|0.55|5.29|-21.67|0.00|-0.12|
|Maldives|2.01|0.53|3.79|-23.18|0.00|-0.12|
|Lesotho|44.21|2.13|20.80|-6.16|0.00|-0.13|
|Croatia|98.21|4.13|23.78|-3.19|0.00|-0.13|
|Armenia|65.39|2.96|22.11|-4.86|0.00|-0.14|
|Cyprus|17.37|1.20|14.49|-12.47|0.00|-0.15|
|Belgium|294.70|11.54|25.54|-1.43|0.00|-0.16|
|Gabon|41.76|2.17|19.22|-7.74|-0.01|-0.17|
|Comoros|5.62|0.85|6.60|-20.36|-0.01|-0.17|
|Eritrea|76.76|3.50|21.95|-5.01|-0.01|-0.18|
|Guinea-Bissau|33.17|1.92|17.27|-9.70|-0.01|-0.19|
|Costa Rica|115.15|5.05|22.81|-4.15|-0.01|-0.21|
|Hungary|235.59|9.68|24.33|-2.64|-0.01|-0.26|
|Oman|104.60|4.97|21.03|-5.94|-0.01|-0.30|
|Liberia<br>Guinea|100.32<br>303.48|4.94<br>12.77|20.32<br>23.76|-6.65<br>-3.20|-0.01<br>-0.01|-0.33<br>-0.41|

38
|**Economy**|**Cumulative**<br>**Methane(mil ton)**|**Population**<br>**2019**<br>**(millions)**|**Cumulative**<br>**methane per**<br>**capita**|**Deviation**<br>**from Global**<br>**Average**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts ($**<br>**Billions) Valuing**<br>**excess stock at**<br>**$0.3per ton**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts ($**<br>**Billions) Valuing**<br>**excess stock at**<br>**$10per ton**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Honduras|214.91|9.75|22.05|-4.91|-0.01|-0.48|
|Jamaica|27.44|2.95|9.31|-17.66|-0.02|-0.52|
|Kyrgyzstan|120.72|6.42|18.82|-8.15|-0.02|-0.52|
|El Salvador|109.85|6.45|17.02|-9.94|-0.02|-0.64|
|Dominican Republic|208.06|10.74|19.37|-7.59|-0.02|-0.82|
|Switzerland|148.74|8.59|17.31|-9.65|-0.02|-0.83|
|Sweden|185.20|10.04|18.45|-8.51|-0.03|-0.85|
|Algeria|1,071.50|43.05|24.89|-2.08|-0.03|-0.89|
|Singapore|62.18|5.80|10.71|-16.25|-0.03|-0.94|
|Zimbabwe|296.52|14.65|20.25|-6.72|-0.03|-0.98|
|Sierra Leone|108.28|7.81|13.86|-13.11|-0.03|-1.02|
|Tanzania|1,461.31|58.01|25.19|-1.77|-0.03|-1.03|
|Jordan|160.20|10.10|15.86|-11.11|-0.03|-1.12|
|Nepal|654.85|28.61|22.89|-4.07|-0.03|-1.17|
|Mali|405.93|19.66|20.65|-6.31|-0.04|-1.24|
|Lebanon|59.97|6.86|8.75|-18.22|-0.04|-1.25|
|Chile|373.40|18.95|19.70|-7.26|-0.04|-1.38|
|Togo|73.02|8.08|9.03|-17.93|-0.04|-1.45|
|Tajikistan|105.89|9.32|11.36|-15.60|-0.04|-1.45|
|Tunisia|157.79|11.69|13.49|-13.47|-0.05|-1.58|
|Korea, Dem. People’s<br>Rep.|526.68|25.67|20.52|-6.44|-0.05|-1.65|
|Madagascar|543.18|26.97|20.14|-6.82|-0.06|-1.84|
|Peru|690.94|32.51|21.25|-5.71|-0.06|-1.86|
|Senegal|251.63|16.30|15.44|-11.52|-0.06|-1.88|
|Niger|440.50|23.31|18.90|-8.07|-0.06|-1.88|
|Haiti|109.63|11.26|9.73|-17.23|-0.06|-1.94|
|Benin|114.28|11.80|9.68|-17.28|-0.06|-2.04|
|Guatemala|263.70|17.58|15.00|-11.97|-0.06|-2.10|
|Spain|1,038.81|46.74|22.23|-4.74|-0.07|-2.21|
|Burkina Faso|296.53|20.32|14.59|-12.37|-0.08|-2.51|
|Sri Lanka|317.01|21.32|14.87|-12.10|-0.08|-2.58|
|Burundi|52.83|11.53|4.58|-22.38|-0.08|-2.58|
|Italy|1,366.74|60.55|22.57|-4.39|-0.08|-2.66|
|Rwanda|70.82|12.63|5.61|-21.36|-0.08|-2.70|
|Côte d'Ivoire|413.08|25.72|16.06|-10.90|-0.08|-2.80|
|Malawi|205.00|18.63|11.00|-15.96|-0.09|-2.97|
|Cameroon|387.18|25.88|14.96|-12.00|-0.09|-3.11|
|Mexico|3,096.15|127.58|24.27|-2.69|-0.10|-3.44|
|Afghanistan|643.03|38.04|16.90|-10.06|-0.11|-3.83|
|Mozambique|425.87|30.37|14.02|-12.94|-0.12|-3.93|
|South Africa|1,159.01|58.56|19.79|-7.17|-0.13|-4.20|
|Ghana|317.93|30.42|10.45|-16.51|-0.15|-5.02|
|Yemen, Rep.|167.18|29.16|5.73|-21.23|-0.19|-6.19|

39
|**Economy**<br>**Cumulative**<br>**Methane(mil ton)**|**Population**<br>**2019**<br>**(millions)**|**Cumulative**<br>**methane per**<br>**capita**|**Deviation**<br>**from Global**<br>**Average**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts ($**<br>**Billions) Valuing**<br>**excess stock at**<br>**$0.3per ton**|**Payments or**<br>**Receipts ($**<br>**Billions) Valuing**<br>**excess stock at**<br>**$10per ton**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Morocco<br>353.56|36.47|9.69|-17.27|-0.19|-6.30|
|Korea, Rep.<br>729.24|51.23|14.24|-12.73|-0.20|-6.52|
|Uganda<br>528.35|44.27|11.93|-15.03|-0.20|-6.65|
|Kenya<br>738.98|52.57|14.06|-12.91|-0.20|-6.79|
|Viet Nam<br>1,914.41|96.46|19.85|-7.12|-0.21|-6.87|
|Iraq<br>325.33|39.31|8.28|-18.69|-0.22|-7.35|
|Ethiopia<br>1,871.49|112.08|16.70|-10.27|-0.35|-11.51|
|Türkiye<br>1,088.42|83.43|13.05|-13.92|-0.35|-11.61|
|Congo, Dem. Rep.<br>1,137.67|86.79|13.11|-13.86|-0.36|-12.03|
|Philippines<br>1,559.56|108.12|14.42|-12.54|-0.41|-13.56|
|Egypt, Arab Rep.<br>1,254.98|100.39|12.50|-14.46|-0.44|-14.52|
|Bangladesh<br>1,949.11|163.05|11.95|-15.01|-0.73|-24.47|
|Nigeria<br>2,959.27|200.96|14.73|-12.24|-0.74|-24.59|
|Japan<br>783.14|126.86|6.17|-20.79|-0.79|-26.37|
|Pakistan<br>2,739.57|216.57|12.65|-14.31|-0.93|-31.00|
|China<br>24,919.18|1,433.78|17.38|-9.58|-4.12|-137.41|
|India<br>16,380.03|1,366.42|11.99|-14.98|-6.14|-204.64|
|Taiwan, China|23.77||||0.00|
|Hong Kong SAR, China|7.44||||0.00|
|Curacao|0.16||||0.00|
|New Caledonia|0.28||||0.00|
|Aruba|0.11||||0.00|
|Martinique|0.38||||0.00|
|Guadeloupe|0.40||||0.00|
|Faeroe Islands|0.05||||0.00|
|Sint Maarten (Dutch part)|0.04||||0.00|
|Greenland|0.06||||0.00|
|Bermuda|0.06||||0.00|
|Bonaire Sint Eustatius and Saba|0.03||||0.00|
|Anguilla|0.01||||0.00|
|Saint Pierre and Miquelon|0.01||||0.00|
|British Virgin Islands|0.03||||0.00|
|Nauru|0.01||||0.00|
|Montserrat|0.00||||0.00|
|Niue|0.00||||0.00|
|Saint Helena|0.01||||0.00|
|Turks and Caicos Islands|0.04||||0.00|
|French Polynesia|0.28||||0.00|
|French Guiana|0.29||||0.00|
|Mayotte|0.27||||0.00|
|Timor-Leste|1.29||||0.00|
|West Bank and Gaza|4.98||||0.00|
|South Sudan|11.06||||0.00|

40