metadata: authors: 0: author: Kaufmann,Daniel
1: author: Kraay,Aart C.
2: author: Mastruzzi,Massimo
count: World
docna: 0: docna: Governance Matters VI: Aggregate and
            Individual Governance Indicators, 1996-2006
docty: Policy Research Working Paper
subtopic: Macro-Fiscal Policy,Economic Adjustment and Lending,Judicial System Reform,National Governance,Government Policies,Rural Settlements,Business Environment,Public Sector Economics,Youth and Governance,Governance Indicators,Agricultural Growth and Rural Development,Public Finance Decentralization and
            Poverty Reduction
teratopic: Governance,Science and Technology Development,Macroeconomics and Economic Growth,Education
abstracts: cdata!: This paper reports on the latest update
            of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) research
            project covering 212 countries and territories and measuring
            six dimensions of governance between 1996 and 2006: voice
            and accountability, political stability and absence of
            violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule
            of law, and control of corruption. This latest set of
            aggregate indicators are based on hundreds of specific and
            disaggregated individual variables measuring various
            dimensions of governance taken from 33 data sources provided
            by 30 different organizations. The data reflect the views on
            governance of public sector, private sector, and
            nongovernmental organization experts, as well as thousands
            of citizen and firm survey respondents worldwide. The paper
            also explicitly reports the margins of error accompanying
            each country estimate. These reflect the inherent
            difficulties in measuring governance using any kind of data.
            It finds that even after taking margins of error into
            account, the WGI permit meaningful cross-country
            comparisons, as well as monitoring progress over time. In
            less than a decade, a substantial number of countries
            exhibit statistically significant improvements in at least
            one dimension of governance, while other countries exhibit
            deterioration in some dimensions. The decade-long aggregate
            indicators, together with the disaggregated individual
            indicators, are available in a newly-redesigned website at www.govindicators.org.
repnme: repnme: Governance Matters VI: Aggregate and
            Individual Governance Indicators, 1996-2006
display_title: Governance Matters VI: Aggregate and
            Individual Governance Indicators, 1996-2006
listing_relative_url: /research/2007/07/7871747/governance-matters-vi-aggregate-individual-governance-indicators-1996-2006
topicv3: Justice m1326106 840,Fiscal Transparency m1326224 722,Governance Indicators m1327488 834,Rural Development m1504505 2667,Business Environment m1586411 2530
publishtoextweb_dt: 2010-07-01T00:00:00Z
historic_topic: Governance,Science and Technology Development,Macroeconomics and Economic Growth,Education
no_of_pages: 94
author_keys: 0: author_key: 90114
1: author_key: 123715
2: author_key: 554549
model_extractions: WPS4280

# **Governance Matters VI: Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators 1996–2006**

Daniel Kaufmann Aart Kraay Massimo Mastruzzi The World Bank

**Abstract:** This paper reports on the latest update of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) research project, covering 212 countries and territories and measuring six dimensions of governance between 1996 and 2006:  Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption.  This latest set of aggregate indicators, are based on hundreds of specific and disaggregated individual variables measuring various dimensions of governance, taken from 33 data sources provided by 30 different organizations.  The data reflect the views on governance of public sector, private sector and NGO experts, as well as thousands of citizen and firm survey respondents worldwide. We also explicitly report the margins of error accompanying each country estimate. These reflect the inherent difficulties in measuring governance using any kind of data.  We find that even after taking margins of error into account, the WGI permit meaningful cross-country comparisons as well as monitoring progress over time.  In less than a decade, a substantial number of countries exhibit statistically significant improvements in at least one dimension of governance, while other countries exhibit deterioration in some dimensions. The decade-long aggregate indicators, together with the disaggregated individual indicators, are available on a newly-redesigned website at <u>www.govindicators.org.</u>

## World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4280, July 2007

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._ ________________________________________ 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, dkaufmann@worldbank.org, akraay@worldbank.org, mmastruzzi@worldbank.org. The views expressed here are the authors' and do not necessarily reflect those of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. The Worldwide Governance Indicators are not used by the World Bank for resource allocation or for any other official purpose. We would like to B. Parks, M. Camerer, M. Carballo, R. Fullenbaum, B. Muskovitz, F. Marzo, C. Walker, S. Sarkis, J. Langston, L. Abruzzese, P. Wongwan, S. Hatipoglu, D. Cingranelli, D. Richards, J. Zveglich, M. Lagos, A. Lopes-Claros, R. Coutinho, S. Mannan, and D. Cieslikowsky for providing data and answering our numerous questions, and Luis Servén for helpful comments. The support and collaboration of the World Economic Forum, the U.S. State Department, and the Netherlands Government is appreciated.
# **1.  Introduction**

This paper presents the latest update of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) research project.<sup>1</sup> The indicators measure six dimensions of governance: voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption. They cover 212 countries and territories for 1996, 1998, 2000, and annually for 2002-2006.<sup>2</sup> The indicators are based on several hundred individual variables measuring perceptions of governance, drawn from 33 separate data sources constructed by 30 different organizations. We assign these individual measures of governance to categories capturing these six dimensions of governance, and use an unobserved components model to construct six aggregate governance indicators in each period.

As in the past, we complement our estimates of governance for each country with margins of error that indicate the unavoidable uncertainty associated with measuring governance across countries. These margins of error have declined over time with the addition of new data sources to our aggregate indicators, and are substantially smaller than for any of the individual data sources. We continue to encourage users of the governance indicators to take these margins of error into account when making comparisons of governance across countries, and within countries over time. In particular, a useful rule of thumb is that when confidence intervals for governance based on our reported margins of error overlap in comparisons of two countries, or a single country over time, this suggests that the data do not reveal statistically (or for that matter practically) significant differences.

The margins of error we report are not unique to our aggregate indicators, nor are they unique to perceptions-based measures of governance on which we rely. Measurement error is pervasive among all indicators of governance and institutional quality, including individual indicators as well as ‘objective’ or fact-based ones -- if these

> 1 This paper is the sixth in a series of estimates of governance across countries.  Documentation of previous rounds can be found in Kaufmann, Kraay, and Zoido-Lobatón (1999a,b,2002), and Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004, 2005, 2006a,b).

> 2 A few of the entities covered by our indicators are not fully independent states (e.g. Puerto Rico, Hong Kong, West Bank/Gaza, Martinique, and French Guyana). A handful of very small independent principalities (e.g. Monaco, San Marino, and Andorra) are also included. For stylistic convenience all 212 entities  are referred to in this paper as “countries”.

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are available at all. Unfortunately, typically little if any effort is devoted to estimating, let alone reporting, the substantial margins of error in any other governance and/or investment climate indicators – objective or subjective, aggregate or individual. A key advantage of our measures of governance is that we are explicit about the accompanying margins of error, whereas in most other cases they are often left implicit or ignored altogether.

Despite these margins of error, our aggregate indicators are sufficiently informative that many cross-country comparisons of governance can result in statistically (and practically) significant differences. In comparing governance levels across countries, for example, we document that over 60 percent of all cross-country pairwise comparisons using the WGI for 2006 result in statistically significant differences at the 90 percent significance level, and nearly 75 percent of comparisons are significant at the less stringent 75 percent significance level. In assessing trends over time, we find that nearly 30 percent of countries experience significant changes over the period 1998-2006 in at least one of the six indicators (roughly evenly divided between significant improvements and deteriorations). This highlights the fact that governance can and does change even over relatively short periods such as a decade. This should both provide encouragement to reformers seeking to improve governance, as well as warn against complacency in other cases as sharp deteriorations in governance are possible.

The aggregate indicators that we report are a useful way of summarizing the very large amount of information embodied in all of our underlying data sources. The specific aggregation procedure we use also allows us to calculate explicit margins of error to capture the inherent uncertainties in measuring governance. At the same time, we recognize that for many purposes the information in each of our individual underlying data sources can be of interest to users. In many cases these provide highly specific and disaggregated information about particular dimensions of governance that are also of interest for monitoring and diagnostic purposes. For this reason we began last year, and continue this year, the practice of reporting on our website country scores on all of the individual indicators underlying our aggregate governance indicators. We report these disaggregated underlying indicators for the entire time period covered by the aggregate indicators, from 1996 to 2006.

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We begin by describing the data used to construct this round of the governance indicators in Section 2. As discussed in more detail below, we have added five new data sources in this round, including a new and very large cross-country household survey, the Gallup World Poll, as well as new expert assessments from Global Integrity, the International Budget Project, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, and the OECD Development Center. We have also made numerous minor revisions to the past data from several of our underlying sources in order to make them more comparable over time, and we have also introduced data from some of our new sources into the aggregate indicators for previous years. These revisions have resulted in minor changes to our previous estimates for 1996-2005, and so the entire new dataset described here supersedes previous releases. In Section 3 we briefly describe crosscountry differences and changes over time in governance as measured by our aggregate indicators. Section 4 concludes.

# **2.  Methodology and Data Sources for 2006**

In this section we briefly describe the update of our governance indicators for 2006, as well as some minor backwards revisions to our past data spanning the period 1996-2005. Our methodology for constructing aggregate governance indicators has not changed from past years, and a detailed discussion can be found in Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004). The six dimensions of governance we measure are:

1. _Voice and Accountability (VA)_ – measuring the extent to which a country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media.

2. _Political Stability and Absence of Violence (PV)_ – measuring perceptions of the likelihoood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including domestic violence and terrorism 3. _Government Effectiveness (GE)_ – measuring the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies 3
4. _Regulatory Quality (RQ)_ – measuring the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development 5. _Rule of Law (RL)_ – measuring the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence 6. _Control of Corruption (CC)_ – measuring the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as "capture" of the state by elites and private interests In brief our methodology consists of identifying many individual sources of data on perceptions of governance that we can assign to these six broad categories. We then use a statistical methodology known as an unobserved components model to construct aggregate indicators from these individual measures. These aggregate indicators are weighted averages of the underlying data, with weights reflecting the precision of the individual data sources. Crucially our methodology also generates margins of error for the estimates of governance for each country, which need to be taken into account when making comparisons of governance across countries and over time.

# **2.1  Underlying Data Sources**

We rely on a large number of individual data sources that provide us with information on perceptions of governance of a wide range of stakeholders. These data sources consist of surveys of firms and individuals, as well as the assessments of commercial risk rating agencies, non-governmental organizations, and a number of multilateral aid agencies and other public sector organizations. A full list of these sources is presented in Table 1. For the 2006 round of the data, we rely on a total of 310 individual variables measuring different dimensions of governance. These are taken from 33 different sources, produced by 30 different organizations. Appendices A and B provide a detailed description of each data source, and document how we have assigned individual questions from these data sources to our six aggregate indicators. Almost all of our data sources are available annually, and we use the data only from the most recent year available from each source in our aggregate indicators. In a few 4
cases, as noted in Appendix A, we use data lagged one or two years if current data are not available.<sup>3</sup> In some cases we use several individual variables from a single data source in our aggregate indicators. When we do so, we first compute a simple average of these variables from a single source, and then treat the average of these individual questions as a single observation from that data source.

Our data sources reflect the perceptions of a very diverse group of respondents. Several are surveys of individuals or domestic firms with first-hand knowledge of the governance situation in the country. These include the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report, the Institute for Management Development’s World Competitiveness Yearbook, the World Bank’s business environment surveys, the Gallup World Poll, Latinobarometro, and Afrobarometro. We refer to these as "Surveys" in Table 1. We also capture the perceptions of country analysts at the major multilateral development agencies (the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the World Bank), reflecting these individuals’ in-depth experience working on the countries they assess. Together with some data sources provided by the United States Department of State, we classify these as "Public Sector Data Providers" in Table 1. We also have a number of data sources provided by various nongovernmental organizations such as Reporters Without Borders, Freedom House, and the Bertelsmann Foundation. Finally, an important category of data sources for us are commercial business information providers, such as the Economist Intelligence Unit, Global Insight, and Political Risk Services. These last two types of data providers typically base their assessments on a global network of correspondents with extensive experience in the countries they are rating.

The distribution of the number of data sources of each type indicated in Table 1 is almost exactly uniform. Of our 33 data sources, nine fall in the category of nongovernmental organizations, and the remaining categories have eight data sources each. However, an important distinction is that the commercial business information providers typically report data for much larger country samples than our other types of sources. An extreme example is the Global Insight Business Conditions and Risk 3 We never use lagged data when current data are available, in order to ensure that our indicators are as timely as possible.

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Indicators, which provides information on 203 countries in each of our six aggregate indicators. Primarily for reasons of cost, household and firm surveys have much smaller country coverage. Our largest surveys, the Global Competitiveness Report survey and the Gallup World Poll each cover around 120 countries in 2006, and several regional surveys cover necessarily smaller sets of countries. Some of the expert assessments provided by NGOs and public sector organizations have quite substantial country coverage, but others, particularly regionally-focused ones again have much smaller country coverage. Table 2 summarizes the distribution of country-level data points for each of the six indicators in 2006. The 2006 WGI are based on a total of 10,985 country level data points (after averaging multiple questions from individual sources), of which slightly less than half (46 percent) come from commercial business information providers. The remaining data points are fairly evenly distributed between the remaining three types of data providers.

This year, we continue the practice we started last year of reporting the underlying data from virtually all of the individual data sources that go into our aggregate indicators. The sources we have made available on our website are noted in Table 1. A number of our data sources, such as Freedom House and Reporters Without Borders have always been publicly available through the publications and/or websites of their respective organizations. Several of our other sources provided by commercial risk rating agencies and commercial survey organizations have only been available for a fee. In the interests of greater transparency, these organizations have kindly agreed to allow us to report their proprietary data in the form in which it enters our governance indicators. As mentioned above and as documented in detail in Appendix A and B, we in some cases use a simple average of multiple questions from the same source as an ingredient in our governance indicators. We do this when we find more than one question from a single data source that is relevant to one of the dimensions of governance that we measure. On our website we report either the individual question, or the average of individual questions, from each source that enters into our governance indicators. All the individual variables have been rescaled to run from zero to one, with higher values indicating better outcomes.

These individual indicators can be used to make comparisons of countries over time, as all of our underlying sources use reasonably comparable methodologies from 6
one year to the next. They also can be used to compare different countries' scores on each of the individual indicators, recognizing however that these types of comparisons too are subject to margins of error. We caution users however not to compare directly the scores from different sources for a single country, as they are not directly comparable. To take a specific example, it does not make sense to compare a question rated on a 1-10 scale from a data source covering only developing countries with a similar question rated on a similar scale, but covering developed countries, as the distribution of true governance is likely different in the two groups. As discussed in detail in Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004), our aggregation procedure provides a way of placing such different sources in common units that allows for meaningful aggregation across sources.

The only data sources we have not been able to obtain permission to publicize fully are the World Bank's Country Policy and Institutional Assessment, and the corresponding internal assessments produced by the African Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank. We do note however that starting in 2002 the World Bank began publishing limited information on its CPIA assessments on its external website. For the years 2002-2004 the overall CPIA ratings are reported by quintile for countries eligible to borrow from the International Development Association (IDA), the soft-loan window of the World Bank. Starting in 2005, the individual country scores for the IDA allocation factor, a rating that reflects the CPIA as well as other considerations, is now publicly available. The African Development Bank's CPIA ratings are also publicly available by quintile only since 2004, and are fully public since 2005, and the Asian Development Bank's scores have been fully public for its concessional borrowers since 2005.

# **2.2  Revisions to Underlying Data Sources**

In this round of the governance indicators we have added five new data sources. The Gallup World Poll is a new multicountry household survey, first conducted by the Gallup Organization in 131 countries in 2006.<sup>4</sup> This source is particularly noteworthy for

> 4 However not all of the questions we use from this survey were asked in all countries, so that country coverage in our indicators is slightly smaller than in theirs.  Annual updates for this survey are planned, with the first for 2007 well underway

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our purposes as it is by far the largest household survey-based data source that we use in the WGI. We use questions from this survey in our Voice and Accountability, Government Effectiveness, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption indicators. The Open Budget Index and the Global Integrity Index are two new sets of expert assessments produced by Washington-based non-governmental organizations. The Open Budget Index, produced by the International Budget Project, has for the first time in 2006 produced detailed assessments of access to government budget information for a set 59 countries worldwide. We use their overall index as a component of Voice and Accountability. The Global Integrity Index has been produced by Global Integrity, for 2003 and 2006, for samples of 25 and 41 countries respectively. It is an expert assessment that provides ratings of the statutory existence and practical effectiveness of a long list of public sector accountability mechanisms. In keeping with our practice of relying exclusively on perceptions data, we draw on the "in practice" subcomponents of selected indicators in Voice and Accountability, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption.

We have also added two data sources that are not new, but that we have learned about since our last update and have decided to include this year. The African Economic Outlook is an annual report produced by the OECD Development Center. It contains two indicators of democracy and politically-motivated violence that we use in our Voice and Accountability and Political Stability and Absence of Violence indicators. These are based on counts of the frequency of news reports in these two areas, drawn from a weekly newsmagazine, Marchés Tropicaux et Mediterranéens, and are available since the beginning of our indicators in 1996. We have also learned about the Rural Sector Performance Assessments produced by the International Fund for Agricultural Development, a multilateral aid agency based in Rome and focused on financing agricultural investments in developing countries.<sup>5</sup> These assessments are similar in content and process to the Country Policy and Institutional Assessments that are produced by the World Bank, the African Development Bank, and the Asian Development Bank, and have been produced since 2004. The key difference however is in their emphasis on policies and institutions that affect the rural sector. We use this source in five of our six of our aggregate indicators (all except Political Stability and Absence of Violence).

> 5 We are grateful to Brad Parks of the Millennium Challenge Corporation for drawing our attention to this data source.

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This year we have also discarded two data sources that have not been updated, as we try to rely on regularly updated data sources only for the WGI. In the past, we have treated the World Bank's Business Environment Survey carried out in 1999 and 2000, and a special survey done by the World Bank for the 1997 World Development Report, as a single source used in the 2000 and 1998 versions of our indicators. These were one-time surveys that have not been repeated, and in the interest of improving comparability over time in our data sources we have dropped them. We have also dropped the Columbia University State Capacity Survey, an expert assessment first carried out in 2000, with a limited update in 2002, but none subsequently.

We have also made a few changes to the set of individual indicators going into the six aggregate indicators. Our main reason for doing so is to make these individual indicators more comparable over time. In two cases this means that we no longer use certain variables drawn from one-time surveys. In the past we used data from a special World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey for African countries in our aggregate indicators for 1998. As this survey was not repeated with a freestanding questionnaire, we had data for this year only and we have decided to drop this source as the questionnaire differed substantially from the World Economic Forum's core questionnaire for other countries. We do note however that the World Economic Forum's core survey has subsequently expanded country coverage and now has significant coverage in African countries. We have also in the past used a variety of distinct one-time household surveys conducted by Gallup International, and combined them as a single indicator with the annual Global Corruption Barometer survey sponsored by Transparency International, and implemented as part of the Gallup International Voice of the People surveys. To make this source more comparable over time we now use data only from the Global Corruption Barometer survey, which has asked a fairly consistent set of questions regarding corruption since 2002.

Two remaining revisions to the underlying data are noteworthy. First, we have obtained data from earlier years that we already had previously from a number of sources (WMO and ADB), and another one of our sources has significantly expanded country coverage starting in 2006 (EIU). Second, we have in some cases revised the timing of our indicators in earlier years. In some cases, this was due to unavailability of 9
data at the time of the last release. For example, the African Development Bank CPIA data for 2005 was not available at the time that we released our indicators for 2005, so we used the most recently available data at the time, for 2004, as an input to the 2005 indicators. Now that the 2005 (but not the 2006) data are available from this source, we have gone back and updated our 2005 indicators to reflect the 2005 CPIA from this source (and again we use the same data for 2006 since it is the most recently available at the time of writing). In other cases we have revised the data to take into account differences between the year of publication of our underlying sources and the year to which the data refers. For example, the 2007 Freedom in the World indicators from Freedom House refer to the year 2006. In Appendix A, we have detailed the precise relationship between the year of our indicators and the year of each underlying data source from which our individual indicators are drawn. For details on the changes in individual indicators, readers may compare Appendix A of this paper with Appendix A of Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2006) describing the 1996-2005 dataset.

Together these revisions in virtually all cases result in only minor changes in our earlier estimates of governance. Averaging across our six indicators and seven periods over which we have made revisions, the correlation between our previous and revised indicators is 0.98, and half of all correlations were greater than 0.99. Of the 8275 aggregate indicator/country/year data points in the dataset between 1996 and 2005, there were only 13 cases (i.e. less that 1 significant change for every 600 data points) where our backwards revisions resulted in changes in scores that were significant at the 90 percent level. Most of these were concentrated in 1998 and 2000 where the two most substantial changes in our underlying data set occurred (the deletion of the two World Bank surveys noted above, and the addition of new data from WMO).

# **2.3  Aggregation Methodology**

We combine the many individual data sources into six aggregate governance indicators, corresponding to the six dimensions of governance described above. The premise underlying this statistical approach should not be too controversial – each of the individual data sources we have provides an imperfect signal of some deep underlying notion of governance that is difficult to observe directly. This means that as users of the individual sources, we face a signal-extraction problem – how do we isolate an 10
informative signal about governance from each individual data source, and how do we optimally combine the many data sources to get the best possible signal of governance in a country based on all the available data? The statistical procedure we use to perform this aggregation, known as the unobserved components model, is described in detail in our past work (see for example Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2004)). The main advantage of this approach is that the aggregate indicators are more informative about unobserved governance than any individual data source. Moreover, the methodology allows us to be explicit about the precision – or imprecision – of our estimates of governance in each country. This imprecision is not a consequence of our reliance on subjective or perceptions data on governance – rather imprecision is an issue that should be squarely addressed in all efforts to measure the quality of governance.

The aggregation procedure we use in effect first rescales the individual indicators from each underlying source in order to make them comparable across data sources. It then constructs a weighted average of each of these rescaled data sources to arrive at an aggregate indicator of governance. The weights assigned to each data source are in turn based on the estimates of the precision of each source that are produced by the unobserved components model. In brief, the identifying assumption in the unobserved components model is that any observed correlation between two measures of corruption, for example, is due to their common, but unobserved, signal of corruption. From this assumption it follows that data sources that are more correlated with each other provide more reliable information about corruption, and so receive greater weight. In past work, we have discussed in detail the merits of this approach (see particularly Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2006, Section 3). We have also documented that, since the underlying data sources on average are quite correlated with each other, the choice of weights used to construct the aggregate indicator does not substantially affect the estimates of governance that we report (Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi 2006, 2007).

Here we briefly report some summary information on the weights for the 2006 indicators. Table 3 reports the weights assigned to each data source in each of the six governance indicators in 2006.<sup>6</sup> This table reports the weights that would be used in the 6 The weights, and/or the parameter estimates used to calculate the weights, were reported in Governance Matters I-III. We did not publish the weights in Governance Matters IV-V for reasons 11
case of a hypothetical country appearing in all of the available underlying data sources for each indicator. Because of gaps in the country coverage of all of our data sources, no single country appears in all data sources. Nevertheless, the information reported in Table 3 is informative about the _relative_ weights of the underlying indicators. The weights used to construct the aggregate governance indicators for any particular country are approximately equal to the _relative_ weights reported in Table 3 for the subset of indicators in which that country appears.<sup>7</sup> One noteworthy feature in Table 3 is that there are some systematic differences in the weights assigned to different types of sources. These are summarized in the bottom panel of the table. For each of the four types of data sources, we first report the share of each type in the total number of sources for each indicator. For example, for Voice and Accountability, we rely on a total of 18 data sources, of which 3, or 17 percent, are from commercial business information providers. We also report the share of the total weights accounted for by each type of indicator. Taking the same example of Voice and Accountability, these three data sources together receive a slightly higher share of the total weight in the indicator, at 20 percent. The last column reports a simple average of these two figures across all six indicators. These show that data from commercial business information providers and data from non-governmental organizations receive weights that are somewhat higher than their proportion in the total number of data sources. NGO-based sources for example get 22 percent of the total weight in the aggregate indicators but account for 16 percentof the data sources. In contrast, survey-based indicators and indicators provided by public-sector organizations get slightly lower, but still non-trivial, weight than their prevalence among the number of sources would suggest..

We can combine this information with the information on country coverage of data sources reported in Table 2. In particular, in the bottom panel of Table 2 we report the distribution of country-level data points, weighting each point by the weight it

> of space, but instead simply circulated them in Excel format upon request.  A full version of this table reporting the weights for all years in Excel format is available for downloading at <u>www.govindicators.org</u>

> 7 The precise expression for the weights used for each country can be found in Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2004, Equation (2)).  Information on the estimated variance of the error term of each source required to construct these weights can also be downloaded together with the weights reported in Table 3 for all periods at www.govindicators.org.

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receives in the corresponding aggregate indicator for each country. In light of the higher weights assigned to data from commercial business information providers, we find that the weighted average share of country-level data points for this type of source rises from 46 percent (unweighted) to 60 percent (weighted). Correspondingly, the weighted share of household surveys declines somewhat from 17 percent to 10 percent, and for public sector providers from 20 percent to 14 percent.

We conclude this discussion of weighting by noting that while the weighting scheme we use has the attraction in principle of reducing the variance of the overall governance estimates, in practice this effect is quite small with the standard errors of the governance estimates declining by about 10 percent relative to an unweighted benchmark. Moreover, if we compare our precision-weighted estimates of governance with an alternative set of aggregate indicators based on simple averages of the underlying indicators, we find that the two estimates of governance are very similar, with correlations of 0.99 on average across all our indicators and periods. This reflects the fact that all of our underlying data sources do, in general, provide fairly similar crosscountry ratings of governance. We have also experimented with alternative weighting schemes that equally weight each type of governance indicator (of the four types identified in Table 1). Again we find that the correlations are very high with our benchmark indicators (see Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2007), Critique 8, for details).

# **3.  Estimates of Governance 1996-2006**

In Appendix C we report the aggregate governance indicators, for all countries, for each of the six indicators. The aggregate indicators, as well as almost all of the underlying indicators, are available at www.govindicators.org. The units in which governance is measured follow a normal distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one in each period. This implies that virtually all scores lie between -2.5 and 2.5, with higher scores corresponding to better outcomes.<sup>8</sup> This also implies that our aggregate estimates convey no information about trends in global averages of

> 8 These boundaries correspond to the 0.005 and 0.995 percentiles of the standard normal distribution.  For a handful of cases, individual country ratings can exceed these boundaries when scores  from individual data sources are particularly high or low.

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governance, but they are of course informative about changes in individual countries’ relative positions over time. Below we discuss the information conveyed by some of our individual indicators regarding trends over time in global averages of governance.

Table 4 summarizes some of the key features of our governance indicators. In the top panel we show the number of countries included in each of the six indicators and seven periods. In 2006 the indicators cover between 206 and 212 countries. Over time, there has been a steady increase in the number of sources included in each of our indicators. This increase in the number of data sources is reflected in an increase in the median number of sources available per country, which, depending on the governance component, ranges from 3 to 6 in 1996, and from 8 to 13 in 2006. Thanks to the increase in sources, the proportion of countries in our sample for which our governance estimates are based on only one source has also declined considerably, to an average of only 7 percent of the sample in 2006.

An important consequence of this expanding data availability is that the standard errors of the governance indicators have declined, as shown in the final panel of Table 4.<sup>9</sup> Depending on the governance component, in 1996 the average (for all countries and indicators) of the standard error was 0.33. In 2006 the standard error ranges from 0.20 to 0.22 for five of our six indicators, while for Political Stability it is 0.27 (vs. 0.36 in 1996), reflecting the somewhat smaller number of data sources available for this indicator. These declines in standard errors illustrate the benefits in terms of precision of constructing composite indicators based on an expanding number of data sources incorporating as much information as possible. Of course, since our aggregate indicators combine information from all of these sources, they have greater precision than any individual underlying data source. Looking across all eight time periods, the median standard error of the individual data sources for the governance indicators was substantially higher at 0.6, with an interquartile range from 0.45 to 0.88.<sup>10</sup>

> 9 As described in detail in Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2004), the output of our aggregation procedure is a distribution of possible values of governance for a country, conditional on the observed data for that country.  The mean of this conditional distribution is our estimate of governance, and we refer to the standard deviation of this conditional distribution as the “standard error” of the governance estimate.

> 10 In an earlier paper (Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2004)) we showed how to obtain margins of errors for other objective measures of governance and found that they were as large, or larger

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# **3.1  Cross-Country Comparisons of Governance Using the WGI**

We use Figure 1 to emphasize the importance of taking these margins of error into account when making comparisons of governance across countries and over time. In the two panels of Figure 1, we order countries in ascending order according to their point estimates of governance in 2006 on the horizontal axis, and on the vertical axis we plot the estimate of governance and the associated 90% confidence intervals. These intervals indicate the range in which it is 90 percent likely that the true governance score falls.<sup>11</sup> We do this for two of the six governance indicators, Political Stability and Absence of Violence, and Control of Corruption. The size of these confidence intervals varies across countries, as different countries appear in different numbers of sources with different levels of precision. The resulting confidence intervals are substantial relative to the units in which governance is measured. From Figure 1 it should also be evident that many of the small differences in estimates of governance across countries are not likely to be statistically significant at reasonable confidence levels, since the associated 90 percent confidence intervals are likely to overlap. For many applications, instead of merely observing the point estimates, it is therefore more useful to focus on the _range_ of possible governance values for each country (as summarized in the 90% confidence intervals shown in Figure 1), recognizing that these likely ranges often overlap for countries that are being compared with each other.<sup>12</sup> This is not to say however that the aggregate indicators cannot be used to make cross-country comparisons. To the contrary, there are a great many pairwise country comparisons that do point to statistically significant, and likely also practically meaningful, differences across countries. Our 2006 Control of Corruption indicator for than those of our individual subjective measures. This underscores the fact that all efforts to measure governance involve margins of error, often non-trivial.

> 11 A x% confidence interval for governance can be obtained as the point estimate of governance plus or minus the standard error times the (100-x)/2<sup>th</sup> percentile of the standard normal distribution.  For example, the 90% confidence intervals we report throughout the paper are the point estimate plus or minus 1.64 times the standard error.

12 Of course, asking whether 90% confidence intervals overlap or not corresponds to a hypothesis test at a significance level that is more stringent than 10%. The assumptions underlying our statistical model imply that the standard error of the difference between two country scores is the square root of the sum of the squared standard errors of the two sources, which is always smaller than the sum of the two standard errors themselves. It is more convenient -- and more conservative -- for users to simply inspect confidence intervals and see whether they overlap.

15
example covers 207 countries, so that it is possible to make 21,321 pairwise comparisons of corruption across countries using this measure. For 62 percent of these comparisons, 90% confidence intervals do not overlap, signaling quite highly statistically significant differences across countries. And if we lower our confidence level to 75 percent, which may be quite adequate for many applications, we find that 73 percent of all pairwise comparisons are statistically significant. The benefit of improved precision of aggregate indicators with increased data availability over time can also be clearly seen from this calculation. Consider our 1996 Control of Corruption indicator, which was based on a median of only four data sources per country, as opposed to a median of 10 sources in 2006, implying substantially higher margins of error in 1996. Of the 11,781 possible pairwise comparisons in 1996, only 46 percent are significant at the 90% confidence level, and only 60 percent at the 75 percent confidence interval (versus 62 percent and 73 percent respectively, in 2006).

We also emphasize that the WGI are unusual in that we report these margins of error, which allow an explicit assessment of the significance of observed cross-country and over time differences in estimates of governance. Although rarely explicitly disclosed -- or even acknowledged-- all other measures of governance are subject to margins of error as well, which in our past work we have shown to be at least as large as those we calculate for our individual and aggregate indicators.<sup>13</sup> This underscores the need for caution in making cross-country comparisons with any type of governance indicator.

A useful role of the aggregate indicators is that they allow us to summarize in a compact way the diversity of information on governance available for each country, and so make comparisons across countries and over time. For many purposes, however, users may want to complement the aggregate indicators with detailed information from the individual data sources underlying the aggregate WGI. We have already noted that the vast majority of these are publicly available through our website at <u>www.govindicators.org, and can be used to make cross-country and over-time</u> comparisons at a more disaggregated level. One issue that arises with these more disaggregated comparisons is that all countries do not appear in all of the underlying data sources. This can complicate cross-country comparisons at both the disaggregated

> 13 See Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004).

16
and the aggregated levels. However, we note that as our underlying database has expanded over time, more and more data sources have become available for more and more countries.

One way to see this is to look at country pairs in the large set of over 200 countries we cover and ask how many individual data sources are available for both countries in each pair. We summarize this information in Table 5, for our six indicators in three separate time periods, 2006, 2002, and 1996. In the first column we report the total number of possible pairwise comparisons between countries using our indicators. In the next column we report the average (across all country pairs) of the number of individual data sources common to the two countries in each pair. Thus in 2006 for example, a comparison of two randomly-selected countries would likely involve between five and seven common data sources. Since our indicators for 1996 are based on far fewer data sources, this figure is lower for that period: a typical comparison of two countries would just involve two to three common data sources. The next four columns provide more information on the distribution of the number of common sources across all these country pairs. In 2006, for example, roughly 60 percent of all country comparisons involved at least five common data sources. As shown in the last two columns, this typically represents between 80 and 90 percent of the data sources available for the country in the pair with the fewest data sources, and roughly half the data sources of the country in the pair with the most data sources. Therefore, there is a very considerable common information set upon which to base comparisons of typical country pairs using the aggregate WGI or their individual components.

We also emphasize that we do not find these differences in sets of underlying data sources across country pairs to be a drawback of our aggregate indicators. Ideally all of our data sources would cover all countries. But since they do not, we are faced with a tradeoff. Either we include data sources with less than complete country coverage, or alternatively we restrict attention to only a subset of indicators and countries for which the underlying data would be complete. We have chosen the first option, because the second would far too drastically reduce both the diversity of countries and indicators appearing in the WGI. To take a specific example, consider the 22 individual data sources underlying the Control of Corruption indicator in 2006. No single country appears in all 22 data sources, and the country appearing in the 17
maximum number of sources is Indonesia, appearing in 17 of 22 sources. Suppose next that we rank sources according to country coverage. If we were to base the aggregate indicator on only the top five data sources by country coverage, and insist on a fully balanced set of countries, we would have only 117 countries appearing in all five indicators, instead of the 207 we do cover for 2006.<sup>14</sup> Moreover, the underlying data sources would not be very diverse, as they would consist exclusively of data provided by commercial business information providers. If we were to include the next five data sources ranked by country coverage, we would have a more diverse set of data providers, including a firm survey, a household survey, and two ratings from public sector data providers. But if we were again to insist on fully balanced coverage we would have only 37 countries appearing in all 10 indicators. We therefore think it much better to report data for as large a set of countries as possible, drawing on as diverse as possible a set of underlying data sources. The fact that not all countries appear in all data sources is a minor inconvenience compared with the very significant benefit of broad country coverage and diversity of underlying data sources for those countries where these sources are available. And in any case we report through our website virtually all of the individual underlying data sources, so that users interested in comparisons based only on common sources can readily do so.

# **3.2  Changes over Time in Governance Using the WGI**

We now turn to the changes over time in our estimates of governance in individual countries. Figure 2 illustrates these changes for two selected governance indicators over the period 1998-2006, Voice and Accountability and Rule of Law.<sup>15</sup> In both panels, we plot the 1998 score on the horizontal axis, and the 2006 score on the vertical axis. We also plot the 45-degree line, so that countries above this line correspond to improvements in governance, while countries below the line correspond to deteriorations in governance. The first feature of this graph is that most countries are clustered quite close to the 45-degree line, indicating that changes in our estimates of

> 14 The average standard error for the 117 countries appearing in five data sources is 0.16, while for the remaining 90 countries it is 0.27 as countries in this latter group necessarily appear in a smaller number of sources.  Nevertheless, even for this group, the aggregate indicators are still considerably more informative than individual indicators.  For Control of Corruption in 2006, the median (across sources) of the standard error of the individual indicators is 0.64, and only one data source has an estimated standard error smaller than 0.27.

15 Throughout this section we emphasize changes over the period 1998-2006 as our aggregate indicators for 1996 are based on significantly fewer data sources than 1998.

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governance in most countries are relatively small even over the nine-year period covered by the graph. A similar pattern emerges for the other four dimensions of governance (not shown in Figure 2), and, not surprisingly the correlation between current and lagged estimates of governance is even higher when we consider shorter time periods than the nine-year period shown here.

Nevertheless, a substantial number of countries do show substantial changes in governance. Over this period, we find that for each of our six indicators, on average about 8 percent of countries experience changes that are significant at the 90 percent confidence level. Looking across all six indicators, 29 percent of countries experience a significant change in at least one of the six dimensions of governance over this period, roughly equally divided between improvements and deteriorations. We also note that the 90 percent confidence level is quite high, and for some purposes a lower confidence level, say 75 percent, would be appropriate for identifying changes in governance that are likely to be practically important. Not surprisingly this lower confidence level identifies substantially more cases of significant changes: 19 percent of countries experience a significant change on each indicator on average, and 55 percent of countries experience a significant change on at least one dimension of governance.

In Figure 2 we have labeled those countries for which the change in estimated governance over the 1998-2006 period is sufficiently large that the 90% confidence intervals for governance in the two periods do not overlap.<sup>16</sup> Examples of such more substantial changes in governance between 1998 and 2006 include significant improvements in Voice and Accountability in countries such as Indonesia, Kenya, and Sierra Leone, but also declines in countries such as Belarus, Nepal, and Venezuela. In Rule of Law we see improvements in countries such as Liberia, Rwanda, and Tajikistan, contrasting with declines in countries such as Cote D'Ivoire, Eritrea, and Zimbabwe.

In Table 6 we provide more detail on all of the large changes in our six governance indicators over the period 1998-2006. The first three columns report the

> 16 While this is not a formal test of the statistical significance of changes over time in governance, it is a very simple and transparent rule of thumb for identifying large changes in governance.  In a Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2005, 2006) we have shown in more detail how to assess the statistical significance of changes in governance, and that this simple rule of thumb turns out to be a fairly good approximation.

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level of governance in the two periods, and the change. The next three columns report on how the underlying data sources move for each case. In the column labeled “Agree” we report the number of sources available in both periods which move in the same direction as the aggregate indicator. The columns labeled “No Change” and “Disagree” report the number of sources on which that country’s score does not change or moves in the opposite direction to the aggregate indicator. For each country we also summarize the extent to which changes in the individual sources agree with the direction of change in the aggregate indicator by calculating the “Agreement Ratio”, or “Agree” / (“Agree” + “Disagree”). The agreement ratio is quite high for countries with large changes in governance. Averaging across all countries and indicators, we find an average agreement ratio of 0.91 for the period 1998-2006, as reported in Table 6. This provides confidence that for countries with large changes in our aggregate governance estimates, these changes are reflected in a strong majority of the individual underlying data sources.

The last three columns further address directly the issue of adding sources over time. Averaging over all the significant changes, we find that for a typical change, six new data sources were added between 1998 and 2006. One might reasonably wonder about the extent to which changes in the aggregate indicators are driven by the addition of sources whose ratings differed from those for 2006 provided by sources also available in 1998. It turns out however that this effect is negligible in most cases. To see this, in the second-last column, we have calculated the change that we would have seen in the aggregate indicators had we used only those data sources available in both 1998 and 2006 for the indicated country. We refer to this as the "balanced" change. The final column reports the ratio of this balanced change to the actual change reported in the third column of Table 6. If this ratio is less than one, the actual change exceeds (in absolute value) the balanced change, indicating that the addition of sources magnified the change relative to what would have been observed using only the balanced set of sources. And if this ratio is greater than one, the addition of new sources offset the change observed among the balanced sources.

It turns out that these compositional effects are not large. For 75 of the 90 significant changes reported in Table 6, the ratio of the balanced change to the actual change is between 0.8 and 1.2, i.e. the balanced change is within 20 percent of the 20
actual change. Another way to see the relative unimportance of compositional effects is to calculate the share of the variance of the actual significant changes that is accounted for by the variance in the balanced changes. When we do this, we find that 93 percent of the variation in the observed changes is due to changes in underlying sources, and only seven percent is due to the addition of sources.<sup>17</sup> Finally, it is worth noting that the agreement ratios for large changes in governance are substantially higher than the agreement ratios for all changes in governance. This can be seen in Table 7 which computes the same agreement ratio, but for all countries over the period 1998-2006. The agreement ratio averages 67 percent, compared with 91 percent for large changes, suggesting that for the more typical smaller changes in our governance estimates, there is relatively more disagreement across individual sources about the direction of the change than there is for large changes. Nevertheless, even for these smaller changes, typically the majority of underlying individual sources agree about the direction of the change. These examples underscore the importance of carefully examining the factors underlying changes in the aggregate governance indicators in particular countries. In order to facilitate this, on our website users can now retrieve the data from the individual indicators underlying our aggregate indicators and use this to examine trends in the underlying data as well as changes over time in the composition of data sources on which the estimates are based.

# **3.3  Trends in Global Governance**

We conclude by reviewing the limited available evidence on trends in global averages of governance over the expanded time period that we now cover. As we have already noted, our aggregate governance indicators are not informative about trends in global averages because we assume that world averages of governance are zero in each period, as a convenient choice of units. While the aggregate indicators are of course informative about the relative performance of individual (or groups of) countries

> 17 This is calculated as (VAR(Balanced Changes) + COV(Balanced Changes, Actual Changes))/ VAR(Actual Changes).  This is also the slope of a regression of the balanced changes on the actual changes.

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over time, in order to assess trends in global averages of governance we need to return to our underlying individual data sources.

In Table 8 we summarize trends in world averages in a number of our individual data sources. Most of the sources in this table are polls of experts, with data extending over the whole period 1996-2006. Other than expert polls, only one of them, GCS, is a survey with sufficiently standard format to enable comparisons over a reasonable period of time, in this case from 2002 to 2006. The first column reports the number of countries covered by the source in each of the periods shown, and the next three columns present the average across all countries of each of the sources in each of the indicated years. The underlying data have been rescaled to run from zero to one, and for each source and governance component, we report the score on the same question or average of questions that we use in the aggregate indicator. The next three columns report the standard deviation across countries for each source. The final column reports the change in the global average of each indicator over the longest period for which it is available, together with a t-statistic associated with a test of the null hypothesis that the world average score has not changed.

The picture that emerges from Table 8 is sobering, as there appears not to be very strong evidence of a significant trend of improvements in governance worldwide over the more than 10 years of data covered in the table. Over this period, the average change in the global averages of these indicators is only 0.01, on a scale from zero to one. While two-thirds of changes are positive, roughly only one-third of the changes in either direction are significantly different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. Of these five register declines and eight improvements. It is not clear how much importance ought to be ascribed to these trends in world averages based on individual indicators. On the one hand, these statistics represent the only information we have on trends over time, and so they should be taken seriously. On the other hand, it is also clear that there is substantial disagreement among sources about even the direction of changes in global averages of governance. For now we cautiously conclude that we do not have as yet any convincing evidence of significant improvements in governance worldwide. We also note that this evidence is consistent with our choice of units for the aggregate governance indicators, which are scaled to have a mean of zero and standard deviation of one in each period.

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# **4.  Conclusions**

In this paper we have reported on the latest update of the Worldwide Governance Indicators for 2006. The WGI are now available biannually since 1996, and annually for the five-year period 2002-2006. We have also continued our practice, introduced last year, of reporting the individual indicators underlying the aggregate indicators. It is our hope that more timely annual reporting as well as access to individual indicators will make the aggregate indicators more useful to users in academic and policymaking circles.

We nevertheless emphasize to all users the limitations of these measures of governance, which are shared by virtually all efforts to measure governance across countries and over time. The aggregate indicators we construct are useful for broad cross-country and over time comparisons of governance, but all such comparisons should take appropriate account of the margins of error associated with the governance estimates. These margins of error are not unique to our perceptions-based measures but are present -- if not explicitly acknowledged -- in any effort to measure governance. They naturally reflect the inherent difficulty in measuring something as complicated and multifaceted as governance. However, we have shown the feasibility of using the aggregate indicators to make comparisons of governance across countries and over time, subject to appropriate consideration of margins of error. In fact, for 2006 we have seen that over 60 percent of all cross-country comparisons result in highly-significant differences, and that nearly 30 percent of countries have experienced substantial changes in at least one dimension of governance between 1998 and 2006.

We also caution users that the aggregate indicators can in some circumstances be a rather blunt tool for policy advice at the country level. We expect that the provision of the underlying data will help users in identifying -- and acting upon -- more specific aspects of governance that may be problematic in a given country. And we also encourage using these aggregate and individual indicators in conjunction with a wealth of possible more detailed and nuanced sources of country-level data on governance in formulating policy advice.

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# **References**

- Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Pablo Zoido-Lobatón (1999a). “Aggregating Governance Indicators.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2195, Washington, D.C.

- ——— (1999b). “Governance Matters.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2196, Washington, D.C.

- ——— (2002). “Governance Matters II – Updated Indicators for 2000/01.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2772, Washington, D.C.

- Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2004).  “Governance Matters III: Governance Indicators for 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2002”.  World Bank Economic Review.  18:253-287.

- Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2005).  “Governance Matters IV: Governance Indicators for 1996-2004.  World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3630.  Washington, D.C.

- Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2006a).  “Measuring Governance Using Perceptions Data", in Susan Rose-Ackerman, ed.  Handbook of Economic Corruption.  Edward Elgar.

- Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2006b).  “Governance Matters V: Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators for 1996-2005.  World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4012.  Washington, D.C.

- Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2007).  “The Worldwide Governance Indicators Project:  Answering the Critics".  World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4149.  Washington, D.C.

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# **Table 1:  Sources of Governance Data**

|**Code**|**Source**|Type*|Public|Country<br>Coverage|Represe<br>-ntative<br>|1996|1998<br>2000<br>|20|02<br>2003|2004|2005<br>2006|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|ADB|African Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments|Expert (GOV)|Partial|52|||x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|AEO|OECD Development Center African Economic Outlook|Expert (GOV)|Yes|33||x|x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|AFR|Afrobarometer|Survey|Yes|18|||x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|ASD|Asian Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments|Expert (GOV)|Partial|25|||x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|BPS|Business Enterprise Environment Survey|Survey|Yes|27|||x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|BRI|Business Environment Risk Intelligence Business Risk Service|Expert (CBIP)|Yes|50||x|x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|BTI|Bertelsmann Transformation Index|Expert (NGO)|Yes|120||||x|x|x|x<br>x|
|CCR|Freedom House Countries at the Crossroads|Expert (NGO)|Yes|63||||||x|x<br>x|
|DRI|Global Insight Global Risk Service|Expert (CBIP)|Yes|142|x|x|x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|EBR|European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Transition Report|Expert (GOV)|Yes|29||x|x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|EGV|Global E-Governance Index|Expert (NGO)|Yes|196|x|||x|x|x|x<br>x|
|EIU|Economist Intelligence Unit|Expert (CBIP)|Yes|154|x|x|x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|FRH|Freedom House|Expert (NGO)|Yes|197|x|x|x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|GCB|Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer Survey|Survey|Yes|62||||x|x|x|x<br>x|
|GCS|World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report|Survey|Yes|125|x|x|x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|GII|Global Integrity Index|Expert (NGO)|Yes|41|||||x|x|x<br>x|
|GWP|Gallup World Poll|Survey|Yes|130|x||||||x|
|HER|Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom|Expert (NGO)|Yes|157|x|x|x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|HUM|Cingranelli Richards Human Rights Database and Political Terror Scale|Expert (GOV)|Yes|192|x|x|x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|IFD|IFAD Rural Sector Performance Assessments|Expert (GOV)|Yes|100||||||x|x<br>x|
|IJT|iJET Country Security Risk Ratings|Expert (CBIP)|Yes|187|x|||||x|x<br>x|
|LOB|Latinobarometro|Survey|Yes|18||x|x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|MIG|Merchant International Group Gray Area Dynamics|Expert (CBIP)|Yes|156|x|||x|x|x|x<br>x|
|MSI|International Research and Exchanges Board Media Sustainability Index|Expert (NGO)|Yes|38||||x|x|x|x<br>x|
|OBI|International Budget Project Open Budget Index|Expert (NGO)|Yes|59|||||||x|
|PIA|World Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments|Expert (GOV)|Partial|136||x|x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|PRC|Political Economic Risk Consultancy Corruption in Asia Survey|Survey|Yes|12|||x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|PRS|Political Risk Services International Country Risk Guide|Expert (CBIP)|Yes|140|x|x|x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|QLM|Business Environment Risk Intelligence Financial Ethics Index|Expert (CBIP)|Yes|115|x|x|x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|RSF|<br>Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index|<br>Expert (NGO)|Yes|166|x|||x|x|x|x<br>x|
|TPR|US State Department Trafficking in People report|Expert (GOV)|Yes|149|x||x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|WCY|Institute for Management and Development World Competitiveness Yearbook|Survey|Yes|53||x|x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|WMO|Global Insight Business Conditions and Risk Indicators|Expert (CBIP)|Yes|202|x||x<br>x|x|x|x|x<br>x|
|*CBIP|-- Commercial Business Information Provider, GOV -- Public Sector Data Provider,|NGO -- Non-Govern|mental Org|anization D|ata Provid|er||||||

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# **Table 2:  Distribution of Data Points by Type of Data in 2006 WGI**

||**Commercial**<br>**Business**<br>**Information**<br>**Providers**|**Surveys of**<br>**Firms or**<br>**Households**|**Non-**<br>**Governmental**<br>**Organizations**|**Public Sector**<br>**Organizations**|**_Total_**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**_Number of Data Points_**||||||
|Voice and Accountability|497|340|684|324|1845|
|Political Stability|1027|179|0|227|1433|
|Government Effectiveness|845|371|315|314|1845|
|Regulatory Quality|795|206|277|343|1621|
|Rule of Law<br>|960<br>|371<br>|410<br>|655<br>|2396<br>|
|Control of Corruption|959|439|133|314|1845|
|**_Total_**|5083|1906|1819|2177|10985|
|**_Shares of Total for Each In_**<br>|**_dicator_**<br>|||||
|Voice and Accountability|0.27|0.18|0.37|0.18|1.00|
|Political Stability|0.72|0.12|0.00|0.16|1.00|
|Government Effectiveness|0.46|0.20|0.17|0.17|1.00|
|Regulatory Quality|0.49|0.13|0.17|0.21|1.00|
|Rule of Law|0.40|0.15|0.17|0.27|1.00|
|Control of Corruption|0.52|0.24|0.07|0.17|1.00|
|**_Total_**|0.46|0.17|0.17|0.20|1.00|
|**_Weighted Shares of Total f_**|**_or Each Indicator_**|||||
|Voice and Accountability|0.35|0.03|0.54|0.08|1.00|
|Political Stability|0.82|0.04|0.00|0.14|1.00|
|Government Effectiveness|0.65|0.12|0.09|0.14|1.00|
|Regulatory Quality|0.59|0.09|0.12|0.19|1.00|
|Rule of Law|0.59|0.12|0.13|0.15|1.00|
|Control of Corruption|0.59|0.20|0.06|0.16|1.00|
|**_Total_**|0.60|0.10|0.16|0.14|1.00|

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**Table 3:  Weights Used to Aggregate Individual Data Sources in 2006 WGI**

|**VA**<br>**Commercial Business Information**|**PV**<br>**Providers**|**GE**|**RQ**|**RL**|**CC**|**Average**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**bri**<br>..|0.093|0.087|..|0.070|0.008|0.064|
|**dri**<br>..|0.115|0.036|0.028|0.025|0.027|0.046|
|**eiu**<br>0.103|0.168|0.079|0.059|0.113|0.048|0.095|
|**ijt**<br>..|0.087|..|..|..|..|0.087|
|**mig**<br>..|0.073|0.036|0.037|0.044|0.036|0.045|
|**prs**<br>0.047|0.054|0.053|0.067|0.023|0.031|0.046|
|**qlm**<br>..|..|..|..|0.077|0.082|0.080|
|**wmo**<br>0.051|0.169|0.148|0.169|0.089|0.067|0.116|
|**Surveys of Firms or Households**|||||||
|**afr**<br>0.029|..|0.103|..|0.013|0.022|0.042|
|**bps**<br>..|..|0.001|0.000|0.001|0.022|0.006|
|**gcb**<br>..|..|..|..|..|0.019|0.019|
|**gcs**<br>0.016|0.035|0.082|0.064|0.093|0.084|0.062|
|**gwp**<br>0.003|..|0.005|..|0.004|0.006|0.005|
|**lbo**<br>0.010|..|0.019|..|0.008|0.000|0.009|
|**prc**<br>..|..|..|..|..|0.083|0.083|
|**wcy**<br>0.008|0.053|0.034|0.065|0.066|0.108|0.056|
|**Non-Governmental Organization D**|**ata Provider**|**s**|||||
|**bti**<br>0.121|..|0.067|0.089|0.031|..|0.077|
|**ccr**<br>0.168|..|..|..|0.006|0.002|0.059|
|**egv**<br>..|..|0.007|..|..|..|0.007|
|**frh**<br>0.108|..|..|..|0.115|0.235|0.153|
|**gii**<br>0.091|..|..|..|0.020|0.002|0.038|
|**her**<br>..|..|..|0.032|0.050|..|0.041|
|**msi**<br>0.120|..|..|..|..|..|0.120|
|**obi**<br>0.036|..|..|..|..|..|0.036|
|**rsf**<br>0.023|..|..|..|..|..|0.023|
|**Public Sector Data Providers**|||||||
|**adb**<br>..|..|0.064|0.137|0.046|0.029|0.069|
|**aeo**<br>0.010|0.029|..|..|..|..|0.020|
|**asd**<br>..|..|0.091|0.031|0.017|0.010|0.037|
|**ebr**<br>..|..|..|0.105|..|..|0.105|
|**hum**<br>0.033|0.083|..|..|0.009|..|0.042|
|**ifd**<br>0.008|..|0.030|0.029|0.014|0.022|0.021|
|**pia**<br>..|..|0.041|0.066|0.050|0.045|0.051|
|**tpr**<br>..|..|..|..|0.004|..|0.004|
|**Commercial Business Information**|**Providers**||||||
|Share of Sources<br>0.17|0.64|0.33|0.33|0.29|0.32|0.35|
|Share of Weights<br>0.20|0.79|0.45|0.37|0.45|0.30|0.43|
|**Surveys of Firms or Households**|||||||
|<br>Share of Sources<br>0.28|0.18|0.33|0.20|0.25|0.36|0.27|
|Share of Weights<br>0.07|0.09|0.25|0.13|0.19|0.35|0.18|
|<br>**Non-Governmental Organization D**|**ata Provider**|**s**|||||
|<br>Share of Sources<br>0.39|<br>0.00|<br>0.11|0.13|0.21|0.14|0.16|
|Share of Weights<br>0.68|0.00|0.08|0.12|0.23|0.24|0.22|
|**Public Sector Data Providers**|||||||
|Share of Sources<br>0.17|0.18|0.22|0.33|0.25|0.18|0.22|
|Share of Weights<br>0.05|0.12|0.23|0.38|0.14|0.11|0.17|

29
**Table 4:  Summary Statistics on Governance Indicators**

||**Voice and**<br>**Accountability**|**Political**<br>**Stability**|**Government**<br>**Effectiveness**|**Regulatory**<br>**Quality**|**Rule of Law**|**Control of**<br>**Corruption**|**Overall**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Number of Cou**|**ntries**|||||||
|1996|194|180|182|183|171|154|177|
|1998|199|189|194|194|194|194|194|
|2000|200|190|196|196|196|196|196|
|2002|201|190|202|197|197|197|197|
|2003|201|200|202|197|202|198|200|
|2004|208|207|208|204|210|206|207|
|2005|209|208|209|204|210|206|208|
|2006|209|209|212|206|211|207|209|
|**Median Number**|**of Sources Per**|**Country**||||||
|1996|4|4|3|4|6|4|4|
|1998|5|5|4|5|7|5|5|
|2000|5|5|5|6|8|6|6|
|2002|7|6|8|8|11|7|8|
|2003|8|6|8|8|11|8|8|
|2004|8|7|9|8|12|8|9|
|2005|9|7|9|8|12|9|9|
|2006|9|8|10|9|13|10|10|
|**Proportion of C**|**ountries with On**|**ly One Data S**|**ource**|||||
|1996|15|16|21|11|6|18|15|
|1998|11|7|10|10|9|10|10|
|2000|11|8|8|7|7|8|8|
|2002|10|7|5|7|7|8|7|
|2003|3|10|5|7|5|7|6|
|2004|6|6|8|7|9|8|8|
|2005|6|7|8|7|9|7|7|
|2006|6|6|9|8|8|8|7|
|**Average Standa**|**rd Error**|||||||
|1996|0.26|0.36|0.34|0.40|0.30|0.32|0.33|
|1998|0.27|0.30|0.19|0.41|0.22|0.24|0.27|
|2000|0.26|0.31|0.22|0.27|0.19|0.22|0.25|
|2002|0.22|0.29|0.23|0.25|0.19|0.21|0.23|
|2003|0.21|0.29|0.22|0.21|0.20|0.20|0.22|
|2004|0.21|0.28|0.23|0.21|0.19|0.20|0.22|
|2005|0.21|0.28|0.20|0.21|0.20|0.20|0.22|
|2006|0.20|0.27|0.22|0.22|0.20|0.20|0.22|

30
# **Table 5:  Common Sources in Pairwise Comparisons of Governance**

||**Number of**|**Average**<br>**Number of**|**On Common S**|**Fraction of Com**<br>**ources Numberin**|**parisons Based**<br>**g More Than or**|<br>**Equal to:**|**Number of Com**<br>**as Fraction of:**|**mon Sources**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**2006**|**Comparisons**|**Common Sources**|**1**|**3**|**5**|**7**|**Minimum**|**Maximum**|
|Voice and Accountability|21736|5.92|1.00|0.84|0.63|0.47|0.91|0.53|
|Political Stability|21736|4.88|0.99|0.73|0.53|0.37|0.95|0.58|
|Government Effectiveness|22366|5.62|0.99|0.74|0.58|0.44|0.86|0.50|
|Regulatory Quality|21115|5.19|0.99|0.70|0.59|0.42|0.85|0.52|
|Rule of Law|22155|7.15|0.98|0.75|0.61|0.55|0.85|0.48|
|Control of Corruption|21321|5.18|0.98|0.67|0.55|0.38|0.80|0.44|
|_Average_|_21738_|_5.66_|_0.99_|_0.74_|_0.58_|_0.44_|_0.87_|_0.51_|
|**2002**|||||||||
|Voice and Accountability|20100|4.38|1.00|0.70|0.52|0.23|0.93|0.55|
|Political Stability|17955|3.90|1.00|0.66|0.38|0.15|0.95|0.54|
|Government Effectiveness|20301|4.49|0.99|0.70|0.45|0.26|0.83|0.49|
|Regulatory Quality|19306|4.32|0.96|0.67|0.47|0.27|0.80|0.49|
|Rule of Law|19306|5.75|0.96|0.71|0.58|0.44|0.80|0.48|
|Control of Corruption|19306|3.77|0.96|0.56|0.38|0.20|0.78|0.44|
|_Average_|_19379_|_4.44_|_0.98_|_0.67_|_0.46_|_0.26_|_0.85_|_0.50_|
|**1996**|||||||||
|Voice and Accountability|18721|2.55|1.00|0.48|0.07|0.00|0.96|0.59|
|Political Stability|16110|2.39|0.99|0.41|0.09|0.00|0.94|0.57|
|Government Effectiveness|16471|2.06|0.89|0.34|0.08|0.01|0.80|0.45|
|Regulatory Quality|16653|2.65|0.93|0.47|0.14|0.01|0.81|0.50|
|Rule of Law|14535|3.87|0.98|0.65|0.40|0.12|0.91|0.53|
|Control of Corruption|11781|2.71|0.94|0.51|0.14|0.08|0.92|0.50|
|_Average_|_15712_|_2.70_|_0.96_|_0.48_|_0.15_|_0.04_|_0.89_|_0.52_|

31
# **Table 6 Large Changes in Governance, 1998-2006**

||**Gov**|**ernance S**|**core**||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**2006**<br>**(Level)**|**1998**<br>**(Level)**|**Change**|**Agree**|**No**<br>**change**|**Dis-**<br>**agree**|**Agree/**<br>**(agree+**<br>**Disagree)**|**Sources**<br>**Added**|**Balanced**<br>**Change**|**Bal Chng/**<br>**Actual Chng**|
|**Voice & Accountability**|||||||||||
|THAILAND|-0.50|0.39|-0.89|5|0|1|0.83|6|-1.10|1.24|
|NEPAL|-1.15|-0.18|-0.97|3|0|0|1.00|9|-0.72|0.74|
|BELARUS|-1.71|-0.85|-0.86|3|1|0|1.00|5|-0.99|1.15|
|COTE D'IVOIRE|-1.44|-0.63|-0.82|5|1|0|1.00|2|-0.82|1.00|
|ZIMBABWE|-1.58|-0.85|-0.73|4|2|0|1.00|8|-0.87|1.19|
|VENEZUELA|-0.58|0.07|-0.65|5|1|1|0.83|6|-0.75|1.15|
|CHILE|115|048|067|6|0|1|086|4|074|110|
|CROATIA|.<br>0.42|.<br>-0.29|.<br>0.70|5|0|0|.<br>1.00|7|.<br>0.68|.<br>0.97|
|LESOTHO|0.25|-0.74|0.99|2|0|0|1.00|6|0.51|0.51|
|KENYA|-0.18|-0.91|0.73|5|1|0|1.00|9|0.54|0.74|
|GHANA|0.37|-0.40|0.77|5|1|0|1.00|7|0.67|0.87|
|INDONESIA|-0.25|-1.08|0.83|5|0|1|0.83|8|0.85|1.02|
|SIERRA LEONE|-0.43|-1.42|0.99|3|0|0|1.00|7|0.88|0.89|
|NIGER|-0.24|-1.57|1.33|4|0|0|1.00|5|1.25|0.94|
|SERBIA|0.05|-1.11|1.16|5|0|0|1.00|6|1.04|0.90|
|_Average_||||_4.33_|_0.47_|_0.27_|_0.96_|_6.33_|||
|**Political Stability**|||||||||||
|COTE D'IVOIRE|-2.09|-0.28|-1.81|5|1|0|1.00|2|-1.77|0.98|
|NEPAL|-2.26|-0.74|-1.52|2|0|0|1.00|5|-1.28|0.85|
|UZBEKISTAN|-1.94|-0.48|-1.46|2|1|0|1.00|3|-1.41|0.97|
|THAILAND|-0.99|0.39|-1.38|5|0|1|0.83|4|-1.47|1.06|
|KYRGYZSTAN|-1.20|0.01|-1.21|3|0|0|1.00|4|-1.17|0.97|
|NIGERIA|-1.99|-0.84|-1.15|5|1|0|1.00|3|-1.26|1.10|
|GUINEA|-1.72|-0.58|-1.13|2|0|1|0.67|4|-1.33|1.18|
|PHILIPPINES|-1.26|-0.13|-1.13|4|0|2|0.67|4|-0.92|0.81|
|BANGLADESH|-1.60|-0.49|-1.11|4|1|0|1.00|3|-1.15|1.04|
|ETHIOPIA|-1.82|-0.83|-0.98|5|0|0|1.00|3|-1.27|1.29|
|LEBANON|-1.76|-0.88|-0.88|4|1|0|1.00|2|-0.75|0.86|
|IRAN|-1.25|-0.39|-0.87|5|1|0|1.00|2|-0.94|1.09|
|VENEZUELA|-1.24|-0.40|-0.83|5|0|1|0.83|4|-0.80|0.96|
|SOUTH AFRICA|-0.07|-0.85|0.78|5|1|1|0.83|4|0.61|0.78|
|TAJIKISTAN|-1.30|-2.26|0.96|3|0|0|1.00|4|0.87|0.91|
|CONGO|-0.97|-2.06|1.09|3|0|1|0.75|4|1.32|1.21|
|GUINEA-BISSAU|-0.59|-1.80|1.21|3|0|0|1.00|0|1.06|0.87|
|SERBIA|-0.69|-1.95|1.26|4|0|0|1.00|**3**|1.14|0.90|
|ALGERIA|-0.89|-2.32|1.43|6|0|0|1.00|3|1.47|1.03|
|LIBYA|0.24|-1.23|1.47|5|0|0|1.00|2|1.27|0.86|
|RWANDA|-0.53|-2.15|1.62|2|0|0|1.00|3|1.06|0.65|
|SIERRA LEONE|-0.46|-2.17|1.72|3|0|0|1.00|2|1.78|1.04|
|ANGOLA|-0.51|-2.23|1.72|5|0|0|1.00|4|1.50|0.87|
|_Average_||||_4.13_|_0.27_|_0.20_|_0.96_|_2.87_|||

32
# **Table 6:  Large Changes in Governance, 1998-2006, Cont'd**

||**Gov**|**ernance S**|**core**||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**2006**<br>**(Level)**|**1998**<br>**(Level)**|**Change**|**Agree**|**No**<br>**change**|**Dis-**<br>**agree**|**Agree/**<br>**(agree+**<br>**Disagree)**|**Sources**<br>**Added**|**Balanced**<br>**Change**|**Bal Chng/**<br>**Actual Chng**|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||||
|ZIMBABWE|-1.53|-0.50|-1.03|3|1|3|0.50|6|-0.77|0.74|
|COTE D'IVOIRE|-1.42|-0.35|-1.07|6|0|0|1.00|3|-1.01|0.94|
|TOGO|-1.60|-0.68|-0.91|3|1|0|1.00|7|-0.79|0.87|
|MALDIVES|0.03|0.96|-0.93|2|0|0|1.00|3|-0.77|0.83|
|CHAD|-1.37|-0.61|-0.76|3|0|0|1.00|7|-0.55|0.73|
|MALAWI|-0.85|-0.21|-0.64|4|1|0|1.00|8|-0.50|0.78|
|SPAIN|1.05|1.70|-0.65|6|1|0|1.00|3|-0.61|0.93|
|BELARUS|-1.24|-0.53|-0.70|2|0|2|0.50|6|-0.77|1.09|
|ECUADOR|-1.12|-0.52|-0.60|4|1|1|0.80|7|-0.59|1.00|
|PERU|-0.46|0.08|-0.54|3|3|1|0.75|6|-0.55|1.01|
|BOLIVIA|-0.69|-0.13|-0.56|4|1|1|0.80|6|-0.65|1.15|
|KYRGYZSTAN|-0.86|-0.28|-0.58|3|0|0|1.00|9|-0.75|1.28|
|ITALY|0.38|0.93|-0.55|4|1|2|0.67|3|-0.52|0.94|
|RWANDA|-0.40|-1.13|0.73|3|0|0|1.00|5|0.49|0.68|
|KOREA, SOUTH|1.05|0.41|0.65|7|1|0|1.00|4|0.59|0.91|
|AFGHANISTAN|-1.39|-2.27|0.88|1|0|0|1.00|7|0.59|0.67|
|HONG KONG|1.76|0.93|0.83|6|0|0|1.00|3|0.80|0.96|
|ALGERIA|-0.35|-1.15|0.80|4|1|1|0.80|5|0.77|0.97|
|SERBIA|-0.29|-1.18|0.88|3|0|0|1.00|8|0.83|0.94|
|_Average_||||_3.80_|_0.67_|_0.53_|_0.89_|_5.80_|||
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||||
|ZIMBABWE|-2.21|-0.71|-1.50|6|0|2|0.75|3|-1.55|1.03|
|ARGENTINA|-0.74|0.66|-1.40|8|0|0|1.00|2|-1.41|1.01|
|VENEZUELA|-1.35|-0.05|-1.30|8|0|0|1.00|3|-1.44|1.11|
|BOLIVIA|-1.03|0.35|-1.37|6|0|1|0.86|3|-1.48|1.08|
|COTE D'IVOIRE|-1.09|0.14|-1.23|5|1|1|0.83|2|-1.19|0.97|
|ERITREA|-1.87|-0.40|-1.48|2|1|0|1.00|4|-1.32|0.90|
|ECUADOR|-1.06|-0.05|-1.02|6|0|1|0.86|3|-1.17|1.15|
|KOREA, NORTH|-2.51|-0.96|-1.55|3|0|0|1.00|3|-1.72|1.11|
|ZAMBIA|-0.56|0.40|-0.96|6|0|1|0.86|4|-0.88|0.92|
|GUINEA|-1.05|0.00|-1.06|3|0|2|0.60|5|-1.15|1.09|
|TAJIKISTAN|-0.98|-1.99|1.01|5|0|0|1.00|7|0.88|0.87|
|ARMENIA|0.26|-0.74|1.00|5|0|1|0.83|7|0.99|1.00|
|SLOVAKIA|1.08|0.21|0.87|6|0|1|0.86|5|0.83|0.95|
|IRAQ|-1.46|-2.90|1.44|2|0|2|0.50|3|1.16|0.81|
|Congo, Dem. Rep.|-1.51|-2.99|1.49|5|0|0|1.00|5|1.20|0.81|
|_Average_||||_5.07_|_0.13_|_0.80_|_0.86_|_3.93_|||

33
# **Table 6:  Large Changes in Governance, 1998-2006, Cont'd**

||**Gove**<br>|**rnance S**<br>|**core**||||**Agree/**||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**2006**<br>**(Level)**|**1998**<br>**(Level)**|**Change**|**Agree**|**No**<br>**change**|**Dis-**<br>**agree**|<br>**(agree+**<br>**Disagree)**|**Sources**<br>**Added**|**Balanced**<br>**Change**|**Bal Chng/**<br>**Actual Chng**|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||||
|ZIMBABWE|-1.71|-0.47|-1.24|9|0|1|0.90|8|-1.18|0.95|
|VENEZUELA|-1.39|-0.69|-0.70|10|1|1|0.91|6|-0.70|0.99|
|ARGENTINA|-0.58|0.03|-0.61|8|2|2|0.80|5|-0.66|1.09|
|TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO|-0.26|0.36|-0.62|5|1|1|0.83|4|-0.53|0.87|
|COTE D'IVOIRE|-1.51|-0.90|-0.61|5|2|1|0.83|3|-0.73|1.18|
|ERITREA|-0.99|-0.22|-0.78|4|0|0|1.00|5|-0.57|0.74|
|ALGERIA|-0.63|-1.17|0.54|5|1|3|0.63|6|0.37|0.70|
|GEORGIA|-0.61|-1.18|0.57|3|3|1|0.75|10|0.34|0.59|
|KIRIBATI|0.84|-0.69|1.53|1|0|0|1.00|3|0.63|0.41|
|LIBERIA|-1.16|-2.07|0.91|4|0|0|1.00|3|0.78|0.86|
|TAJIKISTAN|-1.06|-1.74|0.68|4|2|0|1.00|11|0.66|0.97|
|SERBIA|-0.59|-1.29|0.71|3|1|1|0.75|9|0.61|0.86|
|RWANDA|-0.59|-1.47|0.88|5|0|0|1.00|6|0.59|0.67|
|_Average_||||_5.08_|_0.94_|_0.84_|_0.88_|_5.92_|||
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||||
|ZIMBABWE|-1.36|-0.42|-0.94|7|0|1|0.88|6|-0.82|0.88|
|COTE D'IVOIRE|-1.16|-0.38|-0.78|5|1|0|1.00|1|-0.78|1.00|
|ERITREA|-0.17|0.73|-0.90|2|1|0|1.00|4|-1.08|1.20|
|TANZANIA|-0.37|-1.07|0.70|6|1|0|1.00|7|0.61|0.86|
|SERBIA|-0.35|-1.08|0.73|4|0|0|1.00|8|0.77|1.06|
|_Average_||||_4.15_|_0.78_|_0.49_|_0.92_|_6.07_|||
|**Overall Average**||||4.36|0.49|0.52|0.91|4.82||0.94|
|||||||||**Cases>1.2**||5|
|||||||||**Cases<.8**||15|
|||||||||**0.8 < Cases**|**< 1.2**|70|

34
# **Table 7:  Agreement Ratio for Changes in Governance, 1998-2006**

||**Sample**|**A**<br>**Agree**|**LL CHANGE**<br>**No Change**|**S**<br>**Disagree**|**Agree / (Agree +**<br>**Disagree)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Voice and Accountability**|199|2.0|0.8|0.9|0.70|
|**Political Stability**|189|1.9|0.5|0.8|0.70|
|**Government Effectiveness**|194|1.9|0.9|0.9|0.68|
|**Regulatory Quality**|194|2.5|0.4|1.3|0.66|
|**Rule of Law**|194|2.5|1.7|1.4|0.64|
|**Control of Corruption**|194|2.0|1.3|1.1|0.65|
|**Average**|**194**|**2.1**|**0.9**|**1.1**|**0.67**|
|||**SIGNIFIC**|**ANT CHANG**|**ES (90%)**|**Agree / (Agree +**|
||**Sample**|**Agree**|**No Change**|**Disagree**|**Disagree)**|
|**Voice and Accountability**|15|4.3|0.5|0.3|0.94|
|**Political Stability**|23|3.9|0.3|0.3|0.93|
|**Government Effectiveness**|19|3.7|0.6|0.6|0.87|
|**Regulatory Quality**|15|5.1|0.1|0.8|0.86|
|**Rule of Law**|13|5.1|1.0|0.8|0.86|
|**Control of Corruption**|5|4.8|0.6|0.2|0.96|
|**Average**|**15**|**4.5**|**0.5**|**0.5**|**0.90**|

35
# **Table 8:  Global Trends in Governance 1996-2006 for Selected Sources**

||**Sample**|**A**<br>**1996**|**verag**<br>**2002**|**e**<br>**2006**|**S**<br>**1996**|**td.Dev**<br>**2002**|**.**<br>**2006**|**Change**|**t-Statistic**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Voice and Accountability**||||||||||
|EIU|120|0.41|0.43|0.47|_0.25_|_0.25_|_0.26_|0.06|1.79|
|FRH|196|0.56|0.58|0.58|_0.31_|_0.30_|_0.30_|0.02|0.79|
|GCS (Press Freedom / Parliament)|95|..|0.57|0.55|_.._|_0.15_|_0.15_|-0.01|-0.59|
|PRS|140|0.63|0.63|0.67|_0.25_|_0.26_|_0.25_|0.04|1.33|
|HUM|155|0.63|0.66|0.58|_0.34_|_0.35_|_0.34_|-0.05|-1.34|
|RSF|137|..|0.73|0.73|_.._|_0.23_|_0.23_|0.01|0.26|
|WMO|181|..|0.55|0.57|_.._|_0.26_|_0.24_|0.04|1.55|
|**Political Stability**||||||||||
|DRI|106|0.82|0.68|0.84|_0.18_|_0.27_|_0.16_|0.02|1.01|
|EIU|120|0.56|0.56|0.59|_0.25_|_0.24_|_0.23_|0.03|0.99|
|GCS (cost of terrorism)|95|..|0.66|0.67|_.._|_0.17_|_0.14_|0.01|0.57|
|PRS|140|0.70|0.75|0.73|_0.13_|_0.12_|_0.11_|0.03|1.98|
|HUM|177|0.65|0.63|0.62|_0.29_|_0.25_|_0.26_|-0.04|-1.27|
|WMO|181|..|0.67|0.68|_.._|_0.24_|_0.22_|0.01|0.54|
|**Government Effectiveness**||||||||||
|DRI|106|0.57|0.46|0.72|_0.28_|_0.30_|_0.21_|0.15|4.46|
|EIU|120|0.43|0.39|0.37|_0.31_|_0.31_|_0.27_|-0.06|-1.67|
|GCS (infrastructure quality)|95|..|0.53|0.51|_0.22_|_0.24_|_0.23_|-0.02|-0.66|
|PRS|140|0.58|0.54|0.54|_0.24_|_0.29_|_0.28_|-0.04|-1.38|
|WMO|181|..|0.56|0.57|_.._|_0.23_|_0.23_|0.04|1.62|
|**Regulatory Quality**||||||||||
|DRI|106|0.82|0.76|0.86|_0.16_|_0.20_|_0.13_|0.04|2.22|
|EIU|120|0.54|0.54|0.56|_0.22_|_0.22_|_0.22_|0.02|0.73|
|GCS (burden of regulations)|95|..|0.30|0.35|_0.15_|_0.13_|_0.12_|0.06|3.17|
|HERITAGE|153|0.56|0.56|0.60|_0.12_|_0.12_|_0.12_|0.04|3.22|
|WMO|181|..|0.58|0.59|_.._|_0.25_|_0.25_|0.04|1.57|
|**Rule of Law**||||||||||
|DRI|106|0.71|0.63|0.81|_0.20_|_0.25_|_0.17_|0.09|3.61|
|EIU|120|0.49|0.51|0.53|_0.27_|_0.26_|_0.24_|0.04|1.30|
|GCS (organized crime / police / independent judiciary)|95|..|0.56|0.57|_.._|_0.21_|_0.20_|0.00|0.09|
|HERITAGE|153|0.57|0.49|0.46|_0.23_|_0.24_|_0.24_|-0.11|-4.07|
|PRS|140|0.72|0.62|0.63|_0.23_|_0.24_|_0.22_|-0.09|-3.46|
|QLM|115|0.45|0.46|0.44|_0.29_|_0.30_|_0.30_|-0.01|-0.17|
|HUM|159|0.59|0.57|0.51|_0.36_|_0.36_|_0.40_|-0.08|-1.92|
|WMO|181|..|0.58|0.59|_.._|_0.23_|_0.23_|0.02|0.77|
|**Control of Corruption**||||||||||
|<br>DRI|106|0.58|0.52|0.66|_0.26_|_0.32_|_0.27_|0.08|2.24|
|EIU|120|0.35|0.35|0.38|_0.33_|_0.34_|_0.31_|0.02|0.51|
|GCS (bribe frequency)|95|..|0.64|0.65|_.._|_0.22_|_0.18_|0.01|0.46|
|PRS|140|0.59|0.41|0.42|_0.21_|_0.19_|_0.20_|-0.17|-7.10|
|QLM|115|0.39|0.40|0.37|_0.29_|_0.29_|_0.29_|-0.02|-0.47|
|WMO|181|..|0.52|0.53|_.._|_0.27_|_0.26_|0.03|1.08|
|**Notes:**||||||||||

_PRS Country coverage in 1996: 130, all other periods 140. GCS Country coverage in 2002:80; 2003-2006: 95. change calculated over 2002-2006 Heritage Country coverage in 1996: 142; all other periods 153. WMO series begins in 1998, change calculated over 1998-2006 HUM series begins in 2002, change calculated over 2002-2006 RSF series begins in 2002, change calculated over 2002-2006_ 36
37
# **Governance Matters VI: Appendices**

Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi

## **Appendix A:  Sources for Governance Indicators**

|A1.|African Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (ADB) ......... 39|
|---|---|
|A2.|OECD Development Center African Economic Outlook (AEO) ............................. 40|
|A3.|Afrobarometer (AFR) ................................................................................. 41|
|A4.|Asian Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (ASD) ............. 42|
|A5.|Business Environment & Enterprise Performance Survey (BPS) ............................... 43|
|A6.|Business Environment Risk Intelligence (BRI, QLM) ............................................44|
|A7.|Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI)...........................................................45|
|A8.|Global Insight Global Risk Service (DRI) .......................................................... 46|
|A9.|European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Transition Report (EBR) ............. 47|
|A10.|Global E-Government Index (EGV)................................................................. 48|
|A11.|Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) .................................................................. 49|
|A12.|Freedom House (FRH, CCR)......................................................................... 50|
|A13.|Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer Survey (GCB) ..................... 51|
|A14.|World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Survey (GCS)............................... 52|
|A15.|Global Integrity Index (GII) ..........................................................................53|
|A16.|Gallup World Poll (GWP))........................................................................... 54|
|A17.|Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom (HER) ....................................... 55|
|A18.|Cingranelli Richards Human Rights Database & Political Terror Scale (HUM)..............56|
|A19.|IFAD Rural Sector Performance Assessments (IFD).............................................. 57|
|A20.|iJET Country Security Risk Ratings (IJT) .......................................................... 58|
|A21.|Latinobarometro (LBO))............................................................................... 59|
|A22.|Merchant International Group Gray Area Dynamics (MIG) ..................................... 60|
|A23.|International Research and Exchanges Board Media Sustainability Index (MSI) ............ 61|
|A24.|International Budget Project Open Budget Initiative (OBI) ).................................... 62|
|A25.|World Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (PIA) .............................. 63|
|A26.|Political Economic Risk Consultancy Corruption in Asia (PRC) ............................... 64|
|A27.|Political Risk Services International Country Risk Guide (PRS) ............................... 65|
|A28.|Reporters without Borders Press Freedom Index (RSF) ......................................... 66|
|A29.|US State Department’s Trafficking in People Report (TPR) .................................... 67|
|A30.|Institute for Management Development World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) ........ 68|
|A31.|Global Insight Business Conditions and Risk Indicators (WMO) ............................. 69|

## **Appendix B:  Components of Aggregate Governance Indicators**

|B1.|Voice and Accountability........................................................................... 70|
|---|---|
|B2.|Political Stability and Lack of Violence............................................................ 71|
|B3.|Government Effectiveness........................................................................... 72|
|B4.|Regulatory Quality.................................................................................... 73|
|B5.|Rule of Law............................................................................................. 74|
|B6.|Control of Corruption.................................................................................. 75|

## **Appendix C:  Governance Indicators over Time**

|C1.|Voice and Accountability............................................................................. 76|
|---|---|
|C2.|Political Stability and Lack of Violence............................................................ 79|
|C3.|Government Effectiveness........................................................................... 82|
|C4.|Regulatory Quality.................................................................................... 85|
|C5.|Rule of Law............................................................................................ 88|
|C6.|Control of Corruption................................................................................ 91|

38
**Table A1: African Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (ADB)**

|**Data Provider**<br>African Development Bank.<br> <br>|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Description**<br>Multilateral development bank|headquart|ered in|Abidjan|, Cote|D'Ivoire||||
|**Website**<br>www.afdb.org|||||||||
|**Data Source**<br>Country Policy and Institutiona|l Assessm|ents|||||||
|**Type**<br>Expert Assessment|||||||||
|**Respondents**<br>African Development Bank<br>comparability<br>|country|econom|ists, s|ubject|to cen|tralized|review|for|
|**Frequency**<br>Annual since 1998|||||||||
|**Country Coverage**<br>African Development Bank clie<br>|nt countri|es|||||||
|**Public Access**<br>Since 2005|||||||||
|**Description**<br>Indicators on 16 dimensions of<br>on a 6-point scale. CPIA indic<br>Development Bank.|policy an<br>ators are|d institu<br>used to|tional<br>allocate|perform<br>conces|ance.<br>sional|Respons<br>loans by|es are c<br>the Af|oded<br>rican|
||2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|**Voice and Accountability**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|Policies to improve efficiency of public sector|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Budget Management|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Efficiency of Public Expenditures|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Management of public debt|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|<br>Trade policy|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Competitive environment|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Labor Market Policies|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|Property rights|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|Anti-corruption policies|..|..|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|<br>Transparency / corruption|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|**Country Coverage**|**52**|**52**|**52**|**50**|**50**|**51**|**51**|**..**|
|**Year of Publication**|**2005**|**2005**|**2004**|**2003**|**2002**|**2000**|**1998**|**..**|

39
# **Table A2: OECD Development Center African Economic Outlook (AEO)**

|**Data Provider**<br>OECD Development C|enter||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Description**<br>Multilateral organizati|on headqu|artered i|n Paris,|France|||||
|**Website**<br>www.oecd.org|||||||||
|**Data Source**<br>African Economic Out|look||||||||
|**Type**<br>Expert Assessment<br> <br>|||||||||
|**Respondents**<br>OECD Development<br> <br>|enter Staf|f|||||||
|**Frequency**<br>Annual since 1996<br> <br>|||||||||
|**Coverage**<br>African countries|||||||||
|**Public Access**<br>Publicly available thro<br>**Description**<br>Indicators are based o<br>two indicators: "har<br>reports are taken from<br>and are either coded<br>severity of reported in<br>and the distribution is<br>reported events. We<br>observations in the firs|ugh Africa<br>n the freq<br>dening of<br>the weekly<br>as 0-1 for<br>cidents. T<br>highly ske<br>therefore<br>t, second,|n Econ<br>uency o<br>the reg<br>newsp<br>the oc<br>otal sco<br>wed by<br>conver<br>and thir|omic Ou<br>f newsp<br>ime" an<br>aper Ma<br>currenc<br>res are<br>a few co<br>t to a<br>d tercile|tlook re<br>aper rep<br>d "poli<br>rchés T<br>e of rele<br>reported<br>untries<br>three-po<br>s of the|port tab<br>orts on<br>tical tro<br>ropicau<br>vant st<br>for eac<br>with ver<br>int scal<br>distribu|les.<br>inciden<br>ubles".<br>x et Méd<br>ories or<br>h count<br>y high f<br>e corre<br>tion in e|ts relate<br>Newp<br>iterran<br>0-3 on<br>ry and<br>requen<br>spondin<br>ach yea|d to<br>aper<br>éens,<br>the<br>year,<br>cy of<br>g to<br>r.|
|**Voice and Accountability**|2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|Hardening of the Regime|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Political Stability**<br>Political troubles|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Government Effectiveness**<br>NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|..|..|..|..|..|..|||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Country Coverage**<br>**Year of Publication**|**33**<br>**2006**|**33**<br>**2005**|**32**<br>**2004**|**26**<br>**2003**|**26**<br>**2002**|**26**<br>**2000**|**26**<br>**1998**|**25**<br>**1996**|

40
# **Table A3:  Afrobarometer (AFR)**

|**Data Provider**<br>Michigan State University; Institute for Demo<br>Develoment (Ghana)|cracy|(South|Afric|a); Ce|ntre fo|r De|mocra|cy and|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|p .<br>**Description**<br>U.S-based university and African non-governme<br> <br>|ntal or|ganiza|tion||||||
|**Website**<br>www.afrobarometer.org<br> <br>|||||||||
|**Data Source**<br>Afrobarometer surveys<br> <br>|||||||||
|**Type**<br>Survey<br> <br>|||||||||
|**Respondents**<br>Households|||||||||
|<br>**Frequency**<br>Irregular, approximately every three years since|1999||||||||
|**Coverage**<br>African countries|||||||||
|**Public Access**<br>Country level aggregates are publicly available<br>is released with some lag through the Inter<br>Research (www.icpsr.org).|throug<br>-Unive|h afro<br>rsity|barome<br>Consor|ter w<br>tium|ebsite.<br>for Po|Reco<br>litical|rd-lev<br>and|el data<br>Social|
|<br>**Description**<br>This household survey is designed to collect da<br>in a sample of African countries. We do not u<br>from this year differs substantially from subsequ|ta on a<br>se data<br>ent ye|ttitude<br>from<br>ars.|s towar<br>the 19|ds de<br>99 su|mocrac<br>rvey as|y and<br>the q|gove<br>uestio|rnment<br>nnaire|
||2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|**Voice and Accountability**|||||||||
|How much do you trust the parliament?|..|..|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Overall, how satisfied are you with the way democracy works in your<br>country?|..|..|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Free and fair elections<br>|X|X|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|<br>What proportion of the country's problems do you think the government<br>can solve?|..|..|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain<br>household services (like piped water, electricity or telephone)?|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain an<br>identity document (such as birth certificate, driver's license or passport)?|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|<br>Government handling of health services|X|X|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|Government handling of education system|X|X|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|Over the past year, how often have you or anyone in your family feared<br>crime in your own home?|..|..|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Over the past year, how often have you or anyone in your family had<br>something stolen from your house?|..|..|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Over the past year how often have you or anyone in your family been|||||||||
|,<br>physically attacked?|..|..|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|How much do you trust the courts of law?|..|..|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|How much do you trust the police?|..|..|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain help from<br>the police when you need it?|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**Control of Corruption**<br>|||||||||
|How well would you say the current government is handling the fight of|||||||||
|corruption in the government?|..|..|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|How many elected leaders (parliamentarians) do you think are involved|||||||||
|in corruption?|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|<br>How many judges and magistrates do you think are involved in|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|How many government officials do you think are involved in corruption?|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|How many border/tax officials do you think are involved in corruption?|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**Cntr Cr**|**18**|**18**|**1**|**1**|**1**||||
|**ouy oveage**|||**5**|**5**|**5**|**..**|**..**|**..**|
|**Year of Publication**|**2005**|**2005**|**2002**|**2002**|**2002**|**..**|**..**|**..**|

41
# **Table A4:  Asian Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (ASD)**

|**Data Provider**<br>Asian Development Bank<br>||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Description**<br>Multilateral development bank headqua|rtered i|n Mani|la, the P|hilippi|nes|||
|**Website**<br>www.adb.org||||||||
|**Data Source**<br>Country Policy and Institutional Assess|ments|||||||
|**Type**<br>Expert Assessment||||||||
|**Respondents**<br>Asian Development Bank country<br>|econo|mists,|subject|to|centraliz|ed re|view for|
|comparability||||||||
|**Frequency**<br>Annual since 2000||||||||
|**Coverage**<br>Asian Development Bank client countr|ies|||||||
|**Public Access**<br>Since 2005, only for countries eligible<br>Bank.|for co|ncessio|nal lend|ing by|the Asi|an De|velopment|
|**Description**<br>Indicators on 16 dimensions of policy<br>on a 6-point scale. CPIA indicators<br>Development Bank.|and in<br>are use|stitution<br>d to all|al perfo<br>ocate co|rmanc<br>ncessi|e. Resp<br>onal loa|onses<br>ns by|are coded<br>the Asian|
|2006<br>**Voice and Accountability**|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|NA<br>..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability**||||||||
|NA<br>..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**||||||||
|Competence of civil service<br>X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|Budget Management<br>X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|Efficiency of Public Expenditures<br>X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|Management of public debt<br>X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**||||||||
|<br>Trade policy<br>X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|Competitive environment<br>X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|Factor and products markets<br>..|..|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**||||||||
|Property rights<br>X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|**Control of Corruption**||||||||
|<br>Anticorruption and Accounting Institutions<br>X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|**Country Coverage**<br>**25**|**25**|**26**|**26**|**25**|**25**|**..**|**..**|
|**Year of Publication**<br>**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**2003**|**2002**|**2000**|**..**|**..**|

42
# **Table A5:  Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BPS)**

**Data Provider** World Bank and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development **Description** Multilateral development banks headquartered in Washington, United States and London, United Kingdom **Website** http://www.worldbank.org/eca/governance **Data Source** Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey. **Type** Survey **Respondents** Firms **Frequency** Every three years since 1999 **Coverage** Transition economies in Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union **Public Access** Full access to firm-level data through website noted above **Description** This survey, part of the Investment Climate Survey project of the World Bank, collects a wide

This survey, part of the Investment Climate Survey project of the World Bank, collects a wide range of data on firms' financial performance and their perceptions of the regulatory and investment climate.

|**Voice and Accountability**|2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|199|8 1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability and Lack of Violence**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|How problematic are telecommunications for the growth of your business|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|How problematic is electricity for the growth of your business.|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|How problematic is transportation for the growth of your business.|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|Information on the laws and regulations is easy to obtain|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Interpretations of the laws and regulations are consistent and predictable|..|..|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Unpredictability of changes of regulations|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|How problematic are labor regulations for the growth of your business.|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|How problematic are tax regulations for the growth of your business.|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|How problematic are custom, foreign currency and trade regulations for the growth of|||||||||
|your business.|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|How often is following characteristic associated with the court system: Fair|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|How often is following characteristic associated with the court system: affordable|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|How often is following characteristic associated with the court system: enforceable|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|How often is following characteristic associated with the court system: Honesty|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|How often is following characteristic associated with the court system: Quickness|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|Are property rights adequately protected|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|How problematic is organized crime for the growth of your business.|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|How problematic is judiciary for the growth of your business.|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|How problematic is street crime for the growth of your business.|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|How common is for firms to have to pay irregular additional payments to get things done|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|Percentage of total annual sales do firms pay in unofficial payments to public officials|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|How often do firms make extra payments to influence the content of new legislation|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|Extent to which firms' payments to public officials impose costs on other firms|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|How problematic is corruption for the growth of your business.|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|**Country Coverage**|**27**|**27**|**27**|**27**|**27**|**18**|**..**|**..**|
|**Year of Publication**|**2005 **|**2005 **|**2002 **|**2002 **|**2002**|**2000**|**..**|**..**|

43
# **Table A6:  Business Environment Risk Intelligence (BRI, QLM)**

**Data Provider Description Website Data Source**

**Type Respondents Frequency Coverage Public Access Description**

BERI S.A.

Commercial risk rating agency headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland www.beri.com Political Risk Index and Operational Risk Index (BRI), Quantitative Risk Measure in Foreign Lending (QLM) Expert assessments Permanent panel of experts convened by BERI Three times per year since 1980 for BRI and annual since 1996 for QLM Global sample of countries Commercially available PRI measures eight causes and two symptoms of political risk on a 7-point scale. ORI measures 15 obstacles to business development on a 5-point scale. QLM measures risk factors in foreign lending on a 100-point scale. We use data from latest trimester in each year. We treat BRI and QLM as separate sources in our aggregation procedure as BRI is a "non-representative" source and QLM is a "representative source". See Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004) for an explanation of how this distinction matters for aggregation.

|**Voice and Accountability**|2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|Political Risk Index: External Causes of Political Risk: Dependence on/Importance to a<br>Hostile Major Power|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political Risk Index: External Causes of Political Risk: Negative Influences of Regional<br>Political Forces|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Social Conditions: Wealth<br>Distribution, Population|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Fractionalization of political<br>spectrum and the power of these factions.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Fractionalization by language,<br>ethnic and/or religious groups and the power of these factions.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Restrictive (coercive) measures<br>required to retain power.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Organization and strength of forces<br>for a radical government.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political Risk Index: Symptoms of Political Risk: Societal conflict involving<br>demonstrations, strikes, and street violence.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political Risk Index: Symptoms of Political Risk: Instability as perceived by non-<br>constitutional changes, assassinations, and guerilla wars.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|Operation Risk Index: Bureaucratic delays|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|Operation Risk Index: Enforceability of contracts|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Direct Financial Fraud, Money Laundering and Organized Crime (QLM)|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Mentality, including xenophobia,<br>nationalism, corruption, nepotism, willingness to compromise.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Indirect Diversion of Funds (QLM)|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Country Coverage (BERI)**|**50**|**50**|**50**|**50**|**50**|**50**|**50**|**53**|
|**Country Coverage (QLM)**|**115**|**115**|**115**|**115**|**115**|**115**|**115**|**115**|
|**Year of Publication**|**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**2003**|**2002**|**2000**|**1998**|**1996**|

44
# **Table A7: Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI)**

## Bertelsmann Foundation

**Data Provider Description**

**Description** Nongovernmental organization headquartered in Berlin, Germany, with goal to study social challenges and problems and propose solutions. **Website** www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de **Data Source** Bertelsmann Transformation Index **Type** Expert Assessment **Respondents** Staff of Bertelsmann Foundation **Frequency** Every three years since 2003 **Coverage** Global sample of countries **Public Access** Yes **Description** We use data on the subcomponents of the Status Index (SI -- rating countries along

We use data on the subcomponents of the Status Index (SI -- rating countries along dimensions of democracy and market economy status) and the Management Index (MI -- rating countries according to progress in achieving democracy and market economy status)

|**Voice and Accountability**<br>|2006<br>|2005<br>|2004<br>|2003<br>|2002<br>|2000|1998|1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Stateness (SI)<br>|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Political Participation (SI)|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Stability of Democratic Institutions (SI)|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Political and Social Integration (SI)|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|Consensus Building (MI)|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Governance Capability (MI)|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Effective Use of Resources (MI)|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|Competition (SI)|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|Rule of Law (SI)|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Private Property (SI)|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Country Coverage**|**119**|**118**|**116**|**116**|**116**|**..**|**..**|**..**|
|**Year of Publication**|**2005**|**2005**|**2002**|**2002**|**2002**|**..**|**..**|**..**|

45
# **Table A8:  Global Insight Global Risk Service (DRI)**

Global Insight

**Data Provider** Global Insight **Description** Commercial business information provider headquartered in Boston, United States **Website** www.globalinsight.com **Data Source** Global Risk Service **Type** Expert Assessment **Respondents** Staff of Global Insight, subject to regional reviews **Frequency** Quarterly since 1996 **Coverage** Global sample of countries **Public Access** Commercially available **Description**

The Global Risk Service, formerly known as the Country Risk Review, was introduced by Data Resources, Inc (DRI) in 1996. In 2001 DRI became part of Global Insight, which in 2003 also acquired the World Markets Research Center that produces the World Markets Online ratings (WMO, see Table A31). These two sets of ratings continue to be produced independently and so we continue to treat them as distinct sources as we did prior to 2003. The Global Risk Review provides assessments of the likelihood of various "risk events". We use their assessments of risk events occurring in the next five years. Although nominally these indicators measure the likelihood of future changes in dimensions of governance we find that in practice they are highly correlated with other assessments of the _level_ of governance and we interpret them in this way.

|**Voice and Accountability**<br>NA|2006 <br>..|2005 <br>..|2004 <br>..|2003 <br>..|2002 <br>..|2000<br>..|1998 <br>..|1996<br>..|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Political Stability**<br>|||||||||
|Domestic Political Risks: Military Coup Risk: A military coup d’etat (or a series of such events) that reduces the<br>GDP growth rate by 2% during any 12-month period.<br>|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Domestic Political Risks: Major Insurgency/Rebellion: An increase in scope or intensity of one or more<br>insurgencies/rebellions that reduces the GDP growth rate by 3% during any 12-month period.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Domestic Political Risks: Political Terrorism: An increase in scope or intensity of terrorism that reduces the GDP<br>|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period.|||||||||
|<br>Domestic Political Risks: Political Assassination: A political assassination (or a series of such events) that<br>reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Domestic Political Risks: Civil War: An increase in scope or intensity of one or more civil wars that reduces the<br>GDP growth rate by 4% during any 12-month period.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Domestic Political Risks: Major Urban Riot: An increase in scope, intensity, or frequency of rioting that reduces<br>the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|Domestic Political Risk: Government Instability: An increase in government personnel turnover rate at senior<br>levels that reduces the GDP growth rate by 2% during any 12-month period.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Domestic Political Risk: Government Ineffectiveness: A decline in government personnel quality at any level that<br>reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period.<br>|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Domestic Political Risk: Institutional Failure: A deterioration of government capacity to cope with national<br>problems as a result of institutional rigidity or gridlock that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-<br>month period.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|<br>Policies Non-Tax: Regulations -- Exports: A 2% reduction in export volume as a result of a worsening in export<br>regulations or restrictions (such as export limits) during any 12-month period, with respect to the level at the<br>time of the assessment.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Policies Non-Tax: Regulations -- Imports: A 2% reduction in import volume as a result of a worsening in import<br>regulations or restrictions (such as import quotas) during any 12-month period, with respect to the level at the<br>time of the assessment.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Policies Non-Tax: Regulations -- Other Business: An increase in other regulatory burdens, with respect to the<br>level at the time of the assessment, that reduces total aggregate investment in real LCU terms by 10%|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Policies Non-Tax: Ownership of Business by Non-Residents: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in<br>legal restrictions on ownership of business by non-residents during any 12-month period.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Policies Non-Tax: Ownership of Equities by Non-Residents: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in<br>legal restrictions on ownership of equities by non-residents during any 12-month period.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|Outcomes Non-Price: Losses and Costs of Crime: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in crime during<br>any 12-month period.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Domestic Political Risk: Kidnapping of Foreigners: An increase in scope, intensity, or frequency of kidnapping of<br>foreigners that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Policies Non-Tax: Enforceability of Government Contracts: A 1 point decline on a scale from "0" to "10" in the<br>enforceability of contracts during any 12-month period.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Policies Non-Tax: Enforceability of Private Contracts: A 1-point decline on a scale from "0" to "10" in the legal<br>enforceability of contracts during any 12-month period.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|Risk Event Outcome non-price: Losses and Costs of Corruption: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10"<br>in corruption during any 12-month period.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Country Coverage**|**142**|**122**|**118**|**118**|**117**|**111**|**106**|**106**|
|**Year of Publication**|**2006 **|**2005 **|**2004 **|**2003 **|**2002 **|**2000**|**1998 **|**1996**|

46
# **Table A9:  European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Transition Report (EBR)**

<!-- Start of picture text --> Data Provider European Bank for Reconstruction and Development<br>Description Multilateral development bank based in London, United Kingdom<br>Website www.ebrd.org<br>Data Source Transition Report<br>Type Expert Assessment<br>Respondents EBRD staff<br>Frequency Annual since 1996<br>Coverage Transition economies<br>Public Access Yes<br>Description The Transition Report includes scores on a 5-point scale for eight Transition Indicators<br>measuring progress towards market economy status. Scores are based on a checklist of<br>underlying criteria and reflect the views of EBRD staff.<br>2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Voice and Accountability<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Political Stability<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Government Effectiveness<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Regulatory Quality<br>Price liberalisation X X X X X X X X<br>Trade & foreign exchange system X X X X X X X X<br>Competition policy X X X X X X X X<br>Rule of Law<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Control of Corruption<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Country coverage 29 27 27 27 27 26 26 27<br>Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br><!-- End of picture text --> 47
# **Table A10:  Global E-Governance Index (EGV)**

**Data Provider** Brown University Center for Public Policy **Description** University located in Providence, United States **Website** www.insidepolitics.org **Data Source** Global E-Governance Index **Type** Expert assessment **Respondents** Research team led by Professor Darrell M. West **Frequency** Annual since 2002 **Coverage** Global sample of countries **Public Access** Yes **Description** This source reports an assessment of the quality of e-government based on reviews of official government websites.  Features assessed include online publications, online database, audio clips, video clips, non-native languages or foreign language translation, commercial advertising, premium fees, user payments, disability access, privacy policy, security features, presence of online services, number of different services, digital signatures, credit card payments, email address, comment form, automatic email updates, website personalization, personal digital assistant (PDA) access, and an English version of the website.  Assessments are scored on a 100-point scale with 72 points for availability of publications and databases and 28 points for the number of online services available.

||2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Voice and Accountability**<br>NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|Global E-governance Index|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Country Coverage**|**196**|**195**|**192**|**195**|**194**|**..**|**..**|**..**|
|**Year of Publication**|**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**2003**|**2002**|**..**|**..**|**..**|

48
# **Table A11:  Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)**

**Data Provider Description Website Data Source Type Respondents Frequency Coverage Public Access Description**

Economist Intelligence Unit Commercial business information provider headquartered in London, United Kingdom www.eiu.com Country Risk Service, Country Forecasts Expert Assessment Network of over 500 correspondents, reviewed for consistency by panels of regional experts Quarterly since 1997 Global sample of countries Commercially available We use data on the components of these two data sources made available to us by the Economist Intelligence Unit. We use data from December of each year with exception of 1996 in which we draw data from first quarter of 1997.

||2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Voice and Accountability**|||||||||
|Orderly transfers|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Vested interests|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Accountablity of Public Officials|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Human Rights|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Freedom of association|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|Armed conflict|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Violent demonstrations|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Social Unrest|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|International tensions / terrorist threat|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|Quality of bureaucracy / institutional effectiveness|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Excessive bureacucracy / red tape|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|Unfair competitive practices|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Price controls|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Discriminatory tariffs|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Excessive protections|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Discriminatory taxes|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|Violent crime|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Organized crime|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Fairness of judicial process|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Enforceability of contracts|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Speediness of judicial process|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Confiscation/expropriation|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Intellectual property rights protection|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Private property protection|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|Corruption among public officials|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Country coverage**|**152**|**127**|**125**|**120**|**120**|**120**|**120**|**120**|
|**Year of Publication**|49<br>**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**2003**|**2002**|**2000**|**1998**|**1996**|
# **Table A12:  Freedom House (FRH, CCR)**

**Data Provider** Freedom House **Description** Freedom House is a non-governmental organization promoting democratic values around the world and is headquartered in New York, United States. **Website** www.freedomhouse.org **Data Source** Freedom in the World (FRW), Freedom of the Press (FRP), Nations in Transit (FNT) and Countries at the Crossroads (CCR) **Type** Expert assessments **Respondents** Freedom House staff and consultants, subject to centralized review process **Frequency** FRW:  Annual since 1955 FRP:  Annual since 1980 FNT:  Annual since 1995 CCR:  Annual since 2004 but covering alternating sets of countries **Coverage** FRW:  Global sample of countries FRP:  Global sample of countries FNT:  Transition economies in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union CCR:  Developing country sample **Public Access** Yes **Description** FRW and FRP provide indicators of political rights (7-point scale), civil liberties (7-point scale), and press freedoms (100-point scale) based on checklists of underlying indicators listed below.  The indicators are complemented with country narratives justifying the scores.   FNT and CCR are series of more detailed narrative country reports including common sets of quantitative indicators on democratic and economic issues, typically scored on a 7-point scale.  These too are based on a checklist of underlying indicators. We average data from FRW, FRP and FNT and treat it as a single source that we refer to as FRH, as these are produced by the same teams.  We treat CCR as a distinct source as it is produced separately.  Note that the indicators refer to data from the previous year:  we therefore lag the data from this source by one year.

|**Voice and Accountability**|2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|_Freedom of the W orld:_|||||||||
|Political Rights|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Civil Liberties|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|_Freedom of the Press_|||||||||
|Press Freedom Index|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|_Countries at the Crossroads_|||||||||
|Civil Liberties|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|..|
|Accountability and public voice|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|N/A|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|_Nations in Transit:_Rule of Law|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|_Countries at the Crossroads:_Rule of Law|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|_Nations in Transit:_Corruption|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|_Countries at the Crossroads:_Anti-Corruption and Transparency|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Country coverage (FRH)**|**197**|**196**|**196**|**196**|**196**|**192**|**191**|**191**|
|**Country coverage (FRP)**|**195**|**194**|**194**|**193**|**193**|**187**|**186**|**187**|
|**Country coverage (FNT)**|**29**|**29**|**29**|**28**|**27**|**27**|**27**|**27**|
|**Country coverage (CCR)**|**62**|**62**|**60**|**30**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|
|**Year of Publication (FRH, FRP & FNT)**|**2007**|**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**2003**|**2001**|**1999**|**1997**|
|**Year of Publication (CCR)**|**2006**|**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|

50
# **Table A13:  Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer (GCB)**

|**Data Provider**|Transparency International||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Description**|Nongovernmental organization devote|d to figh|ting cor|ruption|||||
|**Website**|www.transparency.org||||||||
|**Data Source**<br>|Global Corruption Barometer<br>||||||||
|**Type**<br>|Survey<br>||||||||
|**Respondents**|Households||||||||
|**Frequency**|Annual since 2004||||||||
|**Coverage**|Global sample of countries||||||||
|**Public Access**|Country-level aggregate responses and|some b|reakdow|ns are|reported|on TI'|s website||
|**Description**|This survey commissioned by TI c|ollects|data on|house|holds'|experie|nces wit|h petty|
||corruption and their perceptions of th<br>NOT use data from the TI Corruption<br>corruption based on an aggregation of<br>of Corruption indicator.|e overa<br>Percep<br>a subse|ll incide<br>tions In<br>t of the|nce of<br>dex. T<br>data sou|corrupt<br>his is a<br>rces th|ion.<br>compo<br>at we u|Note tha<br>site indi<br>se in our|t we do<br>cator of<br>Control|
||2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|**Voice and Acc**|**ountability**||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Political Stabi**|**lity**||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Government E**|**ffectiveness**||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Qu**|**ality**||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Control of Cor**|**ruption**||||||||
|Frequency of c|orruption<br>X|X|X|..|..|..|..|..|
|Frequency of h|ousehold bribery<br>X|X|X|..|..|..|..|..|
|Extent of grand|corruption<br>..|..|X|..|..|..|..|..|
|Extent of petty|corruption<br>..|..|X|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Country covera**|**ge (CCR)**<br>62|69|61|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Year of Publica**|**tion**<br>**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|

51
# **Table A14:  World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Survey  (GCS)**

World Economic Forum

**Data Provider** World Economic Forum **Description** Nongovernmental organization bringing together business, government, academic and media leaders to address economic, social and political issues **Website** www.weforum.org **Data Source** Global Competitiveness Survey **Type** Survey **Respondents** Firms **Frequency** Annual since 1996 **Coverage** Global sample of countries **Public Access** Country-level aggregates of most variables reported in the annual Global Competitiveness Report. **Description** This survey gathers the views of domestic and foreign-owned firms on a range of issues related to the business environment. Most questions are scored on a 7-point scale.

|**Voice and Accountability**|2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|<br>Firms are usually informed clearly and transparently by the Government on changes in policies|||||||||
|affecting their industry|X|..|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Newspapers can publish stories of their choosing without fear of censorship or retaliation|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|When deciding upon policies and contracts, Government officials favor well-connected firms|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Influence of legal contributions to political parties on specific public policy outcomes<br>|X|..|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Effectiveness of national Parliament/Congress as a law making and oversight institution|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|The threat of terrorism in the country imposes significant costs on business|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|Competence of public sector personnel|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Quality of general infrastructure|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Quality of public schools|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Time spent by senior management dealing with government officials|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Public Service vulnerability to political pressure|..|..|..|..|..|..|X|X|
|Wasteful government expenditure|X|X|X|..|..|X|X|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|Administrative regulations are burdensome|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Tax system is distortionary|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Import barriers / cost of tariffs as obstacle to growth|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Competition in local market is limited|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|It is easy to start company|X|..|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Anti monopoly policy is lax and ineffective|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Environmental regulations hurt competitiveness|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Government subsidies keep uncompetitive industries alive artificially|..|..|..|X|X|X|X|X|
|Complexity of Tax System|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|Common crime imposes costs on business|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Organized crime imposes costs on business|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Money laundering through banks is pervasive|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Money laundering through non-banks is pervasive|..|..|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Quality of Police|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Insider trading is pervasive|..|..|X|X|X|..|X|X|
|The judiciary is independent from political influences of government, citizens, or firms|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Legal framework to challenge the legality of government actions is inefficient|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Intellectual Property protection is weak|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Protection of financial assets is weak|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|Illegal donation to parties are frequent|X|..|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Percentage of firms which are unofficial or unregistered / Tax evasion|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|Public trust in financial honesty of politicians|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Extent to which legal contributions to political parties are misused by politicians|..|..|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Diversion of public funds due to corruption is common|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Frequentforfirmstomakeextrapaymentsconnectedto:publicutilitiestaxpaymentsloan|||||||||
|, , <br>applications, awarding of public contracts, influencing laws, policies regulations, decrees, getting|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|favourable judicial decisions|||||||||
|Extent to which firms' illegal payments to influence government policies impose costs on other|X|X|X|X|X|X|||
|firms|||||||..|..|
|Extent to which influence of powerful firms with political ties impose costs on other firms|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**_Country Coverage:_**|**126**|**117**|**104**|**102**|**88**|**76**|**59**|**58**|
|**_Year of Publication_**|**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**2003**|**2002**|**2000**|**1998**|**1996**|

52
# **Table A15:  Global Integrity Index  (GII)**

**Data Provider Description**

**Website Data Source Type Respondents Frequency Coverage Public Access Description**

Global Integrity Nongovernmental organization located in Washington, United States, advocating integrity and accountability in government. www.globalintegrity.org Global Integrity Index Expert Assessment Local country experts and peer reviewers recruited by Global Integrity Every three years since 2003 Mostly developing country sample Yes The Global Integrity Index uses 290 indicators to assess the existence and effectiveness of anti-corruption mechanisms that promote public integrity. They typically pair an indication of the "in law'" existence of a particular institutions with an "in practice" assessment of its functioning. We use a simple average of the "in practice" components of each of the indicated GII indicators, in keeping with our practice of relying purely on perceptions-based data in the WGI.

|**Voice and Accountability**|2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Civil Society Organizations|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|
|Media|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|
|Public Access to Information|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|
|Voting & Citizen Participation|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|
|Election Integrity|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|
|Political Financing|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|Executive Accountability|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|
|Judicial Accountability|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|
|Rule of Law|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|
|Law Enforcement|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|Anti-Corruption Law|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|
|Anti-Corruption Agency|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|
|**Country coverage**|**41**|**25**|**25**|**25**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|
|**Year of Publication**|**2006**|**2004**|**2004**|**2004**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|

53
# **Table A16:  Gallup World Poll (GWP)**

**Data Provider** The Gallup Organization **Description** Commercial survey firm based in Washington, United States **Website** www.gallupworldpoll.com **Data Source** Gallup World Poll **Type** Survey **Respondents** Households **Frequency** Annual starting in 2006 **Coverage** Global sample of countries **Public Access** Commercially available **Description** The Gallup World Poll is a new survey polling representative samples of households in a large sample of countries.  The core survey instrument asks a wide range of questions, including some related to governance as indicated below.

||2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Voice and Accountability**|||||||||
|Confidence in honesty of elections|X|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|Satisfaction with public transportation system|X|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|Satisfaction with roads and highways|X|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|Satisfaction with education system|X|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|Confidence in the police force|X|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|Confidence in judicial system|X|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|Have you been a victim of crime?|X|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|Is corruption in governmnent widespread?|X|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Country coverage**|**122**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|
|**Year of Publication**|**2006**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|

54
# **Table A17:  Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom (HER)**

|**Data Provider**|Heritage Foundation|
|---|---|
|**Description**|The Heritage Foundation is a nongovernmental research and educational institute<br>headquartered in Washington, United States, advocating conservative public policies.|
|**Website**|www.heritage.org|
|**Data Source**|Index of Economic Freedom|
|**Type**|Expert Assessment|
|**Respondents**|Staff of Heritage Foundation|
|**Frequency**|Annual since 1995|
|**Coverage**|Global sample of countries|
|**Public Access**|Yes|
|**Description**|Heritage constructs an Index of Economic Freedom consisting of 10 components. There<br>were major revisions to the methodology in 2006 and 2007. We use data from the three of<br>these components that are based on subjective assessments of Heritage staff and are<br>comparable over time: Investment Freedom, Financial Freedom, and Property Rights.<br>These indicators are scored on a 100-point scale. Note that the indicators refer to data from<br>the previous year: we therefore lag the data from this source by one year.|

||2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Voice and Accountability**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|Foreign investment|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Banking / Finance|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|Property Rights|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Country coverage**|**157**|**157**|**155**|**155**|**156**|**155**|**161**|**150**|
|**Year of Publication**|**2007**|**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**2003**|**2001**|**1999**|**1997**|

55
# **Table A18:  Cingranelli Richards Human Rights Database & Political Terror Scale (HUM)**

**Data Provider** University of Binghamton Cingranelli-Richards Human rights database (CIRI) and  University of North Carolina Political Terror Scale (PTS) **Description** United States based universities **Website** www.humanrightsdata.com **Data Source** Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Dataset (CIRI) and the Political Terror Scale (PTS) **Type** Expert assessment **Respondents** Coding by Cingranelli-Richards and Gibney teams **Frequency** Annually since 1980 **Coverage** Global sample of countries **Public Access** Yes **Description** The Cingranelli-Richards dataset is a numerical coding on a 2 or 3 point scale of data on 13 human rights, as reported in Amnesty International Human Rights Reports and the U.S. Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.  It is produced by Professor David Cingranelli at the University of Binghamton, U.S.A. and Professor David Richards at the University of Memphis, U.S.A. and is available at www.humanrightsdata.com.  The Political Terror Scale is a numerical coding on a 5-point scale of state-sponsored domestic political terror through imprisonments, torture, disappearances and violations of the rule of law.  It is produced by Prof. Marc Gibney at the University of North Carolina and is available electronically at: http://www.unca.edu/politicalscience/images/Colloquium/faculty-staff/gibney.html.  Note that the two sources are averaged and treated as a single source in Political Stability and Absence of Violence since they are based on the same underlying publications.

|**Voice and Accountability**|2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Restrictions on domestic and foreign travel (CIRI)|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Freedom of political participation (CIRI)|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Imprisonments because of ethnicity, race, or<br>political, religious beliefs? (CIRI)|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|<br>Government censorship (CIRI)|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|Frequency of political killings (CIRI)|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Frequency of disappearances (CIRI)|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Frequency of tortures (CIRI)|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political terror scale (PTS)|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Government Effectiveness**<br>NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|Independence of judiciary (CIRI)|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Control of Corruption**<br>NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Country coverage (CIRI)**|**192**|**192**|**192**|**159**|**159**|**159**|**159**|**159**|
|**Country coverage (PTS)**|**176**|**176**|**178**|**178**|**178**|**178**|**177**|**174**|
|**Year of Publication**|**2006 **|**2006 **|**2005 **|**2004 **|**2003 **|**2001 **|**1999 **|**1997**|

56
|**Table A19: IFAD Rural Sector Perf**<br> <br>|**ormance**<br>|**Ass**|**essmen**|**ts (I**|**FD)**|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Data Provider**<br>International Fund for Agricultural Develo|pment|||||||
|<br>**Description**<br>Multilateral development institution head<br>|<br>quartered|in|Rome,|Italy,|financ|ing agricultu|ral|
|investments in developing countries.<br> <br>||||||||
|**Website**<br>www.ifad.org||||||||
|**Data Source**<br>Rural Sector Performance Assessments||||||||
|**Type**<br>Expert assessment||||||||
|**Respondents**<br>IFAD country economists, subject to centr|alized revi|ew||||||
|**Frequency**<br>Annual since 2004||||||||
|**Coverage**<br>IFAD client countries||||||||
|**Public Access**<br>Yes||||||||
|**Description**<br>This source assesses 12 dimensions of the<br>|rural pol<br>|icy e<br>|nvironm<br>|ent o<br>|n a 6-<br>|point scale. T<br>|he<br>|
|assessments are used in IFAD's perfor<br>resources across countries.|mance-ba|sed|allocati|on sy|stem|for distributi|ng|
||2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000<br>1998|1996|
|**Voice and Accountability**||||||||
|Policy and legal framework for rural organizations|X|X|X|..|..|..<br>..|..|
|Dialogue between government and rural organizations|X|X|X|..|..|..<br>..|..|
|**Political Stability**||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..<br>..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**||||||||
|Allocation & management of publlic resources for rural<br>development|X|X|X|..|..|..<br>..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**||||||||
|Enabling conditions for rural financial services development|X|X|X|..|..|..<br>..|..|
|Investment climate for rural businesses|X|X|X|..|..|..<br>..|..|
|Access to agricultural input and produce markets|X|X|X|..|..|..<br>..|..|
|**Rule of Law**||||||||
|Access to land|X|X|X|..|..|..<br>..|..|
|Access to water for agriculture|X|X|X|..|..|..<br>..|..|
|**Control of Corruption**||||||||
|Accountability, transparency and corruption in rural areas|X|X|X|..|..|..<br>..|..|
|**Country Coverage**|**100**|**121**|**124**|**..**|**..**|**..**<br>**..**|**..**|
|**Year of publication**|**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**..**|**..**|**..**<br>**..**|**..**|

57
<!-- Start of picture text --> Table A20: iJET Country Security Risk Ratings (IJT)<br>Data Provider iJET<br>Description Commercial security risk consulting company based in Annapolis, United States<br>Website www.ijet.com<br>Data Source Country Security Risk Ratings<br>Type Expert assessment<br>Respondents iJET staff<br>Frequency Annual since 2004<br>Coverage Global sample of countries<br>Public Access Commercially available<br>Description iJET provides assessments of security risks faced by travelers, coded on a 5-point scale.<br>2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Voice and Accountability<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Political Stability<br>Security Risk Rating X X X .. .. .. .. ..<br>Government Effectiveness<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Regulatory Quality<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Rule of Law<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Control of Corruption<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Country Coverage 187 182 167 .. .. .. .. ..<br>Year of publication 2006 2005 2004 .. .. .. .. ..<br><!-- End of picture text --> 58
# **Table A21:  Latinobarometro (LBO)**

**Data Provider** Latinobarometro **Description** Nongovernmental organization based in Santiago, Chile **Website** www.latinobarometro.org **Data Source** Latinobarometro surveys **Type** Survey **Respondents** Households **Frequency** Annual since 1995 **Coverage** Sample of Latin American countries **Public Access** Some country-level aggregates are freely available, rest of dataset is commercially available **Description** Latinobarometro administers a common questionnaire to households in Latin America with questions on areas such as Economy and International Trade, Integration and Regional Trading Blocks, Democracy, Politics and Institutions, Social Policies, Civic Culture, Social Capital and Social Fraud, the Environment, and Current Issues.

|**Voice and Accountability**|2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Satisfaction with democracy|X|X|X|X|X|..|X|X|
|Trust in Parliament|X|X|X|X|..|..|X|..|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|Trust in Government|X|X|X|..|X|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|Trust in Judiciary|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Trust in Police|X|X|X|..|..|X|X|X|
|Have you been a victim of crime?|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|Frequency of corruption|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|**Country Coverage**|**18**|**18**|**18**|**17**|**17**|**17**|**17**|**17**|
|**Year of publication**|**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**2003**|**2002**|**2000**|**1998**|**1996**|

59
# **Table A22:  Merchant International Group Gray Area Dynamics (MIG)**

**Data Provider** Merchant International Group **Description** Commercial risk rating agency  headquartered in London, United Kingdom **Website** www.merchantinternational.com **Data Source** Gray Area Dynamics. **Type** Expert assessment **Respondents** Merchant International Group staff **Frequency** Quarterly since 1994 **Coverage** Global sample of countries **Public Access** Commercially-available **Description** Provides assessments of risks to foreign investor posed by 10 risk factors assessed on a 10point scale.

||2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Voice and Accountability**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability and Lack of Violence**|||||||||
|Extremism|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|Bureaucracy|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|Unfair Trade|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Unfair Competition|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|Legal Safeguards|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Organized Crime|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|Corruption|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|_Country coverage_|**156**|**155**|**155**|**155**|**118**|**..**|**..**|**..**|
|_Year of Publication_|**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**2003**|**2002**|**..**|**..**|**..**|

60
|**Table A23: International Research and Exch**<br> <br>|**anges B**<br>|**oard** **M**<br>|**edia S**|**ustain**|**ability**|**Inde**|**x (M**|**SI)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Data Provider**<br>International Research and Exc<br>**Description**<br>International nonprofit organ<br>specializing in education, ind<br>|anges Boa<br>ization h<br>ependent|rd<br>eadqua<br>media,|rtered<br>Interne|in W<br>t deve|ashingto<br>lopment|n, U<br>, and|nited<br>civil|States,<br>society|
|programs.<br> <br>|||||||||
|**Website**<br>www.irex.org<br>**Data Source**<br>Media Sustainability Index|||||||||
|<br>**Type**<br>Expert assessment|||||||||
|<br> <br>**Respondents**<br>Panel of local respondents in ea<br>**Frequency**<br>Annual since 2002<br>**Coverage**<br>Developing country sample<br>**Public Access**<br>Yes|ch country|, subjec|t to cen|tralized|review||||
|**Description**<br>Index rates countries on a varie<br>of media available to citizens,<br>media, and the efficacy of instit|ty of subc<br>profession<br>utions that|ompone<br>al journ<br>support|nts rela<br>alism s<br>indepe|ting to<br>tandard<br>ndent m|freedom<br>s, busin<br>edia.|of sp<br>ess su|eech,<br>staina|plurality<br>bility of|
||2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|199|8<br>1996|
|**Voice and Accountability**<br>Media Sustainability Index|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability and Lack of Violence**<br>NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**<br>NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**<br>NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**<br>NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Control of Corruption**<br>NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Country Coverage**<br>**Year of publication**|**38**<br>**2007**|**37**<br>**2005**|**18**<br>**2005**|**18**<br>**2004**|**18**<br>**2002**|**..**<br>**..**|**..**<br>**..**|**..**<br>**..**|

61
# **Table A24:  International Budget Project Open Budget Index (OBI)**

**Data Provider** International Budget Project **Description** Nongovernmental organization based in Washington, United States, devoted to developing civil society capacity to influence government budget processes. **Website** www.internationalbudget.org **Data Source** Open Budget Index **Type** Expert assessment **Respondents** Local experts recruited by the International Budget Project subject to anonymous peer review **Frequency** First release in 2006, intended annual frequency **Coverage** Global country sample **Public Access** Yes **Description** The Open Budget Index is based on a questionnaire with 122 multiple choice questions on various dimensions of the availability, timeliness and quality of central government budget documents.  Note that the 2006 index refers to data reflecting conditions in 2005.

||2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Voice and Accountability**|||||||||
|Open Budget Initiative|X|X|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Control of Corruption**<br>NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Country Coverage**|**59**|**59**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|
|**Year of publication**|**2006**|**2006**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|**..**|

62
# **Table A25:  World Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (PIA)**

|**Data Provider**<br>The World Bank.<br>**Description**<br>Multilateral development bank headquartere|d in Wa|shingto|n, Unit|ed Sta|tes||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Website**<br>www.worldbank.org|||||||||
|**Data Source**<br>Country Policy and Institutional Assessment|s||||||||
|**Type**<br>Expert Assessment|||||||||
|**Respondents**<br>World Bank country economists subject to c<br> <br>|entralize|d revie|w for|compar|ability||||
|**Frequency**<br>Annually since 1978|||||||||
|**Coverage**<br>World Bank client countries|||||||||
|**Public Access**<br>Since 2005, only for countries eligible f<br>Development Association.|or conce|ssional|lendi|ng fro|m the|Intern|ational||
|<br>**Description**<br>Indicators on 16 dimensions of policy and|institutio|nal pe|rforma|nce.|Respon|ses are|coded||
|on a 6-point scale. CPIA indicators are<br>countries.|used t|o alloc|ate co|ncessi|onal le|nding|across||
||2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|**Voice and Accountability**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability and Lack of Violence**|||||||||
|NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|Management of external debt|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Management of development programs|..|..|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Quality public administration|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|Budget management|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Efficiency of revenue mobilization / public expenditures|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|Business regulatory environment|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Factor and products markets|..|..|..|X|X|X|X|X|
|Trade policy|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|Property rights|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|Transparency, accountability and corruption in public sector|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|**Country coverage**|**136**|**134**|**135**|**136**|**136**|**136**|**136**|**131**|
|**Year of Publication**|**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**2003**|**2002 **|**2000**|**1998**|**1996**|

63
# **Table A26:  Political and Economic Risk Consultancy Corruption in Asia Survey (PRC)**

**Data Provider** Political and Economic Risk Consultancy **Description** Commercial business information firm headquartered in Hong Kong, China **Website** www.asiarisk.com **Data Source** Corruption in Asia **Type** Survey **Respondents** Expatriate business people **Frequency** Annual since 1998 **Coverage** Asian countries **Public Access** Commercially available **Description** This survey asks respondents to rate severity of corruption, attitudes towards corruption, and effectiveness of efforts to reduce corruption, on a 10-point scale.

<!-- Start of picture text --> 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Voice and Accountability<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Political Stability<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Government Effectiveness<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Regulatory Quality<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Rule of Law<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Control of Corruption<br>To what extent does corruption exist in a<br>way that detracts from the business X X X X X X X ..<br>environment for foreign companies?<br>Country Coverage 13 13 14 14 14 12 12 ..<br>Year of publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 ..<br><!-- End of picture text --> 64
# **Table A27:  Political Risk Services International Country Risk Guide (PRS)**

Political Risk Services

**Data Provider** Political Risk Services **Description** Commercial business information provider headquartered in Syracuse, United States **Website** www.prsgroup.com **Data Source** International Country Risk Guide **Type** Expert assessments subject to peer review at the topic and regional levels **Respondents** Political Risk Services staff **Frequency** Monthly since 1984 **Coverage** Global sample of countries **Public Access** Commercially available **Description** The International Country Risk Guide includes a Political Risk Index, which in turn consists of

The International Country Risk Guide includes a Political Risk Index, which in turn consists of 12 components measuring various dimensions of the political and business environment facing firms operating in a country. We use data from December reports of each year.

|**Voice and Accountability**|2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|_Military in Politics_The military are not elected by anyone, so their participation in government,<br>either direct or indirect, reduces accountability and therefore represents a risk. The threat of<br>military intervention might lead as well to an anticipated potentially inefficient change in policy or<br>even in government. It also works as an indication that the government is unable to function<br>effectively and that the country has an uneasy environment for foreign business.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|_Democratic Accountability._Quantifies how responsive government is to its people, on the basis<br>that the less response there is the more likely is that the government will fall, peacefully or<br>violently. It includes not only if free and fair elections are in place, but also how likely is the<br>government to remain in power or remain popular.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|_Government Stability._Measures the government’s ability to carry out its declared programs, and<br>its ability to stay in office. This will depend on issues as: the type of governance, the cohesion of<br>the government and governing party or parties, the closeness of the next election, the government<br>command of the legislature, and approval of government policies.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|_Internal Conflict._Assess political violence and its influence on governance. Highest scores go to<br>countries with no armed opposition, and where the government does not indulge in arbitrary<br>violence, direct or indirect. Lowest ratings go to civil war torn countries. Intermediate ratings are<br>awarded on the basis of the threats to the government and busines.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|_External conflict:_The external conflict measure is an assessment both of the risk to the incumbent<br>government and to inward investment. It ranges from trade restrictions and embargoes, whether<br>imposed by a single country, a group of countries, or the international community as a whole,<br>through geopolitical disputes, armed threats, exchanges of fire on borders, border incursions,<br>foreign-supported insurgency, and full-scale warfare.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|_Ethnic tensions_: This component measures the degree of tension within a country attributable to<br>racial, nationality, or language divisions. Lower ratings are given to countries where racial and<br>nationality tensions are high because opposing groups are intolerant and unwilling to compromise.<br>Higher ratings are given to countries where tensions are minimal, even though such differences<br>may still exist.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|_Bureaucratic Quality._Measures institutional strength and quality of the civil service,<br>assess how much strength and expertise bureaucrats have and how able they are to<br>manage political alternations without drastic interruptions in government services, or<br>policy changes. Good performers have somewhat autonomous bureaucracies, free<br>from political pressures, and an established mechanism for recruitment and training.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|_Investment Profile._Includes the risk to operations (scored from 0 to 4, increasing in risk); taxation<br>(scored from 0 to 3), repatriation (scored from 0 to 3); repatriation (scored from 0 to 3) and labor<br>costs (scored from 0 to 2). They all look at the government’s attitude towards investment.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|_Law and Order._The Law sub-component is an assessment of the strength and impartiality of the<br>legal system, while the Order sub-component is an assessment of popular observance of the law.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|_Corruption._Measures corruption within the political system, which distorts the economic and<br>financial environment, reduces the efficiency of government and business by enabling people to<br>assume positions of power through patronage rather than ability, and introduces an inherently<br>instability in the political system.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Country Coverage**|**140**|**140**|**140**|**140**|**140**|**140**|**140**|**130**|
|**Year of publication**|**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**2003**|**2002**|**2000**|**1998**|**1996**|

65
# **Table A28:  Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index (RSF)**

<!-- Start of picture text --> Data Provider Reporters Without Borders<br>Description International nongovernmental organization headquartered in Paris, France, devoted to the<br>protection of reporters and respect of press freedom.<br>Website www.rsf.org<br>Data Source Worldwide Press Freedom Index<br>Type Expert assessment<br>Respondents Reporters, researchers, legal experts and press freedom advocates in assessed countries<br>Frequency Annual since 2002<br>Coverage Global sample of countries<br>Public Access Yes<br>Description The press freedom index is based on a 50-question checklist on the incidence and severity of<br>restrictions on reporters and the media<br>2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Voice and Accountability<br>Press Freedom Index X X X X X .. .. ..<br>Political Stability and Lack of Violence<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Government Effectiveness<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Regulatory Quality<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Rule of Law<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Control of Corruption<br>NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>Country Coverage 166 165 165 164 138 .. .. ..<br>Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 .. .. ..<br><!-- End of picture text --> 66
# **Table A29:  U.S. Department of State Trafficking in People Report (TPR)**

|**Data Provider**<br>United States Department of State||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Description**<br>Foreign affairs department of the Unit|ed Stat|es Gov|ernmen|t.||||
|**Website**<br>www.state.gov||||||||
|**Data Source**<br>Trafficking in People Report||||||||
|**Type**<br>Expert assessments<br> <br>||||||||
|**Respondents**<br>United States embassy staff worldwid<br> <br>|e subje|ct to ce|ntraliz|ed revie|w|||
|**Frequency**<br>Annual since 2001||||||||
|**Coverage**<br>Global country sample||||||||
|**Public Access**<br>Yes||||||||
|**Description**<br>This report scores countries on a fou<br>to combat "severe trafficking in p<br>commercial sex act is induced by forc<br>perform such act has not attained<br>transportation, provision, or obtainin<br>force, fraud or coercion for the purpo<br>bondage, or slavery. Note that the re<br>lag the data from this source by one y<br>|r-point<br>ersons"<br>e, frau<br>18 yea<br>g of a<br>se of su<br>ports re<br>ear.<br>|scale b<br>defin<br>d, or co<br>rs of<br>person<br>bjectio<br>fer to d<br>|ased o<br>ed as<br>ercion,<br>age; o<br>for lab<br>n to in<br>ata fro<br>|n the ex<br>(a) sex<br>or in w<br>r (b) th<br>or or se<br>voluntar<br>m the pr<br>|tent of<br>traff<br>hich th<br>e recr<br>rvices,<br>y servi<br>evious<br>|gover<br>icking<br>e perso<br>uitmen<br>throug<br>tude, p<br>year:<br>|nment efforts<br>in which a<br>n induced to<br>t, harboring,<br>h the use of<br>eonage, debt<br>we therefore<br>|
|2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|**Voice and Accountability**<br>NA<br>..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Political Stability**<br>NA<br>..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**<br>NA<br>..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**<br>NA<br>..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**||||||||
|Trafficking in People<br>X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|**Control of Corruption**||||||||
|<br>NA<br>..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Country coverage**<br>**149**|**149**|**142**|**131**|**116**|**82**|**..**|**..**|
|**Year of Publication**<br>**2006 **|**2006 **|**2005 **|**2004 **|**2003 **|**2001**|**..**|**..**|

67
# **Table A30:  Institute for Management Development World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY)**

**Data Provider Description Website Data Source Type Respondents Frequency Coverage Public Access**

**Description**

Institute for Management Development Educational and research organization headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland www.imd.ch World Competitiveness Yearbook Survey Businesspeople working in countries being assessed Annual since 1987 Global sample of countries Country-level averages of responses to survey questions reported in World Competitiveness Yearbook The World Competitiveness Yearbook ranks countries on a large number of factual and subjective indicators relating to the business environment. We use indicators drawn from their Executive Opinion Survey capturing the views of approximately 4000 respondents.

||2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Voice and Accountability**|||||||||
|Transparency of Government policy|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|The risk of political instability is very high|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|Government economic policies do not adapt quickly to changes in the economy|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|X|
|The public service is not independent from political interference|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Government decisions are not effectively implemented|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Bureaucracy hinders business activity|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|The distribution infrastructure of goods and services is generally inefficient|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|X|
|Political System is not adapted to todays' economic challenges|..|..|..|..|..|X|..|X|
|Policy direction is not consistent|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|The exchange rate policy of your country hinders the competitiveness of firms|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Protectionism in the country negatively affects the conduct of business|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Competition legislation in your country does not prevent unfair competition|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Price controls affect pricing of products in most industries|X|X|X<br>|X<br>|X<br>|X<br>|X<br>|X<br>|
|Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability|..|..|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Foreign financial institutions do not have access to the domestic market|..|..|..|X|X|..|..|X|
|Access to capital markets (foreign and domestic) is easily available|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Ease of doing business is not a competitive advantage for your country|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Financial institutions' transparency is not widely developed in your country|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Customs' authorities do not facilitate the efficient transit of goods|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|The legal framework is detrimental to your country's competitiveness|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Foreign investors are free to acquire control in domestic companies|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Public sector contracts are sufficiently open to foreign bidders|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Real personal taxes are non distortionary|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Real corporate taxes are non distortionary|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Banking regulation does not hinder competitiveness|X|X|X|X|X|..|..|..|
|Political system as obstacle to development|..|..|..|..|..|X|X|..|
|<br>Labor regulations hinder business activities|..|..|X|..|..|..|..|..|
|New Legislation restricts competitiveness|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|..|
|Subsidies impair economic development|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|..|
|Ease to start a business|X|X|X|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|Tax evasion is a common practice in your country|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|Justice is not fairly administered in society|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Personal security and private property are not adequately protected|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Parallel economy impairs economic development in your country|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Insider trading is common in the stock market|..|..|X|X|X|..|..|X|
|<br>Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced in your country|X|X|X|X|X|..|X|X|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|Bibi d ti it i th|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|rng an corrupon exs n e economy|||||||||
|**Country coverage**<br>|**53**|**51**|**51**|**51**|**49**|**49**|**46**|**46**|
|**Year of Publication**|**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**2003**|**2002**|**2000**|**1998**|**1996**|

68
# **Table A31:  Global Insight Business Risk and Conditions  (WMO)**

**Data Provider Description Website Data Source Type Respondents Frequency Coverage Public Access Description**

Global Insight Commercial business information provider headquartered in Boston, United States www.globalinsight.com World Markets Online Expert Assessment Staff of World Markets Research Center, subject to regional reviews for comparability Annual assessments with daily online updates Global sample of countries Commercially available WMO produces assessments of the quality and stability of various dimensions of the business environment. It was acquired by Global Insight in 2003, which also owns and produces the DRI Global Risk Service (see Table A8). These two sets of ratings continue to be produced independently and so we continue to treat them as distinct sources as we did prior to 2003.

|**Voice and Accountability**<br>_Institutional permanence_An assessment of how mature and well-established the political<br>system is. It is also an assessment of how far political opposition operates within the system<br>or attempts to undermine it from outside.<br>|2006<br>X|2005<br>X|2004<br>X|2003<br>X|2002<br>X|2000<br>X|1998<br>X|1996<br>..|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|_Representativeness_How well the population and organised interests can make their voices<br>heard in the political system. Provided representation is handled fairly and effectively, it will<br>ensure greater stability and better designed policies.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|**Political Stability**|||||||||
|_Civil unrest_How widespread political unrest is, and how great a threat it poses to investors.|||||||||
|Demonstrations in themselves may not be cause for concern, but they will cause major<br>disruption if they escalate into severe violence. At the extreme, this factor would amount to<br>civil war.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|_Terrorism_Whether the country suffers from a sustained terrorist threat, and from how many<br>sources. The degree of localisation of the threat is assessed, and whether the active groups<br>are likely to target or affect businesses.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|**Government Effectiveness**|||||||||
|_Bureaucracy_**:**An assessment of the quality of the country’s bureaucracy. The better the<br>bureaucracy the quicker decisions are made and the more easily foreign investors can go<br>about their business.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|_Policy consistency and forward planning_How confident businesses can be of the continuity<br>of economic policy stance - whether a change of government will entail major policy<br>disruption, and whether the current government has pursued a coherent strategy. This factor<br>also looks at the extent to which policy-making is far-sighted, or conversely aimed at short-<br>term economic advantage.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|**Regulatory Quality**|||||||||
|_Tax Effectiveness_How efficient the country’s tax collection system is. The rules may be clear<br>and transparent, but whether they are enforced consistently. This factor looks at the relative<br>effectiveness too of corporate and personal, indirect and direct taxation.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|_Legislation_An assessment of whether the necessary business laws are in place, and<br>whether there any outstanding gaps. This includes the extent to which the country's<br>legislation is compatible with, and respected by, other countries' legal systems.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|**Rule of Law**|||||||||
|_Judicial Independence_An assessment of how far the state and other outside actors can<br>influence and distort the legal system. This will determine the level of legal impartiality<br>investors can expect.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|_Crime_How much of a threat businesses face from crime such as kidnapping, extortion, street|||||||||
|<br>violence, burglary and so on. These problems can cause major inconvenience for foreign<br>investors and require them to take expensive security precautions.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|**Control of Corruption**|||||||||
|_Corruption_: An assessment of the intrusiveness of the country’s bureaucracy. The amount of<br>red tape likely to countered is assessed, as is the likelihood of encountering corrupt officials<br>and other groups.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|..|
|**Country Coverage**|**202**|**201**|**202**|**186**|**186**|**181**|**181**|**..**|
|**Year of Publication**|**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**2003**|**2002**|**2000**|**1998**|**..**|

69
# **Appendix B:  Components of Aggregate Governance Indicators in 2006**

# **Table B1:  Voice and Accountability**

|**Code**|**Concept Measured**|
|---|---|
|**Repre**|**sentative Sources**|
|**EIU**|Orderly transfers|
||Vested interests|
||Accountability of Public Officials|
||Human Rights|
||Freedom of association|
|**FRH**|_Civil liberties_: Freedom of speech, of assembly and demonstration, of religion, equal opportunity, of excessive governmental intervention|
||_Political Rights_: free and fair elections, representative legislative, free vote, political parties, no dominant group, respect for minorities|
|**FRP**|Freedom of the Press|
|**GCS**|Newspapers can publish stories of their choosing without fear of censorship or retaliation|
||When deciding upon policies and contracts, Government officials favor well-connected firms|
||Effectiveness of national Parliament/Congress as a law making and oversight institution<br>Link between donations and policy|
||Passive voice|
|**GWP**|Confidence in honesty of elections|
|**HUM**|Travel: domestic and foreign travel restrictions|
||Freedom of political participation|
||_Imprisonments:_Are there any imprisoned people because of their ethnicity, race, or their political, religious beliefs?<br>Government censorship|
|**PRS**|_Military in Politics_ The military are not elected by anyone, so their participation in government, either direct or indirect, reduces accountability<br>and therefore represents a risk. The threat of military intervention might lead as well to an anticipated potentially inefficient change in policy<br>or even in government.|
||_Democratic Accountability._<br>Quantifies how responsive government is to its people, on the basis that the less response there is the more<br>likely is that the government will fall, peacefully or violently. It includes not only if free and fair elections are in place, but also how likely is the|
||government to remain in power.|
|**RSF**|Press Freedom Index|
|**WMO**|_Institutional permanence:_An assessment of how mature and well-established the political system is.|
||_Representativeness_:How well the population and organized interests can make their voices heard in the political system|

# **Non-representative Sources**

**AEO** Hardening of the regime **AFR** Elections are free and fair **BTI** Stateness Political Participation Institutional Stability Political and Social Integration **CCR** Civil Liberties Accountability and public voice **GII** Civil Society Organizations Media Public Access to Information Voting & Citizen Participation Election Integrity Political Financing **IFD** Policy and legal framework for rural organizations Dialogue between government and rural organizations **LBO** Satisfaction with democracy Trust in Parliament **MSI** Media Sustainability Index **OBI** Open Budget Index **WCY** Transparency of Government policy

70
# **Table B2:  Political Stability**

- **Code Concept Measured Representative Sources DRI** _Military Coup Risk_ : A military coup d’etat (or a series of such events) that reduces the GDP growth rate by 2% during any 12-month period. _Major Insurgency/Rebellion_ : An increase in scope or intensity of one or more insurgencies/rebellions that reduces the GDP growth rate by 3% during any 12-month period. _Political Terrorism:_ An increase in scope or intensity of terrorism that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period. _Political Assassination_ : A political assassination (or a series of such events) that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12month period. _Civil War_ **:** An increase in scope or intensity of one or more civil wars that reduces the GDP growth rate by 4% during any 12-month period. _Major Urban Riot:_ An increase in scope, intensity, or frequency of rioting that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period.

- **EIU** Armed conflict Violent demonstrations Social Unrest International tensions

- **GCS** _Country terrorist threat_ : Does the threat of terrorism in the country impose significant costs on firms? **HUM** Frequency of political killings Frequency of disappearances Frequency of torture

- **IJT** Security Risk Rating **MIG** _Extremism._ The term “extremism” covers the threat posed by any individuals or organisations who hold a narrow set of fanatical beliefs. Extremists are likely to believe that any and all means are justified to eradicate the target of hostility, and are not afraid to destroy themselves in the process. This ideological aspect of extremism makes it highly unpredictable, and its close association with violence makes it highly dangerous. The extent to which extremism should be judged a threat to a particular business in a particular market can be assessed along the following lines: integration issues; religious tensions; pressure groups; terrorist activity; xenophobia.

- **PRS** _Internal Conflict_ **:** Assesses political violence and its influence on governance. _External conflict:_ The external conflict measure is an assessment both of the risk to the incumbent government and to inward investment. _Government Stability._ Measures the government’s ability to carry out its declared programs, and its ability to stay in office. _Ethnic tensions_ : This component measures the degree of tension within a country attributable to racial, nationality, or language divisions.

- **PTS** Political Terror Scale

- **WMO** _Civil unrest_ How widespread political unrest is, and how great a threat it poses to investors. Demonstrations in themselves may not be cause for concern, but they will cause major disruption if they escalate into severe violence. At the extreme, this factor would amount to civil war. _Terrorism_ Whether the country suffers from a sustained terrorist threat, and from how many sources. The degree of localization of the threat is assessed, and whether the active groups are likely to target or affect businesses.

- **Non-representative Sources AEO** Political Troubles **BRI** Fractionalization of political spectrum and the power of these factions. Fractionalization by language, ethnic and/or religious groups and the power of these factions. Restrictive (coercive) measures required to retain power. Organization and strength of forces for a radical government.<sup>Societal conflict involving demonstrations, strikes, and street violence.</sup> Instability as perceived by non-constitutional changes, assassinations, and guerrilla wars.

- **WCY** Risk of political instability

71
|**Tabl**<br>**Code**<br>**Repres**|**e B3: Government Effectiveness**<br>**Concept Measured**<br>**entative Sources**|
|---|---|
|**DRI**|_Government Instability_: An increase in government personnel turnover rate at senior levels that reduces the GDP growth rate by 2% during<br>any 12-month period|
||.<br>_Government Ineffectiveness:_A decline in government personnel quality at any level that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-|
||month period.|
||<br>_Institutional Failure:_A deterioration of government capacity to cope with national problems as a result of institutional rigidity that reduces the<br>GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period.|
|**EGV**<br>|Global E-government|
|**EIU**|Quality of bureaucracy<br>Excessive bureaucracy / red tape|
|**GCS**|Public Spending Composition|
||Quality of general infrastructure<br>|
||Quality of public schools|
||Time spent by senior management dealing with government officials|
|**GWP**|Satisfaction with public transportation system<br>Satisfaction with roads and highways|
||Satisfaction with education system|
|**MIG**|Quality of Bureaucracy.|
|**PRS**|_Bureaucratic Quality._Measures institutional strength and quality of the civil service, assess how much strength and expertise bureaucrats<br>have and how able they are to manage political alternations without drastic interruptions in government services, or policy changes.|
|**WMO**|_Policy consistency and forward planning:_ How confident businesses can be of the continuity of economic policy stance - whether a change of<br>government will entail major policy disruption, and whether the current government has pursued a coherent strategy.|
||_Bureaucracy_**:**An assessment of the quality of the country’s bureaucracy. The better the bureaucracy the quicker decisions are made and the<br>more easily foreign investors can go about their business.|
|**Non-re**|**presentative Sources**|
|**ADB**|Management of public debt|
||Policies to improve efficiency of public sector|
||<br>Revenue Mobilization|
||Budget Management|
|**AFR**|Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain household services (like electricity or telephone)?|
||<br>Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain an identity document (like birth certificate, passport)?|
||Government handling of health services|
||Government handling of education|
|**ASD**|<br>Civil service|
||Revenue Mobilization and Budet Manaement|
||g g<br>Management and Efficiency of Public Expenditures|
|**BPS**|How problematic are telecommunications for the growth of your business<br>How problematic is electricity for the growth of your business.<br>How problematic is transportation for the growth of your business.|
|**BRI**|<br>Bureaucratic delays|
|**BTI**|Consensus Building|
||Governance Capability|
||<br>Effective Use of Resources|
|**CPIA**|Management of external debt|
||<br>Quality public Administration|
||<br>Revenue Mobilization|
||Budget Management|
|**IFD**|<br>Allocation & management of publlic resources for rural development|
|**LBO**|<br>Trust in Government|
|**WCY**|Gt i lii d t dt ikl t h i th|
||overnmen economc poces o no aap qucy o canges n e economy<br>The public service is not independent from political interference|
||<br>Government decisions are not effectively implemented|
||Bureaucracy hinders business activity|
||The distribution infrastructure of goods and services is generally inefficient|
||<br>Policy direction is not consistent|

72
# **Table B4:  Regulatory Quality**

**Code**

### **Concept Measured**

## **Representative Sources**

**DRI** _Regulations_ -- _Exports:_ A 2% reduction in export volume as a result of a worsening in export regulations or restrictions (such as export limits) during any 12-month period, with respect to the level at the time of the assessment. _Regulations_ -- _Imports:_ A 2% reduction in import volume as a result of a worsening in import regulations or restrictions (such as import quotas) during any 12-month period, with respect to the level at the time of the assessment. _Regulations_ -- _Other Business_ : An increase in other regulatory burdens, with respect to the level at the time of the assessment, that reduces total aggregate investment in real LCU terms by 10% _Ownership of Business by Non-Residents:_ A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in legal restrictions on ownership of business by non-residents during any 12-month period. _Ownership of Equities by Non-Residents_ : A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in legal restrictions on ownership of equities by non-residents during any 12-month period. **EIU** Unfair competitive practices Price controls Discriminatory tariffs Excessive protections **GCS** Administrative regulations are burdensome Tax system is distortionary Import barriers as obstacle to growth Competition in local market is limited Anti monopoly policy is lax and ineffective Environmental regulations hurt competitiveness Complexity of tax System Easy to start company **HER** Foreign investment Banking / finance Wage/Prices **MIG** _Unfair Competition_ . _Unfair Trade_ . **PRS** _Investment Profile._ **WMO** _Tax Effectiveness:_ How efficient the country’s tax collection system is. _Legislation:_ An assessment of whether the necessary business laws are in place. **Non-representative Sources ADB** Trade policy Competitive environment Labor Market Policies **ASD** Trade Policy and Forex Regime Enabling Environment for Private Sector Development **BPS** Information on the laws and regulations is easy to obtain How problematic are anti competitive practices for the growth of your business. How problematic are unpredictable regulations for the growth of your business. How problematic are labor regulations for the growth of your business. How problematic are tax regulations for the growth of your business. How problematic are custom and trade regulations for the growth of your business. **BTI** Competition Price Stability **CPIA** Competitive environment Trade policy **EBRD** Price liberalization Trade & foreign exchange system Competition policy **IFD** Enabling conditions for rural financial services development Investment climate for rural businesses Access to agricultural input and produce markets **WCY** Access to capital markets (foreign and domestic) is easily available Ease of Doing Business Banking regulation does not hinder competitiveness Competition legislation in your country does not prevent unfair competition Customs' authorities do not facilitate the efficient transit of goods Financial institutions' transparency is not widely developed in your country Easy to start company Foreign investors are free to acquire control in domestic companies Price controls affect pricing of products in most industries Public sector contracts are sufficiently open to foreign bidders Real corporate taxes are non distortionary Real personal taxes are non distortionary The exchange rate policy of your country hinders the competitiveness of enterprises The legal framework is detrimental to your country's competitiveness Protectionism in your country negatively affects the conduct of business in your country Labor regulations hinder business activities Subsidies impair economic development

_Regulations_ -- _Imports:_ A 2% reduction in import volume as a result of a worsening in import regulations or restrictions (such as import quotas) during any 12-month period, with respect to the level at the time of the assessment.

_Ownership of Business by Non-Residents:_ A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in legal restrictions on ownership of business by non-residents during any 12-month period.

_Ownership of Equities by Non-Residents_ : A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in legal restrictions on ownership of equities by non-residents during any 12-month period.

## **Non-representative Sources**

73
|**Tabl**|**e B5: Rule of Law**|
|---|---|
|**Code**|**Concept Measured**|
|**Repr**|**esentative Sources**|
|<br>**DRI**|<br>_Losses and Costs of Crime_: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in crime during any 12-month period.<br>|
||_Kidnapping of Foreigners_: An increase in scope, intensity, or frequency of kidnapping of foreigners that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1%<br>during any 12-month period.|
||<br>_Enforceability of Government Contracts_: A 1 point decline on a scale from "0" to "10" in the enforceability of contracts during any 12-month<br>rid|
||peo.<br>_Enforceability of Private Contracts:_A 1-point decline on a scale from "0" to "10" in the legal enforceability of contracts during any 12-month<br>period.|
|**EIU**|Violent crime|
||Organized crime|
||Fairness of judicial process<br>|
||Enforceability of contracts<br>Speediness of judicial process|
||<br>Confiscation/expropriation|
|**GCS**|Common crime imposes costs on business|
||<br>Organized crime imposes costs on business|
||Money laundering through banks is pervasive<br>Quality of Police|
||The judiciary is independent from political influences of members of government, citizens or firms|
||<br>Legal framework to challenge the legality of government actions is inefficient<br>Intellectual Property protection is weak|
||<br>Protection of financial assets is weak|
||Tax evasion|
||Illegal donation to parties|
|**GWP**|<br>Confidence in the police force|
||Confidence in judicial system|
||<br>Have you been a victim of crime?|
|**HER**|Property Rights|
|**HUM**|<br>Independence of Judiciary|
|**MIG**|Organised Crime.<br>Legal Safeguards.|
|**PRS**|_Law and Order._The Law sub-component is an assessment of the strength and impartiality of the legal system, while the Order sub-<br>component is an assessment of popular observance of the law (assessed separately).|
|**QLM**|<br>|
|**TPR**|Direct Financial Fraud, Money Laundering and Organized Crime<br>Trafficking in People Report|
|**WMO**|_Judicial Independence_An assessment of how far the state and other outside actors can influence and distort the leal sstem This will|
||g y.<br>determine the level of legal impartiality investors can expect.|
||_Crime_- How much of a threat businesses face from crime such as kidnapping, extortion, street violence, burglary...<br>|
|**Non-**|**representative Sources**|
|**ADB**|Property Rights|
|**AFR**|<br>Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain help from the police when you need it?|
|**ASD**<br>|Rule of Law<br>|
|**BPS**|Fairness, honesty, enforceability, quickness and affordability of the court system|
||Property right protection<br>How problematic is organized crime for the growth of your business.|
||How problematic is judiciary for the growth of your business.<br>f f|
||How problematic is street crime or the growth o your business.|
|**BRI**<br>**BTI**|Enforceability of contracts<br>Rule of Law<br>|
||Private Property|
|**CCR**<br>|Rule of Law<br>|
|**CPIA**<br>**FRH**|Property rights<br>_Rule of Law_: Considers judicial/constitutional matters as well as the legal and de facto status of ethnic minorities.|
|**GII**|<br>Executive Accountability<br>Jdiil Abili|
||uca ccountaty<br>|
||Rule of Law<br>Law Enforcement|
|**IFD**|Access to land<br>|
|**LBO**|Access to water for agriculture<br>Trust in Judiciary<br>|
||Trust in Police<br>Have you been a victim of crime?|
|**WCY**|<br>T in i mmn rti in r ntr|
||ax evaso s a coo pacce you couy<br>|
||Justice is not fairly administered in society<br>Personal security and private property are not adequately protected<br>Plll ii i dlt i t|
||arae economy mpars economc eveopmen n your counry<br>Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced in your country|

74
|**Tabl**<br>**Code**<br>**Repre**<br>**DRI**|**e B6: Control of Corruption**<br>**Concept Measured**<br>**sentative Sources**<br>Risk Event Outcome non-price: Losses and Costs of Corruption: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in corruption during any 12-<br>month period.|
|---|---|
|**EIU**|Corruption|
|**GCS**|Public trust in financial honesty of politicians|
||Diversion of public funds due to corruption is common|
||Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to: import/export permits|
||Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to: public utilities|
||Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to tax payments|
||Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to: awarding of public contracts|
||Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to: getting favorable judicial decisions|
||Extent to which firms' illegal payments to influence government policies impose costs on other firms<br>Bribery influencing laws<br>Undue political influence|
|**GWP**|Is corruption in government widespread?|
|**MIG**|_Corruption._There is an immense variety of activities that may be construed as corrupt. Bribery is the most obvious. However, what is and<br>is not a bribe is a matter of presentation and perception in much the same way as “corruption” itself. Some of the issues that executives<br>should consider include: accounting standards; anti-corruption policy credibility and enforceability; cronyism, nepotism and vested<br>interests; cultural differences; judicial independence; transparency of decision-making.|
|**PRS**|_Corruption._Measures corruption within the political system, which distorts the economic and financial environment, reduces the efficiency<br>of government and business by enabling people to assume positions of power through patronage rather than ability, and introduces an<br>inherently instability in the political system.|
|**QLM**|Indirect Diversion of Funds|
|**WMO**|_Corruption_: This index assesses the intrusiveness of the country’s bureaucracy. The amount of red tape likely to countered is assessed, as<br>is the likelihood of encountering corrupt officials and other groups.|

|**PRS**<br>**QLM**<br>**WMO**<br>**Non-r**<br>**ADB**|_Corruption._Measures corruption within the political system, which distorts the economic and financial environment, reduces the efficiency<br>of government and business by enabling people to assume positions of power through patronage rather than ability, and introduces an<br>inherently instability in the political system.<br>Indirect Diversion of Funds<br>_Corruption_: This index assesses the intrusiveness of the country’s bureaucracy. The amount of red tape likely to countered is assessed, as<br>is the likelihood of encountering corrupt officials and other groups.<br>**epresentative Sources**<br>Transparency / corruption|
|---|---|
|**AFR**|How many elected leaders (parliamentarians or local councilors) do you think are involved in corruption?|
||How many judges and magistrates do you think are involved in corruption?|
||How many government officials do you think are involved in corruption?|
||How many border/tax officials do you think are involved in corruption?|
|**ASD**|Anti-corruption|
|**BPS**|How common is for firms to have to pay irregular additional payments to get things done|
||On average, what percent of total annual sales do firms pay in unofficial payments to public officials|
||How often do firms make extra payments to influence the content of new legislation|
||Extent to which firms' payments to public officials to affect legislation impose costs on other firms|
||How problematic is corruption for the growth of your business.|
||Frequency of bribery in utility, permits, procurement, health, fire inspection, environent, taxes, customs and judiciary|
|**BRI**|I_nternal Causes of Political Risk_: Mentality, including xenophobia, nationalism, corruption, nepotism, willingness to compromise, etc.|
|**CCR**|Transparency / corruption|
|**CPIA**|Transparency / corruption|
|**FRH**|Corruption|
|**GCB**|Frequency of corruption|
||Frequency of household bribery|
|**GII**|Anti-Corruption Law<br>Anti-Corruption Agency|
|**IFD**|Accountability, transparency and corruption in rural areas|
|**LBO**|Have you heard of acts of corruption?|
|**PRC**|Corruption Index|
|**WCY**|Bribing and corruption exist in the economy|

75
# **APPENDIX C: Governance Indicators over Time**

## **TABLE C1: Voice and Accountability**

<!-- Start of picture text --> 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>AFGHANISTAN AFG -1.31 0.16 9 -1.27 0.17 8 -1.41 0.17 8 -1.54 0.17 6 -1.57 0.21 5 -1.98 0.29 3 -2.02 0.30 3 -1.73 0.29 2<br>ALBANIA ALB -0.01 0.15 12 -0.04 0.17 10 -0.04 0.18 8 0.02 0.17 7 -0.09 0.17 6 -0.30 0.25 4 -0.42 0.26 4 -0.49 0.27 3<br>ALGERIA DZA -0.83 0.14 12 -0.73 0.14 13 -0.80 0.16 11 -1.09 0.17 9 -1.08 0.17 8 -1.24 0.22 6 -1.39 0.23 6 -1.23 0.24 5<br>AMERICAN SAMOA ASM 0.61 0.49 1 0.65 0.41 1 0.48 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ANDORRA ADO 1.39 0.28 3 1.47 0.28 3 1.48 0.28 3 1.32 0.27 3 1.43 0.29 2 1.55 0.32 2 1.59 0.34 2 1.41 0.33 1<br>ANGOLA AGO -1.25 0.15 13 -1.22 0.16 11 -1.17 0.16 11 -1.09 0.18 8 -1.23 0.18 7 -1.50 0.22 5 -1.41 0.23 5 -1.54 0.24 4<br>ANGUILLA AIA 1.08 0.49 1 0.89 0.41 1 0.82 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ATG 0.57 0.28 3 0.53 0.28 4 0.56 0.27 4 0.20 0.27 3 0.14 0.29 2 0.18 0.32 2 0.10 0.34 2 -0.02 0.33 1<br>ARGENTINA ARG 0.27 0.15 13 0.24 0.16 13 0.33 0.17 12 0.32 0.17 11 0.16 0.17 10 0.30 0.22 6 0.14 0.23 7 0.39 0.19 6<br>ARMENIA ARM -0.72 0.13 13 -0.56 0.16 10 -0.59 0.16 9 -0.63 0.15 8 -0.52 0.17 6 -0.43 0.25 4 -0.54 0.26 4 -0.74 0.29 2<br>ARUBA ABW 1.08 0.49 1 1.13 0.41 1 0.70 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>AUSTRALIA AUS 1.45 0.20 9 1.54 0.19 9 1.52 0.19 9 1.43 0.19 9 1.41 0.20 8 1.47 0.22 6 1.43 0.23 6 1.34 0.24 5<br>AUSTRIA AUT 1.55 0.20 9 1.41 0.19 8 1.51 0.19 8 1.35 0.20 8 1.33 0.20 8 1.38 0.22 6 1.42 0.23 6 1.34 0.24 5<br>AZERBAIJAN AZE -1.14 0.13 14 -1.03 0.14 12 -0.85 0.15 10 -0.87 0.14 9 -0.82 0.16 8 -0.96 0.22 5 -0.93 0.23 5 -1.11 0.26 3<br>BAHAMAS BHS 1.02 0.25 4 0.97 0.25 4 1.01 0.25 4 1.06 0.24 4 1.16 0.25 3 1.15 0.27 3 1.10 0.28 3 1.12 0.30 2<br>BAHRAIN BHR -0.71 0.14 10 -0.70 0.15 10 -0.53 0.16 9 -0.61 0.15 8 -0.59 0.18 8 -0.93 0.22 5 -1.07 0.23 5 -1.24 0.24 4<br>BANGLADESH BGD -0.52 0.15 12 -0.51 0.15 11 -0.66 0.16 10 -0.64 0.18 8 -0.49 0.18 8 -0.36 0.22 5 -0.21 0.23 5 -0.17 0.24 4<br>BARBADOS BRB 1.12 0.26 4 1.04 0.28 4 1.15 0.27 4 1.23 0.27 3 1.38 0.29 2 1.44 0.32 2 1.48 0.34 2 1.23 0.33 1<br>BELARUS BLR -1.71 0.16 9 -1.66 0.18 7 -1.30 0.18 7 -1.29 0.17 7 -1.32 0.17 7 -1.35 0.25 4 -0.85 0.26 4 -1.49 0.29 2<br>BELGIUM BEL 1.46 0.20 9 1.42 0.19 8 1.47 0.19 8 1.48 0.20 8 1.38 0.20 8 1.37 0.22 6 1.35 0.23 6 1.23 0.24 5<br>BELIZE BLZ 0.57 0.22 5 0.71 0.28 4 0.75 0.27 4 0.88 0.27 3 0.84 0.27 3 0.95 0.29 3 0.85 0.30 3 1.05 0.29 2<br>BENIN BEN 0.33 0.16 12 0.12 0.20 9 -0.02 0.21 7 0.10 0.21 5 0.10 0.21 5 0.41 0.29 3 0.39 0.30 3 0.71 0.29 2<br>BERMUDA BMU 1.08 0.49 1 1.13 0.41 1 1.09 0.39 1 1.10 0.48 1 1.06 0.51 1 0.88 0.48 1 1.11 0.48 1 .. .. ..<br>BHUTAN BTN -0.95 0.20 6 -1.02 0.22 6 -0.95 0.22 6 -1.22 0.26 4 -1.21 0.25 4 -0.99 0.29 3 -0.98 0.30 3 -1.50 0.29 2<br>BOLIVIA BOL -0.14 0.15 13 -0.23 0.15 12 -0.16 0.16 11 -0.05 0.17 9 0.08 0.17 9 0.25 0.22 5 0.26 0.23 6 0.25 0.19 5<br>BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BIH 0.18 0.16 10 0.06 0.16 9 -0.06 0.16 9 -0.13 0.17 7 -0.25 0.17 7 -0.08 0.27 3 -0.13 0.28 3 -0.38 0.28 2<br>BOTSWANA BWA 0.57 0.16 13 0.68 0.16 12 0.90 0.17 11 0.90 0.17 10 0.75 0.17 9 0.75 0.22 6 0.76 0.23 6 0.86 0.24 5<br>BRAZIL BRA 0.37 0.15 14 0.44 0.16 13 0.31 0.17 12 0.38 0.17 11 0.27 0.17 10 0.29 0.22 6 0.26 0.23 7 0.13 0.19 6<br>BRUNEI BRN -1.08 0.25 4 -0.96 0.25 4 -0.81 0.25 4 -0.99 0.24 4 -0.88 0.23 5 -0.74 0.25 4 -0.75 0.26 4 -1.14 0.27 3<br>BULGARIA BGR 0.56 0.14 13 0.51 0.15 10 0.56 0.16 9 0.52 0.16 9 0.61 0.16 9 0.51 0.22 5 0.38 0.23 5 0.09 0.24 4<br>BURKINA FASO BFA -0.32 0.15 13 -0.47 0.17 10 -0.51 0.18 9 -0.45 0.19 7 -0.40 0.19 7 -0.30 0.25 5 -0.52 0.25 5 -0.31 0.27 4<br>BURUNDI BDI -1.04 0.18 9 -1.00 0.22 6 -1.23 0.22 6 -1.20 0.21 5 -1.31 0.21 5 -1.63 0.29 3 -1.51 0.30 3 -1.52 0.29 2<br>CAMBODIA KHM -0.98 0.16 10 -1.00 0.16 9 -0.80 0.17 8 -0.86 0.16 7 -0.77 0.19 6 -0.82 0.25 4 -0.91 0.26 4 -0.98 0.26 3<br>CAMEROON CMR -1.02 0.16 12 -1.05 0.16 11 -1.04 0.17 9 -1.14 0.17 9 -1.05 0.17 8 -1.12 0.22 6 -1.12 0.23 6 -1.26 0.24 5<br>CANADA CAN 1.46 0.20 9 1.52 0.19 8 1.68 0.19 8 1.54 0.20 8 1.51 0.20 8 1.61 0.22 6 1.61 0.23 6 1.51 0.24 5<br>CAPE VERDE CPV 0.85 0.21 7 0.36 0.24 6 0.58 0.26 6 0.56 0.26 5 0.49 0.28 4 0.81 0.40 1 0.82 0.43 1 0.87 0.33 1<br>CAYMAN ISLANDS CYM 0.84 0.49 1 0.89 0.41 1 0.84 0.39 1 0.87 0.48 1 1.49 0.51 1 1.52 0.48 1 1.55 0.48 1 .. .. ..<br>CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAF -1.06 0.21 5 -1.21 0.22 6 -1.34 0.22 6 -1.40 0.21 5 -1.04 0.21 5 -0.67 0.29 3 -0.62 0.30 3 -0.36 0.29 2<br>CHAD TCD -1.39 0.17 11 -1.44 0.19 9 -1.15 0.21 8 -1.05 0.20 7 -0.91 0.20 6 -0.95 0.29 4 -0.93 0.29 4 -0.86 0.29 3<br>CHILE CHL 1.15 0.17 11 1.24 0.17 11 1.23 0.17 11 1.09 0.17 10 1.08 0.17 10 0.80 0.22 6 0.48 0.23 7 0.53 0.19 6<br>CHINA CHN -1.66 0.15 11 -1.46 0.16 11 -1.33 0.16 11 -1.36 0.17 9 -1.40 0.17 9 -1.38 0.22 6 -1.39 0.23 6 -1.66 0.24 5<br>COLOMBIA COL -0.25 0.14 14 -0.27 0.15 13 -0.34 0.16 12 -0.56 0.17 10 -0.52 0.17 10 -0.60 0.22 6 -0.52 0.23 7 -0.30 0.19 6<br>COMOROS COM -0.25 0.26 5 -0.54 0.26 5 -0.47 0.26 5 -0.41 0.26 4 -0.53 0.28 3 -0.90 0.32 2 -0.71 0.34 2 -0.11 0.33 1<br>CONGO COG -1.10 0.20 8 -1.05 0.20 8 -0.88 0.23 7 -0.80 0.23 5 -0.86 0.23 5 -1.62 0.25 4 -1.68 0.26 4 -0.52 0.27 3<br>CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.62 0.16 10 -1.70 0.18 9 -1.80 0.17 9 -1.74 0.20 6 -1.88 0.20 5 -1.89 0.27 3 -1.90 0.28 3 -1.62 0.30 2<br>COSTA RICA CRI 0.84 0.16 12 0.80 0.16 11 1.04 0.17 10 1.06 0.17 9 1.12 0.17 9 1.11 0.22 5 1.14 0.23 6 1.11 0.19 5<br>COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.44 0.17 8 -1.54 0.18 8 -1.34 0.17 9 -1.32 0.18 8 -1.33 0.17 8 -1.32 0.22 6 -0.63 0.23 6 -0.74 0.24 5<br>CROATIA HRV 0.42 0.15 12 0.49 0.15 11 0.67 0.16 10 0.64 0.16 9 0.56 0.16 9 0.44 0.22 5 -0.29 0.23 5 -0.28 0.26 3<br>CUBA CUB -1.55 0.18 8 -1.73 0.18 8 -1.58 0.17 8 -1.62 0.18 7 -1.61 0.18 7 -1.63 0.22 5 -1.61 0.23 5 -1.73 0.24 4<br>CYPRUS CYP 1.14 0.20 8 0.98 0.19 7 1.00 0.20 7 1.06 0.20 6 1.20 0.21 5 1.16 0.22 5 1.01 0.23 5 1.14 0.24 4<br>CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 0.96 0.17 11 0.93 0.16 10 1.03 0.17 9 1.06 0.17 9 1.02 0.17 9 0.82 0.22 6 0.96 0.23 6 0.96 0.24 5<br>DENMARK DNK 1.72 0.20 9 1.79 0.19 8 1.83 0.19 8 1.60 0.20 8 1.54 0.20 8 1.50 0.22 6 1.50 0.23 6 1.46 0.24 5<br>DJIBOUTI DJI -0.99 0.26 5 -1.03 0.26 5 -0.83 0.26 5 -0.73 0.26 4 -0.70 0.28 3 -0.77 0.32 2 -1.09 0.34 2 -0.82 0.33 1<br>DOMINICA DMA 0.97 0.28 3 0.95 0.28 4 0.99 0.27 4 1.09 0.27 3 1.10 0.29 2 1.05 0.32 2 1.05 0.34 2 1.23 0.33 1<br>DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM 0.11 0.17 11 0.01 0.17 10 0.13 0.17 10 0.03 0.18 8 0.28 0.18 7 0.19 0.22 5 -0.05 0.23 5 0.20 0.24 4<br>ECUADOR ECU -0.35 0.15 13 -0.35 0.15 12 -0.22 0.16 11 -0.10 0.17 9 -0.07 0.17 9 -0.25 0.22 5 0.06 0.23 6 0.22 0.19 5<br>EGYPT EGY -1.08 0.13 14 -0.93 0.14 13 -0.96 0.16 11 -1.02 0.17 9 -1.05 0.17 9 -0.88 0.22 6 -0.91 0.23 6 -1.03 0.24 5<br>EL SALVADOR SLV -0.05 0.16 12 -0.02 0.16 11 0.08 0.17 10 0.14 0.17 9 0.10 0.17 9 -0.08 0.22 5 -0.05 0.23 6 0.02 0.19 5<br>EQUATORIAL GUINEA GNQ -1.80 0.21 6 -1.63 0.21 6 -1.68 0.21 7 -1.64 0.22 6 -1.62 0.23 5 -1.63 0.27 4 -1.63 0.27 4 -1.61 0.28 3<br>ERITREA ERI -1.81 0.16 8 -1.90 0.19 7 -1.82 0.19 7 -1.92 0.21 5 -1.85 0.21 5 -1.34 0.29 3 -1.17 0.30 3 -1.09 0.29 2<br>ESTONIA EST 1.01 0.17 10 1.00 0.17 9 1.10 0.17 9 1.09 0.17 9 1.02 0.18 8 0.99 0.22 6 0.99 0.23 5 0.90 0.26 3<br>ETHIOPIA ETH -1.08 0.14 13 -1.15 0.16 11 -1.18 0.16 11 -1.15 0.17 9 -1.25 0.17 8 -1.02 0.22 6 -0.80 0.23 6 -0.88 0.24 5<br>FIJI FJI -0.38 0.26 4 0.11 0.27 4 0.01 0.27 4 0.04 0.26 4 0.03 0.27 3 -0.61 0.29 3 0.07 0.30 3 -0.17 0.29 2<br>FINLAND FIN 1.63 0.20 9 1.73 0.19 8 1.81 0.19 8 1.58 0.20 8 1.57 0.20 8 1.58 0.22 6 1.51 0.23 6 1.42 0.24 5<br>FRANCE FRA 1.40 0.19 10 1.49 0.18 9 1.44 0.19 8 1.09 0.20 8 1.12 0.20 8 1.12 0.22 6 1.13 0.23 6 1.05 0.24 5<br>FRENCH GUIANA GUF 0.37 0.49 1 0.40 0.41 1 0.48 0.39 1 0.41 0.48 1 0.40 0.51 1 0.44 0.48 1 0.45 0.48 1 .. .. ..<br>GABON GAB -0.96 0.20 8 -0.86 0.20 8 -0.78 0.19 8 -0.69 0.20 7 -0.38 0.20 7 -0.41 0.22 6 -0.37 0.23 6 -0.38 0.24 5<br>GAMBIA GMB -0.90 0.20 8 -1.02 0.23 7 -0.57 0.23 7 -0.41 0.23 6 -0.56 0.23 5 -1.07 0.25 4 -1.00 0.26 4 -1.37 0.27 3<br>GEORGIA GEO -0.16 0.13 13 -0.20 0.16 10 -0.37 0.17 9 -0.50 0.15 7 -0.58 0.18 5 -0.24 0.29 3 -0.41 0.30 3 -0.40 0.29 2<br>GERMANY DEU 1.48 0.20 9 1.56 0.19 9 1.56 0.19 9 1.46 0.19 9 1.44 0.20 8 1.36 0.22 6 1.33 0.23 6 1.27 0.24 5<br>Note: “Est.” refers to estimate, “S.E.” refers to standard errors, and “N.” refers to number of sources. The standard<br>errors have the following interpretation: there is roughly a 70% chance that the level of governance lies within plus or<br>minus one standard error of the point estimate of governance.<br><!-- End of picture text --> 76
<!-- Start of picture text --> TABLE C1: Voice and Accountability (cont.)<br>2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>GHANA GHA 0.37 0.15 13 0.26 0.16 13 0.00 0.17 12 0.18 0.17 11 -0.07 0.17 9 -0.01 0.22 6 -0.40 0.23 6 -0.24 0.24 5<br>GREECE GRC 1.05 0.20 9 1.11 0.19 8 1.14 0.19 8 1.02 0.20 8 1.05 0.20 8 1.04 0.22 6 1.13 0.23 6 0.73 0.24 5<br>GRENADA GRD 0.67 0.27 4 0.57 0.28 4 0.60 0.26 5 0.77 0.27 3 0.75 0.29 2 0.61 0.32 2 0.59 0.34 2 1.01 0.33 1<br>GUAM GUM 0.61 0.49 1 0.65 0.41 1 0.57 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>GUATEMALA GTM -0.29 0.14 14 -0.40 0.15 13 -0.34 0.15 12 -0.52 0.15 11 -0.44 0.17 9 -0.34 0.22 5 -0.35 0.23 6 -0.23 0.19 5<br>GUINEA GIN -1.15 0.18 8 -1.15 0.20 7 -1.19 0.20 7 -1.19 0.20 6 -1.16 0.19 6 -1.21 0.25 4 -1.21 0.26 4 -1.11 0.27 3<br>GUINEA-BISSAU GNB -0.41 0.23 6 -0.53 0.24 6 -0.68 0.23 6 -1.17 0.23 5 -1.02 0.23 5 -0.85 0.25 4 -1.15 0.28 3 -0.27 0.27 3<br>GUYANA GUY 0.01 0.17 8 -0.19 0.20 7 0.17 0.24 5 0.64 0.24 4 0.67 0.24 4 0.55 0.25 4 0.49 0.26 4 0.84 0.27 3<br>HAITI HTI -1.11 0.18 8 -1.38 0.18 8 -1.47 0.18 8 -1.25 0.16 8 -1.37 0.19 7 -0.85 0.25 4 -0.91 0.26 4 -0.49 0.27 3<br>HONDURAS HND -0.34 0.15 13 -0.33 0.15 12 -0.33 0.16 11 -0.18 0.17 9 -0.22 0.18 8 -0.16 0.22 5 -0.18 0.23 6 -0.11 0.19 5<br>HONG KONG HKG 0.55 0.20 8 0.59 0.20 7 0.52 0.20 7 0.33 0.21 7 0.12 0.21 7 -0.15 0.28 4 -0.13 0.29 4 0.22 0.26 4<br>HUNGARY HUN 1.14 0.17 10 1.18 0.17 9 1.25 0.17 9 1.25 0.17 9 1.21 0.17 9 1.25 0.22 6 1.11 0.23 6 1.11 0.24 5<br>ICELAND ISL 1.47 0.20 8 1.61 0.23 7 1.64 0.23 7 1.55 0.22 7 1.48 0.22 7 1.48 0.25 5 1.47 0.26 5 1.34 0.27 4<br>INDIA IND 0.35 0.15 13 0.40 0.16 12 0.39 0.17 11 0.32 0.17 10 0.40 0.17 9 0.28 0.22 6 0.34 0.23 6 0.12 0.24 5<br>INDONESIA IDN -0.25 0.14 14 -0.16 0.15 13 -0.40 0.16 12 -0.45 0.15 11 -0.48 0.17 9 -0.41 0.22 6 -1.08 0.23 6 -1.13 0.24 5<br>IRAN IRN -1.33 0.14 11 -1.24 0.15 10 -1.23 0.16 9 -1.28 0.18 7 -1.11 0.18 7 -0.94 0.22 5 -0.87 0.23 5 -1.34 0.24 4<br>IRAQ IRQ -1.54 0.16 8 -1.45 0.16 8 -1.76 0.18 7 -1.66 0.18 7 -2.08 0.18 7 -1.98 0.22 5 -1.93 0.23 5 -1.90 0.24 4<br>IRELAND IRL 1.42 0.20 9 1.64 0.19 8 1.48 0.19 8 1.28 0.20 8 1.25 0.20 8 1.39 0.22 6 1.37 0.23 6 1.22 0.24 5<br>ISRAEL ISR 0.68 0.18 10 0.60 0.19 8 0.65 0.19 8 0.55 0.20 8 0.59 0.20 8 0.66 0.22 6 0.65 0.23 6 0.82 0.24 5<br>ITALY ITA 1.14 0.20 9 1.06 0.19 9 1.20 0.19 9 0.99 0.19 9 1.02 0.20 8 1.05 0.22 6 1.09 0.23 6 0.93 0.24 5<br>JAMAICA JAM 0.51 0.17 10 0.44 0.17 9 0.39 0.17 9 0.47 0.18 8 0.52 0.18 7 0.75 0.22 5 0.72 0.23 5 0.69 0.24 4<br>JAPAN JPN 0.91 0.20 9 0.98 0.19 9 1.00 0.19 9 1.02 0.19 9 0.99 0.20 8 0.89 0.22 6 0.90 0.23 6 0.85 0.24 5<br>JORDAN JOR -0.62 0.13 14 -0.49 0.14 13 -0.54 0.16 11 -0.67 0.15 10 -0.76 0.18 8 -0.30 0.22 5 -0.35 0.23 5 -0.39 0.24 4<br>KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -1.03 0.14 13 -0.92 0.14 12 -1.03 0.15 10 -1.01 0.14 9 -1.08 0.16 8 -0.90 0.22 5 -0.74 0.23 5 -0.93 0.26 3<br>KENYA KEN -0.18 0.13 15 -0.19 0.15 14 -0.31 0.15 13 -0.36 0.15 12 -0.68 0.17 9 -0.81 0.22 6 -0.91 0.23 6 -0.87 0.24 5<br>KIRIBATI KIR 0.49 0.28 3 0.17 0.28 3 0.50 0.28 3 0.99 0.31 2 1.06 0.34 1 1.09 0.40 1 1.17 0.43 1 1.21 0.33 1<br>KOREA, NORTH PRK -2.19 0.18 8 -2.07 0.18 8 -1.87 0.17 8 -1.96 0.20 6 -1.93 0.19 6 -2.06 0.25 4 -2.10 0.26 4 -1.98 0.27 3<br>KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.71 0.17 11 0.78 0.16 10 0.79 0.17 9 0.79 0.17 9 0.77 0.17 9 0.63 0.22 6 0.63 0.23 6 0.47 0.24 5<br>KOSOVO LWI -0.40 0.24 4 -0.42 0.27 3 -0.92 0.43 1 -0.88 0.35 1 -0.87 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>KUWAIT KWT -0.36 0.17 9 -0.31 0.17 8 -0.36 0.20 6 -0.43 0.20 6 -0.38 0.20 7 -0.29 0.22 5 -0.31 0.23 5 -0.53 0.24 4<br>KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -0.70 0.13 12 -0.80 0.17 9 -0.96 0.17 8 -1.08 0.15 7 -1.00 0.18 6 -1.18 0.29 3 -0.71 0.30 3 -0.71 0.29 2<br>LAOS LAO -1.58 0.16 9 -1.61 0.19 7 -1.41 0.19 7 -1.59 0.21 5 -1.62 0.21 5 -1.27 0.29 3 -1.08 0.30 3 -1.16 0.29 2<br>LATVIA LVA 0.83 0.17 9 0.76 0.17 8 0.78 0.17 8 0.87 0.18 8 0.81 0.18 7 0.77 0.22 5 0.81 0.23 5 0.72 0.26 3<br>LEBANON LBN -0.51 0.15 11 -0.37 0.16 9 -0.51 0.17 8 -0.69 0.18 7 -0.76 0.18 8 -0.29 0.24 4 -0.35 0.25 4 -0.45 0.26 3<br>LESOTHO LSO 0.25 0.20 8 -0.09 0.24 6 -0.15 0.26 6 0.14 0.26 5 0.06 0.27 4 -0.48 0.29 3 -0.74 0.34 2 -0.14 0.29 2<br>LIBERIA LBR -0.55 0.18 7 -0.79 0.21 6 -1.52 0.20 7 -1.72 0.20 6 -1.70 0.19 6 -1.37 0.25 4 -1.09 0.26 4 -1.41 0.27 3<br>LIBYA LBY -1.90 0.14 9 -1.82 0.15 9 -1.65 0.16 8 -1.66 0.18 7 -1.69 0.18 7 -1.60 0.22 5 -1.60 0.23 5 -1.81 0.24 4<br>LIECHTENSTEIN LIE 1.39 0.28 3 1.47 0.28 3 1.39 0.28 3 1.33 0.27 3 1.34 0.29 2 1.55 0.32 2 1.59 0.34 2 1.41 0.33 1<br>LITHUANIA LTU 0.93 0.17 9 0.92 0.17 8 0.99 0.17 8 1.04 0.18 8 0.93 0.18 7 0.89 0.22 5 0.89 0.23 5 0.91 0.26 3<br>LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.63 0.20 7 1.56 0.24 6 1.63 0.24 6 1.46 0.23 6 1.34 0.23 5 1.40 0.25 5 1.49 0.26 5 1.38 0.27 4<br>MACAO MAC 0.37 0.49 1 0.40 0.41 1 0.12 0.39 1 0.64 0.48 1 0.40 0.51 1 0.23 0.48 1 0.24 0.48 1 .. .. ..<br>MACEDONIA MKD 0.07 0.16 10 -0.09 0.16 9 -0.17 0.16 9 -0.09 0.16 8 -0.30 0.17 6 -0.35 0.25 4 -0.30 0.26 4 -0.12 0.26 3<br>MADAGASCAR MDG -0.05 0.17 12 -0.07 0.19 10 -0.10 0.19 9 -0.04 0.19 7 -0.26 0.19 6 0.07 0.25 4 0.12 0.26 4 0.36 0.27 3<br>MALAWI MWI -0.31 0.14 14 -0.53 0.15 13 -0.62 0.17 10 -0.54 0.18 9 -0.58 0.18 8 -0.14 0.22 5 -0.07 0.23 5 -0.01 0.24 4<br>MALAYSIA MYS -0.34 0.15 12 -0.12 0.16 11 -0.10 0.16 11 -0.37 0.15 10 -0.40 0.17 9 -0.32 0.22 6 -0.20 0.23 6 -0.27 0.24 5<br>MALDIVES MDV -1.02 0.26 5 -0.96 0.26 5 -1.09 0.26 5 -0.82 0.26 4 -0.85 0.29 2 -0.72 0.32 2 -0.69 0.34 2 -1.15 0.33 1<br>MALI MLI 0.34 0.18 11 0.33 0.19 10 0.23 0.19 10 0.27 0.19 9 0.26 0.19 8 0.18 0.25 5 -0.02 0.25 5 0.71 0.27 4<br>MALTA MLT 1.24 0.20 6 1.22 0.24 5 1.35 0.24 5 1.33 0.24 5 1.29 0.25 3 1.29 0.27 3 1.27 0.28 3 1.18 0.30 2<br>MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL 1.16 0.32 2 1.15 0.37 2 1.16 0.37 2 1.12 0.31 2 1.24 0.34 1 1.25 0.40 1 1.26 0.43 1 1.32 0.33 1<br>MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.61 0.49 1 0.65 0.41 1 0.75 0.39 1 0.64 0.48 1 0.62 0.51 1 0.66 0.48 1 0.67 0.48 1 .. .. ..<br>MAURITANIA MRT -0.95 0.19 8 -0.99 0.22 6 -1.23 0.22 6 -0.90 0.26 4 -0.66 0.25 4 -0.76 0.29 3 -0.76 0.30 3 -0.94 0.29 2<br>MAURITIUS MUS 0.86 0.18 9 0.79 0.18 9 0.88 0.20 8 0.88 0.21 7 0.75 0.21 7 1.05 0.29 4 1.03 0.29 4 0.88 0.26 4<br>MEXICO MEX 0.06 0.15 14 0.19 0.16 13 0.27 0.17 12 0.24 0.17 11 0.25 0.17 10 0.21 0.22 6 -0.05 0.23 7 -0.20 0.19 6<br>MICRONESIA FSM 1.05 0.28 3 0.97 0.28 3 0.83 0.28 3 1.06 0.31 2 0.97 0.34 1 0.92 0.40 1 0.89 0.43 1 1.16 0.33 1<br>MOLDOVA MDA -0.48 0.16 11 -0.60 0.16 10 -0.71 0.16 9 -0.62 0.16 8 -0.52 0.16 7 0.05 0.22 5 0.05 0.23 5 -0.06 0.26 3<br>MONACO MCO 0.75 0.32 2 0.69 0.37 2 0.91 0.37 2 0.87 0.31 2 1.06 0.34 1 1.06 0.40 1 1.08 0.43 1 1.13 0.33 1<br>MONGOLIA MNG 0.10 0.18 9 0.04 0.19 9 0.24 0.20 7 0.34 0.20 6 0.36 0.19 6 0.37 0.25 4 0.52 0.26 4 0.47 0.27 3<br>MONTENEGRO MNP -0.07 0.16 9 -0.30 0.61 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>MOROCCO MAR -0.63 0.13 14 -0.64 0.14 13 -0.43 0.16 11 -0.64 0.15 10 -0.35 0.17 9 -0.35 0.22 6 -0.24 0.23 6 -0.65 0.24 5<br>MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.06 0.14 14 0.04 0.15 12 -0.08 0.16 12 -0.07 0.17 10 -0.13 0.17 9 -0.20 0.22 6 -0.12 0.23 6 0.10 0.24 5<br>MYANMAR MMR -2.28 0.18 8 -2.20 0.18 8 -2.11 0.17 8 -2.10 0.18 7 -2.05 0.18 7 -2.05 0.22 5 -1.95 0.23 5 -2.06 0.24 4<br>NAMIBIA NAM 0.39 0.16 11 0.29 0.16 13 0.29 0.17 12 0.32 0.17 11 0.33 0.17 10 0.45 0.22 6 0.40 0.23 6 0.65 0.24 5<br>NAURU NRU 1.07 0.32 2 1.03 0.37 2 1.03 0.37 2 1.11 0.31 2 0.87 0.34 1 0.83 0.40 1 0.93 0.43 1 0.98 0.33 1<br>NEPAL NPL -1.15 0.14 12 -1.18 0.16 9 -1.04 0.17 8 -0.86 0.17 6 -0.87 0.21 5 -0.18 0.29 3 -0.18 0.30 3 0.02 0.29 2<br>NETHERLANDS NLD 1.67 0.20 9 1.70 0.19 8 1.73 0.19 8 1.54 0.20 8 1.50 0.20 8 1.57 0.22 6 1.63 0.23 6 1.48 0.24 5<br>NETHERLANDS ANTILLES ANT 0.61 0.49 1 0.65 0.41 1 0.48 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.62 0.19 10 1.67 0.18 9 1.68 0.19 8 1.61 0.20 8 1.54 0.20 7 1.67 0.22 6 1.61 0.23 6 1.60 0.24 5<br>NICARAGUA NIC -0.22 0.14 14 -0.23 0.15 13 -0.09 0.15 12 -0.02 0.15 11 -0.13 0.18 8 -0.04 0.22 5 0.04 0.23 6 0.07 0.19 5<br>NIGER NER -0.24 0.19 9 -0.28 0.20 8 -0.38 0.20 8 -0.42 0.20 6 -0.36 0.19 6 -0.25 0.25 4 -1.57 0.26 4 -1.04 0.27 3<br>NIGERIA NGA -0.78 0.13 15 -0.79 0.15 14 -0.88 0.15 13 -0.77 0.15 12 -0.85 0.17 10 -0.68 0.22 6 -1.24 0.23 6 -1.78 0.24 5<br><!-- End of picture text --> 77
# **TABLE C1: Voice and Accountability (cont.)**

<!-- Start of picture text --> 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>NORWAY NOR 1.64 0.19 10 1.65 0.18 9 1.73 0.19 8 1.52 0.20 8 1.50 0.20 8 1.55 0.22 6 1.53 0.23 6 1.51 0.24 5<br>OMAN OMN -0.77 0.18 6 -0.72 0.18 6 -0.62 0.20 5 -0.90 0.20 6 -0.72 0.21 6 -0.66 0.22 5 -0.66 0.23 5 -1.03 0.24 4<br>PAKISTAN PAK -1.17 0.14 13 -1.08 0.15 11 -1.17 0.16 10 -1.25 0.15 9 -1.23 0.18 7 -1.39 0.22 5 -0.74 0.23 5 -0.73 0.24 4<br>PALAU PCI 1.19 0.32 2 1.16 0.37 2 1.16 0.37 2 1.23 0.31 2 1.06 0.34 1 1.06 0.40 1 1.08 0.43 1 1.13 0.33 1<br>PANAMA PAN 0.49 0.17 11 0.42 0.17 11 0.54 0.19 10 0.49 0.19 9 0.62 0.20 8 0.70 0.22 5 0.55 0.23 6 0.26 0.19 5<br>PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG -0.05 0.17 7 -0.25 0.17 7 -0.38 0.18 7 -0.14 0.18 6 -0.15 0.18 6 -0.01 0.22 5 0.07 0.23 5 0.42 0.24 4<br>PARAGUAY PRY -0.36 0.15 12 -0.39 0.16 11 -0.52 0.16 11 -0.46 0.17 9 -0.54 0.17 9 -0.56 0.22 5 -0.45 0.23 6 -0.01 0.19 5<br>PERU PER 0.05 0.15 13 0.03 0.15 12 -0.10 0.16 11 0.01 0.17 9 0.17 0.17 9 -0.08 0.22 5 -0.54 0.23 6 -0.13 0.19 5<br>PHILIPPINES PHL -0.18 0.14 14 0.02 0.15 13 -0.06 0.16 12 0.04 0.17 10 0.11 0.17 9 0.22 0.22 6 0.39 0.23 6 0.22 0.24 5<br>POLAND POL 0.95 0.17 11 0.97 0.16 10 1.11 0.17 9 1.11 0.17 9 1.10 0.17 9 1.11 0.22 6 1.07 0.23 6 1.02 0.24 5<br>PORTUGAL PRT 1.27 0.20 9 1.43 0.19 9 1.47 0.19 9 1.38 0.19 9 1.32 0.20 8 1.38 0.22 6 1.48 0.23 6 1.30 0.24 5<br>PUERTO RICO PRI 1.09 0.30 3 1.03 0.30 2 0.88 0.30 2 0.99 0.30 2 1.01 0.29 2 0.88 0.48 1 0.89 0.48 1 .. .. ..<br>QATAR QAT -0.51 0.15 9 -0.40 0.16 9 -0.47 0.18 7 -0.68 0.17 7 -0.65 0.22 5 -0.56 0.24 4 -0.79 0.25 4 -1.05 0.26 3<br>REUNION REU 1.31 0.49 1 1.38 0.41 1 1.15 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ROMANIA ROM 0.43 0.14 13 0.38 0.15 12 0.39 0.16 11 0.38 0.16 10 0.49 0.16 9 0.40 0.22 5 0.37 0.23 5 0.18 0.24 4<br>RUSSIA RUS -0.87 0.13 14 -0.66 0.14 13 -0.57 0.14 12 -0.58 0.15 11 -0.35 0.16 10 -0.52 0.22 6 -0.57 0.23 6 -0.44 0.24 5<br>RWANDA RWA -1.14 0.16 10 -1.20 0.19 8 -1.33 0.19 8 -1.22 0.21 5 -1.47 0.21 5 -1.53 0.29 3 -1.37 0.30 3 -1.35 0.29 2<br>SAMOA SAM 0.54 0.28 3 0.58 0.28 3 0.56 0.28 3 0.68 0.27 3 0.67 0.29 2 0.68 0.32 2 0.52 0.34 2 0.73 0.33 1<br>SAN MARINO SMR 1.16 0.32 2 1.13 0.37 2 1.14 0.37 2 1.20 0.31 2 1.25 0.34 1 1.33 0.40 1 1.35 0.43 1 1.41 0.33 1<br>SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP 0.25 0.22 5 0.04 0.28 4 0.07 0.27 4 0.38 0.27 3 0.57 0.29 2 0.38 0.32 2 0.31 0.34 2 0.70 0.33 1<br>SAUDI ARABIA SAU -1.42 0.16 9 -1.33 0.16 8 -1.38 0.18 7 -1.60 0.18 7 -1.61 0.18 8 -1.48 0.22 5 -1.50 0.23 5 -1.65 0.24 4<br>SENEGAL SEN -0.05 0.16 12 0.08 0.17 10 0.06 0.17 10 0.04 0.17 10 0.17 0.17 9 0.01 0.22 6 -0.12 0.23 6 -0.16 0.24 5<br>SERBIA YUG 0.05 0.15 11 -0.19 0.16 9 -0.10 0.16 9 -0.05 0.16 9 -0.14 0.16 8 -0.72 0.22 5 -1.11 0.23 5 -1.38 0.24 4<br>SEYCHELLES SYC 0.11 0.22 5 0.20 0.21 6 0.41 0.21 6 -0.03 0.26 4 0.17 0.28 3 0.05 0.32 2 0.07 0.34 2 0.12 0.33 1<br>SIERRA LEONE SLE -0.43 0.15 10 -0.62 0.18 8 -0.71 0.18 8 -0.72 0.16 7 -0.85 0.19 6 -1.53 0.27 3 -1.42 0.28 3 -0.86 0.27 3<br>SINGAPORE SGP -0.07 0.17 10 0.13 0.17 9 0.26 0.17 9 0.13 0.17 9 0.22 0.18 8 0.14 0.22 6 0.28 0.23 6 -0.12 0.24 5<br>SLOVAKIA SVK 0.99 0.17 10 0.93 0.17 9 1.05 0.17 9 1.06 0.17 9 1.00 0.18 8 0.83 0.24 5 0.73 0.26 4 0.28 0.24 4<br>SLOVENIA SVN 1.10 0.17 11 1.07 0.16 10 1.16 0.17 9 1.18 0.17 9 1.14 0.17 9 0.99 0.22 6 1.05 0.23 5 1.15 0.26 3<br>SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB 0.06 0.28 3 0.01 0.28 3 -0.25 0.28 3 0.30 0.31 2 0.33 0.34 1 0.02 0.40 1 1.00 0.43 1 1.07 0.33 1<br>SOMALIA SOM -2.07 0.20 6 -2.00 0.20 7 -1.72 0.20 7 -1.77 0.20 6 -1.68 0.20 5 -1.85 0.27 3 -2.04 0.28 3 -1.93 0.30 2<br>SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.60 0.13 15 0.74 0.16 14 0.70 0.17 13 0.77 0.17 12 0.63 0.17 11 0.80 0.22 7 0.76 0.23 7 0.83 0.24 6<br>SPAIN ESP 1.05 0.20 9 1.12 0.19 8 1.32 0.19 8 1.25 0.20 8 1.26 0.20 8 1.25 0.22 6 1.30 0.23 6 1.18 0.24 5<br>SRI LANKA LKA -0.35 0.15 12 -0.24 0.15 11 -0.24 0.16 10 -0.19 0.15 9 -0.21 0.18 8 -0.31 0.22 5 -0.12 0.23 5 -0.22 0.24 4<br>ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 1.13 0.28 3 1.11 0.28 4 0.46 0.27 4 0.80 0.31 2 0.96 0.34 1 0.96 0.40 1 0.98 0.43 1 1.03 0.33 1<br>ST. LUCIA LCA 1.22 0.28 3 1.18 0.28 4 0.66 0.27 4 1.08 0.31 2 1.07 0.34 1 1.01 0.40 1 1.03 0.43 1 1.08 0.33 1<br>ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 1.04 0.28 3 1.05 0.28 4 0.71 0.27 4 1.06 0.31 2 0.97 0.34 1 0.98 0.40 1 1.00 0.43 1 1.05 0.33 1<br>SUDAN SDN -1.76 0.16 9 -1.77 0.18 8 -1.60 0.17 8 -1.65 0.18 7 -1.63 0.18 7 -1.71 0.22 5 -1.77 0.23 5 -1.97 0.24 4<br>SURINAME SUR 0.26 0.24 6 0.05 0.25 5 0.11 0.24 5 0.34 0.24 4 0.36 0.25 3 0.22 0.27 3 -0.23 0.28 3 0.16 0.30 2<br>SWAZILAND SWZ -1.10 0.18 7 -1.36 0.22 6 -1.32 0.22 6 -1.39 0.26 4 -1.24 0.25 4 -1.36 0.29 3 -1.20 0.30 3 -1.09 0.29 2<br>SWEDEN SWE 1.55 0.19 10 1.59 0.18 9 1.76 0.19 8 1.54 0.20 8 1.52 0.20 8 1.58 0.22 6 1.58 0.23 6 1.43 0.24 5<br>SWITZERLAND CHE 1.72 0.20 9 1.61 0.19 8 1.71 0.19 8 1.46 0.20 8 1.43 0.20 8 1.44 0.22 6 1.44 0.23 6 1.39 0.24 5<br>SYRIA SYR -1.64 0.14 10 -1.49 0.15 10 -1.51 0.16 9 -1.64 0.18 7 -1.65 0.18 7 -1.56 0.22 5 -1.50 0.23 5 -1.66 0.24 4<br>TAIWAN TWN 0.79 0.17 10 0.95 0.17 9 0.91 0.17 9 0.94 0.17 9 0.90 0.17 9 0.73 0.22 6 0.82 0.23 6 0.60 0.24 5<br>TAJIKISTAN TJK -1.27 0.13 12 -1.17 0.17 9 -1.30 0.17 8 -1.28 0.18 6 -1.32 0.18 6 -1.38 0.29 3 -1.66 0.30 3 -1.63 0.29 2<br>TANZANIA TZA -0.26 0.13 15 -0.31 0.16 12 -0.51 0.17 11 -0.43 0.17 10 -0.31 0.17 9 -0.42 0.22 6 -0.50 0.23 6 -0.70 0.24 5<br>THAILAND THA -0.50 0.15 12 0.03 0.16 11 0.19 0.16 11 0.32 0.17 9 0.41 0.17 9 0.51 0.22 6 0.39 0.23 6 0.30 0.24 5<br>TIMOR-LESTE TMP -0.33 0.19 7 -0.20 0.21 7 0.05 0.22 6 0.16 0.20 5 0.19 0.29 2 -0.15 0.40 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>TOGO TGO -1.24 0.17 9 -1.37 0.20 7 -1.28 0.20 7 -1.27 0.20 6 -1.32 0.19 6 -1.25 0.25 4 -1.18 0.26 4 -1.03 0.27 3<br>TONGA TON -0.11 0.26 4 -0.15 0.27 4 -0.31 0.27 4 -0.20 0.31 2 -0.12 0.34 1 -0.13 0.40 1 -0.14 0.43 1 -0.15 0.33 1<br>TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO 0.47 0.20 8 0.59 0.19 8 0.57 0.19 8 0.58 0.20 7 0.50 0.21 6 0.60 0.22 5 0.83 0.23 5 0.86 0.24 4<br>TUNISIA TUN -1.15 0.14 12 -0.92 0.15 12 -0.74 0.16 11 -0.80 0.17 9 -0.88 0.17 9 -0.70 0.22 6 -0.76 0.23 6 -0.82 0.24 5<br>TURKEY TUR -0.19 0.15 13 -0.06 0.15 13 -0.09 0.16 12 -0.14 0.17 10 -0.26 0.17 9 -0.51 0.22 6 -0.66 0.23 6 -0.38 0.24 5<br>TURKMENISTAN TKM -2.00 0.19 6 -1.94 0.19 6 -1.89 0.22 5 -1.81 0.21 5 -1.89 0.21 5 -1.67 0.29 3 -1.64 0.30 3 -1.82 0.29 2<br>TUVALU TUV 0.72 0.28 3 0.65 0.28 3 0.55 0.28 3 1.06 0.31 2 1.17 0.34 1 1.33 0.40 1 1.35 0.43 1 1.41 0.33 1<br>UGANDA UGA -0.54 0.13 15 -0.60 0.15 13 -0.83 0.16 12 -0.79 0.15 11 -1.01 0.17 9 -1.16 0.22 6 -0.84 0.23 6 -0.57 0.24 5<br>UKRAINE UKR -0.11 0.14 11 -0.36 0.14 11 -0.61 0.14 11 -0.66 0.14 11 -0.57 0.16 9 -0.52 0.22 5 -0.32 0.23 5 -0.33 0.26 3<br>UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE -0.78 0.16 9 -0.66 0.16 9 -0.55 0.20 7 -0.80 0.20 6 -0.69 0.21 6 -0.56 0.22 5 -0.54 0.23 5 -0.98 0.24 4<br>UNITED KINGDOM GBR 1.42 0.19 10 1.49 0.18 9 1.61 0.19 8 1.31 0.20 8 1.30 0.20 8 1.31 0.22 6 1.31 0.23 6 1.04 0.24 5<br>UNITED STATES USA 1.08 0.18 10 1.26 0.18 9 1.28 0.19 9 1.24 0.19 9 1.35 0.20 8 1.35 0.22 6 1.38 0.23 6 1.31 0.24 5<br>URUGUAY URY 0.94 0.17 10 0.91 0.17 10 0.90 0.17 10 1.05 0.17 9 1.04 0.17 9 0.88 0.22 5 0.87 0.23 6 0.93 0.19 5<br>UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.86 0.15 8 -1.81 0.16 8 -1.70 0.15 8 -1.70 0.14 8 -1.55 0.17 7 -1.63 0.29 3 -1.57 0.29 3 -1.53 0.26 3<br>VANUATU VUT 0.50 0.28 3 0.32 0.28 3 0.32 0.28 3 0.84 0.31 2 0.93 0.34 1 0.58 0.40 1 0.54 0.43 1 0.58 0.33 1<br>VENEZUELA VEN -0.58 0.15 13 -0.54 0.15 13 -0.60 0.15 13 -0.44 0.15 12 -0.51 0.17 10 -0.27 0.22 6 0.07 0.23 7 0.15 0.19 6<br>VIETNAM VNM -1.45 0.14 13 -1.39 0.15 11 -1.31 0.16 10 -1.46 0.15 9 -1.38 0.18 8 -1.35 0.22 5 -1.41 0.23 5 -1.57 0.24 4<br>VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.) VIR 0.84 0.49 1 1.13 0.41 1 0.73 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>WEST BANK GAZA WBG -0.81 0.22 5 -0.69 0.23 5 -0.99 0.28 4 -1.22 0.28 3 -1.14 0.28 3 -1.07 0.32 2 -0.98 0.34 2 -0.68 0.33 1<br>YEMEN YEM -1.06 0.13 12 -0.99 0.15 10 -0.92 0.16 9 -0.95 0.15 8 -1.08 0.18 7 -0.92 0.22 5 -0.77 0.23 5 -0.94 0.24 4<br>ZAMBIA ZMB -0.34 0.14 14 -0.48 0.15 12 -0.37 0.16 12 -0.32 0.17 10 -0.40 0.17 9 -0.39 0.22 6 -0.53 0.23 6 -0.53 0.24 5<br>ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.58 0.14 14 -1.69 0.15 13 -1.55 0.15 12 -1.47 0.15 11 -1.49 0.17 9 -1.15 0.22 6 -0.85 0.23 6 -0.65 0.24 5<br><!-- End of picture text --> 78
<!-- Start of picture text --> TABLE C2: Political Stability<br>2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>AFGHANISTAN AFG -2.29 0.26 5 -2.02 0.26 5 -2.13 0.27 5 -2.03 0.32 3 -1.96 0.33 3 -2.73 0.32 3 -2.55 0.41 2 -2.08 0.49 1<br>ALBANIA ALB -0.37 0.24 7 -0.59 0.26 6 -0.80 0.29 5 -0.43 0.31 4 -0.62 0.31 4 -0.96 0.30 4 -0.87 0.28 4 -0.13 0.36 3<br>ALGERIA DZA -0.89 0.23 9 -1.14 0.23 9 -1.48 0.23 9 -1.85 0.24 8 -1.88 0.24 7 -1.90 0.26 6 -2.32 0.25 6 -2.44 0.29 5<br>AMERICAN SAMOA ASM 0.73 0.46 1 0.76 0.49 1 0.74 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ANDORRA ADO 1.39 0.39 2 1.41 0.40 2 1.42 0.41 2 1.45 0.38 2 1.20 0.49 1 1.14 0.52 1 1.11 0.55 1 .. .. ..<br>ANGOLA AGO -0.51 0.23 9 -0.78 0.23 8 -0.95 0.23 9 -1.09 0.25 7 -1.42 0.25 6 -2.39 0.26 5 -2.23 0.25 5 -2.27 0.33 4<br>ANGUILLA AIA 1.17 0.39 2 1.27 0.39 2 0.79 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ATG 0.82 0.34 3 0.84 0.34 3 1.19 0.35 3 0.83 0.38 2 0.71 0.49 1 0.67 0.52 1 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. ..<br>ARGENTINA ARG -0.03 0.22 10 -0.12 0.21 10 -0.30 0.22 10 -0.29 0.23 9 -1.02 0.22 9 0.05 0.23 7 0.15 0.24 6 0.11 0.29 5<br>ARMENIA ARM -0.30 0.23 8 -0.20 0.25 7 -0.57 0.26 6 -0.31 0.28 5 -0.80 0.29 5 -1.24 0.30 4 -0.87 0.28 4 0.24 0.38 2<br>ARUBA ABW 1.36 0.39 2 1.44 0.39 2 0.99 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>AUSTRALIA AUS 0.85 0.22 10 0.87 0.21 10 0.89 0.22 10 0.82 0.23 9 1.17 0.23 8 1.20 0.23 7 1.16 0.24 6 1.10 0.29 5<br>AUSTRIA AUT 1.04 0.22 10 1.05 0.21 10 0.97 0.22 10 0.94 0.23 9 1.29 0.23 8 1.20 0.23 7 1.27 0.24 6 1.23 0.29 5<br>AZERBAIJAN AZE -1.07 0.23 8 -1.25 0.23 8 -1.37 0.24 7 -1.40 0.25 6 -1.27 0.25 6 -0.91 0.26 5 -0.72 0.25 5 -0.64 0.34 3<br>BAHAMAS BHS 0.94 0.32 4 0.94 0.32 4 0.94 0.33 4 0.80 0.35 3 0.86 0.38 3 1.10 0.38 3 0.84 0.31 3 1.04 0.45 2<br>BAHRAIN BHR -0.42 0.23 8 -0.29 0.23 8 -0.03 0.23 8 0.19 0.25 6 0.22 0.25 6 0.07 0.26 5 -0.21 0.25 5 -0.83 0.33 4<br>BANGLADESH BGD -1.60 0.23 8 -1.68 0.23 8 -1.14 0.23 8 -1.09 0.25 7 -0.85 0.24 7 -0.55 0.26 5 -0.49 0.25 5 -0.90 0.33 4<br>BARBADOS BRB 1.10 0.30 5 1.22 0.31 4 1.24 0.31 4 1.04 0.34 3 1.02 0.42 2 0.99 0.42 2 0.99 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1<br>BELARUS BLR 0.16 0.24 7 0.10 0.26 6 -0.21 0.26 6 0.15 0.28 5 -0.02 0.31 4 -0.14 0.30 4 -0.12 0.28 4 -0.11 0.38 2<br>BELGIUM BEL 0.74 0.22 10 0.75 0.21 10 0.78 0.22 10 1.03 0.23 9 1.17 0.22 9 0.94 0.23 7 0.97 0.24 6 0.94 0.29 5<br>BELIZE BLZ 0.09 0.27 5 0.27 0.31 4 0.78 0.31 4 0.69 0.34 3 0.32 0.42 2 0.29 0.42 2 0.58 0.41 2 0.77 0.49 1<br>BENIN BEN 0.38 0.26 7 0.29 0.29 6 -0.04 0.29 5 0.36 0.34 3 0.71 0.42 2 0.67 0.42 2 0.61 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1<br>BERMUDA BMU 0.81 0.39 2 0.83 0.39 2 0.89 0.40 2 0.80 0.47 1 0.71 0.49 1 0.67 0.52 1 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. ..<br>BHUTAN BTN 1.30 0.31 4 1.14 0.31 4 0.85 0.31 4 0.77 0.34 3 0.63 0.42 2 0.48 0.42 2 0.46 0.41 2 0.84 0.49 1<br>BOLIVIA BOL -0.93 0.23 8 -1.13 0.23 8 -0.64 0.23 8 -0.67 0.25 7 -0.16 0.24 7 -0.25 0.26 5 -0.25 0.25 5 -0.16 0.33 4<br>BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BIH -0.52 0.24 7 -0.63 0.24 7 -0.50 0.24 7 -0.72 0.26 5 -0.67 0.26 5 -0.62 0.34 3 -0.60 0.34 3 -0.50 0.42 2<br>BOTSWANA BWA 1.23 0.23 9 1.02 0.23 9 0.92 0.24 8 0.98 0.24 8 0.83 0.23 8 0.94 0.26 6 0.81 0.25 6 0.68 0.29 5<br>BRAZIL BRA -0.09 0.22 10 -0.11 0.21 10 -0.09 0.22 10 0.01 0.23 9 -0.18 0.22 9 0.11 0.23 7 -0.46 0.24 6 -0.57 0.29 5<br>BRUNEI BRN 1.23 0.36 3 1.26 0.37 3 1.36 0.38 3 1.07 0.35 3 0.99 0.38 3 1.23 0.38 3 1.19 0.31 3 1.12 0.45 2<br>BULGARIA BGR 0.29 0.23 9 0.21 0.23 8 0.09 0.23 8 0.33 0.25 7 0.48 0.24 7 0.49 0.26 5 0.56 0.25 5 -0.22 0.33 4<br>BURKINA FASO BFA -0.19 0.23 9 -0.01 0.29 6 -0.21 0.28 6 0.04 0.30 5 -0.39 0.34 4 -0.09 0.37 4 -0.10 0.31 4 0.04 0.36 3<br>BURUNDI BDI -1.35 0.24 7 -1.41 0.31 4 -2.34 0.31 4 -2.08 0.34 3 -2.41 0.42 2 -2.22 0.42 2 -2.42 0.41 2 -2.01 0.49 1<br>CAMBODIA KHM -0.48 0.26 6 -0.50 0.26 6 -0.47 0.27 5 -0.72 0.29 4 -0.71 0.30 4 -0.75 0.34 3 -1.17 0.34 3 -1.41 0.42 2<br>CAMEROON CMR -0.22 0.23 9 -0.39 0.23 9 -0.60 0.23 8 -0.60 0.24 8 -0.66 0.24 7 -0.54 0.26 6 -0.78 0.25 6 -1.35 0.29 5<br>CANADA CAN 0.94 0.22 10 0.94 0.21 10 0.99 0.22 10 1.17 0.23 9 1.20 0.22 9 1.05 0.23 7 1.04 0.24 6 0.94 0.29 5<br>CAPE VERDE CPV 0.89 0.31 3 0.73 0.40 2 1.11 0.41 2 0.97 0.38 2 0.65 0.42 2 1.08 0.60 1 1.04 0.54 1 1.04 0.49 1<br>CAYMAN ISLANDS CYM 1.17 0.39 2 1.27 0.39 2 1.36 0.40 2 0.80 0.47 1 0.71 0.49 1 0.67 0.52 1 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. ..<br>CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAF -1.69 0.31 4 -1.14 0.31 4 -1.21 0.31 4 -1.45 0.34 3 -1.80 0.42 2 -1.33 0.42 2 -1.14 0.41 2 -0.20 0.49 1<br>CHAD TCD -1.81 0.26 7 -1.32 0.29 6 -1.22 0.29 6 -1.23 0.30 5 -1.61 0.34 4 -1.37 0.41 3 -1.31 0.40 3 -0.74 0.38 2<br>CHILE CHL 0.85 0.22 10 0.91 0.21 10 0.81 0.22 10 0.87 0.23 9 0.94 0.22 9 0.62 0.23 7 0.13 0.24 6 0.44 0.29 5<br>CHINA CHN -0.37 0.22 10 -0.26 0.21 10 -0.17 0.22 10 -0.36 0.23 9 -0.21 0.22 9 -0.10 0.23 7 -0.09 0.24 6 -0.27 0.29 5<br>COLOMBIA COL -1.62 0.22 10 -1.81 0.21 10 -1.98 0.22 10 -2.21 0.23 9 -2.06 0.22 9 -1.91 0.23 7 -1.64 0.24 6 -1.42 0.29 5<br>COMOROS COM -0.15 0.39 2 -0.18 0.40 2 0.02 0.41 2 -0.58 0.38 2 0.31 0.42 2 -0.19 0.42 2 0.47 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1<br>CONGO COG -0.97 0.23 8 -1.23 0.23 8 -1.09 0.28 6 -0.92 0.30 5 -1.29 0.32 5 -1.15 0.37 4 -2.06 0.31 4 -0.83 0.45 2<br>CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -2.31 0.23 8 -2.32 0.23 8 -2.22 0.23 8 -2.20 0.28 5 -2.24 0.29 5 -2.65 0.30 4 -3.08 0.28 4 -1.89 0.36 3<br>COSTA RICA CRI 0.93 0.23 8 0.91 0.23 8 0.91 0.23 8 0.90 0.25 7 1.06 0.24 7 0.89 0.26 5 0.75 0.25 5 0.84 0.33 4<br>COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -2.09 0.23 8 -2.45 0.23 8 -2.16 0.23 8 -1.89 0.24 7 -1.81 0.24 7 -0.86 0.26 6 -0.28 0.25 6 -0.14 0.29 5<br>CROATIA HRV 0.47 0.23 9 0.36 0.23 8 0.42 0.23 8 0.34 0.25 7 0.39 0.24 7 0.32 0.26 5 0.11 0.25 5 -0.11 0.34 3<br>CUBA CUB 0.12 0.24 7 -0.06 0.24 7 0.08 0.24 7 -0.05 0.25 6 -0.05 0.25 6 -0.35 0.26 5 -0.21 0.25 5 -0.37 0.33 4<br>CYPRUS CYP 0.44 0.24 7 0.35 0.24 7 0.33 0.25 7 0.41 0.27 5 0.24 0.26 5 0.48 0.26 5 0.29 0.25 5 0.53 0.33 4<br>CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 0.75 0.22 10 0.75 0.21 10 0.67 0.22 10 0.87 0.23 9 0.97 0.22 9 0.59 0.23 7 0.78 0.24 6 0.97 0.29 5<br>DENMARK DNK 0.82 0.22 10 0.96 0.21 10 1.03 0.22 10 1.18 0.23 9 1.26 0.23 8 1.19 0.23 7 1.20 0.24 6 1.03 0.29 5<br>DJIBOUTI DJI -0.20 0.34 3 -0.64 0.40 2 -0.25 0.41 2 -0.92 0.38 2 -0.41 0.42 2 -0.50 0.42 2 -1.07 0.41 2 0.21 0.49 1<br>DOMINICA DMA 0.78 0.34 3 0.87 0.34 3 1.08 0.35 3 0.66 0.38 2 0.46 0.49 1 0.43 0.52 1 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. ..<br>DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM 0.17 0.23 8 0.03 0.23 8 0.04 0.23 8 -0.12 0.25 7 0.23 0.24 7 0.09 0.26 5 -0.35 0.28 4 -0.49 0.40 3<br>ECUADOR ECU -0.90 0.23 8 -0.81 0.23 8 -0.86 0.22 9 -0.95 0.24 8 -0.83 0.23 8 -0.99 0.25 6 -0.40 0.24 6 -0.86 0.29 5<br>EGYPT EGY -0.87 0.22 10 -0.92 0.21 10 -0.99 0.22 10 -0.84 0.23 9 -0.71 0.22 8 -0.35 0.24 7 -0.41 0.24 7 -1.07 0.26 6<br>EL SALVADOR SLV -0.07 0.25 7 -0.05 0.25 7 -0.08 0.26 7 -0.17 0.27 6 0.20 0.27 6 0.23 0.31 4 -0.16 0.28 4 -0.30 0.40 3<br>EQUATORIAL GUINEA GNQ -0.15 0.26 6 -0.33 0.30 5 -0.16 0.29 5 -0.21 0.27 5 -0.38 0.28 5 -0.03 0.33 4 -0.27 0.33 4 -0.39 0.34 3<br>ERITREA ERI -0.87 0.27 5 -0.78 0.31 4 -0.65 0.31 4 -0.75 0.34 3 -0.44 0.42 2 -1.26 0.42 2 -1.41 0.41 2 0.28 0.49 1<br>ESTONIA EST 0.78 0.23 9 0.71 0.22 9 0.93 0.23 9 1.07 0.24 8 0.98 0.23 8 0.80 0.24 6 0.67 0.25 5 0.67 0.34 3<br>ETHIOPIA ETH -1.82 0.25 8 -1.52 0.25 8 -1.20 0.25 8 -1.35 0.26 7 -1.30 0.27 6 -1.24 0.31 5 -0.83 0.27 5 -1.16 0.33 4<br>FIJI FJI 0.13 0.34 3 0.39 0.34 3 0.31 0.35 3 0.42 0.38 2 0.36 0.42 2 -0.03 0.42 2 0.84 0.41 2 0.77 0.49 1<br>FINLAND FIN 1.47 0.22 10 1.55 0.21 10 1.60 0.22 10 1.65 0.23 9 1.60 0.22 9 1.48 0.23 7 1.34 0.24 6 1.19 0.29 5<br>FRANCE FRA 0.46 0.22 10 0.43 0.21 10 0.51 0.22 10 0.51 0.23 9 0.93 0.22 9 0.84 0.23 7 0.77 0.24 6 0.90 0.29 5<br>FRENCH GUIANA GUF 0.06 0.39 2 0.24 0.49 1 0.20 0.50 1 0.27 0.47 1 0.22 0.49 1 -0.04 0.52 1 -0.04 0.55 1 .. .. ..<br>GABON GAB 0.11 0.23 8 0.08 0.23 8 0.19 0.23 8 0.16 0.24 7 0.10 0.24 7 0.29 0.26 6 -0.05 0.27 5 -0.34 0.33 4<br>GAMBIA GMB 0.18 0.29 5 0.24 0.34 4 0.25 0.36 4 0.37 0.34 4 0.68 0.38 3 0.47 0.38 3 0.62 0.31 3 0.11 0.45 2<br>GEORGIA GEO -0.86 0.24 7 -0.69 0.26 6 -1.03 0.27 6 -1.62 0.30 4 -1.48 0.30 4 -1.46 0.32 3 -1.59 0.34 3 -0.94 0.38 2<br>GERMANY DEU 0.83 0.22 10 0.80 0.21 10 0.69 0.22 10 0.70 0.23 9 1.04 0.22 9 1.20 0.23 7 1.22 0.24 6 1.14 0.29 5<br><!-- End of picture text --> 79
# **TABLE C2: Political Stability (cont.)**

<!-- Start of picture text --> 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>GHANA GHA 0.23 0.23 8 0.29 0.23 9 0.05 0.23 9 -0.01 0.24 8 -0.05 0.24 7 -0.22 0.26 6 -0.05 0.25 6 -0.18 0.29 5<br>GREECE GRC 0.48 0.22 10 0.45 0.21 10 0.40 0.22 10 0.58 0.23 9 0.68 0.22 9 0.69 0.23 7 0.32 0.24 6 0.37 0.29 5<br>GRENADA GRD 0.48 0.34 3 0.46 0.34 3 0.93 0.35 3 0.94 0.38 2 0.85 0.42 2 0.83 0.42 2 0.86 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1<br>GUAM GUM 0.73 0.46 1 0.76 0.49 1 0.64 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>GUATEMALA GTM -0.82 0.23 8 -0.91 0.25 7 -0.81 0.26 7 -0.84 0.27 6 -0.86 0.27 6 -0.69 0.31 4 -0.81 0.28 4 -1.61 0.40 3<br>GUINEA GIN -1.72 0.24 7 -1.10 0.30 5 -0.87 0.30 5 -0.61 0.32 4 -1.30 0.35 4 -1.80 0.38 3 -0.58 0.31 3 -1.43 0.45 2<br>GUINEA-BISSAU GNB -0.59 0.36 3 -0.52 0.37 3 -0.34 0.38 3 -0.44 0.35 3 -0.70 0.38 3 -0.81 0.38 3 -1.80 0.31 3 -0.59 0.45 2<br>GUYANA GUY -0.59 0.25 7 -0.23 0.28 6 -0.29 0.30 5 -0.32 0.32 4 -0.55 0.38 3 -0.56 0.38 3 -0.04 0.31 3 0.01 0.45 2<br>HAITI HTI -1.54 0.26 6 -1.79 0.30 5 -1.94 0.30 5 -0.98 0.31 5 -1.30 0.35 4 -0.82 0.38 3 -1.39 0.31 3 -0.43 0.45 2<br>HONDURAS HND -0.46 0.23 8 -0.61 0.25 7 -0.43 0.26 7 -0.45 0.27 6 -0.26 0.27 6 -0.23 0.31 4 -0.28 0.28 4 -0.47 0.40 3<br>HONG KONG HKG 1.16 0.24 8 1.17 0.24 8 1.04 0.24 8 0.80 0.26 7 0.78 0.24 7 0.82 0.26 5 0.56 0.27 4 -0.01 0.41 3<br>HUNGARY HUN 0.73 0.22 10 0.85 0.21 10 0.81 0.22 10 0.99 0.23 9 1.00 0.22 9 0.76 0.23 7 1.04 0.24 6 0.58 0.29 5<br>ICELAND ISL 1.60 0.24 8 1.65 0.27 7 1.68 0.28 7 1.69 0.30 6 1.54 0.33 5 1.42 0.32 4 1.28 0.31 3 1.07 0.45 2<br>INDIA IND -0.84 0.22 10 -0.79 0.21 10 -0.94 0.22 10 -1.25 0.23 9 -1.01 0.22 9 -0.66 0.23 7 -0.83 0.24 6 -1.12 0.29 5<br>INDONESIA IDN -1.17 0.22 10 -1.29 0.21 10 -1.57 0.22 10 -2.03 0.23 9 -1.62 0.22 9 -1.76 0.23 7 -1.43 0.24 6 -0.81 0.29 5<br>IRAN IRN -1.25 0.23 8 -1.15 0.22 8 -1.08 0.23 8 -1.06 0.24 7 -0.82 0.23 7 -0.35 0.25 6 -0.39 0.24 6 -0.69 0.29 5<br>IRAQ IRQ -2.91 0.24 7 -2.82 0.24 7 -3.07 0.26 6 -2.36 0.25 6 -1.90 0.25 6 -1.75 0.26 5 -2.34 0.25 5 -2.90 0.33 4<br>IRELAND IRL 1.16 0.22 10 1.15 0.21 10 1.10 0.22 10 1.23 0.23 9 1.30 0.23 8 1.31 0.23 7 1.29 0.24 6 0.97 0.29 5<br>ISRAEL ISR -1.18 0.23 9 -1.04 0.22 9 -1.27 0.23 9 -1.41 0.24 8 -1.51 0.23 8 -0.74 0.24 6 -0.87 0.25 5 -0.68 0.29 5<br>ITALY ITA 0.28 0.22 10 0.29 0.21 10 0.27 0.22 10 0.48 0.23 9 0.70 0.22 9 0.72 0.23 7 0.81 0.24 6 0.54 0.29 5<br>JAMAICA JAM -0.28 0.25 7 -0.31 0.25 7 -0.25 0.26 7 -0.49 0.27 6 -0.44 0.27 6 -0.09 0.31 4 -0.22 0.28 4 0.25 0.40 3<br>JAPAN JPN 1.11 0.22 10 1.01 0.21 10 1.04 0.22 10 1.17 0.23 9 1.17 0.22 9 1.07 0.23 7 1.21 0.24 6 0.89 0.29 5<br>JORDAN JOR -0.53 0.23 9 -0.23 0.22 9 -0.34 0.23 9 -0.26 0.24 8 -0.43 0.24 7 0.01 0.26 5 -0.13 0.25 5 0.17 0.33 4<br>KAZAKHSTAN KAZ 0.06 0.22 9 -0.01 0.22 9 -0.15 0.23 8 0.08 0.24 7 0.09 0.23 7 0.13 0.25 6 0.16 0.24 6 -0.31 0.30 4<br>KENYA KEN -1.09 0.23 9 -1.19 0.23 9 -1.05 0.23 9 -1.28 0.24 8 -1.22 0.24 7 -1.10 0.26 6 -1.02 0.25 6 -0.68 0.29 5<br>KIRIBATI KIR 1.39 0.39 2 1.41 0.40 2 1.20 0.41 2 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>KOREA, NORTH PRK -0.24 0.30 4 -0.26 0.31 4 -0.15 0.32 4 -0.01 0.35 3 0.30 0.38 3 -0.08 0.38 3 -0.46 0.31 3 -1.83 0.45 2<br>KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.42 0.22 10 0.55 0.21 10 0.48 0.22 10 0.32 0.23 9 0.31 0.22 9 0.12 0.23 7 0.07 0.24 6 0.15 0.29 5<br>KUWAIT KWT 0.28 0.23 8 0.06 0.23 8 0.06 0.24 7 -0.01 0.25 6 -0.01 0.25 6 0.61 0.26 5 0.35 0.25 5 0.00 0.33 4<br>KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -1.20 0.24 7 -1.14 0.26 6 -1.16 0.27 5 -1.25 0.30 4 -1.18 0.30 4 -0.48 0.32 3 0.01 0.34 3 0.57 0.38 2<br>LAOS LAO -0.09 0.25 6 -0.30 0.27 5 -0.59 0.31 4 -1.05 0.34 3 -0.27 0.37 3 -0.73 0.42 2 -0.31 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1<br>LATVIA LVA 0.81 0.23 8 0.86 0.23 8 0.90 0.23 8 1.14 0.25 7 0.95 0.24 7 0.61 0.26 5 0.13 0.25 5 0.52 0.34 3<br>LEBANON LBN -1.76 0.24 7 -1.16 0.24 7 -0.94 0.24 7 -0.69 0.25 6 -0.69 0.25 6 -0.61 0.26 5 -0.88 0.25 5 -0.52 0.33 4<br>LESOTHO LSO 0.16 0.26 6 0.30 0.30 4 0.43 0.30 4 0.22 0.30 4 0.01 0.33 3 0.00 0.42 2 -0.22 0.41 2 0.56 0.49 1<br>LIBERIA LBR -1.22 0.32 4 -1.38 0.32 4 -1.48 0.33 4 -2.23 0.35 3 -2.26 0.38 3 -2.08 0.38 3 -1.75 0.31 3 -2.62 0.45 2<br>LIBYA LBY 0.24 0.24 7 0.18 0.24 7 0.03 0.26 6 -0.24 0.25 6 -0.39 0.25 6 -0.69 0.26 5 -1.23 0.25 5 -1.77 0.33 4<br>LIECHTENSTEIN LIE 1.39 0.39 2 1.41 0.40 2 1.52 0.41 2 1.45 0.38 2 1.20 0.49 1 1.14 0.52 1 1.11 0.55 1 .. .. ..<br>LITHUANIA LTU 0.89 0.23 8 0.93 0.23 8 0.98 0.23 8 1.17 0.25 7 1.00 0.24 7 0.56 0.26 5 0.41 0.25 5 0.44 0.34 3<br>LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.51 0.24 8 1.47 0.27 7 1.48 0.28 7 1.65 0.30 6 1.67 0.32 5 1.54 0.32 4 1.43 0.31 3 1.08 0.45 2<br>MACAO MAC 0.99 0.39 2 1.28 0.49 1 1.34 0.50 1 1.06 0.47 1 0.46 0.49 1 0.43 0.52 1 0.19 0.55 1 .. .. ..<br>MACEDONIA MKD -0.66 0.24 7 -1.01 0.24 7 -1.03 0.24 7 -0.97 0.25 6 -1.00 0.27 4 -0.85 0.34 3 -0.92 0.34 3 0.22 0.42 2<br>MADAGASCAR MDG 0.10 0.23 9 -0.02 0.27 7 -0.04 0.28 7 0.44 0.31 5 -0.24 0.38 3 0.12 0.38 3 0.03 0.31 3 0.08 0.45 2<br>MALAWI MWI 0.02 0.23 9 0.04 0.25 8 -0.11 0.26 7 -0.20 0.27 6 -0.17 0.28 5 -0.56 0.31 4 -0.13 0.28 4 -0.25 0.40 3<br>MALAYSIA MYS 0.35 0.22 10 0.47 0.21 10 0.26 0.22 10 0.30 0.23 9 0.39 0.22 9 0.20 0.23 7 0.08 0.24 6 0.64 0.29 5<br>MALDIVES MDV 0.78 0.34 3 0.79 0.34 3 0.55 0.35 3 0.94 0.38 2 1.01 0.42 2 1.11 0.42 2 1.03 0.41 2 0.21 0.49 1<br>MALI MLI 0.01 0.26 8 0.03 0.27 7 0.33 0.28 7 0.22 0.29 6 0.19 0.32 5 0.19 0.37 4 0.06 0.31 4 0.60 0.36 3<br>MALTA MLT 1.21 0.25 7 1.38 0.28 6 1.33 0.29 6 1.51 0.31 5 1.52 0.38 3 1.40 0.38 3 1.35 0.31 3 1.16 0.45 2<br>MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL 1.13 0.60 1 1.14 0.59 1 1.15 0.60 1 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>MARTINIQUE MTQ 1.17 0.39 2 1.27 0.39 2 1.38 0.40 2 0.80 0.47 1 0.46 0.49 1 0.43 0.52 1 0.19 0.55 1 .. .. ..<br>MAURITANIA MRT -0.29 0.27 6 -0.46 0.31 4 -0.13 0.31 4 -0.14 0.34 3 0.17 0.42 2 0.10 0.42 2 0.22 0.41 2 0.56 0.49 1<br>MAURITIUS MUS 0.91 0.26 6 1.01 0.31 5 0.98 0.31 5 0.93 0.28 5 0.93 0.28 5 0.73 0.40 3 1.00 0.39 3 0.69 0.34 3<br>MEXICO MEX -0.40 0.22 10 -0.25 0.21 10 -0.06 0.22 10 -0.15 0.23 9 0.02 0.22 9 -0.08 0.23 7 -0.50 0.24 6 -0.83 0.29 5<br>MICRONESIA FSM 1.12 0.34 3 1.09 0.34 3 0.98 0.35 3 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>MOLDOVA MDA -0.48 0.23 8 -0.59 0.25 7 -0.45 0.26 6 -0.21 0.25 6 -0.15 0.26 5 -0.22 0.26 5 0.15 0.25 5 0.05 0.34 3<br>MONACO MCO 1.06 0.46 2 1.05 0.43 2 1.08 0.44 2 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>MONGOLIA MNG 0.78 0.26 7 0.93 0.28 6 0.77 0.30 5 0.93 0.32 4 1.06 0.38 3 0.79 0.38 3 0.39 0.31 3 0.58 0.45 2<br>MONTENEGRO MNP 0.15 0.29 5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>MOROCCO MAR -0.31 0.23 9 -0.48 0.23 9 -0.43 0.23 9 -0.34 0.24 8 -0.32 0.23 8 -0.21 0.26 6 0.12 0.25 6 -0.61 0.26 6<br>MOZAMBIQUE MOZ 0.52 0.23 9 0.11 0.23 9 -0.10 0.23 9 0.10 0.24 8 0.29 0.27 6 -0.01 0.31 5 0.00 0.27 5 -0.83 0.33 4<br>MYANMAR MMR -0.69 0.24 7 -0.88 0.24 7 -0.94 0.24 7 -1.25 0.25 6 -1.33 0.25 6 -1.58 0.26 5 -1.29 0.25 5 -1.25 0.33 4<br>NAMIBIA NAM 0.83 0.23 9 0.58 0.23 9 0.56 0.23 9 0.34 0.24 8 0.23 0.23 8 -0.31 0.31 5 0.51 0.27 5 0.53 0.33 4<br>NAURU NRU 1.13 0.60 1 1.14 0.59 1 1.15 0.60 1 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>NEPAL NPL -2.26 0.24 7 -2.35 0.25 6 -2.07 0.27 5 -1.83 0.34 3 -1.72 0.37 3 -1.18 0.42 2 -0.74 0.41 2 -0.55 0.49 1<br>NETHERLANDS NLD 0.77 0.22 10 0.85 0.21 10 0.95 0.22 10 1.13 0.23 9 1.23 0.22 9 1.39 0.23 7 1.42 0.24 6 1.22 0.29 5<br>NETHERLANDS ANTILLES ANT 1.17 0.39 2 0.95 0.39 2 0.69 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>NEW CALEDONIA NCL -0.20 0.43 2 -0.18 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -0.85 0.79 1<br>NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.27 0.23 9 1.23 0.22 9 1.44 0.23 9 1.23 0.24 8 1.24 0.24 7 1.15 0.24 6 1.28 0.25 5 1.08 0.33 4<br>NICARAGUA NIC -0.44 0.23 8 -0.20 0.25 7 -0.17 0.26 7 -0.24 0.27 6 -0.09 0.27 6 -0.09 0.31 4 -0.57 0.28 4 -0.68 0.4 3<br>NIGER NER -0.35 0.26 7 -0.39 0.29 6 -0.59 0.28 6 -0.14 0.32 4 -0.28 0.38 3 -0.16 0.38 3 -0.49 0.31 3 -0.03 0.45 2<br>NIGERIA NGA -1.99 0.23 9 -1.73 0.23 9 -1.81 0.23 9 -1.65 0.24 8 -1.71 0.23 8 -1.58 0.26 6 -0.84 0.25 6 -1.63 0.26 6<br><!-- End of picture 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<!-- Start of picture text --> TABLE C2: Political Stability (cont.)<br>2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>NORWAY NOR 1.21 0.22 10 1.27 0.21 10 1.34 0.22 10 1.41 0.23 9 1.47 0.23 8 1.26 0.23 7 1.25 0.24 6 1.22 0.29 5<br>OMAN OMN 0.66 0.24 7 0.73 0.24 7 0.79 0.24 7 0.86 0.25 6 0.85 0.25 6 0.86 0.26 5 0.69 0.25 5 0.47 0.33 4<br>PAKISTAN PAK -1.92 0.22 9 -1.71 0.22 9 -1.72 0.22 9 -1.70 0.24 8 -1.58 0.23 7 -0.92 0.25 6 -1.28 0.24 6 -1.45 0.29 5<br>PALAU PCI 1.13 0.60 1 1.14 0.59 1 1.15 0.60 1 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>PANAMA PAN 0.09 0.23 8 0.04 0.23 8 0.22 0.23 8 0.19 0.25 7 0.36 0.24 7 0.26 0.26 5 0.04 0.25 5 0.21 0.33 4<br>PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG -0.80 0.24 7 -0.78 0.24 7 -0.64 0.24 7 -0.73 0.25 6 -0.69 0.26 5 -0.45 0.26 5 -0.26 0.28 4 -1.36 0.40 3<br>PARAGUAY PRY -0.48 0.25 7 -0.52 0.25 7 -0.37 0.26 7 -0.75 0.27 6 -1.07 0.27 6 -1.08 0.31 4 -1.01 0.28 4 -0.26 0.40 3<br>PERU PER -0.90 0.22 9 -1.01 0.22 9 -0.87 0.22 9 -0.99 0.24 8 -0.84 0.23 8 -0.93 0.25 6 -0.77 0.24 6 -1.28 0.29 5<br>PHILIPPINES PHL -1.26 0.22 10 -1.07 0.21 10 -1.24 0.22 10 -1.24 0.23 9 -0.70 0.22 9 -0.77 0.23 7 -0.13 0.24 6 -0.49 0.29 5<br>POLAND POL 0.22 0.22 10 0.32 0.21 10 0.20 0.22 10 0.63 0.23 9 0.66 0.22 9 0.43 0.23 7 0.62 0.24 6 0.55 0.29 5<br>PORTUGAL PRT 0.85 0.22 10 0.95 0.21 10 0.94 0.22 10 1.17 0.23 9 1.27 0.23 8 1.19 0.23 7 1.22 0.24 6 1.06 0.29 5<br>PUERTO RICO PRI 0.75 0.30 4 0.78 0.29 4 0.89 0.29 4 0.71 0.33 3 0.59 0.36 2 0.59 0.35 2 0.51 0.40 2 0.60 0.52 1<br>QATAR QAT 0.86 0.23 8 0.74 0.23 8 0.91 0.24 7 1.00 0.25 6 0.67 0.26 5 1.03 0.26 5 0.96 0.25 5 0.33 0.33 4<br>REUNION REU 0.73 0.46 1 0.50 0.49 1 0.45 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ROMANIA ROM 0.12 0.22 10 0.10 0.21 10 0.07 0.23 9 0.25 0.24 8 0.32 0.24 7 0.02 0.26 5 0.20 0.25 5 0.39 0.33 4<br>RUSSIA RUS -0.74 0.22 10 -0.98 0.21 10 -1.04 0.22 10 -0.85 0.23 9 -0.60 0.22 9 -0.72 0.23 7 -0.84 0.24 6 -1.02 0.29 5<br>RWANDA RWA -0.53 0.28 5 -0.66 0.39 3 -0.87 0.38 3 -1.16 0.38 2 -1.80 0.42 2 -1.81 0.42 2 -2.15 0.41 2 -2.01 0.49 1<br>SAMOA SAM 1.15 0.34 3 1.15 0.34 3 1.15 0.35 3 1.28 0.38 2 1.02 0.42 2 1.15 0.42 2 1.26 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1<br>SAN MARINO SMR 1.13 0.60 1 1.14 0.59 1 1.15 0.60 1 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP 0.51 0.31 3 0.70 0.40 2 0.68 0.41 2 0.25 0.38 2 0.47 0.42 2 0.99 0.42 2 0.99 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1<br>SAUDI ARABIA SAU -0.65 0.23 8 -0.71 0.22 8 -1.08 0.23 8 -0.42 0.24 7 -0.47 0.23 7 0.05 0.25 6 -0.08 0.24 6 -0.52 0.29 5<br>SENEGAL SEN -0.26 0.23 8 -0.12 0.26 7 -0.10 0.25 7 -0.41 0.26 7 -0.42 0.27 6 -0.52 0.31 5 -0.95 0.27 5 -0.26 0.33 4<br>SERBIA YUG -0.69 0.25 7 -0.87 0.23 8 -0.86 0.23 8 -0.83 0.25 7 -0.75 0.25 6 -1.70 0.31 4 -1.95 0.28 4 -1.12 0.40 3<br>SEYCHELLES SYC 1.09 0.27 5 1.16 0.28 5 0.74 0.27 5 0.60 0.34 3 0.83 0.42 2 1.15 0.42 2 0.99 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1<br>SIERRA LEONE SLE -0.46 0.29 5 -0.41 0.32 4 -0.38 0.33 4 -1.12 0.35 3 -0.95 0.38 3 -1.91 0.38 3 -2.17 0.31 3 -2.28 0.45 2<br>SINGAPORE SGP 1.30 0.22 10 1.15 0.21 10 1.11 0.22 10 0.98 0.23 9 1.32 0.22 9 1.15 0.23 7 1.01 0.24 6 1.07 0.29 5<br>SLOVAKIA SVK 0.85 0.23 9 0.81 0.22 9 0.63 0.23 9 0.92 0.24 8 0.87 0.23 8 0.35 0.26 5 1.00 0.27 4 0.68 0.33 4<br>SLOVENIA SVN 1.05 0.23 9 0.99 0.22 9 1.07 0.23 9 1.14 0.24 8 1.28 0.23 8 0.92 0.24 6 1.06 0.25 5 1.02 0.34 3<br>SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB 0.15 0.39 2 0.25 0.40 2 0.07 0.41 2 0.08 0.55 1 -0.56 0.63 1 -0.88 0.60 1 1.04 0.54 1 1.04 0.49 1<br>SOMALIA SOM -2.75 0.32 4 -2.64 0.32 4 -2.60 0.38 3 -2.32 0.35 3 -2.28 0.38 3 -2.47 0.38 3 -2.37 0.31 3 -2.31 0.45 2<br>SOUTH AFRICA ZAF -0.07 0.21 11 -0.06 0.21 11 -0.22 0.21 11 -0.36 0.22 10 -0.42 0.21 10 -0.39 0.23 8 -0.85 0.24 7 -1.25 0.26 6<br>SPAIN ESP 0.33 0.22 10 0.42 0.21 10 0.30 0.22 10 0.38 0.23 9 0.55 0.22 9 0.75 0.23 7 0.40 0.24 6 0.34 0.29 5<br>SRI LANKA LKA -1.61 0.23 8 -1.35 0.23 8 -1.14 0.23 8 -0.95 0.25 7 -0.96 0.24 7 -1.58 0.26 5 -1.36 0.25 5 -2.10 0.33 4<br>ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 1.28 0.34 3 1.36 0.34 3 1.47 0.35 3 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ST. LUCIA LCA 0.98 0.34 3 1.04 0.34 3 1.27 0.35 3 1.23 0.55 1 0.29 0.63 1 1.08 0.60 1 0.26 0.54 1 1.04 0.49 1<br>ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 1.11 0.34 3 1.25 0.34 3 1.22 0.35 3 0.94 0.55 1 0.29 0.63 1 1.08 0.60 1 1.04 0.54 1 1.04 0.49 1<br>SUDAN SDN -2.18 0.24 7 -2.12 0.24 7 -1.85 0.26 6 -2.14 0.25 6 -2.05 0.25 6 -2.39 0.26 5 -2.06 0.28 4 -2.58 0.40 3<br>SURINAME SUR 0.11 0.29 6 0.36 0.33 4 0.42 0.33 4 0.52 0.32 4 0.42 0.38 3 0.24 0.38 3 0.33 0.31 3 0.52 0.45 2<br>SWAZILAND SWZ -0.14 0.26 5 -0.12 0.30 4 0.11 0.30 4 0.00 0.30 4 0.21 0.33 3 -0.09 0.42 2 -0.07 0.41 2 0.00 0.49 1<br>SWEDEN SWE 1.13 0.22 10 1.20 0.21 10 1.31 0.22 10 1.46 0.23 9 1.31 0.23 8 1.25 0.23 7 1.31 0.24 6 1.24 0.29 5<br>SWITZERLAND CHE 1.40 0.22 10 1.34 0.21 10 1.33 0.22 10 1.46 0.23 9 1.50 0.23 8 1.46 0.23 7 1.42 0.24 6 1.37 0.29 5<br>SYRIA SYR -0.88 0.24 7 -0.96 0.24 7 -0.64 0.24 7 -0.32 0.25 6 -0.26 0.25 6 -0.65 0.26 5 -0.31 0.25 5 -0.82 0.33 4<br>TAIWAN TWN 0.51 0.22 10 0.60 0.21 10 0.59 0.22 10 0.75 0.23 9 0.76 0.22 9 0.56 0.23 7 0.85 0.24 6 0.99 0.29 5<br>TAJIKISTAN TJK -1.30 0.24 7 -1.33 0.26 6 -1.41 0.27 5 -1.41 0.30 4 -1.42 0.30 4 -1.86 0.32 3 -2.26 0.34 3 -2.59 0.38 2<br>TANZANIA TZA -0.17 0.23 9 -0.38 0.23 9 -0.44 0.23 9 -0.48 0.24 8 -0.17 0.24 7 -0.46 0.26 6 -0.09 0.25 6 -0.31 0.29 5<br>THAILAND THA -0.99 0.22 10 -0.65 0.21 10 -0.46 0.22 10 -0.06 0.23 9 0.33 0.22 9 0.40 0.23 7 0.39 0.24 6 0.05 0.29 5<br>TIMOR-LESTE TMP -0.98 0.33 4 -0.66 0.32 4 -0.32 0.35 3 -0.23 0.38 2 -0.59 0.42 2 0.30 0.60 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>TOGO TGO -0.86 0.24 7 -1.50 0.30 5 -0.43 0.30 5 -0.40 0.32 4 0.01 0.38 3 -0.18 0.38 3 -0.72 0.31 3 -0.54 0.45 2<br>TONGA TON 0.70 0.34 3 0.77 0.34 3 0.83 0.35 3 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO -0.15 0.23 8 -0.10 0.23 8 -0.03 0.26 7 -0.16 0.27 6 -0.16 0.29 5 0.06 0.31 4 0.44 0.28 4 0.46 0.40 3<br>TUNISIA TUN 0.21 0.23 9 0.07 0.23 9 0.10 0.23 9 0.16 0.24 8 0.10 0.23 8 0.24 0.26 6 0.28 0.25 6 0.15 0.29 5<br>TURKEY TUR -0.65 0.22 10 -0.57 0.21 10 -0.87 0.22 10 -0.80 0.23 9 -1.01 0.22 9 -1.00 0.23 7 -1.09 0.24 6 -1.48 0.29 5<br>TURKMENISTAN TKM -0.27 0.25 6 -0.23 0.25 6 -0.68 0.27 5 -0.60 0.30 4 -0.41 0.30 4 -0.01 0.32 3 0.11 0.34 3 0.21 0.38 2<br>TUVALU TUV 1.39 0.39 2 1.41 0.40 2 1.30 0.41 2 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>UGANDA UGA -1.18 0.23 9 -1.38 0.23 9 -1.42 0.23 9 -1.53 0.24 8 -1.67 0.24 7 -1.54 0.26 6 -1.27 0.25 6 -1.31 0.29 5<br>UKRAINE UKR -0.27 0.22 9 -0.37 0.22 9 -0.39 0.22 9 -0.31 0.24 8 -0.20 0.23 8 -0.36 0.25 6 -0.21 0.24 6 -0.23 0.30 4<br>UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE 0.68 0.23 8 0.59 0.23 8 0.61 0.23 8 0.81 0.25 6 0.80 0.25 6 0.80 0.26 5 0.72 0.25 5 0.74 0.33 4<br>UNITED KINGDOM GBR 0.46 0.22 10 0.33 0.21 10 0.40 0.22 10 0.57 0.23 9 0.74 0.22 9 1.02 0.23 7 0.83 0.24 6 0.92 0.29 5<br>UNITED STATES USA 0.31 0.22 10 0.04 0.21 10 0.12 0.22 10 0.29 0.23 9 0.30 0.22 9 1.14 0.23 7 0.94 0.24 6 0.94 0.29 5<br>URUGUAY URY 0.73 0.23 8 0.69 0.23 8 0.50 0.23 8 0.62 0.25 7 0.68 0.24 7 0.89 0.26 5 0.53 0.25 5 0.68 0.33 4<br>UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.94 0.25 6 -1.95 0.25 6 -1.59 0.25 6 -1.50 0.26 5 -1.30 0.26 5 -1.31 0.31 3 -0.48 0.33 3 -0.19 0.34 3<br>VANUATU VUT 1.39 0.39 2 1.41 0.40 2 0.73 0.41 2 0.94 0.55 1 1.14 0.63 1 1.08 0.60 1 1.04 0.54 1 1.04 0.49 1<br>VENEZUELA VEN -1.24 0.22 10 -1.19 0.21 10 -1.22 0.22 10 -1.28 0.23 9 -1.32 0.22 9 -0.54 0.23 7 -0.40 0.24 6 -0.84 0.29 5<br>VIETNAM VNM 0.42 0.22 9 0.36 0.22 9 0.19 0.22 9 0.16 0.24 8 0.30 0.23 8 0.27 0.25 6 0.39 0.24 6 0.31 0.29 5<br>VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.) VIR 0.60 0.39 2 0.62 0.39 2 0.84 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>WEST BANK GAZA WBG -2.00 0.35 3 -1.68 0.36 3 -1.68 0.35 3 -1.70 0.34 3 -1.97 0.37 3 -1.75 0.42 2 -1.70 0.41 2 .. .. ..<br>YEMEN YEM -1.40 0.24 7 -1.42 0.26 6 -1.74 0.26 6 -1.48 0.28 5 -1.48 0.28 5 -1.35 0.31 4 -1.49 0.28 4 -1.15 0.40 3<br>ZAMBIA ZMB 0.29 0.23 9 0.00 0.23 8 0.08 0.23 9 -0.12 0.24 8 -0.33 0.24 7 -0.38 0.26 6 -0.09 0.25 6 -0.51 0.29 5<br>ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.18 0.23 9 -1.55 0.23 9 -1.55 0.23 9 -1.62 0.24 8 -1.76 0.23 8 -1.44 0.26 6 -0.86 0.25 6 -0.60 0.29 5<br><!-- End of picture text --> 81
<!-- Start of picture text --> TABLE C3: Government Effectiveness<br>2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>AFGHANISTAN AFG -1.39 0.21 8 -1.26 0.20 6 -1.09 0.21 6 -1.25 0.24 4 -1.56 0.24 4 -2.11 0.27 2 -2.27 0.20 1 .. .. ..<br>ALBANIA ALB -0.42 0.18 11 -0.63 0.18 9 -0.35 0.22 8 -0.56 0.20 7 -0.59 0.20 7 -0.71 0.22 4 -0.72 0.17 4 -0.11 0.36 3<br>ALGERIA DZA -0.35 0.17 11 -0.33 0.16 11 -0.46 0.16 11 -0.51 0.16 10 -0.64 0.17 9 -0.96 0.19 6 -1.15 0.16 6 -0.40 0.27 4<br>AMERICAN SAMOA ASM 0.21 0.34 1 0.21 0.27 1 -0.20 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ANDORRA ADO 1.46 0.33 2 1.29 0.27 2 1.34 0.37 2 1.27 0.33 2 1.35 0.30 2 1.45 0.31 1 1.49 0.20 1 .. .. ..<br>ANGOLA AGO -1.20 0.17 12 -1.02 0.17 10 -1.18 0.16 11 -1.04 0.16 10 -1.14 0.17 9 -1.41 0.19 6 -1.14 0.16 6 -1.44 0.27 4<br>ANGUILLA AIA 1.57 0.34 1 1.57 0.27 1 0.97 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ATG 0.42 0.33 2 0.46 0.26 3 0.38 0.35 3 0.49 0.33 2 0.52 0.30 2 0.64 0.31 1 0.69 0.20 1 .. .. ..<br>ARGENTINA ARG -0.19 0.16 13 -0.24 0.15 13 -0.22 0.16 13 -0.34 0.16 11 -0.47 0.16 12 0.06 0.17 8 0.18 0.15 8 0.37 0.23 7<br>ARMENIA ARM -0.16 0.16 13 -0.05 0.17 10 -0.07 0.21 9 -0.22 0.20 8 -0.21 0.20 8 -0.65 0.22 4 -0.47 0.17 4 -0.62 0.62 1<br>ARUBA ABW 1.29 0.34 1 1.30 0.27 1 1.19 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>AUSTRALIA AUS 1.94 0.18 10 1.89 0.16 9 2.06 0.18 9 1.97 0.17 9 1.81 0.18 8 1.83 0.18 7 1.89 0.16 7 1.43 0.26 6<br>AUSTRIA AUT 1.62 0.18 10 1.62 0.16 9 1.78 0.18 9 1.94 0.17 9 1.97 0.18 8 1.92 0.18 7 1.77 0.16 7 2.04 0.26 6<br>AZERBAIJAN AZE -0.70 0.16 13 -0.67 0.15 12 -0.85 0.18 11 -0.76 0.17 10 -0.85 0.17 10 -0.83 0.17 6 -0.88 0.16 5 -0.91 0.28 3<br>BAHAMAS BHS 1.15 0.29 3 1.28 0.25 3 1.13 0.32 3 1.24 0.28 3 1.29 0.26 3 1.34 0.28 2 1.48 0.20 2 0.42 0.68 1<br>BAHRAIN BHR 0.35 0.19 8 0.42 0.17 8 0.61 0.18 8 0.48 0.19 7 0.59 0.18 8 0.71 0.21 4 0.80 0.17 4 0.43 0.31 3<br>BANGLADESH BGD -0.81 0.16 12 -0.91 0.15 11 -0.81 0.17 11 -0.66 0.16 10 -0.66 0.16 10 -0.46 0.17 6 -0.60 0.16 5 -0.64 0.27 4<br>BARBADOS BRB 1.21 0.25 4 1.18 0.25 4 1.05 0.32 4 1.24 0.30 3 1.35 0.30 2 1.45 0.31 1 1.49 0.20 1 .. .. ..<br>BELARUS BLR -1.24 0.19 10 -1.15 0.20 8 -1.20 0.22 8 -1.10 0.20 8 -1.11 0.20 7 -0.90 0.22 4 -0.53 0.17 4 -1.42 0.40 2<br>BELGIUM BEL 1.64 0.18 10 1.66 0.16 9 1.79 0.18 9 1.91 0.17 9 2.03 0.17 9 1.70 0.18 7 1.67 0.16 7 1.94 0.26 6<br>BELIZE BLZ -0.18 0.23 6 0.09 0.23 5 0.07 0.28 5 0.09 0.26 4 0.03 0.26 3 0.04 0.26 2 0.32 0.19 2 -0.39 0.48 1<br>BENIN BEN -0.50 0.17 11 -0.68 0.17 9 -0.43 0.22 7 -0.36 0.22 6 -0.53 0.23 5 -0.25 0.25 3 -0.34 0.18 3 0.01 0.48 1<br>BERMUDA BMU 1.02 0.34 1 1.02 0.27 1 1.07 0.39 1 1.07 0.33 1 1.13 0.30 1 1.18 0.31 1 1.22 0.20 1 .. .. ..<br>BHUTAN BTN 0.33 0.22 6 0.35 0.21 6 0.23 0.26 6 0.52 0.24 5 0.47 0.23 4 0.83 0.22 3 0.64 0.19 2 0.20 0.48 1<br>BOLIVIA BOL -0.69 0.17 12 -0.80 0.16 11 -0.51 0.17 11 -0.26 0.17 9 -0.27 0.17 10 -0.20 0.18 6 -0.13 0.16 6 0.07 0.27 4<br>BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BIH -0.66 0.18 11 -0.69 0.17 10 -0.71 0.18 10 -0.82 0.18 8 -0.98 0.18 8 -0.83 0.22 3 -1.15 0.18 3 -1.32 0.37 1<br>BOTSWANA BWA 0.74 0.16 13 0.82 0.15 12 0.82 0.15 12 0.75 0.15 11 0.74 0.16 11 0.63 0.19 6 0.65 0.16 6 0.24 0.27 4<br>BRAZIL BRA -0.11 0.16 14 -0.08 0.15 13 0.03 0.16 13 0.10 0.16 11 -0.10 0.16 12 0.03 0.17 8 -0.10 0.15 8 -0.27 0.23 7<br>BRUNEI BRN 0.71 0.29 3 0.57 0.25 3 0.07 0.32 3 0.67 0.28 3 0.83 0.26 3 0.92 0.28 2 0.92 0.20 2 1.07 0.68 1<br>BULGARIA BGR 0.14 0.18 12 0.23 0.16 10 0.10 0.18 10 0.06 0.17 10 0.16 0.17 10 0.11 0.18 6 -0.07 0.16 6 -0.94 0.27 4<br>BURKINA FASO BFA -0.79 0.17 12 -0.61 0.19 8 -0.56 0.21 8 -0.64 0.21 7 -0.72 0.21 6 -0.63 0.23 4 -0.83 0.18 4 -0.68 0.42 2<br>BURUNDI BDI -1.29 0.17 11 -1.35 0.20 7 -1.31 0.22 7 -1.33 0.22 6 -1.56 0.23 5 -1.40 0.25 3 -1.72 0.18 3 -0.97 0.48 1<br>CAMBODIA KHM -1.01 0.18 10 -0.92 0.16 9 -0.84 0.20 8 -0.75 0.19 7 -0.74 0.18 7 -0.82 0.19 4 -0.83 0.18 3 -1.12 0.30 2<br>CAMEROON CMR -0.89 0.17 12 -0.94 0.16 11 -0.79 0.17 10 -0.62 0.16 10 -0.81 0.17 9 -0.74 0.19 6 -1.06 0.16 6 -1.17 0.27 4<br>CANADA CAN 2.03 0.18 10 1.94 0.16 9 2.05 0.18 9 2.12 0.17 9 2.09 0.17 9 1.91 0.18 7 1.86 0.16 7 2.07 0.26 6<br>CAPE VERDE CPV 0.17 0.20 7 -0.10 0.20 6 -0.06 0.22 6 -0.16 0.22 5 -0.16 0.22 5 0.20 0.37 2 0.31 0.45 2 -0.12 0.48 1<br>CAYMAN ISLANDS CYM 1.29 0.34 1 1.30 0.27 1 1.17 0.39 1 1.33 0.33 1 1.97 0.30 1 1.99 0.31 1 2.03 0.20 1 .. .. ..<br>CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAF -1.41 0.22 6 -1.56 0.20 7 -1.66 0.22 7 -1.50 0.22 6 -1.57 0.23 5 -1.40 0.25 3 -1.45 0.18 3 -0.91 0.48 1<br>CHAD TCD -1.37 0.18 10 -1.21 0.18 8 -1.01 0.20 8 -0.85 0.21 7 -0.86 0.23 6 -0.60 0.25 3 -0.61 0.18 3 -0.65 0.48 1<br>CHILE CHL 1.25 0.16 13 1.28 0.15 13 1.33 0.16 13 1.28 0.16 11 1.27 0.16 12 1.20 0.17 8 1.36 0.15 8 0.95 0.23 7<br>CHINA CHN -0.01 0.16 12 -0.09 0.15 12 0.01 0.16 12 0.00 0.16 11 0.03 0.16 11 -0.03 0.17 8 -0.22 0.15 8 0.24 0.23 7<br>COLOMBIA COL 0.01 0.16 14 -0.09 0.15 13 -0.13 0.16 13 -0.23 0.16 11 -0.46 0.16 12 -0.35 0.17 8 -0.42 0.15 8 0.23 0.23 7<br>COMOROS COM -1.70 0.25 5 -1.66 0.23 5 -1.56 0.25 5 -1.40 0.26 4 -0.96 0.25 4 -1.33 0.25 3 -1.76 0.18 3 -0.71 0.48 1<br>CONGO COG -1.31 0.19 9 -1.35 0.18 9 -1.13 0.22 7 -1.28 0.22 6 -1.39 0.23 6 -1.50 0.23 4 -1.17 0.18 4 -1.22 0.42 2<br>CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.61 0.18 10 -1.68 0.17 10 -1.44 0.17 10 -1.44 0.19 8 -1.77 0.20 8 -1.80 0.21 5 -1.88 0.17 5 -1.70 0.36 3<br>COOK ISLANDS COK 0.12 0.40 2 0.52 0.42 2 -0.15 0.55 1 -0.23 0.51 2 -0.27 0.47 2 0.13 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>COSTA RICA CRI 0.29 0.17 12 0.31 0.16 11 0.46 0.17 11 0.47 0.17 9 0.51 0.17 10 0.46 0.18 6 0.65 0.16 6 -0.02 0.25 5<br>COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.42 0.18 9 -1.38 0.17 9 -1.24 0.17 10 -0.92 0.17 9 -0.96 0.17 9 -0.78 0.19 6 -0.35 0.16 6 0.08 0.27 4<br>CROATIA HRV 0.52 0.18 12 0.52 0.16 11 0.49 0.17 11 0.32 0.17 10 0.35 0.17 10 0.34 0.19 5 0.13 0.16 5 -0.06 0.28 3<br>CUBA CUB -0.92 0.20 8 -0.85 0.18 8 -0.66 0.19 8 -0.57 0.19 7 -0.61 0.19 7 -0.49 0.21 4 -0.74 0.17 4 -0.42 0.31 3<br>CYPRUS CYP 1.22 0.21 7 1.16 0.18 6 1.12 0.20 6 1.21 0.20 5 1.31 0.20 5 1.16 0.21 4 1.21 0.17 4 1.35 0.31 3<br>CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 1.01 0.17 12 1.01 0.15 11 0.75 0.16 12 0.75 0.16 12 0.87 0.16 12 0.77 0.17 8 0.72 0.15 8 0.84 0.23 7<br>DENMARK DNK 2.29 0.18 10 2.14 0.16 9 2.26 0.18 9 2.22 0.17 9 2.14 0.18 8 1.96 0.18 7 1.94 0.16 7 2.18 0.26 6<br>DJIBOUTI DJI -1.01 0.25 5 -0.87 0.23 5 -0.63 0.25 5 -0.77 0.26 4 -0.90 0.25 4 -1.10 0.25 3 -1.02 0.18 3 -0.98 0.48 1<br>DOMINICA DMA 0.77 0.30 3 0.54 0.25 4 0.35 0.30 4 0.24 0.27 3 0.29 0.26 3 0.39 0.26 2 0.49 0.19 2 -0.91 0.48 1<br>DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM -0.44 0.17 12 -0.42 0.16 11 -0.54 0.17 11 -0.40 0.17 9 -0.31 0.17 9 -0.17 0.19 5 -0.20 0.17 4 -0.78 0.28 3<br>ECUADOR ECU -1.12 0.17 12 -1.01 0.16 11 -0.80 0.16 12 -0.76 0.16 10 -0.85 0.16 11 -0.84 0.17 7 -0.52 0.15 7 -0.89 0.25 5<br>EGYPT EGY -0.41 0.16 13 -0.40 0.15 12 -0.24 0.15 12 -0.32 0.16 11 -0.42 0.16 11 -0.24 0.17 8 -0.48 0.15 8 0.00 0.24 6<br>EL SALVADOR SLV -0.26 0.18 11 -0.29 0.16 10 -0.25 0.18 10 -0.27 0.18 8 -0.45 0.18 9 -0.50 0.19 5 -0.54 0.17 5 -0.27 0.27 4<br>EQUATORIAL GUINEA GNQ -1.32 0.21 7 -1.35 0.20 6 -1.40 0.20 7 -1.21 0.20 6 -1.33 0.20 6 -1.43 0.21 4 -1.20 0.17 4 -1.45 0.30 2<br>ERITREA ERI -1.24 0.20 8 -0.93 0.20 7 -1.06 0.22 7 -0.91 0.22 6 -0.79 0.23 5 -0.99 0.25 3 -1.05 0.18 3 -0.39 0.48 1<br>ESTONIA EST 1.17 0.18 11 1.11 0.16 11 1.12 0.17 11 1.16 0.16 11 0.91 0.16 11 0.89 0.18 7 0.74 0.16 5 0.55 0.28 3<br>ETHIOPIA ETH -0.61 0.17 11 -0.90 0.16 10 -0.72 0.17 10 -0.79 0.17 9 -0.91 0.18 8 -0.97 0.20 5 -1.06 0.17 5 -1.04 0.28 3<br>FIJI FJI -0.10 0.30 3 -0.09 0.25 3 -0.49 0.32 3 -0.17 0.27 3 0.14 0.26 3 -0.43 0.26 2 -0.17 0.19 2 -0.06 0.48 1<br>FINLAND FIN 2.08 0.18 10 2.09 0.16 9 2.09 0.18 9 2.23 0.17 9 2.18 0.17 9 2.01 0.18 7 1.93 0.16 7 2.10 0.26 6<br>FRANCE FRA 1.20 0.18 10 1.47 0.16 9 1.49 0.18 9 1.57 0.17 9 1.59 0.17 9 1.60 0.18 7 1.36 0.16 7 1.76 0.26 6<br>FRENCH GUIANA GUF 0.75 0.34 1 0.75 0.27 1 0.58 0.39 1 0.80 0.33 1 0.85 0.30 1 0.91 0.31 1 0.95 0.20 1 .. .. ..<br>GABON GAB -0.63 0.19 9 -0.71 0.18 9 -0.73 0.18 9 -0.52 0.18 8 -0.36 0.18 8 -0.60 0.19 6 -0.38 0.17 5 -0.99 0.28 3<br>GAMBIA GMB -0.73 0.19 8 -0.70 0.19 7 -0.48 0.21 7 -0.54 0.22 6 -0.71 0.23 5 -0.46 0.23 4 -0.59 0.18 4 -0.38 0.42 2<br>GEORGIA GEO -0.16 0.18 11 -0.37 0.18 9 -0.60 0.21 9 -0.66 0.21 7 -0.77 0.21 7 -0.56 0.23 3 -0.62 0.18 3 -0.31 0.40 2<br><!-- End of picture text --> 82
**TABLE C3: Government Effectiveness (cont.)**

<!-- Start of picture text --> 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>GERMANY DEU 1.52 0.18 10 1.51 0.16 9 1.43 0.18 9 1.48 0.17 9 1.79 0.17 9 1.91 0.18 7 1.81 0.16 7 2.07 0.26 6<br>GHANA GHA 0.05 0.16 12 -0.10 0.15 12 -0.25 0.15 12 -0.25 0.15 11 -0.22 0.16 10 0.01 0.19 6 -0.21 0.16 6 -0.37 0.27 4<br>GREECE GRC 0.62 0.18 10 0.66 0.16 9 0.81 0.18 9 0.84 0.17 9 0.89 0.17 9 0.73 0.18 7 0.87 0.16 7 0.79 0.26 6<br>GRENADA GRD 0.17 0.28 4 0.24 0.25 4 0.11 0.30 4 0.21 0.27 3 0.41 0.26 3 0.44 0.26 2 0.59 0.19 2 -0.52 0.48 1<br>GUAM GUM 0.21 0.34 1 0.21 0.27 1 0.27 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>GUATEMALA GTM -0.67 0.17 12 -0.70 0.16 10 -0.70 0.18 10 -0.53 0.18 8 -0.54 0.18 9 -0.47 0.19 5 -0.34 0.17 4 -0.50 0.27 4<br>GUINEA GIN -1.44 0.18 10 -1.09 0.19 8 -0.97 0.21 8 -0.88 0.21 7 -0.94 0.21 7 -0.88 0.23 4 -1.10 0.18 4 -1.07 0.42 2<br>GUINEA-BISSAU GNB -1.16 0.23 6 -1.42 0.22 6 -1.54 0.23 6 -1.28 0.23 5 -1.23 0.23 5 -1.10 0.23 4 -1.42 0.18 4 -0.63 0.42 2<br>GUYANA GUY -0.15 0.19 8 -0.54 0.19 7 -0.23 0.25 6 -0.25 0.24 5 -0.29 0.24 4 -0.24 0.24 3 -0.35 0.19 3 -0.14 0.42 2<br>HAITI HTI -1.37 0.20 8 -1.39 0.20 7 -1.66 0.23 7 -1.48 0.20 7 -1.55 0.21 6 -1.35 0.24 3 -0.97 0.19 3 -1.03 0.42 2<br>HONDURAS HND -0.60 0.17 12 -0.64 0.16 10 -0.57 0.18 10 -0.59 0.18 8 -0.57 0.18 9 -0.46 0.19 5 -0.67 0.17 4 -0.86 0.27 4<br>HONG KONG HKG 1.76 0.19 9 1.64 0.17 8 1.59 0.19 8 1.42 0.18 8 1.28 0.18 8 1.15 0.19 6 0.93 0.16 6 1.16 0.28 5<br>HUNGARY HUN 0.71 0.16 13 0.75 0.15 12 0.82 0.16 12 0.86 0.16 12 1.02 0.16 12 0.94 0.17 8 0.92 0.15 8 0.59 0.23 7<br>ICELAND ISL 2.13 0.20 7 2.22 0.20 6 2.23 0.25 6 2.23 0.23 6 2.01 0.23 5 2.09 0.23 4 2.07 0.18 4 1.50 0.47 3<br>INDIA IND -0.04 0.16 13 -0.12 0.15 12 -0.06 0.16 12 -0.05 0.16 11 -0.11 0.16 11 -0.14 0.17 8 -0.16 0.15 8 -0.19 0.23 7<br>INDONESIA IDN -0.38 0.15 14 -0.47 0.14 13 -0.43 0.16 13 -0.58 0.15 12 -0.56 0.15 12 -0.50 0.15 9 -0.78 0.15 8 0.14 0.23 7<br>IRAN IRN -0.80 0.18 11 -0.77 0.17 10 -0.55 0.17 10 -0.48 0.17 9 -0.54 0.17 9 -0.35 0.20 5 -0.53 0.16 5 -0.75 0.28 4<br>IRAQ IRQ -1.70 0.22 6 -1.65 0.20 6 -1.48 0.20 7 -1.60 0.19 7 -1.95 0.19 7 -1.88 0.21 4 -2.11 0.17 4 -1.49 0.31 3<br>IRELAND IRL 1.53 0.18 10 1.64 0.16 9 1.58 0.18 9 1.62 0.17 9 1.75 0.18 8 1.78 0.18 7 1.72 0.16 7 1.84 0.26 6<br>ISRAEL ISR 1.10 0.19 9 0.96 0.17 8 1.12 0.19 8 0.96 0.18 8 0.99 0.18 8 1.06 0.19 6 0.80 0.16 6 1.30 0.26 6<br>ITALY ITA 0.38 0.18 10 0.60 0.16 9 0.68 0.18 9 0.88 0.17 9 0.88 0.17 9 0.86 0.18 7 0.93 0.16 7 0.97 0.26 6<br>JAMAICA JAM 0.13 0.18 10 -0.12 0.17 9 0.12 0.18 9 0.01 0.18 8 -0.06 0.18 8 0.03 0.19 5 0.08 0.17 4 -0.22 0.28 3<br>JAPAN JPN 1.29 0.18 10 1.16 0.16 9 1.11 0.18 9 1.09 0.17 9 1.01 0.17 9 1.05 0.18 7 1.03 0.16 7 1.34 0.26 6<br>JORDAN JOR 0.19 0.17 12 0.10 0.16 11 0.16 0.17 11 0.25 0.16 10 0.20 0.17 9 0.05 0.18 6 0.12 0.16 6 0.22 0.25 5<br>KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.53 0.16 13 -0.58 0.15 12 -0.70 0.17 11 -0.64 0.17 10 -0.89 0.17 10 -0.67 0.18 6 -0.79 0.16 6 -1.00 0.26 4<br>KENYA KEN -0.69 0.16 13 -0.79 0.15 12 -0.70 0.15 12 -0.70 0.15 11 -0.75 0.16 10 -0.66 0.19 6 -0.73 0.16 6 -0.26 0.27 4<br>KIRIBATI KIR -0.49 0.25 4 -0.48 0.22 4 -0.60 0.29 4 -0.44 0.36 3 -0.25 0.35 3 -0.11 0.29 2 -0.39 0.54 1 -0.32 0.48 1<br>KOREA, NORTH PRK -1.70 0.22 6 -1.79 0.20 6 -1.70 0.21 6 -1.80 0.25 4 -1.96 0.24 4 -1.88 0.28 2 -1.97 0.20 2 -0.89 0.68 1<br>KOREA, SOUTH KOR 1.05 0.16 12 1.01 0.15 11 0.93 0.16 11 0.90 0.16 11 0.95 0.16 11 0.77 0.17 8 0.41 0.15 8 0.92 0.26 6<br>KOSOVO LWI -0.36 0.91 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>KUWAIT KWT 0.28 0.20 8 0.38 0.18 7 0.28 0.21 6 0.28 0.20 6 0.11 0.19 7 0.11 0.21 4 0.16 0.17 4 0.35 0.31 3<br>KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -0.86 0.17 12 -0.89 0.17 10 -0.72 0.21 9 -0.65 0.20 8 -0.64 0.20 8 -0.49 0.20 4 -0.28 0.18 3 -0.49 0.40 2<br>LAOS LAO -0.91 0.18 10 -1.06 0.19 8 -0.97 0.23 7 -1.03 0.22 6 -0.69 0.21 6 -0.81 0.22 3 -0.67 0.19 2 -0.06 0.48 1<br>LATVIA LVA 0.73 0.18 11 0.64 0.16 10 0.66 0.18 10 0.69 0.17 10 0.69 0.17 10 0.50 0.18 6 0.61 0.16 5 -0.46 0.28 3<br>LEBANON LBN -0.45 0.19 10 -0.33 0.18 9 -0.35 0.18 9 -0.28 0.17 8 -0.35 0.17 9 -0.19 0.19 5 -0.09 0.16 5 0.21 0.27 4<br>LESOTHO LSO -0.27 0.17 10 -0.28 0.19 8 -0.24 0.20 8 -0.33 0.19 7 -0.25 0.21 6 -0.16 0.25 3 -0.09 0.18 3 0.14 0.48 1<br>LIBERIA LBR -1.37 0.23 5 -1.30 0.21 5 -1.74 0.23 6 -1.65 0.23 5 -1.62 0.23 5 -1.87 0.23 4 -1.88 0.18 4 -1.76 0.42 2<br>LIBYA LBY -0.86 0.21 7 -0.97 0.18 7 -0.80 0.20 7 -0.95 0.19 7 -1.06 0.19 7 -1.11 0.21 4 -0.96 0.17 4 -1.02 0.31 3<br>LIECHTENSTEIN LIE 1.82 0.33 2 1.57 0.27 2 1.66 0.37 2 1.48 0.33 2 1.69 0.30 2 1.72 0.31 1 1.76 0.20 1 .. .. ..<br>LITHUANIA LTU 0.82 0.19 10 0.90 0.16 10 0.89 0.18 10 0.94 0.17 10 0.68 0.17 10 0.37 0.18 6 0.56 0.16 5 -0.35 0.28 3<br>LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.73 0.20 7 1.95 0.20 6 2.12 0.25 6 2.09 0.23 6 2.18 0.24 5 2.06 0.26 3 2.05 0.18 4 2.27 0.47 3<br>MACAO MAC 1.02 0.34 1 1.30 0.27 1 1.10 0.39 1 1.33 0.33 1 0.85 0.30 1 0.64 0.31 1 0.42 0.20 1 .. .. ..<br>MACEDONIA MKD -0.20 0.18 11 -0.36 0.17 10 -0.17 0.18 10 -0.30 0.17 9 -0.48 0.19 7 -0.74 0.22 3 -0.63 0.18 3 -0.34 0.30 2<br>MADAGASCAR MDG -0.18 0.16 13 -0.10 0.16 10 -0.35 0.19 9 -0.35 0.20 8 -0.42 0.21 6 -0.56 0.23 4 -0.45 0.18 4 -0.97 0.42 2<br>MALAWI MWI -0.85 0.16 13 -0.78 0.15 11 -0.84 0.16 11 -0.73 0.16 10 -0.76 0.17 9 -0.36 0.20 5 -0.21 0.17 5 -0.67 0.28 3<br>MALAYSIA MYS 1.02 0.16 13 1.01 0.15 12 0.96 0.16 12 0.85 0.16 11 0.80 0.16 11 0.81 0.17 8 0.55 0.15 8 0.85 0.23 7<br>MALDIVES MDV 0.03 0.24 5 0.16 0.22 5 0.24 0.27 5 0.37 0.25 4 0.57 0.23 4 0.48 0.22 3 0.96 0.19 2 -0.12 0.48 1<br>MALI MLI -0.41 0.16 12 -0.45 0.16 10 -0.30 0.18 10 -0.23 0.18 9 -0.45 0.19 8 -0.79 0.23 4 -0.87 0.18 4 -0.69 0.42 2<br>MALTA MLT 1.21 0.21 6 0.95 0.20 5 1.06 0.26 5 1.06 0.25 5 1.11 0.26 3 1.13 0.28 2 0.96 0.20 2 -0.24 0.68 1<br>MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL -1.06 0.35 3 -0.91 0.36 3 -0.99 0.39 3 -0.98 0.36 3 -0.31 0.35 3 -0.94 0.29 2 -0.56 0.54 1 .. .. ..<br>MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.75 0.34 1 0.75 0.27 1 0.75 0.39 1 0.80 0.33 1 0.85 0.30 1 0.91 0.31 1 0.95 0.20 1 .. .. ..<br>MAURITANIA MRT -0.64 0.20 9 -0.23 0.22 6 -0.24 0.24 6 0.03 0.24 5 -0.09 0.25 4 -0.16 0.25 3 -0.14 0.18 3 0.20 0.48 1<br>MAURITIUS MUS 0.63 0.18 9 0.60 0.17 8 0.65 0.19 7 0.67 0.20 6 0.44 0.20 6 0.52 0.25 4 0.37 0.29 4 0.46 0.30 2<br>MEXICO MEX 0.16 0.16 14 0.01 0.15 13 0.13 0.16 13 0.18 0.16 11 0.31 0.16 12 0.31 0.17 8 0.34 0.15 8 -0.04 0.23 7<br>MICRONESIA FSM -0.23 0.25 4 -0.09 0.22 4 -0.62 0.29 4 -0.56 0.36 3 -0.34 0.35 3 -0.71 0.29 2 -0.56 0.54 1 .. .. ..<br>MOLDOVA MDA -0.85 0.18 12 -0.74 0.16 11 -0.83 0.18 10 -0.65 0.17 9 -0.62 0.18 8 -0.60 0.19 5 -0.31 0.16 5 -0.56 0.28 3<br>MONACO MCO 0.36 0.88 1 -0.12 0.91 1 1.41 0.87 1 -0.63 0.88 1 -0.62 0.90 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>MONGOLIA MNG -0.46 0.18 10 -0.38 0.17 9 -0.42 0.22 8 -0.28 0.20 7 -0.20 0.20 6 -0.34 0.20 4 -0.33 0.19 3 -0.53 0.42 2<br>MONTENEGRO MNP -0.20 0.21 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>MOROCCO MAR 0.02 0.17 12 -0.19 0.16 11 -0.08 0.16 11 -0.08 0.16 10 -0.10 0.17 10 0.00 0.19 6 -0.04 0.16 6 -0.05 0.25 5<br>MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.30 0.16 13 -0.33 0.15 12 -0.35 0.15 12 -0.43 0.15 11 -0.34 0.17 9 -0.36 0.20 5 -0.06 0.17 5 -0.27 0.28 3<br>MYANMAR MMR -1.58 0.20 9 -1.63 0.18 8 -1.56 0.19 8 -1.31 0.19 7 -1.40 0.19 7 -1.20 0.21 4 -1.18 0.17 4 -1.28 0.31 3<br>NAMIBIA NAM 0.13 0.16 11 0.07 0.15 12 0.08 0.15 12 0.13 0.15 11 0.10 0.16 11 0.26 0.20 5 0.36 0.17 5 0.46 0.28 3<br>NAURU NRU -1.25 0.88 1 -0.44 0.91 1 -1.34 0.87 1 -1.71 0.88 1 -1.18 0.90 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>NEPAL NPL -0.89 0.17 11 -0.96 0.17 9 -0.79 0.20 8 -0.57 0.22 6 -0.47 0.21 6 -0.43 0.22 3 -0.46 0.19 2 -0.25 0.48 1<br>NETHERLANDS NLD 1.86 0.18 10 1.96 0.16 9 2.09 0.18 9 2.06 0.17 9 2.11 0.17 9 2.09 0.18 7 2.12 0.16 7 2.24 0.26 6<br>NETHERLANDS ANTILLES ANT 0.75 0.34 1 1.02 0.27 1 1.10 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>NEW CALEDONIA NCL -0.38 0.59 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.42 0.68 1<br>NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.94 0.19 9 1.91 0.17 8 2.16 0.19 8 2.01 0.18 8 1.80 0.18 7 1.63 0.19 6 1.77 0.16 6 2.22 0.28 5<br>NICARAGUA NIC -0.97 0.17 12 -0.77 0.16 10 -0.61 0.18 10 -0.61 0.18 8 -0.77 0.18 9 -0.60 0.19 5 -0.42 0.17 4 -0.89 0.27 4<br>NIGER NER -0.79 0.19 10 -0.81 0.19 8 -0.78 0.21 8 -0.81 0.21 7 -0.87 0.21 6 -1.12 0.23 4 -1.20 0.18 4 -1.07 0.42 2<br><!-- End of picture text --> 83
<!-- Start of picture text --> TABLE C3: Government Effectiveness (cont.)<br>2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>NIGERIA NGA -0.96 0.16 13 -0.91 0.15 12 -0.94 0.15 12 -0.82 0.15 11 -0.98 0.16 11 -1.01 0.18 7 -1.06 0.16 6 -1.36 0.25 5<br>NIUE NIU -0.61 0.88 1 -0.44 0.91 1 .. .. .. -0.19 0.88 1 -0.76 0.90 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>NORWAY NOR 2.10 0.18 10 2.01 0.16 9 2.13 0.18 9 2.07 0.17 9 2.00 0.18 8 1.92 0.18 7 2.04 0.16 7 2.22 0.26 6<br>OMAN OMN 0.46 0.22 6 0.47 0.20 6 0.53 0.21 6 0.60 0.20 6 0.43 0.19 7 0.54 0.21 4 0.56 0.17 4 0.86 0.31 3<br>PAKISTAN PAK -0.51 0.15 13 -0.54 0.15 12 -0.51 0.16 12 -0.53 0.16 11 -0.61 0.16 10 -0.65 0.17 7 -0.63 0.16 6 -0.52 0.25 5<br>PALAU PCI -0.61 0.88 1 -0.76 0.91 1 0.39 0.87 1 0.32 0.88 1 -0.35 0.90 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>PANAMA PAN 0.12 0.17 12 0.10 0.16 11 0.01 0.18 10 -0.10 0.18 8 -0.06 0.18 9 0.20 0.18 6 0.26 0.16 5 -0.30 0.27 4<br>PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG -0.84 0.18 10 -0.97 0.17 10 -0.74 0.18 10 -0.68 0.17 9 -0.63 0.17 8 -0.56 0.17 6 -0.46 0.17 4 -0.34 0.28 3<br>PARAGUAY PRY -0.88 0.18 11 -0.83 0.16 10 -0.92 0.18 10 -0.95 0.18 8 -1.12 0.18 9 -1.09 0.19 5 -0.97 0.17 4 -0.76 0.28 3<br>PERU PER -0.46 0.16 13 -0.60 0.15 12 -0.49 0.16 12 -0.42 0.16 10 -0.38 0.16 11 -0.16 0.17 7 0.08 0.15 7 -0.13 0.24 6<br>PHILIPPINES PHL -0.01 0.16 13 -0.08 0.15 12 -0.20 0.16 12 -0.16 0.16 11 -0.18 0.16 11 -0.19 0.17 8 -0.21 0.15 8 -0.03 0.23 7<br>POLAND POL 0.49 0.16 13 0.54 0.15 12 0.45 0.16 12 0.55 0.16 12 0.56 0.16 12 0.59 0.17 8 0.73 0.15 8 0.78 0.23 7<br>PORTUGAL PRT 0.95 0.18 10 1.03 0.16 9 1.07 0.18 9 1.24 0.17 9 1.19 0.18 8 1.10 0.18 7 1.37 0.16 7 1.10 0.26 6<br>PUERTO RICO PRI 0.71 0.28 4 1.01 0.24 3 1.12 0.29 3 1.17 0.27 3 1.19 0.26 2 1.38 0.27 2 1.30 0.18 2 1.47 0.62 1<br>QATAR QAT 0.53 0.20 7 0.55 0.18 7 0.63 0.21 6 0.58 0.20 6 0.62 0.19 6 0.60 0.21 4 0.70 0.17 4 0.49 0.31 3<br>REUNION REU 1.02 0.34 1 1.02 0.27 1 1.07 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ROMANIA ROM -0.05 0.16 13 -0.08 0.15 13 -0.15 0.17 12 -0.20 0.16 11 -0.22 0.17 10 -0.38 0.18 6 -0.33 0.16 5 -0.69 0.27 4<br>RUSSIA RUS -0.43 0.16 13 -0.38 0.15 12 -0.22 0.16 12 -0.22 0.16 12 -0.30 0.16 12 -0.61 0.17 8 -0.45 0.15 8 -0.62 0.23 7<br>RWANDA RWA -0.40 0.20 8 -1.05 0.21 6 -0.68 0.23 6 -0.85 0.23 5 -1.01 0.23 5 -0.83 0.25 3 -1.13 0.18 3 -1.23 0.48 1<br>SAMOA SAM 0.07 0.25 4 0.32 0.22 4 0.05 0.29 4 0.37 0.25 4 0.13 0.23 4 0.40 0.22 3 0.36 0.19 2 -0.39 0.48 1<br>SAN MARINO SMR -0.26 0.88 1 -0.50 0.91 1 -0.22 0.87 1 -0.67 0.88 1 -0.35 0.90 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP -0.87 0.22 6 -0.77 0.23 5 -0.77 0.25 5 -0.59 0.26 4 -0.67 0.25 4 -0.59 0.25 3 -0.54 0.18 3 -0.65 0.48 1<br>SAUDI ARABIA SAU -0.28 0.19 9 -0.38 0.17 8 -0.33 0.18 8 -0.31 0.18 8 -0.30 0.17 9 -0.13 0.20 5 -0.18 0.16 5 -0.34 0.28 4<br>SENEGAL SEN -0.23 0.16 12 -0.13 0.16 10 -0.18 0.17 10 -0.19 0.16 10 0.04 0.17 9 -0.04 0.20 5 0.13 0.17 5 -0.16 0.28 3<br>SERBIA YUG -0.29 0.18 11 -0.37 0.16 10 -0.17 0.18 10 -0.55 0.17 10 -0.59 0.18 9 -0.90 0.23 3 -1.18 0.18 3 -0.45 0.34 2<br>SEYCHELLES SYC -0.09 0.22 6 0.03 0.19 7 -0.08 0.20 7 -0.19 0.24 5 -0.02 0.25 4 -0.02 0.25 3 0.47 0.18 3 -0.58 0.48 1<br>SIERRA LEONE SLE -1.10 0.20 9 -1.26 0.20 7 -1.28 0.21 7 -1.38 0.21 6 -1.54 0.21 6 -1.49 0.23 4 -1.37 0.18 4 -0.59 0.42 2<br>SINGAPORE SGP 2.20 0.17 11 2.15 0.16 10 2.20 0.17 10 2.14 0.17 10 2.11 0.17 10 2.28 0.18 7 2.13 0.16 7 2.28 0.26 6<br>SLOVAKIA SVK 0.91 0.18 12 0.95 0.16 11 0.75 0.17 11 0.57 0.16 11 0.45 0.17 10 0.30 0.21 6 0.25 0.25 5 0.54 0.25 5<br>SLOVENIA SVN 1.11 0.18 11 1.02 0.16 10 0.98 0.18 10 1.08 0.16 11 0.91 0.16 11 0.71 0.18 7 0.62 0.16 5 0.81 0.28 3<br>SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB -0.92 0.25 4 -0.67 0.22 4 -1.56 0.29 4 -2.49 0.36 3 -1.03 0.35 3 -1.08 0.29 2 -0.96 0.54 1 -1.04 0.48 1<br>SOMALIA SOM -2.19 0.23 5 -2.16 0.21 6 -2.08 0.23 6 -1.92 0.23 5 -1.62 0.24 4 -2.25 0.24 3 -2.09 0.19 3 -1.76 0.42 2<br>SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.78 0.15 14 0.83 0.14 14 0.77 0.14 14 0.68 0.14 13 0.68 0.15 13 0.64 0.16 9 0.80 0.15 9 0.39 0.23 7<br>SPAIN ESP 1.05 0.18 10 1.40 0.16 9 1.36 0.18 9 1.76 0.17 9 1.82 0.17 9 1.75 0.18 7 1.70 0.16 7 1.60 0.26 6<br>SRI LANKA LKA -0.36 0.16 12 -0.41 0.15 11 -0.33 0.17 11 -0.17 0.16 10 -0.06 0.16 10 -0.30 0.16 7 -0.25 0.16 5 -0.44 0.27 4<br>ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 0.84 0.30 3 0.96 0.25 4 -0.08 0.30 4 -0.45 0.44 2 -0.27 0.47 2 0.04 0.44 1 -0.23 0.54 1 -0.19 0.48 1<br>ST. LUCIA LCA 1.00 0.30 3 1.07 0.25 4 0.21 0.30 4 0.12 0.44 2 0.01 0.47 2 0.13 0.44 1 -0.15 0.54 1 0.27 0.48 1<br>ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 0.92 0.30 3 1.02 0.25 4 0.26 0.30 4 -0.17 0.44 2 -0.20 0.47 2 -0.04 0.44 1 -0.23 0.54 1 -0.39 0.48 1<br>SUDAN SDN -1.14 0.18 10 -1.28 0.17 10 -1.22 0.17 10 -1.19 0.17 9 -1.13 0.17 9 -1.15 0.19 6 -1.15 0.17 5 -1.49 0.28 3<br>SURINAME SUR -0.03 0.22 6 -0.04 0.23 5 -0.04 0.28 5 -0.18 0.27 4 -0.28 0.26 3 -0.15 0.28 2 -0.64 0.20 2 -0.89 0.68 1<br>SWAZILAND SWZ -0.70 0.20 8 -0.92 0.21 7 -0.82 0.22 7 -0.80 0.22 6 -0.45 0.23 5 -0.71 0.25 3 -0.67 0.18 3 -0.32 0.48 1<br>SWEDEN SWE 2.00 0.18 10 1.95 0.16 9 2.07 0.18 9 2.09 0.17 9 2.07 0.18 8 2.00 0.18 7 2.05 0.16 7 2.12 0.26 6<br>SWITZERLAND CHE 2.13 0.18 10 2.05 0.16 9 2.30 0.18 9 2.05 0.17 9 2.19 0.18 8 2.16 0.18 7 1.99 0.16 7 2.39 0.26 6<br>SYRIA SYR -1.03 0.19 9 -1.19 0.18 8 -1.05 0.19 8 -1.01 0.19 7 -0.89 0.19 7 -0.98 0.21 4 -0.88 0.17 4 -0.15 0.31 3<br>TAIWAN TWN 1.11 0.17 11 1.12 0.16 10 1.24 0.17 10 1.11 0.17 10 1.03 0.17 10 0.91 0.18 7 0.79 0.16 7 1.43 0.26 6<br>TAJIKISTAN TJK -1.06 0.17 12 -1.10 0.17 10 -1.12 0.21 9 -1.11 0.20 8 -1.13 0.20 8 -1.24 0.20 4 -1.49 0.18 3 -1.61 0.40 2<br>TANZANIA TZA -0.31 0.16 13 -0.35 0.15 12 -0.36 0.15 12 -0.33 0.15 11 -0.40 0.16 10 -0.42 0.19 6 -0.53 0.16 6 -0.84 0.27 4<br>THAILAND THA 0.29 0.16 13 0.39 0.15 12 0.30 0.16 12 0.24 0.16 11 0.20 0.16 11 0.09 0.17 8 0.09 0.15 8 0.44 0.23 7<br>TIMOR-LESTE TMP -0.71 0.24 5 -0.92 0.22 4 -0.77 0.31 3 -0.96 0.29 3 -0.92 0.30 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>TOGO TGO -1.60 0.18 11 -1.43 0.19 8 -1.44 0.21 8 -1.36 0.21 7 -1.30 0.21 6 -1.17 0.23 4 -0.68 0.18 4 -0.68 0.42 2<br>TONGA TON -0.64 0.25 4 -0.48 0.22 4 -0.68 0.29 4 -0.61 0.36 3 -0.50 0.35 3 -0.55 0.29 2 -0.47 0.54 1 -0.19 0.48 1<br>TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO 0.23 0.19 9 0.28 0.17 9 0.47 0.19 8 0.50 0.19 7 0.35 0.19 6 0.47 0.19 5 0.01 0.17 4 0.12 0.28 3<br>TUNISIA TUN 0.55 0.17 11 0.45 0.16 11 0.50 0.16 11 0.53 0.16 10 0.61 0.17 10 0.54 0.19 6 0.54 0.16 6 0.51 0.27 4<br>TURKEY TUR 0.23 0.16 14 0.21 0.15 13 0.07 0.16 13 0.11 0.16 12 0.00 0.16 12 -0.06 0.17 8 -0.22 0.15 8 -0.18 0.23 7<br>TURKMENISTAN TKM -1.45 0.21 7 -1.58 0.19 7 -1.48 0.23 6 -1.43 0.21 6 -1.56 0.21 6 -1.30 0.23 3 -1.24 0.18 3 -1.51 0.40 2<br>TUVALU TUV -0.28 0.27 3 -0.02 0.23 3 -1.04 0.32 3 -0.97 0.51 2 -0.24 0.47 2 0.54 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>UGANDA UGA -0.50 0.16 13 -0.47 0.15 12 -0.43 0.15 12 -0.40 0.15 11 -0.54 0.16 10 -0.42 0.19 6 -0.50 0.16 6 -0.57 0.27 4<br>UKRAINE UKR -0.57 0.17 12 -0.41 0.15 11 -0.65 0.17 11 -0.56 0.16 11 -0.68 0.16 11 -0.66 0.17 7 -0.72 0.15 7 -0.66 0.25 5<br>UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE 0.78 0.19 9 0.55 0.17 8 1.03 0.20 7 0.76 0.20 6 0.80 0.19 7 0.81 0.21 4 0.85 0.17 4 0.42 0.31 3<br>UNITED KINGDOM GBR 1.83 0.18 10 1.71 0.16 9 1.92 0.18 9 1.94 0.17 9 1.97 0.17 9 1.90 0.18 7 2.04 0.16 7 2.09 0.26 6<br>UNITED STATES USA 1.64 0.18 10 1.60 0.16 9 1.81 0.18 9 1.77 0.17 9 1.78 0.17 9 1.88 0.18 7 1.65 0.16 7 2.12 0.26 6<br>URUGUAY URY 0.48 0.18 11 0.55 0.16 11 0.52 0.17 11 0.55 0.17 9 0.63 0.17 10 0.56 0.18 6 0.67 0.16 5 -0.08 0.27 4<br>UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.24 0.19 9 -1.21 0.17 9 -1.09 0.19 9 -1.08 0.17 9 -1.13 0.17 9 -0.97 0.22 4 -0.88 0.29 3 -0.99 0.28 3<br>VANUATU VUT -0.39 0.25 4 -0.32 0.22 4 -0.64 0.29 4 -0.89 0.36 3 -0.33 0.35 3 -0.62 0.29 2 -0.56 0.54 1 -0.19 0.48 1<br>VENEZUELA VEN -0.88 0.16 14 -0.84 0.15 13 -0.93 0.16 13 -0.99 0.16 11 -0.98 0.16 12 -0.72 0.17 8 -0.50 0.15 8 -0.98 0.23 7<br>VIETNAM VNM -0.37 0.15 13 -0.30 0.15 12 -0.41 0.16 12 -0.34 0.16 11 -0.40 0.16 11 -0.44 0.16 8 -0.55 0.15 7 -0.16 0.24 6<br>VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.) VIR 1.29 0.34 1 1.30 0.27 1 0.56 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>WEST BANK GAZA WBG -1.11 0.30 3 -1.10 0.25 3 -0.86 0.32 3 -1.25 0.31 2 -1.06 0.29 2 -1.24 0.31 1 -1.19 0.20 1 .. .. ..<br>YEMEN YEM -0.93 0.19 10 -0.95 0.18 8 -0.92 0.19 8 -0.74 0.19 7 -0.79 0.19 7 -0.72 0.21 4 -0.64 0.17 4 -0.55 0.28 3<br>ZAMBIA ZMB -0.74 0.16 13 -0.91 0.16 11 -0.86 0.15 12 -0.80 0.15 11 -0.80 0.16 10 -0.96 0.19 6 -1.00 0.16 6 -0.59 0.27 4<br>ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.53 0.16 13 -1.53 0.15 12 -1.14 0.16 11 -1.13 0.16 10 -1.07 0.17 10 -0.98 0.18 7 -0.50 0.16 7 -0.44 0.25 5<br><!-- End of picture text --> 84
# **TABLE C4: Regulatory Quality**

<!-- Start of picture text --> 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>AFGHANISTAN AFG -1.70 0.22 6 -1.64 0.22 5 -1.78 0.23 5 -1.80 0.25 3 -1.92 0.29 3 -2.66 0.38 2 -1.91 0.90 1 .. .. ..<br>ALBANIA ALB -0.14 0.18 11 -0.22 0.19 10 -0.19 0.19 9 -0.44 0.19 8 -0.25 0.22 8 -0.20 0.24 7 -0.29 0.37 6 0.11 0.35 5<br>ALGERIA DZA -0.61 0.17 10 -0.56 0.17 11 -0.54 0.17 11 -0.58 0.18 10 -0.67 0.20 9 -0.77 0.23 7 -1.13 0.32 7 -0.89 0.33 5<br>AMERICAN SAMOA ASM 0.35 0.35 1 0.36 0.33 1 0.47 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ANDORRA ADO 1.33 0.35 1 1.34 0.33 1 1.37 0.34 1 1.40 0.31 1 1.42 0.37 1 1.25 0.43 1 1.07 0.90 1 .. .. ..<br>ANGOLA AGO -1.20 0.17 11 -1.32 0.17 10 -1.21 0.17 10 -1.36 0.18 9 -1.48 0.21 8 -1.88 0.24 6 -1.96 0.32 7 -1.41 0.33 5<br>ANGUILLA AIA 1.33 0.35 1 1.09 0.33 1 0.87 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ATG 0.60 0.35 1 0.52 0.32 2 0.54 0.31 2 0.66 0.31 1 0.68 0.37 1 0.76 0.43 1 0.67 0.90 1 .. .. ..<br>ARGENTINA ARG -0.74 0.18 10 -0.65 0.17 11 -0.75 0.18 11 -0.67 0.17 10 -1.02 0.19 10 0.34 0.20 8 0.66 0.26 8 0.81 0.23 7<br>ARMENIA ARM 0.26 0.17 13 0.14 0.18 11 0.00 0.19 10 0.07 0.19 9 -0.03 0.21 9 -0.18 0.24 7 -0.74 0.37 6 -1.33 0.41 3<br>ARUBA ABW 0.84 0.35 1 0.85 0.33 1 0.73 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>AUSTRALIA AUS 1.67 0.20 8 1.60 0.20 8 1.71 0.20 8 1.60 0.19 8 1.44 0.22 7 1.63 0.22 7 1.38 0.27 7 1.11 0.23 6<br>AUSTRIA AUT 1.53 0.20 8 1.53 0.20 8 1.49 0.20 8 1.54 0.19 8 1.61 0.22 7 1.59 0.22 7 1.27 0.27 7 1.21 0.23 6<br>AZERBAIJAN AZE -0.44 0.17 13 -0.51 0.17 13 -0.56 0.17 12 -0.60 0.17 11 -0.71 0.19 11 -0.69 0.22 9 -0.84 0.33 7 -0.96 0.34 5<br>BAHAMAS BHS 1.08 0.28 3 1.08 0.27 3 1.11 0.27 3 1.14 0.26 3 1.30 0.29 3 1.15 0.35 3 0.97 0.57 3 0.50 0.55 2<br>BAHRAIN BHR 0.72 0.20 8 0.79 0.20 8 0.91 0.20 8 0.78 0.20 7 0.97 0.21 8 0.92 0.28 5 0.55 0.39 5 0.56 0.35 4<br>BANGLADESH BGD -0.87 0.18 11 -0.96 0.18 11 -1.05 0.18 11 -0.91 0.17 10 -0.95 0.20 10 -0.68 0.23 8 -0.51 0.36 6 -0.17 0.33 5<br>BARBADOS BRB 0.89 0.27 4 1.16 0.28 4 1.04 0.28 4 1.08 0.28 3 1.06 0.34 2 1.26 0.37 2 1.10 0.65 2 0.93 0.68 1<br>BELARUS BLR -1.60 0.18 10 -1.52 0.19 9 -1.50 0.19 9 -1.71 0.19 9 -1.75 0.22 8 -2.04 0.24 7 -2.22 0.37 6 -1.64 0.38 4<br>BELGIUM BEL 1.32 0.20 8 1.28 0.20 8 1.43 0.20 8 1.38 0.19 8 1.42 0.21 8 1.16 0.22 7 0.98 0.27 7 1.05 0.23 6<br>BELIZE BLZ -0.19 0.23 6 -0.03 0.25 5 -0.06 0.25 5 0.14 0.25 4 0.02 0.30 3 0.00 0.31 3 0.29 0.52 3 0.24 0.55 2<br>BENIN BEN -0.37 0.18 9 -0.45 0.19 8 -0.51 0.20 7 -0.53 0.22 6 -0.39 0.24 5 -0.11 0.27 4 0.26 0.43 4 0.17 0.55 2<br>BERMUDA BMU 1.33 0.35 1 1.34 0.33 1 1.39 0.34 1 1.40 0.31 1 1.42 0.37 1 1.49 0.43 1 0.67 0.90 1 .. .. ..<br>BHUTAN BTN -0.17 0.25 5 -0.16 0.26 5 -0.69 0.25 5 0.09 0.23 4 -0.40 0.31 3 -0.30 0.33 3 -0.02 0.63 2 0.12 0.73 1<br>BOLIVIA BOL -1.03 0.19 10 -0.57 0.18 10 -0.18 0.18 10 -0.03 0.18 9 0.00 0.20 9 0.17 0.23 7 0.35 0.30 7 0.83 0.33 5<br>BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BIH -0.44 0.18 11 -0.37 0.18 11 -0.36 0.18 11 -0.59 0.19 9 -0.59 0.21 9 -0.60 0.24 6 -0.97 0.38 5 -0.63 0.59 2<br>BOTSWANA BWA 0.48 0.17 11 0.63 0.17 11 0.58 0.17 11 0.80 0.18 10 0.85 0.19 10 0.66 0.23 7 1.10 0.32 7 0.77 0.33 5<br>BRAZIL BRA 0.00 0.18 11 0.04 0.17 11 0.05 0.18 11 0.32 0.17 10 0.22 0.19 10 0.41 0.20 8 0.37 0.26 8 0.39 0.23 7<br>BRUNEI BRN 0.96 0.30 2 0.97 0.28 2 1.19 0.29 2 1.01 0.27 2 1.07 0.31 2 0.93 0.40 2 0.61 0.73 2 3.54 0.72 1<br>BULGARIA BGR 0.54 0.17 12 0.67 0.17 11 0.63 0.18 11 0.62 0.17 11 0.56 0.19 11 0.25 0.21 9 0.18 0.28 8 0.22 0.32 6<br>BURKINA FASO BFA -0.40 0.17 11 -0.44 0.18 8 -0.26 0.19 8 -0.27 0.20 7 -0.11 0.22 6 -0.09 0.26 5 0.03 0.41 5 -0.06 0.47 3<br>BURUNDI BDI -1.18 0.18 10 -1.23 0.19 7 -1.20 0.21 6 -1.27 0.22 5 -1.31 0.26 4 -1.16 0.29 3 -1.70 0.43 4 -1.54 0.55 2<br>CAMBODIA KHM -0.63 0.20 9 -0.48 0.19 9 -0.39 0.20 8 -0.32 0.19 7 -0.30 0.23 7 -0.17 0.27 5 -0.02 0.43 4 0.03 0.45 3<br>CAMEROON CMR -0.69 0.17 11 -0.71 0.17 11 -0.60 0.17 10 -0.77 0.18 10 -0.77 0.20 9 -0.45 0.23 7 -0.30 0.32 7 -0.75 0.33 5<br>CANADA CAN 1.53 0.20 8 1.52 0.20 8 1.63 0.20 8 1.53 0.19 8 1.58 0.21 8 1.49 0.22 7 1.32 0.27 7 1.02 0.23 6<br>CAPE VERDE CPV -0.21 0.21 6 -0.23 0.22 5 -0.30 0.22 5 -0.19 0.25 4 -0.20 0.27 4 0.08 0.33 3 -0.17 0.45 3 -0.39 0.55 2<br>CAYMAN ISLANDS CYM 1.33 0.35 1 1.34 0.33 1 1.42 0.34 1 1.40 0.31 1 1.42 0.37 1 1.25 0.43 1 0.67 0.90 1 .. .. ..<br>CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAF -1.23 0.20 6 -1.34 0.19 7 -1.37 0.20 7 -1.28 0.22 6 -1.08 0.24 5 -0.95 0.29 3 -1.23 0.49 3 -0.28 0.73 1<br>CHAD TCD -1.15 0.18 9 -1.04 0.19 8 -0.87 0.19 8 -0.91 0.21 7 -0.84 0.24 6 -0.82 0.27 4 -0.77 0.43 4 -0.73 0.55 2<br>CHILE CHL 1.41 0.18 10 1.44 0.17 11 1.42 0.18 11 1.50 0.17 10 1.48 0.19 10 1.39 0.20 8 1.23 0.26 8 1.30 0.23 7<br>CHINA CHN -0.19 0.18 11 -0.28 0.17 11 -0.35 0.18 11 -0.44 0.17 10 -0.56 0.19 10 -0.28 0.20 8 0.09 0.26 8 0.20 0.23 7<br>COLOMBIA COL 0.10 0.18 11 0.04 0.17 11 -0.06 0.18 11 -0.02 0.17 10 0.07 0.19 10 0.15 0.20 8 0.08 0.26 8 0.59 0.23 7<br>COMOROS COM -1.52 0.23 4 -1.58 0.23 4 -1.51 0.23 4 -1.33 0.26 3 -1.08 0.29 3 -1.31 0.29 3 -1.06 0.49 3 -0.75 0.73 1<br>CONGO COG -1.19 0.19 9 -1.22 0.18 9 -0.98 0.20 7 -1.10 0.22 6 -1.08 0.24 6 -1.34 0.26 5 -1.52 0.41 5 -1.00 0.47 3<br>CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.51 0.18 9 -1.61 0.17 9 -1.73 0.17 9 -1.68 0.20 7 -1.71 0.22 7 -2.35 0.27 5 -2.99 0.36 6 -2.64 0.36 4<br>COOK ISLANDS COK 0.55 0.66 1 0.60 0.78 1 -0.07 0.65 1 -0.20 0.43 1 -0.05 0.76 1 0.04 0.78 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>COSTA RICA CRI 0.44 0.19 10 0.62 0.18 10 0.51 0.18 10 0.54 0.18 9 0.48 0.20 9 0.76 0.23 7 0.89 0.30 7 0.62 0.28 6<br>COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.09 0.18 9 -1.00 0.17 9 -0.89 0.17 10 -0.71 0.18 9 -0.47 0.20 9 -0.40 0.23 7 0.14 0.32 7 -0.01 0.33 5<br>CROATIA HRV 0.35 0.17 12 0.51 0.17 12 0.46 0.17 12 0.39 0.17 11 0.30 0.19 11 0.05 0.22 8 0.14 0.33 7 0.23 0.34 5<br>CUBA CUB -1.80 0.21 7 -1.72 0.20 8 -1.46 0.20 8 -1.33 0.20 7 -1.29 0.22 7 -1.21 0.28 5 -1.05 0.39 5 -0.86 0.35 4<br>CYPRUS CYP 1.24 0.23 6 1.30 0.22 6 1.25 0.22 6 1.21 0.22 5 1.23 0.24 5 1.10 0.28 5 1.11 0.39 5 1.26 0.35 4<br>CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 0.95 0.18 11 1.06 0.18 11 1.01 0.17 12 1.16 0.16 12 1.16 0.18 12 0.68 0.19 10 0.73 0.25 9 0.94 0.22 8<br>DENMARK DNK 1.81 0.20 8 1.69 0.20 8 1.79 0.20 8 1.82 0.19 8 1.73 0.22 7 1.64 0.22 7 1.46 0.27 7 1.30 0.23 6<br>DJIBOUTI DJI -0.93 0.22 5 -0.82 0.22 5 -0.75 0.22 5 -0.77 0.25 4 -0.64 0.27 4 -0.80 0.27 4 -0.98 0.43 4 -0.06 0.55 2<br>DOMINICA DMA 0.90 0.30 2 0.64 0.28 3 0.59 0.28 3 0.77 0.28 2 0.70 0.32 2 0.55 0.34 2 -0.14 0.63 2 -0.20 0.73 1<br>DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM -0.12 0.19 10 -0.27 0.18 10 -0.29 0.18 10 -0.20 0.18 9 -0.11 0.20 9 -0.01 0.25 6 0.09 0.41 5 -0.02 0.40 4<br>ECUADOR ECU -1.06 0.19 10 -0.83 0.18 10 -0.59 0.18 10 -0.53 0.18 9 -0.57 0.20 9 -0.42 0.23 7 -0.05 0.30 7 0.12 0.33 5<br>EGYPT EGY -0.44 0.17 11 -0.47 0.17 11 -0.43 0.17 11 -0.48 0.18 10 -0.46 0.19 10 -0.28 0.21 8 -0.02 0.28 8 0.17 0.28 6<br>EL SALVADOR SLV 0.13 0.19 9 0.11 0.19 9 0.14 0.19 9 -0.03 0.19 8 0.06 0.21 8 0.22 0.24 6 0.74 0.33 6 0.71 0.32 5<br>EQUATORIAL GUINEA GNQ -1.38 0.20 7 -1.34 0.20 6 -1.41 0.20 7 -1.37 0.21 6 -1.51 0.24 6 -1.79 0.24 5 -1.77 0.37 5 -1.57 0.54 2<br>ERITREA ERI -1.87 0.19 7 -1.74 0.20 6 -1.47 0.21 6 -1.31 0.22 5 -1.07 0.26 4 -0.81 0.29 3 -0.40 0.49 3 -0.12 0.73 1<br>ESTONIA EST 1.42 0.18 11 1.43 0.17 12 1.41 0.17 12 1.42 0.16 12 1.41 0.18 12 1.29 0.19 10 1.39 0.33 7 1.37 0.34 5<br>ETHIOPIA ETH -0.82 0.17 10 -1.00 0.17 10 -0.93 0.17 10 -1.10 0.18 9 -1.12 0.20 8 -1.17 0.24 6 -1.00 0.36 6 -1.74 0.40 4<br>FIJI FJI -0.38 0.28 3 -0.41 0.27 3 -0.65 0.27 3 -0.40 0.26 3 -0.03 0.30 3 -0.60 0.31 3 -0.12 0.52 3 -0.37 0.55 2<br>FINLAND FIN 1.70 0.20 8 1.75 0.20 8 1.82 0.20 8 1.91 0.19 8 1.89 0.21 8 1.88 0.22 7 1.67 0.27 7 1.18 0.23 6<br>FRANCE FRA 1.06 0.20 8 1.06 0.20 8 1.16 0.20 8 1.20 0.19 8 1.04 0.21 8 0.95 0.22 7 0.74 0.27 7 0.84 0.23 6<br>FRENCH GUIANA GUF 0.84 0.35 1 0.85 0.33 1 0.49 0.34 1 0.91 0.31 1 0.93 0.37 1 1.00 0.43 1 0.08 0.90 1 .. .. ..<br>GABON GAB -0.45 0.19 9 -0.36 0.18 9 -0.49 0.18 9 -0.17 0.19 8 -0.17 0.21 8 -0.09 0.23 7 0.42 0.36 6 -0.07 0.40 4<br><!-- End of picture text --> 85
<!-- Start of picture text --> TABLE C4: Regulatory Quality (cont.)<br>2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>GAMBIA GMB -0.38 0.19 8 -0.47 0.20 7 -0.36 0.20 7 -0.47 0.22 6 -0.54 0.25 5 -0.23 0.26 5 0.05 0.41 5 -1.66 0.47 3<br>GEORGIA GEO -0.22 0.18 11 -0.54 0.19 10 -0.57 0.19 10 -0.74 0.20 8 -0.80 0.23 8 -0.47 0.25 6 -0.81 0.38 5 -1.16 0.38 4<br>GERMANY DEU 1.39 0.20 8 1.36 0.20 8 1.42 0.20 8 1.52 0.19 8 1.56 0.21 8 1.54 0.22 7 1.07 0.27 7 1.12 0.23 6<br>GHANA GHA -0.09 0.18 10 -0.12 0.17 11 -0.41 0.17 11 -0.31 0.18 10 -0.38 0.20 9 0.01 0.23 7 -0.02 0.32 7 0.19 0.33 5<br>GREECE GRC 0.79 0.20 8 0.86 0.20 8 0.87 0.20 8 1.05 0.19 8 1.01 0.21 8 0.89 0.22 7 0.84 0.27 7 0.77 0.23 6<br>GRENADA GRD 0.44 0.28 3 0.30 0.28 3 0.18 0.28 3 0.37 0.28 2 0.38 0.32 2 0.42 0.34 2 0.39 0.63 2 -0.12 0.73 1<br>GUAM GUM 0.60 0.35 1 0.60 0.33 1 0.68 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>GUATEMALA GTM -0.09 0.19 10 -0.28 0.19 9 -0.13 0.19 9 -0.24 0.19 8 -0.10 0.21 8 -0.04 0.24 6 0.36 0.41 5 0.19 0.32 5<br>GUINEA GIN -1.05 0.18 10 -0.89 0.18 8 -1.10 0.19 8 -1.11 0.20 7 -0.92 0.22 7 -0.54 0.26 5 0.00 0.41 5 0.15 0.47 3<br>GUINEA-BISSAU GNB -1.06 0.21 6 -1.11 0.20 6 -1.14 0.20 6 -0.91 0.23 5 -0.97 0.25 5 -1.24 0.26 5 -1.68 0.41 5 0.18 0.57 2<br>GUYANA GUY -0.48 0.20 8 -0.39 0.22 7 -0.25 0.23 6 -0.23 0.23 5 -0.43 0.26 4 -0.17 0.30 4 0.17 0.48 4 0.24 0.47 3<br>HAITI HTI -0.82 0.21 7 -1.24 0.20 7 -1.35 0.21 7 -1.09 0.21 7 -1.03 0.23 6 -0.97 0.30 4 -1.12 0.48 4 -1.07 0.47 3<br>HONDURAS HND -0.44 0.19 10 -0.43 0.19 9 -0.36 0.19 9 -0.51 0.19 8 -0.37 0.21 8 -0.23 0.24 6 0.29 0.41 5 -0.30 0.32 5<br>HONG KONG HKG 1.95 0.20 8 1.86 0.20 8 1.83 0.20 8 1.72 0.19 8 1.54 0.21 8 1.69 0.22 7 1.78 0.27 7 1.59 0.23 6<br>HUNGARY HUN 1.10 0.17 12 1.11 0.17 12 1.13 0.17 12 1.15 0.16 12 1.26 0.18 12 0.94 0.19 10 1.12 0.25 9 0.66 0.22 8<br>ICELAND ISL 1.62 0.21 7 1.65 0.23 6 1.69 0.23 6 1.63 0.22 6 1.44 0.24 5 1.47 0.25 5 1.00 0.31 5 0.42 0.27 4<br>INDIA IND -0.15 0.18 11 -0.24 0.17 11 -0.38 0.18 11 -0.36 0.17 10 -0.35 0.19 10 -0.13 0.20 8 -0.28 0.26 8 0.02 0.23 7<br>INDONESIA IDN -0.26 0.17 12 -0.48 0.17 12 -0.50 0.17 12 -0.61 0.16 11 -0.68 0.19 11 -0.33 0.20 9 0.02 0.26 8 0.43 0.23 7<br>IRAN IRN -1.51 0.20 9 -1.48 0.19 9 -1.17 0.19 9 -1.12 0.19 8 -1.29 0.21 8 -1.54 0.28 5 -1.72 0.39 5 -1.73 0.35 4<br>IRAQ IRQ -1.46 0.22 6 -1.59 0.21 6 -1.60 0.21 6 -1.41 0.20 6 -2.20 0.23 6 -2.40 0.28 5 -2.90 0.39 5 -2.99 0.35 4<br>IRELAND IRL 1.75 0.20 8 1.59 0.20 8 1.63 0.20 8 1.67 0.19 8 1.73 0.22 7 1.78 0.22 7 1.59 0.27 7 1.31 0.23 6<br>ISRAEL ISR 0.91 0.20 8 0.82 0.20 8 0.82 0.20 8 0.92 0.19 8 0.95 0.21 8 1.14 0.22 7 0.92 0.27 7 1.07 0.23 6<br>ITALY ITA 0.84 0.20 8 0.88 0.20 8 1.05 0.20 8 1.04 0.19 8 0.95 0.21 8 0.86 0.22 7 0.81 0.27 7 0.68 0.23 6<br>JAMAICA JAM 0.25 0.19 9 0.26 0.19 9 0.16 0.19 9 0.19 0.19 8 0.25 0.21 8 0.22 0.24 6 0.35 0.41 5 0.52 0.40 4<br>JAPAN JPN 1.27 0.20 8 1.14 0.20 8 1.09 0.20 8 0.98 0.19 8 0.56 0.21 8 0.74 0.22 7 0.54 0.27 7 0.56 0.23 6<br>JORDAN JOR 0.41 0.18 11 0.25 0.17 11 0.32 0.18 11 0.21 0.17 10 0.12 0.20 9 0.30 0.23 7 0.69 0.30 7 0.27 0.28 6<br>KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.42 0.17 12 -0.47 0.17 12 -0.63 0.18 11 -0.66 0.18 10 -0.78 0.20 10 -0.67 0.21 9 -0.28 0.33 7 -0.35 0.37 4<br>KENYA KEN -0.21 0.17 11 -0.25 0.17 11 -0.18 0.17 11 -0.13 0.18 10 -0.24 0.20 9 -0.32 0.23 7 -0.47 0.32 7 -0.28 0.33 5<br>KIRIBATI KIR -1.01 0.28 3 -1.00 0.28 3 -0.59 0.28 3 -0.97 0.35 2 -1.14 0.50 2 -1.04 0.47 2 -1.00 0.71 1 -0.36 0.73 1<br>KOREA, NORTH PRK -2.51 0.22 6 -2.24 0.21 6 -2.19 0.21 6 -2.02 0.23 4 -1.92 0.26 4 -2.15 0.35 3 -0.96 0.57 3 -2.25 0.55 2<br>KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.70 0.18 10 0.77 0.18 10 0.75 0.18 10 0.66 0.17 10 0.76 0.19 10 0.56 0.20 8 0.40 0.26 8 0.52 0.23 6<br>KUWAIT KWT 0.51 0.22 7 0.54 0.22 7 0.60 0.22 6 0.38 0.21 6 0.38 0.23 7 -0.05 0.28 5 -0.44 0.39 5 -0.01 0.35 4<br>KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -0.57 0.18 12 -0.66 0.19 11 -0.16 0.19 10 -0.25 0.19 9 -0.19 0.23 9 -0.33 0.24 7 -0.49 0.38 5 -0.46 0.42 3<br>LAOS LAO -1.09 0.20 9 -1.19 0.21 8 -1.19 0.22 7 -1.30 0.20 6 -1.26 0.25 6 -1.32 0.30 4 -1.20 0.52 3 -1.37 0.55 2<br>LATVIA LVA 1.06 0.18 11 1.03 0.17 11 1.04 0.18 11 1.06 0.17 11 0.94 0.19 11 0.68 0.21 8 0.97 0.33 7 0.88 0.34 5<br>LEBANON LBN -0.09 0.20 9 -0.19 0.19 9 -0.17 0.19 9 -0.20 0.19 8 -0.37 0.20 9 -0.30 0.25 6 0.02 0.36 6 0.08 0.33 5<br>LESOTHO LSO -0.62 0.19 9 -0.61 0.21 7 -0.58 0.21 7 -0.57 0.23 6 -0.36 0.26 5 -0.37 0.27 4 -0.41 0.43 4 -0.71 0.55 2<br>LIBERIA LBR -1.64 0.22 4 -1.63 0.21 4 -1.88 0.21 5 -1.76 0.23 4 -1.77 0.25 4 -1.79 0.28 4 -2.42 0.45 4 -3.17 0.57 2<br>LIBYA LBY -1.40 0.21 7 -1.27 0.20 7 -1.25 0.20 7 -1.60 0.20 7 -1.65 0.22 7 -1.81 0.28 5 -2.39 0.39 5 -2.13 0.35 4<br>LIECHTENSTEIN LIE 1.33 0.35 1 1.58 0.33 1 1.51 0.34 1 1.64 0.31 1 1.67 0.37 1 1.49 0.43 1 1.07 0.90 1 .. .. ..<br>LITHUANIA LTU 1.02 0.18 10 1.14 0.17 11 1.18 0.18 11 1.12 0.17 11 1.10 0.19 11 0.67 0.21 9 0.73 0.33 7 0.69 0.34 5<br>LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.79 0.21 7 1.82 0.23 6 1.96 0.23 6 1.96 0.22 6 2.01 0.25 5 2.00 0.25 5 1.48 0.31 5 1.31 0.27 4<br>MACAO MAC 1.09 0.35 1 1.09 0.33 1 1.54 0.34 1 1.15 0.31 1 0.68 0.37 1 0.51 0.43 1 0.27 0.90 1 .. .. ..<br>MACEDONIA MKD -0.06 0.18 11 -0.14 0.18 11 -0.11 0.18 11 -0.21 0.18 10 -0.15 0.21 8 -0.14 0.26 4 -0.24 0.42 4 -0.18 0.50 3<br>MADAGASCAR MDG -0.28 0.17 11 -0.32 0.18 9 -0.27 0.18 9 -0.19 0.20 8 -0.29 0.22 6 -0.56 0.26 5 -0.64 0.41 5 -0.57 0.47 3<br>MALAWI MWI -0.64 0.17 11 -0.57 0.17 10 -0.52 0.17 10 -0.46 0.18 9 -0.53 0.20 8 -0.24 0.24 6 -0.01 0.36 6 -0.17 0.40 4<br>MALAYSIA MYS 0.67 0.18 11 0.49 0.17 11 0.57 0.18 11 0.64 0.17 10 0.47 0.19 10 0.40 0.20 8 0.59 0.26 8 0.82 0.23 7<br>MALDIVES MDV 0.26 0.27 4 0.33 0.27 4 -0.06 0.26 4 0.48 0.24 3 0.66 0.31 3 0.62 0.33 3 0.68 0.63 2 0.28 0.73 1<br>MALI MLI -0.41 0.18 10 -0.47 0.18 9 -0.46 0.18 9 -0.45 0.20 8 -0.39 0.22 7 -0.18 0.26 5 0.16 0.41 5 0.19 0.47 3<br>MALTA MLT 1.22 0.23 6 1.21 0.25 5 1.30 0.25 5 1.28 0.24 5 1.06 0.29 3 1.09 0.35 3 1.13 0.57 3 0.86 0.55 2<br>MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL -0.96 0.44 2 -0.77 0.46 2 -0.94 0.43 2 -0.77 0.35 2 -0.78 0.50 2 -0.78 0.47 2 -0.86 0.71 1 .. .. ..<br>MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.84 0.35 1 0.85 0.33 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.91 0.31 1 0.93 0.37 1 1.00 0.43 1 0.27 0.90 1 .. .. ..<br>MAURITANIA MRT -0.24 0.20 8 -0.16 0.21 6 -0.04 0.22 6 -0.11 0.24 5 0.22 0.27 4 -0.38 0.27 4 -0.58 0.43 4 -0.69 0.55 2<br>MAURITIUS MUS 0.58 0.18 9 0.41 0.18 8 0.40 0.20 7 0.65 0.21 6 0.59 0.24 6 0.61 0.26 5 0.54 0.32 5 0.29 0.54 2<br>MEXICO MEX 0.43 0.18 11 0.35 0.17 11 0.44 0.18 11 0.40 0.17 10 0.48 0.19 10 0.39 0.20 8 0.67 0.26 8 0.65 0.23 7<br>MICRONESIA FSM 0.15 0.28 3 0.14 0.28 3 -0.04 0.28 3 -0.58 0.35 2 -0.69 0.50 2 -0.82 0.47 2 -0.73 0.71 1 .. .. ..<br>MOLDOVA MDA -0.36 0.17 12 -0.48 0.17 12 -0.63 0.18 11 -0.58 0.18 10 -0.44 0.20 9 -0.42 0.22 8 -0.24 0.33 7 0.17 0.34 5<br>MONGOLIA MNG -0.31 0.18 11 -0.33 0.20 9 -0.39 0.20 8 -0.36 0.19 7 -0.07 0.23 6 -0.04 0.29 5 0.17 0.48 4 -0.69 0.47 3<br>MONTENEGRO MNP -0.40 0.20 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>MOROCCO MAR -0.15 0.17 11 -0.32 0.17 11 -0.18 0.17 11 -0.16 0.18 10 -0.09 0.19 10 0.00 0.23 7 0.14 0.32 7 0.22 0.33 5<br>MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.49 0.17 11 -0.58 0.17 11 -0.38 0.17 11 -0.39 0.18 10 -0.29 0.20 8 -0.21 0.24 6 -0.18 0.36 6 -0.93 0.40 4<br>MYANMAR MMR -2.24 0.21 8 -2.26 0.20 8 -2.32 0.20 8 -2.03 0.20 7 -2.06 0.22 7 -1.89 0.28 5 -1.50 0.39 5 -1.09 0.35 4<br>NAMIBIA NAM 0.16 0.17 10 0.07 0.17 11 0.23 0.17 11 0.31 0.18 10 0.44 0.19 10 0.25 0.24 6 0.41 0.36 6 0.08 0.40 4<br>NEPAL NPL -0.56 0.19 10 -0.61 0.20 9 -0.64 0.20 8 -0.54 0.20 6 -0.57 0.25 6 -0.61 0.30 4 -0.62 0.52 3 -0.64 0.55 2<br>NETHERLANDS NLD 1.65 0.20 8 1.71 0.20 8 1.81 0.20 8 1.78 0.19 8 1.89 0.21 8 1.99 0.22 7 1.74 0.27 7 1.36 0.23 6<br>NETHERLANDS ANTILLES ANT 0.84 0.35 1 0.85 0.33 1 0.61 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>NEW CALEDONIA NCL 0.03 0.68 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.41 0.72 1<br>NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.68 0.20 8 1.69 0.20 8 1.81 0.20 8 1.72 0.19 8 1.62 0.22 7 1.54 0.22 7 1.81 0.27 7 1.60 0.23 6<br>NICARAGUA NIC -0.48 0.19 10 -0.33 0.19 9 -0.27 0.19 9 -0.34 0.19 8 -0.39 0.21 8 -0.04 0.24 6 0.25 0.41 5 -0.04 0.32 5<br><!-- End of picture text --> 86
# **TABLE C4: Regulatory Quality (cont.)**

<!-- Start of picture text --> 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>NIGER NER -0.56 0.18 9 -0.48 0.18 8 -0.60 0.19 8 -0.69 0.20 7 -0.63 0.22 6 -0.61 0.26 5 -0.55 0.41 5 -1.13 0.47 3<br>NIGERIA NGA -0.89 0.17 11 -0.92 0.17 11 -1.28 0.17 11 -1.12 0.18 10 -1.18 0.19 10 -0.65 0.21 8 -0.81 0.32 7 -1.12 0.33 5<br>NORWAY NOR 1.34 0.20 8 1.46 0.20 8 1.53 0.20 8 1.37 0.19 8 1.26 0.22 7 1.01 0.22 7 1.18 0.27 7 1.14 0.23 6<br>OMAN OMN 0.75 0.23 6 0.67 0.22 6 0.66 0.22 6 0.68 0.21 6 0.73 0.23 7 0.20 0.28 5 0.03 0.39 5 0.13 0.35 4<br>PAKISTAN PAK -0.39 0.18 11 -0.61 0.18 11 -0.88 0.18 11 -0.74 0.17 10 -0.81 0.21 9 -0.72 0.25 7 -0.51 0.36 6 -0.31 0.33 5<br>PANAMA PAN 0.33 0.19 10 0.27 0.18 10 0.31 0.19 9 0.37 0.20 8 0.51 0.22 8 0.71 0.23 7 0.95 0.36 6 0.62 0.33 5<br>PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG -0.70 0.20 9 -0.87 0.19 9 -0.76 0.19 9 -0.70 0.18 8 -0.60 0.21 7 -0.54 0.25 7 -0.48 0.41 5 -0.67 0.40 4<br>PARAGUAY PRY -0.68 0.19 9 -0.79 0.19 9 -0.64 0.19 9 -0.63 0.19 8 -0.55 0.21 8 -0.83 0.24 6 -0.50 0.41 5 0.83 0.40 4<br>PERU PER 0.11 0.19 10 0.10 0.18 10 0.13 0.18 10 0.12 0.18 9 0.11 0.20 9 0.50 0.23 7 0.69 0.30 7 0.69 0.28 6<br>PHILIPPINES PHL -0.06 0.18 11 -0.04 0.17 11 -0.29 0.18 11 -0.05 0.17 10 -0.06 0.19 10 0.16 0.20 8 0.52 0.26 8 0.64 0.23 7<br>POLAND POL 0.64 0.17 12 0.79 0.17 12 0.75 0.17 12 0.62 0.16 12 0.65 0.18 12 0.65 0.19 10 0.72 0.25 9 0.57 0.22 8<br>PORTUGAL PRT 1.00 0.20 8 1.19 0.20 8 1.21 0.20 8 1.25 0.19 8 1.28 0.22 7 0.98 0.22 7 1.22 0.27 7 1.10 0.23 6<br>PUERTO RICO PRI 0.95 0.30 3 1.00 0.29 3 0.84 0.30 3 1.10 0.28 3 1.23 0.34 2 1.28 0.38 2 0.93 0.58 2 0.98 0.51 1<br>QATAR QAT 0.45 0.22 7 0.33 0.22 7 0.31 0.22 6 0.28 0.21 6 0.27 0.24 6 0.11 0.28 5 0.21 0.39 5 0.38 0.39 3<br>REUNION REU 1.09 0.35 1 1.09 0.33 1 1.16 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ROMANIA ROM 0.37 0.17 12 0.17 0.17 13 0.13 0.17 13 -0.10 0.16 12 0.03 0.19 11 -0.18 0.21 9 0.36 0.33 7 -0.24 0.32 6<br>RUSSIA RUS -0.45 0.17 12 -0.33 0.17 12 -0.26 0.17 12 -0.38 0.16 12 -0.44 0.18 12 -0.80 0.19 10 -0.46 0.25 9 -0.38 0.22 8<br>RWANDA RWA -0.64 0.19 7 -0.80 0.20 6 -0.56 0.20 6 -0.71 0.22 5 -0.75 0.24 5 -1.04 0.27 4 -1.22 0.43 4 -1.75 0.55 2<br>SAMOA SAM -0.03 0.28 3 0.03 0.28 3 -0.07 0.28 3 -0.07 0.24 3 -0.08 0.31 3 -0.09 0.30 4 -0.06 0.52 3 -0.19 0.55 2<br>SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP -0.77 0.22 5 -0.85 0.23 4 -0.84 0.23 4 -0.62 0.26 3 -0.47 0.29 3 -0.85 0.29 3 -0.95 0.49 3 -0.36 0.73 1<br>SAUDI ARABIA SAU -0.02 0.21 7 0.02 0.20 7 -0.02 0.20 7 -0.01 0.20 7 -0.09 0.21 8 -0.09 0.28 5 -0.02 0.39 5 -0.35 0.35 4<br>SENEGAL SEN -0.29 0.18 10 -0.32 0.17 9 -0.24 0.17 9 -0.23 0.18 9 -0.23 0.20 8 -0.06 0.24 6 -0.16 0.36 6 -0.31 0.40 4<br>SERBIA YUG -0.37 0.18 10 -0.51 0.18 10 -0.50 0.18 10 -0.63 0.18 10 -0.61 0.20 10 -0.68 0.33 3 -1.37 0.52 3 -1.28 0.49 3<br>SEYCHELLES SYC -0.63 0.22 5 -0.68 0.20 6 -0.70 0.20 6 -0.32 0.25 4 -0.67 0.29 3 -0.71 0.29 3 -0.73 0.49 3 -1.23 0.73 1<br>SIERRA LEONE SLE -1.12 0.19 8 -1.04 0.19 7 -1.14 0.19 7 -1.26 0.21 6 -1.30 0.22 6 -1.37 0.28 4 -1.44 0.41 5 -0.81 0.47 3<br>SINGAPORE SGP 1.85 0.19 9 1.80 0.19 9 1.87 0.19 9 1.82 0.18 9 1.87 0.20 9 2.03 0.22 7 1.93 0.27 7 1.74 0.23 6<br>SLOVAKIA SVK 1.08 0.17 12 1.17 0.17 12 1.17 0.17 12 0.97 0.16 12 0.90 0.18 12 0.31 0.21 9 0.21 0.29 7 0.36 0.27 7<br>SLOVENIA SVN 0.78 0.18 11 0.81 0.18 11 0.92 0.18 11 0.90 0.16 12 0.84 0.18 12 0.64 0.19 10 1.09 0.33 7 0.86 0.34 5<br>SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB -1.13 0.28 3 -1.07 0.28 3 -1.39 0.28 3 -2.36 0.35 2 -1.91 0.50 2 -1.63 0.47 2 -1.13 0.71 1 -1.31 0.73 1<br>SOMALIA SOM -2.70 0.22 4 -2.36 0.20 5 -2.29 0.21 5 -2.16 0.23 4 -2.14 0.27 3 -2.48 0.33 3 -2.63 0.48 4 -2.97 0.47 3<br>SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.68 0.17 11 0.51 0.16 12 0.52 0.16 12 0.59 0.17 11 0.57 0.18 11 0.47 0.19 9 0.20 0.24 9 0.17 0.23 7<br>SPAIN ESP 1.06 0.20 8 1.24 0.20 8 1.31 0.20 8 1.30 0.19 8 1.34 0.21 8 1.33 0.22 7 1.20 0.27 7 0.95 0.23 6<br>SRI LANKA LKA -0.11 0.18 11 -0.19 0.18 11 0.00 0.18 11 0.10 0.17 10 0.22 0.20 10 0.19 0.23 8 0.26 0.36 6 0.41 0.33 5<br>ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 1.00 0.30 2 1.02 0.28 3 0.06 0.28 3 0.16 0.53 1 0.13 0.56 1 0.20 0.51 1 0.46 0.71 1 -0.12 0.73 1<br>ST. LUCIA LCA 1.08 0.30 2 1.02 0.28 3 0.15 0.28 3 0.16 0.53 1 0.13 0.56 1 0.20 0.51 1 0.46 0.71 1 -0.12 0.73 1<br>ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 0.90 0.30 2 0.98 0.28 3 0.14 0.28 3 0.16 0.53 1 0.13 0.56 1 0.20 0.51 1 0.33 0.71 1 -0.20 0.73 1<br>SUDAN SDN -1.15 0.18 9 -1.24 0.17 9 -1.11 0.17 9 -1.20 0.18 8 -1.20 0.21 8 -1.31 0.24 6 -1.49 0.36 6 -1.98 0.40 4<br>SURINAME SUR -0.36 0.23 6 -0.51 0.25 5 -0.53 0.25 5 -0.48 0.25 4 -0.71 0.29 3 -0.63 0.35 3 -0.51 0.57 3 -0.53 0.55 2<br>SWAZILAND SWZ -0.52 0.20 8 -0.61 0.21 7 -0.63 0.21 7 -0.56 0.23 6 -0.25 0.26 5 -0.46 0.27 4 -0.25 0.43 4 0.20 0.55 2<br>SWEDEN SWE 1.44 0.20 8 1.52 0.20 8 1.73 0.20 8 1.69 0.19 8 1.63 0.22 7 1.43 0.22 7 1.17 0.27 7 1.15 0.23 6<br>SWITZERLAND CHE 1.45 0.20 8 1.47 0.20 8 1.58 0.20 8 1.62 0.19 8 1.70 0.22 7 1.74 0.22 7 1.39 0.27 7 1.18 0.23 6<br>SYRIA SYR -1.24 0.20 9 -1.14 0.20 8 -0.81 0.20 8 -0.77 0.20 7 -0.93 0.22 7 -1.12 0.28 5 -1.33 0.39 5 -0.91 0.35 4<br>TAIWAN TWN 0.94 0.19 9 1.08 0.19 9 1.08 0.19 9 0.92 0.18 9 0.97 0.20 9 1.07 0.22 7 1.17 0.27 7 0.88 0.23 6<br>TAJIKISTAN TJK -0.98 0.18 12 -1.02 0.19 11 -1.06 0.19 10 -1.12 0.19 9 -1.29 0.23 9 -1.28 0.25 6 -1.99 0.38 5 -2.26 0.42 3<br>TANZANIA TZA -0.40 0.17 11 -0.45 0.17 11 -0.41 0.17 11 -0.40 0.18 10 -0.54 0.20 9 -0.22 0.23 7 -0.22 0.32 7 -0.02 0.33 5<br>THAILAND THA 0.37 0.18 11 0.40 0.17 11 0.13 0.18 11 0.25 0.17 10 0.16 0.19 10 0.48 0.20 8 0.33 0.26 8 0.59 0.23 7<br>TIMOR-LESTE TMP -1.47 0.26 4 -1.11 0.30 3 -1.12 0.29 3 -1.41 0.26 2 -1.28 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>TOGO TGO -0.89 0.18 10 -0.87 0.18 8 -0.80 0.19 8 -0.75 0.20 7 -0.74 0.22 6 -0.63 0.26 5 -0.43 0.41 5 0.43 0.57 2<br>TONGA TON -0.78 0.28 3 -0.72 0.28 3 -0.77 0.28 3 -1.06 0.35 2 -1.24 0.50 2 -0.47 0.47 2 -1.13 0.71 1 -0.12 0.73 1<br>TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO 0.70 0.20 8 0.68 0.20 9 0.71 0.20 8 0.73 0.20 7 0.74 0.23 6 0.72 0.24 6 0.79 0.41 5 0.71 0.40 4<br>TUNISIA TUN 0.23 0.17 11 -0.10 0.17 11 0.09 0.17 11 0.06 0.18 10 -0.06 0.19 10 0.02 0.23 7 0.21 0.32 7 0.55 0.33 5<br>TURKEY TUR 0.21 0.18 12 0.16 0.17 12 0.08 0.18 12 0.12 0.17 11 0.08 0.19 11 0.22 0.20 9 0.68 0.26 8 0.58 0.23 7<br>TURKMENISTAN TKM -2.12 0.19 8 -2.10 0.19 8 -1.81 0.21 7 -1.81 0.20 7 -1.93 0.23 7 -2.02 0.26 5 -2.57 0.38 5 -2.71 0.42 3<br>TUVALU TUV -0.79 0.32 2 -0.50 0.32 2 -0.05 0.31 2 0.06 0.43 1 0.35 0.76 1 0.51 0.78 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>UGANDA UGA -0.18 0.17 11 0.07 0.17 11 -0.11 0.17 11 -0.06 0.18 10 -0.04 0.20 9 0.02 0.23 7 0.24 0.32 7 0.33 0.33 5<br>UKRAINE UKR -0.47 0.18 11 -0.29 0.17 11 -0.53 0.18 11 -0.65 0.17 11 -0.64 0.19 11 -0.73 0.21 9 -0.79 0.28 8 -0.50 0.28 6<br>UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE 0.80 0.20 8 0.40 0.20 8 1.05 0.21 7 0.83 0.21 6 1.02 0.23 7 0.70 0.28 5 0.52 0.39 5 0.58 0.35 4<br>UNITED KINGDOM GBR 1.76 0.20 8 1.55 0.20 8 1.76 0.20 8 1.65 0.19 8 1.71 0.21 8 1.70 0.22 7 1.67 0.27 7 1.48 0.23 6<br>UNITED STATES USA 1.47 0.20 8 1.48 0.20 8 1.47 0.20 8 1.47 0.19 8 1.47 0.21 8 1.61 0.22 7 1.44 0.27 7 1.28 0.23 6<br>URUGUAY URY 0.31 0.19 9 0.28 0.18 10 0.32 0.18 10 0.34 0.18 9 0.55 0.20 9 0.80 0.23 7 0.98 0.36 6 0.87 0.33 5<br>UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.66 0.19 10 -1.73 0.19 10 -1.63 0.19 10 -1.51 0.17 10 -1.59 0.21 10 -1.96 0.25 7 -2.22 0.35 5 -1.78 0.37 4<br>VANUATU VUT -0.12 0.28 3 0.01 0.28 3 -0.44 0.28 3 -1.28 0.35 2 -1.22 0.50 2 -0.73 0.47 2 -0.33 0.71 1 -0.04 0.73 1<br>VENEZUELA VEN -1.35 0.18 11 -1.24 0.17 11 -1.19 0.18 11 -1.11 0.17 10 -0.59 0.19 10 -0.43 0.20 8 -0.05 0.26 8 -0.14 0.23 7<br>VIETNAM VNM -0.49 0.18 11 -0.57 0.18 11 -0.53 0.18 11 -0.56 0.17 10 -0.71 0.20 10 -0.63 0.23 8 -0.33 0.30 7 -0.19 0.28 6<br>VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.) VIR 0.60 0.35 1 1.09 0.33 1 1.23 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>WEST BANK GAZA WBG -1.17 0.32 2 -1.02 0.30 3 -0.71 0.30 3 -1.10 0.29 2 -1.00 0.36 2 -0.96 0.43 1 -1.32 0.90 1 .. .. ..<br>YEMEN YEM -0.68 0.20 9 -0.78 0.19 8 -1.02 0.19 8 -0.91 0.19 7 -0.82 0.21 7 -0.67 0.27 5 -0.82 0.41 5 -0.44 0.40 4<br>ZAMBIA ZMB -0.56 0.17 11 -0.59 0.17 10 -0.62 0.17 11 -0.58 0.18 10 -0.60 0.20 9 -0.17 0.23 7 0.40 0.32 7 0.36 0.33 5<br>ZIMBABWE ZWE -2.21 0.17 11 -2.36 0.17 11 -2.22 0.17 11 -2.21 0.18 10 -2.03 0.19 10 -1.49 0.21 8 -0.71 0.28 8 -0.73 0.28 6<br><!-- End of picture text --> 87
<!-- Start of picture text --> TABLE C5: Rule of Law<br>2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>AFGHANISTAN AFG -2.00 0.19 10 -1.83 0.20 8 -1.82 0.18 8 -1.80 0.21 6 -1.78 0.23 4 -2.02 0.24 3 -1.71 0.32 2 -1.34 0.77 1<br>ALBANIA ALB -0.70 0.15 14 -0.80 0.16 12 -0.90 0.16 11 -1.01 0.17 10 -0.94 0.17 10 -1.11 0.18 9 -1.23 0.21 7 -0.12 0.28 5<br>ALGERIA DZA -0.63 0.14 15 -0.73 0.14 15 -0.69 0.14 15 -0.71 0.14 12 -0.75 0.15 11 -1.08 0.15 9 -1.17 0.18 9 -1.21 0.23 6<br>AMERICAN SAMOA ASM 1.15 0.36 1 1.15 0.34 1 0.86 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ANDORRA ADO 1.19 0.35 2 1.18 0.32 2 1.29 0.29 2 1.23 0.29 2 1.49 0.31 1 1.53 0.29 1 1.54 0.33 1 .. .. ..<br>ANGOLA AGO -1.29 0.14 16 -1.41 0.15 14 -1.36 0.14 14 -1.43 0.15 12 -1.46 0.15 11 -1.61 0.16 9 -1.56 0.18 9 -1.53 0.23 6<br>ANGUILLA AIA 1.68 0.36 1 1.67 0.34 1 1.17 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ATG 0.94 0.35 2 0.67 0.31 3 0.92 0.28 3 0.98 0.29 2 0.96 0.31 1 0.99 0.29 1 1.01 0.33 1 .. .. ..<br>ARGENTINA ARG -0.58 0.13 17 -0.54 0.13 17 -0.71 0.13 17 -0.65 0.13 16 -0.89 0.13 14 -0.04 0.13 12 0.03 0.16 12 0.12 0.19 10<br>ARMENIA ARM -0.52 0.13 19 -0.46 0.15 15 -0.56 0.14 14 -0.44 0.15 13 -0.46 0.16 12 -0.50 0.17 9 -0.42 0.19 8 -0.45 0.26 5<br>ARUBA ABW 0.88 0.36 1 0.88 0.34 1 0.94 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>AUSTRALIA AUS 1.81 0.14 13 1.74 0.14 13 1.82 0.14 13 1.83 0.14 13 1.77 0.14 10 1.74 0.14 10 1.77 0.16 10 1.83 0.19 9<br>AUSTRIA AUT 1.87 0.14 13 1.83 0.14 12 1.81 0.14 12 1.81 0.14 12 1.84 0.14 11 1.83 0.14 11 1.83 0.16 10 1.86 0.19 9<br>AZERBAIJAN AZE -0.86 0.13 19 -0.81 0.13 17 -0.83 0.13 16 -0.84 0.14 15 -0.88 0.14 13 -1.06 0.14 11 -1.02 0.17 9 -0.94 0.21 6<br>BAHAMAS BHS 1.22 0.27 4 1.32 0.26 4 1.32 0.25 4 1.32 0.24 4 1.31 0.26 3 1.25 0.25 3 1.21 0.28 3 0.74 0.51 2<br>BAHRAIN BHR 0.62 0.15 12 0.70 0.15 12 0.83 0.15 12 0.75 0.15 11 0.76 0.15 11 0.57 0.16 8 0.65 0.19 7 0.16 0.23 6<br>BANGLADESH BGD -0.86 0.14 16 -0.87 0.14 15 -0.93 0.14 15 -0.88 0.14 13 -0.78 0.14 13 -0.80 0.14 11 -0.85 0.18 8 -0.78 0.23 6<br>BARBADOS BRB 1.00 0.21 5 1.12 0.25 5 1.21 0.24 5 1.31 0.24 4 1.39 0.27 2 1.35 0.26 2 1.19 0.30 2 -0.24 0.62 1<br>BELARUS BLR -1.16 0.15 13 -1.09 0.17 11 -1.28 0.16 11 -1.34 0.16 11 -1.29 0.17 10 -1.01 0.18 9 -0.73 0.21 7 -0.93 0.30 4<br>BELGIUM BEL 1.45 0.14 13 1.44 0.14 12 1.51 0.14 12 1.51 0.14 12 1.47 0.14 12 1.40 0.14 11 1.34 0.16 10 1.55 0.19 9<br>BELIZE BLZ -0.05 0.19 8 -0.02 0.22 7 0.06 0.21 7 0.20 0.22 6 -0.16 0.24 5 0.07 0.23 4 -0.08 0.27 4 0.79 0.54 2<br>BENIN BEN -0.54 0.15 14 -0.66 0.17 11 -0.64 0.20 9 -0.56 0.20 8 -0.37 0.21 7 -0.26 0.22 6 -0.13 0.26 5 -0.30 0.54 2<br>BERMUDA BMU 0.88 0.36 1 0.88 0.34 1 1.12 0.30 1 1.20 0.30 1 1.22 0.31 1 1.26 0.29 1 1.27 0.33 1 .. .. ..<br>BHUTAN BTN 0.65 0.24 7 0.59 0.23 7 0.43 0.22 7 0.44 0.24 5 0.18 0.24 4 0.22 0.24 4 0.29 0.29 3 -1.34 0.77 1<br>BOLIVIA BOL -0.90 0.14 16 -0.79 0.14 15 -0.49 0.14 15 -0.44 0.14 13 -0.43 0.14 13 -0.38 0.14 10 -0.41 0.17 10 -0.31 0.23 7<br>BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BIH -0.53 0.14 14 -0.62 0.14 13 -0.65 0.14 13 -0.85 0.15 11 -0.73 0.15 11 -0.63 0.16 8 -0.66 0.20 6 -0.03 0.32 2<br>BOTSWANA BWA 0.63 0.15 14 0.66 0.15 13 0.66 0.14 13 0.64 0.15 12 0.59 0.15 12 0.57 0.16 8 0.55 0.19 8 0.62 0.26 5<br>BRAZIL BRA -0.48 0.13 18 -0.43 0.13 17 -0.33 0.13 17 -0.33 0.13 16 -0.34 0.13 15 -0.28 0.13 13 -0.26 0.16 12 -0.20 0.19 10<br>BRUNEI BRN 0.32 0.32 3 0.32 0.30 3 0.39 0.28 3 0.64 0.27 3 0.51 0.28 4 0.56 0.27 3 0.59 0.30 3 0.62 0.58 2<br>BULGARIA BGR -0.17 0.13 17 -0.17 0.13 14 -0.07 0.13 14 -0.09 0.14 14 -0.03 0.14 14 -0.15 0.14 12 -0.27 0.16 10 -0.11 0.20 7<br>BURKINA FASO BFA -0.49 0.15 15 -0.59 0.19 11 -0.58 0.19 11 -0.58 0.20 9 -0.59 0.20 8 -0.54 0.22 7 -0.71 0.25 6 -0.31 0.46 3<br>BURUNDI BDI -0.96 0.15 13 -1.21 0.20 9 -1.43 0.21 8 -1.37 0.22 7 -1.37 0.23 6 -1.45 0.24 4 -1.42 0.26 5 -0.88 0.54 2<br>CAMBODIA KHM -1.11 0.15 14 -1.11 0.15 13 -1.16 0.15 12 -1.16 0.16 11 -1.09 0.16 10 -0.93 0.16 8 -1.02 0.19 6 -1.09 0.26 4<br>CAMEROON CMR -1.02 0.15 14 -1.09 0.15 13 -1.15 0.15 12 -1.03 0.15 12 -1.17 0.16 11 -1.19 0.16 9 -1.18 0.19 8 -1.50 0.26 5<br>CANADA CAN 1.85 0.14 13 1.76 0.14 12 1.80 0.14 12 1.77 0.14 12 1.74 0.14 12 1.73 0.14 11 1.79 0.16 10 1.78 0.19 9<br>CAPE VERDE CPV 0.61 0.18 8 0.37 0.21 7 0.28 0.21 7 0.13 0.21 6 0.13 0.22 5 0.78 0.35 3 0.83 0.40 3 0.51 0.62 1<br>CAYMAN ISLANDS CYM 1.15 0.36 1 0.88 0.34 1 1.17 0.30 1 1.20 0.30 1 1.49 0.31 1 1.53 0.29 1 1.54 0.33 1 .. .. ..<br>CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAF -1.55 0.20 8 -1.51 0.20 9 -1.65 0.20 8 -1.67 0.20 7 -1.13 0.21 6 -1.45 0.24 4 -1.48 0.28 4 -0.29 0.77 1<br>CHAD TCD -1.36 0.16 12 -1.33 0.18 10 -1.10 0.18 10 -1.08 0.19 8 -0.84 0.21 7 -0.91 0.23 5 -0.97 0.26 5 -0.88 0.54 2<br>CHILE CHL 1.15 0.13 16 1.17 0.13 16 1.18 0.13 16 1.14 0.13 15 1.18 0.13 14 1.21 0.13 12 1.08 0.16 12 1.24 0.19 10<br>CHINA CHN -0.40 0.13 16 -0.43 0.13 16 -0.39 0.13 16 -0.47 0.13 14 -0.36 0.13 14 -0.44 0.13 12 -0.40 0.16 11 -0.23 0.19 9<br>COLOMBIA COL -0.64 0.13 18 -0.74 0.13 17 -0.80 0.13 17 -0.92 0.13 15 -0.89 0.13 15 -0.91 0.13 13 -0.73 0.16 12 -0.65 0.19 10<br>COMOROS COM -0.93 0.25 5 -0.96 0.24 5 -0.97 0.24 5 -0.87 0.25 4 -1.04 0.26 3 -1.29 0.25 3 -1.28 0.29 3 .. .. ..<br>CONGO COG -1.25 0.16 11 -1.46 0.15 11 -1.24 0.18 9 -1.16 0.19 8 -1.26 0.19 8 -1.38 0.19 7 -1.48 0.22 7 -1.38 0.36 4<br>CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.68 0.16 13 -1.72 0.16 12 -1.76 0.15 12 -1.84 0.17 10 -1.82 0.18 10 -1.99 0.19 8 -2.09 0.20 8 -2.06 0.31 5<br>COOK ISLANDS COK 1.07 0.67 1 1.19 0.59 1 0.58 0.53 1 0.71 0.70 1 0.87 0.48 1 0.86 0.57 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>COSTA RICA CRI 0.55 0.14 15 0.57 0.14 14 0.60 0.14 14 0.66 0.14 13 0.63 0.14 13 0.65 0.14 11 0.60 0.17 10 0.59 0.22 8<br>COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.51 0.16 11 -1.57 0.16 11 -1.44 0.15 12 -1.47 0.16 11 -1.29 0.16 11 -0.99 0.16 9 -0.90 0.19 8 -0.69 0.26 5<br>CROATIA HRV -0.03 0.13 16 0.07 0.13 15 0.11 0.13 15 0.06 0.14 14 0.03 0.14 14 0.10 0.14 10 -0.16 0.17 9 -0.57 0.21 6<br>CUBA CUB -0.91 0.17 11 -1.15 0.16 11 -1.08 0.15 11 -1.18 0.15 10 -1.04 0.16 10 -0.88 0.16 7 -0.77 0.19 7 -1.00 0.23 6<br>CYPRUS CYP 0.93 0.16 10 0.85 0.16 9 0.85 0.16 9 0.86 0.16 8 0.86 0.17 7 0.87 0.16 7 0.82 0.19 7 0.76 0.23 6<br>CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 0.73 0.13 16 0.75 0.13 15 0.70 0.12 16 0.79 0.13 16 0.73 0.13 16 0.68 0.13 14 0.83 0.15 12 0.84 0.17 10<br>DENMARK DNK 2.03 0.14 13 1.95 0.14 12 1.97 0.14 12 1.92 0.14 12 1.85 0.14 11 1.78 0.14 10 1.88 0.16 10 1.91 0.19 9<br>DJIBOUTI DJI -0.80 0.22 7 -0.90 0.22 7 -0.75 0.22 6 -0.82 0.23 5 -0.76 0.23 4 -0.78 0.23 4 -0.71 0.26 4 -0.24 0.62 1<br>DOMINICA DMA 0.66 0.29 3 0.62 0.27 4 0.62 0.25 4 0.69 0.26 3 0.63 0.28 2 0.48 0.26 2 0.52 0.30 2 .. .. ..<br>DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM -0.50 0.14 15 -0.63 0.14 14 -0.56 0.14 14 -0.50 0.14 12 -0.49 0.14 12 -0.51 0.15 9 -0.50 0.19 7 -0.56 0.25 5<br>ECUADOR ECU -0.96 0.14 16 -0.85 0.14 15 -0.69 0.13 16 -0.66 0.14 14 -0.69 0.14 13 -0.66 0.14 11 -0.67 0.16 11 -0.44 0.21 8<br>EGYPT EGY 0.00 0.13 17 0.02 0.13 16 0.02 0.13 16 -0.05 0.14 14 -0.06 0.14 13 -0.04 0.14 11 -0.08 0.16 11 0.08 0.20 8<br>EL SALVADOR SLV -0.52 0.16 13 -0.45 0.16 12 -0.41 0.16 12 -0.49 0.17 11 -0.53 0.16 11 -0.70 0.16 9 -0.54 0.19 8 -0.86 0.25 6<br>EQUATORIAL GUINEA GNQ -1.21 0.17 9 -1.33 0.18 8 -1.29 0.18 9 -1.18 0.18 8 -1.19 0.18 7 -1.22 0.18 5 -1.34 0.21 5 -1.23 0.33 1<br>ERITREA ERI -0.99 0.18 9 -0.77 0.21 8 -0.57 0.21 8 -0.42 0.22 6 -0.41 0.23 5 -0.42 0.24 4 -0.22 0.28 4 -0.29 0.77 1<br>ESTONIA EST 0.91 0.13 15 0.82 0.13 15 0.84 0.12 15 0.72 0.13 15 0.72 0.13 15 0.57 0.13 12 0.49 0.17 9 0.50 0.21 6<br>ETHIOPIA ETH -0.64 0.15 15 -0.82 0.15 13 -0.74 0.16 13 -0.74 0.16 11 -0.84 0.17 10 -0.81 0.17 8 -0.70 0.20 7 -0.94 0.28 4<br>FIJI FJI -0.08 0.25 4 -0.06 0.24 4 -0.06 0.23 4 -0.08 0.23 4 -0.37 0.24 4 -0.56 0.23 4 0.06 0.27 4 0.21 0.54 2<br>FINLAND FIN 1.95 0.14 13 1.91 0.14 12 1.93 0.14 12 1.90 0.14 12 1.87 0.14 12 1.89 0.14 10 1.89 0.16 10 1.92 0.19 9<br>FRANCE FRA 1.31 0.14 13 1.33 0.14 12 1.41 0.14 12 1.36 0.14 12 1.28 0.14 12 1.35 0.14 11 1.41 0.16 10 1.45 0.19 9<br>FRENCH GUIANA GUF 0.88 0.36 1 0.88 0.34 1 0.55 0.30 1 0.94 0.30 1 0.96 0.31 1 0.99 0.29 1 1.01 0.33 1 .. .. ..<br>GABON GAB -0.59 0.16 12 -0.51 0.15 12 -0.66 0.15 12 -0.53 0.15 11 -0.34 0.15 11 -0.33 0.15 10 -0.42 0.19 8 -0.93 0.25 5<br>GAMBIA GMB -0.28 0.16 10 -0.26 0.19 9 -0.24 0.19 9 0.18 0.20 8 -0.27 0.22 7 -0.12 0.22 6 0.03 0.25 6 0.40 0.46 3<br>GEORGIA GEO -0.61 0.13 17 -0.76 0.15 14 -0.80 0.14 14 -1.21 0.16 12 -1.25 0.16 11 -1.08 0.17 9 -1.18 0.20 7 -0.84 0.26 5<br><!-- End of picture text --> 88
<!-- Start of picture text --> TABLE C5: Rule of Law (cont.)<br>2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>GERMANY DEU 1.77 0.14 13 1.74 0.14 13 1.73 0.14 13 1.71 0.14 13 1.71 0.14 12 1.69 0.14 11 1.68 0.16 10 1.80 0.19 9<br>GHANA GHA -0.13 0.15 16 -0.20 0.14 16 -0.30 0.13 16 -0.20 0.14 15 -0.17 0.14 13 -0.06 0.15 10 -0.44 0.18 9 -0.39 0.23 6<br>GREECE GRC 0.64 0.14 13 0.65 0.14 12 0.81 0.14 12 0.75 0.14 12 0.69 0.14 12 0.81 0.14 11 0.68 0.16 10 0.90 0.19 9<br>GRENADA GRD 0.12 0.28 4 0.29 0.27 4 0.26 0.25 4 0.28 0.26 3 0.21 0.28 2 0.27 0.26 2 0.28 0.30 2 .. .. ..<br>GUAM GUM 1.15 0.36 1 1.15 0.34 1 1.01 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>GUATEMALA GTM -1.02 0.14 17 -1.05 0.15 15 -1.01 0.15 15 -1.07 0.15 14 -0.85 0.15 12 -0.82 0.15 10 -0.92 0.19 8 -0.83 0.23 7<br>GUINEA GIN -1.40 0.16 12 -1.26 0.19 10 -1.19 0.19 10 -1.07 0.20 9 -0.95 0.20 8 -1.34 0.22 6 -1.23 0.25 6 -1.39 0.46 3<br>GUINEA-BISSAU GNB -1.22 0.21 8 -1.29 0.21 8 -1.14 0.21 7 -1.24 0.22 6 -1.12 0.22 6 -1.39 0.22 6 -1.89 0.25 6 -1.68 0.58 2<br>GUYANA GUY -0.71 0.16 11 -0.75 0.19 10 -0.55 0.21 8 -0.53 0.21 7 -0.47 0.23 5 -0.47 0.22 5 -0.29 0.26 5 0.07 0.46 3<br>HAITI HTI -1.56 0.18 9 -1.68 0.20 9 -1.65 0.20 10 -1.65 0.19 9 -1.83 0.19 8 -1.56 0.22 6 -1.40 0.26 5 -1.43 0.46 3<br>HONDURAS HND -0.88 0.14 16 -0.80 0.15 14 -0.76 0.15 14 -0.86 0.15 12 -0.84 0.15 12 -0.93 0.15 10 -0.85 0.19 8 -0.79 0.23 7<br>HONG KONG HKG 1.45 0.15 11 1.47 0.15 10 1.37 0.15 10 1.29 0.15 10 1.11 0.15 10 0.92 0.14 9 1.02 0.17 8 1.13 0.20 7<br>HUNGARY HUN 0.73 0.12 17 0.72 0.12 16 0.83 0.12 16 0.82 0.13 16 0.82 0.13 16 0.81 0.13 14 0.76 0.15 12 0.85 0.17 10<br>ICELAND ISL 2.03 0.15 9 2.06 0.17 8 2.01 0.17 8 1.97 0.18 8 1.89 0.19 7 1.86 0.18 7 1.79 0.20 7 1.65 0.26 6<br>INDIA IND 0.17 0.13 17 0.12 0.13 16 0.00 0.13 16 -0.01 0.13 15 -0.02 0.13 14 0.19 0.13 12 0.15 0.16 11 0.26 0.19 9<br>INDONESIA IDN -0.82 0.13 19 -0.86 0.13 18 -0.84 0.13 18 -0.97 0.13 17 -1.00 0.13 15 -0.82 0.13 13 -0.77 0.16 11 -0.36 0.19 9<br>IRAN IRN -0.81 0.15 15 -0.78 0.15 14 -0.57 0.14 14 -0.56 0.14 12 -0.58 0.15 11 -0.39 0.15 8 -0.44 0.18 8 -0.98 0.21 7<br>IRAQ IRQ -1.95 0.18 8 -1.89 0.17 8 -1.93 0.16 8 -1.72 0.16 8 -1.52 0.17 8 -1.39 0.16 7 -1.52 0.19 7 -1.61 0.23 6<br>IRELAND IRL 1.62 0.14 13 1.60 0.14 12 1.58 0.14 11 1.55 0.14 11 1.64 0.14 10 1.59 0.14 10 1.59 0.16 10 1.72 0.19 9<br>ISRAEL ISR 0.69 0.15 13 0.73 0.15 11 0.75 0.14 11 0.74 0.15 11 0.91 0.15 11 0.99 0.14 10 1.02 0.17 9 1.21 0.19 9<br>ITALY ITA 0.37 0.14 13 0.53 0.14 13 0.65 0.14 13 0.76 0.14 13 0.77 0.14 12 0.86 0.14 11 0.85 0.16 10 0.97 0.19 9<br>JAMAICA JAM -0.60 0.15 13 -0.57 0.15 12 -0.47 0.15 12 -0.59 0.16 11 -0.50 0.15 11 -0.48 0.15 8 -0.35 0.19 7 -0.30 0.25 5<br>JAPAN JPN 1.40 0.14 13 1.35 0.14 13 1.34 0.14 13 1.32 0.14 13 1.32 0.14 12 1.43 0.14 11 1.50 0.16 10 1.54 0.19 9<br>JORDAN JOR 0.45 0.14 16 0.43 0.14 15 0.39 0.13 14 0.32 0.14 13 0.24 0.15 11 0.36 0.14 9 0.41 0.17 9 0.42 0.22 7<br>KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.82 0.13 18 -0.79 0.13 17 -0.99 0.13 16 -0.98 0.13 15 -0.97 0.14 14 -0.90 0.13 13 -0.91 0.16 10 -0.83 0.20 6<br>KENYA KEN -0.98 0.14 18 -0.99 0.14 17 -1.01 0.13 17 -1.04 0.14 16 -1.03 0.14 13 -0.98 0.15 9 -1.11 0.18 9 -1.06 0.23 6<br>KIRIBATI KIR 0.84 0.27 4 0.76 0.26 4 0.27 0.24 4 0.34 0.44 3 0.62 0.38 2 0.40 0.40 2 -0.69 0.58 1 .. .. ..<br>KOREA, NORTH PRK -1.28 0.20 8 -1.05 0.19 8 -1.12 0.19 8 -0.94 0.22 6 -1.11 0.23 6 -0.79 0.24 4 -0.91 0.27 4 -1.23 0.46 3<br>KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.72 0.13 15 0.78 0.13 14 0.70 0.13 14 0.65 0.13 14 0.79 0.13 14 0.74 0.13 12 0.69 0.16 11 0.71 0.19 9<br>KOSOVO LWI -0.90 0.32 2 -0.97 0.32 1 -0.99 0.29 1 -1.14 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>KUWAIT KWT 0.75 0.16 11 0.73 0.16 10 0.71 0.16 9 0.69 0.16 9 0.72 0.15 10 0.77 0.16 7 0.81 0.19 7 0.74 0.23 6<br>KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -1.18 0.13 18 -1.07 0.15 15 -0.82 0.14 14 -0.82 0.15 13 -0.77 0.15 12 -0.88 0.16 10 -0.72 0.20 7 -0.64 0.28 4<br>LAOS LAO -0.95 0.16 14 -1.05 0.17 12 -1.04 0.17 11 -1.16 0.18 9 -1.08 0.18 9 -0.94 0.19 7 -0.88 0.23 5 -1.64 0.39 3<br>LATVIA LVA 0.52 0.13 15 0.47 0.13 14 0.51 0.13 14 0.52 0.14 14 0.34 0.14 14 0.22 0.14 10 0.18 0.17 9 0.13 0.21 6<br>LEBANON LBN -0.49 0.15 14 -0.33 0.15 12 -0.22 0.15 12 -0.38 0.15 11 -0.26 0.14 12 -0.12 0.15 9 -0.18 0.18 8 -0.22 0.23 6<br>LESOTHO LSO -0.25 0.16 11 -0.19 0.19 9 -0.08 0.18 9 -0.17 0.18 8 -0.01 0.19 7 -0.05 0.23 5 0.10 0.26 5 -0.30 0.54 2<br>LIBERIA LBR -1.16 0.24 6 -1.45 0.24 5 -1.71 0.23 6 -1.71 0.24 5 -1.82 0.24 6 -2.00 0.23 5 -2.07 0.26 5 -2.27 0.58 2<br>LIBYA LBY -0.74 0.17 11 -0.72 0.16 11 -0.56 0.15 11 -0.75 0.15 9 -0.87 0.16 9 -0.82 0.16 7 -0.91 0.19 7 -1.29 0.23 6<br>LIECHTENSTEIN LIE 1.27 0.35 2 1.04 0.32 2 1.17 0.29 2 1.10 0.29 2 1.50 0.30 2 1.53 0.29 1 1.54 0.33 1 .. .. ..<br>LITHUANIA LTU 0.45 0.14 14 0.49 0.13 14 0.59 0.13 14 0.50 0.14 14 0.42 0.14 14 0.28 0.14 12 0.40 0.17 9 0.29 0.21 6<br>LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.83 0.16 9 1.91 0.19 8 1.98 0.19 8 1.93 0.20 7 1.98 0.22 6 1.89 0.20 6 1.92 0.22 6 1.64 0.30 5<br>MACAO MAC 0.51 0.36 2 0.79 0.33 2 1.40 0.30 1 1.20 0.30 1 0.69 0.31 1 0.19 0.29 1 0.21 0.33 1 .. .. ..<br>MACEDONIA MKD -0.46 0.14 14 -0.34 0.14 13 -0.25 0.14 13 -0.57 0.15 12 -0.59 0.16 10 -0.63 0.17 6 -0.53 0.21 5 -0.16 0.25 3<br>MADAGASCAR MDG -0.30 0.15 15 -0.20 0.17 12 -0.20 0.18 11 -0.21 0.19 10 -0.24 0.21 7 -0.32 0.22 6 -0.67 0.25 6 -0.97 0.46 3<br>MALAWI MWI -0.46 0.14 17 -0.28 0.14 15 -0.29 0.14 14 -0.36 0.15 13 -0.54 0.15 12 -0.54 0.16 8 -0.52 0.19 8 -0.56 0.25 5<br>MALAYSIA MYS 0.58 0.13 17 0.57 0.13 16 0.55 0.13 16 0.44 0.13 15 0.41 0.13 14 0.35 0.13 12 0.43 0.16 11 0.70 0.19 9<br>MALDIVES MDV 0.20 0.26 5 0.24 0.25 5 0.09 0.23 5 0.31 0.25 4 0.28 0.25 3 0.29 0.24 3 0.43 0.30 2 .. .. ..<br>MALI MLI -0.32 0.16 14 -0.17 0.17 12 -0.14 0.17 12 -0.04 0.18 11 -0.34 0.19 10 -0.47 0.22 7 -0.50 0.25 6 -0.60 0.46 3<br>MALTA MLT 1.47 0.18 8 1.39 0.21 7 1.39 0.21 6 1.54 0.21 6 1.38 0.26 3 1.33 0.25 3 1.27 0.28 3 0.43 0.51 2<br>MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL -0.23 0.39 3 -0.08 0.37 3 -0.43 0.35 3 0.08 0.44 3 -0.09 0.38 2 -0.49 0.40 2 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. ..<br>MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.88 0.36 1 0.88 0.34 1 0.99 0.30 1 0.94 0.30 1 1.22 0.31 1 1.26 0.29 1 1.27 0.33 1 .. .. ..<br>MAURITANIA MRT -0.43 0.17 12 -0.54 0.20 9 -0.67 0.21 9 -0.42 0.21 7 -0.41 0.23 5 -0.34 0.23 5 -0.36 0.26 5 -0.88 0.54 2<br>MAURITIUS MUS 0.81 0.15 12 0.87 0.15 11 0.89 0.16 10 0.92 0.16 9 0.87 0.16 9 0.80 0.18 7 0.75 0.21 7 0.76 0.27 3<br>MEXICO MEX -0.49 0.13 18 -0.50 0.13 17 -0.40 0.13 17 -0.37 0.13 16 -0.37 0.13 15 -0.41 0.13 13 -0.51 0.16 12 -0.48 0.19 10<br>MICRONESIA FSM 0.69 0.27 4 0.73 0.26 4 0.52 0.24 4 -0.08 0.44 3 -0.26 0.38 2 -0.40 0.40 2 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. ..<br>MOLDOVA MDA -0.61 0.13 16 -0.57 0.13 15 -0.65 0.13 14 -0.80 0.14 13 -0.74 0.14 12 -0.60 0.14 11 -0.28 0.17 9 -0.10 0.21 6<br>MONACO MCO 0.70 0.79 1 0.70 0.78 1 0.82 0.77 1 0.79 0.75 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>MONGOLIA MNG -0.32 0.17 12 -0.22 0.18 11 0.07 0.19 10 0.07 0.20 8 0.22 0.20 7 -0.03 0.21 6 -0.04 0.26 5 0.07 0.46 3<br>MONTENEGRO MNP -0.52 0.17 10 -0.40 0.32 1 -0.38 0.29 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>MOROCCO MAR -0.03 0.14 16 -0.10 0.14 15 0.04 0.14 15 -0.05 0.14 14 0.00 0.14 13 0.10 0.15 10 0.17 0.18 9 0.12 0.21 7<br>MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.59 0.14 18 -0.69 0.14 16 -0.70 0.13 16 -0.77 0.14 14 -0.66 0.15 12 -0.79 0.16 8 -0.87 0.19 8 -0.90 0.25 5<br>MYANMAR MMR -1.45 0.18 11 -1.62 0.17 10 -1.59 0.16 10 -1.61 0.16 9 -1.57 0.17 9 -1.26 0.17 7 -1.33 0.21 6 -1.31 0.26 5<br>NAMIBIA NAM 0.17 0.15 12 -0.04 0.15 14 0.00 0.14 14 0.17 0.15 13 0.25 0.15 12 0.27 0.17 7 0.31 0.20 7 0.32 0.28 4<br>NAURU NRU 0.70 0.79 1 0.70 0.78 1 0.82 0.77 1 0.79 0.75 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>NEPAL NPL -0.68 0.14 16 -0.80 0.15 13 -0.63 0.15 12 -0.54 0.18 10 -0.39 0.18 9 -0.28 0.19 7 -0.10 0.23 5 -0.15 0.39 3<br>NETHERLANDS NLD 1.75 0.14 13 1.72 0.14 12 1.77 0.14 12 1.73 0.14 12 1.75 0.14 12 1.75 0.14 11 1.81 0.16 10 1.81 0.19 9<br>NETHERLANDS ANTILLES ANT 0.88 0.36 1 0.88 0.34 1 0.94 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>NEW CALEDONIA NCL -0.63 0.60 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -0.86 0.68 1<br>NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.93 0.15 12 1.91 0.15 11 1.92 0.14 11 1.86 0.15 11 1.79 0.15 9 1.76 0.14 9 1.87 0.17 9 1.98 0.20 8<br>NICARAGUA NIC -0.76 0.15 16 -0.65 0.16 14 -0.79 0.16 14 -0.62 0.16 13 -0.75 0.16 11 -0.87 0.16 8 -0.74 0.21 7 -0.36 0.25 6<br>NIGER NER -0.87 0.18 12 -0.88 0.19 10 -0.83 0.19 10 -0.78 0.20 9 -0.80 0.20 8 -0.89 0.22 6 -0.73 0.25 6 -0.89 0.46 3<br><!-- End of picture text --> 89
<!-- Start of picture text --> TABLE C5: Rule of Law (cont.)<br>2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>NIGERIA NGA -1.27 0.14 18 -1.40 0.14 17 -1.58 0.13 17 -1.66 0.14 16 -1.50 0.14 14 -1.17 0.14 11 -1.34 0.18 9 -1.35 0.21 7<br>NORWAY NOR 2.02 0.14 13 1.95 0.14 12 1.97 0.14 12 1.91 0.14 12 1.86 0.14 11 1.84 0.14 10 1.90 0.16 10 2.00 0.19 9<br>OMAN OMN 0.71 0.17 9 0.70 0.17 9 0.85 0.16 9 0.76 0.16 8 0.74 0.16 9 0.79 0.16 7 0.87 0.19 7 0.87 0.23 6<br>PAKISTAN PAK -0.82 0.13 18 -0.86 0.14 16 -0.86 0.13 16 -0.81 0.14 15 -0.76 0.14 13 -0.80 0.14 11 -0.79 0.17 9 -0.59 0.21 7<br>PALAU PCI 0.70 0.79 1 0.70 0.78 1 -0.08 0.77 1 0.79 0.75 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>PANAMA PAN -0.13 0.14 15 -0.13 0.14 15 -0.09 0.14 14 -0.14 0.15 13 -0.10 0.15 11 -0.17 0.14 10 -0.17 0.18 9 -0.20 0.23 7<br>PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG -0.94 0.16 11 -0.99 0.16 11 -0.84 0.15 11 -1.06 0.15 10 -1.02 0.16 9 -0.86 0.15 9 -0.61 0.19 7 -0.56 0.25 5<br>PARAGUAY PRY -0.93 0.15 15 -1.00 0.15 14 -1.05 0.15 14 -1.12 0.15 12 -1.13 0.15 11 -1.02 0.15 9 -1.02 0.19 8 -0.49 0.25 6<br>PERU PER -0.75 0.14 17 -0.76 0.14 16 -0.62 0.13 16 -0.62 0.14 14 -0.59 0.14 13 -0.65 0.14 11 -0.68 0.16 11 -0.58 0.20 9<br>PHILIPPINES PHL -0.48 0.13 18 -0.44 0.13 17 -0.65 0.13 17 -0.62 0.13 15 -0.59 0.13 14 -0.54 0.13 12 -0.15 0.16 11 -0.03 0.19 9<br>POLAND POL 0.25 0.12 17 0.34 0.12 16 0.42 0.12 16 0.51 0.13 16 0.56 0.13 16 0.59 0.13 14 0.67 0.15 12 0.66 0.17 10<br>PORTUGAL PRT 0.97 0.14 13 1.09 0.14 13 1.19 0.14 13 1.24 0.14 13 1.22 0.14 11 1.14 0.14 10 1.22 0.16 10 1.13 0.19 9<br>PUERTO RICO PRI 0.58 0.28 4 0.62 0.27 3 0.75 0.23 3 0.71 0.23 3 1.06 0.25 2 1.02 0.24 2 1.00 0.29 2 0.74 0.56 1<br>QATAR QAT 0.93 0.17 10 0.86 0.17 10 0.69 0.17 9 0.62 0.17 9 0.73 0.17 7 0.70 0.17 6 0.50 0.21 5 0.10 0.28 3<br>REUNION REU 1.15 0.36 1 1.15 0.34 1 1.09 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ROMANIA ROM -0.16 0.12 18 -0.22 0.12 17 -0.19 0.12 16 -0.23 0.13 15 -0.25 0.14 14 -0.20 0.14 12 -0.12 0.17 9 -0.16 0.20 7<br>RUSSIA RUS -0.91 0.12 19 -0.88 0.12 18 -0.84 0.12 18 -0.91 0.13 17 -0.88 0.13 16 -1.04 0.13 14 -0.85 0.15 12 -0.74 0.17 10<br>RWANDA RWA -0.59 0.18 11 -0.87 0.21 9 -0.79 0.20 9 -0.89 0.21 7 -0.97 0.21 7 -1.28 0.23 5 -1.47 0.26 5 -1.45 0.54 2<br>SAMOA SAM 0.92 0.27 4 1.09 0.26 4 0.87 0.24 4 1.07 0.25 4 1.04 0.25 3 0.71 0.22 4 0.61 0.28 3 -0.24 0.62 1<br>SAN MARINO SMR 0.70 0.79 1 0.70 0.78 1 0.82 0.77 1 0.79 0.75 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP -0.47 0.20 6 -0.61 0.24 5 -0.48 0.24 5 -0.51 0.25 4 -0.55 0.26 3 -0.11 0.25 3 -0.30 0.29 3 .. .. ..<br>SAUDI ARABIA SAU 0.17 0.16 12 0.18 0.15 11 0.26 0.15 11 0.28 0.15 11 0.21 0.14 12 0.18 0.15 9 0.42 0.18 8 0.44 0.21 7<br>SENEGAL SEN -0.33 0.15 16 -0.19 0.15 13 -0.22 0.15 13 -0.26 0.15 13 -0.14 0.15 12 -0.09 0.16 8 -0.15 0.19 8 -0.39 0.25 5<br>SERBIA YUG -0.59 0.15 14 -0.85 0.15 12 -0.72 0.14 12 -0.96 0.15 12 -0.90 0.15 12 -1.23 0.18 6 -1.29 0.21 5 -0.99 0.30 3<br>SEYCHELLES SYC 0.03 0.19 6 0.12 0.19 7 0.18 0.19 7 0.23 0.24 5 0.50 0.26 3 0.59 0.25 3 0.57 0.29 3 .. .. ..<br>SIERRA LEONE SLE -1.21 0.19 13 -1.19 0.20 10 -1.17 0.20 10 -1.28 0.20 9 -1.33 0.20 8 -1.38 0.23 6 -1.19 0.25 6 -1.30 0.46 3<br>SINGAPORE SGP 1.82 0.14 14 1.81 0.14 13 1.82 0.13 13 1.69 0.14 13 1.54 0.14 12 1.43 0.14 11 1.58 0.16 10 1.75 0.19 9<br>SLOVAKIA SVK 0.43 0.13 16 0.45 0.13 15 0.49 0.12 15 0.37 0.13 15 0.32 0.13 15 0.28 0.15 11 0.21 0.18 9 0.21 0.19 8<br>SLOVENIA SVN 0.79 0.13 15 0.79 0.13 14 0.85 0.13 14 0.89 0.13 15 0.96 0.13 15 0.80 0.13 13 0.85 0.17 9 0.86 0.21 6<br>SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB -0.90 0.27 4 -0.93 0.26 4 -1.09 0.24 4 -0.72 0.44 3 -1.62 0.38 2 -1.70 0.40 2 -0.69 0.58 1 .. .. ..<br>SOMALIA SOM -2.53 0.25 5 -2.24 0.24 6 -2.26 0.23 6 -1.96 0.24 5 -1.98 0.26 4 -2.27 0.24 4 -2.25 0.26 5 -2.10 0.46 3<br>SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.24 0.13 19 0.18 0.13 18 0.15 0.12 18 0.04 0.13 17 0.07 0.13 16 0.12 0.13 13 0.24 0.16 12 0.28 0.19 9<br>SPAIN ESP 1.10 0.14 13 1.11 0.14 12 1.20 0.14 12 1.29 0.14 12 1.23 0.14 12 1.36 0.14 11 1.29 0.16 10 1.33 0.19 9<br>SRI LANKA LKA 0.01 0.14 16 0.05 0.14 15 0.01 0.14 15 0.04 0.14 14 0.15 0.14 13 0.00 0.14 11 -0.08 0.18 8 -0.12 0.23 6<br>ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 0.82 0.29 3 0.79 0.27 4 0.74 0.25 4 0.61 0.49 2 0.27 0.52 1 0.44 0.50 1 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. ..<br>ST. LUCIA LCA 0.82 0.29 3 0.79 0.27 4 0.69 0.25 4 0.61 0.49 2 0.27 0.52 1 0.44 0.50 1 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. ..<br>ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 0.82 0.29 3 0.79 0.27 4 0.74 0.25 4 0.61 0.49 2 0.59 0.52 1 0.44 0.50 1 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. ..<br>SUDAN SDN -1.33 0.17 12 -1.47 0.17 11 -1.45 0.16 11 -1.50 0.16 10 -1.22 0.17 10 -1.45 0.17 8 -1.57 0.20 7 -1.63 0.28 4<br>SURINAME SUR -0.21 0.20 8 -0.21 0.23 7 -0.23 0.23 7 -0.15 0.23 6 -0.23 0.26 4 -0.15 0.25 3 -0.20 0.28 3 -0.62 0.51 2<br>SWAZILAND SWZ -0.69 0.17 10 -0.78 0.20 9 -0.89 0.19 9 -0.88 0.19 7 -0.69 0.20 6 -0.65 0.23 5 -0.62 0.26 5 0.79 0.54 2<br>SWEDEN SWE 1.86 0.14 13 1.79 0.14 12 1.87 0.14 12 1.88 0.14 12 1.82 0.14 11 1.79 0.14 11 1.80 0.16 10 1.84 0.19 9<br>SWITZERLAND CHE 1.96 0.14 13 1.98 0.14 12 1.98 0.14 12 1.97 0.14 12 1.92 0.14 11 1.95 0.14 11 2.04 0.16 10 2.07 0.19 9<br>SYRIA SYR -0.55 0.16 13 -0.46 0.16 12 -0.31 0.15 12 -0.41 0.15 9 -0.36 0.16 9 -0.32 0.16 7 -0.28 0.19 7 -0.49 0.23 6<br>TAIWAN TWN 0.77 0.14 14 0.86 0.14 13 0.81 0.13 13 0.84 0.14 13 0.83 0.14 13 0.86 0.14 11 0.87 0.16 10 0.81 0.19 9<br>TAJIKISTAN TJK -1.06 0.14 17 -1.00 0.16 14 -1.14 0.15 13 -1.09 0.17 11 -1.30 0.16 11 -1.52 0.18 7 -1.74 0.22 6 -1.55 0.32 3<br>TANZANIA TZA -0.47 0.14 18 -0.43 0.14 15 -0.45 0.13 15 -0.42 0.14 14 -0.50 0.14 13 -0.46 0.15 9 -0.43 0.18 9 -0.42 0.23 6<br>THAILAND THA 0.03 0.13 17 0.11 0.13 16 0.05 0.13 16 0.07 0.13 14 0.22 0.13 14 0.44 0.13 12 0.39 0.16 11 0.54 0.19 9<br>TIMOR-LESTE TMP -1.16 0.22 7 -0.58 0.25 6 -0.84 0.26 6 -0.74 0.27 4 -1.17 0.31 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>TOGO TGO -1.03 0.16 13 -1.09 0.19 10 -1.02 0.19 10 -0.96 0.20 9 -0.70 0.20 8 -0.65 0.22 7 -0.67 0.25 6 -1.36 0.58 2<br>TONGA TON 0.54 0.27 4 0.55 0.26 4 0.20 0.24 4 0.08 0.44 3 0.02 0.38 2 -0.07 0.40 2 -0.69 0.58 1 .. .. ..<br>TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO -0.26 0.15 11 -0.10 0.15 11 -0.08 0.15 10 0.12 0.16 9 0.27 0.16 8 0.36 0.15 8 0.36 0.19 7 0.53 0.25 5<br>TUNISIA TUN 0.38 0.14 15 0.21 0.14 15 0.27 0.14 14 0.05 0.14 12 0.15 0.14 12 -0.02 0.15 9 -0.03 0.18 9 -0.20 0.23 6<br>TURKEY TUR 0.08 0.13 18 0.08 0.13 18 0.09 0.13 18 0.00 0.13 16 -0.16 0.13 15 -0.06 0.13 13 -0.06 0.16 11 -0.01 0.19 9<br>TURKMENISTAN TKM -1.44 0.15 10 -1.46 0.14 10 -1.46 0.15 9 -1.31 0.16 9 -1.21 0.16 9 -1.13 0.17 7 -1.16 0.20 7 -1.27 0.28 4<br>TUVALU TUV 1.06 0.32 3 1.28 0.30 3 0.84 0.27 3 1.30 0.59 2 1.77 0.48 1 1.70 0.57 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>UGANDA UGA -0.50 0.14 18 -0.69 0.14 16 -0.76 0.13 16 -0.64 0.14 15 -0.74 0.14 13 -0.83 0.15 10 -0.62 0.18 9 -0.64 0.23 6<br>UKRAINE UKR -0.72 0.13 17 -0.57 0.13 17 -0.72 0.12 17 -0.86 0.13 17 -0.85 0.13 15 -0.97 0.13 13 -0.92 0.16 11 -0.54 0.19 8<br>UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE 0.67 0.15 12 0.55 0.15 11 0.88 0.15 10 0.90 0.16 9 0.93 0.15 10 0.92 0.16 8 0.99 0.19 7 0.83 0.23 6<br>UNITED KINGDOM GBR 1.73 0.14 13 1.63 0.14 12 1.73 0.14 12 1.75 0.14 12 1.75 0.14 12 1.72 0.14 11 1.79 0.16 10 1.83 0.19 9<br>UNITED STATES USA 1.57 0.14 12 1.53 0.14 11 1.48 0.14 12 1.55 0.14 12 1.57 0.14 11 1.66 0.14 10 1.70 0.16 10 1.74 0.19 9<br>URUGUAY URY 0.40 0.15 14 0.40 0.14 14 0.42 0.14 14 0.54 0.14 12 0.54 0.14 12 0.54 0.14 10 0.53 0.18 9 0.51 0.23 7<br>UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.44 0.14 15 -1.42 0.14 14 -1.36 0.13 14 -1.30 0.14 14 -1.41 0.14 13 -1.04 0.16 9 -1.03 0.20 7 -0.99 0.22 5<br>VANUATU VUT 0.46 0.27 4 0.53 0.26 4 0.03 0.24 4 -0.05 0.44 3 -0.25 0.38 2 -0.22 0.40 2 -0.69 0.58 1 .. .. ..<br>VENEZUELA VEN -1.39 0.13 18 -1.27 0.13 18 -1.20 0.13 18 -1.24 0.13 17 -1.13 0.13 15 -0.83 0.13 12 -0.69 0.16 12 -0.67 0.19 10<br>VIETNAM VNM -0.43 0.13 18 -0.41 0.14 16 -0.55 0.13 16 -0.58 0.14 15 -0.60 0.14 14 -0.50 0.13 12 -0.49 0.16 10 -0.63 0.20 8<br>VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.) VIR 1.15 0.36 1 1.15 0.34 1 1.22 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>WEST BANK GAZA WBG -0.63 0.30 3 -0.46 0.29 3 -0.37 0.27 3 -0.30 0.27 2 -0.36 0.29 2 -0.08 0.29 1 -0.05 0.33 1 .. .. ..<br>YEMEN YEM -0.98 0.15 15 -1.12 0.16 12 -1.10 0.16 12 -1.12 0.16 10 -1.28 0.16 9 -1.19 0.16 7 -1.03 0.19 7 -1.15 0.25 5<br>ZAMBIA ZMB -0.61 0.14 17 -0.59 0.15 15 -0.62 0.13 16 -0.64 0.14 14 -0.51 0.14 13 -0.56 0.15 9 -0.60 0.18 9 -0.60 0.23 6<br>ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.71 0.14 18 -1.63 0.14 17 -1.69 0.14 16 -1.68 0.14 15 -1.47 0.14 13 -1.24 0.14 10 -0.47 0.17 10 -0.68 0.22 7<br><!-- End of picture text --> 90
<!-- Start of picture text --> TABLE C6: Control of Corruption<br>2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>AFGHANISTAN AFG -1.47 0.23 7 -1.48 0.23 5 -1.49 0.21 6 -1.61 0.29 3 -1.54 0.31 2 -1.91 0.31 2 -1.91 0.37 1 .. .. ..<br>ALBANIA ALB -0.67 0.14 11 -0.74 0.15 8 -0.77 0.15 8 -0.76 0.16 6 -0.81 0.18 6 -0.74 0.17 6 -1.07 0.20 5 0.03 0.48 2<br>ALGERIA DZA -0.39 0.16 10 -0.42 0.16 11 -0.60 0.15 11 -0.61 0.16 9 -0.76 0.17 8 -0.75 0.19 7 -0.83 0.19 7 -0.37 0.25 4<br>AMERICAN SAMOA ASM 0.33 0.39 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.77 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ANDORRA ADO 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 1.08 0.38 1 1.30 0.37 1 1.32 0.39 1 1.39 0.39 1 1.44 0.37 1 .. .. ..<br>ANGOLA AGO -1.14 0.16 12 -1.16 0.17 10 -1.24 0.15 11 -1.18 0.16 9 -1.20 0.17 8 -1.49 0.19 7 -1.38 0.19 7 -1.06 0.25 4<br>ANGUILLA AIA 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 0.81 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ATG 1.27 0.39 1 0.75 0.33 2 0.83 0.35 2 0.82 0.37 1 0.86 0.39 1 0.92 0.39 1 0.96 0.37 1 .. .. ..<br>ARGENTINA ARG -0.47 0.15 14 -0.42 0.14 14 -0.45 0.14 14 -0.43 0.15 12 -0.80 0.15 11 -0.38 0.15 10 -0.12 0.17 10 -0.18 0.20 7<br>ARMENIA ARM -0.58 0.13 15 -0.64 0.13 11 -0.72 0.14 10 -0.62 0.14 9 -0.69 0.16 8 -0.74 0.17 6 -0.77 0.18 6 -0.70 0.41 2<br>ARUBA ABW 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 1.13 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>AUSTRALIA AUS 1.99 0.16 10 1.97 0.15 10 2.06 0.14 11 1.96 0.14 11 1.89 0.15 9 1.96 0.17 8 1.96 0.18 8 1.85 0.20 7<br>AUSTRIA AUT 1.99 0.15 11 1.99 0.15 10 2.13 0.15 10 2.09 0.16 9 2.04 0.17 8 1.93 0.17 8 1.94 0.18 8 1.98 0.20 7<br>AZERBAIJAN AZE -0.99 0.13 15 -1.02 0.13 13 -1.16 0.13 12 -1.02 0.13 11 -1.02 0.13 10 -1.14 0.14 9 -1.12 0.17 7 -1.03 0.27 3<br>BAHAMAS BHS 1.37 0.33 2 1.32 0.30 2 1.36 0.33 2 1.37 0.33 2 1.44 0.34 2 1.39 0.36 2 1.42 0.36 2 0.37 0.69 1<br>BAHRAIN BHR 0.58 0.18 8 0.64 0.17 8 0.74 0.17 8 0.76 0.18 7 0.93 0.18 7 0.69 0.21 5 0.68 0.21 5 0.02 0.25 4<br>BANGLADESH BGD -1.29 0.16 12 -1.23 0.16 11 -1.32 0.16 11 -1.17 0.15 9 -1.02 0.15 9 -0.93 0.16 8 -0.71 0.20 6 -0.49 0.25 4<br>BARBADOS BRB 1.20 0.25 3 1.21 0.30 3 1.16 0.31 3 1.22 0.32 2 1.32 0.39 1 1.39 0.39 1 1.44 0.37 1 .. .. ..<br>BELARUS BLR -0.84 0.15 9 -0.96 0.15 7 -1.09 0.16 7 -0.95 0.15 7 -0.89 0.18 6 -0.58 0.19 5 -0.72 0.20 5 -0.99 0.57 1<br>BELGIUM BEL 1.40 0.16 10 1.46 0.15 9 1.51 0.15 9 1.57 0.16 9 1.60 0.16 9 1.54 0.17 8 1.35 0.18 8 1.39 0.20 7<br>BELIZE BLZ -0.30 0.23 5 -0.24 0.26 4 -0.30 0.27 4 -0.07 0.26 3 -0.22 0.32 2 -0.14 0.31 2 -0.09 0.31 2 .. .. ..<br>BENIN BEN -0.81 0.18 10 -1.05 0.21 7 -0.66 0.24 5 -0.58 0.25 4 -0.74 0.30 3 -0.58 0.29 3 -0.69 0.29 3 .. .. ..<br>BERMUDA BMU 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 1.26 0.38 1 1.30 0.37 1 1.32 0.39 1 1.39 0.39 1 1.44 0.37 1 .. .. ..<br>BHUTAN BTN 0.89 0.25 6 0.87 0.25 6 0.81 0.26 6 0.89 0.23 4 0.55 0.23 3 0.56 0.24 3 0.66 0.31 2 .. .. ..<br>BOLIVIA BOL -0.64 0.16 13 -0.80 0.15 12 -0.79 0.15 12 -0.81 0.16 9 -0.85 0.16 9 -0.55 0.16 8 -0.55 0.18 8 -0.94 0.25 4<br>BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BIH -0.32 0.14 10 -0.25 0.14 10 -0.40 0.14 10 -0.39 0.14 7 -0.45 0.16 7 -0.57 0.19 4 -0.37 0.20 4 -0.25 0.33 1<br>BOTSWANA BWA 0.81 0.17 11 1.10 0.17 10 0.91 0.17 10 1.12 0.17 9 0.70 0.18 9 0.77 0.21 6 0.75 0.22 6 0.38 0.28 3<br>BRAZIL BRA -0.33 0.15 14 -0.29 0.14 13 -0.04 0.14 14 0.05 0.15 12 -0.09 0.15 11 0.09 0.15 10 0.00 0.17 10 -0.18 0.20 7<br>BRUNEI BRN 0.24 0.33 2 0.25 0.30 2 0.39 0.33 2 0.29 0.33 2 0.33 0.34 2 0.35 0.36 2 0.44 0.36 2 0.37 0.69 1<br>BULGARIA BGR -0.05 0.12 14 -0.01 0.13 11 0.07 0.13 11 -0.05 0.13 10 -0.14 0.14 10 -0.24 0.14 9 -0.32 0.16 8 -0.76 0.25 4<br>BURKINA FASO BFA -0.44 0.17 11 -0.04 0.23 7 -0.03 0.23 7 0.06 0.24 5 0.12 0.27 4 -0.01 0.28 4 -0.05 0.28 4 -0.33 0.69 1<br>BURUNDI BDI -1.08 0.18 9 -0.89 0.25 5 -0.93 0.24 5 -0.94 0.25 4 -0.95 0.30 3 -1.13 0.29 3 -1.25 0.29 3 .. .. ..<br>CAMBODIA KHM -1.19 0.17 10 -1.12 0.16 10 -0.99 0.19 8 -0.90 0.17 7 -0.96 0.17 6 -0.91 0.19 5 -1.05 0.22 4 -1.11 0.29 2<br>CAMEROON CMR -0.94 0.17 11 -1.13 0.17 10 -0.88 0.17 9 -0.79 0.17 8 -1.06 0.19 7 -1.09 0.21 6 -1.24 0.22 6 -1.15 0.28 3<br>CANADA CAN 1.90 0.15 11 1.92 0.15 10 1.92 0.15 10 2.06 0.16 9 2.06 0.16 9 2.02 0.17 8 2.08 0.18 8 2.21 0.20 7<br>CAPE VERDE CPV 0.66 0.22 6 0.38 0.25 5 0.31 0.25 5 0.29 0.27 4 0.41 0.29 4 0.20 0.40 2 -0.32 0.42 2 .. .. ..<br>CAYMAN ISLANDS CYM 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 1.22 0.38 1 1.30 0.37 1 1.32 0.39 1 1.39 0.39 1 1.44 0.37 1 .. .. ..<br>CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAF -1.06 0.26 4 -1.21 0.25 5 -1.31 0.24 5 -1.15 0.25 4 -1.11 0.30 3 -1.35 0.29 3 -1.21 0.29 3 .. .. ..<br>CHAD TCD -1.18 0.19 8 -1.35 0.22 6 -1.14 0.22 6 -1.11 0.23 5 -0.92 0.28 4 -0.87 0.29 3 -0.96 0.29 3 .. .. ..<br>CHILE CHL 1.31 0.15 13 1.35 0.14 13 1.41 0.14 12 1.21 0.15 11 1.47 0.15 11 1.39 0.15 10 1.35 0.17 10 1.29 0.20 7<br>CHINA CHN -0.53 0.14 13 -0.68 0.13 13 -0.57 0.13 13 -0.49 0.13 11 -0.40 0.14 11 -0.36 0.15 10 -0.22 0.15 10 -0.09 0.20 7<br>COLOMBIA COL -0.22 0.14 15 -0.22 0.14 14 -0.24 0.14 13 -0.44 0.15 11 -0.54 0.15 11 -0.61 0.15 10 -0.73 0.17 10 -0.52 0.20 7<br>COMOROS COM -0.59 0.27 4 -0.84 0.26 4 -0.84 0.26 4 -0.84 0.27 3 -0.85 0.30 3 -1.06 0.29 3 -1.19 0.29 3 .. .. ..<br>CONGO COG -1.06 0.17 10 -1.04 0.17 9 -0.95 0.20 7 -0.97 0.20 6 -1.00 0.22 6 -1.02 0.22 5 -1.22 0.23 5 -0.87 0.45 2<br>CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.43 0.17 10 -1.41 0.17 9 -1.38 0.16 9 -1.44 0.19 7 -1.48 0.20 7 -1.60 0.20 6 -1.69 0.21 6 -2.08 0.37 3<br>COOK ISLANDS COK 0.66 0.76 1 0.63 0.70 1 0.08 0.74 1 -0.19 0.43 1 -0.19 0.32 1 -0.10 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>COSTA RICA CRI 0.37 0.16 11 0.39 0.15 11 0.44 0.15 11 0.80 0.16 9 0.80 0.16 9 0.85 0.16 8 0.74 0.18 8 0.73 0.24 5<br>COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.16 0.20 7 -1.24 0.19 7 -1.14 0.18 8 -1.00 0.18 7 -0.86 0.19 7 -0.52 0.21 6 -0.38 0.22 6 0.38 0.28 3<br>CROATIA HRV -0.02 0.12 13 0.10 0.13 12 0.06 0.13 12 0.05 0.13 10 0.19 0.14 10 -0.01 0.15 8 -0.30 0.17 7 -0.59 0.27 3<br>CUBA CUB -0.26 0.20 6 -0.24 0.18 7 -0.29 0.18 7 -0.30 0.18 6 -0.16 0.19 6 -0.23 0.21 5 -0.04 0.21 5 0.02 0.25 4<br>CYPRUS CYP 0.83 0.19 7 0.70 0.17 6 0.75 0.18 6 0.94 0.19 5 0.89 0.19 5 0.79 0.21 5 0.82 0.21 5 1.62 0.25 4<br>CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 0.36 0.12 13 0.42 0.12 12 0.36 0.12 13 0.39 0.12 12 0.35 0.13 12 0.26 0.13 11 0.43 0.15 10 0.58 0.20 7<br>DENMARK DNK 2.39 0.15 11 2.24 0.15 10 2.42 0.15 10 2.31 0.16 9 2.27 0.17 8 2.18 0.17 8 2.23 0.18 8 2.29 0.20 7<br>DJIBOUTI DJI -0.67 0.27 4 -0.68 0.26 4 -0.50 0.26 4 -0.84 0.27 3 -0.68 0.30 3 -0.89 0.29 3 -0.75 0.29 3 .. .. ..<br>DOMINICA DMA 0.66 0.31 2 0.66 0.28 3 0.61 0.29 3 0.46 0.29 2 0.54 0.32 2 0.44 0.31 2 0.58 0.31 2 .. .. ..<br>DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM -0.59 0.16 12 -0.65 0.15 11 -0.52 0.16 10 -0.53 0.16 8 -0.43 0.17 8 -0.40 0.19 6 -0.41 0.21 5 -0.37 0.28 3<br>ECUADOR ECU -0.75 0.16 12 -0.80 0.15 12 -0.76 0.15 13 -0.79 0.16 10 -1.02 0.16 10 -0.92 0.16 9 -0.83 0.18 9 -0.83 0.25 5<br>EGYPT EGY -0.41 0.16 13 -0.44 0.15 12 -0.44 0.15 12 -0.44 0.16 10 -0.34 0.16 10 -0.37 0.17 9 -0.22 0.17 9 0.06 0.23 6<br>EL SALVADOR SLV -0.18 0.19 9 -0.35 0.18 8 -0.28 0.19 8 -0.34 0.19 7 -0.55 0.18 7 -0.41 0.20 6 -0.57 0.21 6 -0.84 0.28 3<br>EQUATORIAL GUINEA GNQ -1.53 0.22 6 -1.54 0.21 5 -1.62 0.21 6 -1.48 0.21 5 -1.49 0.22 5 -1.62 0.24 4 -1.41 0.24 4 -1.05 0.33 1<br>ERITREA ERI -0.17 0.22 7 -0.28 0.24 6 -0.23 0.24 6 0.00 0.25 4 0.25 0.30 3 0.66 0.29 3 0.73 0.29 3 .. .. ..<br>ESTONIA EST 0.87 0.13 11 0.88 0.12 11 0.93 0.12 12 0.80 0.12 11 0.69 0.14 11 0.62 0.13 10 0.41 0.17 7 -0.02 0.27 3<br>ETHIOPIA ETH -0.55 0.18 11 -0.77 0.17 10 -0.67 0.18 9 -0.68 0.19 7 -0.50 0.21 6 -0.48 0.24 5 -0.59 0.24 5 -1.13 0.31 2<br>FIJI FJI -0.35 0.29 3 -0.60 0.29 2 -0.09 0.31 2 -0.29 0.29 2 0.09 0.32 2 0.15 0.31 2 0.24 0.31 2 .. .. ..<br>FINLAND FIN 2.57 0.15 11 2.41 0.15 10 2.54 0.15 10 2.42 0.16 9 2.46 0.16 9 2.34 0.17 8 2.28 0.18 8 2.29 0.20 7<br>FRANCE FRA 1.44 0.15 11 1.40 0.15 10 1.39 0.15 10 1.47 0.16 9 1.37 0.16 9 1.50 0.17 8 1.50 0.18 8 1.45 0.20 7<br>FRENCH GUIANA GUF 0.80 0.39 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.77 0.38 1 0.82 0.37 1 0.86 0.39 1 0.92 0.39 1 0.96 0.37 1 .. .. ..<br>GABON GAB -0.84 0.17 10 -0.66 0.17 9 -0.69 0.16 9 -0.49 0.17 8 -0.53 0.17 8 -0.60 0.19 7 -0.75 0.21 6 -1.27 0.28 3<br>GAMBIA GMB -0.64 0.19 7 -0.71 0.21 6 -0.60 0.22 6 -0.37 0.23 5 -0.51 0.27 4 -0.40 0.28 4 -0.53 0.28 4 0.37 0.69 1<br><!-- End of picture text --> 91
<!-- Start of picture text --> TABLE C6: Control of Corruption (cont.)<br>2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>GEORGIA GEO -0.36 0.13 13 -0.52 0.14 11 -0.75 0.14 11 -0.92 0.14 8 -1.07 0.17 7 -0.90 0.16 6 -0.84 0.18 5 -1.12 0.41 2<br>GERMANY DEU 1.78 0.15 11 1.92 0.15 11 1.90 0.15 11 2.01 0.16 10 1.99 0.16 9 2.00 0.17 8 2.08 0.18 8 2.08 0.20 7<br>GHANA GHA -0.12 0.17 12 -0.41 0.15 13 -0.34 0.15 13 -0.27 0.16 11 -0.37 0.17 9 -0.25 0.19 7 -0.34 0.19 7 -0.50 0.25 4<br>GREECE GRC 0.39 0.15 11 0.40 0.15 10 0.55 0.15 10 0.58 0.16 9 0.56 0.16 9 0.72 0.17 8 0.68 0.18 8 0.38 0.20 7<br>GRENADA GRD 0.59 0.29 3 0.66 0.28 3 0.61 0.29 3 0.62 0.29 2 0.70 0.32 2 0.61 0.31 2 0.72 0.31 2 .. .. ..<br>GUAM GUM 0.80 0.39 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.36 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>GUATEMALA GTM -0.70 0.16 13 -0.81 0.16 12 -0.53 0.16 12 -0.66 0.17 10 -0.65 0.17 8 -0.58 0.17 7 -0.56 0.21 6 -1.02 0.25 4<br>GUINEA GIN -0.96 0.20 8 -0.86 0.23 6 -0.92 0.23 6 -0.83 0.24 5 -0.65 0.26 5 -0.78 0.28 4 -0.80 0.28 4 0.37 0.69 1<br>GUINEA-BISSAU GNB -0.99 0.24 5 -1.07 0.24 5 -1.16 0.24 5 -1.05 0.26 4 -0.87 0.27 4 -0.89 0.28 4 -1.13 0.28 4 -1.03 0.69 1<br>GUYANA GUY -0.61 0.19 8 -0.57 0.21 7 -0.49 0.25 5 -0.41 0.25 4 -0.44 0.29 3 -0.38 0.29 3 -0.40 0.30 3 -0.33 0.69 1<br>HAITI HTI -1.47 0.22 6 -1.47 0.24 6 -1.36 0.25 6 -1.73 0.22 6 -1.70 0.25 4 -1.43 0.29 3 -1.37 0.30 3 -1.03 0.69 1<br>HONDURAS HND -0.78 0.16 12 -0.68 0.16 10 -0.69 0.17 10 -0.71 0.17 8 -0.80 0.17 8 -0.77 0.17 7 -0.65 0.21 6 -1.03 0.25 4<br>HONG KONG HKG 1.71 0.14 11 1.69 0.13 10 1.59 0.13 10 1.50 0.14 9 1.45 0.15 9 1.31 0.16 8 1.30 0.16 8 1.53 0.20 6<br>HUNGARY HUN 0.51 0.12 13 0.60 0.12 12 0.67 0.12 12 0.63 0.12 12 0.58 0.13 12 0.69 0.13 11 0.71 0.15 10 0.63 0.20 7<br>ICELAND ISL 2.46 0.16 8 2.50 0.17 7 2.36 0.17 7 2.38 0.19 6 2.22 0.20 5 2.21 0.21 5 2.01 0.21 5 1.81 0.26 4<br>INDIA IND -0.21 0.13 15 -0.33 0.12 14 -0.37 0.13 14 -0.38 0.13 12 -0.41 0.14 11 -0.33 0.15 10 -0.27 0.15 10 -0.36 0.20 7<br>INDONESIA IDN -0.77 0.13 17 -0.87 0.12 16 -0.93 0.13 16 -0.97 0.13 14 -1.17 0.13 12 -1.01 0.14 11 -1.11 0.15 10 -0.55 0.20 7<br>IRAN IRN -0.59 0.18 11 -0.50 0.17 10 -0.48 0.17 10 -0.34 0.17 8 -0.30 0.17 8 -0.51 0.20 6 -0.46 0.21 6 -0.90 0.25 5<br>IRAQ IRQ -1.40 0.20 6 -1.30 0.18 6 -1.47 0.18 6 -1.13 0.18 6 -1.46 0.19 6 -1.45 0.21 5 -1.51 0.21 5 -1.39 0.25 4<br>IRELAND IRL 1.60 0.16 10 1.69 0.15 10 1.48 0.15 10 1.67 0.16 9 1.61 0.17 8 1.59 0.17 8 1.64 0.18 8 1.85 0.20 7<br>ISRAEL ISR 0.83 0.15 11 0.77 0.15 9 0.80 0.15 9 0.97 0.16 8 1.04 0.16 8 0.98 0.18 7 1.11 0.18 7 1.47 0.20 7<br>ITALY ITA 0.31 0.15 11 0.41 0.15 11 0.56 0.15 11 0.75 0.16 10 0.77 0.16 9 0.98 0.17 8 0.72 0.18 8 0.48 0.20 7<br>JAMAICA JAM -0.36 0.17 9 -0.47 0.16 8 -0.52 0.17 8 -0.54 0.17 7 -0.50 0.18 7 -0.25 0.19 6 -0.25 0.21 5 -0.37 0.28 3<br>JAPAN JPN 1.31 0.14 12 1.25 0.13 12 1.16 0.13 12 1.07 0.14 11 1.13 0.14 10 1.24 0.16 9 1.10 0.16 9 1.21 0.20 7<br>JORDAN JOR 0.38 0.15 12 0.33 0.15 11 0.46 0.15 11 0.29 0.15 10 0.01 0.17 8 0.04 0.18 7 0.13 0.18 7 -0.15 0.24 5<br>KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.92 0.13 14 -0.94 0.13 13 -1.17 0.13 12 -1.10 0.13 11 -1.08 0.15 10 -0.97 0.15 9 -0.89 0.17 8 -0.92 0.26 4<br>KENYA KEN -0.97 0.15 15 -1.00 0.15 14 -0.80 0.15 14 -0.86 0.16 12 -1.02 0.17 9 -0.97 0.19 7 -1.13 0.19 7 -1.11 0.25 4<br>KIRIBATI KIR 0.08 0.30 3 0.22 0.27 3 0.36 0.30 3 0.12 0.31 2 -0.04 0.27 2 -0.22 0.30 2 -0.61 0.51 1 .. .. ..<br>KOREA, NORTH PRK -1.69 0.26 4 -1.36 0.23 4 -1.58 0.24 4 -1.97 0.33 2 -1.13 0.34 2 -1.93 0.36 2 -1.86 0.36 2 -0.33 0.69 1<br>KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.31 0.14 13 0.47 0.13 12 0.22 0.13 12 0.40 0.13 11 0.33 0.14 11 0.14 0.15 10 0.07 0.15 10 0.52 0.20 7<br>KOSOVO LWI -0.63 0.21 3 -0.67 0.20 2 -0.97 0.22 1 -0.89 0.21 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>KUWAIT KWT 0.67 0.18 7 0.83 0.17 7 0.88 0.18 6 0.92 0.18 6 1.09 0.18 7 1.04 0.21 5 1.11 0.21 5 0.61 0.25 4<br>KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -1.09 0.13 14 -1.06 0.14 11 -0.98 0.14 10 -0.85 0.14 9 -0.85 0.15 8 -0.89 0.15 7 -0.70 0.18 5 -0.85 0.41 2<br>LAOS LAO -1.05 0.19 9 -1.08 0.19 8 -1.01 0.21 7 -0.97 0.19 5 -0.92 0.19 5 -0.90 0.20 4 -0.69 0.25 3 -1.00 0.53 1<br>LATVIA LVA 0.38 0.13 11 0.37 0.13 10 0.24 0.13 11 0.25 0.13 10 0.07 0.14 10 0.13 0.14 9 0.09 0.17 7 -0.65 0.27 3<br>LEBANON LBN -0.57 0.18 10 -0.38 0.17 8 -0.46 0.17 8 -0.46 0.17 7 -0.38 0.17 8 -0.31 0.19 6 -0.24 0.20 6 -0.23 0.25 4<br>LESOTHO LSO -0.05 0.18 9 -0.12 0.22 7 -0.21 0.21 7 -0.31 0.22 6 -0.29 0.25 5 -0.17 0.29 3 -0.16 0.29 3 .. .. ..<br>LIBERIA LBR -0.85 0.30 4 -1.12 0.28 3 -1.25 0.27 4 -1.21 0.31 3 -1.20 0.31 3 -1.65 0.28 4 -1.76 0.28 4 -1.73 0.69 1<br>LIBYA LBY -0.89 0.20 7 -0.87 0.18 7 -0.84 0.18 7 -0.81 0.18 6 -0.82 0.19 6 -0.83 0.21 5 -0.78 0.21 5 -0.97 0.25 4<br>LIECHTENSTEIN LIE 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 1.31 0.38 1 1.30 0.37 1 1.32 0.39 1 1.39 0.39 1 1.44 0.37 1 .. .. ..<br>LITHUANIA LTU 0.11 0.14 10 0.22 0.13 11 0.31 0.13 11 0.28 0.13 10 0.25 0.14 10 0.27 0.14 9 0.18 0.17 7 -0.18 0.27 3<br>LUXEMBOURG LUX 2.01 0.17 7 1.84 0.19 6 2.03 0.19 6 1.89 0.22 5 2.21 0.26 4 2.05 0.25 4 2.03 0.25 4 1.94 0.29 3<br>MACAO MAC 0.41 0.28 2 0.55 0.20 2 1.35 0.38 1 0.82 0.37 1 -0.06 0.39 1 0.45 0.39 1 0.48 0.37 1 .. .. ..<br>MACEDONIA MKD -0.37 0.14 11 -0.43 0.14 10 -0.52 0.14 10 -0.59 0.14 8 -0.76 0.17 6 -0.56 0.19 4 -0.44 0.20 4 -1.05 0.33 1<br>MADAGASCAR MDG -0.25 0.17 11 0.03 0.20 8 -0.11 0.21 7 0.11 0.22 6 0.09 0.27 4 -0.07 0.28 4 -0.44 0.28 4 0.37 0.69 1<br>MALAWI MWI -0.74 0.15 13 -0.84 0.16 11 -0.82 0.16 10 -0.82 0.17 9 -0.95 0.18 8 -0.45 0.20 6 -0.39 0.21 6 -0.50 0.28 3<br>MALAYSIA MYS 0.38 0.13 15 0.25 0.12 14 0.31 0.13 14 0.37 0.13 12 0.33 0.14 11 0.39 0.15 10 0.59 0.15 10 0.49 0.20 7<br>MALDIVES MDV -0.51 0.28 4 -0.32 0.27 4 -0.15 0.28 4 0.06 0.24 3 -0.13 0.23 3 -0.14 0.24 3 0.11 0.31 2 .. .. ..<br>MALI MLI -0.56 0.18 10 -0.36 0.20 8 -0.45 0.20 8 -0.44 0.22 7 -0.31 0.26 6 -0.63 0.28 4 -0.60 0.28 4 -0.33 0.69 1<br>MALTA MLT 1.19 0.21 5 1.04 0.24 4 1.20 0.25 4 1.23 0.26 4 0.82 0.34 2 0.83 0.36 2 0.55 0.36 2 0.37 0.69 1<br>MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL -0.53 0.43 2 -0.44 0.42 2 -0.60 0.43 2 -0.84 0.31 2 -0.95 0.27 2 -0.68 0.30 2 -0.61 0.51 1 .. .. ..<br>MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.80 0.39 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.86 0.38 1 0.82 0.37 1 0.86 0.39 1 0.92 0.39 1 0.96 0.37 1 .. .. ..<br>MAURITANIA MRT -0.60 0.19 9 -0.21 0.24 6 -0.17 0.24 6 0.27 0.25 4 0.19 0.30 3 -0.19 0.29 3 -0.23 0.29 3 .. .. ..<br>MAURITIUS MUS 0.37 0.17 8 0.32 0.17 7 0.29 0.17 7 0.37 0.18 6 0.44 0.18 6 0.40 0.21 5 0.40 0.21 5 0.45 0.29 2<br>MEXICO MEX -0.35 0.14 15 -0.40 0.14 14 -0.32 0.14 14 -0.19 0.15 12 -0.31 0.15 11 -0.42 0.15 10 -0.47 0.17 10 -0.39 0.20 7<br>MICRONESIA FSM -0.27 0.43 2 -0.28 0.42 2 0.01 0.30 3 -0.36 0.31 2 -0.38 0.27 2 -0.32 0.30 2 -0.25 0.51 1 .. .. ..<br>MOLDOVA MDA -0.65 0.13 13 -0.73 0.13 12 -0.96 0.13 11 -0.87 0.13 9 -0.91 0.15 8 -0.73 0.15 8 -0.36 0.17 7 -0.26 0.27 3<br>MONGOLIA MNG -0.54 0.19 8 -0.57 0.21 7 -0.43 0.24 6 -0.19 0.22 5 0.06 0.22 4 -0.31 0.24 4 -0.32 0.30 3 0.37 0.69 1<br>MONTENEGRO MNP -0.48 0.15 8 -0.51 0.21 1 -0.60 0.22 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>MOROCCO MAR -0.06 0.16 13 -0.11 0.16 11 -0.01 0.15 11 -0.10 0.16 10 -0.08 0.16 9 0.04 0.19 7 0.13 0.19 7 0.22 0.25 5<br>MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.57 0.15 14 -0.61 0.15 12 -0.69 0.15 12 -0.70 0.16 10 -0.71 0.18 8 -0.68 0.20 6 -0.71 0.21 6 -0.39 0.28 3<br>MYANMAR MMR -1.68 0.22 6 -1.54 0.21 6 -1.63 0.20 6 -1.36 0.21 5 -1.35 0.21 5 -1.37 0.25 4 -1.37 0.25 4 -1.21 0.28 3<br>NAMIBIA NAM 0.16 0.17 9 0.05 0.17 11 -0.04 0.17 11 0.06 0.17 10 0.05 0.18 9 0.58 0.24 5 0.69 0.24 5 0.69 0.31 2<br>NEPAL NPL -0.75 0.17 12 -0.73 0.17 9 -0.58 0.19 8 -0.23 0.19 6 -0.33 0.19 5 -0.43 0.20 4 -0.36 0.25 3 -0.31 0.53 1<br>NETHERLANDS NLD 2.05 0.15 11 1.99 0.15 10 2.04 0.15 10 2.08 0.16 9 2.17 0.16 9 2.18 0.17 8 2.22 0.18 8 2.22 0.20 7<br>NETHERLANDS ANTILLES ANT 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 0.59 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>NEW CALEDONIA NCL -1.33 0.57 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -1.03 0.69 1<br>NEW ZEALAND NZL 2.38 0.16 9 2.25 0.15 8 2.39 0.15 8 2.33 0.16 8 2.28 0.17 7 2.16 0.18 7 2.21 0.18 7 2.28 0.20 6<br>NICARAGUA NIC -0.76 0.18 12 -0.62 0.18 11 -0.34 0.19 10 -0.45 0.19 9 -0.45 0.18 7 -0.94 0.20 6 -0.82 0.25 5 -0.21 0.28 3<br><!-- End of picture text --> 92
<!-- Start of picture text --> TABLE C6: Control of Corruption (cont.)<br>2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996<br>Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.<br>NIGER NER -0.97 0.21 8 -0.83 0.23 6 -0.89 0.23 6 -1.01 0.24 5 -1.05 0.27 4 -0.96 0.28 4 -1.01 0.28 4 -0.33 0.69 1<br>NIGERIA NGA -1.29 0.15 15 -1.23 0.15 14 -1.32 0.15 14 -1.24 0.16 12 -1.37 0.16 10 -1.14 0.17 8 -1.12 0.19 7 -1.25 0.25 5<br>NORWAY NOR 2.13 0.15 11 2.05 0.15 10 2.10 0.15 10 2.13 0.16 9 2.18 0.17 8 2.14 0.17 8 2.21 0.18 8 2.30 0.20 7<br>OMAN OMN 0.71 0.20 6 0.69 0.18 6 0.80 0.18 6 0.62 0.18 6 0.95 0.18 7 0.83 0.21 5 0.85 0.21 5 0.06 0.25 4<br>PAKISTAN PAK -0.93 0.16 15 -1.03 0.15 13 -1.03 0.15 13 -0.74 0.15 11 -0.83 0.15 9 -0.76 0.17 8 -0.88 0.20 7 -1.04 0.25 5<br>PANAMA PAN -0.28 0.16 12 -0.27 0.15 12 -0.12 0.16 11 -0.22 0.16 10 -0.29 0.16 9 -0.31 0.16 8 -0.22 0.20 7 -0.52 0.25 4<br>PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG -1.13 0.18 9 -1.12 0.17 9 -0.97 0.17 9 -0.88 0.16 8 -0.77 0.16 7 -0.78 0.17 7 -0.67 0.21 5 -0.31 0.28 3<br>PARAGUAY PRY -1.02 0.16 12 -1.23 0.16 11 -1.21 0.17 10 -1.24 0.17 8 -1.20 0.17 8 -1.19 0.17 7 -1.29 0.21 6 -0.51 0.28 3<br>PERU PER -0.35 0.16 14 -0.49 0.15 13 -0.39 0.15 13 -0.15 0.16 10 -0.28 0.16 10 -0.33 0.16 9 -0.32 0.18 9 -0.14 0.23 6<br>PHILIPPINES PHL -0.69 0.13 16 -0.59 0.12 15 -0.54 0.13 15 -0.41 0.13 12 -0.53 0.14 11 -0.50 0.15 10 -0.37 0.15 10 -0.47 0.20 7<br>POLAND POL 0.14 0.12 14 0.17 0.12 13 0.16 0.12 13 0.41 0.12 12 0.34 0.13 12 0.48 0.13 11 0.56 0.15 10 0.39 0.20 7<br>PORTUGAL PRT 1.11 0.15 11 1.15 0.15 11 1.17 0.15 11 1.30 0.16 10 1.32 0.17 8 1.24 0.17 8 1.36 0.18 8 1.57 0.20 7<br>PUERTO RICO PRI 0.68 0.29 4 1.11 0.27 3 0.96 0.26 3 1.01 0.26 3 1.22 0.31 2 1.18 0.31 2 0.84 0.31 2 1.22 0.57 1<br>QATAR QAT 0.83 0.20 7 0.82 0.19 7 0.70 0.21 6 0.69 0.21 6 0.88 0.20 5 0.84 0.25 4 0.83 0.25 4 -0.12 0.28 3<br>REUNION REU 0.80 0.39 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.95 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>ROMANIA ROM -0.18 0.12 15 -0.24 0.12 14 -0.26 0.12 13 -0.30 0.12 11 -0.35 0.14 10 -0.34 0.14 9 -0.35 0.17 7 -0.23 0.25 4<br>RUSSIA RUS -0.76 0.12 16 -0.78 0.12 15 -0.77 0.12 15 -0.78 0.12 13 -0.92 0.13 12 -0.94 0.13 11 -0.92 0.15 10 -0.84 0.20 7<br>RWANDA RWA -0.12 0.23 7 -0.67 0.26 5 -0.57 0.26 5 -0.70 0.27 3 -0.57 0.30 3 -0.71 0.29 3 -0.84 0.29 3 .. .. ..<br>SAMOA SAM 0.22 0.30 3 0.17 0.27 3 0.11 0.30 3 0.11 0.24 3 0.03 0.23 3 -0.02 0.24 3 -0.09 0.31 2 .. .. ..<br>SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP -0.53 0.23 5 -0.81 0.26 4 -0.76 0.26 4 -0.58 0.27 3 -0.29 0.30 3 -0.04 0.29 3 -0.46 0.29 3 .. .. ..<br>SAUDI ARABIA SAU 0.18 0.20 7 0.24 0.18 7 0.20 0.18 7 0.32 0.18 7 0.51 0.17 8 0.50 0.20 6 0.45 0.21 6 -0.42 0.25 5<br>SENEGAL SEN -0.42 0.17 13 -0.25 0.16 10 -0.27 0.17 9 -0.35 0.17 9 -0.14 0.18 8 -0.28 0.20 6 -0.32 0.21 6 -0.42 0.28 3<br>SERBIA YUG -0.35 0.14 12 -0.47 0.13 10 -0.51 0.14 9 -0.52 0.14 9 -0.76 0.16 8 -1.08 0.20 4 -1.08 0.21 4 -0.99 0.31 2<br>SEYCHELLES SYC 0.14 0.23 5 0.12 0.21 6 0.20 0.21 6 0.25 0.25 4 0.38 0.30 3 0.55 0.29 3 0.43 0.29 3 .. .. ..<br>SIERRA LEONE SLE -1.22 0.22 9 -1.08 0.24 6 -0.88 0.24 6 -0.88 0.26 5 -0.78 0.27 4 -0.98 0.28 4 -0.91 0.28 4 -1.73 0.69 1<br>SINGAPORE SGP 2.30 0.14 12 2.25 0.13 11 2.44 0.13 11 2.36 0.14 10 2.33 0.14 10 2.25 0.16 9 2.29 0.16 9 2.25 0.20 7<br>SLOVAKIA SVK 0.35 0.12 12 0.43 0.12 11 0.43 0.12 11 0.34 0.12 11 0.11 0.14 11 0.16 0.14 9 -0.01 0.17 7 0.40 0.24 5<br>SLOVENIA SVN 0.92 0.13 11 0.84 0.12 10 0.97 0.13 10 0.84 0.12 11 0.79 0.14 11 0.73 0.13 10 0.72 0.17 7 1.05 0.27 3<br>SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB -0.29 0.30 3 0.02 0.27 3 -0.53 0.30 3 -1.27 0.31 2 -1.35 0.27 2 -0.98 0.30 2 -0.61 0.51 1 .. .. ..<br>SOMALIA SOM -1.77 0.30 3 -1.60 0.27 4 -1.73 0.27 4 -1.74 0.31 3 -1.13 0.34 2 -1.75 0.29 3 -1.71 0.30 3 -1.73 0.69 1<br>SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.56 0.14 16 0.56 0.14 15 0.40 0.13 15 0.34 0.15 13 0.34 0.15 12 0.57 0.16 10 0.58 0.17 10 0.62 0.20 7<br>SPAIN ESP 1.18 0.15 11 1.34 0.15 10 1.39 0.15 10 1.46 0.16 9 1.42 0.16 9 1.43 0.17 8 1.40 0.18 8 1.08 0.20 7<br>SRI LANKA LKA -0.29 0.16 12 -0.30 0.16 11 -0.18 0.16 11 -0.21 0.15 10 -0.21 0.15 9 -0.18 0.16 8 -0.17 0.20 6 -0.27 0.25 4<br>ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 0.96 0.31 2 0.98 0.28 3 0.23 0.29 3 0.26 0.42 1 0.30 0.49 1 0.09 0.45 1 0.12 0.51 1 .. .. ..<br>ST. LUCIA LCA 1.13 0.31 2 1.11 0.28 3 0.28 0.29 3 0.26 0.42 1 0.30 0.49 1 0.47 0.45 1 0.12 0.51 1 .. .. ..<br>ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 0.96 0.31 2 0.98 0.28 3 0.28 0.29 3 0.26 0.42 1 0.30 0.49 1 0.09 0.45 1 0.12 0.51 1 .. .. ..<br>SUDAN SDN -1.12 0.20 9 -1.39 0.19 8 -1.31 0.18 8 -1.26 0.18 7 -1.00 0.19 7 -0.89 0.21 6 -1.00 0.24 5 -1.13 0.31 2<br>SURINAME SUR -0.21 0.22 5 0.06 0.27 4 0.33 0.28 4 0.36 0.30 3 0.19 0.34 2 0.42 0.36 2 0.00 0.36 2 -0.33 0.69 1<br>SWAZILAND SWZ -0.47 0.21 8 -0.61 0.23 7 -0.64 0.21 7 -0.50 0.22 5 -0.29 0.26 4 -0.13 0.29 3 0.01 0.29 3 .. .. ..<br>SWEDEN SWE 2.24 0.15 11 2.10 0.15 9 2.17 0.15 9 2.21 0.16 9 2.25 0.17 8 2.23 0.17 8 2.23 0.18 8 2.26 0.20 7<br>SWITZERLAND CHE 2.19 0.15 11 2.13 0.15 10 2.12 0.15 10 2.17 0.16 9 2.17 0.17 8 2.13 0.17 8 2.24 0.18 8 2.20 0.20 7<br>SYRIA SYR -0.66 0.18 9 -0.58 0.18 8 -0.59 0.18 8 -0.50 0.18 6 -0.30 0.19 6 -0.61 0.21 5 -0.58 0.21 5 -0.79 0.25 4<br>TAIWAN TWN 0.53 0.14 12 0.64 0.13 11 0.67 0.13 11 0.66 0.14 10 0.71 0.14 10 0.79 0.16 9 0.83 0.16 9 0.74 0.20 7<br>TAJIKISTAN TJK -0.91 0.14 13 -1.07 0.15 10 -1.16 0.16 9 -1.02 0.15 7 -1.03 0.16 7 -1.20 0.17 5 -1.33 0.21 4 -1.74 0.57 1<br>TANZANIA TZA -0.37 0.15 14 -0.73 0.15 11 -0.65 0.15 11 -0.88 0.16 10 -1.00 0.17 9 -1.07 0.19 7 -1.07 0.19 7 -1.09 0.25 4<br>THAILAND THA -0.26 0.13 15 -0.22 0.12 14 -0.25 0.13 13 -0.35 0.13 11 -0.34 0.14 11 -0.13 0.15 10 -0.20 0.15 10 -0.39 0.20 7<br>TIMOR-LESTE TMP -0.89 0.23 5 -0.79 0.27 4 -0.52 0.33 4 -0.51 0.29 3 -0.53 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>TOGO TGO -1.00 0.19 9 -0.76 0.22 7 -0.82 0.23 6 -0.83 0.24 5 -0.65 0.27 4 -0.63 0.28 4 -0.60 0.28 4 -1.03 0.69 1<br>TONGA TON -1.29 0.30 3 -1.29 0.27 3 -0.51 0.30 3 -0.62 0.31 2 -0.72 0.27 2 -0.58 0.30 2 -0.25 0.51 1 .. .. ..<br>TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO -0.15 0.17 9 0.02 0.16 9 0.03 0.17 8 0.06 0.17 7 -0.06 0.18 6 0.14 0.19 6 0.29 0.21 5 0.87 0.28 3<br>TUNISIA TUN 0.20 0.16 11 0.03 0.16 11 0.38 0.15 11 0.42 0.16 9 0.45 0.16 9 0.12 0.19 7 0.15 0.19 7 -0.10 0.25 4<br>TURKEY TUR 0.06 0.14 15 -0.05 0.14 15 -0.20 0.14 15 -0.24 0.15 12 -0.43 0.15 11 -0.19 0.16 9 -0.24 0.17 9 0.01 0.20 7<br>TURKMENISTAN TKM -1.28 0.15 7 -1.32 0.14 7 -1.36 0.15 6 -1.13 0.14 6 -1.19 0.17 6 -1.03 0.17 5 -1.05 0.18 5 -1.52 0.41 2<br>TUVALU TUV -0.07 0.37 2 -0.09 0.32 2 0.56 0.35 2 -0.72 0.43 1 0.13 0.32 1 0.11 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>UGANDA UGA -0.71 0.15 14 -0.87 0.15 12 -0.80 0.15 12 -0.77 0.16 11 -0.98 0.17 9 -0.96 0.19 7 -0.86 0.19 7 -0.54 0.25 4<br>UKRAINE UKR -0.67 0.13 14 -0.62 0.12 14 -0.92 0.13 14 -0.90 0.13 13 -0.98 0.14 11 -1.00 0.14 10 -1.08 0.15 9 -0.82 0.24 5<br>UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE 1.16 0.18 7 1.12 0.17 7 1.33 0.17 7 1.18 0.18 6 1.16 0.18 7 0.83 0.21 5 0.75 0.21 5 0.13 0.25 4<br>UNITED KINGDOM GBR 1.86 0.15 11 1.94 0.15 10 1.99 0.15 10 2.08 0.16 9 2.10 0.16 9 2.13 0.17 8 2.12 0.18 8 2.21 0.20 7<br>UNITED STATES USA 1.30 0.15 12 1.57 0.15 11 1.76 0.13 12 1.74 0.14 11 1.90 0.14 10 1.77 0.17 8 1.70 0.18 8 1.75 0.20 7<br>URUGUAY URY 0.80 0.17 10 0.82 0.15 11 0.64 0.15 11 0.73 0.16 9 0.77 0.16 9 0.76 0.16 8 0.79 0.20 7 0.43 0.25 4<br>UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.02 0.14 11 -1.17 0.13 10 -1.14 0.14 10 -1.07 0.13 10 -1.02 0.14 9 -0.96 0.16 6 -1.02 0.19 5 -1.05 0.27 3<br>VANUATU VUT 0.20 0.30 3 0.26 0.27 3 -0.62 0.30 3 -0.64 0.31 2 -0.79 0.27 2 -0.85 0.30 2 -0.25 0.51 1 .. .. ..<br>VENEZUELA VEN -1.05 0.14 15 -1.01 0.14 15 -0.99 0.14 15 -1.08 0.15 13 -0.97 0.15 11 -0.59 0.15 10 -0.84 0.17 10 -0.83 0.20 7<br>VIETNAM VNM -0.66 0.15 15 -0.76 0.13 13 -0.79 0.14 13 -0.63 0.13 12 -0.69 0.13 11 -0.72 0.15 10 -0.65 0.16 9 -0.67 0.23 6<br>VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.) VIR 0.80 0.39 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.63 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..<br>WEST BANK GAZA WBG -1.09 0.32 3 -0.99 0.30 3 -0.48 0.31 3 -0.95 0.32 2 -0.93 0.36 2 -0.96 0.39 1 -0.95 0.37 1 .. .. ..<br>YEMEN YEM -0.60 0.18 11 -0.64 0.18 8 -0.82 0.18 8 -0.67 0.18 7 -0.69 0.19 6 -0.66 0.21 5 -0.59 0.21 5 -0.29 0.28 3<br>ZAMBIA ZMB -0.78 0.15 13 -0.81 0.16 11 -0.88 0.15 12 -0.85 0.16 10 -0.95 0.17 9 -0.90 0.19 7 -0.86 0.19 7 -1.04 0.25 4<br>ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.36 0.15 14 -1.28 0.15 13 -1.29 0.15 12 -1.19 0.16 11 -1.21 0.16 9 -0.93 0.17 8 -0.42 0.18 8 -0.17 0.24 5<br><!-- End of picture text --> 93