metadata: authors: 0: author: Galloway,Rae
docna: 0: docna: Global indicators of nutritional risk
docty: Policy Research Working Paper
subtopic: Health Care Services Industry,Reproductive Health,Early Child and Children's Health,Nutrition,Energy Demand,Energy and Environment,Energy and Mining
teratopic: Health, Nutrition and Population
abstracts: cdata!: The purpose of this paper is to provide
            a quick reference on the prevalence of protein-energy
            malnutrition by presenting available weight-for-age data for
            children in developing countries. These country data are
            arranged in tables by area of the world and by World
            Bank-designated income groups. The data are also shown
            geographically on a map of the world.
repnme: repnme: Global indicators of nutritional risk
display_title: Global indicators of nutritional risk
listing_relative_url: /research/1991/02/700067/global-indicators-nutritional-risk
topicv3: Energy and Extractives m1326595 507,Nutrition m1326779 644,Stunting m1327504 1445,Health m1504661 3480,Malnutrition m1627088 4737
publishtoextweb_dt: 2010-07-01T00:00:00Z
historic_topic: Health, Nutrition and Population
origu: Policy, Research & Ect Affairs
no_of_pages: 22
author_keys: 0: author_key: 428656
model_extractions: <!-- Start of picture text --> Policy, Ruoaoh, and Extenl Ahakl<br>Pouton, HIth, *lid Nutrition<br><!-- End of picture text --> WPS 591

- This paper a product of the Population, Health, and Nutrition Division, Population<sup>and Human</sup> - Resources Department is part of a larger effort in PRE to provide information on malnutrition<sup>to Bank</sup> staff working in operations. Copies are available free from the World Bank,<sup>1818 H Street NW,</sup> Washington DC 20433. Please contact Otilia Nadora, room S6-065, extension 31091<sup>(17 pages).</sup>

The purpose of this paper is to provide a quick reference on the prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition by presenting available weight-forage data for children in developing countries.

The data are also shown geographically on a map of the world.

These country data are arranged in tables by area of the world and by World Bank-designated income groups.

The PRE Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work under way in the Bank's Policy,<sup>Research, and External</sup> Affairs Complex. Anobjective oftheseries is to getthese findings outquickly, even ifpresentations<sup>are less than fully polished.</sup> The findings, interpretations, snd conclusions in these papers do not necessarily represent<sup>official Bank policy.</sup> Produced by PRE Editorial Services
(I.LOBAL. INI)ICAIORS OF NUTgrITioNAL RISK by Rae G(llowuy I'optiltllion. lIealtli. and NNutrition D)i isbon 'Aorld lHank
# Purpose and presentation of data lor the global indicators of nutritional risk tables

The purpose of this publication is to provide a quick reference on the prevalence **ol** proteinenergy malnutrition in developing countries using currentlv available data. Prevalence data arc arranged as a map and in txNo dilterent tables: by area of the world (Table 1) and by World Bank-designated income levels (Table 2);.

Only data that are nationally represenative, relatively recent (since 1980), have an adequate sample size (n> 1,0)0 or studies that are statistically representative of the population for smaller countries), and suppiv information on the standard and ages used are considercd reliabie. Thc country and data are qualilicd by brackets [I when one or more of these pieces of information is deficient. The deficient characteristic is starred. For example, Benin is brackcted because sample size was not available and the data are clinic-based which is not considered nationally rcpresentativc<sup>2</sup> . Sample size and survey type are starred. For a few countries there were several studies to choose from. If national data was available but dated, considerablv more recent, less extensive data was chosen. Data are not presented on China because no nationally representative data are available and expressed in a way which can be interpreted according to international norms.

These tables have been updated several times in the last year and sent out to Bank staff working in Operations. This is the first time these tables have been published. The tables will be up(dated quarteriv on an informal hasis and will be formally revised annualiv as a Population, Health, and Nutrition Division's Technical Note.

To give the reader information on anthropometry as a measure of nutritional status, there is a, brief discussion bIelow on anthropormetric measures.

# Measurine Nutritional Status

Nutritional status is measured for the individual. There are several acceptable measures o1 nutritional status: anthropometry. dietary intake, biochemical markers of the nuirienis, and clinical signs of nutritional deficiency Of these, anthropometrv is the most commonlk used because physical size, which it measures, is a good indicator of o\erall nutritional status, These indicators are also objective. relati%eiy easy to collect, and can be compared against established international standards. Examples of anthropometric indicators are height (or length) lor age. \%cight for age. s.ight for height, arm circumference, head circurnference, and skinfold thickness. These measurements are frcqucntl\ used on gro%%ing children to measure nuiritional status oxcr iime. Because growth is sensitive to nutritional deficieno, these sequential measurcmcnis provide the most sensitive indicators of changes in nutritional status of children.

Anthropometric indicators can be used at anv age as one time measures to assess the magnitudc and distribution of malnutrition in a population group. They are thus a good barometer of nutrition and lood securitl in larger populations. Height can also measure secular chancs ov.r

# World Development Report 1990. The World Bank.

2Grosh, ME., K. Fox. & Ni. Jackson (1990). An observation on the bias in clinic-based estimates of malnutrition ratcs, Working draft. The World Bank.
time. These secular cbanges. a roll: ! iii ihutcd t() ljipro)nImcnts in the quaht\ ol hi iic. Secular chaiges were demnorsir;itcd in Jpanvc A.dh iledn li. iig in Ja pan and C Ihlorniai. In I9)57 Japanese children living in Xiihlormia **cFc** tal kr (ha those liirn in Japan' FI lteen sr ;rrs **laicr** the same researcher found that thcrc Acrc no Jilccrinccs in hcni1ht because<sup>sccular changes had</sup> occurred in Japani hut ni)t mn (alilrm, a.' wAeiaht for height is a measure ot acute nltritional well-heing. When children<sup>are lacedAith</sup> chronic bLu. moderate nutritional deficiencN they groA less proportionatcl in both kcight and height. As the se\crity and duration of nutritional iel'iciency increases<sup>children cea;\e to) ro%w</sup> allogether and tissue resernes are broken down to supplh cnergs andi<sup>the proc</sup> nss otine occurs." Children 12-24 months ol aIge show a peak prevalence of1<sup>inaidequite</sup> eieghI-heigh because of high diarrheal burden, inadequate food during Aeaning, ~inorexia<sup>fromhOUlS</sup><sup>**Of**</sup> diarrhea or intection, and increaseLi requirements during episodes ol<sup>iuilection. *h.n</sup> vscight lbr height is high, obesity occurs. Ohesitl dala are not available for most<sup>Jeveloping countries, but</sup> because overnuirition is a growing problem it is anticipated that more .ention<sup>will he given to</sup> expressing this information in the f'uture.

heiglht for aue is a measure ol linear growth. Nutritional deprivation<sup>rapidly aff'ects skeletal</sup> growth and causes stunting. Growth is compromised usually from severelv<sup>low intakes of food.</sup> and frequent bouts of infection. In most developing countries, the proportion of<sup>stunting in</sup> children increases up to the age ol' 24 to 36 months and then remains<sup>constant.' Children who</sup> are stunted at the age of three \kill probabiv be small adults." ,heicht for ace (undcrseight) ri a composite of "eight lor height and height lor age. Because oi the difficulty ol assessing height accurat;el. weight lor age has been the<sup>most commonly used</sup> measure of nuirinonal **Status** and has heen widely used in clinics lor<sup>growth monitoring. In\er\</sup> small children weight is as sensiui%c a measure of nutrilional status as height. In older<sup>children</sup> low wcight for age reflects largely stunting because weight for height is usually normal. Veight for ag e has been used in these tables because it is the most common indicator a%ailable<sup>across</sup> countries.

WVhen assessing nutritional status, it is best to examine the indicators for both stunting (height 'Martorell, R. (1985). Child growth retardation: a discussion of its causes<sup>and its</sup> relationship to helalth. In: (K. Blaxter & J.C. Waterlov. cds. ). Nutrition AdaVtation<sup>in Man,</sup> London N: Paris; John Lihhbe.

'Greulich, W.W. (1957). A comparison of the phvsical growth and development<sup>ol</sup> American-born and native Japanese children. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 15:489-516.

iGreulich, W.W (1976). Some secular changes in the gro\kth of American-born<sup>and nalike</sup> Japanese children. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 45:553-568.

'Martorell. R. (198I5) op. cit.

WHO. IS6. op cit.

Nlartorell. R. ( 1991)). Importance of' childhood retardation for adult<sup>bodv size. Statement</sup> prepared for the Expert NMeeting on Economic Consequences of' Health Programs in LDCs. Committee on Population. National Academy of Sciences, June 25-26.
3 for age) and wasting (weight for height) in children', although these alone do not reveal nutrition problems related to micronutrient deficiencies. Poor anthropometrv **may be** the result of non-nutritional factors as well. A good picture of protein energy malnutrition problcms of a comm-nity can obtained using these indicators nonetheless.

# Reference Values

The anthropometric reference standards are based on a population of well-nourished children. Several different reference values have been used historicaliv for these three anthropomeitric measurements. The U.S. Nsational Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) standard is ni)\% adopted bv the World Health Organization as the global reference standard. There has alwa|s hben some controversy about genetic difference between populations and if references from WesLern countries are really appropriate for children in developing countries. Some countries have, **Is a** result, developed their own rcferences. From a varietv of studies, it is clear that well-nouri-.ed children prior to pubertv have the same gro\wth potential regardless of nationalitv although thcre is variation in bodv size belt%cen social classes which is true tor both industrial and dcvcloning countries. ' A recent example of this the similarity in growth between industrial and developing countrv children is 1985 height data lor children in the Peoples' Republic of China which shows that well-nourished urban children do not differ in growth from the NCHS reference"

Data for malnutrition should bc presented as distributions--the proportion of the population falling helow a specif'ied centile. standard deviation or Z-score. or percent of the rcfercnce mcdian. Thev should not he represented as population medians or means.

In any normail distribution. 2.3l of hcalthv children fall helowv 2 standard dc,xiations of the median (-2Z). If significantlv more than 2.3'' ol' children fall below -2Z then there i a nutrition problem.

In the past most anthropomctric data \wcre expressed as proportions of' children falling bclos\ a speciieLd percent of the median. Children tIaling helow 80(1' _of_ the NiCHS median seight t'or alce or weight lor height and 90(W) of the median height for aye werc classilicd as mialnourshed. (Some researchers ma% use the C omez classifica.ion of s\eight lor age (<6(F)'' of the median {se\ere; 61-75% Of the median JmoderatcL 76-90%( ol' the median {mild); >909% of the mtedian {normal ).

The %ariancc ot' dil'l'erent indicators changes at diffcrent aces. Hence. S) perccnt of' median hc.iht '' r ace ma\ menan much morc uc\crc malnutrition at aiUc one than at **J i\_** . The Z9N ';erlos iJC.. R. Bu/ini Keller, J. Line. N.Z. Nichaman J. Tannr ( 1977). The presentation and use of hcight and weiuht data for comparing the nutritional status Of urou ps of children under thL ace Of liO \cars. Bulletin **Of** the World Health Orcani/alion >5(4) :489-4'8. "Nartorell. R. & J P. Hahicht ( l-IS(- . Crow th in vark childhood in dc\cloping counltrics. (F. Falkncr & JI.. Tanncr. ci) Humain ciro lh: a comprehcnsike Treatise. Second edition. \'olumne **3s.** Mihodoloi3: E **o1oglical.** Genetic. and Nutritional Effects on Grotlh. Neu% York and London: Plenum PrcsN Yip. R. l NS90. Girko\th ot Chiniese children: which retercnce to **assess** the erowsth **of** Chinese children.' Pro(_cedinci 11' thc 4th Initrnational S~mposium on Matcrnal and Inlant N'utrition. Chcnlu. Cthina .
4 score svstem normalizes the anthrop mnetric measures for these age-specific<sup>variances,</sup> There is , direct relationship between centiles and standard<sup>deviations. Minus 2 standard</sup> de\iations is identical to 2.r2th centile and -1.88 stlandard deLMations<sup>is equal to the third</sup> centile In growth monitoring, weight is usuallk plotted against age. Cutolts<sup>lor wAell-nourished and</sup> malnourished children are used as reterence curves, but the<sup>child'spreviousvromsthpaittrn</sup> becomes the real reterence. The child max, because of past nutritional<sup>insult,hesLunied and</sup> below the reference cur\e, but may be gro"ing at a normal rate. That child<sup>is notcurrcntlL at</sup> hiLh nutritional risk. If the child later experiences a sudden<sup>drop away from the expected</sup> growxth curve, the child needs alltntion to lorrect the cause of the problem.

A\HO. 1'JS(. op. cii
# PREVALENCE OFUNDERNUTRITION IN DEVELOPING COUNIRIES

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6 Table 1: Percent Malnourished Childrcn in Developing Countries by Area of the world

|Country<br>X Mal|nourished|Wt/Age<br>Sa<br>Standard|mple Size|Ages|Survey<br>Type|Date|**Ref.**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Africa||||||||
|(Angolal|(N/A I|||||||
|(Benin)|(35.01|'80% RefStand.|N/A*|0-4.99yrs|Clinics*|1987|G|
|(Botswana]|(15.01|<80% RefStand.|N/A*|0-4.99yrs|National|1987|G|
|(Burkina Faso)|(45.5]|<80% RefStand.|N/A*|0-4.99yrs|Clinics*|1987|G|
|Burundi|38.3|<-2S.D. NCHS|1930|.25-2.99yrs|<br>National|1987|1|
|(Cameroon)|117.31|-2S.D. NCHS|4688|.25-3.99yrs|<br>National|1978*|K|
|Cape Verde|13.6|-2S.D. "CHS|11611|0-3.99yrs|Nalional|1985|K|
|(Cen.Afr.Repl|139.4]|N/A*|N/A*|N/A*|National|1972*|A|
|(Chad)|(N/AI|||||||
|(Comoros]|(22.2l|<-2S.D. NCHS|1624|0-1.99yrs|Local"|1982|K|
|Congo|23.5|-2S.D. NCHS|2429|0-4.99yrs|National|1987|K|
|Cote Olvoire|12.4|<-2S.D. NCHS|1947|0-4.99yrs|National|1986|R|
|(Djibouti]|(N/A 1|||||||
|Ethiopia|38.1|<-2S.D. NCHS|2863|0-4.99yrs|National|1982|K|
|(Eq. Guinea]|(N/Al|||||||
|(Gabon)|(12.8]|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|1024|0-4.99yrs|Regional* <sup>2</sup>|1984|K|
|(Gambia)|(18.81|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|784*|.5-2.99yrs|Urban*|1982|K|
|Ghana|30.7|<-2S.D. NCHS|1841|<br>.25-2.99yrs|<br>National|1988|1|
|(Guinea)|IN/A I|||||||
|Guinea-Bissau|23.4|-2S.D. HaryStand.|2711|0-4.99yrs|National|1980|K|
|(Kenya]|(20.51|<-25.D. NCHS|N/A*|N/A*|National|1982|C,X|
|Lesotho|13.2|<-2S.D. NCHS|11671|0-4.99yrs|National|1981|K|
|(Liberia]|(20.3]|<-2S.0. NCHS|3377|0-4.99yrs|National|1976*|K|
|Madagascar|32.8|-2S.D. NCHS|1762|0-1.99yrs|National|1984|K|
|Malawi|30.0|<80%<br>NCHS|6901|0-4.99yrs|National|1981|L|
|Mali|31.0|<-2S.0. NCHS|925|<br>.25-2.99yrs|<br>National|1987|1|
|(Mauritania]|136.4]|<-2S.D. NCHS|948*|0-4.99yrs|N/A*|1987|M|
|Mauritius|23.9|<-2S.D. NCHS|2430|0-4.99yrs|National|1985|K|
|(Mozambique]<br>(Namibia]|(27.0]<br>(N/A1|"-25.D. NCHS|330*|0-4.99yrs|Local*'<br>3|1978*|K|
|Niger|49.4|<-2S.D. NCHS|1672|0-4.99yrs|National|1985|K|
|(Nigeria]|128.11|-2S.D.NCHS|1387|.5-2.99yrs|Ondo State*|1986|1|

'Comoros: Ngazidja 2Gabon: Lambarcnc 3Mozamhiquc: Villagc, Gaii Provincc
7

|Country<br>|% Malnourished|Wt/Age Standard|Sampte Size|Ages|Survey Type|Date|Ref.|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|ERwanda]|(33.03|<80% RefStand.|N/A*|0-4.99yrs|Clinics*|1987|G|
|Sao Tome/Princ.|<br>17.0|-2S.D. NCHS|2155|0-4.99yrs|National|1986<br>'K||
|SenegaL|21.6|-2S.D. NCHS|635|.5-2.99yrs|National|1986|1|
|SeychelLes|5.7|<-2S.D. NCHS|836|0-4.99yrs|National|1987/8|K|
|(S.Leonel|f23.2]|<-2S.D. NCHS|4890|0-4.99yrs|National|1977/8*|K|
|(Somatia]|(34.1]|<-2S.D. NCHS|347*|0-4.99yrs|Nationat/Drought*<br>|1975*|K|
|ES.Africa]|(43.0]|-2S.D. NCHS|1258|1-4.99yrs|Wational/Rurat* <sup>4</sup>|1984|D|
|(Sudan]|C55.2]|<-2S.D. NCHS|3458|0-4.99yrs|Famine Data*|1983|D|
|SwaziLand|9.7|<-2S.D. NCHS|4133|.25-4.0°°rs|National/Rurat<br>|1984|K|
|(Tanzania]|(48.0]|<80%<br>NCHS|N/A*|0-4.99yrs|Regional*<sup>5</sup>|1984|G|
|Togo|24.4|<-25.D. NCHS|1396|0-2.99yrs|National<br>|1988|1|
|Uganda|23.3|<-2S.D. NCHS|3789|0-4.99yrs|Regional'<sup>6</sup><br>|1988/9|I|
|(Zaire]|(18.9]|<-2S.D. NCHS|33784|0-4.99yrs<br><sup>9 9</sup>|nistrict*<br>7|1983|D,K|
|(Zambia]|(24.7]|<80% RefStand.|N/A*|0-4. yrs|NationaL|1984|J|
|Zimbabwe|11.5|<-2S.D.NCHS|2485|.25-4.99yrs|Nationat|1988|K|
|Asia||||||||
|BangLadesh|61.4|<-75%<br>NCHS|3283|.5-5.92yrs|Nationat/Rural|1985/6|V|
|(Bhutan]|(N/A I|||||||
|Myanmar<br>|38.0|-2S.D. NCHS|6255|0-2.99yrs|National|1985|C,K|
|(China]|EN/AI|||||||
|[Fiji]|l 8.6]|'85% lowaStand.|388*|0-3.99yrs|Coastat*|1959/68*|B|
|[F.Potynesia]|( 1.2]|<-2S.D. NCHS|2687|0-2.99yrs|Urban<br>|1982|DOK|
|[India]|(63.7]|c-2S.D.NCHS|4006|0-4.99yrs|Regionat*<sup>6</sup>|1987|K|
|Indonesia|51.3|<-80% HarvStand.|30545|0-4.99yrs|National|1987|W|
|MKamauchea]|(N/AI|||||||
|(Korea Dem]|(N/AI|||||||

> 4South Africa: NalionalRural, Black)

'Tanzania: Iringa Provinec only "U randa: excludes nine Northcrn disiricts lur sccurilv reasons Zaire: Kason o India: Calcula riural. urhan, tribal) and JabFallpuI (rural. urhban, rihal)
8

|Country|% Malnourished|Wt/Age Standa.d|SampLe Size|<br>Ages|Survey Type|Date|Ref.|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|[Kiribati]|(12.71|-2s.D. NCHS|486*|0-4..9yrs|Rural*9|1979*|Di,K|
|[Korea,<br>Rep)|C 7.61|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|738|0-4.99yrs|Rural'*'|1984|K|
|Lao, POR|48.8|<80%<br>NCHS|13579|0-4.99yrs|National|1984/6|N|
|[Malaysia]|(22.61|-2S.D. NCHS|84O|0-4.99yrs|Rural''|1982|K|
|[Maldives]|[56.11|-2s.D. NCHS|133*|0-4.99yrs|6 Islands|1981|K|
|IMongolia]|(N/A 1|||||||
|(Nepal]|(69.6]|4-2S.D.<br>NCHS|4997|.5-4.99yrs|National|1975*|8,K|
|[P.New<br>Guinea|l<br>(34.72|N/A-|N/A*|N/A*|National|1984|Q|
|(Philippine3|]<br>(17.71|-75% NCHS|N/A'|0-5.99yrs|Nationat|1987|0|
|[Singapore]|<br>(13.4]|-2S.D. NCHS|9067|0-4.99yrs|National/Urban|<br>1977*|K|
|[Sc .Islandsl|<br>(16.9]|<-2s.D.<br>NCHS|698'|0-4.99yrs|Irola"|1980|K|
|Srl Lanka|38.1|-25.D. NCHS|1994|.25-2.99yrs|Nalional|1987|1|
|Thailand|25.8|-2S.0. NCHS|1857|.25-2.9Yyrs|National|1987|1|
|Vanuatu|20.0|-2S.0.<br>NCHS|1194|0-4.99yrs|National|1983|K|
|Viet Nam|51.5|-2S.0. NCHS|11809|0-4.99yrs|P-tional|1986|J,K,O|
|[W.Samoal|C1.4]|-2S.D. NCHS|215*|0-4.99yrs|Rural'|1977*|K|

Middle East & North Africa

|(Afghanistan]|<br>tN/A I|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|(Algeria]|IN/AI|||||||
|Egypt|13.3|-25.D. NCHS|1907|.25-2.99yr|s National|1988|1|
|Iran, Is(. R|43.1|-25.D. NCHS|754'|0-4.99yrs|National/Rural|1980|_O,K_|
|(Iraq]|(N/AI|||||||
|(Jordan]|(17.6]|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|3495|0-4.99yrs|Rural'7<br>3|1975*|K|
|Kuwait|6.4|<-25.0.<br>NCHS|2272|0-4.99yrs|National|1983|K|
|ELebanon]|I3.01|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|267*|0-.99yrs|Rural/Beirut*|1986|K|
|(Libya]|(14.51|-2S.0. NCHS|460*|0-4.99yrs|MCH Centr./Urban|^ 1970*|K|
|Morocco<br>|15.7|-2S.D. NCHS|3292|0-2.99yrs|National|1987|1|
|(Oman]|(N/AI|||||||

"Kiribati: Butaritari (South) and Abaing "<sup>5</sup> Republic of Korca: Seosan Countv "Malaysia: Sabah State

**'**<sup>**2**</sup> **Soloniori** Islands: **Aloili**

'iJordan: Amman
9

|Country|% Malnourished|Wt/Age Standard|Sampte<br>ize|Ages|Sudey Type|Date|Ref,|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Pakistan|51.5|<80X<br>NCHS|11285|0-4.99yrs|National|1985|E<br>|
|PaLest.<br>Ref.|6.7|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|5977|0-4.99y-s|National|t984|K|
|(Qatar]|tN/AI|||||||
|(S.Arabiai|t!/A<br>I|||||||
|(Syria)|(N/AI|||||||
|Tunisia|10.4|-25.D.<br>NCHS|1996|.25-2.99yrs|Nationai|1988|1|
|(Turkey)|(N/AI|||||||
|(United Arab]|tN/A<br>J|||||||
|<br>(Yemen, Arab]|E61.2]|-2S.0.<br>NCAS|2501|0-4.99yrs<br>|National<br>|1979*<br>|B,K<br>|
|Yemen,POR|25.0|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|2331|0-4.49yrs|National|1982|K|
|Latin<br>America||||||||
|CAntigua/Ba,buda]|(10.0]|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|412*|0-4.99yrs|N/A*|1981|K|
|(Argentina]|tN/AI|||||||
|<br>Barbados|5.3|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|533|0-4.99yrs|National|1981|K|
|zBel<br>le]|t5.7J|<75%RefStand.|6762|0-2.99yrs|Ctinics*|1984|J|
|Rolivia|13.3|ZS.D.NCHS|2537|.25-2.99yrs|National|1989|1|
|braziIL|5.1|<75<br>NCHS|>50000|0-4.99yrs|National|1989|S|
|Chite|2.3|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|159065|0-5.99yrs|National|1985|0,K<br>|
|CoLomrbia|11.9|'-2S.D<br>NCHS|1324|.25-2.99yrs|Nationat|1986|!|
|Costa Rica|6.0|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|1870|0-4.99yrs|Nationat|1982|K|
|(Cuba)|(N/AI|||||||
|<br>Dominica|<br>4.8|2S.D. NCHS|316|0-1.99yrs|National|1985|**K**|
|Dominican Rep|12.5|-25.D.<br>NCHS|1831|.5*2.99yrs|Nationat|1986|1<br>|
|<br>Ecuador|16.5|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|>99999|0-4.99yrs|Nationat|1987|K|
|(ELSaivador;|t15.5]|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|1899|0-4.99yrs|Urban/RuratL|1?88|N|
|(French Guial|(11.3]|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|889*|0-4.99yrs|Local-i|1987|K|
|(Grenada]|(N/A;|||||||
|<br>Guater,maia|33.5|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|2229|.25 '.99yrs|National|1987|1|
|<br>Guyana|22.1|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|539|0-4.49yrs|National|1981|K|
|<br>(Haiti]|t37.4]|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|5346|.25-4.99yrs|Nationat|1978*|K|
|<br>Honduras|<br>20.6|-2S.C.<br>NCHS|3340|0-4.99yrs|Nationat|1987|F|
|Jamaica|9.2|<80X<br>NCHS|861|0-4.99yrs|National|1989|p|
|Mexico|13.9|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|7504|0-4.99yrs|National|1988|T,U|
|Nicaragua|10.|-2S.D. NCHS|1611|0-4.99yrs|National|1982|K|
|<br>Panama|15.7|_-2S.o._<br>NCHS|3314|0-4.99yrs|National|1980|K|
|Paraguay|1.1|<75$Standard|832|0-4,.99yrs|National|1982|J|
|<br>[Peru]|[13.4]|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|N/A*|0- .^°yrs|Nationat|1984|K|
|(St.<br>Ch ist]|(N/A ;|||||||
|<br> <br>(St.Lucial|<br>(13.8]|-2S.D. NCHS|362|0-4.99E'r|NationaL|1976*|K|

"French Guiaia: Martini. Black
l0

|Countr|%Malnourished|Wt/Age Sta-4ard|Sample Size|Ages|Survey Type|Date|Ref.|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|LSt.Vincentsl|L19.51|3rd Centile,NCHS|816|0-3.99yrs|National|1970*|K|
|Trindad<br>& Tobago|6.9|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|842|.25-2.99,rs|National|1987|1|
|Uruguay|7.4|-2S.D. NCHS|3471|0-5.99yrs|NaJonal|1987|K|
|Venezuela|5.9|<-2S.D.NCHS|16584|0-4.99yrs|National|1987|K|

Note: L1: data this country questionabLe due to factor *(sampLe size, unrep. sample, outdated, etc.)
11 table 2: Percent of Matnourished Children in Devetoping Countries by onemew

|Country<br>X Maln|ourished|Ut/Age Standard|Smo3te Size|Ages|Survey**Type**|Date|Ref.|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Low- ieome||||||||
|(MozambiqLue)|(27.01|'2S.D.<br>NCHS|330'<br>|0-4.99yrs<br>|Local"<br>|1978'<br>|K<br>|
|Ethio0ia|38.1|'-2S.D.CNCS|2863|0-4.99yrs|National|1982|K|
|(Chad)|(N/A )||||3|||
|(Tanzania)|(48.0|'802<br>NCHS|N/A-<br>|0-4.99yrs<br>|Regional'<br><br>|1984<br>|G<br>|
|ganglodesh|61.4|<-75X<br>NCHS<br>|3283<br>|.5S5.92yrs<br>|National/Rural<br>|¶985/6<br>|V<br>|
|Malawi|30.0|'02%<br>RCHS|6901|0-4.99yrs<br>|National<br>|1981<br>|C|
|(Somatial|(S4.1)|*-25.D. HCHS|347-|0-4.Q9yrs|Natlonat/Drought'<br>|1975'<br>1|K<br>|
|(Zaiel|(18.91|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|33784|0-4.99yrs|District-'|983|DOK|
|(Rhutan)|IN/A )|||||||
|<br>Lao. POR|48.8|'802<br>NCHS|13579|U-4.99yrs|National<br>|1984/6<br>|**N**<br>|
|[Nepal)|169.61|'25.D.<br>NCHS|4997<br>|.5-4.9yrs<br>|National<br>|1975<br>|R,K|
|Madagascar|32.8|'25.D.<br>RCHS|1762|0-.99yrs<br>|National<br>|1984<br>|K<br>|
|(RurkinaFaso)|145.51|'80xRefStand.|N/A'|0-4.99yrs|Ctinics'<br>|1987<br>|G<br>|
|<br>Mati|31.0|*-2S.D. HCHS|925|.25-2.99yrs|National<br>|1987<br>|1<br>|
|Rurundi|38.3|-2S.0.HCHS<br>|1930|.25-2.99yra<br>|National<br><br>5|1987<br>|1<br>|
|Uganda|23.3|_-2s.o._<br>NCMS|3789|0-4.99yrs<br>|Regional'<br>|**¶988/9**<br>|1<br>|
|[Nigeria]|(28.11|-25.D. tCHS|1387<br>|.5-2.99yrs<br>|Ondo State'<br>|1986<br>|1<br>|
|12ambia)|(24.71|***802**RefStand.|**N/A"**<br>|0-4.99yrs<br>|**National**<br>|1984<br>|J<br>|
|Niger|49.4|2S.D.RCHS|1672|0-4.99yrs|National<br>|1985<br>|K<br>|
|(Raanda)|(33.01<br>|'80% RefStand.|N/A-|0-4.9yre|Clinicsa|**1987**|G|
|(Chinas]|(N/A|||||||
|ttndial|(63.71|'-2S.0.<br>NCHS|4006|0-4.W9yrs|Regionsta'|987|K|

'Ineome rankings taken from: World Development Report 1990. Thc World Bank. Countries are u iderlined when there are no 1990 GNP figures. These countries arc grouped at the cnd of their estimated incomc groups.

'Mozambiquc: Village: Gaza Province sTanzania: Iringa Province only 'Zaire: Kasongo 'Uganda: Excludes nine Northern districts for security reasons 'India: Calcutta (Rural. urban, tribal), Jabalpur (rural, urhan, tribal)
12

|Country<br>% M|alnourished|<br>Wt/Age Standard|Sample Size|<br>Ages|Suvey Type|Date|Ref.|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Pakistan|51.5|'80%<br>NCHS|11285|0-4.99yrs|National|1985|E|
|(Kenya]|(20.5]|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|N/A*|N/A^|National|1982|C,X|
|Togo|24.4|-2S.D. NCHS|1396|0-2.99yrs|National|1988|1|
|<br>[Cen. Afr. Rep]|(39.4]|N/A*|N/A*|N/A*|National|1972*|A|
|<br>[Haiti]|(34.7]|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|5346|.25-4.99yrs|National|1978*|K|
|(Benin]|(35.0]|'80% RefStand.|h/A*|0-4.99yrs|Clinics*|1987|G|
|Ghana|30.7|<-25.D.<br>NCHS|1841|.25-2.99yrs|National|1988|i|
|Lesotho|13.2|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|11671|0-4.99yrs|National|1981|K|
|Sri Lanka|38.1|'-25.D.<br>NCHS|1994|.25-2.99yr|s National|1987|1|
|(Guinea)|(N/A)|||||||
|<br>Yemen, PDR|25.0|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|2331|0-4.49yrs|National|1982|K|
|<br>Indonesia|51.3|<80% HarvStand.|<br>30545|0-4.99yrs|National|1987|W|
|<br>(Mauritania]|(36.41|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|948*|0-4.99yrs|N/A*|1987|M|
|[Sudan]|155.2]|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|3458|0-4.99yrs|Famine Data*|1983|D|
|(Afghanistan]|N/A|||||||
|<br>Myarvnar|38.0|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|6255|0-2.99yrs|National|1985|C,K|
|[Kampuchea]|(N/A)|||||||
|<br>(Liberia]|<br>[20.3]|<-2S.D.NCHS|3377|0-4.99yrs|National|1976*|K|
|<br>(S. Leone]|<br>(23.2]|<-2S.D.NCMS|4890|<br>0-4.99yrs|National|1977/8*|K|
|<br>Viet Nam|<br>51.5|-2S.D. NCHS|11809|0-4.99yrs|National|1986|J,K,O|
|Lower-Middle-Inc|ome|||||||
|Bolivia|13.3|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|2537|.25-2.99yr|s National|1989|1|
|<br>[Philippines]|(17.7]|'-75X<br>NC:S|N\A*|<br>0-5.99yrs|<br>National|1987|0<br>|
|<br>[Yemen, Arab]|<br>(61.2]|c-2S.D.NCHS|2501|0-4.99yrs|National|1979*|B,K|
|<br>Senegal|<br>21.6|<-2S.D.NCHS|635|.5-2.99yrs|National|1986|1<br>|
|<br>Zimbabwe|11.5|<-25.D. NCHS|2485|.25-4.99yrs|National|1988|K|
|<br>Egypt|13.3|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|1907|<br>.25-2.99yr|s National|1988|1|
|<br>Dominican<br>Rep|12.5|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|1831|.5-2.99yrs|National|1986|I,K|
|<br>Cote DIlvoire|12.4|-2S.D. NCHS|1947|0-4.99yrs|National|1986|R|
|(Papua New Guinea|] (34.7]|N/A*|N/A*|N/A*|National|1984|0|
|<br>Morocco|<br>15.7|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|3292|0-2.99yrs|National|1987|1|
|Honduras|20.6|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|3340|0-4.99yrs|National|1987|F|
|Guatemala|33.5|c-2S.D.<br>NCHS|2229|.25-2.99yrs|National|1987|1|
|Congo|23.5|'-25.D.<br>NCHS|2429|0-4.99yrs|National|1987|K|
|<br>(EL Salvador]|[154]|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|1899|<br>0-4.99yrs|Urban/Rural*|1988|H|
|<br>Thailand|.<br>25.8|<br> <br><-2S D. NCHS|1857|<br>.25-2.99yr|s National|1987|1|
|<br>||'|*|<br>|<br>il|1987|G|
|(Botswana]|(15.0]|80% RefStand.|N/A|0-4.99yrs|Natona|||
|<br>(Cameroon]|<br>(17.3]|<-25.D.<br>NCHS|4688|<br>.25-3.99yr|s National|1978*|K|
|<br>Jamaica|<br>9.2|'80%<br>NCHS|861|<br>0-4.99yrs|<br>National|1989|p|
|Ecuador|16.5|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|>99999|0-4.99yrs|NationaL|1987|K|
|CoLomc,ia|11.9|<-25.D.<br>NCHS|1324|.25-2.99yr|s NationaL|1986|1|
|<br>Paraguay|1.1|<75% Standard|832|0-4.99yrs|Nationat|1982|J|
13

|Country<br>%|Malnourished|Wt/Age Standard|Sample Size|Ages|Survey Type|Date|Ref.|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Tunisia|10.4|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|1996|.25-2.99yrs|National|1988|I|
|(Turkey)|[N/AI|||||||
|<br>(Peru)|(13.41|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|N/A*|0-5.99yrs|National<br>|1984|K|
|<br>(Jordan]|I17.61|<-2S.D. NCHS|3495|0-4.99yrs|Rural*<br>7|1975*|K|
|Chile|2.3|<-2S.D. NCHS|159065|0-5.99yrs|National|1985|D,K|
|(Syria]|(N/AI|||||||
|Costa Rica|6.0|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|1870|0-4.99yrs|National|1982|K|
|Mexico|13.9|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|7504|0-4.99yrs|National|1988|T,U|
|Mauritius|23.9|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|2430|0-4.99yrs|National|1985|K|
|(Malaysia]|(22.61|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|8*|0-4.99yrs|Rural*|1982|K|
|<br>Panama|15.7|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|3314|0-4.99yrs|National|1980|K|
|Brazil|5.1|<75%<br>NCHS|>50000|f-4.99yrs|National|1989|S|
|(Angolal<br>(Lebanon)|_(NIAI_<br>I3.01|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|267*|0- .99yrs|Rural/Beirut*|1986|K|
|<br>Nicaragua|10.5|'-2S.D.<br>NCHS|1611|0-4.99yrs|National|1982|K|
|Upper-Middle<br>Inco|me|||||||
|(S. Africa]|(43.0)|'-2S.D.<br>NCHS|1258|1-4.99yrs|National/Rural*|Q 1984|D|
|[Algeria]|(N/AI|||||||
|<br>Uruguay|7.4|-2S.D. NCHS|3471|0-5.99yrs|National|1987|K|
|(Argentina]<br>(Gabon)|(N/A I<br>(12.81|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|1024|0-4.99yrs|Urban*'°|1984|K|
|Venezuela|5.9|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|16584|0-4.99yrs|National|1987|K|
|Trinidad & Tobago|6.9|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|842|.25-2.99yr|s National|1987|1|
|<br>(Korea,<br>Rep.)|17.61|<-2S.D.NCHS|738*|0-4.99yrs|Rural*<br>l|1984|K|
|(Oman)|(N/AI|||||||
|(Libya]|(14.51|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|460*|0-4.99yrs|MCHCentr/Urban*|<br>1970*|K|
|<br>Iran, Isi. R<br>[Iraq]|43.1<br>(N/AI|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|754*|0-4.99yrs|National/Rural|<br>1980|D,K|

'Jordan: Amman 'Malaysia: Sabah State 'South Africa: National (Rural, Black) '"Gabon: Lambarcnc "Rcpublic of Korea: Scosan County
14 High Income

|Country<br>|X Malnourished|Ut/Age Standard|Sample Size|Ages|Survey Type|Date|Ref.|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|(S. Arabia]|lN/AI|||||||
|ESingaporel|(13.4I|-2S.D. NCHS|9067|0-4.99yrs|National/Urban|1977'|K|
|Kw ait|6.4|*-2S.D. HCHS|2272|0-4.99yrs|National|1983|K|
|(United Arab]|C/WA I|||||||
|Others (Bank-Desi|gnated GNP N/A)|||||||
|(Antigua/Barbuda]|<br>(10.0]|-2S.D. 9CHS|412*|0-4.99yrs|N/A*|1981|K|
|Barbados|5.3|-2S.D. NCHS|533|0-4.99yrs|National|1981|K|
|(Belize)|I 5.7]|<75X RefStand.|6762|0-2.99yrs|Clinics*|1984|J|
|Cape Verde|13.6|-2S.D. NCHS|11611|0-3.99yrs|National<br>|1985|K|
|CComorosl|l22.21|<-2S.D. NCHS|1624|0-1.99yrs|Local"<br>2|1982|K|
|(Cuba]|lN/AI|||||||
|(Diibouti)|EN/AI|||||||
|Dominica|4.8|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|316|0-1.99yrs|National|1985|K|
|(Eq. Guinea]|lN/AI|||||||
|(Fiji]|C 8.6|c85XiowaStand.|388*|0-3.99yrs|CoastaL'<br>|1959/68*|B|
|(French Guiana]|(11.31|-2S.D.<br>MCHS|889|0-4.99yrs|Local^" <sup>3</sup>|1987|K|
|(F.Polynesia]|l1.2]|'-2S.D.<br>NCHS|2687|0-2.99yrs|Urban'|1982|D,K|
|(Gambia)|(18.8I|-2S.D.NCHS|784*|.5-2.99yrs|Urban*|1982|K|
|(Grenada]|lN/AI|||||||
|Guinea-Bissau|23.4|-2S.D.<br>NarvStand.|2711|0-4.99yrs|National|1980|K|
|Guyana|22.1|-2S.D.<br>NCHS|539|0-4.9°yrs|National|1981|K|
|[Kiribati]|(12.71|-2S.D. NCHS|486*|0-4.99yrs|Rural"|1979*|O,K|
|[Maldives)|(56.11|-2S.D. MCHS|133*|0-4.99yrs|6 Islands|1981|K|
|(Mongolial|EN/A I|||||||
|(Wamibial|IW/A I|||||||
|Palest. Ref.|6.7|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|5977|0-4.99yrs|National|1984|D,K|
|(Qatar]|CN/AI|||||||
|Sao Tome/Princ.|17.0|-2S.D. NCHS|2155|0-4.99yrs|National|1986|K|
|Seychelles|5.7|<-2S.D.**NCHS**|836|0-4.99yrs|Nationat|1987/8|K|

'Comoros: Ngazida "French Guiana: Maroni, Black '"Kiribati: Butaritari (South) **and** Abaing
15 Ref.

|Country|X Mainourishe|d Wt/Age Standard|Sampte Size|Ages|Survey Type|Date|Re|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|[Solomon<br>Islt|(16.9)|*-2S.D.<br>NCNS|698'|0-4.99yrs|LocaoI|1980|K|
|(St. Chris/N]|(N/AI|||||||
|(St. Lucia]|(13.81|<-2S.D.**UCHS**|362|0-4.99yrs|National|1976*|K|
|(St Vincents]|<br>[19.51|3rd CentileNCHS|816|0-3.99yrs|National|1970*|_K_|
|Swaziland|9.7|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|4133|.25-4.99yr|s National/Rural|<br>1984|K|
|Vanuatu|20.0|<-2S.D.<br>NCHS|1194|0-4.99yrs|Nationat|1983|K|
|[W. Samoa]|1 1.43|-2S.D.NCHS|215*|0-4.99yrs|Rural*|1977*|K|

Note: []:data this country questionable due to factor' (size, unrep. samLe, outdated, etc.)

> **1'SoIomon** Islands: Atoihi
16

# REFERENCES FOR MALNUTRITION TABLE FOR CHILDREN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

- A. Bengoa, J.M. and G. Donoso (1974) "Prevalence of Protein-Calorie Malnutrition, 1963 to 1973." PAG Bulletin 4(l):26-29.

- B. Keller, W. and C. Fillmore (1983) "Prevalence of Protein-Energy Malnutrition." World Health Statistics Quarterly 36:150-161.

- C. United Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination/Subcommittee on Nutrition (1987) "First Report on the World Nutrition Situation." Rome, **FAO.** pp. 63-64. Supplement (1988).

- D. World Health Organization (1987) "Nutrition: Global Surveillance Through Anthropometric Measurements." Weekly Epidemiological Record 7-11.

- E. "Pakistan National Nutrition Survey 1985-1987" (1988) Nutrition Division; National Institute of Health.

- F. Ministerio de Salud Publica, Republic de Honduras, Instituto de Nutricion de Centro America y Panama (1988). "Encuesta Nacional de Nutricion, Honduras, 1987." .

- _G._ CUnited Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination/Subcommittee on Nutrition (1989) "Update on the Nutrition Situation: Recent Trends in Nutrition in 33 Countries."

- H. Burleigh, Elizabeth (1989) "Trends in Nutrition--El Salvador-1965-1988." USAID.

- I. Demographic and Health Surveys. Bolivia (1989), Burundi (1987), Colombia (1986), Dominican Republic (1986), Egypt (1988), Ghana (1988), Guatemala (1987). Mali (1987), Morocco (1987), Nigeria 41986), Senegal (1986), Sri Lanka (1987), Thailand (1987), Togo (1988), Trinidad and Tobago (1987), Uganda (1988-1989), Tunisia (,1988). Institute for Resource Development/Westinghouse, Columbia, Maryland.

- J. Food and Agriculture Organization (1987-1989) "Nutrition Country Profiles." Rome, Italy.

- K. Global Nutritional Status Data: Anthropometric Indicators Update 1989; Nutrition Unit, Division of Family Health, World Health Organization, Geneva.

- L. Government of Malawi and UNICEF (1987) "The Situation of Children and Women in Malawi." September.

- M. Elder, John (1989) "Nutritional Status of Children Under Five in Mauritania. The Social Dimensions of Adjustment Unit. The World Bank.
17

- N. **Vijayaraghavan, K. (1988) "Assignment Report:** Analysis of **Nutrition Services--Lao People's Democratic Republic."** WHO.

0. "Third National Nutrition Survey of the Philippines 1987." (1989) Department of Sciences and Technology. Food and Nutrition Research Institute.

- P. Jamaica Living Conditions Survey, 1989, The World Bank.

- Q. Carlson, B.A. & T. Wardlaw (1990). "A Global, Regional and Country Assessment of Child Malnutrition." UNICEF Staff Working Paper No. 7.

- R. Child Anthropometry in Cote d'Ivoire: Estimates from Two Surveys, 1985 and 1986 (1990). Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper No. 51. The World Bank.

- S. Pesquisa Nacional Sobre Sauda E Nutricao. Resultados Preliminares INAN, FIBGE, IPEA, March 1990 (Brazil).

- T. "Encuesta Nacional de Nutricion" (1989). Mexico. OF. INEGI and SSA.

- U. Amor, Jamie Sepulveda (1989). Estado Nutricional de los Prescholares y las Mujeres en Mexico: Resultados de una encuesta nacional probabilistica. Academia Nacional de Medicina.

- V. Report of the Child Nutrition Status Module. Bangladesh Household Expenditure Survey 1985-1986 (1987). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.

- W. Central Bureau of Statistics, Indonesia (1987). Status of Gizi Balita.

- X. Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance and Planning, Nairobi, Kenva (1983). Republic of Kenva Third Rural Child Nutrition Survev, 1982.
PRE Working Paner Series

||||Aut{rfor|Contact<br>1apar|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|WPS568|Higher Wages for Relief Work Can<br>Make Many of the Poor Worse Off:<br>Recent Evidence from Maharashtra'<br>'EmploymentGuarantee Scheme'|Martin Ravallion<br>Gaurav Datt<br>s Shubham Chaudhuri|January 1991|C. Spooner<br>30464|
|WPS569|Domestic Purchase Requirements for<br>Import License Allocations in Mali|Wendy E. Takacs|January 1991|S. Fallon<br>37947|
|WPS570|Debt Concentration and Secondary<br>Market Prices|Raquel Fernandez<br>**Sijle**Ozler|January 1991|S. King-Watson<br>31047|
|WPS571|Credit's Effect on Productivity in<br>Chinese Agriculture: A<br>Microeconomic Model of<br>Disequilibrium|Gershon Feder<br>Lawrence J. Lau<br>Justin Y. Lin<br>Xiaopeng Luo|January 1991|C. Spooner<br>30464|
|WPS572|Capital Positions of Japanese<br>Banks|Edward J. Kane<br>Haluk Unal<br>Asli Damirguc-Kunt|January 1991|S. King-Watson<br>33730|
|WPS573|Malaysian Labor Markets Under<br>Structural Adjustment|Dipak Mazumdar|January 1991|M. Schreier<br>36432|
|WPS574|Public Policies and Saving in<br>Developing Countries|Vittorio Corbo<br>Klaus Schmidt-Hebbsl|January 1991|S. Jonnakuty<br>39074|
|WPS575|Household Saving in Developing<br>Countries: First Cross-Country<br>Evidence|Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel<br>Sleven B. Webb<br>Giancarlo Corsetti|January 1991|E. Khine<br>39361|
|WPS576|Lessons from Tax Reform:<br>An Overview|Wayne Thirsk|January 1991|A. Bhalla<br>37699|
|WPS577|Africa's Rising Inflation: Causes,<br>Consequences, and Cures|Ajay Chhibber|February 1991|B. Chomun<br>39413|
|WPS578|The Bank's Use of Technical<br>Assistance for Institutional<br>Development|Beatrice Buyck|January 1991|E. Madrona<br>37496|
|WPS579|Chile's Experience with Stabilization<br>Revisited|Vittorio Corbo<br>Andr6s Solimano|January 1991|E. Khine<br>39361|
|WPS580|Do Natural Resource-Based<br>Industrialization Strategies Convey<br>Important (Unrecognized) Price<br>Benefits for Commodity-Exporting<br>Developing Countries?|Alexander J. Yeats|January 1991|J. Jacobson<br>33710|
# PRE Working Pager Series

||Ida|**ALAhor**|_DAR_|Contact<br>**for**agLp r|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|WPS581|How Successful is World Bank<br>Lending for Structural Adjustment?|Patrick Conway|January 1991|S.**Fallon**<br>37947|
|WPS582|Adjustment Programs and Bank<br>Support: Rationale and Main<br>Results|Vittorio Corbo<br>Stanley Fischer|January 1991|L. Oroposa<br>39075|
|WPS583|World Bank Lending for Education<br>Research, 1982-89|Marlaine E. Lockheed<br>Alastair G. Rodd|January 1991|C. Cristobai<br>33640|
|WPS584|Whither Hungary and the European<br>Communities?|Alfred Tovias<br>Sam Laird|January 1991|G. Ilogon<br>33732|
|WPS585|Financial Innovation and Money<br>Demand: Theory and Empirical<br>Implementation|Patricio Arrau<br>Jose de Gregorio|January 1991|S. King-Watson<br>31047|
|WPS586|The Challenging Arithmetic of Poverty<br>in Bangladesh|Martin Ravallion|February 1991|WDR Office<br>31393|
|WPS587|Quantifying the Magnitude ard<br>Severity of Absolute Poverty in the<br>Developing World in the Mid-19830s|Martin Ravallion<br>Gaurav Datt<br>Dominique van de Walle<br>Elaine Chan|February 1991|WDR Office<br>31393|
|WPS588|Obstacles to Developing' Small and<br>Medium-Sized Enterprk ;: An<br>Empirical Assessment|Brian Levy|February 1991|E. Madrona<br>37496|
|WPS589|To Prescribe or Not to Prescribe:<br>On the Regulation of Pharmaceutical<br>in Developing Countries|Jeffrey S. Hammer<br>s|February 1991|0. Nadora<br>S6-065|
|WPS590|The Domestic Financial Market and<br>the Trade Liberalization Outcome:<br>The Evidence from Sri Lanka|Premachandra Athukorala<br>Sarath Rajapatirana|February 1991|M. Kienzle<br>30733|
|WPS591|Global Indicators of Nutritional Risk|Rae Galloway|February 1991|0. Nadora<br>31091|
|WPS592|Official Credits to Developing<br>Countries: Implicit Transfers to the<br>Banks|Asli DemirgUg-Kunt<br>Harry Huizinga|February 1991|S. King-Watson<br>33730|