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model_extractions: WPS5829 Policy Research Working Paper 5829 Four Decades of Health Economics through a Bibliometric Lens _Adam Wagstaff Anthony J. Culyer_ The World Bank Development Research Group Human Development and Public Services Team October 2011
Policy Research Working Paper 5829

# **Abstract**

This paper takes a bibliometric tour of the past 40 years of health economics using bibliographic “metadata” from EconLit supplemented by citation data from Google Scholar and the authors’ topical classifications. The authors report the growth of health economics (33,000 publications since 1969—12,000 more than in the economics of education) and list the 300 mostcited publications broken down by topic. They report the changing topical and geographic focus of health economics (the topics ‘Determinants of health and illhealth’ and ‘Health statistics and econometrics’ both show an upward trend, and the field has expanded appreciably into the developing world). They also compare authors, countries, institutions, and journals in terms of the volume of publications and their influence as measured through various citation-based indices (Grossman, the US, Harvard and the JHE emerge close to or at the top on a variety of measures).

This paper is a product of the Human Development and Public Services Team, Development Research Group. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The author may be contacted at awagstaff@worldbank.org.

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent._ Produced by the Research Support Team
<mark>1</mark>

# Four Decades of Health Economics through a Bibliometric Lens

## by

## Adam Wagstaff<sup>a</sup> and Anthony J. Culyer<sup>b</sup>

a Development Research Group, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA b Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M6, Canada; and Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, Heslington, York YO1 5DD, UK

**Corresponding author and contact details:** Adam Wagstaff, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433, USA. Tel. (202) 473-0566. Fax (202)-522 1153. Email: <u>awagstaff@worldbank.org.</u>

**Keywords:** Health economics; bibliometrics; history of economic thought.

JEL codes: B20; I10.

**Acknowledgements:** We are grateful to Martin Ravallion for helpful comments on an earlier version, and to Imran Hafiz for help in cleaning the data. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the governments of the countries they represent.
2

# I. **INTRODUCTION**

According to Google‘s Books Ngram Viewer, the terms ―health economics‖ and ―Health Economics‖ started appearing in books only in the 1940s, four decades after the terms ―agricultural economics‖ and ―international economics‖ surfaced. The first two decades of health economics were slow, but in the mid-1960s use of the terms ―health economics‖ and ―Health Economics‖ increased sharply, and the growth has mostly continued since then.

In this paper, we take a bibliometric tour of the last forty years of health economics. Our bibliographic ―metadata‖ are drawn from EconLit which dates from 1969 although it includes many earlier classic papers that were reprinted as chapters in collections published after 1969, including for example Arrow (1963). Unlike other databases such as the Social Science Citation Index, SCOPUS, and Medline, EconLit allows for a relatively clean definition of health economics based on EconLit‘s inclusion criterion (―a substantial economics content‖) and a publication‘s JEL codes. We run risks of omission and commission: there are many noneconomics and multi-disciplinary journals that have published many papers by health economists, and some authors may not have chosen a health JEL code despite their paper having a substantial health content; conversely, our net will catch some items that are devoid of economics (and not written by economists), as well as items where health is not the main focus of the publication. In any event, for reasons to be explained below, we had little choice. And our pragmatic definition of the sub-discipline enables us to avoid many esoteric considerations regarding, for example, the emphasis to be placed in characterizing health economics as the topics its practitioners study (e.g. financial aspects of health services) rather than the discipline (viz. economics) characteristically applied to understanding and explaining phenomena in health and health care (Culyer, 1981; Williams, 1979).

Our EconLit metadata include author, title, journal, the year of publication, author‘s institution, country of focus, keyword, and three-digit JEL code. EconLit does not include any citation data; for 78 percent of records in our dataset we were able to obtain citation data from Google Scholar. In addition to getting at influence through citations, we also want to say something about the topics that health economists work on. The JEL sub-categories are not
3 especially illuminating<sup>1</sup> and the keywords in the EconLit metadata are freely chosen by authors and unsurprisingly are highly heterogeneous. We therefore used our own topical classification system, and assigned a topic to a subset of our records manually. We aggregate our metadata to the author, institution and journal levels, showing which of each have published the most, and which of each have had the greatest impact in terms of citations. We show publication counts for both ―country of origin‖ and ―country studied‖. We present frequency distributions of the words used in titles and abstracts and keywords. We also show how the subtopic focus has changed over time and varies across the top institutions.

Two previous exercises are worth mentioning, although neither comes close in terms of comprehensiveness and ambition. Rubin and Chang (2003) undertook a bibliometric analysis of health economics articles over the period 1991-2000 using EconLit metadata. They also report author rankings (using number of articles and number of pages) but in most other respects their analysis is much more limited, covering a shorter time period, excluding citations, using the limited JEL topic classification system, and omitting many of the cuts of the data that we present. Also of note is the exercise Culyer undertook as background for his four-volume collection of 78 articles on health economics (Culyer, 2006). This was based on a survey of teaching members of the International Health Economics Association (iHEA) in 2004 that asked for their student reading lists, the objective being to ensure representation in the 2006 collection of those articles most frequently cited for student reference by people teaching the subject. His e-mail poll of iHEA yielded usable responses from 112 members and 164 articles that were included on at least two reading lists. We use this source as basis for making some intertemporal comparisons between health economics then (2004) and now (2011), and also for comparing the frequency of citations in general (in 2011) with literature recommended by specialist health economics teachers (in 2004).

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II presents our methods, including the bibliometric methods used to analyze citations and the classification of health economics subtopics. Section III introduces our data. Section IV presents our findings, and section V our conclusions.

> 1 They comprise: (a) Health: General, (b) Analysis of Health Care Markets, (c) Health Production, (d) Health: Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health, and (e) Health: Other. Recently two categories have been added: (f) Health and Inequality, and (g) Health and Economic Development.
4

# II. **COUNTING INFLUENCE THROUGH BIBLIOMETRICS**

Publication counts capture the volume of output of an author, institution, journal or country. They do not necessarily capture the _influence_ of that author, institution or journal on the research community. Citations are a commonly used measure of scholarly influence, the assumption being that a heavily cited paper is more influential than a less heavily cited paper, and that an individual who has authored several highly cited papers has been more influential among his or her peers than one who has authored a similar number of less cited papers.

The _h_ -index (Hirsch, 2005), which we refer to below as _I_<sup>1</sup> , is the most widely used citation-based summary measure of scholarly influence, reflecting both the number of publications and the number of times they have been cited. An _h_ -index of 20 means that an author (or institution or journal) has 20 publications to its name each of which has been cited at least 20 times. Figure 1 illustrates. It shows the citation curves for two publication portfolios (e.g. for two individuals). The horizontal axis plots the cumulative number of articles up to the total _N_ , ranked in descending order of citations. The y-axis plots the number of times the _n_ th article has been cited. The _h_ -index is found by drawing a 45-degree line on the chart, and reading off the x-axis or the y-axis. Hirsch argues that this index is a robust and relevant measure of ―...the importance, significance and broad impact of a scientist‘s cumulative research contributions‖ and the index is widely used. It is reported, for example, in citation software such as Publish or Perish (Harzing, 2010), SCOPUS and the Web of Science (which implemented the _h_ - index within two years of the publication of Hirsch‘s paper).<sup>2</sup> The _h_ -index has shortcomings. Both A and B in Figure 1 have the same _h_ -index even though A‘s first few articles are cited far more often. In Figure 2 D has a higher _h_ -index than C though C‘s citation curve might reasonably be argued to be the more impressive one on balance. Alternatives to the _h_ -index have been proposed, but Ravallion and Wagstaff (2011) have argued they have unattractive properties. They proposed instead an axiomatic approach to measuring scholarly influence based on an influence function where influence is strictly increasing in the number of citations. If a publication portfolio has a citation curve that lies everywhere above that of another publication portfolio, the influence function approach will say the former has greater

> 2 Alonso et al. (2009) provide a useful review of the literature on the _h_ -index—a review that covers some 90 papers—in just four years since Hirsch (2005).
5 influence than the latter. Where citation curves intersect, Ravallion and Wagstaff impose the assumption of concavity—influence increases in citations but at a diminishing rate. This allows a second-order dominance test to be undertaken, but when a large number of portfolios are being compared this test becomes impractical.

Where citations curves intersect, Ravallion and Wagstaff suggest computing influence numerically. They propose a simple quadratic influence function (QIF)<sup>3</sup> : where _ci_ is the number of citations to the _i_ th publication and _cMAX_ is the maximum number of citations encountered in the dataset. An increase in _ci_ increases _I_<sup>2</sup> but does so at a diminishing rate: _I_<sup>2</sup> is concave in _ci_ . The maximum value of the term in _I_<sup>2</sup> for each publication is 1. The maximum aggregate influence is obtained when the portfolio containing the most-cited publication is the largest of all portfolios, and all publications in the portfolio have been cited _c_<sup>max</sup> times. This approach gives A more aggregate influence than B in Figure 1 even though A and B have the same _h_ -index. It also gives C more influence than D in Figure 2 even though D has the higher _h_ -index.

Unfortunately, however, the QIF approach can also lead to rankings that might be questioned. It focuses completely on citations and rewards additional publications only insofar as they generate additional citations. Even with concavity in the influence function, one can end up with an author who has published only one (albeit highly cited) article (and therefore has an _h_ - index of 1) coming out ahead of another who has published multiple quite highly cited articles (perhaps with an _h_ -index in the tens). In fact this happens a lot in our dataset; indeed, it turns out that the QIF is almost perfectly (rank) correlated with total citations in most cuts of our data. As a supplement to the QIF—but in keeping with the idea of diminishing marginal influence—we use an index inspired by Foster et al.‘s (1984) poverty index: there the goal of the index is to reflect not just the aggregate shortfall from the poverty line but also the number of people in poverty; here our goal is to capture not just the number of citations but also the number of articles that have been cited. Our third index is thus: 3 They also suggest a variant on it, but it does not resolve the problem we highlight below.
6 where  ≥0 is a coefficient. The closer  is to 0, the closer _I_<sup>3</sup> comes to capturing just the number of publications. (In this case, we have to add an arbitrarily small amount to _ci_ in order for uncited papers to count toward the publication count.) The closer  is to 1, the closer _I_<sup>3</sup> comes to capturing the total number of citations. With 0<  <1, _I_<sup>3</sup> is concave in _ci_ . With intermediate values of  , _I_<sup>3</sup> captures the idea that citations are associated with diminishing returns in producing scholarly influence but that additional citations always add something to influence (something that does not occur with the h-index). But we are also able to capture the idea that the number of publications of itself matters (something that _does_ happen with the h-index).

All three measures we have considered thus far speak to the _total_ influence of a publication portfolio. Particularly in the case of journals—but also perhaps with institutions and individual researchers—one might reasonably want to get a sense of _average_ influence. After all, there is often large variation between journals in the number of articles they publish per year, and in the number of years they have been publishing. Ravallion and Wagstaff (2011) introduced the _normalized h-index_ : a value of 20 means that 20% of articles have received at least 20 citations.<sup>4</sup> This measure adjusts for the scale of the publication portfolio. We report this for journals as well as for edited volumes.

# III. **DATA**

In this section we introduce our data, explaining our choice of database, how ―health economics‖ was defined, how we cleaned the ―metadata‖, and how we supplemented our metadata with citation and topic data.

# **Database choice**

A number of online bibliographic databases include articles (and in some cases other types of publication) on what could be construed as ―health economics‖. These include EconLit<sup>5</sup> ,

> 4  This should not be confused with the _h_ -index per publication, which is also called the ―normalized _h_ -index‖ in some of the literature (Alonso et al., 2009).

> 5 Details of EconLit coverage are to be found at http://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/doctypes.php.
7 MedLine, the Social Science Citation Index<sup>6</sup> (SSCI), and SCOPUS<sup>7</sup> . These vary along key dimensions, one fundamental one being whether the database employs a classification system that allows us to make a credible distinction between ―health economics‖ publications and others.<sup>8</sup> Many databases do not pass this test for any plausible definition of ―health economics‖. MedLine, for example, includes hundreds if not thousands of articles that would be classified as ―economics‖ using the MeSH major topic. But many—if not most—have no economic analysis in them to speak of, and are written by people who quite probably would never claim to be an economist. SCOPUS and the SSCI are the other extreme. In SCOPUS, articles are classified as either ―economics, econometrics and finance‖ or ―health sciences‖ (but not both). SSCI does permit cross-classifications but trying to pin down ―health economics‖ results in a very narrow set of articles. Limiting publications to those that are classified as (a) ―economics‖ and (b) either ―health policy and services‖ or ―health care sciences and services‖ results in just 2,201 publications, all of which are in just six journals: Value in Health, Health Economics, PharmacoEconomics, the Journal of Health Economics (JHE), the European Journal of Health Economics, and the International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics. This would be a very narrow definition of ―health economics‖ indeed. MedLine, SSCI and SCOPUS also all cover a limited range of publications. All three focus largely on journals, and MedLine focuses on medical journals and thus omits the core of the ―health economics‖ literature.

Because MedLine, SSCI and SCOPUS all lack a classification system that enabled us to separate out ―health economics‖ from other fields, and because they all have a limited coverage of publications, we decided to look instead to EconLit as the source of our bibliographic metadata on health economics publications—the same data source used by Rubin and Chang (2003). Its two big advantages are its scope and its JEL classification scheme. The number of titles has increased steadily since 1969 when the database started. EconLit now includes over 750 journals ―with substantial economics content‖. It has also included books, book chapters and doctoral dissertations since 1987, and for several years has also included working papers through

> 6 SSCI covers primarily journal articles and is limited to about 2,500 social science journals. Details of coverage are to be found at http://thomsonreuters.com/products_services/science/science_products/a-z/social_sciences_citation_index. 7 SCOPUS covers over 18,000 titles covering all disciplines including 16,500 peer-reviewed journals, as well as some book - chapters, including the North-Holland handbook series. Details of the database are to be found at http://info.scopus.com/scopus <u>in-detail/facts/.</u>

> 8 Alternatively we could have ignored the database‘s classification system and tried to classify publications on the basis of the words in titles, abstracts, and keyword lists. This would have been very laborious and would likely have caused us to end up with lots of errors of omission and commission.
8 the REPEC project. The JEL classification scheme used by EconLit changed in 1991 but both the old and the new schemes have codes for health<sup>9</sup> ; like Rubin and Chang (2003) we define ―health economics‖ publications as those appearing in EconLit with one of the health JEL codes.

With EconLit and the health JEL codes we feel confident we are getting a very large share of the corpus of ―health economics‖ understood to be publications that involve the discipline of economics being applied to the topic health. We acknowledge, however, that our 33,000 publications may exclude some that should be in our database, and may include some that perhaps ought not to be in it. On omissions, we miss the genuine health economics articles in non-economics journals not included in EconLit. We also miss health economics publications in EconLit when the author did not choose a health JEL code even if his or her publication contains a substantial amount of material on health.<sup>10</sup> For reasons explained earlier we cannot do anything about the former, and of course we cannot do anything about the latter if we rely on JEL codes. On commissions, we will end up including some publications where, despite EconLit‘s inclusion criterion, the publication contains little if any economics. And we will end up including some publications where, despite the article having a health JEL code, the publication‘s health content is small or negligible: health could be just one of several issues addressed in the article (articles are permitted multiple codes, and many span health and other topics)<sup>11</sup> , or health might be the chosen application for a paper outlining a new econometric method<sup>12</sup> . In most of our analysis we retain all records and do not attempt to identify clear or marginal false positives. We accept that there will be publications where the inclusion could be debated, but hope that with 33,000 records any variation in classification practices will get washed out when ranking institutions, individuals, countries, etc. However, in our analysis of topics, we have dropped publications that manifestly have zero economic content despite EconLit‘s inclusion criterion and/or zero health content despite the JEL code. We have, however, retained in the topical analysis publications with only a small amount of health content; we flag in the text such publications.

> 9 See http://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/search_hints.php.

> 10  An example of this is Anand and Ravallion (1993) which does not have a health JEL code despite the word ―health‖ occurring 58 times in the article.

> 11  Deaton (2006) is an example of this.

> 12 Angrist et al. (1996) is an example of this.
9

# **Authorship**

On multi-author papers, we give each author equal credit for the paper insofar as EconLit allows us to. This is in contrast to Rubin and Chang (2003) who gave authors of papers with two authors only half a paper‘s credit each, and authors of papers with three authors only one third a paper‘s credit. Unfortunately, EconLit lists only the first author when the original list includes more than three or four authors.<sup>13</sup> In such cases, authors other than the first get no credit in our study as in Rubin and Chang‘s; the EconLit user has no alternative in such cases.

The author data required a good deal of cleaning. Many authors appear in different forms, sometimes with different spellings. The top 250 authors in terms of publication counts were all checked manually for multiple spellings and forms, and the scattered records aggregated; the same manual cleaning was applied to other authors who ranked highly on one or more of the indicators. The trickiest person proved to be Matthias von der Schulenburg, whose name appeared in no less than ten different forms.<sup>14</sup> The funniest was Adam Wagstaff, who after years of writing with Eddy van Doorslaer became ―Adam van Wagstaff‖ in one paper.

# **Affiliation**

The EconLit author-address field gives the author‘s address (affiliation) at the time of publication of the article (actually at the time of proof-correction). The field is empty until the early 1980s, so the results below are for the period 1981-2010. The information in the authoraddress field needed some manual cleaning, and some explanation of what was done is in order. Some clarification is also in order on the issue of joint authorship.

Each unit record (one per publication) generated multiple author-address records depending on the number of authors and whether or not they shared an affiliation. The maximum number of lines in the author-address field is equal to the number of authors listed. If a publication has, say, two authors working at two different institutions, we count the publication twice—both institutions get full credit for it. If the two authors share the same address, the

> 13  Rubin and Chang (2003) report this happens when the list exceeds three, but several recent EconLit records have four authors. 14 For those anxious to dig up Prof von der Schulenburg‘s work, here are the ten permutations: J. M. Graf von der Schulenburg, J. Matthias von der Schulenburg, J. Matthias Schulenburg, J. Matthias Graf von der Schulenburg, J. Matthias Graf von Schulenburg, J. Matthias Graf van der Schulenburg, J. Matthias Graf v.d. Schulenburg, J. Matthias Graf v. d. Schulenburg, J. Matthais Graf van der Schulenburg, and J. M. Graf v.d. Schulenburg. Prof von der Schulenburg‘s records were cleaned because he was in the top 250 on the basis of publication count.
10 shared address appears only once in the EconLit record, and we count the article only once for that institution. Where an author has multiple affiliations, these appear on the same line in the EconLit record, we retained only the first-listed address—the first-listed institution gets all the credit. Adopting these rules, we inevitably end up with more records than publications: we have over 37,000 ―publications‖ just for the sub-period 1981-2010.

We then aggregated these ―publications‖ by address, and then by institution. Sometimes, an author‘s address was the institution itself, and the aggregation involved simply checking for variations in spelling or format and deciding on a common one. So, for example, the US Department of Agriculture sometimes appeared as ―USDA‖ and sometimes as ―US Department of Agriculture‖; we renamed the former ―US Department of Agriculture‖ and the two sets of records were aggregated. Other examples include the World Health Organization (which appeared also as WHO) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (which also appeared as IFRPI). Sometimes, the author address was not an institution but rather a unit within an institution. For example, authors affiliated to the University of York‘s Centre for Health Economics (CHE) often listed their address as CHE not the University of York. Other authors at York listed their address as the Department of Economics and Related Studies. Often these and other addresses appeared in multiple forms, with, for example, abbreviations. In such cases, we aggregated records up to the institution level—the University of York in the example above. The same rule was applied to records relating to the colleges of the universities of Cambridge and Oxford, but was not applied to constituent colleges of state universities in the US or the universities of London and Wales.<sup>15</sup> So, Berkeley stayed as University of California Berkeley, and the London School of Economics and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (both part of the University of London) stayed as distinct institutions.

We identified 13,500 distinct author addresses in our dataset. We quickly realized that the cleaning and aggregation process would require a lot of manual input by someone familiar with the names and common abbreviations thereof of academic institutions and think tanks. To turn this into a manageable exercise, we required that an address had to occur at least five times for it to be retained for cleaning and aggregation. So, for example, the inappropriately Americanized

> 15 Some authors listed their affiliation simply as the University of London; in such cases, there was obviously no choice but to leave the affiliation at the university rather than college level.
11 ―Center for Health Care Econ, U York‖ (1 publication) was not retained for cleaning and aggregation, while the appropriately Anglicized ―Centre for Health Econ, U York‖ (81 publications) was. Imposing this rule resulted in us dropping 12,500 of our 13,500 author addresses. This would be a calamity were it not for the fact that publications are highly unequally distributed across author addresses. The 980 records we retained accounted for around 21,500 (60 percent) of our 37,000 ―publications‖. We think it unlikely that our ―rule of five‖ will have had much—if any—effect on the ranking of institutions, at least at the top of the distribution: it seems likely that (say) Harvard and Yale will be just as likely to have lots of odd spellings for their various departments and research institutes; and in any case, almost 85 percent of the dropped author address records had only one publication to their name.

# **Citation data**

Like Medline, and in contrast to SSCI and SCOPUS, EconLit has no citation data. For the purpose of this study, therefore, each publication was looked up in Google Scholar<sup>16</sup> and the number of citations recorded (the numbers in the paper reflect citations as of June/July 2011). Google Scholar has some attractions over SSCI and SCOPUS as a source of citation data. It captures a very broad set of publications, including books, book chapters, established journals, new journals, open-access journals, technical reports, and even dissertations. This means that we end up finding citation data for a large fraction (85%) of our EconLit records. It also means that the citation data capture scholarly influence across a wide range of publication types, not just a narrow range of academic journals.

As a source of citation data, Google Scholar does, however, have its disadvantages. Titles are also sometimes incorrect, incomplete, ambiguous, or appear in multiple versions. The tool we used to ―harvest‖ citation data went through multiple versions before we could be sure it could cope with mispunctuation and misspellings. Even then we found mistakes, and had to correct manually or drop records that were flagged as outliers and/or which erroneously appeared highly ranked in the tables below. One defect of Google Scholar we have not corrected is the scattering of citations across multiple documents. Some publications appear with somewhat different titles in draft form or in working paper form, and will appear as different publications in Google 16 For details of Google Scholar coverage, see http://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/inclusion.html.
12 Scholar. Modifying the harvesting tool to aggregate across these variants would be very hard, because one needs to know which records are indeed variants of a single publication and which are simply similarly named publications.

Finally, we should note that our citation data are discipline-blind. We do not—and could not—impose the requirement that the citing author be an economist. Doing so would necessitate working manually through each document citing each of the 33,000 records in or database and establishing the discipline of the citing author. In any case, it is not clear whether such an exercise make sense; we are, after all, interested in the overall impact of each item in our database. We should also point out that we do not eliminate self-citations. Doing so would necessitate another manual check all documents citing each of our 33,000 publications. This would have the advantage of eliminating gratuitous self-citation. But insofar as an author is citing his or her previous work in taking the idea forward in a new publication, a self-citation is no different from a citation by anyone else. So even if it were feasible to eliminate self-citations in our citation data, it is not clear we would want to.

# **Topic classification**

Beyond influence measured through citations we are also interested in the topics covered by the more influential of our 33,000 publications, and how the topic mix has varied over time and varies across the more influential institutions.

The JEL system used by EconLit does have subcodes, but as the article by Rubin and Chang (2003) makes clear, it is not a very informative one. Alternative classifications exist that we could have used to apply a topic code to the EconLit records. The first was developed by Cooper and Culyer (1973). At that time, the subject was relatively undeveloped and the literature sparse. They used four categories: ―economic efficiency‖, ―improving decisions‖, ―hospitals‖, and ―the value of human lives‖, revealing a British set of interests (though the literature selected for inclusion was not merely British). Much later Williams (1987) developed a ―plumbing‖ diagram for categorizing and linking topics within health economics. This still betrayed a British focus (for example ̳medical insurance‘ found little space in it) and Culyer enlarged and modified it in a number of ways in his four volume collection of reprinted papers (Culyer, 2006). Jones‘ (2006) classification scheme for ―The Elgar Companion to Health
13 Economics‖ is yet another recent and reasonably comprehensive set of topics. The JHE uses yet another classification system, grouping articles into: production of health and health services; demand and utilization of health services; financing of health services; measurement of health; behavioral models of demanders, suppliers and other health care agencies; manpower planning and forecasting; the prevention of sickness; cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses and issues of budgeting; and efficiency and distributional aspects of health policy.

In the event, we opted for the following 12 topic groups: (1) health and its value; (2) efficiency and equity; (3) determinants of health and ill-health; (4) public health; (5) health and the economy; (6) health statistics and econometrics; (7) demand for health and health care; (8) medical insurance; (9) supply of health services; (10) human resources; (11) markets in health care; and (12) economic evaluation. The classification scheme is explained more fully in the Appendix.

The assignment of topics to publications was done manually. To ensure consistency, process was completed by just one of us (Culyer). Many articles could be assigned readily on the basis of their titles but in more than half of cases the abstract was also used. In about one quarter of cases, the full pdf was downloaded in Google Scholar before the final assignment was made. Assigning a topic to all 32,000 publications was clearly infeasible. Instead, we assigned topics to all publications in each of the following groups: the most-cited 300 publications; the most-cited 50 publications in each of the four decades studied; the most-cited 50 publications by each of the following institutions: Harvard, Berkeley, MIT, Chicago, the World Bank, and the University of York; the most-cited 50 publications from each of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and the Netherlands. In total, a topic was assigned to 694 publications.

The allocation is a little arbitrary at times: some articles span multiple categories, as when, for example, they are methodologically innovative (which might get them into category (6) but also have a specific application, which will typically place them elsewhere. Three categories—(7), (10) and (11)—are somewhat prejudiced by being elements in a very large number of papers in all topic areas, whereas we have included in these three groups only papers whose particular focus appeared to be on one of these three.
14 Just under 11 percent (74) of the 694 publications allocated for topic assignment were not in the event assigned to a topical group. The most-cited items amongst these were textbooks (led by Paul Feldstein) which, by definition, paint on a much broader canvas. Others included the quite extensive reference made by economists to the literatures of demography and epidemiology written by scholars of those disciplines. The most frequently cited excluded source that was not a textbook was Scott and Meyer‘s book on organization theory and application ―Institutional environments and organizations: Structural complexity and individualism‖: a pioneering and hugely influential sociological work whose impact on economists is indicated by its being the 63rd most cited source.

Some titles were found to be superficially misleading. For example, Kremer‘s excellent ―The Illusion of Sustainability‖ (Kremer and Miguel, 2007) may appear superficially to belong to category 5 (Health and the economy) but is in fact about the evaluation of public health options in Kenya (category 12, Economic evaluation). Some authors excel at the invention of intriguing but slightly baffling titles. Mark Kamstra‘s ―Losing Sleep at the Market: The Daylight Saving Anomaly‖ (Kamstra et al., 2000) turned out to about equity returns in international capital markets in consequence of sleep disruption, and so was excluded. Contoyannis et al. on ―The Dynamics of Health in the British Household Panel Survey‖ (Contoyannis et al., 2004) could on the face of it have been assigned either to category 1 (Health and its value) or 3 (Determinants of health and ill-health) but on closer inspection was assigned to category 3 given its concentration on the impact of health status in a previous period on the probability distribution of current health status, and on the impact of socio-economic determinants. Articles that were about both supply and demand were assigned according where the balance of emphasis seemed to lie or, where the balance was even, to category 11 (Markets in health care). Siciliani and Hurst‘s (2004) ―Explaining Waiting-Time Variations for Elective Surgery across OECD Countries‖ was thus assigned to category 11.

# IV. **RESULTS**

Figure 3 shows the cumulative growth of health economics publications in EconLit since 1969. Also shown is the cumulative growth of publications in the economics of education. The two fields ran neck and neck up the early 1980s, whereupon health economics started to grow
15 much faster. As noted by Blaug (1998), the two sub-fields took different routes with health economics inspired by Arrow's work on medical insurance, interest in the way that health institutions operated (especially the non-profit sector), in the economic aspects of wider political controversies about health care financing, in the measurement of the outputs of health care systems, in addressing issues of ̳equity‘ almost as much as those of ̳efficiency‘ and, especially of late, in the application of cost-effectiveness methods in the multi-disciplinary field of what has become known as ―Health Technology Assessment‖.<sup>17</sup> By the end of our period (2010) health economics had notched up over 33,000 publications, 12,000 more than education economics.

# **Articles and topics**

Table 1 lists the 300 most-cited publications in health economics for the full period, organized by topic and excluding publications, such as textbooks, that traversed the whole field.<sup>18</sup> The largest category ( ̳Determinants of health‘ – 16%) includes several classic articles such as Becker et al. (Becker et al., 1994), the fourth most cited article in health economics as a whole. It also includes a classic book by the Frank Ramsey Professor at Cambridge (Dasgupta, 1993), followed at some distance by Fogel (1994) again on a ̳big‘ theme. Other heavily cited classics include Smith (1999) on the health-wealth nexus, Mosley and Chen (1984) on childhood survival in poor countries, Pritchett and Summers (1996) again on the health-wealth nexus, Chaloupka and Warner (2000) on smoking and health, and Deaton (2003) on inequality and economic development. This category also includes several papers looking at behavioral determinants of health, the economics of ̳bad‘ habits in addition to the addictions, the role of education in shaping lifetime health, other determinants of lifetime health such as early parenting and childhood nutrition.

The second largest category is ̳Economic evaluation‘ (11%) led by three classics each having more than 1,000 citations: Torrance (1986) on standard gambles and health measurement, Weinstein (1991) on the key ideas of cost-effectiveness analysis, and Tengs‘ (2004) review of 500 life-saving interventions. Very close in size are ̳Public health‘ and ̳Health and the

> 17 According to Google Books Ngram Viewer, HTA took off spectacularly in 1980. 18 The percentages are defined in terms of the 260 articles among the top 300 that were assigned a topic. Not all of the top-300 were assigned a topic. Some, for example, were considered too general and some were not considered part of the health economics corpus despite their JEL code and inclusion in EconLit.
16 economy‘. None of the most cited items in ̳Public health‘ exceeds 1,000 citations but it is led by two classic applied papers: Becker, Grossman and Murphy (1994) on cigarette addiction (placed here rather than ̳Determinants‘ on account of its emphasis on smoking reduction), and Cutler, Glaeser and Shapiro (2003) on American obesity. This category also includes economic analyses of risk factors, heat waves, AIDS and violence. ̳Health and the economy‘ is led by Rodrik (2004) on economic development and DiMasi et al. (2003) on pharmaceutical innovation. The other papers explore further the two-way links between health (or health care) and the wider economy: growth, the economic cycle, unemployment, and private and public expenditure.

̳Supply of health services‘ has a historically characteristic focus on hospitals as nonprofit institutions, managed health care organizations and the ways in which such institutions respond to changes in their financial environments. None of the items in this category reach the rates of citation of the most cited papers. The most cited paper in this group (Cleary and McNeil, 1988) was 32<sup>nd</sup> in the overall ranking, the next most highly cited paper was 40<sup>th</sup> (Scott and et al., 2000). Newhouse‘s (1970) pioneering paper and Pauly‘s (1973) classic are two of the earliest papers referenced in health economics. Most of the papers in this group originate from the US and reflect US institutional concerns. ̳Medical insurance‘ is long-standing health economics territory and the first four items in the group were each cited more than 1000 times. These include Arrow (1963) (cf. Arrow, 2001, reprinted on several other occasions too), which many consider the founding paper of the sub-discipline, Manning et al. (1987) reporting of the RAND Health Insurance Experiment, Pauly‘s (1968; 1991) comment on Arrow (though not Arrow‘s reply!), and Barsky et al. (1997) with their famous paper on risk tolerance, time preference, and intertemporal substitution.

̳Efficiency and equity‘ as a group has relatively few US contributions and, given the dominance of US economists in the field, this may also explain why the citation rates are not higher. The group includes both methodological contributions and applied studies, including international comparisons, and covers equity in both the financing and delivery of health services. ̳Health statistics and econometrics‘ contains six contributions with citation rates above 1,000 and relatively few published before 2000. Some of these publications (e.g. Angrist et al., 1996) simply have health as an application and the usefulness of the paper extends well beyond the health field. In other cases (e.g. Duan and et al., 1983) the paper sets out to address an
17 econometric or statistical issue that crops up only in or disproportionately in the health field. Like ̳Economic evaluation‘ ̳Health statistics and econometrics‘ is a relatively mature development within health economics. ̳Health and its value‘, although not a major focus of work for most health economists, contains the most cited article of all (Acemoglu et al., 2001) as well as many articles relating to the concept of health, its measurement and its valuation. (Valuation questions specifically in the context of economic appraisals were placed in ̳Economic evaluation‘.) ̳Human resources‘ focuses mainly on physicians and their professional behavior patterns. ̳Demand for health care‘, despite its centrality for economists, was a relatively small group but dominated by the extremely heavily cited classic by Grossman (1972). ̳Markets in health care‘ is the smallest group – perhaps surprisingly. There is, of course, a sense in which the idea of markets, exchange and the interaction of demand and supply underlie nearly all health economics and this may help to explain the puzzle. Beyond Shleifer‘s (1985) classic, which far transcends health, most of the items in this group were much less frequently cited than those in the other groups.

Table 3 shows the topical breakdown of the 50 most-cited publications in each decade. (The numbers do not add to 50 necessarily because some publications were not allocated to a topic.) Some exhibit no clear trend: the 1990s saw classic papers appear in the areas of ̳Health and its value‘ and ̳Economic evaluation‘. By contrast, the topics ̳Medical insurance‘ and ̳Supply of health services‘ show a clear downward trend, while the topics ̳Determinants of health and ill-health‘ and ̳Health statistics and econometrics‘ show a clear upward trend. These diverging trends may also reflect of course the prior discovery effect: the early years saw a large volume of publications on insurance and supply issues, and the big breakthroughs had already occurred by the end of the 1980s. But it seems likely that the changes also reflect a broadening of interest in health economics.

The impression of a broadening scope of the sub-discipline is indicated in Figures 4 and 5, which are based on the commonest 150 words in the titles of all articles, not just the most cited ones. Judging from the title words, the topical focus of health economics articles has indeed broadened over the four decades, away from hospitals, insurance and the demand for health and health care, to a more diverse set of topics, with a greater degree of attention to specific
18 applications, substantial technical developments in econometrics, and more interest being shown in the health economics of low-income countries.

# **Countries studied**

Our bibliographic metadata include the country or countries studied by each paper. Figure 6 shows the frequency distribution of countries studied for the full period 1969-2009. The dominance of the US is striking. What Figure 6 conceals is the broadening that has occurred over the last 40 years in the countries studied by health economists, revealed by the maps in Figures 7 and 8. The second map, which has the same cut-off points as the first, is distinctly darker in all continents; the darkening is more pronounced, however, in Africa, Asia (especially China and South East Asia), Europe, and South America than in Australasia and North America. Despite the broadening of geographic focus during the last two decades, however, central Asia, Africa, and the Middle East remain relatively under-researched by health economists.

# **Authors**

Our data contain 1,876 economists with 5 or more health economics publications in EconLit over the period 1969-2010. Twenty-eight percent of these have produced 10 or more publications. To get a sense of how the different bibliometric measures rank the authors of health economics publications we report in Table 4 the rank correlations across (a) the publication count (equal to the _I_<sup>3</sup> index with  =0), (b) total citations (equal to the _I_<sup>3</sup> index with  =1), (c) the _h_ -index (referred to above as _I_<sup>2</sup> ), (d) the QIF index (referred to above as _I_<sup>2</sup> ), (e) the _I_<sup>3</sup> index with  =0.5, and (f) the citations of the author‘s most-cited publication. Note that the citations of the most-cited paper is highly (rank) correlated with total citations and the QIF index; unsurprisingly, its (rank) correlation with the count is very low, and its (rank) correlation with the _h_ -index is also a good deal lower than with most of the other indicators. Authors like Acemoglu, Arrow and Becker, who have published classic papers in the field, have not necessarily published a lot of other highly cited papers in health economics: Arrow‘s (1963) paper, for example, is the second most cited paper in health economics (Table 1) but Arrow is not among the top 100 health economists on the _h_ -index (table 5). Conversely, authors like Cutler who have published a large number of quite highly cited papers have not necessarily
19 published any of the most cited papers in the field: Cutler has the highest _h_ -index (Table 5) but his most cited paper is only the 42<sup>nd</sup> most cited paper in the field (Table 1) and he ranks only 78<sup>th</sup> in the author ranking in terms of the maximum citations (Table 5).<sup>19</sup> Note also that the QIF index is perfectly (rank) correlated with total citations; thus in practice the QIF index simply tracks total citations. Note finally that the _I_<sup>3</sup> index with  =0.5 is also highly—though not perfectly— (rank) correlated with total citations, but is more correlated with the _h_ -index and with total publications than the QIF index is. Thus whilst the _I_<sup>3</sup> index with  =0.5 also rewards citations, it penalizes authors whose citations come from one or two papers—albeit less so than the _h_ -index. So, for example, Grossman comes top on total citations and on the QIF index, 6<sup>th</sup> on the _h_ -index, but 4<sup>th</sup> on the _I_<sup>3</sup> index with  =0.5 (Table 5).

Table 5 shows the world‘s top-100 health economists in terms of the _h_ -index.<sup>20</sup> Also shown are the other indices, the fraction of publications not found in Google Scholar, and the citations of the author‘s most-cited publication. We have not imposed a minimum number of publications to be considered a health economist; in the event the top 100 all have at least 15 health economics publications to their name. Cutler emerges top on the _h_ -index and on the _I_<sup>3</sup> index with  =0.5, Pauly comes out top on publications, and Grossman comes top on total citations.<sup>21</sup> Five authors come in the top 10 on total publications, total citations, the _h_ -index and _I_<sup>3</sup> with  =0.5, namely Cutler, Gruber, Newhouse, Pauly and Viscusi. Five more emerge in the top 20 on all four measures, namely Currie, Grossman, Sloan, Wagstaff and van Doorslaer. The rest of the top-20 are not in the top-20 on all four measures, but are all in the top-100 on all four measures, and most are also in the top 50 on all four measures. Among the 80 authors ranked 21100 on the _h_ -index, only 25 are in the top-100 on all four indices. The list includes several elder statesmen (and one woman) of health economics: Alderman, Deaton, (Martin) Feldstein, Manning, Fuchs, Wolfe, and Williams (deceased).

Seventy one of the top-100 health economists are Americans. The rest include 17 Britons (at least one of whom—Haddad—has dual nationality), four Swedes, three Dutch, a Belgian, an Indian, a Swiss, and a Zimbabwean; many of the non-Americans work—or have worked for

> 19 The two ranks differ because of coauthors. 20  There were multiple ties around the 100 cutoff point, so we list here the top 95. Including the next tied batch would have taken us well over 100.

> 21  Grossman also comes top on and on the QIF index, _I_ 2, hardly surprising given how closely it tracks total citations.
20 large parts of their careers—in the US. Most (85) of the top-100 are also men. The US dominance is a little less pronounced in the top-50 (only 62 percent are Americans), but the male dominance is equally pronounced in the top-50 (88 percent of the top-50 are men).

# **Institutions**

Our dataset contains 738 institutions with five or more health economics publications in EconLit. (Recall the author‘s affiliation is at the time the publication was published.) Over half of these (420) have ten or more, and 30 percent have 20 or more.

Table 6 shows the top 100 institutions in terms of the _h_ -index. These 100 institutions account for 62% of health economics publications since the start of the 1980s when author affiliation data started to appear in EconLit records. Also shown in Table 6 are the other indices, the fraction of publications not found in Google Scholar, and the citations of the institution‘s most-cited publication. Harvard emerges the clear winner, beating others on the _h_ -index, the publication count, total citations and the _I_<sup>3</sup> index with  =0.5. Seven institutions come in the top 10 on total publications, total citations, the _h_ -index and _I_<sup>3</sup> with  =0.5, namely Harvard, the World Bank, UC Berkeley, U Chicago, U PA, U MI, and U York. Among the top-10, only MIT is not in the top-20 on all four measures. Eight of those ranked 11-20 are in the top-20 on all four measures, the exceptions being Cornell U, Princeton U and PA State U. Among the 80 institutions ranked 21-100 on the _h_ -index, 61 are in the top-100 on all four indices. Most of the 39 not in the top-100 on all four measures appear in the lower part of the top-100 on the _h_ -index. It is noteworthy that many of the top-100 institutions are not universities.

Table 7 shows the 10 most cited publications of each of the top-10 institutions (based on the _h_ -index, as listed in Table 6). The table suggests some differences in topical specialization across the institutions. This is borne out by Table 8 which shows the distribution by topic of the most-cited 50 publications of the top-5 US institutions and Europe‘s top institution. The (normalized) Herfindahl index shows (in this instance) the degree of concentration of an institution‘s publications on a small number of topics. A value of 0.33 would occur if an institution‘s top-50 publications were evenly split across just three topics. Harvard U is the least specialized—appreciably less specialized than MIT (which has a high degree of specialization in
21 ̳Medical insurance‘) and U CA Berkeley and Chicago U, both of which show a fairly high degree of specialization in ̳Determinants of health and ill-health‘. Harvard U is dramatically less specialized than U York, which specializes heavily in ̳Economic evaluation‘ and to a lesser extent ̳Health and its value‘ and ̳Efficiency and equity‘, and the World Bank, which is fairly specialized in ̳Determinants of health and ill-health‘ and to a lesser extent ̳Health and the economy‘.

# **Countries of origin**

Unsurprisingly in view of Table 6, the US dominates health economics. As table 9 shows, the US comes top by a substantial margin on total publications, total citations, the _h_ -index, and the _I_<sup>3</sup> index with  =0.5. (We base the country of origin on the author‘s affiliation at the time of publication of each publication.) The UK comes second on all four indices, but the UK‘s _h_ -index is just half that of the US‘s. Canada comes third on all four measures; it is some way behind the UK and only marginally ahead of Australia, the Netherlands and Sweden whose rankings vary across the four indices and who all come fourth or fifth on at least one index. The US, of course, may do less well on a population-adjusted basis, but it is not obvious whether such an adjustment makes sense. Arguably the US _ought_ to be doing more research than other countries since its health system is so different from those of other countries—there may be thus less complementarity of research between the US and the OECD countries than there is among the other OECD countries.

Unsurprisingly, few non-OECD countries make it into the top-25. Taiwan (China) is the highest-ranking non-OECD territory, the next being China and S Africa. Table 10 shows the top 25 institutions on the _h_ -index from non-OECD countries. U Cape Town comes out top on publications, but the National Taiwan U comes out top on total citations, the _h_ -index and the _I_<sup>3</sup> index with  =0.5. Taiwan (China) and S Africa both have four institutions in the top-25, while China and India both have three, two of China‘s being in Hong Kong SAR, China.

Table 11 shows the topical distribution of the top four countries‘ top-50 publications, along with the (normalized) Herfindahl index computed as in Table 8. The United Kingdom is the most specialized country, focusing heavily on the topic ̳Economic evaluation‘. The
22 Netherlands is somewhat less specialized (covering ̳Efficiency and equity‘ and ̳Economic evaluation‘), but is still more specialized than Canada and the United States. Interestingly, the topics of the most-cited papers in the US are not on topics such as ̳Medical insurance‘ and ̳markets in health care‘, but rather the topics ̳Determinants of health and ill-health‘, ̳Health and the economy‘, and ̳Health statistics and econometrics‘.

# **Journals and edited volumes**

Table 12 shows the top-100 journals in health economics on the basis of their _h_ -index for health economics articles only. Also shown are number of articles, total citations of these articles in Google scholar, the _I_<sup>3</sup> index with  =0.5, and the normalized _h_ -index. The JHE dominates Health Economics on both the _h_ -index and the normalized _h_ -index, which in turn dominates PharmacoEconomics and the other specialized health economics journals on both criteria. The JHE fares worse than many journals on the normalized _h_ -index: over 60% of health economics articles in Econometrica have been cited 60 times or more, as is the case for health economics articles in the J Political Economy, the Quarterly J of Economics and the J Economic Literature; several other general journals also fare better than the JHE on the normalized _h_ -index though less spectacularly than these top journals. These are all general journals, of course; their editors have the freedom to change the fraction of articles they publish on health economics according to the quality of submissions—an option that is not open to the editors of JHE and other specialized health economics journals.

Table 13 shows the top-25 edited volumes in health economics based on the _h_ -index. The Handbook of Health Economics dominates the others by quite a wide margin on both the _h_ -index and the normalized _h_ -index; at 76 percent, the Handbook‘s normalized _h_ -index is better than any journal, suggesting a remarkably adept choice of chapters and authors by the editors as well as a consistently high quality of papers. Two other collections also fare well on both the _h_ -index and the normalized _h_ -index, namely ―The economics of health‖ and ―Health sector reform in developing countries: Making health development sustainable‖.
23

# V. **CONCLUSIONS**

We have focused on the past 40 years. Health economics did, of course, exist before 1971 as we have already noted. Here we reflect on what went on before our starting date and offer some comments on the state of the subject. In his Foreword to Uncertain times: Kenneth Arrow and the changing economics of health care (Hammer, 2003), the 40th birthday Festschrift celebrating Ken Arrow‘s 1963 classic, Mark Pauly nicely observed that this article ―made research in health economics respectable. But it did more than that. It made it interesting.‖ He went on to identify two attributes of the article that laid the foundations for health economics: ―It showed how some behaviors in medical markets could be brought within the purview of standard economic models of competing, maximizing agents ... (and) offered an explanation that atypical institutional arrangements in medical care markets are a reaction to special features of this market. ... In doing so, it discussed concepts that made (and make) economists attentive but uncomfortable, like trust and morals‖ (pp. vii-viii).

Prior to ―Uncertainty‖ and, indeed, for some while after its appearance, the literature of health economics was exceedingly thin and more descriptive than analytical. The first textbook in health economics (Klarman, 1965) was in part a plea for more attention from economists: ―Few economists work actively on the problems of the health field‖ (p.10). The bibliography in this book has remarkably few items, by today‘s standard, by health economists – nor, indeed, by economists of any hue. Much the same was true in 1972, when Victor Fuchs published his celebrated Who shall live? (Fuchs, 1972) whose bibliographies still contain few contributions by economists. Much was made of listing the characteristics of health and health care that seemed to mark it out from other goods and services, often with the implication that the mere recitation of (qualitative) characteristics provided sufficient grounds for public intervention. An early pioneer in this vein was Selma Mushkin (1958) who also, however, laid some of the foundations for health as investment (Mushkin, 1962). Those few economists who did take an interest would scarcely have described themselves as ̳health economists‘, typically having much broader research interests: economists like James Buchanan in the US (Buchanan, 1965) and the Jewkeses in the UK (Jewkes and Jewkes, 1961) who gave some ad hoc (and usually critical) attention to the UK‘s National Health Service. A notable exception was Burton Weisbrod, whose article on human capital (Weisbrod, 1961) was an analytical precursor of Grossman (1972)
24 though not in fact cited by him (Mushkin (1962) was, however, cited). In the early 1960s, as now, the US was dominant. In the UK only two economists spent a substantial amount of their time researching (and none teaching) health economics: Michael Cooper at Exeter and Dennis Lees at Nottingham. None of the aforementioned economists is highly cited in our database. Weisbrod has several items, the highest scoring one coming 80th. Klarman has several, the highest place being well out of the top 1,000. Mushkin has but one (a 1999 Spanish lecture) also well out. Buchanan‘s one and only foray was well out as well, as was Lees. Cooper and the Jewkeses did not appear in the database at all. Sic transit gloria economisti!

Another signal talent also appeared on the scene in 1963. This was Martin Feldstein with his article on the application of econometrics to the National Health Service (Feldstein, 1963) which reached its apogee with the publication of his tour de force in 1967 (Feldstein, 1967). This text heralded the birth of health econometrics. Indeed, the book was used in some universities at the time as a text in applied econometrics. Although the article does not feature in our database, his subsequent work on physician services (Feldstein, 1970), hospital cost inflation (Feldstein, 1971) and welfare loss of ̳excess‘ insurance (Feldstein, 1973) all pioneered the use of econometric methods – with substantial policy controversy tantalizingly spicing up the mixture.

Since then we have charted the course of health economics through its literature. The growth has been astonishing, well outrunning its initial stable-mate, the economics of education. Economists writing on health and health care have plainly become a great deal more specialized than was the case, though some of the most cited contributions have come from economists who would not consider themselves health economists at all. Some topics, such as ̳Health and its value‘ and ̳Economic evaluation‘, show no clear trend in popularity, while others display a clear trend: the topics ̳Medical insurance‘ and ̳Supply of health services‘ have lost favor, while the topics ̳Determinants of health and ill-health‘ and ̳Health statistics and econometrics‘ show a clear upward trend. While not analyzed in our paper, Rubin and Chang‘s (2003) analysis of a subset of our data confirms our suspicion that the frequency of joint authorships has increased over time; we speculate that much of that trend is due to multi-disciplinary collaborations. The geographic focus of health economics publications has broadened considerably over the last four decades, though central Asia, Africa, and the Middle East remain relatively under-researched by health economists.
25 There are few surprises among the most cited names in health economics – though the order is much determined by the choice of index. The ten most cited health economists are Cutler, Gruber, Newhouse, Pauly, Viscusi, Currie, Grossman, Sloan, Wagstaff and van Doorslaer. All citation indices probably tend to discriminate against those who go against the grain, which probably accounts for the relative lack of prominence of economists like Robert Evans, the father of ̳supplier-induced demand‘ (Evans, 1974) and numerous well-aimed Canadian diatribes against his southerly neighbor. The highest scoring institutions (according to the _h_ -index) are Harvard and the World Bank followed by MIT, Berkeley and Chicago, Pennsylvania, and Michigan and York (UK). Harvard is the least specialized of the top institutions in terms of topics studied; the World Bank and York are more specialized. The US dominates health economics, being home to 38 of the top 50 institutions. The UK has seven top50 institutions, and Canada two. The most influential journal (in terms of aggregate citations) is the Journal of Health Economics followed by Health Economics. The Handbook of Health Economics and the Quarterly Journal of Economics are better cited, however, than either of these two leading journals in terms of the citation rates.

An interesting question might be whether health economics has fulfilled the promise diagnosed by Pauly in his reflections on Arrow‘s pioneering piece. ̳Respectable‘? Apparently so judging from the thorough permeation of policy circles by health economists and the ample flow of research funding (at least to those deemed ̳respectable‘!). ̳Interesting‘? Certainly, and not least because of the challenges that have had to be faced up to in adapting economists‘ ̳standard economic models‘. The question cries out ―When is the standard ̳purview‘ being embraced or rejected?‖ Our estimate is that, if the standard is taken as that of ―competing, maximizing agents‖, there is much in health economics that challenges the usefulness of competitive models, or maximizing models, and that uses alternative maximands, especially in normative analyses. Health economics has yet, we think, to face up to many of the ethical dilemmas in health economics – how, for example, to embody in non-arbitrary and non-partisan ways some of the ̳moral‘ issues mentioned by Pauly, especially in health care investment decisions and the design of insurance systems. Likewise, applied health economists have not really faced up to the implications, both positive and normative, of the assault by cognitive psychologists and experimental economists on the utilitarian (especially expected utility) foundations of the
26 economics core. But in this they probably cannot be held to be more accountable than applied economists of any kind.
27 Table 1: 300 most-cited publications in health economics, by topic

|Topic|Year|Title|First author|Journal / Edited volume|Citations|Rank|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Health and its value|2001|The Colonial Origins of Comparative<br>Development: An Empirical Investigation|Daron Acemoglu|American Economic Review|4355|1|
|Health and its value|1993|<br>The RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0|R. D. Hays|Health Economics|826|28|
|Health and its value|1993|The Value of Risks to Life and Health|W. Kip Viscusi|Journal of Economic Literature|790|29|
|Health and its value|2003|The Value of a Statistical Life: A Critical Review<br>of Market Estimates throughout the World|W. Kip Viscusi||627|48|
|Health and its value|1995|<br>Multi-attribute Health Status Classification<br>Systems: Health Utilities Index|David Feeny|PharmacoEconomics|489|83|
|Health and its value|1985|<br>The Value of Safety: Results of a National<br>Sample Survey|M. W. Jones-Lee|Economic Journal|412|105|
|Health and its value|1997|<br>Disability-Adjusted Life Years: A Critical<br>Review|Sudhir Anand|Journal of Health Economics|399|111|
|Health and its value|2008|How to Value a Life|W. Kip Viscusi|Journal of Economics and Finance|367|127|
|Health and its value|1990|Utility Functions That Depend on Health Status:<br>Estimates and Economic Implications|<br>W. Kip Viscusi|American Economic Review|319|169|
|Health and its value|1992|<br>Quality-of-Life Assessment: Can We Keep It<br>Simple?|D. R. Cox|Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series<br>A (Statistics in Society)|302|191|
|Health and its value|1997|<br>Measuring the Health of the U. S. Population|David M. Cutler|<br>Brookings Papers on Economic Activity|291|208|
|Health and its value|1999|<br>Preferences for Life Saving Programs: How the<br>Public Discounts Time and Age|Maureen L. Cropper|<br>Valuing environmental benefits: Selected<br>essays of Maureen Cropper|286|213|
|Health and its value|2003|<br>The Health of Nations: The Contribution of<br>Improved Health to Living Standards|William D. Nordhaus|<br>Measuring the gains from medical research:<br>An economic approach|286|213|
|Health and its value|2006|<br>The Value of Health and Longevity|Kevin M. Murphy|<br>Journal of Political Economy|254|263|
|Health and its value|2001|<br>Scarring: The Psychological Impact of Past<br>Unemployment|<br>Andrew E. Clark|<br>Economica|236|299|
|Efficiency and equity|2002|Economic Status and Health in Childhood: The<br>Origins of the Gradient|Anne C. Case|American Economic Review|627|48|
|Efficiency and equity|2003|<br>Motivation, agency, and public policy: Of knights<br>and knaves, pawns and queens|Julian Le Grand||533|65|
|Efficiency and equity|2006|<br>Poverty and Inequality in India: A Re-<br>examination|Angus S. Deaton|Indian Economy since Independence|417|100|
|Efficiency and equity|1997|Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health:<br>Measurement, Computation, and Statistical<br>Inference|Nanak Kakwani|Journal of Econometrics|415|103|
|Efficiency and equity|1998|Mortality as an Indicator of Economic Success<br>and Failure|Amartya K. Sen|Economic Journal|413|104|
|Efficiency and equity|1997|Income-Related Inequalities in Health: Some<br>International Comparisons|Eddy van Doorslaer|Journal of Health Economics|405|108|
|Efficiency and equity|2000|<br>On Limiting the Domain of Inequality|James Tobin|The foundations of the welfare state. Volume 1|403|109|
|Efficiency and equity|1997|Intergenerational Equity: An Exploration of the<br>'Fair Innings' Argument|Alan Williams|Health Economics|356|139|
|Efficiency and equity|1993|<br>Equity and Equality in Health and Health Care|A. J. Culyer|Journal of Health Economics|324|166|
|<br>Efficiency and equity|2005|<br>The Quantity and Quality of Life and the<br>Evolution of World Inequality|<br>Gary S. Becker|American Economic Review|307|183|
|Efficiency and equity|2000|<br>Equity in the Delivery of Health Care in Europe<br>and the US|Eddy van Doorslaer|Journal of Health Economics|281|221|
|Efficiency and equity|1997|<br>Understanding DALYs|Christopher J. L. Murray|Journal of Health Economics|280|224|
|Efficiency and equity|1996|Economics, Values, and Health Care Reform|Victor R. Fuchs|American Economic Review|274|232|
|Efficiency and equity|2000|Equity in Health Care Finance and Delivery|Adam Wagstaff|Handbook of health economics. Volume 1B|271|241|
||||28||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Topic|Year|Title|First author|Journal / Edited volume|Citations|Rank|
|Efficiency and equity|1999|Income Inequality and Health: Pathways and<br>Mechanisms|Ichiro Kawachi|Health Services Research|270|244|
|Efficiency and equity|1987|Are User Fees Regressive? The Welfare<br>Implications of Health Care Financing Proposals<br>in Peru|Paul J. Gertler|Journal of Econometrics|265|252|
|Efficiency and equity|1989|The Normative Economics of Health Care<br>Finance and Provision|A. J. Culyer|Oxford Review of Economic Policy|254|263|
|Efficiency and equity|1991|QALYs and the Equity-Efficiency Trade-off|Adam Wagstaff|Journal of Health Economics|252|273|
|Efficiency and equity|1999|Equity in the Finance of Health Care: Some<br>Further International Comparisons|Adam Wagstaff|Journal of Health Economics|247|279|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2008|A Theory of Rational Addiction|Gary S. Becker|The Economics of Health Behaviours. Volume<br>1|2260|5|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1993|An inquiry into well-being and destitution|Partha Dasgupta|.|1613|10|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1994|Economic Growth, Population Theory, and<br>Physiology: The Bearing of Long-Term<br>Processes on the Making of Economic Policy|Robert W. Fogel|American Economic Review|909|24|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1999|<br>Healthy Bodies and Thick Wallets: The Dual<br>Relation between Health and Economic Status|James P. Smith|Journal of Economic Perspectives|888|25|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1984|An Analytical Framework for the Study of Child<br>Survival in Developing Countries|W. Henry Mosley|Population and Development Review|845|26|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1996|<br>Wealthier Is Healthier|Lant Pritchett|Journal of Human Resources|704|38|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2000|The Economics of Smoking|Frank J. Chaloupka|Handbook of health economics. Volume 1B|639|47|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2003|Health, Inequality, and Economic Development|Angus S. Deaton|Journal of Economic Literature|624|50|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1991|<br>Rational Addictive Behavior and Cigarette<br>Smoking|<br>Frank J. Chaloupka|Journal of Political Economy|599|52|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1991|<br>Health Behavior, Health Knowledge, and<br>Schooling|Donald S. Kenkel|Journal of Political Economy|516|72|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2002|<br>The Emergence of Lowest-Low Fertility in<br>Europe during the 1990s|Hans-Peter Kohler|Population and Development Review|513|76|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2001|<br>Is Addiction 'Rational'? Theory and Evidence|Jonathan Gruber|Quarterly Journal of Economics|497|82|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2005|The Relationship between Education and Adult<br>Mortality in the United States|Adriana Lleras-Muney|Review of Economic Studies|434|95|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2005|<br>The Lasting Impact of Childhood Health and<br>Circumstance|Anne C. Case|Journal of Health Economics|397|112|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2006|Individual Risk Attitudes: New Evidence from a<br>Large, Representative, Experimentally-Validated<br>Survey|Thomas J. Dohmen||386|118|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1995|<br>Mortality, Fertility, and Gender Bias in India: A<br>District-Level Analysis|Mamta Murthi|Population and Development Review|383|120|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2006|<br>Long Term Consequences of Early Childhood<br>Malnutrition|Harold Alderman|Oxford Economic Papers|370|125|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1999|The Effect of Income on Child Development|David M. Blau|Review of Economics and Statistics|369|126|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2000|Explaining child malnutrition in developing<br>countries: A cross-country analysis|Lisa C. Smith||367|127|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2006|<br>The Determinants of Mortality|David M. Cutler|Journal of Economic Perspectives|367|127|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2004|Health, Wealthy, and Wise? Tests for Direct<br>Causal Paths between Health and Socioeconomic<br>S|Peter Adams|Perspectives on the economics of aging|354|140|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2003|tatus<br>Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise? Tests for Direct<br>Causal Paths between Health and Socioeconomic<br>Stt|Peter Adams|Journal of Econometrics|354|140|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2004|aus<br>Returns to Birthweight|Jere R. Behrman|Review of Economics and Statistics|312|174|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1969|<br>The Production of Health, an Exploratory Study|Richard Auster|Journal of Human Resources|312|174|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2000|Parental Employment and Child Cognitive<br>|Christopher J. Ruhm||311|176|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1997|Development<br>Effects of Education on Health|Michael Grossman|The social benefits of education|310|178|
||||29||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Topic|Year|Title|First author|Journal / Edited volume|Citations|Rank|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1999|The Long-Run Growth in Obesity as a Function<br>of Technological Change|Tomas J. Philipson||279|226|
|Determinants of health and ill-health<br>|2004<br>|<br>Addiction and Cue-Triggered Decision Processes<br>|B. Douglas Bernheim<br>|American Economic Review<br>|275<br>|230<br>|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1995|Evaluation of the Subjective Probabilities of<br>Survival in the Health and Retirement Study|Michael D. Hurd|Journal of Human Resources|274|232|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1986|<br>Nutrition and the Decline in Mortality since<br>1700: Some Preliminary Findings|Robert W. Fogel|Long-term factors in American economic<br>growth|273|235|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1996|The Demand for Food and Calories|Shankar Subramanian|Journal of Political Economy|271|241|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2001|Early Childhood Nutrition and Academic<br>Achievement: A Longitudinal Analysis|Paul Glewwe|Journal of Public Economics|269|245|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1987|<br>Will Developing Country Nutrition Improve with<br>Income? A Case Study for Rural South India|Jere R. Behrman|Journal of Political Economy|269|245|
|Determinants of health and ill-health<br>|2003<br>|Maternal Employment and Overweight Children<br>|Patricia M. Anderson<br>|Journal of Health Economics<br>|266<br>|249<br>|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2008|Rational Addiction with Learning and Regret|Athanasios Orphanides|The Economics of Health Behaviours. Volume<br>1|262|253|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1991|How Does Mother's Education Affect Child<br>Height?|Duncan Thomas|.<br>Journal of Human Resources|260|254|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2002|<br>Socioeconomic Status and Health: Why is the<br>Relationship Stronger for Older Children?|Janet M. Currie||258|259|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1989|<br>Schooling, Self-Selection, and Health|Mark C. Berger|Journal of Human Resources|250|275|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2001|Mortality, Education, Income, and Inequality<br>among American Cohorts|Angus S. Deaton|Themes in the economics of aging|247|279|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2005|Education and Nonmarket Outcomes|Michael Grossman||244|286|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2008|Education and Health: Evaluating Theories and<br>|David M. Cutler|Making Americans Healthier: Social and<br>|243|288|
|||Evidence||Economic Policy as Health Policy|||
|Determinants of health and ill-health|1999|The Demand for Illicit Drugs|HenrySaffer|<br>Economic Inquiry|239|295|
|Public health|1994|An Empirical Analysis of Cigarette Addiction|Gary S. Becker|American Economic Review|775|30|
|Public health|2003|Why Have Americans Become More Obese?|David M. Cutler|Journal of Economic Perspectives|684|42|
|Public health|2000|Moving to Opportunity in Boston: Early Results<br>of a Randomized Mobility Experiment|Lawrence F. Katz||592|54|
|Public health|1994|<br>Violence against women: The hidden health<br>burden|Lori L. Heise||576|59|
|Public health|2004|An Economic Analysis of Adult Obesity: Results<br>from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance<br>System|Shin-Yi Chou|Journal of Health Economics|561|63|
|Public health|2002|<br>Heat wave: A social autopsy of disaster in<br>Chicago|Eric Klinenberg||515|73|
|Public health|2005|<br>Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects|Jeffrey R. Kling||460|90|
|Public health|2007|More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing|Amartya K. Sen|An Anthology Regarding Merit Goods: The<br>Unfinished Ethical Revolution in Economic<br>Theor|450|93|
|Public health|1981|The Effects of Government Regulation on<br>Teenage Smoking|Eugene M. Lewit|y<br>Journal of Law and Economics|380|122|
|Public health|2004|<br>The Impact of Obesity on Wages|John H. Cawley|Journal of Human Resources|361|134|
|Public health|2005|Preparing for the Next Pandemic|Michael T. Osterholm|Foreign Affairs|360|135|
|Public health|1991|<br>The Effects of Excise Taxes and Regulations on<br>Cigarette Smoking|Jeffrey Wasserman|<br>Journal of Health Economics|357|138|
|Public health|2004|<br>The escape from hunger and premature death,<br>1700-2100: Europe America and the third world|Robert W. Fogel||352|142|
|Public health|1996|, ,<br>New Evidence on the Relationship between<br>Income and Health|Susan L. Ettner|Journal of Health Economics|330|158|
|Public health|2002|<br>The Growth of Obesity and Technological<br>Change: A Theoretical and Empirical<br>Examination|Darius N. Lakdawalla||321|167|
|Public health|2005|<br>Water for Life: The Impact of the Privatization of|Sebastian Galiani|Journal of Political Economy|315|173|
|||<br>Water Services on Child Mortality|||||
|30|
|---|

|Topic|Year|Title|First author|Journal / Edited volume|Citations|Rank|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Public health|1982|The potential for using excise taxes to reduce<br>smoking|E. M. Lewitt|J Health Econ|311|176|
|Public health|1991|<br>Rational Addiction and the Effect of Price on<br>Consumption|Gary S. Becker|American Economic Review|306|186|
|Public health|1986|<br>Evaluating the Effects of Optimally Distributed<br>Public Programs: Child Health and Family<br>Planning Interventions|Mark R. Rosenzweig|American Economic Review|298|199|
|Public health|1982|The Effect of Liquor Taxes on Heavy Drinking|Philip J. Cook|Bell Journal of Economics|281|221|
|Public health|1984|A Model of the Optimal Use of Liability and<br>Safety Regulation|Steven Shavell|RAND Journal of Economics|280|224|
|Public health|1997|<br>Price, Tobacco Control Policies and Smoking<br>among Young Adults|Frank J. Chaloupka|Journal of Health Economics|273|235|
|Public health|1999|<br>Willingness to Pay for Health Protection:<br>Inadequate Sensitivity to Probability?|James K. Hammitt|Journal of Risk and Uncertainty|246|282|
|Public health|2002|<br>Age, Health and the Willingness to Pay for<br>Mortality Risk Reductions: A Contingent<br>Valuation Survey of Ontario Residents|Alan J. Krupnick|Journal of Risk and Uncertainty|245|285|
|Public health|2006|<br>Do Cigarette Taxes Make Smokers Happier?|Jonathan Gruber|Happiness and Public Policy: Theory, Case<br>Studies and Implications|242|290|
|Public health|2003|The Impact of Air Pollution on Infant Mortality:<br>Evidence from Geographic Variation in Pollution<br>Shocks Induced by a Recession|Kenneth Y. Chay|<br>Quarterly Journal of Economics|242|290|
|Public health|1990|<br>The Role of Maternal Schooling and Its<br>Interaction with Public Health Programs in Child<br>Health Production|Albino Barrera|Journal of Development Economics|237|296|
|Public health|1991|Pricing Environmental Health Risks: Survey<br>Assessments of Risk-Risk and Risk-Dollar<br>Trade-Offs for Chronic Bronchitis|W. Kip Viscusi|Journal of Environmental Economics and<br>Management|234|301|
|Health and the economy|2004|Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions<br>over Geography and Integration in Economic<br>Development|Dani Rodrik|Journal of Economic Growth|2033|6|
|Health and the economy|2003|<br>The Price of Innovation: New Estimates of Drug<br>Development Costs|Joseph A. DiMasi|Journal of Health Economics|1921|8|
|Health and the economy|1998|<br>Health, Nutrition, and Economic Development|John Strauss|Journal of Economic Literature|962|22|
|Health and the economy|1992|Medical Care Costs: How Much Welfare Loss?|Joseph P. Newhouse|Journal of Economic Perspectives|751|34|
|<br>Health and the economy|2000|The Economic Burden of Malaria|<br>John Luke Gallup||723|36|
|Health and the economy|2000|Are Recessions Good for Your Health?|Christopher J. Ruhm|Quarterly Journal of Economics|598|53|
|<br>Health and the economy|1991|The Health Care Quadrilemma: An Essay on<br>Technological Change, Insurance, Quality of<br>Care, and Cost Containment|<br>Burton A. Weisbrod|<br>Journal of Economic Literature|510|77|
|Health and the economy|1991|Cost of Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry|Joseph A. DiMasi|Journal of Health Economics|502|80|
|Health and the economy|1977|Medical-Care Expenditure: A Cross-National<br>Survey|Joseph P. Newhouse|Journal of Human Resources|416|102|
|Health and the economy|1999|<br>Ageing of Population and Health Care<br>Expenditure: A Red Herring?|Peter S. Zweifel|Health Economics|403|109|
|Health and the economy|1998|<br>Does Better Nutrition Raise Farm Productivity?|John Strauss|Economic demography. Volume 1|390|114|
|<br>Health and the economy|2002|<br>The divided welfare state: The battle over public<br>and private social benefits in the United States|Jacob S. Hacker||364|133|
|Health and the economy|1986|<br>Inequality as a Determinant of Malnutrition and<br>Unemployment: Theory|Partha Dasgupta|Economic Journal|349|145|
|Health and the economy|1985|<br>Further Evidence on the Economic Effects of<br>Poor Health|Thomas N. Chirikos|Review of Economics and Statistics|347|147|
|Health and the economy|2000|<br>Unemployment and Suicidal Behaviour: A<br>Review of the Literature|Stephen Platt|The economics of unemployment. Volume 4|336|155|
|Health and the economy|2001|The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime|John J. Donohue|Quarterly Journal of Economics|335|156|
|<br>Health and the economy|2001|<br>Consequences of Employment Protection? The|Daron Acemoglu|<br>Journal of Political Economy|327|161|
31

|Topic|Year|Title<br>C f h Ai ih Dibilii A|First author|Journal / Edited volume|Citations|Rank|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Health and the economy|1990|ase o te mercans wt sates ct<br>Economic analysis of product innovation: The<br>case of CT scanners|Manuel Trajtenberg||316|170|
|Health and the economy|1999|Health Problems as Determinants of Retirement:<br>Are Self-Rated Measures Endogenous?|Debra Sabatini Dwyer|Journal of Health Economics|305|187|
|Health and the economy|1989|<br>Measuring the Effect of Disability on Labor<br>Force Participation|Steven Stern|Journal of Human Resources|282|218|
|Health and the economy|2007|Disease and Development: The Effect of Life<br>Expectancy on Economic Growth|Daron Acemoglu|Journal of Political Economy|273|235|
|Health and the economy|2001|<br>Modeling the Effects of Health on Economic<br>Growth|Alok Bhargava|Journal of Health Economics|273|235|
|Health and the economy|1992|Healthcare Resource and Lost Labour Costs of<br>Migraine Headache in the U.S|Jane T. Osterhaus|PharmacoEconomics|271|241|
|Health and the economy|2004|<br>The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: A<br>Production Function Approach|David E. Bloom|World Development|268|247|
|Health and the economy|1978|<br>Productivity, Wages and Nutrition: Part I: The<br>Theory|Christopher Bliss|Journal of Development Economics|260|254|
|Health and the economy|2001|<br>Fiscal Implications of Ageing: Projections of<br>Age-Related Spending|Thai Than Dang||253|270|
|Health and the economy|2007|<br>Accounting for the Effect of Health on Economic<br>Growth|David N. Weil|Quarterly Journal of Economics|244|286|
|Health and the economy|1992|An Econometric Analysis of Health Care<br>Expenditure: A Cross-Section Study of the<br>OECD Countries|Ulf- G. Gerdtham|Journal of Health Economics|237|296|
|Health statistics and econometrics|2000|Modeling survival data: Extending the Cox<br>Model|Terry M. Therneau||1938|7|
|Health statistics and econometrics|1996|Identification of Causal Effects Using<br>Instrumental Variables|Joshua D. Angrist|Journal of the American Statistical Association|1862|9|
|Health statistics and econometrics|2003|Interaction Terms in Logit and Probit Models|Chunrong Ai|Economics Letters|1133|15|
|Health statistics and econometrics|2006|Measuring Social Class in US Public Health<br>Research: Concepts, Methodologies, and<br>Guidelines|N. Krieger|Social Planning|1116|16|
|Health statistics and econometrics|2000|<br>Intra-Household Resource Allocation: An<br>Inferential Approach|Duncan Thomas|Readings in development microeconomics.<br>Volume 1. Micro-theory|1105|17|
|Health statistics and econometrics|2007|<br>A Statistical Model for the Analysis of Ordinal<br>Level Dependent Variables|Richard D. McKelvey|<br>Positive Changes in Political Science: The<br>Legacy of Richard D. McKelvey's Most<br>Influential Writings|1088|18|
|Health statistics and econometrics|2000|Analysis of multivariate survival data|Philip Hougaard||739|35|
|Health statistics and econometrics|1983|A Comparison of Alternative Models for the<br>Demand for Medical Care|Naihua Duan|Journal of Business and Economic Statistics|716|37|
|Health statistics and econometrics|2006|Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors|Alan D. Lopez||665|44|
|Health statistics and econometrics|1992|Modeling and Forecasting U.S. Mortality|Ronald Lee|Journal of the American Statistical Association|609|51|
|Health statistics and econometrics|2001|Estimating Log Models: To Transform or Not to<br>Transform?|Willard G. Manning|Journal of Health Economics|583|57|
|Health statistics and econometrics|1995|Analysis of Semiparametric Regression Models<br>for Repeated Outcomes in the Presence of<br>Missing Data|James M. Robins|Journal of the American Statistical Association|575|60|
|Health statistics and econometrics|1995|<br>An Overview of the Health and Retirement Study|F. Thomas Juster|Journal of Human Resources|529|67|
|Health statistics and econometrics|1998|<br>The Logged Dependent Variable,<br>Heteroscedasticity, and the Retransformation<br>Problem|Willard G. Manning|Journal of Health Economics|484|85|
|Health statistics and econometrics|2000|<br>Physician Agency|Thomas G. McGuire|Handbook of health economics. Volume 1A|389|115|
|Health statistics and econometrics|1998|Much Ado About Two: Reconsidering<br>Retransformation and the Two-Part Model in<br>Health Econometrics|John Mullahy|Journal of Health Economics|339|152|
32

|Topic|Year|Title|First author|Journal / Edited volume|Citations|Rank|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Demand for health and health care|1972|On the Concept of Health Capital and the<br>Demand for Health|Michael Grossman|Journal of Political Economy|2478|4|
|Demand for health and health care|1991|Time Preference and Health: An Exploratory<br>Study|Victor R. Fuchs|The economics of health. Volume 1|505|79|
|Demand for health and health care|1998|<br>Estimating a Household Production Function:<br>Heterogeneity, the Demand for Health Inputs,<br>and Their Effects on Birth Weight|Mark R. Rosenzweig|Economic demography. Volume 1|469|86|
|Demand for health and health care|1991|<br>Supplier-Induced Demand: Some Empirical<br>Evidence and Implications|Robert G. Evans|The economics of health. Volume 2|465|89|
|Demand for health and health care|1981|<br>A Theory of the Consumer Product Warranty|George L. Priest|Yale Law Journal|432|96|
|Demand for health and health care|2000|The Human Capital Model|Michael Grossman|Handbook of health economics. Volume 1A|377|123|
|Demand for health and health care|1995|An Econometric Model of the Two-Part<br>Decisionmaking Process in the Demand for<br>Health Care|Winfried Pohlmeier|Journal of Human Resources|358|137|
|Demand for health and health care|1988|A Microeconometric Model of the Demand for<br>Health Care and Health Insurance in Australia|A. C. Cameron|Review of Economic Studies|327|161|
|Demand for health and health care|2000|Reluctance to Vaccinate: Omission Bias and<br>Ambiguity|Ilana Ritov|Behavioral law and economics|305|187|
|Demand for health and health care|1978|<br>The Supply of Surgeons and the Demand for<br>Operations|Victor R. Fuchs|Journal of Human Resources|304|190|
|Demand for health and health care|1998|<br>Understanding the Context of Healthcare<br>Utilization: Assessing Environmental and<br>Provider-Related Variables in the Behavioral<br>Model of Utilization|Kathryn A. Phillips|Health Services Research|267|248|
|Demand for health and health care|1975|Nonmonetary Factors in the Demand for Medical<br>Services: Some Empirical Evidence|Jan Paul Acton|Journal of Political Economy|255|261|
|Demand for health and health care|1997|<br>Demand for Medical Care by the Elderly: A<br>Finite Mixture Approach|Partha Deb|Journal of Applied Econometrics|241|292|
|Medical insurance|2001|Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of<br>Medical Care|Kenneth J. Arrow|Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law|4082|2|
|Medical insurance|1987|Health Insurance and the Demand for Medical<br>Care: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment|Willard G. Manning|American Economic Review|1196|13|
|Medical insurance|1991|<br>The Economics of Moral Hazard: Comment|Mark V. Pauly|The economics of health. Volume 1|1064|20|
|Medical insurance|1997|Preference Parameters and Behavioral<br>Heterogeneity: An Experimental Approach in the<br>Health and Retirement Study|Robert B. Barsky|Quarterly Journal of Economics|1056|21|
|Medical insurance|2004|<br>Judged Frequency of Lethal Events|Sarah Lichtenstein|Classics in risk management. Volume 2|842|27|
|Medical insurance|1994|The Incidence of Mandated Maternity Benefits|Jonathan Gruber|American Economic Review|641|46|
|Medical insurance|1993|<br>Free for all? Lessons from the RAND Health<br>Insurance Experiment|Joseph P. Newhouse||575|60|
|Medical insurance|1981|<br>The Demand for Deductibles in Private Health<br>Insurance: A Probit Model with Sample Selection|Wynand P. M. M. van de<br>Ven|Journal of Econometrics|528|68|
|Medical insurance|2000|<br>The Anatomy of Health Insurance|David M. Cutler|Handbook of health economics. Volume 1A|425|98|
|Medical insurance|1970|Medical Insurance: A Case Study of the Tradeoff<br>between Risk Spreading and Appropriate<br>Incentives|Richard J. Zeckhauser|Journal of Economic Theory|365|131|
|Medical insurance|1973|<br>The Welfare Loss of Excess Health Insurance|Martin S. Feldstein|Journal of Political Economy|352|142|
|Medical insurance|2002|Insuring Consumption Against Illness|Paul J. Gertler|American Economic Review|347|147|
|Medical insurance|2000|<br>Genetic Risk and the Birth of the Somatic<br>Individual|Carlos Novas|Economy and Society|300|195|
|Medical insurance|1981|Contractual Provisions, Organizational Structure,<br>and Conflict Control in Insurance Markets|David Mayers|Journal of Business|299|197|
|Medical insurance|1978|<br>Some Results on Incentive Contracts with<br>Applications to Education and Employment,<br>Health Insurance, and Law Enforcement|Milton Harris|American Economic Review|296|202|
|Medical insurance|1998|<br>Paying for Health Insurance: The Trade-Off|David M. Cutler|Quarterly Journal of Economics|291|208|
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Topic|Year|Title<br>|First author|Journal / Edited volume|Citations|Rank|
|Medical insurance|1999|between Competition and Adverse Selection<br>Economic Analysis of Transfer Programs<br>Targeted on People with Disabilities|John Bound|Handbook of labor economics. Volume 3C|283|216|
|Medical insurance|1996|<br>Health Insurance Eligibility, Utilization of<br>Medical Care, and Child Health|Janet M. Currie|Quarterly Journal of Economics|281|221|
|Medical insurance|2000|Risk Adjustment in Competitive Health Plan<br>Markets|Wynand P. M. M. van de<br>Ven|Handbook of health economics. Volume 1A|276|228|
|Medical insurance|1998|Creaming, Skimping and Dumping: Provider<br>Competition on the Intensive and Extensive<br>Mi|Randall P. Ellis|Journal of Health Economics|258|259|
|Medical insurance|1995|argns<br>Altruism, the Samaritan's Dilemma, and<br>Government Transfer Policy|Stephen Coate|American Economic Review|254|263|
|Medical insurance|2008|<br>An Empirical Examination of Information<br>Barriers to Trade in Insurance|John H. Cawley|Insurance and Risk Management. Volume 1.|249|277|
|Medical insurance|1994|Employment-Based Health Insurance and Job<br>Mobility: Is There Evidence of Job-Lock?|Brigitte C. Madrian|Quarterly Journal of Economics|237|296|
|Medical insurance|2000|<br>Moral Hazard and Consumer Incentives in Health<br>Care|Peter S. Zweifel|Handbook of health economics. Volume 1A|234|301|
|Supply of health services|1988|Patient Satisfaction as an Indicator of Quality<br>Care|Paul D. Cleary|Inquiry|768|32|
|Supply of health services|2000|Institutional change and healthcare organizations:<br>From professional dominance to managed care|W. Richard Scott||691|40|
|Supply of health services|1970|<br>Toward a Theory of Nonprofit Institutions: An<br>Economic Model of a Hospital|Joseph P. Newhouse|American Economic Review|688|41|
|Supply of health services|1996|<br>League Tables and Their Limitations: Statistical<br>Issues in Comparisons of Institutional<br>Performance|Harvey Goldstein|Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series<br>A (Statistics in Society)|655|45|
|Supply of health services|1987|<br>The Hospital and Its Negotiated Order|Anselm Strauss|The 50% solution: How to bargain<br>successfully with hijackers, strikers, bosses, oil<br>magnates, Arabs, Russians, and other worthy<br>opponents in this modern world|563|62|
|Supply of health services|1987|Health maintenance organizations: Dimensions of<br>performance|Harold S. Luft||533|65|
|Supply of health services|1973|<br>The Not-For-Profit Hospital as a Physicians'<br>Cooperative|Mark V. Pauly|American Economic Review|508|78|
|Supply of health services|2006|<br>Gender and Organizational Performance:<br>Determinants of Small Business Survival and<br>Success|Arne L. Kalleberg|Women and Entrepreneurship: Contemporary<br>Classics|501|81|
|Supply of health services|1996|<br>Reimbursing Health Plans and Health Providers:<br>Efficiency in Production versus Selection|Joseph P. Newhouse|Journal of Economic Literature|408|106|
|Supply of health services|1994|<br>Productivity Developments in Swedish Hospitals:<br>A Malmquist Output Index Approach|Rolf Fare|Data envelopment analysis: Theory,<br>methodology, and application|393|113|
|Supply of health services|2002|<br>Error Reduction and Performance Improvement<br>in the Emergency Department through Formal<br>Teamwork Training: Evaluation Results of the<br>MedTeams Project|John C. Morey|<br>Health Services Research|366|130|
|Supply of health services|1986|<br>Provider Behavior under Prospective<br>Reimbursement: Cost Sharing and Supply|Randall P. Ellis|Journal of Health Economics|348|146|
|Supply of health services|1995|<br>Assessing the Impact of Continuous Quality<br>Improvement/Total Quality Management:<br>Concet versus Imlementation|Stephen M. Shortell|Health Services Research|330|158|
|Supply of health services|1971|p p<br>Hospital Cost Inflation: A Study of Nonprofit<br>Price Dynamics|Martin S. Feldstein|American Economic Review|308|179|
|Supply of health services|1989|<br>In sickness and in wealth: American hospitals in<br>|Rosemary Stevens||308|179|
|Supply of health services|1999|the twentieth century<br>Costs of Medical Injuries in Utah and Colorado|Eric J. Thomas|Inquiry|302|191|
34

|Topic|Year|Title|First author|Journal / Edited volume|Citations|Rank|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Supply of health services|1977|The Internal Organization of Hospitals: Some<br>Economic Implications|Jeffrey E. Harris|Bell Journal of Economics|299|197|
|Supply of health services|1987|<br>Measuring Hospital Performance: A Non-<br>parametric Approach|Shawna Grosskopf|Journal of Health Economics|293|204|
|Supply of health services|1985|<br>The Impact of Hospital Market Structure on<br>Patient Volume, Average Length of Stay, and the<br>Cost of Care|James C. Robinson|Journal of Health Economics|289|210|
|Supply of health services|1994|Health Care Payment Systems: Cost and Quality<br>Incentives|C. T. Albert Ma|Journal of Economics and Management<br>Strategy|283|216|
|Supply of health services|1988|The Effects of Hospital Competition and the<br>Medicare PPS Program on Hospital Cost<br>Behavior in California|Jack Zwanziger|<br>Journal of Health Economics|260|254|
|Supply of health services|2003|Is More Information Better? The Effects of<br>'Report Cards' on Health Care Providers|David Dranove|Journal of Political Economy|259|257|
|Supply of health services|1993|<br>Public hospitals in developing countries:<br>Resource use, cost, financing|Howard Barnum||254|263|
|Supply of health services|1997|<br>Generic Entry and the Pricing of Pharmaceuticals|Richard G. Frank|Journal of Economics and Management<br>Strategy|253|270|
|Supply of health services|1994|Measuring Hospital Efficiency with Frontier Cost<br>Functions|Stephen Zuckerman|<br>Journal of Health Economics|247|279|
|Human resources|2004|Social Contagion and Innovation: Cohesion<br>versus Structural Equivalence|Ronald S. Burt|Networks. Volume 2|1188|14|
|Human resources|2004|<br>The Diffusion of an Innovation among Physicians|James Coleman|Networks. Volume 2|681|43|
|Human resources|1991|A Controlled Trial of the Effect of a Prepaid<br>Group Practice on Use of Services|Willard G. Manning|The economics of health. Volume 2|527|69|
|Human resources|1995|On the need for evidence-based medicine|D. L. Sackett|Health Economics|520|71|
|Human resources|1984|The Evolution of the Labor Market for Medical<br>Interns and Residents: A Case Study in Game<br>Theory|Alvin E. Roth|Journal of Political Economy|514|74|
|Human resources|1999|<br>Health, Health Insurance and the Labor Market|Janet M. Currie|Handbook of labor economics. Volume 3C|455|92|
|Human resources|2004|Human Resources for Health: Overcoming the<br>Crisis|Initiative Joint Learning||389|115|
|Human resources|1996|Do Doctors Practice Defensive Medicine?|Daniel P. Kessler|Quarterly Journal of Economics|325|164|
|Human resources|1992|Health Care Dollars and Regulatory Sense: The<br>Role of Advanced Practice Nursing|Barbara J. Safriet|Yale Journal on Regulation|275|230|
|Human resources|2005|<br>The Effects of Health, Wealth, and Wages on<br>Labour Supply and Retirement Behaviour|Eric French|Review of Economic Studies|272|239|
|Human resources|1999|The Redesign of the Matching Market for<br>American Physicians: Some Engineering Aspects<br>of Economic Design|Alvin E. Roth|American Economic Review|266|249|
|Human resources|2006|<br>Missing in Action: Teacher and Health Worker<br>Absence in Developing Countries|Nazmul Chaudhury|Journal of Economic Perspectives|253|270|
|Human resources|1999|<br>The Dynamic Effects of Health on the Labor<br>Force Transitions of Older Workers|John Bound|Labour Economics|250|275|
|Human resources|1997|Health and Wages: Evidence on Men and Women<br>in Urban Brazil|Duncan Thomas|Journal of Econometrics|246|282|
|Human resources|2000|<br>The Wage and Employment Effects of the<br>Americans with Disabilities Act|Thomas DeLeire|Journal of Human Resources|240|294|
|Human resources|1985|The Retirement-Health Nexus: A New Measure<br>of an Old Puzzle|Kathyrn H. Anderson|Journal of Human Resources|231|305|
|Markets in health care|1985|A Theory of Yardstick Competition|Andrei Shleifer|RAND Journal of Economics|914|23|
|Markets in health care|1988|<br>The Painful Prescription: Rationing Hospital Care|Henry J. Aaron|Readings, issues, and questions in public<br>finance|388|117|
|Markets in health care|2007|Redefining Health Care: Creating Value-Based<br>Competition on Results|Erwin A. Blackstone|<br>Atlantic Economic Journal|347|147|
||||35||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Topic|Year|Title|First author|Journal / Edited volume|Citations|Rank|
|Markets in health care|1986|Taxation, Health Insurance, and Market Failure<br>in the Medical Economy|Mark V. Pauly|Journal of Economic Literature|342|151|
|Markets in health care<br>|2000<br>|<br>Is Hospital Competition Socially Wasteful?<br>|Daniel P. Kessler<br>|Quarterly Journal of Economics<br>|293<br>|204<br>|
|Markets in health care|2000|Equilibrium Price Dispersion in Retail Markets<br>for Prescription Drugs|Alan T. Sorensen|Journal of Political Economy|251|274|
|Markets in health care|1993|<br>Supply-Side and Demand-Side Cost Sharing in<br>Health Care|Randall P. Ellis|Journal of Economic Perspectives|232|304|
|Economic evaluation|1986|Measurement of Health State Utilities for<br>Economic Appraisal: A Review|George W. Torrance|Journal of Health Economics|1455|11|
|Economic evaluation|1991|Foundations of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for<br>Health and Medical Practices|Milton C. Weinstein|The economics of health. Volume 2|1370|12|
|Economic evaluation|2004|Five-Hundred Life-Saving Interventions and<br>Their Cost-Effectiveness|Tammy O. Tengs|Classics in risk management. Volume 2|1076|19|
|Economic evaluation|2002|The Estimation of a Preference-Based Measure of<br>Health from the SF-36|John Brazier|Journal of Health Economics|774|31|
|Economic evaluation<br>|1991<br>|Economics of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting<br>|Alan Williams<br>|The economics of health. Volume 2<br>|587<br>|55<br>|
|Economic evaluation|2004|Worms: Identifying Impacts on Education and<br>Health in the Presence of Treatment Externalities|Edward Miguel|Econometrica|587|55|
|Economic evaluation|1995|The Friction Cost Method for Measuring Indirect<br>Costs of Disease|Marc A. Koopmanschap|Journal of Health Economics|486|84|
|Economic evaluation|1997|Economic Foundations of Cost-Effectiveness<br>Analysis|Alan M. Garber|Journal of Health Economics|422|99|
|Economic evaluation|1991|<br>Economic Evaluation of Neonatal Intensive Care<br>of Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants|Michael H. Boyle|The economics of health. Volume 2|417|100|
|Economic evaluation|1995|<br>Multi-attribute Preference Functions: Health<br>Utilities Index|George W. Torrance|PharmacoEconomics|386|118|
|Economic evaluation|2006|Willingness to Pay and Quality Adjusted Life<br>Years|James K. Hammitt|Economic Valuation of Environmental Health<br>Risks to Children|359|136|
|Economic evaluation|2000|Handling Uncertainty in Cost-Effectiveness<br>Models|Andrew Briggs|PharmacoEconomics|339|152|
|Economic evaluation|1997|<br>Modeling in Economic Evaluation: An<br>Unavoidable Fact of Life|Martin J. Buxton|Health Economics|330|158|
|Economic evaluation|1997|Pulling Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Up by Its<br>Bootstraps: A Non-parametric Approach to<br>Confidence Interval Estimation|Andrew Briggs|Health Economics|326|163|
|Economic evaluation|2001|Representing Uncertainty: The Role of Cost-<br>Effectiveness Acceptability Curves|Elisabeth Fenwick|Health Economics|321|167|
|Economic evaluation|1999|<br>Determining Clinically Important Differences in<br>Health Status Measures: A General Approach<br>with Illustration to the Health Utilities Index<br>Mark II|Greg Samsa|PharmacoEconomics|316|170|
|Economic evaluation|2000|<br>A Comparative Review of Generic Quality-of-<br>Life Instruments|Stephen Joel Coons|PharmacoEconomics|308|179|
|Economic evaluation|1997|<br>Accounting for Future Costs in Medical Cost-<br>Effectiveness Analysis|David O. Meltzer|Journal of Health Economics|308|179|
|Economic evaluation|1998|<br>An Introduction to Markov Modelling for<br>Economic Evaluation|Andrew Briggs|PharmacoEconomics|307|183|
|Economic evaluation|1976|<br>The Economic Cost of Illness Revisited|Barbara S. Cooper|Social Security Bulletin|305|187|
|Economic evaluation|2004|Does NICE Have a Cost-Effectiveness Threshold<br>and What Other Factors Influence Its Decisions?<br>A Binary Choice Analysis|Nancy Devlin|Health Economics|302|191|
|Economic evaluation|1999|<br>The Irrelevance of Inference: A Decision-Making<br>Approach to the Stochastic Evaluation of Health<br>Care Technologies|Karl Claxton|Journal of Health Economics|300|195|
|Economic evaluation|1996|<br>The Time Trade-Off Method: Results from a<br>General Population Study|Paul Dolan|Health Economics|296|202|
|36|
|---|

|Topic|Year|Title|First author|Journal / Edited volume|Citations|Rank|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Economic evaluation|1994|Uncertainty in the economic evaluation of health<br>care technologies: the role of sensitivity analysis|A. Briggs|Health Economics|293|204|
|Economic evaluation|1988|Outcome Measurement: Concepts and Questions|Kathleen N. Lohr|Inquiry|286|213|
|Economic evaluation|1993|The Validity and Reproducibility of a Work<br>Productivity and Activity Impairment Instrument|Margaret C. Reilly|PharmacoEconomics|277|227|
|Economic evaluation|1998|Health Care Contingent Valuation Studies: A<br>Review and Classification of the Literature|Alan Diener|Health Economics|272|239|
|Economic evaluation|1997|Is There a Role for Benefit-Cost Analysis in<br>Environmental, Health, and Safety Regulation|Kenneth J. Arrow|Environment and Development Economics|249|277|
|Economic evaluation|1996|Health-Related Quality of Life in Inflammatory<br>Bowel Disease|Glenn M. Eisen|PharmacoEconomics|243|288|
|Economic evaluation|1998|Confidence Intervals or Surfaces? Uncertainty on<br>the Cost-Effectiveness Plane|Andrew Briggs|Health Economics|236|299|

Note: The starting point was our database of 33,000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code. Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible (80 percent) in June 2011. The 300 most-cited publications were then assigned either one of the 12 topics listed in the appendix or a ―topic not assigned‖ code. The latter included publications that were too general (some were actually textbooks) some had no economic content despite being in EconLit, and some had no health content despite the JEL code.
37

# Table 2: Top 10 publications according to teachers and citations

|Rank|Teachers‘ ranking in 2004|Ranking based on citations in 2011|
|---|---|---|
|1|Arrow (1963)|Acemoglu et al. (2001)|
|2|Manning et al. (1987)|Arrow (1963)|
|3|Torrance (1986)|Grossman (1972)|
|4|Grossman (1972)|Becker et al. (1994)|
|5|Newhouse (1996)|Rodrik et al. (2004)|
|6|Pauly (1968) (tied 5<sup>th</sup>)|Therneau & Grambsch (2000)|
|7|Buxton et al. (1997) (tied 7<sup>th</sup>)|DiMasi et al. (2003)|
|8|Cutler & Reber (1998) (tied 7<sup>th</sup>)|Angrist et al. (1996)|
|9|McGuire & Pauly (1991) (tied 7<sup>th</sup>)|Dasgupta (1993)|
|10|Harris (1977)|Torrance (1986)|
|10|Labelle et al.(1994) (tied 10<sup>th</sup>)||

Note: The teachers‘ ranking was based on an interview of members of the International Health Economics Association as reported in Culyer (2006). The starting point for the rankings based on citations in 2011 was our database of 33,000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code. Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible (80 percent) in June 2011.
38 Table 3: Topics of most-cited 50 publications by decade

||1970s|1980s|1990s|2000s|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Health and its value|3|1|4|2|
|Efficiency and equity|2|2|3|4|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|2|4|6|9|
|Public health|2|5|2|6|
|Health and the economy|5|4|5|4|
|Health statistics and econometrics||1|5|9|
|Demand for health and health care|3|3|3|1|
|Medical insurance|9|3|4|3|
|Supply of health services|12|9|3|2|
|Human resources|6|4|3|3|
|Markets in health care||3|||
|Economic evaluation|1|2|5|3|
|Total|45|41|43|46|

Note: The starting point was our database of 33,000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code. Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible (80 percent) in June 2011. The 50 most-cited publications were then assigned either one of the 12 topics listed in the appendix or a ―topic not assigned‖ code. The latter included publications that were too general (some were actually textbooks) some had no economic content despite being in EconLit, and some had no health content despite the JEL code.
39

# Table 4: Rank correlations on author data

||Publication<br>count<br>(_I_<sup>3</sup> =0)|Total citations<br>(_I_<sup>3</sup> =1)|_h_-index(_I_<sup>1</sup>)|Quadratic<br>Influence<br>Function (_I_<sup>2</sup>)|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0.5|Citations of<br>most-cited<br>publication|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Publication count (_I_<sup>3</sup> =0)<br>|1.000||||||
|Total citations (_I_<sup>3</sup> =1)<br>|0.477|1.000|||||
|_h_-index (_I_<sup>1</sup>)<br>|0.376|0.678|1.000||||
|QIF (_I_<sup>2</sup>)<br>|0.479|1.000|0.677|1.000|||
|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0.5|0.554|0.991|0.696|0.991|1.000||
|Citations of most-citedpublication|0.399|0.991|0.660|0.991|0.967|1.000|

Note: The starting point was our database of 33,000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code. Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible (80 percent) in June 2011. Each listed author was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication. An _h_ -index of 10 means that the author has 10 publications to his or her name each of which has been cited at least 10 times. The quadratic influence function is defined in eqn (1). The measure _I_<sup>3</sup> is defined in eqn (2). All authors were included in calculating these (rank) correlations however few publications in health economics they had to their name.
40 Table 5: Top 100 health economists based on _h_ -index over period 1969-2010

|||%|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0|Rank on_I_<sup>3</sup>|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0.5|Rank on_I_<sup>3</sup>|_I_<sup>3</sup> =1|Rank on_I_<sup>3</sup>|_h_-index (_I_<sup>1</sup>)|<br>_I_<sup>2</sup>|Rank on_I_<sup>2</sup>|Maximum|Rank on|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Rank on|Author|publications|Publication|_with_=0||_with_=0.5|Total|_with_=1||Quadratic||citations|maximum|
|h-index||not found in|count||||citations|||influence|||citations|
|||Google<br>||||||||function||||
|||Scholar||||||||||||
|1|David M. Cutler|14%|114|2|629|1|6384|2|44|2.859|2|684|78|
|2|Jonathan Gruber|12%|86|4|548|2|5742|3|39|2.569|3|641|91|
|3|Frank A. Sloan|8%|106|3|500|3|3409|19|36|1.552|12|211|503|
|4|Adam Wagstaff|10%|63|15|441|7|4620|10|34|2.078|6|415|178|
|4|W. Kip Viscusi|10%|69|9|474|5|5408|4|34|2.397|4|790|60|
|6|<br>Janet M. Currie|3%|64|13|406|9|3792|17|32|1.708|11|455|160|
|6|Michael Grossman|9%|64|13|499|4|8206|1|32|3.349|1|2478|5|
|8|Mark V. Pauly|24%|117|1|472|6|4725|9|31|2.076|7|1064|44|
|9|Eddy van Doorslaer|5%|58|19|385|10|4344|13|29|1.948|8|415|178|
|10|Frank J. Chaloupka|6%|48|26|358|11|4329|14|28|1.922|9|639|92|
|10|Joseph P. Newhouse|24%|83|5|420|8|5130|5|28|2.255|5|751|67|
|12|<br>Tomas J. Philipson|11%|65|12|322|12|2937|22|27|1.324|20|321|263|
|13|<br>Jere R. Behrman|17%|41|43|275|19|2870|23|26|1.293|21|312|274|
|13|Magnus Johannesson|9%|47|30|288|17|2361|30|26|1.073|28|188|583|
|13|Thomas G. McGuire|16%|68|10|317|13|3031|21|26|1.363|17|389|198|
|16|David Dranove|10%|50|23|292|16|2534|26|24|1.148|23|259|389|
|16|Richard G. Frank|14%|73|7|304|14|2125|39|24|0.964|36|253|402|
|18|Mark B. McClellan|8%|50|23|265|20|2178|38|23|0.984|33|325|257|
|18|Roger D. Feldman<br>|7%|75|6<br>|302|15|1799|63<br>|23|0.820|52|146|833|
|18|Ulf- G. Gerdtham|2%|43|36|240|23|1988|50|23|0.901|39|237|438|
|21|Mandy Ryan|3%|37|57|202|29|1449|84|22|0.659|82|213|492|
|22|Carol Propper|7%|59|18|242|22|1679|68|21|0.765|57|133|940|
|22|Frank R. Lichtenberg|14%|44|34|178|44|1159|115|21|0.529|107|112|1172|
|22|John Mullahy|16%|32|76|213|25|2545|25|21|1.132|24|583|108|
|22|Willard G. Manning|12%|34|68|282|18|4444|11|21|1.908|10|1196|23|
|26|Alan Williams|28%|47|30|226|24|2314|33|20|1.032|29|587|105|
|26|Angus S. Deaton|19%|31|84|255|21|3491|18|20|1.548|13|624|98|
|26|Michael A. Morrisey|7%|46|32|194|35|1035|145|20|0.473|133|77|1921|
|26|Paul J. Gertler|15%|33|72|200|32|1993|49|20|0.896|40|347|238|
|26|Donald S. Kenkel|18%|38|52|186|38|1709|67|19|0.765|56|516|128|
|31|Martin Gaynor|5%|38|52|202|30|1577|76|19|0.716|68|159|736|
|31|<br>Michael F. Drummond|22%|45|33|173|48|1121|124|19|0.511|113|185|606|
|31|Robert Kaestner|12%|51|22|204|28|1387|88|19|0.629|87|310|280|
|31|Amy N. Finkelstein|4%|27|105|144|70|933|159|18|0.425|156|153|773|
|35|Barbara L. Wolfe|13%|40|45|199|33|1590|75|18|0.722|67|202|533|
|35|Christopher J. Ruhm|4%|27|105|210|26|2513|28|18|1.120|25|598|101|
|35|Edward C. Norton|17%|42|38|202|31|2316|32|18|0.991|32|1133|27|
|35|Mark R. Rosenzweig|5%|19|217|180|43|2181|37|18|0.975|34|469|149|
|35|Patricia Danzon|30%|40|45|183|42|1542|77|18|0.699|72|220|474|
|35|Stephen Birch|7%|30|89|152|62|1052|142|18|0.479|129|191|573|
|35|T. Paul Schultz|8%|25|126|142|75|1133|119|18|0.515|111|198|554|
|35|Amiram Gafni|11%|37|57|159|58|1183|112|17|0.536|104|272|356|
|43|Andrew Briggs|9%|22|162|185|41|2258|35|17|1.011|31|339|244|
|43|<br>Andrew M. Jones|10%|49|25|193|36|1516|79|17|0.688|76|180|629|
|43|Bengt Jonsson|32%|41|43|145|68|1079|137|17|0.489|124|231|447|
|43|<br>Cam Donaldson|21%|34|68|143|73|1016|148|17|0.462|137|230|451|
|43|David S. Salkever|16%|37|57|140|79|992|151|17|0.449|140|253|402|
|43|Ernst R. Berndt|11%|44|34|186|39|1296|95|17|0.590|91|126|992|
|||||||41||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Rank on|Author|%<br>publications<br>|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0<br>Publication|Rank on_I_<sup>3</sup><br>_with_=0|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0.5|Rank on_I_<sup>3</sup><br>_with_=0.5|_I_<sup>3</sup> =1<br>Total|Rank on_I_<sup>3</sup><br>_with_=1|_h_-index (_I_<sup>1</sup>)|<br>_I_<sup>2</sup><br>Quadratic|Rank on_I_<sup>2</sup>|Maximum<br>citations|Rank on<br>maximum<br>|
|h-index||not found in|count||||citations|||influence|||citations|
|||Google||||||||<br>function||||
|||Scholar||||||||||||
|43|Harold Alderman|<br>17%|29|91|170|50|1638|72|17|0.738|63|370|214|
|43|Hugh S. E. Gravelle|0%|35|66|153|61|802|195|17|0.367|182|75|2024|
|43|Jack Hadley|26%|42|38|162|55|1122|121|17|0.509|115|247|415|
|43|James P. Smith|19%|36|62|162|56|1716|66|17|0.744|60|888|49|
|43|Maarten Lindeboom|3%|29|91|134|85|951|155|17|0.432|151|159|736|
|43|Martin S. Feldstein|14%|28|96|158|59|1655|70|17|0.743|61|352|235|
|43|Peter C. Smith|17%|36|62|149|64|919|165|17|0.419|160|111|1187|
|43|Peter S. Zweifel|22%|73|7|206|27|1640|71|17|0.734|64|403|187|
|43|Samuel H. Preston|0%|22|162|163|54|1609|74|17|0.727|65|266|374|
|43|Bernie J. O'Brien|8%|24|137|139|81|1271|100|16|0.574|92|272|356|
|43|Christina Paxson|4%|24|137|196|34|2472|29|16|1.096|26|627|94|
|60|John H. Cawley|5%|39|48|170|49|1451|83|16|0.653|83|361|224|
|60|<br>Laurence C. Baker|16%|31|84|139|80|951|155|16|0.433|150|155|767|
|60<br>|M. Susan Marquis<br>|0%<br>|28<br>|96<br>|129<br>|95<br>|834<br>|186<br>|16<br>|0.380<br>|177<br>|146<br>|833<br>|
|60|Maureen L. Cropper|9%|23|148|150|63|1422|86|16|0.642|86|286|324|
|60|<br>Paul Dolan|19%|37|57|173|47|1492|80|16|0.674|78|296|307|
|60|Randall P. Ellis|20%|35|66|185|40|1975|51|16|0.886|43|348|237|
|60|William N. Evans|3%|29|91|160|57|1352|89|16|0.611|88|319|268|
|60|Alan C. Monheit|3%|29|91|110|120|676|254|15|0.309|243|76|1966|
|60|Bryan E. Dowd|6%|32|76|121|101|682|247|15|0.311|235|131|950|
|60|Charles E. Phelps|19%|26|114|149|65|1437|85|15|0.646|85|422|173|
|70|Dana P. Goldman|10%|48|26|136|83|764|209|15|0.348|202|178|634|
|70|David E. Bloom|12%|26|114|128|97|1166|113|15|0.527|108|268|370|
|70|Han Bleichrodt|0%|28|96|133|86|850|176|15|0.388|169|95|1484|
|70|Jeffrey S. Hammer|6%|17|259|120|103|1057|140|15|0.479|130|253|402|
|70|<br>Jonathan S. Skinner|19%|27|105|118|108|773|207|15|0.353|195|85|1724|
|70|Lawrence Haddad|10%|21|180|158|60|1723|65|15|0.775|54|367|218|
|70|Peter A. Berman|21%|24|137|131|91|1049|143|15|0.477|132|173|670|
|70|Richard J. Zeckhauser|12%|33|72|177|45|1837|61|15|0.821|51|425|172|
|70|Ronald Lee|11%|27|105|175|46|2014|47|15|0.896|41|609|99|
|70|Sara Markowitz|10%|39|48|145|69|822|192|15|0.375|178|97|1443|
|70|Sean Nicholson|15%|26|114|99|143|570|302|15|0.260|296|106|1261|
|70|Sherry Glied|8%|38|52|133|87|668|258|15|0.305|249|80|1834|
|70|<br>Victor R. Fuchs|32%|34|68|169|52|1945|52|15|0.867|46|505|138|
|70|Anna Alberini|4%|27|105|109|122|752|211|14|0.341|208|191|573|
|84|Anne C. Case|11%|27|105|169|51|2104|40|14|0.930|37|627|94|
|84|Brigitte C. Madrian|6%|18|237|143|74|1658|69|14|0.742|62|455|160|
|<br>84|<br>Burton A. Weisbrod|<br>10%|<br>21|<br>180|<br>115|<br>113|<br>1144|<br>118|<br>14|<br>0.509|<br>114|<br>510|<br>136|
|84|Darius N. Lakdawalla|5%|42|38|146|67|1100|131|14|0.497|122|321|263|
|84|Duncan Thomas|0%|18|237|191|37|3390|20|14|1432|16|1105|35|
|<br>84|<br>Henry Saffer|<br>5%|<br>21|<br>180|<br>167|<br>53|<br>2080|<br>42|<br>14|.<br>0.926|<br>38|<br>561|<br>116|
|84|<br>James M. Poterba|15%|26|114|110|121|789|203|14|0.359|191|192|565|
|84|Michael Chernew|13%|32|76|118|105|750|213|14|0.342|207|129|968|
||Thomas C.|11%|27|105|138|82|1037|144|14|0.472|134|140|883|
|84|<br>Buchmueller|||||||||||||
|84|Werner B. F. Brouwer|9%|32|76|118|106|662|260|14|0.302|253|121|1065|
|84|A. J. Culyer|36%|39|48|129|96|1122|121|13|0.505|116|324|262|
|95|<br>Alan M. Garber|26%|39|48|113|116|893|169|13|0.400|166|422|173|
|95|Alok Bhargava|5%|22|162|100|138|717|229|13|0.325|225|273|352|
|95<br>|Alvin E. Roth<br>|7%<br>|15<br>|316<br>|144<br>|71<br>|1833<br>|62<br>|13<br>|0.817<br>|53<br>|514<br>|130<br>|
|95|Dora L. Costa|10%|21|180|108|123|818|193|13|0.371|181|195|558|
|95|Douglas O. Staiger|0%|16|293|106|126|860|173|13|0.391|168|148|818|
|Rank on|Author|%<br>publications|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0<br>Publication|Rank on_I_<sup>3</sup><br>_with_=0|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0.5|42<br>Rank on_I_<sup>3</sup><br>_with_=0.5|_I_<sup>3</sup> =1<br>Total|Rank on_I_<sup>3</sup><br>_with_=1|_h_-index (_I_<sup>1</sup>)|_I_<sup>2</sup><br>Quadratic|Rank on_I_<sup>2</sup>|Maximum<br>citations|Rank on<br>maximum|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|h-index||not found in<br>Google<br>Scholar|count||||citations|||influence<br>function|||citations|
|95|Frans F. H. Rutten|25%|24|137|97|147|825|191|13|0.373|180|199|544|

Note: The starting point was our database of 33,000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code. Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible (80 percent) in June 2011. Each listed author was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication. An _h_ -index of 10 means that the author has 10 publications to his or her name each of which has been cited at least 10 times. The quadratic influence function is defined in eqn (1). The measure _I_<sup>3</sup> is defined in eqn (2). All authors were included in calculating the figures however few publications in health economics they had to their name.
43 Table 6: Top 100 institutions in health economics based on _h_ -index

||Institution|% not|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0|Rank|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0.5|Rank|_I_<sup>3</sup> =1|Rank|_h_-index|_I_<sup>2</sup>|Rank|Maximum|Rank|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||found in|||||||(_I_<sup>1</sup>)|||citations||
|||Google|Publication||||Total|||Quadratic||||
|||Scholar|count||||citations|||influence<br>||||
|||||||||||function||||
|1|Harvard U|19%|777|1|3304|1|31490|1|87|13.792|1|2033|4|
|2|World Bank|27%|452|2|1435|2|11028|6|56|4.979|5|704|16|
|3|MIT|14%|177|22|1090|8|15514|2|55|5.851|2|4355|1|
|3|U CA, Berkeley|15%|271|6|1282|5|14947|3|54|5.755|3|4355|1|
|5|U Chicago|10%|245|9|1221|7|11814|5|54|5.254|4|909|13|
|6|<br>U PA|19%|346|4|1297|4|9509|8|50|4.302|8|513|25|
|7|U MI|11%|311|5|1241|6|9300|9|49|4.158|9|1056|10|
|7|U York|19%|398|3|1434|3|10285|7|49|4.650|6|587|21|
|7|RAND|9%|233|12|1069|10|8703|10|48|3.876|10|962|11|
|10|Stanford U|14%|231|13|1079|9|12111|4|48|4.622|7|4082|3|
|11|Erasmus U Rotterdam|8%|213|16|937|12|7908|12|47|3.561|11|486|30|
|12|Columbia U|20%|266|7|894|14|5751|16|42|2.618|16|204|88|
|12|Duke U|13%|207|18|881|15|8229|11|42|3.523|12|1921|6|
|12|Johns Hopkins U|22%|241|11|797|17|5308|18|42|2.414|18|253|64|
|12|<br>Princeton U|18%|132|29|695|20|7177|15|42|3.214|15|624|19|
|12|U MN|11%|221|14|797|18|4698|20|42|2.143|20|146|132|
|17|U NC|13%|263|8|996|11|7796|13|41|3.474|13|1133|8|
|17|UCLA|14%|221|14|928|13|7188|14|41|3.249|14|455|33|
|19|Yale U|15%|243|10|858|16|5751|16|37|2.602|17|469|31|
|20|Cornell U|12%|211|17|720|19|4243|22|36|1.931|22|361|41|
|20|PA State U|10%|130|30|552|24|4096|25|36|1.851|25|516|24|
|22|McMaster U|13%|144|25|558|23|4181|23|35|1.885|23|489|29|
|22|Stockholm School of Economics|13%|109|37|531|27|4019|27|35|1.826|26|237|73|
|22|U WI|13%|157|23|592|21|4475|21|35|2.015|21|583|22|
|25|U MD|15%|178|20|588|22|4118|24|33|1.862|24|319|50|
|25|Urban Institute|15%|155|24|534|26|3155|33|33|1.437|32|247|67|
|27|Boston U|23%|127|31|537|25|4759|19|32|2.145|19|389|38|
|28|Northwestern U|9%|116|34|503|28|3925|29|31|1.772|28|510|27|
|29|U Aberdeen|7%|114|35|456|33|2996|36|30|1.363|36|213|83|
|29|U CA, San Francisco|15%|108|38|398|40|2350|43|30|1.072|42|150|128|
|31|LSHTM|23%|121|33|430|35|2612|40|29|1.189|40|326|47|
|31|Rutgers U|13%|134|28|473|31|2776|39|29|1.265|39|207|87|
|33|<br>International Food Policy Research Institute|12%|97|46|417|36|3074|35|28|1.396|34|228|76|
|33|<br>U IL, Chicago|9%|123|32|478|30|3814|30|28|1.710|29|639|17|
|33|U Toronto|16%|135|26|448|34|2810|38|28|1.279|38|199|91|
|36|Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality|13%|112|36|415|37|2433|42|27|1.108|41|216|81|
|36|<br>U Oxford|16%|101|42|412|38|3417|31|27|1.540|31|339|45|
|38|LSE|19%|194|19|461|32|2219|45|26|1.014|43|128|148|
|38|U AL|9%|103|40|339|44|1784|54|26|0.815|53|105|178|
|38|U TX|13%|178|20|492|29|2824|37|26|1.281|37|430|34|
|41|CUNY|19%|57|81|332|46|4055|26|25|1.787|27|775|14|
|41|Research Triangle Institute|2%|61|73|288|51|1850|50|25|0842|49|189|97|
|<br>41|<br>U Bristol|<br>14%|<br>66|<br>65|<br>253|<br>55|<br>1658|<br>62|<br>25|.<br>0.756|<br>62|<br>133|<br>145|
|41|U Sheffield|14%|99|43|402|39|3109|34|25|1.387|35|774|15|
|41|U WA|12%|103|40|359|41|2059|46|25|0.938|46|211|85|
|46|Brown U|17%|65|66|255|54|1741|58|24|0.791|58|244|68|
|46|IN U|12%|83|57|298|49|1838|51|24|0.836|50|241|70|
|46|U Southampton|4%|56|83|275|52|1933|48|24|0.879|48|156|124|
||||||44|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Institution|% not<br>found in<br>|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0<br>|Rank|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0.5|Rank|_I_<sup>3</sup> =1<br>|Rank|_h_-index<br>(_I_<sup>1</sup>)|_I_<sup>2</sup><br>|Rank|Maximum<br>citations|Rank|
|||Google|Publication||||Total|||Quadratic||||
|||<br>Scholar|count||||citations|||<br>influence||||
|||||||||||function||||
|49|Carnegie Mellon U|14%|57|81|249|57|1732|59|23|<br>0.788|59|159|117|
|49|MI State U|14%|91|49|343|43|3190|32|23|1.404|33|962|11|
|49|U CO|11%|85|52|297|50|1807|53|23|0.823|52|191|95|
|49<br>|U Rochester<br>|18%<br>|74<br>|60<br>|335<br>|45<br>|3996<br>|28<br>|23<br>|1.629<br>|30<br>|1921<br>|6<br>|
|49|USDA|21%|135|26|345|42|1667|61|23|0.762|61|102|189|
|54|Dartmouth College|22%|59|78|244|58|1767|56|22|0.803|55|266|62|
|54|<br>U IL|11%|99|43|313|47|2038|47|22|0.912|47|627|18|
|54|U Newcastle|17%|58|79|233|63|1751|57|22|0.793|57|296|56|
|57|Center for Studying Health System Change|0%|41|121|213|73|1452|68|21|0.661|67|214|82|
|57|Georgetown U|17%|99|43|311|48|1832|52|21|0.833|51|243|69|
|57|U CA, Davis|13%|53|89|214|72|1525|65|21|0.693|65|200|90|
|57|<br>U CA, Irvine|3%|58|79|238|61|1486|66|21|0.677|66|140|138|
|57|U East Anglia|16%|74|60|239|60|1325|76|21|0.604|76|188|98|
|57<br>|U Pittsburgh<br>|20%<br>|65<br>|66<br>|219<br>|70<br>|1327<br>|75<br>|21<br>|0.605<br>|75<br>|186<br>|100<br>|
|63|SUNY|8%|85|52|236|62|1170|88|20|0.534|88|156|124|
|63|Syracuse U|17%|54|86|204|79|1407|72|20|0.639|72|283|58|
|63|U Melbourne|10%|94|48|267|53|1299|78|20|0594|78|78|245|
|<br>66|<br>Australian National U|<br>25%|<br>87|<br>51|<br>210|<br>75|<br>1131|<br>90|<br>19|.<br>0.516|<br>90|<br>158|<br>119|
|66|Emory U|8%|96|47|251|56|1037|93|19|0.474|92|131|146|
|66<br>|<br>IA State U|9%<br>|46<br>|111<br>|189<br>|84<br>|1426<br>|70<br>|19<br>|0.644<br>|70<br>|307<br>|52<br>|
|66|NYU|22%|50|97|185|85|1370|74|19|0.622|74|165|113|
|66|U British Columbia|15%|67|64|232|64|1782|55|19|0.801|56|465|32|
|66|U Houston|8%|49|105|208|76|1547|64|19|0.700|64|273|60|
|66|U Zurich|24%|78|58|225|68|1587|63|19|0.715|63|403|37|
|66|World Health Organization|30%|91|49|228|66|1409|71|19|0.640|71|217|80|
|74|<br>City U London|14%|56|83|193|82|1223|82|18|0.556|82|177|106|
|74|Monash U|30%|105|39|231|65|1235|81|18|0.563|81|163|114|
|<br>74|<br>OH State U|<br>24%|<br>85|<br>52|<br>226|<br>67|<br>1294|<br>79|<br>18|<br>0.590|<br>79|<br>186|<br>100|
|74|Purdue U|11%|53|89|165|92|1007|96|18|0.459|95|188|98|
|74|Resources for the Future|14%|42|117|173|89|1445|69|18|0652|68|286|57|
|<br>74|<br>TX A&M U|<br>9%|<br>85|<br>52|<br>239|<br>59|<br>1248|<br>80|<br>18|.<br>0.570|<br>80|<br>131|<br>146|
|74|Temple U|15%|39|126|163|96|1396|73|18|0.630|73|347|44|
|74|<br>Tilburg U|14%|50|97|150|101|889|104|18|0.405|104|186|100|
|74|Tulane U|14%|36|138|144|104|963|99|18|0.438|99|142|136|
|74|Vanderbilt U|16%|50|97|169|90|1217|84|18|0.549|84|367|40|
|84|Baruch College|9%|35|141|148|103|1009|95|17|0.458|96|223|77|
|84|Brandeis U|23%|61|73|159|98|745|113|17|0.341|112|80|237|
|<br>84|<br>FL State U|<br>7%|<br>71|<br>62|<br>223|<br>69|<br>1219|<br>83|17|<br>0.556|83|<br>163|<br>114|
|84|U CA, Santa Barbara|18%|45|113|141|107|818|107|17|0.373|108|118|159|
|84|U Calgary|15%|53|89|157|99|746|111|17|0.341|111|83|231|
|84|U College London|13%|63|70|201|80|1160|89|17|0.528|89|150|128|
|84|<br>U FL|9%|46|111|176|88|1904|49|17|0.805|54|1133|8|
|84|U GA|9%|75|59|177|87|818|107|17|0.374|107|107|174|
|<br>84|<br>U KY|<br>4%|<br>49|<br>105|<br>160|<br>97|<br>904|<br>103|<br>17|<br>0.411|<br>103|<br>250|<br>65|
|84|U Miami|6%|64|68|167|91|734|117|17|0.336|116|70|274|
|84|U Nttih|11%|55|85|197|81|1198|85|17|0544|85|236|74|
|<br>84|ongam<br>U Oslo|<br>6%|<br>69|<br>63|<br>217|<br>71|<br>1115|<br>91|<br>17|.<br>0.509|<br>91|<br>96|<br>199|
|<br>84|<br>U Southern CA|<br>11%|<br>62|<br>72|<br>190|<br>83|<br>1187|<br>86|<br>17|<br>0.539|<br>86|<br>196|<br>94|
|84|U Sussex|16%|37|134|208|77|2234|44|17|1.000|44|415|35|
|84<br>|VA Commonwealth U<br>|5%<br>|64<br>|68<br>|184<br>|86<br>|746<br>|111<br>|17<br>|0.342<br>|110<br>|48<br>|362<br>|
|99|Brunel U|12%|41|121|165|93|1322|77|16|0.596|77|330|46|
|99|Lund U|23%|53|89|164|94|1179|87|16|0.536|87|158|119|
45 Note: The starting point was our database of 33,000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code. Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible (80 percent) in June 2011. Each listed institution was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication, but only the first institution was credited where an author listed multiple institutions. Institutional affiliations below the institution level were aggregated up to the level of the institution, so that for example publications originating from the Harvard School of Public Health were allocated to Harvard University along with publications originating from the Department of Economics at Harvard University. As explained in the text, only addresses with five or more articles to their name were retained for cleaning and aggregating. An _h_ -index of 10 means that the author has 10 publications to his or her name each of which has been cited at least 10 times. The quadratic influence function is defined in eqn (1). The measure _I_<sup>3</sup> is defined in eqn (2).
46 Table 7: The 10 most cited publications of each of the top-10 institutions in health economics

|Institution|Authors|Type|Year|Journal|Title|Citations|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Harvard U|Dani Rodrik; Arvind<br>Subramanian; Francesco Trebbi;|Journal Article|2004|Journal of Economic Growth|Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions over Geography and<br>Integration in Economic Development|2033|
|Harvard U|<br>Joshua D. Angrist; Guido W. Imbens;<br>Donald B. Rubin;|Journal Article|1996|Journal of the American Statistical<br>Association|<br>Identification of Causal Effects Using Instrumental Variables|1862|
|Harvard U|Joseph P. Newhouse;|Journal Article|1992|Journal of Economic Perspectives|Medical Care Costs: How Much Welfare Loss?|751|
|Harvard U|David M. Cutler; Edward L.<br>Glaeser; Jesse M. Shapiro;|Journal Article|2003|Journal of Economic Perspectives|Why Have Americans Become More Obese?|684|
|Harvard U|<br>James M. Robins; Andrea<br>Rotnitzky; Lue Ping Zhao;|Journal Article|1995|Journal of the American Statistical<br>Association|Analysis of Semiparametric Regression Models for Repeated<br>Outcomes in the Presence of Missing Data|575|
|Harvard U|Willard G. Manning; et al.;|Book Section|1991|The economics of health. Volume<br>2|A Controlled Trial of the Effect of a Prepaid Group Practice on Use<br>of Services|527|
|Harvard U|David M. Cutler; Richard J.<br>Zeckhauser;|Book Section|2000|Handbook of health economics.<br>Volume 1A|The Anatomy of Health Insurance|425|
|Harvard U|<br>Amartya K. Sen;|Journal Article|1998|Economic Journal|Mortality as an Indicator of Economic Success and Failure|413|
|Harvard U|Joseph P. Newhouse;|Journal Article|1996|Journal of Economic Literature|Reimbursing Health Plans and Health Providers: Efficiency in<br>Production versus Selection|408|
|Harvard U|Sudhir Anand; Kara Hanson;|Journal Article|1997|Journal of Health Economics|Disability-Adjusted Life Years: A Critical Review|399|
|Harvard U|David M. Cutler; Angus S. Deaton;<br>Adriana Lleras-Muney;|Journal Article|2006|Journal of Economic Perspectives|The Determinants of Mortality|367|
|Harvard U|<br>Susan L. Ettner;|Journal Article|1996|Journal of Health Economics|New Evidence on the Relationship between Income and Health|330|
|World Bank|Lant Pritchett; Lawrence H.<br>Summers;|Journal Article|1996|Journal of Human Resources|Wealthier Is Healthier|704|
|World Bank|<br>Harold Alderman; John<br>Hoddinott; Bill Kinsey;|Journal Article|2006|Oxford Economic Papers|Long Term Consequences of Early Childhood Malnutrition|370|
|World Bank|<br>Paul Glewwe; Hanan G. Jacoby;<br>Elizabeth M. King;|Journal Article|2001|Journal of Public Economics|Early Childhood Nutrition and Academic Achievement: A<br>Longitudinal Analysis|269|
|World Bank|<br>Paul Glewwe; Hanan Jacoby;|Journal Article|1994|Journal of Human Resources|<br>Student Achievement and Schooling Choice in Low-Income<br>Countries: Evidence from Ghana|259|
|World Bank|Nazmul Chaudhury; Jeffrey S.<br>Hammer; Michael R. Kremer; Karthik<br>Muralidharan; F. Halsey Rogers|Journal Article|2006|Journal of Economic Perspectives|Missing in Action: Teacher and Health Worker Absence in<br>Developing Countries|253|
|World Bank|<br>Paul Glewwe;|Journal Article|1999|Journal of Human Resources|Why Does Mother's Schooling Raise Child Health in Developing<br>Countries? Evidence from Morocco|227|
|World Bank|A. Mead Over; Peter Piot;|Book Section|1993|Disease control priorities in<br>developing countries|HIV Infection and Sexually Transmitted Diseases|217|
|World Bank|Adam Wagstaff; Eddy van Doorslaer;<br>Naoko Watanabe;|Journal Article|2003|<br>Journal of Econometrics|On Decomposing the Causes of Health Sector Inequalities with an<br>Application to Malnutrition Inequalities in Vietnam|206|
|World Bank|Harold Alderman;|Journal Article|2001|Journal of Human Resources|<br>Child Health and School Enrollment: A Longitudinal Analysis|198|
|World Bank|C. Arndt; J. D. Lewis;|Journal Article|2000|South African Journal of<br>Economics|The Macro Implications of HIV/AIDS in South Africa: A<br>PreliminaryAssessment|188|
|MIT|Daron Acemoglu; Simon Johnson;<br>James A Robinson;|Journal Article|2001|American Economic Review|The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical<br>Investigation|4355|
|MIT|.<br>Joshua D. Angrist; Guido W. Imbens;<br>Donald B. Rubin;|Journal Article|1996|Journal of the American Statistical<br>Association|<br>Identification of Causal Effects Using Instrumental Variables|1862|
|MIT|<br>Jonathan Gruber;|Journal Article|1994|American Economic Review|The Incidence of Mandated Maternity Benefits|641|
|MIT|Jonathan Gruber; Botond<br>Koszegi;|Journal Article|2001|Quarterly Journal of Economics|Is Addiction 'Rational'? Theory and Evidence|497|
47

|Institution|Authors|Type|Year|Journal|Title|Citations|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|MIT|Paul J. Gertler; Jonathan<br>Gruber;|Journal Article|2002|American Economic Review|Insuring Consumption Against Illness|347|
|MIT|Daron Acemoglu; Joshua D.<br>Angrist;|Journal Article|2001|Journal of Political Economy|Consequences of Employment Protection? The Case of the<br>Americans with Disabilities Act|327|
|MIT|<br>Janet M. Currie; Jonathan<br>Gruber;|Journal Article|1996|Quarterly Journal of Economics|Health Insurance Eligibility, Utilization of Medical Care, and Child<br>Health|281|
|MIT|Daron Acemoglu; Simon<br>Johnson;|Journal Article|2007|Journal of Political Economy|Disease and Development: The Effect of Life Expectancy on<br>Economic Growth|273|
|MIT|Jonathan Gruber; Sendhil Mullainathan;<br>Yew-Kwang Ng; Lok Sang Ho;|Book Section|2006|Happiness and Public Policy:<br>Theory, Case Studies and<br>Implications|Do Cigarette Taxes Make Smokers Happier?|242|
|MIT|Janet M. Currie; Jonathan<br>Gruber;|Journal Article|1996|<br>Journal of Political Economy|Saving Babies: The Efficacy and Cost of Recent Changes in the<br>Medicaid Eligibilityof Pregnant Women|214|
|U CA, Berkeley|Daron Acemoglu; Simon Johnson;<br>James A. Robinson;|Journal Article|2001|American Economic Review|The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical<br>Investigation|4355|
|U CA, Berkeley|<br>Ronald Lee; Lawrence R.<br>Carter;|Journal Article|1992|Journal of the American Statistical<br>Association|<br>Modeling and Forecasting U.S. Mortality|609|
|U CA, Berkeley|Edward Miguel; Michael R.<br>Kremer;|Journal Article|2004|Econometrica|Worms: Identifying Impacts on Education and Health in the<br>Presence of Treatment Externalities|587|
|U CA, Berkeley|<br>Jonathan Gruber; Botond<br>Koszegi;|Journal Article|2001|Quarterly Journal of Economics|Is Addiction 'Rational'? Theory and Evidence|497|
|U CA, Berkeley|<br>Peter Adams;|Journal Article|2003|Journal of Econometrics|Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise? Tests for Direct Causal Paths between<br>Health and Socioeconomic Status|354|
|U CA, Berkeley|Paul J. Gertler; Jonathan<br>Gruber;|Journal Article|2002|American Economic Review|Insuring Consumption Against Illness|347|
|U CA, Berkeley|<br>Sebastian Galiani; Paul J. Gertler;<br>Ernesto Schargrodsky;|Journal Article|2005|Journal of Political Economy|Water for Life: The Impact of the Privatization of Water Services on<br>Child Mortality|315|
|U CA, Berkeley|<br>Alejandro Gaviria; Steven<br>Raphael;|Journal Article|2001|Review of Economics and<br>Statistics|<br>School-Based Peer Effects and Juvenile Behavior|274|
|U CA, Berkeley|<br>Kenneth Y. Chay; Michael<br>Greenstone;|Journal Article|2003|Quarterly Journal of Economics|The Impact of Air Pollution on Infant Mortality: Evidence from<br>Geographic Variation in Pollution Shocks Induced by a Recession|242|
|U CA, Berkeley|<br>Ronald Lee;|Journal Article|2003|Journal of Economic Perspectives|<br>The Demographic Transition: Three Centuries of Fundamental<br>Change|228|
|U Chicago|Robert W. Fogel;|Journal Article|1994|American Economic Review|Economic Growth, Population Theory, and Physiology: The Bearing<br>of Long-Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy|909|
|U Chicago|Gary S. Becker; Michael<br>Grossman; Kevin M. Murphy;|Journal Article|1994|American Economic Review|<br>An Empirical Analysis of Cigarette Addiction|775|
|U Chicago|<br>Willard G. Manning; John<br>Mullahy;|Journal Article|2001|Journal of Health Economics|Estimating Log Models: To Transform or Not to Transform?|583|
|U Chicago|<br>Willard G. Manning;|Journal Article|1998|Journal of Health Economics|The Logged Dependent Variable, Heteroscedasticity, and the<br>Retransformation Problem|484|
|U Chicago|Janet M. Currie; Brigitte C. Madrian;<br>Orley Ashenfelter; David Card;|Book Section|1999|Handbook of labor economics.<br>Volume 3C|Health, Health Insurance and the Labor Market|455|
|U Chicago|<br>David O. Meltzer;|Journal Article|1997|Journal of Health Economics|Accounting for Future Costs in Medical Cost-Effectiveness Analysis|308|
|U Chicago|Gary S. Becker; Tomas J.<br>Philipson; Rodrigo R. Soares;|Journal Article|2005|American Economic Review|The Quantity and Quality of Life and the Evolution of World<br>Inequality|307|
|U Chicago|<br>Kevin M. Murphy; Robert H.<br>Toel|Journal Article|2006|Journal of Political Economy|<br>The Value of Health and Longevity|254|
|U Chicago|p;<br>Kenneth Y. Chay; Michael<br>Greenstone;|Journal Article|2003|Quarterly Journal of Economics|The Impact of Air Pollution on Infant Mortality: Evidence from<br>Geographic Variation in Pollution Shocks Induced by a Recession|242|
|U Chicago|<br>Thomas DeLeire;|Journal Article|2000|Journal of Human Resources|<br>The Wage and Employment Effects of the Americans with<br>Disabilities Act|240|
|U PA|Hans-Peter Kohler; Francesco C.<br>Billari; Jose Antonio Ortega;|Journal Article|2002|Population and Development<br>Review|The Emergence of Lowest-Low Fertility in Europe during the 1990s|513|
|48|
|---|

|Institution|Authors|Type|Year|Journal|Title|Citations|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|U PA|Jere R. Behrman; Mark R.<br>Rosenzweig;|Journal Article|2004|Review of Economics and<br>Statistics|Returns to Birthweight|312|
|U PA|<br>Debra Sabatini Dwyer; Olivia S.<br>Mitchell;|Journal Article|1999|Journal of Health Economics|Health Problems as Determinants of Retirement: Are Self-Rated<br>Measures Endogenous?|305|
|U PA|Ilana Ritov; Jonathan Baron;<br>Cass R. Sunstein;|Book Section|2000|Behavioral law and economics|<br>Reluctance to Vaccinate: Omission Bias and Ambiguity|305|
|U PA|Stephen Coate;|Journal Article|1995|American Economic Review|Altruism, the Samaritan's Dilemma, and Government Transfer<br>Policy|254|
|U PA|Samuel H. Preston; Paul<br>Taubman; Linda G. Martin;|Book Section|1994|Demography of aging|<br>Socioeconomic Differences in Adult Mortality and Health Status|222|
|U PA|<br>Jere R. Behrman;|Journal Article|1996|World Bank Research Observer|The Impact of Health and Nutrition on Education|217|
|U PA|Pradip K. Muhuri; Samuel H.<br>Preston;|Journal Article|1991|Population and Development<br>Review|Effects of Family Composition on Mortality Differentials by Sex<br>among Children in Matlab, Bangladesh|208|
|U PA|Mark V. Pauly;|Journal Article|1990|Journal of Political Economy|<br>The Rational Nonpurchase of Long-term-Care Insurance|198|
|U PA|Thomas G. McGuire; Mark V.<br>Pauly;|Journal Article|1991|Journal of Health Economics|Physician Response to Fee Changes with Multiple Payers|198|
|RAND|John Strauss; Duncan Thomas;|Journal Article|1998|Journal of Economic Literature|Health, Nutrition, and Economic Development|962|
|RAND|James P. Smith;|Journal Article|1999|Journal of Economic Perspectives|Healthy Bodies and Thick Wallets: The Dual Relation between<br>Health and Economic Status|888|
|RAND|Duncan Thomas; John Strauss; Maria-<br>Helena Henriques;|Journal Article|1991|Journal of Human Resources|How Does Mother's Education Affect Child Height?|260|
|RAND|<br>Lee A. Lillard; Constantijn W.<br>A. Panis;|Journal Article|1996|Demography|Marital Status and Mortality: The Role of Health|254|
|RAND|<br>Emmett B. Keeler; Glenn<br>Melnick; Jack Zwanziger;|Journal Article|1999|Journal of Health Economics|The Changing Effects of Competition on Non-profit and For-Profit<br>Hospital Pricing Behavior|196|
|RAND|<br>Anne R. Pebley; Noreen Goldman;<br>German Rodriguez;|Journal Article|1996|Demography|<br>Prenatal and Delivery Care and Childhood Immunization in<br>Guatemala: Do Family and Community Matter?|164|
|RAND|<br>Michael D. Hurd; Kathleen<br>McGarry;|Journal Article|2002|Economic Journal|<br>The Predictive Validity of Subjective Probabilities of Survival|164|
|RAND|<br>Willard G. Manning; M. Susan<br>Marquis;|Journal Article|1996|Journal of Health Economics|Health Insurance: The Tradeoff between Risk Pooling and Moral<br>Hazard|146|
|RAND|<br>Melinda Beeuwkes Buntin; Alan<br>M. Zaslavsky;|Journal Article|2004|Journal of Health Economics|<br>Too Much Ado About Two-Part Models and Transformation?<br>Comparing Methods of Modeling Medicare Expenditures|142|
|RAND|<br>Duncan Thomas; Lawrence Haddad;<br>John Hoddinott; Harold Alderman;|Book Section|1997|Intrahousehold resource allocation<br>in developing countries: Models,<br>methods,andpolicy|<br>Incomes, Expenditures, and Health Outcomes: Evidence on<br>Intrahousehold Resource Allocation|134|
|U MI|Robert B. Barsky; et al.;|Journal Article|1997|Quarterly Journal of Economics|Preference Parameters and Behavioral Heterogeneity: An<br>Experimental Approach in the Health and Retirement Study|1056|
|U MI|Frank J. Chaloupka; Kenneth E.<br>Warner;|Book Section|2000|Handbook of health economics.<br>Volume 1B|<br>The Economics of Smoking|639|
|U MI|<br>John Bound; Richard V. Burkhauser;<br>Orley Ashenfelter; David Card;|Book Section|1999|Handbook of labor economics.<br>Volume 3C|Economic Analysis of Transfer Programs Targeted on People with<br>Disabilities|283|
|U MI|<br>John Bound;|Journal Article|1999|Labour Economics|The Dynamic Effects of Health on the Labor Force Transitions of<br>Older Workers|250|
|U MI|Hazem Adam Ghobarah; Paul<br>Huth; Bruce Russett;|Journal Article|2003|American Political Science<br>Review|Civil Wars Kill and Maim People--Long after the Shooting Stops|225|
|U MI|<br>Rukmalie Jayakody; Sheldon Danziger;<br>Harold A Pollack;|Journal Article|2000|<br>Journal of Health Politics, Policy<br>and Law|Welfare Reform, Substance Use, and Mental Health|167|
|U MI|.<br>Arline T. Geronimus; John<br>Bound; Lisa J. Neidert;|Journal Article|1996|<br>Journal of the American Statistical<br>Association|On the Validity of Using Census Geocode Characteristics to Proxy<br>Individual Socioeconomic Characteristics|153|
|U MI|<br>Michael Chernew; Dennis P.<br>Scanlon;|Journal Article|1998|Inquiry|Health Plan Report Cards and Insurance Choice|129|
|U MI|<br>Michael Chernew; Kevin Frick;|Journal Article|1997|Health Services Research|The Demand for Health Insurance Coverage by Low-Income|129|
||Catherine G. McLaughlin;||||<br>Workers: Can Reduced Premiums Achieve Full Coverage?||
# 49

|Institution|Authors|Type|Year|Journal|Title|Citations|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|U MI|Jane Banaszak-Holl; Jacqueline<br>S. Zinn; Vincent Mor;|Journal Article|1996|Health Services Research|The Impact of Market and Organizational Characteristics on Nursing<br>Care Facility Service Innovation: A Resource Dependency<br>Perspective|124|
|U York|Alan Williams;|Book Section|1991|The economics of health. Volume<br>2|Economics of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting|587|
|U York|Alan Williams;|Journal Article|1997|<br>Health Economics|Intergenerational Equity: An Exploration of the 'Fair Innings'<br>Argument|356|
|U York|A. J. Culyer; Adam Wagstaff;|Journal Article|1993|Journal of Health Economics|<br>Equity and Equality in Health and Health Care|324|
|U York|Elisabeth Fenwick; Karl<br>Claxton; Mark Sculpher;|Journal Article|2001|Health Economics|Representing Uncertainty: The Role of Cost-Effectiveness<br>Acceptability Curves|321|
|U York|Theo Hitiris; John Posnett;|Journal Article|1992|Journal of Health Economics|The Determinants and Effects of Health Expenditure in Developed<br>Countries|212|
|U York|Michael Jones-Lee;|Book Section|1991|The economics of health. Volume<br>1|The Value of Changes in the Probability of Death or Injury|205|
|U York|Tim Scott;|Journal Article|2003|<br>Health Services Research|The Quantitative Measurement of Organizational Culture in Health<br>Care: A Review of the Available Instruments|192|
|U York|Michael F. Drummond;|Journal Article|1992|PharmacoEconomics|Cost-of-Illness Studies: A Major Headache?|185|
|U York|Eddy van Doorslaer; Xander Koolman;<br>Andrew M. Jones;|Journal Article|2004|Health Economics|Explaining Income-Related Inequalities in Doctor Utilization in<br>Europe|180|
|U York|Eddy van Doorslaer; Andrew M.<br>Jones;|Journal Article|2003|Journal of Health Economics|Inequalities in Self-Reported Health: Validation of a New Approach<br>to Measurement|179|
|Stanford U|Kenneth J. Arrow;|Journal Article|2001|Journal of Health Politics, Policy<br>and Law|Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care|4082|
|Stanford U|Victor R. Fuchs;|Book Section|1991|The economics of health. Volume<br>1|Time Preference and Health: An Exploratory Study|505|
|Stanford U|John J. Donohue; Steven D.<br>Levitt;|Journal Article|2001|<br>Quarterly Journal of Economics|The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime|335|
|Stanford U|Daniel P. Kessler; Mark B.<br>McClellan;|Journal Article|1996|Quarterly Journal of Economics|Do Doctors Practice Defensive Medicine?|325|
|Stanford U|Daniel P. Kessler; Mark B.<br>McClellan;|Journal Article|2000|Quarterly Journal of Economics|Is Hospital Competition Socially Wasteful?|293|
|Stanford U|B. Douglas Bernheim; Antonio<br>Rangel;|Journal Article|2004|American Economic Review|Addiction and Cue-Triggered Decision Processes|275|
|Stanford U|<br>Victor R. Fuchs;|Journal Article|1996|American Economic Review|Economics, Values, and Health Care Reform|274|
|Stanford U|Kenneth J. Arrow;|Journal Article|1997|Environment and Development<br>Economics|Is There a Role for Benefit-Cost Analysis in Environmental, Health,<br>and Safety Regulation|249|
|Stanford U|Robert E. Hall; Charles I. Jones;|Journal Article|2007|Quarterly Journal of Economics|<br>The Value of Life and the Rise in Health Spending|192|
|Stanford U|David M. Cutler; Mark B. McClellan;<br>Joseph P. Newhouse;|Journal Article|2000|RAND Journal of Economics|How Does Managed Care Do It?|160|

Note: The starting point was our database of 33,000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code. Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible (80 percent) in June 2011. Each listed institution was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication, but only the first institution was credited where an author listed multiple institutions. Institutional affiliations below the institution level were aggregated up to the level of the institution, so that for example publications originating from the Harvard School of Public Health were allocated to Harvard University along with publications originating from the Department of Economics at Harvard University. As explained in the text, only addresses with five or more articles to their name were retained for cleaning and aggregating.
50 Table 8: Topical distribution of the most-cited 50 publications of the United States‘ top-5 institutions and Europe‘s top institution

||Harvard U|World Bank|MIT|U CA,Berkeley|Chicago U|U York|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Health and its value|2||1|1|1|5|
|Efficiency and equity|4|6|1|1|2|6|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|6|14|5|11|14|3|
|Public health|5|5|5|6|5||
|Health and the economy|5|9|8|10|2|5|
|Health statistics and econometrics|3|2|1|1|5|3|
|Demand for health and health care||3|3|3||2|
|Medical insurance|5||11|2|4||
|Supply of health services|7|1|4|1|7|3|
|Human resources|6|3|7||2||
|Markets in health care|1||1|||4|
|Economic evaluation|2||1|4|1|19|
|Total|46|43|48|40|43|50|
|Normalized Herfindahl index|0.089|0.176|0.118|0.160|0.156|0.181|

Note: The starting point was our database of 33,000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code. Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible (80 percent) in June 2011. Each listed institution was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication, but only the first institution was credited where an author listed multiple institutions. Institutional affiliations below the institution level were aggregated up to the level of the institution, so that for example publications originating from the Harvard School of Public Health were allocated to Harvard University along with publications originating from the Department of Economics at Harvard University. As explained in the text, only addresses with five or more articles to their name were retained for cleaning and aggregating. The 50 most-cited publications for each of the listed institutions were then assigned either one of the 12 topics listed in the appendix or a ―topic not assigned‖ code. The latter included publications that were too general (some were actually textbooks) some had no economic content despite being in EconLit, and some had no health content despite the JEL code.
51 Table 9: Top 25 countries in health economics based on _h_ -index

||Country|% not found<br>in Google<br>Scholar|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0<br>Publication<br>count|Rank|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0.5|Rank|_I_<sup>3</sup> =1<br>Total<br>citations|Rank|_h_-index (_I_<sup>1</sup>)|_I_<sup>2</sup><br>Quadratic<br>influence<br>function|Rank|Maximum<br>citations|Rank|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1|United States|16%|10995|1|37000|1|271014|1|189|120.01|1|4355|1|
|2|United Kingdom|16%|2214|2|7308|2|47056|2|96|21.32|2|774|2|
|3|Canada|18%|859|3|2492|3|15006|3|58|6.81|3|489|4|
|4|Netherlands|10%|408|5|1538|4|11223|4|51|5.07|4|486|5|
|5|Sweden|16%|260|8|954|6|6423|5|46|2.92|5|237|11|
|6|Australia|23%|467|4|1015|5|4993|6|36|2.27|6|415|6|
|7|Germany|17%|331|6|827|7|4125|7|34|1.88|7|358|8|
|8|<br>Switzerland|28%|226|9|576|9|3538|8|31|1.60|8|403|7|
|9|Norway|7%|133|12|450|10|2479|10|30|1.13|10|223|12|
|10|Spain|15%|289|7|608|8|3005|9|28|1.36|9|513|3|
|11|New Zealand|14%|128|13|347|11|1536|13|24|0.70|13|154|20|
|12|Italy|12%|155|11|324|13|1296|14|20|0.59|14|72|27|
|13|<br>Israel|9%|64|20|245|15|1757|11|19|0.80|11|305|10|
|13|Taiwan (China)|28%|97|18|189|20|888|18|19|0.41|18|89|24|
|13|France|28%|199|10|346|12|1623|12|19|0.74|12|157|18|
|16|Finland|13%|64|20|167|21|838|20|17|0.38|20|186|15|
|16|Denmark|12%|94|19|206|17|978|16|17|0.45|16|184|16|
|16|Belgium|13%|109|17|268|14|1083|15|17|0.50|15|71|28|
|19|<br>China|27%|113|14|199|19|863|19|15|0.40|19|104|22|
|19|South Africa|19%|110|16|214|16|801|21|15|0.37|21|68|29|
|21|Ireland|21%|63|22|143|22|926|17|13|0.42|17|219|13|
|21|Japan|18%|113|14|199|18|629|22|13|0.29|22|75|26|
|23|<br>Austria|11%|28|28|88|25|453|25|12|0.21|24|96|23|
|24|India|27%|63|22|125|23|613|23|11|0.28|23|105|21|
|25|Philippines|17%|18|37|62|26|398|26|9|0.18|26|157|18|
|25|Greece|24%|54|24|90|24|345|28|9|0.16|28|58|30|

Note: The starting point was our database of 33,000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code. Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible (80 percent) in June 2011. Each listed institution was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication, but only the first institution was credited where an author listed multiple institutions. Institutional affiliations below the institution level were aggregated up to the level of the institution, so that for example publications originating from the Harvard School of Public Health were allocated to Harvard University along with publications originating from the Department of Economics at Harvard University. As explained in the text, only addresses with five or more articles to their name were retained for cleaning and aggregating. Institutions were then assigned a country. An _h_ - index of 10 means that the author has 10 publications to his or her name each of which has been cited at least 10 times. The quadratic influence function is defined in eqn (1). The measure _I_<sup>3</sup> is defined in eqn (2).
52

# Table 10: Top 25 non-OECD institutions in health economics based on _h_ -index

||Institution|Country|% not<br>found in<br>Google<br>Scholar|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0<br>Publication<br>count|Rank|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0.5|Rank|_I_<sup>3</sup> =1<br>Total<br>citations|Rank|_h_-index<br>(_I_<sup>1</sup>)|Rank|_I_<sup>2</sup><br>QIF|Rank|Maximum<br>citations|Rank|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1|Nat Taiwan U|Taiwan<br>|16%|32|150|97|147|563|150|12|141|0.257|151|89|214|
|||(China)||||||||||||||
|2|U Witwatersrand|<br>South Africa|32%|25|185|57|216|246|243|11|149|0.113|244|51|351|
|3|Chinese U Hong Kong|China|22%|23|200|64|196|394|186|10|168|0.180|187|104|183|
|4|<br>U Cape Town|South Africa|18%|34|144|73|185|241|247|9|186|0.110|247|32|453|
|5|<br>Academia Sinica|Taiwan<br>(China)|46%|24|191|47|248|219|264|8|217|0.100|262|42|396|
|5|Peking U|<br>China|17%|23|200|46|252|194|290|8|217|0.089|290|66|291|
|5|U Hong Kong|China|19%|21|210|34|316|114|389|8|217|0.052|389|26|482|
|5|<br>U Nairobi|Kenya|7%|14|309|28|362|75|459|8|217|0.034|459|14|614|
|9|Nat U Singapore|<br>Singapore|23%|26|174|35|313|122|379|7|248|0.056|379|25|493|
|10|Internatl Rice Res Inst|Philippines|14%|7|499|37|297|291|221|6|294|0.132|222|157|121|
|10|U Chile|Chile|13%|15|289|32|327|104|405|6|294|0.048|406|24|504|
|10|U Delhi|India|21%|14|309|31|338|137|356|6|294|0.063|356|63|308|
|10|U KwaZulu-Natal|South Africa|20%|20|223|36|307|146|344|6|294|0.067|344|68|286|
|14|Pakistan Inst of Dev Econ|Pakistan|19%|27|165|32|331|69|479|5|349|0.032|479|11|647|
|14|U Sao Paulo|Brazil|33%|15|289|22|425|76|457|5|349|0.035|457|30|461|
|14|U Stellenbosch|South Africa|0%|10|393|19|462|52|519|5|349|0.024|519|15|607|
|14|U West Indies|West Indies|59%|17|255|15|516|47|538|5|349|0.022|538|17|584|
|18|Indian Inst of Management|India|0%|5|619|21|440|120|380|4|429|0.055|381|82|234|
|18|<br>Koc U|Turkey|0%|6|541|31|333|308|215|4|429|0.139|216|201|89|
|18|Makerere U|<br>Uganda|17%|6|541|7|664|13|685|4|429|0.006|687|7|682|
|18|Nanyang Technological U|Singapore|0%|8|456|17|489|46|541|4|429|0.021|541|16|596|
|18|Nat Cheng-Chi U|Taiwan<br>(China)|41%|17|255|18|468|50|528|4|429|0.023|529|19|562|
|18|Nat Coun of Appl Econ Res|<br>India|17%|6|541|10|616|24|644|4|429|0.011|644|8|671|
|18|<br>Nat Tsing Hua U|Taiwan<br>|0%|5|619|16|504|73|467|4|429|0.033|469|43|388|
|||(China)||||||||||||||
|18|Pontificia U Catolica de Chile|<br>Chile|13%|8|456|16|497|62|496|4|429|0.028|497|24|504|
|18|U Buenos Aires|Argentina|13%|8|456|16|500|70|475|4|429|0.032|476|23|522|
|18|U Philippines|Philippines|18%|11|370|25|398|107|402|4|429|0.049|403|58|331|

Notes: Note: The starting point was our database of 33,000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code. Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible (80 percent) in June 2011. Each listed institution was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication, but only the first institution was credited where an author listed multiple institutions. Institutional affiliations below the institution level were aggregated up to the level of the institution, so that for example publications originating from the Harvard School of Public Health were allocated to Harvard University along with publications originating from the Department of Economics at Harvard University. As explained in the text, only addresses with five or more articles to their name were retained for cleaning and aggregating. Institutions were then assigned a country. An _h_ - index of 10 means that the author has 10 publications to his or her name each of which has been cited at least 10 times. The quadratic influence function is defined in eqn (1). The measure _I_<sup>3</sup> is defined in eqn (2). The final rank column denotes the global rank among all institutions.
53

# Table 11: Topical distribution of the most-cited 50 publications of the top four countries

||Canada|Netherlands|United Kingdom|United States|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Health and its value|7|5|6|4|
|Efficiency and equity|2|16|9|3|
|Determinants of health and ill-health|5|3|4|12|
|Public health|2|||4|
|Health and the economy|6|4|2|7|
|Health statistics and econometrics|2|2|3|7|
|Demand for health and health care|4||1|3|
|Medical insurance|2|3|1|4|
|Supply of health services|2|3|3|1|
|Human resources|2|1||2|
|Markets in health care|2|2|1|1|
|Economic evaluation|10|10|17|1|
|_Total_|_46_|_49_|_47_|_49_|
|Normalized Herfindahl index|0.100|0.163|0.185|0.113|

Note: The starting point was our database of 33,000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code. Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible (80 percent) in June 2011. Each listed institution was given full credit for a publication in the case of a co-authored publication, but only the first institution was credited where an author listed multiple institutions. Institutional affiliations below the institution level were aggregated up to the level of the institution, so that for example publications originating from the Harvard School of Public Health were allocated to Harvard University along with publications originating from the Department of Economics at Harvard University. As explained in the text, only addresses with five or more articles to their name were retained for cleaning and aggregating. Institutions were then assigned a country. The 50 most-cited publications for each of the listed countries were then assigned either one of the 12 topics listed in the appendix or a ―topic not assigned‖ code. The latter included publications that were too general (some were actually textbooks) some had no economic content despite being in EconLit, and some had no health content despite the JEL code.
54 Table 12: Top 100 journals in health economics based on _h_ -index

||journal|% not<br>found in<br>Google|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0<br>Publication|Rank|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0.5|Rank|_I_<sup>3</sup> =1<br>Total|Rank|_h_-index<br>(_I_<sup>1</sup>)|_I_<sup>2</sup><br>QIF|Rank|Normalized<br>_h_-index|Rank|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||Scholar|count||||citations|||||||
|1|Journal of Health Economics|7%|1308|2|7046|1|61402|1|118|27.440|1|39%|150|
|2|Health Economics|4%|1377|1|5794|2|37832|2|80|17.158|2|30%|210|
|3|Health Services Research|7%|819|5|4082|4|27944|3|75|12.708|3|36%|166|
|4|PharmacoEconomics|12%|1221|3|4552|3|26392|4|68|12.005|4|27%|234|
|5|Journal of Human Resources|5%|261|11|1583|8|14664|7|66|6.591|7|40%|131|
|6|American Economic Review|5%|259|12|1630|7|21515|5|62|8.558|5|37%|160|
|6|Demography|1%|213|14|1259|9|10498|9|62|4.755|8|39%|149|
|8|<br>Inquiry|9%|1062|4|3457|5|18554|6|58|8.436|6|24%|295|
|9|Review of Economics and Statistics|2%|103|38|743|15|6999|13|48|3.160|13|48%|109|
|10|Population and Development Review|10%|147|24|785|14|7533|12|46|3.363|12|40%|130|
|11|Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law|19%|519|6|1686|6|12260|8|43|4.732|9|26%|244|
|11|Journal of Political Economy|3%|62|62|656|17|10495|10|43|4.383|10|62%|58|
|11|<br>World Development|5%|150|23|728|16|5151|18|43|2.342|18|37%|163|
|14|<br>Journal of Public Economics|1%|103|38|575|20|4469|24|41|2.030|24|40%|129|
|15|Quarterly Journal of Economics|0%|53|75|582|19|8331|11|40|3.671|11|60%|59|
|16|<br>Journal of the American Statistical Association|18%|132|28|573|21|6384|14|39|2.696|14|36%|165|
|16|Population Studies|6%|187|17|791|13|4809|20|39|2.193|20|32%|205|
|18|Applied Economics|4%|304|10|950|11|4536|23|36|2.073|22|23%|310|
|18|<br>RAND Journal of Economics|0%|55|71|457|26|4965|19|36|2.210|19|51%|64|
|20|Health Care Management Science|2%|358|8|1184|10|5515|16|35|2.521|15|23%|313|
|20|<br>Journal of Econometrics|18%|65|58|419|30|4608|22|35|2.062|23|47%|110|
|22|Studies in Family Planning|6%|140|27|548|22|3404|28|33|1.550|28|31%|206|
|23|Journal of Development Economics|3%|62|62|400|32|3617|26|32|1.637|26|45%|116|
|23|<br>Journal of Law and Economics|8%|60|65|379|36|3463|27|32|1.565|27|45%|113|
|23|Law and Contemporary Problems|4%|99|41|470|25|3031|31|32|1.381|31|34%|170|
|26|Journal of Risk and Uncertainty|4%|73|52|358|38|2446|38|31|1.112|36|33%|204|
|27|Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series|27%|147|24|453|27|3320|29|30|1.490|29|28%|227|
||A (Statistics in Society)|||||||||||||
|27|<br>Southern Economic Journal|7%|141|26|530|23|3168|30|30|1.442|30|27%|236|
|29|Economic Development and Cultural Change|16%|77|51|312|44|2105|44|28|0.958|43|37%|161|
|29|Journal of Economic Perspectives|13%|62|62|403|31|5435|17|28|2.374|17|43%|125|
|31|<br>Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics|3%|228|13|625|18|2750|34|27|1.257|33|20%|386|
|32|<br>American Journal of Agricultural Economics|11%|108|34|364|37|2139|42|26|0.975|41|26%|245|
|32|<br>Journal of Policy Analysis and Management|10%|116|30|390|34|2153|41|26|0.982|40|25%|248|
|32|<br>Journal of Risk and Insurance|9%|157|21|431|29|2115|43|26|0.966|42|23%|303|
|35|Journal of Applied Econometrics|3%|39|91|240|57|1884|47|25|0.855|47|39%|148|
|35|Social Security Bulletin|15%|128|29|391|33|2248|40|25|1.022|38|23%|311|
|37|Economics and Human Biology|8%|191|15|528|24|2262|39|24|1035|37|20%|342|
|<br>37|<br>Industrial and Labor Relations Review|<br>9%|<br>47|<br>82|<br>240|<br>56|<br>1803|<br>49|<br>24|.<br>0.820|<br>48|<br>42%|<br>126|
|<br>37|<br>Journal of International Development|<br>3%|<br>93|<br>45|<br>337|<br>39|<br>1916|<br>46|24|<br>0.873|<br>46|<br>27%|<br>237|
|41|<br>Economic Inquiry|4%|82|49|330|40|2098|45|23|0.953|44|25%|247|
|41|<br>Economic Journal|9%|46|85|287|46|3008|32|23|1.348|32|45%|115|
|43|European Journal of Health Economics|24%|455|7|806|12|2661|36|22|1.219|34|15%|468|
|43|<br>International Journal of Health Care Finance|0%|167|19|440|28|1714|56|22|0.785|53|19%|389|
||and Economics|||||||||||||
|43|<br>Journal of Development Studies|4%|55|71|207|63|1056|73|22|0.483|71|28%|226|
|43|<br>Journal of Economics and Management Strategy|4%|48|80|234|59|1742|53|22|0.789|50|35%|169|
|47|<br>Food Policy|11%|98|42|319|42|1653|57|21|0.755|56|22%|331|
|48|<br>Canadian Public Policy|9%|110|32|243|55|898|79|20|0.411|79|20%|342|
||||||55|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||journal|% not<br>found in<br>Google|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0<br>Publication|Rank|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0.5|Rank|_I_<sup>3</sup> =1<br>Total|Rank|_h_-index<br>(_I_<sup>1</sup>)|_I_<sup>2</sup><br>QIF|Rank|Normalized<br>_h_-index|<br>Rank|
|||<br>Scholar|count||||citations|||||||
|48|Contemporary Economic Policy|2%|81|50|263|52|1227|65|20|0.561|65|22%|333|
|48|<br>Journal of Consumer Affairs|4%|85|48|264|50|1217|66|20|0.557|66|22%|329|
|48|World Bank Economic Review|0%|27|141|150|71|1046|74|20|0.477|73|41%|127|
|52|Annals of the American Academy of Political|13%|97|43|262|53|1060|72|19|0.485|70|20%|341|
||and Social Science|||||||||||||
|52|<br>Environment and Planning A|8%|92|46|287|45|1417|62|19|0.646|62|21%|338|
|52|Family Economics and Nutrition Review|27%|110|32|276|47|1317|64|19|0.602|64|21%|336|
|52|<br>Insurance: Mathematics and Economics|0%|68|56|267|49|1768|50|19|0.803|49|24%|297|
|52|Journal of Environmental Economics and|14%|35|103|180|69|1483|60|19|0.673|60|40%|132|
||Management|||||||||||||
|57|<br>Journal of Consumer Research|0%|32|112|204|64|1742|53|18|0.788|51|41%|128|
|57|Social Science Quarterly|17%|102|40|257|54|1165|70|18|0.532|67|20%|342|
|59|<br>Applied Health Economics and Health Policy|9%|189|16|384|35|1387|63|17|0.634|63|14%|501|
|59|<br>Journal of Economic History|9%|33|107|138|77|830|84|17|0.378|83|30%|207|
|59|Urban Studies|3%|38|95|150|72|845|83|17|0.386|82|27%|235|
|59|Yale Journal on Regulation|5%|22|181|142|75|1170|69|17|0.530|68|48%|108|
|63|<br>Eastern Economic Journal|2%|53|75|143|74|568|119|16|0.260|118|17%|414|
|63|Economics of Education Review|3%|35|103|134|79|723|95|16|0.330|94|24%|297|
|63|Journal of African Economies|0%|32|112|101|100|453|144|16|0.207|141|22%|330|
|63|Monthly Labor Review|8%|107|36|264|51|1009|77|16|0.462|76|16%|450|
|63|<br>Population Bulletin|24%|25|153|111|87|761|91|16|0.347|91|37%|162|
|69|Econometrica|0%|16|277|149|73|1768|50|15|0.787|52|63%|54|
|<br>69|<br>Journal of Business and Economic Statistics|<br>23%|<br>22|<br>181|<br>135|<br>78|<br>1609|<br>58|<br>15|<br>0.707|<br>58|<br>47%|<br>111|
|69|North American Actuarial Journal|34%|96|44|188|66|1024|76|15|0.466|75|17%|411|
|69<br>|Social Service Review<br>|2%<br>|42<br>|89<br>|128<br>|81<br>|579<br>|117<br>|15<br>|0.265<br>|114<br>|20%<br>|387<br>|
|69|Yale Law Journal|16%|25|153|154|70|1738|55|15|0.775|54|38%|152|
|74|Applied Economics Letters|3%|108|34|203|65|646|105|14|0.296|103|13%|505|
|74|<br>Economics Letters|2%|59|67|181|68|1746|52|14|0.733|57|19%|393|
|74|Health Economics, Policy and Law|28%|171|18|233|60|689|99|14|0.316|98|13%|510|
|74|<br>Industrial Relations|13%|39|91|111|86|604|110|14|0.276|110|24%|297|
|74|Journal of Economic Literature|11%|18|230|211|62|4147|25|14|1.771|25|63%|54|
|74|Journal of Labor Economics|6%|18|230|110|88|855|82|14|0.389|81|47%|111|
|<br>74|<br>Population Research and Policy Review|<br>3%|<br>106|<br>37|<br>239|<br>58|<br>762|<br>90|<br>14|<br>0.349|<br>88|<br>14%|<br>504|
|74|<br>Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance|7%|29|133|85|122|358|176|14|0.164|176|22%|314|
|83|Bell Journal of Economics|0%|16|277|140|76|1563|59|13|0.703|59|56%|62|
|83|Economic Record|0%|36|100|115|84|524|125|13|0.240|124|19%|388|
|83|Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics and<br>Otcomes Research|13%|112|31|184|67|596|112|13|0.273|111|12%|531|
|83<br>|u<br>Explorations in Economic History<br>|4%<br>|28<br>|137<br>|90<br>|112<br>|471<br>|136<br>|13<br>|0.215<br>|135<br>|26%<br>|246<br>|
|83|Health Marketing Quarterly|35%|339|9|315|43|807|85|13|0.370|85|12%|533|
|83|<br>Journal of Legal Studies|13%|31|115|106|94|672|101|13|0.305|100|22%|314|
|83|Journal of Population Economics|6%|36|100|129|80|758|92|13|0.345|92|24%|297|
|<br>83|<br>Journal of Productivity Analysis|<br>0%|<br>20|<br>199|<br>107|<br>92|<br>892|<br>80|<br>13|<br>0.403|<br>80|<br>35%|<br>167|
|83|<br>World Bank Research Observer|11%|18|230|114|85|1033|75|13|0.468|74|44%|119|
|93|Canadian Journal of Economics|10%|30|122|90|115|401|157|12|0.183|156|22%|314|
|93|Development|6%|154|22|232|61|619|109|12|0.284|109|10%|560|
|<br>93|<br>Development Policy Review|<br>4%|<br>23|<br>173|<br>78|<br>133|<br>353|<br>177|<br>12|<br>0.161|<br>177|<br>18%|<br>401|
|93|<br>European Economic Review|5%|21|188|100|101|736|94|12|0.334|93|30%|207|
|93|Fiscal Studies|0%|20|199|77|134|365|173|12|0.167|171|25%|248|
|93|Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization|0%|33|107|104|96|489|132|12|0.224|129|21%|337|
|93|Journal of Economic Psychology|6%|18|230|83|123|527|123|12|0.240|123|29%|211|
|93|Journal of Family and Economic Issues|0%|35|103|104|97|397|161|12|0.182|158|17%|415|
|93|Journal of Industrial Economics|7%|15|296|80|128|548|122|12|0.250|121|43%|120|
||||<sup>3</sup>||56<br><sup>3</sup>||<sup>3</sup>|||<sup>2</sup>||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||journal|% not|_I_ =0|Rank|_I_ =0.5|Rank|_I_ =1|Rank|_h_-index<br>|_I_|Rank|Normalized|Rank|
|||found in|||||||(_I_<sup>1</sup>)|||_h_-index||
|||Google|Publication||||Total|||QIF||||
|||Scholar|count||||citations|||||||
|93|Journal of Urban Economics|5%|21|188|94|108|636|107|12|0.289|107|35%|167|
|93|Journal of the European Economic Association|0%|16|277|90|111|598|111|12|0.273|112|38%|154|

Note: The starting point was our database of 33,000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code. Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible (80 percent) in June 2011. An _h_ -index of 10 means that the author has 10 publications to his or her name each of which has been cited at least 10 times. The quadratic influence function is defined in eqn (1). The measure _I_<sup>3</sup> is defined in eqn (2). A normalized h-index of 20% means that 20% of articles in the journal have been cited at least 20 times.
57

# Table 13: Top 25 edited volumes in health economics based on _h_ -index

||Volume|% not<br>found in<br>Google<br>Scholar|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0<br>Publication<br>count|Rank|_I_<sup>3</sup> =0.5|Rank|_I_<sup>3</sup> =1<br>Total<br>citations|Rank|_h_-index<br>(_I_<sup>1</sup>)|Rank|_I_<sup>2</sup><br>QIF|Rank|Normalized<br>_h_-index|Rank|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1|Handbook of health economics|24%|33|107|319|41|4690|21|24|37|2.081|21|76%|44|
|2|The economics of health|5%|19|217|271|48|5792|15|16|63|2.429|16|67%|46|
|3|Health sector reform in developing countries:<br>Making health development sustainable|12%|16|278|94|108|766|89|14|74|0.348|91|43%|120|
|4|<br>Advances in Health Economics and Health<br>Services Research|26%|39|91|103|99|514|127|13|83|0.235|126|24%|295|
|5|<br>Evaluation in health promotion: Principles and<br>perspectives|17%|23|173|74|137|398|161|12|93|0.182|158|26%|242|
|6|<br>Being reasonable about the economics of<br>health: Selected essays by Alan Williams|28%|18|230|83|125|650|104|11|109|0.296|105|38%|152|
|6|<br>Health care and cost containment in the<br>European Union|6%|16|278|55|187|219|260|11|109|0.100|260|27%|238|
|6|<br>Valuing food safety and nutrition|24%|21|188|63|162|279|218|11|109|0.128|217|19%|395|
|9|<br>Medical care output and productivity|44%|27|141|66|155|361|176|10|124|0.165|176|27%|238|
|9|<br>Readings in American health care: Current|27%|26|149|86|121|580|117|10|124|0.264|116|26%|242|
||issues in socio-historical perspective||||||||||||||
|9|<br>Stature, living standards, and economic<br>development: Essays in anthropometric history|21%|14|324|55|183|323|190|10|124|0.147|189|36%|165|
|12|<br>Applications of social science to clinical<br>medicine and health policy|37%|19|217|50|203|257|233|9|147|0.117|233|17%|417|
|12|<br>Disease and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa|36%|22|181|56|180|259|232|9|147|0.119|230|29%|214|
|12|<br>Econometrics, Statistics and Computational<br>Approaches in Food and Health Sciences|15%|13|363|54|191|307|199|9|147|0.140|198|27%|231|
|12|<br>For-profit enterprise in health care|6%|17|258|59|173|251|237|9|147|0.115|237|19%|395|
|12|<br>Innovations in health care financing:<br>Proceedings of a World Bank conference|0%|13|363|51|201|265|228|9|147|0.121|229|23%|304|
|12|<br>Long-term care: Economic issues and policy<br>solutions|14%|14|324|47|212|202|269|9|147|0.093|269|25%|249|
|12|Measuring up: Improving health system<br>performance in OECD countries|6%|17|258|63|161|311|196|9|147|0.142|195|19%|395|
|12|<br>Public Health, Ethics, and Equity|10%|10|458|47|213|273|222|9|147|0.125|222|33%|172|
|12|The Elgar Companion to Health Economics|70%|50|77|54|190|249|238|9|147|0.114|238|20%|343|
|21|<br>AIDS, Poverty, and Hunger: Challenges and<br>Responses: Highlights of the International<br>Conference on HIV/AIDS and Food and|6%|18|230|53|193|194|276|8|177|0.089|274|18%|408|
||Nutrition Security, Durban, South Africa||||||||||||||
|21|<br>Disability, work and cash benefits|21%|14|324|41|243|197|273|8|177|0.090|271|18%|402|
|21|<br>Environmental decision making and risk|0%|8|554|55|189|391|166|8|177|0.178|162|38%|155|
||management: Selected essays by Ian Langford||||||||||||||
|21|<br>Health economics worldwide|6%|16|278|52|195|254|235|8|177|0.116|235|20%|343|
|21|Healthy markets? The new competition in<br>medical care|36%|14|324|60|170|495|132|8|177|0.225|129|44%|117|

Note: The starting point was our database of 33,000 publications in EconLit with a health JEL code. Google Scholar citation data were obtained for as many as possible (80 percent) in June 2011. An _h_ -index of 10 means that the author has 10 publications to his or her name each of which has been cited at least 10 times. The quadratic influence function is defined in eqn (1). The measure _I_<sup>3</sup> is defined in eqn (2). A normalized h-index of 20% means that 20% of articles in the journal have been cited at least 20 times.
58

# Figure 1: Measuring influence through citations (i)

<!-- Start of picture text --> 45<br>40<br>35<br>30<br>25<br>A<br>20 B<br>45-degree<br>15<br>10<br>5<br>0<br>0 2 4 6 8 10 12<br>articles ranked in descending order of citations<br>citations<br><!-- End of picture text --> Note: The chart show the hypothetical citation curves of two individuals A and B. The portfolios of each are ranked in descending order of citations. Both have an _h_ -index of 6 meaning that A and B have 6 publications to their name each of which has been cited at least 6 times. The _h_ -index is found by reading off either axis at the point where the citation curve intersects the 45-degree line.
59

# Figure 2: Measuring influence through citations (ii)

<!-- Start of picture text --> 45<br>40<br>35<br>30<br>25<br>C<br>20 D<br>45-degree<br>15<br>10<br>5<br>0<br>0 2 4 6 8 10 12<br>articles ranked in descending order of citations<br>citations<br><!-- End of picture text --> Note: The chart show the hypothetical citation curves of two individuals C and D. The portfolios of each are ranked in descending order of citations. D has an _h_ -index of 7 meaning that he or she has 7 publications to his or her name each of which has been cited at least 7 times, while C has an _h_ -index of 6. The _h_ -index is found by reading off either axis at the point where the citation curve intersects the 45-degree line.
60 Figure 3: Cumulative numbers of publications in EconLit in health economics and education economics <!-- Start of picture text --> 35,000<br>Health economics<br>Education economics<br>30,000<br>25,000<br>20,000<br>15,000<br>10,000<br>5,000<br>0<br>1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015<br>Cumulative no. publications in EconLit<br><!-- End of picture text --> Note: Health and education publications in EconLit are identified using the health and education JEL codes.
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66

# **Appendix: Topic classification scheme**

# 1. Health and its value

Attributes of health; measurement of health; value of health; value of life; value of avoiding risk of ill-health; utility measures of health-related quality of life; stated and revealed preference methods of measuring willingness to pay; conjoint analysis.

# 2. Efficiency and equity

Welfare, efficiency, equity and possible conflicts; inequality and the socio-economic ̳gradient‘; evaluating efficiency at system level: international comparisons in the developed world; techniques for measuring equity and inequity; evaluating equity at system level: equity in financing arrangements; evaluating equity at system level: equity in service access and delivery; evaluating equity at system level: equity in the distribution of health; institutional arrangements for efficiency and equity; implications for health care financing and delivery systems in the developed world; centralization and decentralization in health care; the role and regulation of markets in developed countries.

# 3. Determinants of health and ill-health

The population health perspective; income and wealth; early determinants of lifetime health (genetics, parenting, schooling, peer effects); aging; occupational and workplace health and safety; addiction: tobacco, alcohol, drugs; the environment: air/water pollution, carcigens, other chemicals, allergens, radiation, etc; economic and social inequality as a determinant of ill-health; epidemics: AIDS, obesity, malaria; prevention, primary and secondary; chronic diseases; infectious diseases; social capital, cultural factors.

# 4. Public health

Public health technologies; public goods and public health; policies towards health and safety at work; health education; financing public health; public health and public behavior; interplay between public health and health care services; interplay between public health and other sectors; economics of public health policy.

# 5. Health and the economy

Global expenditure patterns and their determinants; public expenditure and health care; health in macro models; health and the trade cycle; health and labor force productivity; health and growth; health and economic development; health and employment/unemployment; health and social security; health, savings and investment; health and foreign trade; health and innovation/entrepreneurship.

6. Health statistics and econometrics
67 Administrative data and data linkage; collecting health data for econometric analysis; categorical data methods; count data; duration analysis; econometric evaluation by non-experimental methods; econometric evaluation with randomized experiments; econometrics in technology assessment; macro panels; models of health care costs; models for risk adjustment; panel data methods; productivity analysis; simulation methods and mixture models; spatial econometrics.

# 7. Demand for health and health care

Demand and need; utility and demand; demand for health as human capital; derived demand for health care; income and price elasticities; information asymmetries and agency relationships; externalities and publicness; supplier-induced demand.

# 8. Medical insurance

Demand for insurance (including long-term care, supplementary insurance); supply of insurance services; moral hazard, its control and trade-offs with risk-pooling; adverse selection and cream skimming; tax-financed health care systems; tax policy, exemptions, personal subsidies and health care financing; private and public systems of health insurance; welfare effects of ̳excess‘ insurance and the trade-off with internalizing externalities; insurance effects on health care providers; issues in coverage: services covered, individual eligibility.

# 9. Supply of health services

Monopoly and competition in health care supply; models of health care institutions (hospitals, nursing homes; for-profit, non-profit); care in the community: long term care, informal care; ambulance services; managed care; health care production functions; cost functions; economies of scale and scope; quality of care; regulation and price controls; the pharmaceutical and medical equipment industries.

# 10. Human resources

Models of professional behavior(s); doctors; nurses; other health professionals; health care managers; professional labor markets; training, continuing training and human capital; licensing; remuneration – fee for service, salary, capitation; doctors as entrepreneurs and employers; professionals and research; forecasting demand and supply.

# 11. Markets in health care

Information and markets; market failure; internal markets; rationing; waiting; discrimination; public goods and externalities; regulation (entry/exit); price controls; institutional subsidies; welfare economics and system evaluation; comparative systems.

# 12. Economic evaluation

Principles of Cost-Benefit Analysis, Cost-Utility Analysis, CEA, Cost-Consequences Analysis and Cost Analysis; techniques of CBA in health and health care; techniques of CUA and CEA in
68 health and health care; techniques of CCA and CA in health and health care; decision theoretical approaches; pharmacoeconomics; economic evaluation of clinical devices; economic evaluation of public health interventions; outcome measures and their interpretation; evidence, efficacy and effectiveness; Health Technology Assessment; study design; risk and uncertainty; discounting; sensitivity analyses; modeling; systematic reviews and meta-analyses.