metadata: authors: 0: author: Enache,Maria
1: author: Ghani,Syed Ejaz
2: author: O'Connell,Stephen A.
count: Africa
docna: 0: docna: Structural transformation in Africa : a
            historical view
docty: Policy Research Working Paper
subtopic: Construction Industry,Mining & Extractive Industry (Non-Energy),Common Carriers Industry,Food & Beverage Industry,General Manufacturing,Pulp & Paper Industry,Plastics & Rubber Industry,International Trade and Trade Rules,Food Security,Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies,Transport Services
teratopic: Poverty Reduction
abstracts: cdata!: This paper presents evidence suggesting
            that the relationship between income and economic structure
            is shifting over time, with countries across the income
            distribution uniformly increasing the share of labor in
            service sectors and an increasingly less stark relationship
            between manufacturing intensity and gross value added per
            capita. The paper then assesses historical patterns of
            productivity convergence at a more detailed sector
            disaggregation than has been previously available. The
            analysis finds suggestive evidence that, at least in recent
            decades, convergent pressures in services industries are
            stronger than in manufacturing. Focusing on African
            economies, the paper presents a country-by-country
            historical analysis of structural change over the past four
            decades. Given the varied patterns and trends in structural
            change across African countries, it is difficult to
            characterize structural change from a single, continent-wide
            perspective. Some countries saw an early transition of labor
            out of agriculture, with manufacturing absorbing this labor
            in the decades prior to the 1990s, while another group of
            countries saw a later transition out of agriculture, where
            the services sector played a large role in labor
            reallocations in the 1990s and 2000s. Finally, the paper
            provides a country-by-country structural transformation
            scorecard to assess patterns of structural change in jobs
            and growth.
repnme: repnme: Structural transformation in Africa : a
            historical view
display_title: Structural transformation in Africa
            : a historical view
listing_relative_url: /research/2016/07/26561778/structural-transformation-africa-historical-view
topicv3: Agriculture and Food Security m1326205 435,Mining Services m1326410 1701,Manufacturing Sectors m1326521 1281,Transport m1326661 135,Trade m1326924 698
publishtoextweb_dt: 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z
historic_topic: Poverty Reduction
no_of_pages: 76
author_keys: 0: author_key: 1359867
1: author_key: 94311
2: author_key: 141960
model_extractions: WPS7743 Policy Research Working Paper 7743 Structural Transformation in Africa A Historical View _Maria Enache Ejaz Ghani Stephen O’Connell_ Macroeconomics and Fiscal Management Global Practice Group July 2016
Policy Research Working Paper 7743

# **Abstract**

This paper presents evidence suggesting that the relationship between income and economic structure is shifting over time, with countries across the income distribution uniformly increasing the share of labor in service sectors and an increasingly less stark relationship between manufacturing intensity and gross value added per capita. The paper then assesses historical patterns of productivity convergence at a more detailed sector disaggregation than has been previously available. The analysis finds suggestive evidence that, at least in recent decades, convergent pressures in services industries are stronger than in manufacturing. Focusing on African economies, the paper presents a country-by-country historical analysis of structural change over the past four decades. Given the varied patterns and trends in structural change across African countries, it is difficult to characterize structural change from a single, continent-wide perspective. Some countries saw an early transition of labor out of agriculture, with manufacturing absorbing this labor in the decades prior to the 1990s, while another group of countries saw a later transition out of agriculture, where the services sector played a large role in labor reallocations in the 1990s and 2000s. Finally, the paper provides a country-by-country structural transformation scorecard to assess patterns of structural change in jobs and growth.

This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics and Fiscal Management Global Practice Group. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The authors may be contacted at EGhani @worldbank.org.

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent._ Produced by the Research Support Team
# **Structural Transformation in Africa: A Historical View**

Maria Enache, Ejaz Ghani, and Stephen O’Connell

## **Keywords: Africa, Growth, Jobs, Structural Transformation.**

**Contact information.** Enache: World Bank, mariavenache@gmail.com. Ghani: World Bank; eghani@worldbank.org. O’Connell: City University of New York; soconnell@gradcenter.cuny.edu.
# **Introduction**

A new and a more optimistic narrative on Africa’s growth and structural transformation has emerged from a series of high level reports—the 2014 African Transformation Report (ACET 2014), the African Union’s Agenda 2063 (AU 2015), the African Development Bank’s (ADB 2015), the UN Economic Commission for Africa’s 2013 report (UNECA 2013), UNCTAD’s 2012 report on structural transformation (UNCTAD 2012), multiple recent IMF papers (IMF 2013, among others), which point to the fact that Africa’s recent progress is not based solely on natural resources (McKinsey Global Institute 2010). A recent report by the World Bank on economic transformation and poverty reduction in Africa found that the region’s economies are developing in unexpected ways. The region is largely “bypassing industrialization as a major driver of growth and jobs” (World Bank 2014). The demographic dividend will make the region’s labor force much larger and better than that of any nation, including China or India, if the young children in Africa could be better educated than in the past (Fine and Lund, 2012; The Economist April 2016).

Africa’s recent economic performance has vastly improved: its annual growth rate approached 3% in per capita terms after 2000. Rodrik (2014) claims this growth is not just driven by investment, but also by total factor productivity growth – seen for the first time since the 1970s. While there was growth during the 2000s, the economic decline prior to this decade was so profound that many countries have yet to catch up to post-independence income levels.

The historical empirical reality shows that with the exception of the European periphery and East Asia, convergence has been the exception rather than the norm. Growth theory has adapted to empirical realities by differentiating between conditional and unconditional convergence: growth in developing countries is dependent on overcoming several obstacles or country characteristics, such as weak institutions, poor infrastructure, disadvantageous geography and inadequate economic policies. Consequently, Rodrik (2014) concludes that developing countries converge to rich country income levels conditional on these problems being overcome.

An ongoing debate is whether improvements in growth fundamentals can be expected to improve economic stability. Multiple studies have shown the relationship between good policy and economic growth is not particularly strong, though Acemoglu, Gallego, and Robinson (2014) suggest that differences in institution quality account for 75% of the variation in income levels around the world. This latter work points to a long run effect in levels, rather than an insight into short- or medium- term growth rates.

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It is now well-established that the modern organized manufacturing sector exhibits unconditional convergence, contrary to other economic sectors (Rodrik 2014); that is, manufacturing industries converge to the global productivity frontier regardless of the condition of growth fundamentals. The question is whether Africa can generate a “growth miracle” based on the manufacturing industry. In a model that incorporates this unconditional convergence, structural change – the shift of labor from low productivity industries to high productivity industries- plays an essential role.

The level of employment shares across sectors in developing countries conditional on income level shows that African countries fit into a global pattern: shares of employment in the different sectors are what one would expect them to be. So just like elsewhere, structural change in sub-Saharan Africa has been through a decline in the share of labor employment in agriculture, the least productive sector in subSaharan economies. Unlike other developing countries, African countries (generally) have not seen a significant increase in the share of labor force employment in manufacturing—instead, the shift in employment share has been towards the services sector.

Thus African structural change is unlike the pattern exhibited by Asian and European industrializers: labor is currently largely shifting towards the services industry, which historically has been less productive than manufacturing in other countries. Additionally, the manufacturing sector is dominated by informal firms, which are less productive than the formal organized firms required for unconditional convergence. Rodrik (2014) notes that African countries are de-industrializing much faster than Asian and European countries did in the past. African countries thus need to assess what type of growth model is both suitable and feasible.<sup>**1**</sup>

> 1 Other literature has investigated the consumption side of African growth in recent decades. Using the <mark>Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data, Young (2012) shows that since 1990, real material consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa has been rising at a rate of 3.4 to 3.7 percent per year. This is 3 to 4 times higher than the number usually reported by international data sources like the Penn World Tables (PWT) and the UN: .9 - 1.1 percent. Non-African developing countries in the DHS sample exhibit a growth rate of 3.8 percent. When the data are examined by product group, Young (2012) finds greater Sub-Saharan growth in durable goods (5.6 percent) but lower growth in housing (1.8 percent). Although various sources claim Sub-Saharan Africa is growing at less than half the pace of other developing countries, DHS data suggest African growth is easily comparable to that of other economies. McMillan and Harttgen (2014) explore the reason behind the African growth and fill in some of the explanatory gaps in Young (2012).  The African “miracle” can be traced to a decline in the share of the labor force that engages in agriculture. The paper links improvements in living standards found by Young (2012) to sectoral changes: between 2000 and 2010 the share of the labor force employed in agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa declined by approximately 10 percentage points. With this came a 2-percentage point increase in manufacturing employment and 8-percentage point increase in services.  Between 2000 and 2010, structural change contributed 1 percentage point to labor productivity growth. Essentially the shift of employment from agriculture to more productive sectors explains some of the growth in real consumption documented by Young (2012).</mark>

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# **A Historical Lens**

Using a recently available data set from the Groeningen Growth and Development Centre’s 10-sector database (hereafter “GGDC data”) that provides employment and value added for ten disaggregated product sectors for a large set of countries historically, we begin the paper with high-level analyses investigating cross-country trends in sectoral productivity convergence and how the relationship between levels of development and economic structure has changed over time.

The GGDC data “provides a long-run, internationally comparable dataset on sectoral productivity performance in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Variables covered in the data set are annual series of value added, output deflators, and persons employed for 10 broad sectors” (Timmer, de Vries and de Vries 2014). These ten sectors comprise agriculture, mining, utilities, construction, manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, FIRE industries, transport, government services, and other services (restaurants, hospitality, etc.). Among Sub-Saharan African countries, it contains data from Ethiopia, Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia.

These data allow a more nuanced look at the role of specific sectors in structural change, particularly separating construction and mining from manufacturing aggregates, and FIRE industries, government services, transport, and utilities from services aggregates, allowing greater specificity in understanding which sectors are drivers of structural change. Many of the countries in the recent release have reliable data going back to the 1970s or earlier, so we are able to build a long historical quantitative view of structural change. This, in turn, allows us to place economies’ current and recent trends in comparative historical context.

# **Changing Relationship between Income and Economic Structure**

Figures 1 and 2 use the GGDC data to investigate the cross-sectional relationship between country income levels and economic structure (as embodied by the share of employment in the focal sector). As can be seen clearly, there is a clear trend in the changing nature of the relationship between productivity levels and economic structure for both manufacturing and the largest services subsector, wholesale & retail trade. At the beginning of the study period in the early 1970s, the relationship between the manufacturing labor share and income was far steeper than it is today, having followed a progressive erosion of the initial strength of this correlation over the past four decades.

4
Share of employment in Manufacturing vs. VA per capita 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 <!-- Start of picture text --> jo}<br>vt<br>©<br>o<br>Bg ‘*_s,,<br>a°4<br>o<br>e ‘ ‘ ee?ee ‘<br>2 a e e & =<br>a ) — ©<br>uu - e ° . fo}<br>5 efe<br>3 = é e e @ we<br>)<br>ao %, 4° e e<br>o<br>0 1 2 3 4 5<br>In(VA per capita), const USD @ PPP<br>Share of employment in Wholesale retail & trade vs. VA per capita<br>1980, 1990, 2000, 2010<br>®<br>fo} e<br>sid e<br>o ® ee<br>= eo)<br>: ° e . ee . e z<br>eo] ® e © 0% or 5<br>E2:<br>2ae e@ ° oO<br>a<br>5 a<br>5 a FY eo. °°<br>3 e ° ef 7<br>Lop) ° Lb? rg ee<br>‘ ® @<br>oOo<br>1 2 3 4 5<br>In(VA per capita), const USD @ PPP<br><!-- End of picture text -->
Over the same period, “traditional” services industries have increased their employment share across all income levels. In contrast to manufacturing, the relationship between income level and employment in the sector has not shown a distinct trend in changes in its slope over time.

Figures 3 and 4 use sectoral productivity figures to investigate trends in unconditional convergence across countries over the past four decades. Although these data are available only for a subsample of economies, we find several trends:

- while convergence in manufacturing was a clear and strong trend some decades ago, it may no longer be as strong in recent decades,

- recent trends in convergence suggest that (traditional) services show more evidence of convergent pressures than manufacturing,

- modern services (particularly FIRE industries), but also the catch-all of “other services” (including primarily traditional hospitality/restaurants industries), show stronger convergence in recent decades than traditional trade services.

6
<!-- Start of picture text --> Decadal Productivity Convergence<br>Manufacturing<br>1970-1980 1980-1990<br>wo wo<br>= @mes 2<br>35 ta Sr @rogrey<br>5 so)Qu Ome. Oms, |20 Op non Ore<br>x ror) ‘Stor, Qo . S<br>fo} Dw ro oe OE aaaes<br>= Yi 6 8 10 12 MA 6 8 10 12<br>(0)<br>a<br>=<<br>=o<br>r= 1990-2000 2000-2010<br>S © _ ces w<br>o Se ‘= ox on<br>Oo> Sg e co"© arma ete, Sg e oun ongs ai e o s<br>OF.i Dw _ Orme OreOu owmee Orme —<br>6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12<br>@ African countries @ East Asian countries @ African countries @ East Asian countries<br>In(VA per worker)<br><!-- End of picture text -->

<!-- Start of picture text --> Decadal Productivity Convergence<br>Wholesale retail & trade<br>1970-1980 1980-1990<br>on @ Tame own 5 one<br>Lc = attain g° onfone ORS<br>Q 3a ew econO cae FC verezieiasii 38% NFda@ i twicgin e s Oc “Cia "<br>— @vim OFxr<br>fo) T O teresa v Orem @ eames<br>= 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 8 9 10 11 412<br>oO<br>8<br><x<br>=<br>£ 1990-2000 2000-2010<br>£& “7 ee eon<br>2 satay Tatwen core Ss O neta<br>Oo Q': OG... OO ceces a" @ Sronpere<br>7 8 9 10 11 12 7 8 i) 10 11 12<br>In(VA per worker)<br><!-- End of picture text -->
<!-- Start of picture text --> Decadal Productivity Convergence<br>Fire<br>1970-1980 1980-1990<br>N N<br>Sa > ea<br>- O Denmark : —<br>= 3 TS eee 3 —<br>ro) T T<br>= 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 1 12<br>8<br><<br>=<br>£ 1990-2000 2000-2010<br>£ N Osnin nN<br>o - Orem Om a<br>B go " eyes §o iat<br>Oo 7 ° N @ roe .<br>v Oras Ome v Ones<br>8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12<br>In(VA per worker)<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> Decadal Productivity Convergence<br>Other services<br>1970-1980 1980-1990<br>N N @ Semana<br>fo}<br>nol<br>ZS aodo oeOurs dition‘Tr _ 8-d6 wore@ van, onTs =“in<br>pa So —<br>fe) J Okeye ‘<br>5 6 8 10 12 14 6 8 10 12 14<br>0<br>a<br><<br>2<br>£ 1990-2000 2000-2010<br>goa n<br>oO 8 Overrun ey om e<br>(@)} a ONeow @scavae a ena oO, Qc<br>5 Se ‘ AL @vsew<br>6 8 10 12 14 6 8 10 12 14<br>In(VA per worker)<br><!-- End of picture text -->
productivity growth than would be predicted by global growth convergence trends. This is not broadly the case for African countries in any time period or sector, with within-sector productivity growth across sectors showing no pattern of countries either consistently outperforming or underperforming predicted levels of convergence.

The next section investigates trends in changes in economic structure for African countries in recent decades to understand whether their growth patterns have benefitted from convergent pressures in manufacturing in past decades, or in services in more recent decades, or neither. Appendix B contains further comparisons of African sectoral convergence to other countries for which the data are available.

# **Structural Change in African Economies**

Using the same GGDC data, we adopt the framework of McMillan and Rodrik (2012) to show the pace, intensity, and consistency of structural change in African countries over four decades—dating back to the 1970s. These analyses plot, for a given time period, the sector-level change in aggregate labor share on the horizontal axis with the within-country, relative productivity level of the sector on the vertical axis. These graphics show visually the pattern of structural change for each decade for the countries for which data are available. We are thus able to assess and characterize historical structural change on three dimensions: pace (given by the relative length of the fitted line), intensity (given by the slope of the fitted line), and consistency (comparing pace and intensity across decades).

These analyses identify two broad growth patterns among African countries for which there are data:

# **<u>Pattern 1</u>**

# **<u>Pattern 2</u>**

- Early transition of labor out of agriculture

- Pace of structural change slows in the 1990s/2000s

- Wholesale & retail trade is not the main labor absorbing sector in the 2000s

<u>Countries: Botswana, Nigeria, South Africa,</u> Mauritius, the Arab Republic of Egypt

- Late transition of labor out of agriculture, if at all

- Pace of structural change doesn’t slow markedly in 1990s/2000s

- Wholesale & retail trade is the main sector absorbing labor in the 2000s

<u>Countries: Zambia, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Senegal,</u> Malawi, Ghana, Kenya As an example, Figure 5 shows the historical patterns of structural change in a country following each pattern: Botswana (pattern 1) and Ethiopia (pattern 2).

# **<u>Pattern I—Early Reformers</u>**

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The first categorization of Pattern I countries largely refers to the timing of the transition of labor out of agriculture. Pattern I countries had an early shift of labor out of the agriculture sector – 1970s/1980s. **The pace** of structural change in Pattern I countries slows down in the 1990s and 2000s. The faster the structural change, the faster the decline in the share of agriculture in the overall labor force. **The intensity** of structural change, given by the slope of the line, fluctuates by decade. While there is no straightforward pattern, in the 1990s the intensity declines for all countries in this group.

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<!-- Start of picture text --> Correlation between sectoral productivity and change in employment share<br>> Ethiopia<br>=<br>><br>5 1970-1980 1980-1990<br>=] Bola: 17/2 Bela: 213,<br>BO) ety th ee ts<br>a. MN fire cs] tra<br>=[2] maony / (coospen<br>>z 77Gy,<br>8~1 -.05 i) .05 -A -.05 0 05<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> 2]<br>oO<br>a 1990-2000 2000-2010<br>Bo Faae7ew fe | Fadeloe ‘ae<br>9 Conte high f Gon Conflict high Pra<br>3 TM ya a] con<br>oe° . re fn + CupZ Ont<br>i=) o a “”Oo G Hire Onen<br>fof3s” VY= (oa<br>5 “A -.05 0 .05 = -.05 i) .05<br>os<br>z Change in employment share<br><!-- End of picture text -->
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<!-- Start of picture text --> Correlation between between sectoral productivity and change change in employment employment share Correlation between sectoral productivity and change and change change in employment employment share<br>2 Tanzania 2 Senegal<br>3g 1970-1980 1980-1990 g 1970-1980 1980-1990<br>B°) Bt407407 ° | Bae”” ff 8°) Be~407407 |. ae 735 ett e e<br>g== sé-- raOreOre 6ii rratyOnOn gSS we-- eS heGROGRO -oo raeOROR ~ Oy<br>245 af ° 05 “15 at =.05 05 “a 05“ 0 05 at \os_ 7 7 ° 05<br><!-- End of picture text -->

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<!-- Start of picture text --> 2 1990-2000 2000-2010 2 1990-2000 2000-2010<br>: | Bee~0101 Fo)66 Be-149149 tre : | ea~157157 ce °| et66 L ico ico<br>o —{|{| -_~ | of ° om — _— foe»coco<br>3”3s.[3s.[s.[ (wr—{| -o(5)-_~o(5)-_~(5)-_~——4|4| 38g.°8g.°g.° :o{|o{|{| (»)<br>° 05<br>5 «is “4 ~08——7 0 0 05 15 1 ~.05 0 6 5 a 05 0 05 «1 4s \ Oo<br>2 Change in employment share employment share share z Change in employment share in employment share employment share share<br><!-- End of picture text -->
<!-- Start of picture text --> Correlation between sectoral productivity and change in employment share<br>a India<br>=3 1970-1560 1980-1990<br>a=]aa= ee.. ow gue °“ (ieee low be eyten<br>a =n en nn n<br>= 7 ee ft ~ egOpn<br>=o ote ° ‘Ont<br>= 7<br>3o 06 04 02-02C7) (=)ed 02<br>= 1990-2000 2000-2010<br>1g 7 122 fre Lr 25 .<br>3a ow Fie on din _ “ Fie ow drain fire<br>3 -= ae |(Dee Crs On -. = —Ons(ahTC O-<br>£ re ee a en a ee ee ee ee<br>a .<br>z Change in employment share<br><!-- End of picture text -->

<!-- Start of picture text --> Correlation between sectoral productivity and change in employment share<br>> Thailand<br>=3 1970-1980 1980-1990<br>osg= 77 ceMy De ow" Tatex bth<br>= = - cae<br>2 os 08 S _ fae<br>~ . 7 -<br>Ss 4 4 Z<br>2:3 15 A 05 0 ~ 05 2 15GPA “05 0 5<br>a 1990-2000 2000-2010<br>rol Wh y min<br>3S °] ae win | RRoe i,<br>o em7 tiOr 3 a -o (DraBe<br>3 oe; | °7 eeSoa<br>5 > A 05 0 05 WT OS 0 05<br>w -<br>z Change in employment share<br><!-- End of picture text -->
So as to allow for individual-country analysis to provide more nuanced conclusions than the above, in the Annex C we provide summary indicators by country underlying these major patterns of structural change, including a few additional countries for comparison (Brazil, China, India, and Mexico). This allows the ability to compare changes in employment shares, output growth rates, and labor productivity across sectors for a particular focal economy. For example, South Africa does not particularly follow the above trends; while the country has absorbed a substantial amount of labor into wholesale and retail trade, construction has not done so; instead, there were greater shifts into higher productivity sectors (FIRE industries and the public sector). We provide this rubric mainly in order to allow for additional nuance to be available for country-by-country assessment of the broad patterns described above.

# **Conclusion**

We present a country-by-country historical analysis of structural change in Africa over the past four decades. Given the varied patterns and trends in structural change across African countries, we find it difficult to speak of structural change from a single, continent-wide perspective.

We do, however, find two general patterns of structural change. First, the early reformers saw an early transition of labor out of agriculture, with manufacturing absorbing this labor in decades prior to the 1990s. Second, the later reformers, saw a later transition out of agriculture, where labor being shed from agriculture in the 1990s and 2000s appears to largely have been absorbed in the services sector.

19
# **<u>References</u>**

Acemoglu, Daron, Francisco A. Gallego and James A. Robinson. 2014. Institutions, Human Capital and Development. _Annual Reviews of Economics_ 6: 875-912.

- ACET. 2014. “2014 African Transformation Report: Growth with Depth.” Available at: http://africantransformation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2014-african-transformation-report.pdf, accessed June 26, 2015.

- ADB. 2015. “AfDB Group's Long Term Strategy.” Available at: http://www.afdb.org/en/consultations/closedconsultations/afdb-groups-long-term-strategy/, accessed June 26, 2015.

- Amirapu, Amrit and Arvind Subramanian. 2015. “Manufacturing or Services? An Indian Illustration of a Development Dilemma.” CGD Working Paper 409.

- AU. 2015. “Agenda 2063 Vision and Priorities.” Available at: http://agenda2063.au.int/en/vision, accessed June 26, 2015.

- Fine, and Susan Lund. 2012. Jobs: The next piece of Africa’s growth jigsaw. _VoxEU.org_ , available at: http://voxeu.org/article/jobs-next-piece-africa-s-growth-jigsaw. Accessed 12 April 2016.

- IMF. 2013. “Jobs and Growth: Analytical and Operational Considerations for the Fund.” Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2013/031413.pdf, accessed June 26, 2015.

- McKinsey Global Institute. 2010. “Lions on the Move—The Progress and Potential of African Economies.” Available at: http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/middle-east-and-africa/lions-on-the-move . Accessed: 25 April 2016.

- McMillan, Margaret S, and Kenneth Harttgen. 2014. What is driving the “African Growth Miracle”? National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper No. 20077.

- McMillian, Margaret and Dani Rodrik. 2014. Globalization, Structural Change, and Productivity Growth, with an Update on Africa. World Development Vol. 63, pp. 11-32.

- Rodrik, Dani. 2014. An African Growth Miracle? National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper No. 20188.

- Timmer, M.P., G.J. de Vries, and K. de Vries (2014). “Patterns of Structural Change in Developing Countries,” GGDC research memorandum 149.

- UNCTAD. 2012. “Economic Development in Africa: Structural Transformation and Sustainable Development in Africa.” Available at: http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/aldcafrica2012_embargo_en.pdf, accessed June 26, 2015.

- UNECA. 2013. “Economic Report on Africa 2013.” Available at: http://www.uneca.org/publications/economicreport-africa-2013, accessed June 26, 2015.

- World Bank, 2014, “Africa’s Pulse: Decades of Sustained Growth is Transforming Africa’s Economies.”World Bank. Washington, DC. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/publication/africas-pulsedecades-of-sustained-growth-is-transforming-africas-economies. Accessed 25 April 2016.

Young, Alwyn. 2012. “The African growth miracle,” Journal of Political Economy 120(4): 696-739.

20
21
# **<u>Appendix A: Variables used & definitions</u>**

# WDI variables:

|**Indicator Name**|**Definition**|_Original source_|
|---|---|---|
|Trade (% of GDP)|Trade is the sum of exports and imports of goods and services measured as a share of<br>gross domestic product. Variable gives average decadal value per country.|_World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National_<br>_Accounts_ _data_ _files._|
|Urbanization|Average growth rate of urban population/total population by decade for each<br>country.|_Fraction of the orginal variables in grey below._|
|Conflict|Average conflict intensity level by decade for each country. Intensity level is<br>categorized into:no conflict, minor conflict or war.|_UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset v.4‐2014a, 1946 –_<br>_2013_|
|Urban population|Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national<br>statistical offices. It is calculated using World Bank population estimates and urban<br>ratios from the United Nations World Urbanization Prospects. Aggregation of urban<br>and rural population may not add up to total population because of different country<br>coverages.|_World Bank Staff estimates based on United Nations,_<br>_World_ _Urbanization_ _Prospects._|
|Population, total|Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all<br>residents regardless of legal status or citizenship‐‐except for refugees not|_(1) United Nations Population Division. World_<br>_Population_ _Prospects,_ _(2)_ _United_ _Nations_ _Statistical_|
||permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of<br>the population of their country of origin. The values shown are midyear estimates.|_Division._ _Population_ _and_ _Vital_ _Statistics_ _Report_ _(various_<br>_years),_ _(3)_ _Census_ _reports_ _and_ _other_ _statistical_<br>_publications_ _from_ _national_ _statistical_ _offices,_ _(4)_|
|||_Eurostat:_ _Demographic_ _Statistics,_ _(5)_ _Secretariat_ _of_ _the_<br>_Pacific_ _Community:_ _Statistics_ _and_ _Demography_<br>_Programme,_ _and_ _(6)_ _U.S._ _Census_ _Bureau:_ _International_<br>_Database._|

# Indicator definitions:

|Years:<br>Representation|Low|Med<br>**De**<br>**1970s**<br>1970‐1979|High<br>**finitions** **for**|Low<br> **relative** **le**|Med<br>**vels** **of** **coun**<br>1980‐1989<br>**1980s**|High<br>**try** **indicator**<br>**Decade**|Low<br>**s** **of** **trade,**|Med<br> **urbanizatio**<br>1990‐1999<br>**1990s**|High<br>**n,** **conflict**|Low|Med<br>2000‐2009<br>**2000s**|High|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Trade (average level,<br>in share of GDP)|10.9‐44.3|44.8‐84.2|84.4‐294.6|13.5‐50.1|50.6‐91.6|93.2‐346.2|2.9‐56.8|57.4‐87.2|87.7‐326.7|0.6‐68.27|68.36‐94.82|95.82‐389.55|
|Urbanization (change<br>in urbanization rate)|0.03‐0.31|0.32‐0.56|0.57‐1|0.05‐0.34|0.35‐0.64|0.65‐1|0.07‐0.39|0.4‐0.68|0.69‐1|0.09‐0.43|0.44‐0.68|0.69‐1|
|Conflict (average<br>level)|0‐0|0.33‐0.44|0.5‐1.79|0‐0|0.33‐0.5|0.54‐2|0‐0|0.33‐0.67|0.74‐2|0‐0|0.33‐0.59|0.67‐1.64|

Note: Each definition above provides the ranges of the observation values assigned to each category. Cutoffs based on terciles, except for conflict, where "low" is no conflict (no minor or major conflict for one country during that decade.

22
<!-- Start of picture text --> Share of employment in Agriculture vs. VA per capita<br>1980, 1990, 2000, 2010<br>S<br>es| Oe<br>s° d<br>wo ce e<br>5g<br>&E°a> &" "ee©<br>Qa. e e<br>&¢ owt z<br>5 ° to<br>Re e° r)<br>aon % Ce e e e<br>t é e<br>Pree<br>° Pee eo<br>0 1 2 3 4<br>In(VA per capita), const USD @ PPP<br><!-- End of picture text -->

<!-- Start of picture text --> Share of employment in Construction vs. VA per capita<br>1980, 1990, 2000, 2010<br>wo<br>e<br>2e*<br>x e e@<br>oea S= e e e e ; e Ps e<br>e % e % % 9° e<br>> e e<br>= e ee8<br>= o ¢ 2 @e<br>uw ee fe)<br>LW ee<br>S=°<br>”dee a e<br>_f< °<br>eo %®. 2 @ e °®<br>7 e8 age ©<br>S ee e 3 e<br>1 2 3 4 5<br>In(VA per capita), const USD @ PPP<br><!-- End of picture text -->
Share of employment in Mining vs. VA per capita 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 <!-- Start of picture text --> Share of employment in Utilities vs. VA per capita<br>1980, 1990, 2000, 2010<br>FS e<br>oO<br>wo<br>5 ad ®<br>3 °% e fs<br>e+ ee cosa)<br>wi e ee e<br>5 eet wee | iT<br>e @ J<br><7 eS CSM OO eve<br>si<br>° ®<br>0 2 4 6 8<br>In(VA per capita), const USD @ PPP<br><!-- End of picture text -->
Share of employment in Transport vs. VA per capita 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 <!-- Start of picture text --> Share of employment in Other services vs. VA per capita<br>1980, 1990, 2000, 2010<br>3»<br>&<br>gocn ° : e<br>® ee<br>3 zee e<br>2 ee e<br>a e e . ‘ 5 e<br>We e ee. / e<br>o= e<br>is) e 80<br>®o e e e e<br>a AG e° e e &&e =<br>® C) ecco See<br>Oo 8.8 © c ? @ ee e id<br>0 2 4 6<br>In(VA per capita), const USD @ PPP<br><!-- End of picture text -->
Share of employment in Fire vs. VA per capita 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 <!-- Start of picture text --> Decadal Productivity Convergence<br>Agriculture<br>1970-1980 1980-1990<br>rc Omar cr<br>~ 2 Ounce Orem OOBSpain iRlar neene 2 O South Koren ST Bmin<br>o eng of CVnee —— ne eewee<br>Se Sine... © a<br>_ 9 ‘© sonegat os]<br>5 3<br>a4 6 8 10 12 4 6 8 10 12<br><x<br>=<br>£ 1990-2000 2000-2010<br>£-<br>©D . Omum . ousOom os 0 ° i Oo<br>Ooo = ‘ one 0 sum ncaa nO 2 Omer Bean © OMG soracme OOO<br>wor Onn O Horg Kong woe O 2antia O Srospore ‘O Hong Kong<br>4 6 8 10 12 4 6 8 10 12<br>In(VA per worker)<br><!-- End of picture text -->
<!-- Start of picture text --> Decadal Productivity Convergence<br>Construction<br>1970-1980 1980-1990<br>Q a<br>>g_5 4°2 qe‘© Somos°poeee— © Venezia ve)o° =OOnonea Ores HEAR.O som noree Oo"<br>=>= al-iO¥ saree -i;owe OSes ——<br>a8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12<br><x<br>=<br>£ 1990-2000 2000-2010<br>£ 2 2 Onmen<br>77 =<br>> i — ~ Om Ome<br>oR° ° Serenoae ST<br>a OMSOQage Ow° gO‘0 Brienia ROS -<br>- Oven -<br>8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 1 12<br>In(VA per worker)<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> Decadal Productivity Convergence<br>Utilities<br>1970-1980 1980-1990<br>NN<br>Ozante<br>- 02mg sn sone - O snetie om”<br>oO any<br>x—9 Oo aOD orksSO OROk ey: Oo —_ O infeedOgeePFE once<br>= O Nigeria O Sonepat O senegal? © Sexe<br>=>ali-;<br>a6 8 10 12 14 6 8 10 12 14<br><x<br>=<br>£ 1990-2000 2000-2010<br>&oO N O Soragat ) ©Sonegai<br>><br>r Korg - Ochi<br>5 3 ee ee 5 ee... ae<br>O kenya: OB rane © Conta Pica OP ssern<br>- (O Tanzania ° = Octo O Tatwan<br>6 8 10 12 14 6 8 10 12 14<br>In(VA per worker)<br><!-- End of picture text -->
<!-- Start of picture text --> Decadal Productivity Convergence<br>Mining<br>1970-1980 1980-1990<br>oO oO °<br>ws © nenietne aw<br>| a Ba ea<br>x5 6 of eeea —<br>oO o- pagent© cooneia © 0G voranei = OwO mega *onomOromia.ONO vonsan Oe° nse<br>Sy Ones nu<br>oD . O Tarcania 0<br>< 6 8 10 12 14 16 6 8 10 12 14 16<br>=<br>£ 1990-2000 2000-2010<br>& be) o<br>% Nn 5 nN Orem<br>5 = Orme Oi OO mins Geom - Cakes Come<br>oOg ° Onrorsecon6 amen Qe senate © oan—aeeeOo<br>ws O seo w BH an<br>‘ O Kenya, D<br>6 8 10 12 14 16 6 8 10 12 14 16<br>In(VA per worker)<br><!-- End of picture text -->

<!-- Start of picture text --> Decadal Productivity Convergence<br>Transport<br>2<br>co 1970-1980 1980-1990<br>- cme eee” r<br>So O maha — ores<br>= . O Mon Otere Ossome »|aa °TM* Ores OruPHENO Mm<br>a'‘<br>a6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12<br>=<br>< 1990-2000 2000-2010<br>cQ©<br>2~ a -) om Omme<br>6 ° woe Omg,<br>© ed O Maiant© Tanzania<br>v O kenya v<br>6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12<br>In(VA per worker)<br><!-- End of picture text -->
<!-- Start of picture text --> Decadal Productivity Convergence<br>Other services<br>1970-1980 1980-1990<br>N N O Botrware<br>r r O Hong Kong<br>S OMStee Bee Over Oth<br>< Ho o | Sgr ei<br>fo} O Niger om “_ CS OREO<br>= - - OmyTre Neterands<br>5 oun ;<br>a 6 8 10 12 14 6 8 10 12 14<br><x<br>=<br>= 1990-2000 2000-2010<br>& nN n<br>oO O 2ancia<br>D -_ O Mourtiss - Onmee<br>S One O evere OneRO On O Som<br>xO° Oe DO Oe O Hong ong of peOne ge,© Taian on<br>O Mates<br>6 8 10 12 14 6 8 10 12 14<br>In(VA per worker)<br><!-- End of picture text -->

<!-- Start of picture text --> Decadal Productivity Convergence<br>Fire<br>1970-1980 1980-1990<br>NN<br>O<br>—~a=o ae eeOmeperminzantia OnwweeesDra( Ethiopia O Senegatore =° OTe erin nani StetO bedonecia OPE rece<br>S Sst Cire Ghana ORs Guam Cin, Oem ‘O Hyg. Hang<br>- 7 7<br>oO<br>a 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12<br><x<br>=<br>= 1990-2000 2000-2010<br>& N © Sweden nN<br>oO<br>D | oom 0 -<br>= ve peer 000<br>Se Oupsesenenn coke3 Sigs epa<br>oO =O Ur ren Hg org<br>° OR GEIR “ eG ser Kors ° om OnOO Rye Ua. O eee<br>-o O Mattes © ces O Mexico -o O Noone O Tanzania<br>8 9 10 1 12 8 9 10 11 12<br>In(VA per worker)<br><!-- End of picture text -->
# **Annex**

## **_Data Sources_**

Africa Sector Database (ASD)- University of Groningen World Development Indicators (WDI) - The World Bank

## **_Table of Contents_**

I. Scorecard II. Convergence III. Peak growth Annex: Page 1
# _Part I. Scorecard_

|**Africa Sector Database Sector**<br>**Description**|
|---|

|Agriculture|Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry, Fishing|
|---|---|
|Mining|Mining and Quarrying|
|Manufacturing|Manufacturing|
|Utilities|Electricity, Gas and Water supply|
|Construction|Construction|
|Trade services|Wholesale and Retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods,<br>Hotels and Restaurants|
|Transport services|Transport, Storage and Communications|
|Business services|Financial Intermediation, Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities|
|Government services|Public Administration and Defense, Education, Health and Social work|
|Personal services|Other Community, Social and Personal service activities, Activities of Private Households|
|Aggregate services|Trade services & Transport services & Business services|

## **_Key_**

|Initial Output:|Gross value added at constant local prices (millions), 1970. Value added in constant prices is calculated from estimated series of<br>nominal data and price deflators, and rebased to express values in 2005 prices.|
|---|---|
|Initial Employment Share:|The ratio of persons employed in sector to total persons employed , 1970. Employment is defined as all persons engaged, aged 15|
|Initial Productivity:|The ratio of output to number of persons engaged in sector, 1970.|
|Aggregate Services:|Wholesale and Retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods, Hotels and Restaurants;|
|Employment Share Change (1970s-2000s)|Average employment share in the 2000s minus average employment share in 1970s.|
|Employment Share<br>Growth(1970s to2000s)|(Average employment share in the 2000s - average employment share in 1970s) / average employment share in the 1970s|

Annex: Page 2
# **Africa**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|21068|2.90%|5.76%|70.30%|-11.35%|-5.84%|0.51|0.71%|3.76%|
|**Mining**|34819|1.63%|1.40%|1.38%|-0.72%|-0.05%|42.86|0.89%|-0.76%|
|**Manufacturing**|21462|2.88%|3.22%|6.13%|0.50%|1.24%|5.94|0.06%|-1.74%|
|**Utilities**|1943|4.45%|3.18%|0.22%|0.05%|0.01%|15.00|1.28%|0.06%|
|**Construction**|14759|3.03%|8.79%|1.64%|0.93%|0.96%|15.24|-0.72%|0.88%|
|**Trade services**|20760|3.87%|6.67%|9.66%|5.37%|1.92%|3.64|0.11%|2.26%|
|**Transport services**|7120|4.70%|6.82%|1.60%|0.95%|0.46%|7.52|0.85%|1.76%|
|**Business services**|13474|6.45%|7.86%|0.57%|1.85%|1.02%|39.75|0.07%|-0.74%|
|**Government services**|28718|3.65%|4.20%|3.78%|1.96%|0.40%|12.87|-0.04%|0.53%|
|**Personal services**|8252|4.18%|4.91%|4.71%|0.46%|-0.12%|2.97|1.29%|2.19%|
|**Aggregate Services**|78323|4.56%|6.19%|20.34%|10.60%|3.68%|6.53|0.83%|1.90%|

_*Includes Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Senegal, Zambia, Tanzania, South Africa_ Annex: Page 3
# **Botswana**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br> <br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|474|2.91%|4.93%|81.20%|-43.11%|-0.22%|2.99|1.70%|3.83%|
|**Mining**|481|7.83%|-2.30%|1.84%|0.13%|-0.48%|134.17|4.38%|-1.26%|
|**Manufacturing**|90|10.10%|4.42%|1.47%|5.01%|0.05%|31.42|2.88%|3.18%|
|**Utilities**|19|9.40%|0.57%|0.25%|0.34%|-0.13%|38.01|3.86%|1.51%|
|**Construction**|615|4.90%|5.27%|2.24%|0.46%|-6.46%|140.42|1.25%|17.63%|
|**Trade services**|381|8.73%|7.98%|1.36%|17.92%|8.57%|143.83|-1.33%|0.69%|
|**Transport services**|40|11.56%|6.51%|1.05%|2.09%|0.70%|19.36|5.26%|2.72%|
|**Business services**|41|13.37%|4.85%|1.12%|5.88%|2.16%|18.76|5.00%|-0.07%|
|**Government services**|290|8.62%|3.27%|4.91%|11.92%|-2.94%|30.24|2.14%|3.78%|
|**Personal services**|49|11.83%|9.47%|4.56%|-0.64%|-1.23%|5.50|8.85%|11.25%|
|**Aggregate Services**|801|9.69%|6.03%|13.00%|37.16%|7.25%|31.54|2.84%|3.23%|

Annex: Page 4
# **Egypt**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br> <br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|20092|3.83%|3.21%|53.92%|-31.34%|-6.01%|4.53|3.15%|1.68%|
|**Mining**|13489|4.96%|5.74%|0.23%|-0.13%|-0.13%|706.05|4.22%|10.38%|
|**Manufacturing**|16434|5.00%|4.09%|14.18%|-3.08%|-0.09%|14.10|2.70%|0.24%|
|**Utilities**|801|6.65%|5.06%|0.62%|0.67%|-0.03%|15.68|1.79%|1.35%|
|**Construction**|1018|9.69%|7.77%|2.84%|9.83%|2.81%|4.36|2.72%|1.13%|
|**Trade services**|9488|6.23%|6.61%|7.60%|6.20%|2.78%|15.19|1.74%|0.29%|
|**Transport services**|2152|10.09%|10.89%|2.33%|6.93%|3.71%|11.24|3.39%|1.39%|
|**Business services**|2245|8.32%|2.04%|0.89%|2.27%|-0.74%|30.83|2.02%|0.28%|
|**Government services**|4153|6.97%|3.48%|17.40%|8.65%|-2.29%|2.90|2.95%|0.41%|
|**Personal services**|1835|7.16%|9.38%|||||||
|**Aggregate Services**|19872|7.45%|6.24%|28.21%|24.04%|3.45%|8.57|2.86%|1.53%|

Annex: Page 5
# **Mauritius**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br> <br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|2179|3.86%|0.32%|37.30%|-30.14%|-4.27%|30.47|5.56%|3.94%|
|**Mining**|506|0.83%|-10.84%|0.07%|0.11%|-0.11%|3629.01|-3.92%|-7.76%|
|**Manufacturing**|2911|6.49%|1.56%|10.61%|8.49%|-9.68%|143.09|2.34%|4.61%|
|**Utilities**|288|6.60%|3.54%|1.64%|-0.62%|0.20%|91.65|5.19%|0.15%|
|**Construction**|1325|6.02%|6.34%|7.80%|2.17%|0.62%|88.61|2.77%|4.47%|
|**Trade services**|3785|5.99%|4.05%|7.70%|13.80%|3.86%|256.42|0.75%|0.86%|
|**Transport services**|1655|7.52%|7.43%|5.81%|2.46%|1.60%|148.61|3.94%|3.96%|
|**Business services**|889|8.39%|4.61%|1.12%|8.43%|4.94%|413.88|0.20%|-3.84%|
|**Government services**|2756|5.97%|4.29%|12.08%|4.40%|2.04%|118.97|2.55%|1.76%|
|**Personal services**|378|8.03%|7.16%|15.85%|-9.10%|0.79%|12.43|7.63%|4.64%|
|**Aggregate Services**|9462|6.72%|5.10%|42.57%|19.98%|13.23%|115.97|3.08%|1.47%|

Annex: Page 6
# **Nigeria**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|1577584|3.74%|10.40%|64.78%|-4.12%|-3.03%|108.41|1.74%|7.96%|
|**Mining**|2123349|2.36%|1.52%|0.15%|0.09%|0.16%|64908.85|-0.93%|-12.21%|
|**Manufacturing**|74946|5.52%|8.74%|7.01%|-2.83%|1.08%|47.57|4.67%|2.71%|
|**Utilities**|2439|6.10%|8.59%|0.15%|0.08%|-0.05%|74.08|2.79%|7.80%|
|**Construction**|78951|4.09%|9.16%|1.00%|0.61%|0.91%|350.86|0.73%|-2.24%|
|**Trade services**|469020|5.27%|13.01%|15.32%|1.60%|-1.96%|136.32|2.83%|11.18%|
|**Transport services**|24463|7.00%|18.95%|1.32%|1.73%|0.89%|82.66|2.61%|11.84%|
|**Business services**|17434|8.19%|10.92%|0.26%|2.49%|2.12%|298.54|-0.14%|-6.88%|
|**Government services**|22701|5.65%|6.26%|4.71%|-0.39%|0.11%|21.48|3.68%|3.14%|
|**Personal services**|19795|6.16%|9.88%|5.31%|0.75%|-0.23%|16.60|3.60%|7.32%|
|**Aggregate Services**|553414|5.58%|12.60%|26.91%|6.19%|0.93%|91.56|2.85%|9.26%|

Annex: Page 7
# **South Africa**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|18017|2.12%|1.84%|34.72%|-19.69%|-3.63%|6.76|2.62%|3.14%|
|**Mining**|121105|-0.50%|0.01%|8.80%|-6.72%|-1.40%|179.11|1.50%|4.34%|
|**Manufacturing**|103906|2.53%|2.40%|13.33%|-1.43%|-1.73%|101.50|1.18%|2.87%|
|**Utilities**|7254|3.96%|1.84%|0.65%|-0.03%|0.07%|145.99|2.43%|-0.24%|
|**Construction**|24658|2.15%|8.14%|5.81%|1.44%|2.22%|55.24|-0.03%|3.33%|
|**Trade services**|71358|2.91%|3.35%|13.49%|6.53%|-0.71%|68.86|0.27%|2.79%|
|**Transport services**|31811|4.24%|4.99%|4.40%|0.89%|-0.05%|94.03|2.10%|4.15%|
|**Business services**|27728|5.92%|8.65%|2.48%|8.85%|3.76%|145.65|0.35%|3.44%|
|**Government services**|91066|2.54%|2.66%|5.80%|9.67%|0.86%|204.46|-1.54%|1.17%|
|**Personal services**|23932|3.64%|3.16%|10.52%|0.48%|0.61%|29.61|1.87%|1.66%|
|**Aggregate Services**|245895|3.62%|4.59%|36.69%|26.43%|4.47%|87.24|0.59%|2.90%|

Annex: Page 8
# **Ethiopia**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br> <br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|28188|2.15%|6.68%|92.49%|-17.34%|-9.77%|2.63|-0.39%|4.35%|
|**Mining**|87|5.92%|8.69%|0.01%|0.46%|0.22%|61.83|-6.22%|-1.45%|
|**Manufacturing**|1233|4.80%|7.42%|1.87%|4.37%|3.10%|5.68|-1.35%|-3.10%|
|**Utilities**|365|5.28%|6.66%|0.04%|0.06%|0.02%|70.38|0.08%|0.70%|
|**Construction**|1666|4.27%|11.98%|0.30%|1.72%|1.50%|48.58|-3.59%|-5.59%|
|**Trade services**|4443|4.82%|10.92%|2.63%|7.58%|5.47%|14.57|-1.71%|-0.75%|
|**Transport services**|724|6.45%|10.77%|0.34%|0.17%|0.14%|18.55|2.20%|3.49%|
|**Business services**|333|8.72%|12.20%|0.11%|0.33%|0.29%|25.25|1.96%|-2.72%|
|**Government services**|677|8.42%|7.33%|1.12%|1.37%|-0.73%|5.22|3.09%|6.41%|
|**Personal services**|438|5.97%|6.51%|1.08%|1.28%|-0.25%|3.50|0.80%|3.97%|
|**Aggregate Services**|6615|6.04%|9.71%|5.28%|10.73%|4.93%|10.81|0.05%|2.18%|

Annex: Page 9
# **Ghana**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br> <br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|1896|2.88%|4.80%|57.04%|-15.48%|-12.07%|1.06|0.67%|4.10%|
|**Mining**|275|1.92%|6.36%|0.99%|0.11%|-0.68%|8.86|-1.32%|8.05%|
|**Manufacturing**|954|1.54%|3.54%|12.08%|-1.28%|0.20%|2.52|-1.14%|0.08%|
|**Utilities**|34|6.33%|6.71%|0.39%|0.00%|0.05%|2.73|3.22%|2.01%|
|**Construction**|500|3.15%|11.01%|2.40%|0.66%|0.13%|6.65|-0.47%|7.04%|
|**Trade services**|565|3.59%|6.28%|13.83%|10.50%|7.31%|1.30|-0.84%|-0.69%|
|**Transport services**|423|5.29%|6.72%|2.72%|0.82%|0.64%|4.95|1.55%|1.29%|
|**Business services**|62|7.62%|6.07%|0.30%|2.01%|0.87%|6.64|-0.72%|-2.02%|
|**Government services**|281|5.03%|6.60%|7.02%|-0.43%|1.38%|1.28|2.12%|0.83%|
|**Personal services**|69|6.45%|6.37%|3.22%|3.09%|2.17%|0.69|1.62%|-1.26%|
|**Aggregate Services**|1401|4.95%|6.48%|27.10%|15.99%|12.38%|1.65|0.71%|-0.33%|

Annex: Page 10
# **Kenya**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|151567|2.22%|2.27%|81.02%|-32.71%|-7.76%|48.12|0.06%|0.95%|
|**Mining**|2493|3.15%|4.08%|0.12%|0.48%|0.12%|522.15|-4.23%|-0.96%|
|**Manufacturing**|28002|4.83%|3.85%|3.79%|8.97%|2.72%|190.04|-1.73%|-1.40%|
|**Utilities**|6668|4.19%|5.96%|0.13%|0.06%|-0.08%|1331.56|-0.31%|6.60%|
|**Construction**|34533|2.17%|5.32%|0.85%|1.98%|0.50%|1047.55|-4.19%|0.47%|
|**Trade services**|42644|4.13%|5.66%|5.04%|11.39%|4.17%|217.80|-2.30%|-0.22%|
|**Transport services**|33723|4.76%|8.36%|1.39%|2.04%|-0.20%|623.82|-1.02%|5.98%|
|**Business services**|13652|5.67%|3.76%|0.85%|0.36%|-0.43%|412.49|1.20%|4.00%|
|**Government services**|50914|3.84%|2.09%|3.41%|2.65%|-0.44%|384.27|-1.09%|-0.02%|
|**Personal services**|33342|1.83%|2.82%|3.41%|4.77%|1.40%|251.66|-3.73%|-1.86%|
|**Aggregate Services**|174276|4.05%|4.58%|14.09%|21.21%|4.50%|318.06|-1.73%|0.33%|

Annex: Page 11
# **Malawi**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|29081|3.79%|2.37%|86.71%|-21.52%|-17.16%|19.33|1.37%|1.57%|
|**Mining**|1024|6.63%|20.21%|0.20%|-0.08%|0.08%|288.90|4.70%|6.12%|
|**Manufacturing**|9569|3.94%|5.90%|3.06%|1.37%|1.76%|180.01|-0.13%|-2.40%|
|**Utilities**|761|6.18%|6.51%|0.22%|0.11%|0.14%|202.13|1.94%|-2.44%|
|**Construction**|5306|3.73%|7.57%|2.04%|2.50%|2.62%|150.06|-1.40%|-4.34%|
|**Trade services**|15734|4.20%|6.79%|1.94%|11.05%|7.01%|467.29|-3.64%|-4.21%|
|**Transport services**|5063|5.32%|9.80%|0.92%|1.32%|1.46%|316.40|-0.11%|-4.25%|
|**Business services**|1567|8.15%|6.18%|0.15%|0.58%|0.03%|615.88|0.76%|2.45%|
|**Government services**|12407|2.57%|1.20%|2.84%|4.35%|2.74%|251.49|-2.81%|-6.51%|
|**Personal services**|5453|3.32%|5.92%|1.91%|0.34%|1.33%|164.20|-0.22%|-6.06%|
|**Aggregate Services**|40223|4.25%|5.90%|7.77%|17.63%|12.56%|298.48|-1.86%|-4.12%|

Annex: Page 12
# **Senegal**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|425597|1.62%|2.44%|73.28%|-21.84%|-6.79%|580.09|-1.17%|0.70%|
|**Mining**|24185|2.28%|3.20%|0.21%|0.02%|0.10%|11521.81|-1.59%|-5.27%|
|**Manufacturing**|215146|2.88%|2.87%|5.64%|4.26%|1.92%|3811.96|-2.21%|-2.26%|
|**Utilities**|28707|3.74%|5.78%|0.34%|-0.30%|-0.14%|8482.16|5.32%|19.08%|
|**Construction**|21889|6.16%|6.09%|1.26%|2.52%|0.99%|1737.82|-0.44%|-0.06%|
|**Trade services**|335498|2.57%|2.72%|7.28%|13.79%|2.73%|4602.70|-3.72%|-1.65%|
|**Transport services**|117466|4.51%|11.04%|1.81%|1.61%|1.42%|6492.47|-0.85%|2.17%|
|**Business services**|29574|6.58%|5.74%|0.19%|0.32%|0.14%|15164.78|0.28%|-0.70%|
|**Government services**|239728|2.32%|3.48%|5.02%|0.15%|0.33%|4770.17|-1.44%|-0.20%|
|**Personal services**|31775|2.89%|3.01%|4.97%|-0.54%|-0.70%|638.44|-0.53%|1.48%|
|**Aggregate Services**|754039|3.23%|4.92%|19.27%|15.34%|3.93%|3907.77|-1.93%|0.63%|

Annex: Page 13
# **Tanzania**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|1417787|3.50%|4.28%|91.37%|-19.71%|-11.83%|266.81|1.04%|2.12%|
|**Mining**|57261|6.15%|11.10%|0.10%|0.69%|0.28%|10213.32|-2.26%|2.48%|
|**Manufacturing**|453045|3.67%|8.34%|1.72%|1.52%|1.57%|4533.29|-0.99%|-2.18%|
|**Utilities**|46709|5.94%|6.56%|0.10%|0.35%|0.21%|7956.53|-0.98%|-3.51%|
|**Construction**|391440|4.11%|10.33%|0.62%|0.76%|0.56%|10855.47|-0.98%|0.98%|
|**Trade services**|763105|3.65%|7.57%|1.95%|7.83%|3.02%|6734.89|-3.40%|-0.01%|
|**Transport services**|329456|4.02%|8.90%|0.88%|1.03%|1.15%|6408.17|-0.99%|-4.17%|
|**Business services**|133624|4.83%|7.07%|0.14%|0.52%|0.46%|16688.35|-2.19%|-8.28%|
|**Government services**|326410|5.13%|8.01%|1.96%|6.28%|4.74%|2863.62|-1.59%|-4.37%|
|**Personal services**|18060|4.99%|2.94%|1.16%|0.73%|-0.15%|267.48|0.64%|0.06%|
|**Aggregate Services**|1570654|4.22%|7.79%|6.09%|16.39%|9.21%|4434.02|-2.12%|-1.38%|

Annex: Page 14
# **Zambia**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br> <br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|1969293|2.34%|-1.58%|62.72%|9.52%|0.64%|2402.99|-0.66%|-4.40%|
|**Mining**|3661718|1.70%|20.30%|3.93%|-1.48%|1.15%|71373.69|0.24%|9.75%|
|**Manufacturing**|1577762|2.71%|5.16%|3.05%|0.26%|0.55%|39588.84|-0.16%|0.38%|
|**Utilities**|145334|4.85%|1.98%|0.59%|-0.33%|-0.13%|18784.37|4.21%|3.10%|
|**Construction**|2426012|1.15%|11.66%|3.92%|-2.48%|0.13%|47376.93|1.03%|7.52%|
|**Trade services**|1316145|5.62%|7.17%|4.05%|6.50%|3.78%|24849.94|0.45%|-0.34%|
|**Transport services**|603188|6.33%|17.01%|2.67%|-0.69%|0.08%|17260.23|4.35%|13.31%|
|**Business services**|221779|7.90%|5.73%|1.35%|-0.25%|0.07%|12577.22|5.64%|2.15%|
|**Government services**|929371|5.38%|12.03%|||||||
|**Personal services**|109964|4.18%|11.83%|17.71%|-11.06%|-6.27%|475.27|4.00%|16.19%|
|**Aggregate Services**|3180447|5.90%|9.60%|25.79%|-5.50%|-2.35%|9439.86|3.78%|7.72%|

Annex: Page 15
# **Morocco**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|35467|2.64%|7.30%|55.23%|-20.24%|7.89%|21.04|0.43%|-0.57%|
|**Mining**|3975|2.31%|3.68%|1.74%|-1.44%|-0.35%|74.89|3.43%|6.47%|
|**Manufacturing**|20179|3.78%|2.64%|11.37%|1.16%|-4.64%|58.13|0.14%|0.70%|
|**Utilities**|1758|6.18%|6.37%|0.32%|0.05%|-0.18%|180.90|2.32%|5.16%|
|**Construction**|9383|3.96%|6.70%|4.57%|6.40%|0.92%|67.32|-1.61%|0.55%|
|**Trade services**|18755|3.72%|3.33%|9.15%|7.27%|-1.36%|67.18|-1.13%|-0.99%|
|**Transport services**|3633|6.60%|7.64%|3.36%|0.65%|-0.49%|35.44|2.66%|3.52%|
|**Business services**|9987|6.17%|5.39%|0.64%|1.16%|0.24%|509.77|0.08%|-1.23%|
|**Government services**|7899|5.16%|3.91%|13.62%|4.99%|-2.02%|19.00|0.93%|-0.20%|
|**Personal services**|11934|4.57%|4.71%|||||||
|**Aggregate Services**|52208|5.00%|4.77%|26.77%|14.07%|-3.64%|63.91|0.50%|0.44%|

Annex: Page 16
# **Argentina**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|25452|1.94%|3.19%|17.90%|-11.24%|-2.22%|16.60|2.64%|3.22%|
|**Mining**|8565|3.10%|0.47%|0.50%|0.13%|0.32%|199.94|0.68%|-8.95%|
|**Manufacturing**|75568|1.77%|4.41%|23.50%|-11.55%|-0.28%|37.54|1.67%|1.72%|
|**Utilities**|1309|5.34%|3.73%|1.20%|-0.48%|-0.22%|12.73|4.80%|3.55%|
|**Construction**|16437|1.73%|5.29%|8.50%|-0.92%|1.98%|22.57|0.21%|-0.72%|
|**Trade services**|42601|2.20%|4.29%|17.60%|3.45%|-0.08%|28.25|-0.06%|1.40%|
|**Transport services**|14643|4.19%|7.75%|7.20%|-1.22%|-1.14%|23.74|2.82%|6.56%|
|**Business services**|9011|3.59%|2.50%|3.34%|6.55%|1.16%|31.48|-0.97%|-1.61%|
|**Government services**|32321|2.16%|3.04%|13.52%|10.73%|0.87%|27.90|-1.11%|-0.22%|
|**Personal services**|9393|2.58%|3.81%|6.74%|4.53%|-0.38%|16.28|-0.53%|1.23%|
|**Aggregate Services**|107970|2.72%|4.39%|48.40%|24.05%|0.42%|26.04|-0.11%|1.40%|

Annex: Page 17
# **Brazil**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|31529|3.54%|3.98%|49.02%|-32.32%|-5.60%|1.91|3.49%|4.48%|
|**Mining**|7144|5.28%|5.31%|0.44%|-0.14%|0.01%|47.74|3.40%|2.54%|
|**Manufacturing**|98004|3.36%|2.39%|13.30%|-1.19%|0.09%|21.90|0.80%|-0.13%|
|**Utilities**|9424|5.73%|3.37%|1.27%|-0.87%|-0.03%|21.97|5.89%|1.66%|
|**Construction**|28664|3.61%|2.81%|6.32%|1.21%|0.78%|13.48|0.37%|-0.74%|
|**Trade services**|75599|3.65%|4.03%|9.53%|11.37%|1.20%|23.58|-1.11%|0.95%|
|**Transport services**|21263|4.95%|0.90%|3.17%|1.55%|0.31%|19.96|1.10%|-2.16%|
|**Business services**|79379|3.83%|5.56%|5.25%|5.81%|2.09%|44.97|-0.84%|0.90%|
|**Government services**|81259|3.92%|2.73%|5.84%|6.27%|0.13%|41.37|-0.71%|0.17%|
|**Personal services**|16657|4.34%|3.44%|5.87%|8.31%|1.03%|8.43|-0.69%|0.21%|
|**Aggregate Services**|274159|3.95%|3.56%|29.65%|33.31%|4.76%|27.48|-0.74%|0.29%|

Annex: Page 18
# **China**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|563652|4.06%|4.14%|80.77%|-44.07%|-13.30%|2.03|4.05%|6.83%|
|**Mining**|28882|10.33%|11.83%|1.07%|0.21%|0.06%|7.81|7.69%|10.74%|
|**Manufacturing**|142259|11.50%|11.23%|7.78%|11.39%|4.65%|5.31|6.88%|7.59%|
|**Utilities**|16717|10.57%|11.88%|0.14%|0.35%|0.05%|34.28|5.06%|10.12%|
|**Construction**|53062|9.57%|12.39%|1.22%|6.53%|1.44%|12.59|2.58%|9.50%|
|**Trade services**|91429|9.64%|12.19%|2.34%|7.34%|1.87%|11.35|3.74%|9.22%|
|**Transport services**|47780|10.30%|10.86%|1.54%|2.47%|0.62%|9.02|5.58%|8.41%|
|**Business services**|31925|11.50%|11.75%|0.65%|0.78%|0.31%|14.37|7.17%|8.44%|
|**Government services**|56009|10.20%|11.54%|3.29%|2.46%|0.82%|4.94|6.54%|9.24%|
|**Personal services**|15809|10.17%|12.45%|1.20%|12.54%|3.48%|3.83|1.62%|8.62%|
|**Aggregate Services**|242952|10.24%|11.69%|9.01%|25.59%|7.10%|7.83|4.51%|8.56%|

Annex: Page 19
# **Thailand**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|229588|3.16%|2.10%|77.93%|-39.66%|-10.24%|18.58|2.74%|3.02%|
|**Mining**|9751|8.51%|4.64%|0.33%|-0.22%|-0.01%|186.38|9.19%|4.21%|
|**Manufacturing**|138671|8.05%|5.50%|5.36%|8.72%|0.52%|163.22|3.20%|3.58%|
|**Utilities**|7347|9.53%|5.32%|0.14%|0.14%|-0.07%|334.76|5.28%|6.09%|
|**Construction**|58363|3.52%|2.95%|1.21%|4.98%|2.31%|303.25|-2.76%|-3.17%|
|**Trade services**|237788|4.89%|2.92%|7.97%|15.42%|4.95%|188.25|-0.10%|-0.97%|
|**Transport services**|44571|6.64%|4.01%|1.70%|1.22%|0.03%|165.73|2.93%|2.39%|
|**Business services**|10309|8.54%|7.97%|0.77%|2.21%|0.62%|84.26|2.67%|3.93%|
|**Government services**|11092|6.72%|5.17%|3.39%|5.65%|1.39%|20.63|1.88%|1.92%|
|**Personal services**|108161|5.32%|3.19%|1.20%|1.55%|0.51%|568.03|0.92%|-0.35%|
|**Aggregate Services**|411922|5.47%|3.58%|15.03%|26.05%|7.50%|172.89|0.63%|0.03%|

Annex: Page 20
# **India**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|2637357|2.70%|3.16%|71.97%|-17.31%|-4.98%|19.07|1.13%|2.86%|
|**Mining**|142744|5.50%|4.88%|0.51%|-0.02%|-0.05%|144.73|3.30%|4.75%|
|**Manufacturing**|767024|6.18%|7.44%|9.44%|2.15%|0.23%|42.27|3.31%|5.99%|
|**Utilities**|61900|7.04%|5.95%|0.29%|-0.04%|0.00%|111.72|5.02%|4.93%|
|**Construction**|466038|5.62%|9.56%|1.37%|5.79%|2.41%|176.91|-0.89%|3.94%|
|**Trade services**|657725|6.70%|8.98%|5.02%|6.54%|1.40%|68.24|2.19%|6.35%|
|**Transport services**|230308|7.70%|9.99%|2.42%|2.38%|1.03%|49.62|3.54%|6.14%|
|**Business services**|223326|8.24%|11.19%|0.47%|1.76%|0.95%|248.72|1.80%|3.99%|
|**Government services**|480874|6.29%|6.35%|5.78%|-1.64%|-0.73%|43.32|4.82%|6.86%|
|**Personal services**|148531|5.15%|6.99%|2.73%|0.38%|-0.25%|28.27|2.50%|6.57%|
|**Aggregate Services**|1740764|6.91%|8.82%|16.41%|9.43%|2.40%|55.21|3.38%|6.52%|

Annex: Page 21
# **Mexico**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|150367|1.96%|2.07%|41.73%|-27.38%|-1.96%|28.82|1.17%|0.99%|
|**Mining**|151443|3.59%|0.24%|1.18%|-0.79%|-0.06%|1027.34|2.92%|-0.76%|
|**Manufacturing**|442746|3.31%|-0.07%|17.98%|-2.33%|-3.97%|196.97|0.16%|-0.15%|
|**Utilities**|18092|5.51%|3.22%|0.43%|-0.11%|-0.14%|335.31|2.71%|4.64%|
|**Construction**|212989|2.76%|1.28%|4.66%|5.15%|1.65%|365.39|-2.55%|-2.87%|
|**Trade services**|524590|3.19%|1.91%|11.91%|10.24%|0.35%|352.18|-1.84%|-0.61%|
|**Transport services**|119063|5.38%|3.70%|3.24%|1.46%|-0.50%|293.53|0.88%|2.33%|
|**Business services**|256565|3.89%|5.00%|1.64%|5.93%|2.46%|1253.66|-3.40%|-1.38%|
|**Government services**|396447|2.59%|0.50%|10.69%|4.65%|1.71%|296.64|-1.78%|-2.98%|
|**Personal services**|60222|3.11%|1.24%|6.54%|3.18%|0.46%|73.63|-1.37%|-1.58%|
|**Aggregate Services**|1356886|3.46%|2.47%|34.02%|25.46%|4.48%|318.96|-1.43%|-0.69%|

Annex: Page 22
# **Bolivia**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br> <br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|3462|2.66%|2.63%|61.50%|-43.33%|-13.47%|3.78|2.95%|5.24%|
|**Mining**|4906|1.97%|6.36%|3.18%|-2.35%|-1.45%|103.50|2.56%|14.10%|
|**Manufacturing**|3447|3.05%|4.04%|9.26%|4.14%|2.66%|25.02|-0.69%|-1.29%|
|**Utilities**|327|5.28%|3.68%|0.10%|0.14%|-0.16%|220.88|0.18%|5.76%|
|**Construction**|1167|2.15%|3.73%|3.88%|5.72%|0.48%|20.20|-2.87%|0.11%|
|**Trade services**|2709|2.99%|3.10%|5.47%|14.35%|1.36%|33.25|-3.00%|-0.69%|
|**Transport services**|1229|5.65%|4.31%|2.89%|4.50%|2.28%|28.60|0.38%|-2.47%|
|**Business services**|1395|3.85%|1.57%|0.48%|6.63%|3.10%|194.49|-5.56%|-6.95%|
|**Government services**||||||||||
|**Personal services**|6421|2.27%|3.44%|13.24%|10.21%|5.19%|32.60|-1.94%|-2.13%|
|**Aggregate Services**|11754|3.23%|3.28%|22.08%|35.68%|11.93%|35.77|-1.97%|-2.10%|

Annex: Page 23
# **Chile**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br> <br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|549345|4.90%|5.92%|26.47%|-17.69%|-1.27%|736.24|5.37%|4.82%|
|**Mining**|1855289|4.68%|3.71%|2.92%|-0.08%|1.34%|22544.28|2.35%|-4.99%|
|**Manufacturing**|3405578|3.11%|4.06%|20.15%|-10.58%|-3.56%|5997.45|2.65%|4.87%|
|**Utilities**|283639|3.10%|-3.19%|0.78%|0.13%|0.24%|12924.76|0.36%|-8.31%|
|**Construction**|1123297|4.07%|6.08%|5.84%|2.68%|0.38%|6824.79|0.74%|3.10%|
|**Trade services**|1598856|4.21%|4.44%|11.00%|16.60%|6.00%|5157.95|-0.49%|-0.49%|
|**Transport services**|764671|5.71%|5.79%|6.03%|0.35%|-0.97%|4496.03|3.15%|4.77%|
|**Business services**|1845693|5.34%|4.90%|2.67%|8.61%|0.60%|24538.66|-0.71%|1.88%|
|**Government services**||||||||||
|**Personal services**|4196123|2.72%|3.84%|24.14%|-0.03%|-2.76%|6167.97|0.37%|2.50%|
|**Aggregate Services**|8405344|4.13%|4.63%|43.84%|25.54%|2.87%|6802.75|0.59%|1.73%|

Annex: Page 24
# **Colombia**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br> <br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|9668786|2.69%|2.13%|40.30%|-21.68%|-5.95%|3908.44|1.51%|2.03%|
|**Mining**|4334860|4.99%|2.99%|0.85%|1.58%|1.03%|83136.48|-0.84%|-5.28%|
|**Manufacturing**|14149417|3.43%|3.51%|14.25%|-3.00%|-0.25%|16174.12|0.88%|0.80%|
|**Utilities**|2773827|4.39%|2.85%|0.38%|-0.10%|-0.09%|119695.67|1.99%|2.70%|
|**Construction**|6807654|3.39%|7.59%|4.44%|2.26%|1.65%|25001.07|-0.78%|1.63%|
|**Trade services**|13786683|3.32%|4.40%|12.18%|16.57%|3.55%|18447.14|-1.95%|0.12%|
|**Transport services**|4953958|4.69%|5.52%|4.06%|2.40%|1.76%|19885.79|0.33%|-0.68%|
|**Business services**|6324151|4.72%|5.64%|5.62%|3.00%|2.69%|18342.62|0.46%|-1.11%|
|**Government services**||||||||||
|**Personal services**|11256361|4.55%|3.36%|17.93%|-1.03%|-4.40%|10225.95|1.52%|2.79%|
|**Aggregate Services**|36321154|4.20%|4.43%|39.78%|20.94%|3.61%|14873.37|-0.03%|0.86%|

Annex: Page 25
# **Costa Rica**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|267456|3.15%|2.83%|41.72%|-26.88%|-4.60%|1320.04|2.16%|2.59%|
|**Mining**|3583|3.39%|1.50%|0.29%|-0.13%|0.02%|2516.75|1.19%|-2.78%|
|**Manufacturing**|330179|4.78%|2.97%|13.29%|-0.90%|-4.41%|5116.50|1.30%|3.09%|
|**Utilities**|30315|5.62%|3.89%|1.07%|1.40%|1.00%|5808.08|-0.18%|-4.22%|
|**Construction**|100477|4.56%|6.70%|6.45%|-1.29%|-1.11%|3208.36|1.47%|5.65%|
|**Trade services**|489093|3.47%|2.73%|10.46%|13.30%|2.39%|9633.18|-2.17%|-1.29%|
|**Transport services**|52906|8.14%|9.40%|4.10%|2.54%|1.00%|2654.70|3.11%|4.52%|
|**Business services**|138085|6.08%|8.49%|2.29%|8.63%|3.80%|12440.39|-1.55%|0.94%|
|**Government services**|486481|2.96%|2.91%|13.48%|2.12%|1.18%|7432.66|-0.99%|-0.84%|
|**Personal services**|173128|3.74%|3.87%|6.85%|1.21%|0.73%|5207.71|-0.29%|-0.08%|
|**Aggregate Services**|1339693|4.19%|4.87%|37.17%|27.80%|9.10%|7422.25|-0.85%|0.32%|

Annex: Page 26
# **Japan**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br> <br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|7035202|-0.17%|-1.11%|18.84%|-13.93%|-1.01%|650.14|3.22%|1.95%|
|**Mining**|1424963|-2.78%|-10.54%|0.50%|-0.42%|-0.05%|4998.90|1.85%|-4.79%|
|**Manufacturing**|38438906|2.47%|0.20%|24.36%|-9.81%|-4.31%|2747.63|3.77%|4.04%|
|**Utilities**|3233089|3.30%|1.44%|0.49%|0.26%|0.07%|11423.40|2.18%|1.60%|
|**Construction**|23919573|0.36%|-2.38%|7.70%|0.72%|-1.37%|5407.47|0.11%|0.27%|
|**Trade services**|18846917|3.46%|-1.19%|20.82%|1.49%|-1.82%|1576.49|3.25%|0.76%|
|**Transport services**|12560451|2.30%|0.63%|5.46%|0.63%|0.14%|4004.34|1.99%|1.57%|
|**Business services**|9482871|4.80%|0.81%|7.04%|7.43%|1.83%|2343.78|2.91%|0.63%|
|**Government services**|34160530|2.37%|1.87%|11.83%|9.17%|5.79%|5026.81|0.88%|-0.20%|
|**Personal services**|8645719|2.54%|-0.01%|2.95%|4.47%|0.74%|5098.74|0.17%|0.10%|
|**Aggregate Services**|83696488|3.04%|0.45%|48.11%|23.18%|6.68%|3029.30|2.00%|0.63%|

Annex: Page 27
# **Peru**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|7470|2.69%|3.68%|46.02%|-23.60%|-5.74%|4.37|1.27%|3.67%|
|**Mining**|8618|2.80%|5.25%|1.44%|-0.19%|0.32%|161.14|-0.07%|-0.12%|
|**Manufacturing**|17441|2.85%|5.74%|13.61%|-4.75%|-2.56%|34.45|0.70%|6.00%|
|**Utilities**|835|5.58%|5.26%|0.19%|0.21%|0.12%|117.06|0.36%|-0.73%|
|**Construction**|3734|5.13%|8.77%|4.12%|3.13%|3.82%|24.36|0.40%|-1.35%|
|**Trade services**|19635|2.96%|5.95%|9.01%|15.93%|3.23%|58.59|-2.77%|2.12%|
|**Transport services**|5898|4.21%|6.71%|3.93%|5.48%|2.15%|40.35|-1.24%|1.63%|
|**Business services**|8480|4.09%|6.46%|4.13%|3.01%|0.62%|55.24|-0.55%|3.11%|
|**Government services**||||||||||
|**Personal services**|20637|2.54%|4.65%|17.54%|0.78%|-1.96%|31.63|-0.79%|3.33%|
|**Aggregate Services**|54649|3.20%|5.77%|34.62%|25.20%|4.04%|42.45|-1.40%|2.66%|

Annex: Page 28
# **Singapore**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br> <br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|151|-1.21%|0.04%|3.46%|-3.16%|0.05%|6.73|1.04%|-5.40%|
|**Mining**|20|-1.32%|0.04%|0.34%|-0.31%|-0.01%|9.24|0.99%|0.22%|
|**Manufacturing**|4647|7.21%|3.70%|21.98%|-4.17%|-2.92%|32.48|3.70%|1.41%|
|**Utilities**|274|6.93%|3.98%|1.17%|-0.67%|0.09%|36.00|5.10%|-1.76%|
|**Construction**|747|6.98%|7.79%|6.62%|4.70%|-1.76%|17.34|1.56%|5.34%|
|**Trade services**|7556|5.25%|-0.53%|23.49%|1.16%|5.52%|49.42|1.14%|-6.59%|
|**Transport services**|1043|9.15%|5.00%|12.14%|0.46%|1.49%|13.20|4.92%|-0.13%|
|**Business services**|2167|8.87%|6.42%|3.55%|17.64%|7.23%|93.80|0.17%|-1.69%|
|**Government services**||||||||||
|**Personal services**|2761|5.91%|4.59%|27.25%|-15.65%|-9.70%|15.56|4.10%|7.05%|
|**Aggregate Services**|13527|6.76%|3.20%|66.43%|3.61%|4.55%|31.28|2.58%|-1.26%|

Annex: Page 29
# **South Korea**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|12796936|1.98%|1.19%|49.05%|-42.14%|-3.71%|2771.19|4.64%|4.37%|
|**Mining**|1102971|1.14%|-1.19%|1.08%|-1.01%|-0.01%|10858.46|5.82%|-0.97%|
|**Manufacturing**|6082732|10.08%|5.25%|13.64%|4.56%|-2.11%|4736.09|6.78%|5.14%|
|**Utilities**|226539|12.13%|5.64%|0.24%|0.07%|0.01%|9934.55|8.89%|4.14%|
|**Construction**|5602722|6.11%|2.04%|3.01%|4.93%|0.46%|19803.02|1.19%|0.23%|
|**Trade services**|8485600|6.36%|2.45%|15.31%|8.50%|-3.40%|5887.63|2.78%|2.59%|
|**Transport services**|2082024|8.81%|4.23%|3.59%|2.88%|0.51%|6158.50|4.76%|2.15%|
|**Business services**|7463809|5.78%|2.44%|1.30%|12.76%|4.07%|60965.53|-2.62%|-2.17%|
|**Government services**||||||||||
|**Personal services**|34340843|4.19%|3.27%|12.79%|9.45%|4.19%|28529.13|0.40%|-0.06%|
|**Aggregate Services**|52372276|5.27%|3.05%|32.98%|33.59%|5.36%|16864.52|1.07%|0.97%|

Annex: Page 30
# **Taiwan**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|179430|0.36%|-0.73%|35.27%|-30.03%|-2.45%|107.10|3.20%|2.24%|
|**Mining**|43183|2.59%|9.11%|1.52%|-1.48%|-0.08%|599.76|10.28%|20.72%|
|**Manufacturing**|241100|6.67%|1.47%|20.20%|7.07%|-0.47%|251.21|3.80%|0.75%|
|**Utilities**|17145|4.51%|-6.68%|0.36%|0.07%|0.05%|1008.51|1.99%|-8.76%|
|**Construction**|42153|4.60%|-2.89%|4.85%|2.75%|-1.06%|183.06|1.41%|-2.49%|
|**Trade services**|82748|9.07%|3.76%|15.21%|8.37%|-0.20%|114.53|5.77%|2.92%|
|**Transport services**|51154|6.94%|1.98%|5.48%|-0.84%|-0.49%|196.47|5.28%|2.09%|
|**Business services**|44832|9.34%|6.59%|1.53%|8.61%|2.30%|617.98|2.24%|2.97%|
|**Government services**|246269|5.24%|1.68%|10.35%|2.94%|2.38%|500.93|2.53%|-1.19%|
|**Personal services**|37384|7.97%|4.54%|5.24%|2.53%|0.02%|150.23|4.81%|3.59%|
|**Aggregate Services**|462387|7.29%|3.58%|37.81%|21.62%|4.00%|257.47|4.00%|1.95%|

Annex: Page 31
# **United States of America**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br> <br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|<br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|43474|3.05%|3.45%|3.23%|-1.77%|-0.12%|15.49|3.78%|4.52%|
|**Mining**|214567|0.55%|2.46%|0.74%|-0.24%|0.11%|334.92|0.27%|0.16%|
|**Manufacturing**|588415|2.11%|-0.39%|22.16%|-13.50%|-4.04%|30.54|3.22%|3.71%|
|**Utilities**|100155|1.72%|-1.03%|0.67%|-0.29%|-0.02%|172.61|1.86%|-0.20%|
|**Construction**|490817|-0.53%|-5.28%|5.33%|-0.28%|-0.74%|106.04|-1.66%|-3.78%|
|**Trade services**|475765|3.53%|1.15%|20.97%|3.04%|0.27%|26.10|1.88%|1.24%|
|**Transport services**|188050|3.18%|1.22%|6.00%|-1.57%|-0.41%|36.03|2.64%|2.34%|
|**Business services**|1163603|3.35%|1.61%|9.20%|8.85%|-0.19%|145.58|0.33%|1.93%|
|**Government services**|1487940|1.44%|1.99%|26.41%|4.57%|4.83%|64.81|-0.25%|0.49%|
|**Personal services**|168512|2.60%|0.18%|5.30%|1.18%|0.32%|36.60|0.80%|-0.13%|
|**Aggregate Services**|3483869|2.67%|1.52%|67.88%|16.07%|4.82%|59.05|0.84%|1.13%|

Annex: Page 32
# **Venezuela**

||**Initial Output**<br>Gross value added<br>- Local Currency -<br>(millions)|<br> <br>**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Output**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|<br>**Initial**<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>(1970)|<br> <br>**Employment**<br>**Share Change**<br>(1970s-2000s)|<br>**Employment**<br>**Share**<br>**Growth**<br>(1970s to<br>2000s)|**Initial**<br>**Productivity**<br>Ratio of Initial<br>Output to<br>number of<br>persons<br>engaged|<br>**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(1970-2010)|**Productivity**<br>**Compounded**<br>**Annual Growth**<br>(2000-2010)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Agriculture**|5197|2.17%|2.27%|25.87%|-16.82%|-1.61%|7.02|1.45%|0.36%|
|**Mining**|88428|-0.19%|-1.11%|1.53%|1.71%|1.53%|2023.41|-5.27%|-10.47%|
|**Manufacturing**|18500|2.36%|0.76%|14.61%|-4.86%|-1.98%|44.27|0.00%|-0.91%|
|**Utilities**|562|5.29%|3.60%|1.24%|-0.66%|-0.21%|15.82|3.79%|3.12%|
|**Construction**|13636|2.13%|4.34%|6.01%|2.44%|0.41%|79.24|-2.06%|0.22%|
|**Trade services**|19253|1.73%|4.50%|13.84%|9.51%|-2.34%|48.61|-2.89%|1.85%|
|**Transport services**|4370|4.74%|8.17%|4.58%|6.39%|2.83%|33.33|-0.89%|1.35%|
|**Business services**|2886|3.93%|6.16%|4.54%|2.77%|0.78%|22.22|-0.67%|1.33%|
|**Government services**||||||||||
|**Personal services**|11604|3.73%|4.86%|27.78%|-0.48%|0.57%|14.60|0.36%|1.01%|
|**Aggregate Services**|38113|3.11%|5.50%|50.74%|18.19%|1.85%|26.25|-1.04%|1.57%|

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_Part II. Convergence_ Annex: Page 34
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# _Part III. Peak Growth_

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