metadata: authors: 0: author: Aksoy,M. Ataman
1: author: Ng,Francis K. T.
count: World
docna: 0: docna: Who are the net food importing countries ?
docty: Policy Research Working Paper
subtopic: Climate Change and Agriculture,Crops and Crop Management Systems,Agricultural Economics,International Trade and Trade Rules,Agricultural Trade,Food Security,Trade and Agriculture
teratopic: Macroeconomics and Economic Growth,Industry,Finance and Financial Sector Development,Private Sector Development
abstracts: cdata!: The purpose of this paper is to update
            the information on net food importing countries, using
            different definitions of food, separating countries by their
            level of income, whether they are in conflict and whether
            they are significant oil exporters. The study also estimates
            the changes in net food importing status of these countries
            over the last two and a half decades, and, most important,
            the study measures the relative importance of these net food
            imports in the import basket of the countries. Our results
            show that while many low-income countries are net food
            importers, the importance and potential impact of the net
            food importing status has been highly exaggerated. Many
            low-income countries that have larger food deficits are
            either oil exporters or countries in conflict. Food deficits
            of most low-income countries are not that significant as a
            percentage of their imports. Our results also show that only
            6 low-income countries have food deficits that are more than
            10 percent of their imports. Last two decades have seen a
            significant improvement in the food trade balances of
            low-income developing countries. SSA low-income countries
            are an exception to this trend. On the other hand, there are
            a group of countries which are experiencing civil conflicts
            which are large importers of food, and these countries can
            not meet their basic needs. They also need special
            assistance in the distribution of food within their
            boundaries. Therefore, one should modify the WTO Ministerial
            Declaration, and focus on these conflict countries rather
            than the broad net food importers.
repnme: repnme: Who are the net food importing countries ?
display_title: Who are the net food importing countries
listing_relative_url: /research/2008/01/8912463/net-food-importing-countries
topicv3: Agriculture and Food Security m1326205 435,Crop Production m1326627 174,Trade m1326924 698,Agricultural Trade m1327604 192,Food Trade m1504267 2559
publishtoextweb_dt: 2010-07-01T00:00:00Z
historic_topic: Macroeconomics and Economic Growth,Industry,Finance and Financial Sector Development,Private Sector Development
no_of_pages: 53
author_keys: 0: author_key: 92185
1: author_key: 91429
model_extractions: WPS44457 Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR 4457 Who Are the Net Food Importing Countries?

_Francis Ng M. Ataman Aksoy_ The World Bank Development Research Group Trade Team January 2008
Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR 4457

# **Abstract**

The purpose of this paper is to update the information on net food importing countries, using different definitions of food, separating countries by their level of income, whether they are in conflict and whether they are significant oil exporters. The study also estimates the changes in net food importing status of these countries over the last two and a half decades, and, most important, the study measures the relative importance of these net food imports in the import basket of the countries. Our results show that while many low-income countries are net food importers, the importance and potential impact of the net food importing status has been highly exaggerated. Many low-income countries that have larger food deficits are either oil exporters or countries in conflict. Food deficits of most low-income countries are not that significant as a percentage of their imports. Our results also show that only 6 low-income countries have food deficits that are more than 10 percent of their imports. Last two decades have seen a significant improvement in the food trade balances of low-income developing countries. SSA low-income countries are an exception to this trend. On the other hand, there are a group of countries which are experiencing civil conflicts which are large importers of food, and these countries can not meet their basic needs. They also need special assistance in the distribution of food within their boundaries. Therefore, one should modify the WTO Ministerial Declaration, and focus on these conflict countries rather than the broad net food importers.

This paper—a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the department to explore the links between Poverty, Trade, and Agricultural Policies. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The author may be contacted at fng@worldbank.org.

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent._ Produced by the Research Support Team
# **Who Are the Net Food Importing Countries?**

Francis Ng and M. Ataman Aksoy<sup>1</sup> JEL classification: F10, F13, Q17, Q18 Keywords: Agriculture, food policy, net food importing countries

> 1 Development Economics Research Group of the World Bank. Email correspondence to: <u>fng@worldbank.org</u> and Maksoy@worldbank.org. The authors would like to thank J. Baffes, D. Mitchell, M. Olarreaga for their helpful comments. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank and its affiliated organizations.

1
# **I. Introduction**

The linkage between trade policy reforms and food security is of vital concern to many developing countries. Ensuring food for all also poses enormous economic, political and technological challenges. Many studies summarize the results designed to show how trade and associated economic policy reforms have affected the agriculture sector and food supply of farmers in a range of developing countries. The approach taken is to observe the actual performance of those countries that have undergone policy reform in the past years and to search for explanatory factors or, more often, to project the presumed consequences of reforms through models of economic behavior (McCalla and Nash, 2007; Hertel et al, 2007; Anderson and Martin, 2006, Thomas, 2006; Ingco and Nash, 2004). Precisely how developing countries and the poor will be impacted by trade liberalization in agriculture under the Doha Round is a complex issue. The presumption is that the liberalization will broadly benefit the poor countries by removal of agricultural subsidies in the rich countries (FAO, 2002).

In addition, one of the reservations against global agricultural reform has been the prediction that food prices would increase as a result of these reforms and that would harm low-income countries, many of which are net food importers. Food products receive significant support either through tariffs or direct subsidies compared to other commodities. This support is very high in industrial and some middle-income countries (Aksoy, 2005). Tropical export commodities (such as coffee, tea etc.) receive almost no support and face lower tariffs. Elimination of global subsidies and protection could lead to supply reductions and price increases mostly for foodstuffs.<sup>2</sup> This problem was acknowledged during the Uruguay Round Negotiations leading to a ministerial decision that special measures should be taken to minimize the negative effects of global reforms on food importing developing countries and Least Developed Countries. This Ministerial Decision recognizes that “while the progressive implementation of the results of the Uruguay Round as a whole will general increasing opportunities for trade expansion and economic growth to the benefit of all Members, during the reform program least-developed countries and net food-importing developing countries may experience negative effects in terms of the availability of adequate supplies of basic foodstuffs from external sources on reasonable terms and conditions, including short-term difficulties in financing normal levels of commercial imports of basic foodstuffs” (WTO, 1994). In the same vein, an FAO report on Trade Liberalization and Food Security points out that the majority of low-income countries, especially Least Developed Countries, are net food importers. This point has been highlighted again by Panagriya (2006), who argues that global reforms would hurt these poor countries, especially the low-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as well as the poor rural households in the poorest countries.

> 2 For example, Aksoy and Beghin (2005) using multiple sources show that rice prices would increase by an average of 33 percent with some varieties almost doubling in price. In other food items such as sugar, dairy, and wheat, price estimates show increases of 40, 20-40, and 5 –10 percent respectively. Econometric and other modeling exercises which use general equilibrium frameworks find slightly lower but still significant price increases, especially for the foodstuffs.

2
Evidence for these conclusions relies primarily on the analysis undertaken by Valdes and McCalla (1999). These authors show that the majority of developing countries are net food importers. But they also show that developing countries are heterogeneous in terms of their food and agricultural trade status. “While two thirds (105) of the 148 developing countries are net food importers, two fifths are net agricultural exporters, including 33 low-income countries. It also shows that at least 28 of the low-income food deficit countries are in fact net agricultural exporters.”<sup>3</sup> Only the evidence on the number of food importing countries has been used in these discussions, despite the qualifiers in the original study.

In this debate, we are not trying to estimate the impact of food price changes, or model the response of different groups of countries to these price changes. Our objective is more limited. It is to present the evidence on the magnitude of food and agricultural trade for different groups of countries to supply the basic information for the debates and discussions.

More precisely, the purpose of this paper is to update the information on net food importing countries, using different definitions of food, separating countries by their level of income, whether they are in conflict,<sup>4</sup> or whether they are oil exporters.<sup>5</sup> In addition, the study estimates the changes in net food importing status of these countries over the last two and a half decades, and, most important, the study measures the relative importance of these net food imports in the import basket of the countries. We also present separate tables for Least Developed and Sub-Saharan countries in the text and the annexes. Annex tables present individual country information so that the readers can create their own classifications.

Our results show that while many low-income countries are net food importers, the importance and potential impact of the net food importing status has been highly exaggerated. Many low-income countries that have larger food deficits are either oil exporters or countries in conflict. The remaining low-income countries, as a group, have a trade surplus in food. If trade balances are measured using broad agriculture, rather than just the narrowly defined food, then low-income countries, and the low-income countries in SSA, have a large agricultural trade surplus. Last two decades have seen a significant improvement in the food trade balances of low-income developing countries. SSA low-income countries are an exception to this trend.

Food deficits of most low-income countries are not that significant as a percentage of their imports. Our results also show that only 6 low-income countries have food deficits (food defined narrowly) that are more than 10 percent of their imports. Of these 6, 1 is a large oil exporter, 2 are in conflict, and only 3 – Benin, Guinea-Bissau, and Senegal – are in this category. These three countries export other agricultural products. Benin exports cotton, Guinea-Bissau has a large trade surplus in nuts, and Senegal exports peanut oil. Of these three, only Senegal has an agricultural trade deficit.

On the other hand, there are a group of countries which are experiencing civil conflicts which are large importers of food, and can not easily adjust their production and meet their

> 3 McCalla, 2001, p.171.

> 4 Countries in conflict have needs that are independent of their net trading status and need to be treated differently.

> 5 We picked oil as an extreme case of dependence on mineral exports. One could use other definitions or classifications.

3
basic needs. They also need special assistance in the distribution of food within their boundaries. Therefore, one should modify the WTO Ministerial Declaration, and focus on these conflict countries. We must accordingly agree to establish appropriate mechanism to ensure that the implementation of the Doha Round Negotiations on trade liberalization in agriculture does not adversely affect the availability of food aid at a level which is sufficient to continue to provide assistance in meeting the food needs of conflict countries, especially those that are also poor.

# **II. Data and Definitions**

We have used two definitions of food in this paper. The first category is termed “raw food” that includes meats and dairy, grains, and fruits and vegetables. The second category is raw food plus what we term “cash crops and feeds” which are tropical foodstuffs, i.e. coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, nuts, and feeds, and agricultural raw materials such as cotton etc.<sup>6</sup> This category is called “all agriculture” throughout the paper. Detailed SITC classification of different food groups is given in Appendix Table 1.<sup>7</sup> In most of the earlier work, focus has been on major staples, especially grains as the primary group representing food. Part of the reason is that support to agriculture in industrial countries is concentrated in grains, meats, and dairy products. Furthermore the debates on protection and trade policy are carried out usually on individual staples such as rice or maize. Other food items, such as fruits and vegetables, which now constitute the largest part of developing country exports, are usually assumed not to be supported to the same extent as other food categories. Therefore, their prices are not expected to change as much with global reforms.<sup>8</sup> However, these are also products that are highly substitutable with the “raw” foods.

Very narrow definitions of food are questioned even in the original work by Valdes and McCalla (1999). There are substitution possibilities within the agricultural commodities and farmers who produce tropical products or agricultural raw materials could shift into farming food crops if relative prices change sufficiently. That is the reason for presenting the trade in raw foods and “all agriculture” separately to show the possibilities for substitution within agriculture. Therefore, alternative definitions and categories of food are also to illustrate in which categories food deficits take place. This data presented in the Annex Tables, and will help in understanding the contribution of different commodity groups to the overall food deficits and surpluses.

> 6 There is a third category of agriculture related products such as processed foods and seafood, called “other food”. We also present trade flows in these product groups in annex table 6 but do not include them in the main discussions in the text.

> 7 There are problems even with this classification. In excluding processed foods, we have excluded items such as refined sugars, peanut oil, cocoa oil and paste, etc. Depending on in which form the products are exported makes a big difference in estimating net trade balance. For example, Senegal exports peanut oil which is in the category of processed foods and are not included in the agriculture trade balance.

> 8 Diop and Jaffee (2005) question this assumption and show that there are significant protection for fruits and vegetables especially in the EU. There are numerous other cases of support and protection for individual fruits and vegetables in other countries. Thus, one can expect some price changes in fruits and vegetables as a result of global trade reforms.

4
The second point is to separate countries not just by income and region, as has been done previously, but to add a few more subgroups. Major food importing developing countries are either oil exporters, or higher-income semi-industrialized countries.

In addition to the oil exporters, there are countries that have serious internal conflicts which hinder their production of food. While these countries are vulnerable to higher food prices, solutions to their problems lie beyond the reforms in global trade regimes. Their food requirements and its distribution within these conflict areas need to be taken care of using other mechanisms. These countries should not be confused with “other or normal” developing countries. Thus, two other subcategories were added to the developing countries classification; oil exporters, and countries in conflict.<sup>9</sup> There is also another large group of countries that are small island states. They usually sell services and import most of their needs, including some food. Although their numbers are large, their trade is very small, along with their populations.

Net imports over time were also estimated to observe how the net food balance has evolved for these groups of countries. To minimize yearly fluctuations, two-year averages for the years 1980/81, 1990/91, 2000/01 and 2004/05 are used.<sup>10</sup> Earlier data is presented primarily for information and the discussions in the text are based on the net trade values for 2004/05.

To measure the relative importance of the food imports for these economies, we have estimated the share of these net imports in their total imports. Merchandise imports are used to measure of the potential impact of food price changes rather than merchandise exports, because many countries export services and labor that is not captured in merchandise exports data. Imports give a more accurate measure of the import capacity of these countries in terms of the effects of a food price change. While many countries might have net imports of food, the important issue whether these imports are large enough to have a significant impact on the balance of payments of these countries.

The data on Least Developed Countries (LDCs) are presented separately in annex tables 9 and 10. The reason is because the WTO discussions have treated LDCs as a separate group of countries, separate from other low-income countries. However, the discussions in the text are carried out primarily in terms of low-income countries rather than LDCs.

We have analyzed the case of Sub-Saharan Africa separately, because the continent has significant net food imports and the food deficits of SSA has been used in many arguments against global reforms. It is also an agricultural region that has significant trade surplus in all agriculture.

> 9 Oil exporters have been defined as countries where oil constitutes more than 40 percent of their exports between 2000 and 2005. Similarly, conflict countries are defined as the countries that were in serious conflicts in 2004/2005, which made it difficult for them to have “normal” food production. Annex table 2 shows the countries in each group.

> 10 D. Mitchell has pointed out that by picking the beginning years of each decade, we might have picked the years where food prices were low. Our judgment was to pick the decadal points and the data starts in this form in 1980. Years, 2004/05 on which the discussion in this paper are based, are the years where the food price levels are close to their average over the period in question.

5
Finally, trade data base has some gaps, especially in measuring intra developing country trade. If the trade flows are with other developing, especially with low-income countries, trade statistics tend to underestimate them. For this study, we did not use individual country information other than what is available in the international trade database.

# **III. Net Food Status: Food Narrowly Defined**

Table 1 shows the distribution of the countries in terms of their income status and their net food balance for the “raw food” definition. For the years 2004/2005, there were 196 countries in the database with imports and exports of raw food items.<sup>11</sup>

**Table 1: Country Classifications by Raw Food Trade (2004/05)**

||No. ofC<br>|ountriesin RawFoo<br>|dTrade<br>|
|---|---|---|---|
|CountryGroup|Net Exporter|Net Importer|Total|
|Industrial Countries|13|20|33|
|Middle-income, all|36|69|105|
|Oil Exporters|3|17|20|
|Civil Conflict States|1|3|4|
|Small Islanders|5|25|30|
|Other Middle-income|27|24|51|
|Low-income, all|16|42|58|
|Oil Exporters|2|5|7|
|Civil Conflict States|1|7|8|
|Other Low-income|13|30|43|
|World,Total|65|131|196|

Notes: Food is defined as raw food in SITC Revision 2, excluding all cash crops, processed food and seafood (see detailed classifications in Appendix Table 1). The classification of country groups is provided in Appendix Tables 2 and 3.

Source: Based on partner data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

As expected, most of the countries in the world are net food importers, i.e. 131 out of 196. This ratio is consistent with any other product group where the exporters tend to be more specialized than the importers. 69 middle-income countries out of 105 and 42 out of 58 low-income countries are net food importers.

In terms of percentages, 39 percent of industrial countries, 34 percent of middle-income countries, and 28 percent of low-income countries are net food exporters. If we exclude oil exporters, countries in conflict, and island states, these ratios increase to almost 51 percent

> 11 There are some islands and territories that belong to industrial countries such as US or British Virgin Islands etc. We have excluded these countries.

6
for the middle-income countries but only to 30 percent for low-income countries. Thus, a “normal” middle-income country is much more likely to be net food exporter when compared to a “normal” low-income country.

Of the 42 low-income countries that are net food importers, 5 are oil exporters and 7 are conflict countries. Excluding these, 30 low-income countries are net food importers.

Table 2 shows the net exports of raw food, defined as meats and dairy products, grains and cereals, and fruits and vegetables, and the ratio of net export balances to their total imports for the selected 4 two-year periods for the groups defined in Table 1. Annex tables 1 and 2 show imports, exports, food trade balances, for individual countries, and for more detailed product groups.

**Table 2: Trade Balance for Raw Food by Income Group Country**

||Net<br>|Exports/Im<br>|ports($mil<br>|lion)<br>|Net Expo<br>|rts as % of<br>|All Goods<br>|Imports<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|CountryGroup (No. of Country)|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|
|World (196)|-8,821|1,828|8,042|3,975|-0.6|0.1|0.1|<br>0.0|
|Industrial Countries (33)|8,838|7,624|11,809|3,752|0.8|0.3|0.3|<br>0.1|
|Middle-income, All (105)|-14,052|-4,802|-983|4,205|-3.4|-0.6|-0.1|<br>0.1|
|Mid Income--Oil Exporters (20)|-4,686|-4,320|-7,163|-11,234|-4.4|-4.5|-3.6|<br>-2.8|
|Mid Income--Civil Conflict (4)|-51|-123|-686|-793|-0.4|-0.7|-4.2|<br>-3.0|
|Small Island Economies (30)|-179|-147|-274|-462|-2.9|-1.6|-1.5|<br>-1.8|
|Other Middle-income (51)|-9,135|-213|7,140|16,693|-3.1|0.0|0.5|<br>0.7|
|Low-income, All (58)|-1,122|-393|13|-582|-2.0|-0.6|0.0|<br>-0.2|
|Low-income--Oil Exporters (7)|-679|-320|-898|-1,634|-3.4|-2.8|-4.8|<br>-4.6|
|Low-income--Civil Conflict (8)|-115|-162|-298|-437|-2.2|-2.5|-4.0|<br>-4.0|
|Other Low-income(43)|-329|88|1,209|1,489|-1.1|0.2|1.1|<br>0.7|

Notes: Food is defined as raw food in SITC Revision 2, excluding all cash crops, processed food and seafood (see detailed classifications in Appendix Table 1).

The classification of country groups is provided in Appendix Tables 2 and 3.

Source: Based on partner data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

Few points are stand out in table 2. First, overall, industrial, and middle-income countries, as a group, are net food exporters. Their surpluses, however, as a percentage of their imports are small. For middle-income countries, the group average masks large net imports by oil exporters, and large net exports of the other middle-income country group. Countries in conflict have a deficit in food account but this is only about $800 million. Similarly, small island economies group contain a lot of countries that have food deficits, but their deficit is only about $500 million and constitutes only 1.8 percent of their imports.

Other middle-income countries, that are excluding the oil exporters, countries in conflict, and small island economies, have a large export surplus. This surplus is caused primarily by net exports of fruits and vegetables with deficits in meats and dairy, and grains. This group is highly heterogonous within itself. The largest five net importers in this group 7
are Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and Malaysia. These are hardly the countries that will be significantly affected by food price changes. Finally, middle-income countries have switched from being a large net importer in 1980/81 to a marginal net exporter in 2004/05. This change has been driven by non-oil and non-conflict middle-income countries whose food exports have increased much more rapidly than their food imports.

Low-income countries, on the other hand, have small food trade deficit, which is only 0.2 percent of their imports. The reason for the net food importer status of low-income countries is the large food imports by the oil exporting and conflict countries. Low-income countries which are not oil exporting and are not in conflict are net food exporters, even with the narrow food definition. Within the components of raw food, they have a balance in meats, very small surplus in grains, and a bigger surplus in fruits and vegetables. Thus, food price increases, would, on average, improve the trade situation of the low-income countries.

Just like the middle-income countries, low-income countries have seen their food trade balance improve over the last few decades. Their food trade has shifted from a deficit of 2.0 percent of their imports in 1980/81 to a small deficit of 0.2 percent of their imports in 2004/05. Non oil and non conflict low-income countries (other low-income) have also moved into a small surplus in 2004/05.

A positive trade balance does not mean that all developing countries would gain from global agricultural reforms. Furthermore, lump sum transfer mechanisms that would tax the gainers and compensate the losers from global reforms or food price increases are not available. On the other hand, for most net importing countries, the impact might be so small as to be easily manageable.

In this section, we will focus on low-income countries that have significant agricultural deficits. The definition of significant is subjective but for the purposes of this study, two cutoff points will be used. The first cut-off point is countries whose net food (or agriculture) imports constitute more than 5 percent of their total imports. The second cut-off point is countries whose net food imports constitute more than 10 percent of their total imports. Countries that have net food or agricultural imports of more than 5 or 10 percent of their total imports will be considered as potentially vulnerable. 5 percent cut-off means that a 20 percent increase in food prices will have an impact equivalent to about 1 percent of their imports, while a 10 percent cut-off point would have an impact of about 2 percent of their imports. Shocks of these magnitudes should be easily manageable.<sup>12</sup> There are 20 low-income countries whose raw food trade balance exceeds 5 percent of their total imports. Of these 3 are oil exporters, and 4 are countries in conflict. Excluding those, there are 13 low-income countries with large food deficits and 9 of the 13 are in SSA.

When the cut-off point is increased to 10 percent, only 6 low-income countries turn out to be vulnerable. Of these, Yemen Republic is an oil exporter, Eritrea and Haiti are in conflict, leaving only three vulnerable low-income countries. These are Benin, GuineaBissau, and Senegal. Of these countries, Benin is a cotton exporter and when all agricultural trade is taken into account, the country is almost self sufficient. Guinea-Bissau is an exporter

> 12 We should point out that these price changes are much less than the food price volatility observed in global or domestic markets (Mitchell and Hoppe, 2006).

8
of nuts and when they are included, it has a significant agricultural trade surplus (almost 44 percent of its imports). Senegal is a special case where its major agricultural exports are peanut oil, which is included in the category of processed foods and thus not included in both raw food and all agriculture definitions. Thus, if real vulnerability is the main reason for the concern about net food importers, even with a very narrow definition of food, very few countries would be seriously affected by a significant food price increase.<sup>13</sup> When food trade balances of LDCs are analyzed, the results are similar to the results of low-income countries. Only 8 of the 50 LDCs have a raw food surplus, but 23 of them have an agricultural trade surplus. In terms of vulnerability, using the 10 percent cut-off point, only 8 of the 50 LDCs are vulnerable. Of these 8, 1 is an oil exporter, two are in conflict, 2 are small island states; leaving only three low-income countries listed above that can be termed as “vulnerable”.

# **IV. Net Food Status: All Agriculture**

Using a limited number of products in the measurement of food trade balance, and using this balance to infer about the potential impact of price changes assumes that the countries can not switch production from one group of agricultural commodities to another if relative prices change significantly. While the substitution might not be perfect and not every product can be efficiently and economically substituted, in most cases farmers can substitute across a wide range of agricultural products. It might, therefore, be important to measure the agricultural capacity of these countries by measuring their overall agricultural exports and imports.<sup>14</sup>

**Table 3: Country Classifications by All Agricultural Trade**

||No. of C<br>|ountries in All Agricul<br>|tural Trade<br>|
|---|---|---|---|
|CountryGroup|Net Exporter|Net Importer|Total|
|Industrial Countries|16|17|33|
|Middle-income, all|41|64|105|
|Oil Exporters|5|15|20|
|Civil Conflict States|0|4|4|
|Small Islanders|8|22|30|
|Other Middle-income|28|23|51|
|Low-income, all|34|24|58|
|Oil Exporters|4|3|7|
|Civil Conflict States|2|6|8|
|Other Low-income|28|15|43|
|World,Total|91|105|196|

Notes: All agriculture is defined as all raw food, cash crops and agric raw materials in SITC Revision 2, excluding processed food and seafood products

> 13 If we add the small island economies to the list, only two of them have raw food imports that are more than

10 percent of their imports. These are Comoros and Kiribati, whose food imports are only US$24 million. 14 To the raw food definition, tropical crops, feeds, and agricultural raw materials are added.

9
(see detailed classifications in Appendix Table 1).

The classification of country groups is provided in Appendix Tables 2 and 3.

Source: Based on partner data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

Table 3 shows the agricultural trade status of the same group of countries.<sup>15</sup> As expected, addition of the non raw food agricultural commodities changes the picture significantly. With the raw food definition only 52 developing countries were net food exporters. With the broader definition, 75 developing countries are net agricultural exporters. Changes are minimal within the middle-income countries. Excluding the oil, island and conflict countries, number of middle-income countries that are net agricultural exporters only increase from 27 to 28.

The change in low-income countries, however, is very significant. Only 16 of the 58 countries were net exporters with a narrow definition of food. With the broader definition of all agriculture, 34, or more than half the low-income countries become net agricultural exporters. If the oil exporters and conflict countries are excluded, then 28 of 43 low-income countries are net exporters of agricultural commodities. Thus, even in terms of numbers, most of low-income countries are net agricultural exporters, and would benefit from an increase in agricultural prices.

**Table 4: Trade Balance for All Agriculture by Income Group Country**

||Net Exp<br>|orts/Imports<br>|($million<br>|)<br> <br>|Net Exp <br>|orts as % of<br>|All Goods<br>|Imports<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|CountryGroup (No. of Country)|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|
|World (196)|8,385|24,946|32,743|28,974|0.5|0.8|0.5|0.3|
|Industrial Countries (33)|3,534|6,127|13,600|2,141|0.3|0.3|0.3|0.0|
|Middle-income, All (105)|7,319|15,663|13,091|20,098|2.0|2.2|0.8|0.7|
|Mid Income--Oil Exporters (20)|-6,079|-5,120|-5,436|-8,595|-5.7|-5.3|-2.7|-2.2|
|Mid Income--Civil Conflict (4)|413|65|-422|-660|12.1|1.7|-2.6|-2.5|
|Small Island Economies (30)|110|52|-134|-262|1.8|0.6|-0.7|-1.0|
|Other Middle-income (51)|12,875|20,665|19,083|29,616|5.2|3.5|1.3|1.2|
|Low-income, All (58)|7,728|8,656|9,994|11,737|13.7|13.5|7.5|4.8|
|Low-income--Oil Exporters (7)|809|1,024|424|209|4.1|8.8|2.3|0.6|
|Low-income--Civil Conflict (8)|604|315|-71|-190|10.8|4.7|-0.9|-1.7|
|Other Low-income(43)|6,315|7,317|9,642|11,718|20.5|16.0|9.1|5.9|

Notes: All agriculture is defined as all raw food, cash crops and agricultural raw materials in SITC Revision 2, excluding processed food and seafood products (see detailed classifications in Appendix Table 1). The classification of country groups is provided in Appendix Tables 2 and 3.

Source: Based on partner data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

15 We should point out that many countries move from being a net importer of food to an exporter of agricultural commodities and vice versa. For example, among large countries, Indonesia moves from a food deficit to an agricultural surplus country, while China has a large trade surplus in raw food but has a trade deficit in all agriculture.

10
Table 4 shows the trade balances of the same groups of countries for broad agricultural trade. Net trade balances do not change significantly with the broad agriculture definition for industrial and middle-income countries. Deficits of middle-income oil, conflict, and island countries decline slightly and the surplus of other middle-income countries increase to almost 1.2 percent of their imports; up from 0.7 percent with the narrow food definition.

The most dramatic change is in low-income countries. Their agricultural surplus is now more than $10 billion in 2004/05 and is equivalent 4.8 percent of their imports. With the broader agriculture definition, low-income oil exporters are now small net exporters of agricultural products, and conflict countries have lower net imports. Other low-income countries now have an agricultural trade surplus which is equivalent to 5.9 percent of their imports. Thus, the low-income countries, as a group, are significant agricultural exporters, and if they marginally substitute production of raw food products for other agricultural products, they could gain from global trade reforms.

As pointed out above, using a narrow definition of food to measure the potential impact of global price changes assumes that there is no substitution among agricultural products. If broader agricultural rather than food balance is used, then the picture changes considerably. Again excluding the countries in conflict and oil exporters, 9 out of the 13 large food deficit countries now have either agricultural surpluses or smaller deficits than 5 percent, and 2 countries that had small food deficit now end up having a larger agriculture deficit.<sup>16</sup> It turns out that there are only 6 low-income countries that have an agricultural trade deficit that is more than 5 percent of their imports. These are Bangladesh, Democratic Republic of Korea, Mauritania, Nepal, Niger, and Senegal. If the low-income oil exporters and conflict countries are included, then low-income countries with net agricultural deficits of more than 5 percent of their imports, increases to 10. In addition to the above 6 countries, Yemen, East Timor, Eritrea, and Haiti, get included in the vulnerable list.<sup>17</sup> Among the middle-income countries, only four have agricultural deficits that exceed 5 percent. These are Egypt, Albania, Jordan, and Georgia. There are also 8 island states which could be vulnerable, and these are Tuvalu, Samoa, Palau, Micronesia, Maldives, Kiribati, Cook Islands, and Cape Verde. However, in 2004/2005 their combined agricultural deficit was US$131 million.

If the cut-off point is increased to net agricultural imports constituting more than 10 percent of total imports, number of vulnerable countries decreases significantly. Only one middle-income country now is vulnerable and that country is Algeria, a major oil exporter. There are 4 small island states in this category. These are Cook Islands, Kiribati, Micronesia, and Samoa, which have a combined agricultural trade deficit of US$ 45 million.

There are only 5 low-income countries that have an agricultural trade deficit of more than 10 percent of their imports. These are, Democratic Republic of Korea, Senegal, Yemen,

> 16 These two countries are Nepal and Niger.

> 17 Other cut-off points can be used, along with more detailed tradeoffs between different agricultural product groups. Individual country information is presented in the annexes so the readers can make their own calculations.

11
Eritrea, and Haiti. If we exclude oil exporters, and countries in conflict, only Korea and Senegal turn out to be vulnerable countries.

Thus, while the figures of food deficit countries look significant, when looked at closely, many have special reasons for deficits, such as having a conflict or exporting a valuable commodity such as oil. Others have deficits, but these deficits are too small for the potential price increases to have a significant impact on their trade balances. These findings suggest that the debate on food vulnerable countries is not very important, and should not be taken very seriously.

# **V. Sub-Saharan Africa: A Special Case?**

In most of the discussions, it has been argued that Sub-Saharan Africa has many countries that are significant net food importers and global trade reforms will particularly hurt the continent. In this section we repeat the same exercise we undertook for all countries for the SSA countries.

It is clear from table 5 why SSA has been treated as special. Only 12 of the 47 SSA countries are net exporters of raw food. Even if conflict and oil exporting countries are excluded, only 5 of the 28 low-income African countries are net food exporters. The rest are net food importers. These ratios are much lower than other low-income countries shown in table 1.

**Table 5: African Country Classifications by Raw Food Trade**

||No. of Cou<br>|ntries in Raw Food<br>|Trade<br>|
|---|---|---|---|
|CountryGroup|Net Exporter|Net Importer|Total|
|Middle-income **|4|4|8|
|Low-income|8|31|39|
|Oil Exporter|2|4|6|
|Civil Conflict States|1|4|5|
|Other Low-income|5|23|28|
|Sub-Saharan Africa,total|12|35|47|

Notes: Food is defined as raw food in SITC Revision 2, excluding all cash crops, processed food and seafood (see detailed classifications in Appendix Table 1). The classification of country groups is provided in Appendix Table 4.

- ** Gabon is also in oil exporter, we added it to the middle-income group,

- not to create another group for just one country.

Source: Based on partner data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

12
Going beyond the number of countries and looking at the overall trade balances for groups of countries, Sub-Saharan Africa, as a group, has a trade deficit in raw foods which is slightly more than 1 percent of their imports. Middle-income SSA is food surplus but lowincome SSA is a net food importer.

Unlike other low-income countries, being oil exporter or having civil conflict does not make that much different in net food imports of low-income SSA countries as a percentage of their imports. All three groups have deficits of about 3 percent of their imports.

**Table 6: African Trade Balance for Raw Food by Income Group Country**

||Net E<br>|xports/Imp<br>|orts($mill<br>|ion)<br> <br>|Net Exp<br>|orts as % o<br>|f All Goods<br>|Imports<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|CountryGroup (No. of Country)|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|
|Sub-Saharan Africa, All (47)|-137|231|14|-1,329|-0.3|0.5|0.0|-1.1|
|SSA Middle-income (8)|733|737|1,109|1,257|5.0|4.9|3.9|2.5|
|SSA Low-income (39)|-869|-506|-1,094|-2,586|-2.5|-1.7|-2.4|-3.4|
|SSA Oil Exporters (6)|-566|-210|-682|-1,333|-2.9|-1.9|-4.0|-4.0|
|SSA Civil Conflict States (5)|-35|-62|-60|-178|-0.7|-1.1|-1.0|-2.5|
|Other SSA Low-income(28)|-269|-234|-353|-1,074|-2.4|-1.8|-1.5|-3.0|

Notes: Food is defined as raw food in SITC Revision 2, excluding all cash crops, processed food and seafood (see detailed classifications in Appendix Table 1).

The classification of country groups is provided in Appendix Table 4.

** Gabon is also in oil exporters, we added it to the middle-income group, not to create another group for just one country.

Source: Based on partner data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

The picture shown above does not however mean that SSA would definitely lose under global reforms. The continent is a significant agricultural exporter that tends to export other agricultural products and import primarily grains. Table 7 shows the number of SSA countries that are net exporters of agricultural commodities.

**Table 7: African Country Classifications by All Agricultural Trade**

||No. of Co<br>|untries in All Agricul<br>|tural Trade<br>|
|---|---|---|---|
|CountryGroup|Net Exporter|Net Importer|Total|
|Middle-income **|6|2|8|
|Low-income|26|13|39|
|Oil Exporter|4|2|6|
|Civil Conflict States|2|3|5|
|Other Low-income|20|8|28|
|Sub-Saharan Africa,total|32|15|47|

Notes: All agriculture is defined as all raw food, cash crops and agric raw materials in SITC Revision 2, excluding processed food and seafood products (see detailed classifications in Appendix Table 1).

13
The classification of country groups is provided in Appendix Table 4.

- ** Gabon is also in oil exporters, we added it to the middle-income group, not to create another group for just one country.

Source: Based on partner data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

Looking at net agricultural exporters and importers, rather than net raw food exporters changes the picture completely (Table 8). 32 out of 47 SSA countries are net agricultural exporters; and if the oil and conflict countries are excluded, than 20 out of 28 low-income SSA countries are net agricultural exporters.

In terms of trade balance, SSA countries have a massive export surplus in agricultural commodities which constitutes almost 9 percent of their imports. Unlike other low-income countries, raw food trade deficits have not decreased, but have increased over the last 25 years.

Unlike other low-income countries globally, in SSA, even the oil exporters and countries in conflict have agricultural surpluses. All groups of countries have agricultural trade surpluses. Other SSA low-income countries, that is excluding oil exporting and conflict countries, have a massive export surplus which is equal to almost 20 percent of their imports. Thus for most SSA countries, small changes in their agricultural production mix will generate enough food for their citizens and can turn most of them into net raw food exporters.

**Table 8: African Trade Balance for All Agriculture by Income Group Country**

||Net E<br>|xports/Im<br>|ports($mill<br>|ion)<br> <br>|Net Exp <br>|orts as % of<br>|All Goods<br>|Imports<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|CountryGroup (No. of Country)|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|
|Sub-Saharan Africa, All (47)|8,485|8,367|9,612|11,314|16.8|18.2|12.8|9.0|
|SSA Middle-income (8)|2,082|2,141|2,860|3,353|14.2|14.2|10.0|6.7|
|SSA Low-income (39)|6,402|6,226|6,753|7,961|17.9|20.2|14.6|10.5|
|SSA Oil Exporters (6)|1,166|1,458|1,197|1,085|6.0|12.9|7.0|3.3|
|SSA Civil Conflict States (5)|511|313|130|34|10.5|5.6|2.2|0.5|
|Other SSA Low-income(28)|4,892|4,700|5,890|7,309|39.6|31.8|24.5|19.8|

Notes: All agriculture is defined as all raw food, cash crops and agricultural raw materials in SITC Revision 2 excluding processed food and seafood products (see detailed classifications in Appendix Table 1).

The classification of country groups is provided in Appendix Table 4.

** Gabon is also in oil exporters, we added it to the middle-income group, not to create another group for just one country.

Source: Based on partner data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

In terms of vulnerability, using the 10 percent cut-off point, limiting the trade to raw foods, and excluding oil exporters and conflict countries, only 3 low-income countries can be 14
considered vulnerable. These are the same 3 identified earlier, namely Benin, Guinea-Bissau, and Senegal. If all agricultural trade definition is used, then only 1 country, Senegal can be considered vulnerable.

# **VI. Conclusions**

There have been serious debates on the impact of global reforms on poor countries. One of the points raised against global agricultural reforms is the anticipated increase in food prices and the assertions that most low-income countries are net food importers and would suffer from these price increases.

This paper shows that while it is true that most low-income countries are net food importers, their imports are negligible, and they have a large trade surplus in other agricultural commodities which can be easily substituted for foods if relative prices change significantly. Net food imports of low-income countries are very small, only 0.2 percent of their imports. Part of the reason for this small food trade deficit is the oil exporters and countries in conflict which have large raw food deficits. If these are excluded, then even lowincome countries have a surplus in food trade.

While a large number of low-income countries are net food importers, majority of them are net agricultural exporters, and their agricultural trade surplus is almost 5 percent of their imports. If the oil and conflict countries are excluded, the trade surplus increases to 6 percent of imports. That is they import food and export other agricultural commodities. Most can easily shift from producing other agricultural commodities to producing food if the food prices change significantly Being a net food importer and an agricultural exporter is especially pronounced in lowincome SSA. From a deficit of 3.4 percent of imports with narrow food, the region becomes a net agricultural exporter and its trade surplus reaches almost 11 percent of it imports. Thus even a small substitution in their agricultural export products into food would eliminate their deficits.

There are only 3 vulnerable low-income countries, i.e., countries whose net narrow food trade deficit is more than 10 percent of their imports, excluding oil exporters and conflict countries. Of these 3, Benin and Guinea-Bissau export cotton and nuts, respectively, and Senegal exports peanut oil which is not included in our measures.

Furthermore, raw food trade balances for developing countries have been improving for the last 25 years. Low-income countries, excluding the ones in conflict and oil exporters, have moved from a deficit of 1 percent of their imports in 1980/81 for raw food trade, to a surplus of about 1 percent of the imports in 2004/05. SSA countries have not experienced the same transformation.

These results suggest that the almost automatic reaction, that food price increases are bad for low-income countries, needs to be qualified.

15
On the other hand, there are a group of countries that are experiencing civil conflicts and are large importers of food, and can not easily adjust their production and meet their basic needs. They also need special assistance in the distribution of food within their boundaries. Therefore, one should modify the WTO Ministerial Declaration, and focus on these conflict countries. We must accordingly agree to establish appropriate mechanism to ensure that the implementation of the Doha Round Negotiations on trade liberalization in agriculture does not adversely affect the availability of food aid at a level which is sufficient to continue to provide assistance in meeting the food needs of conflict countries, especially those that are also poor.

16
# **References**

Aksoy, M. Ataman, (2005), “Global Agricultural Trade Policies”, in Aksoy, and Beghin, _Global Agricultural Trade and Developing Countries,_ Washington DC: World Bank.

Aksoy, M. Ataman and John C. Beghin (2005), _Global Agricultural Trade and Developing Countries_ , Editors, Washington DC: World Bank.

Anderson, Kym and Will Martin (2006), _Agricultural Trade Reform and the Doha Development Agenda,_ Editors, Washington DC: A co-publication of Palgrave Macmillan and the World Bank.

Diop, N, and S.M. Jaffee, (2005), “Fruits and Vegetables: Global Trade and Competition in Fresh and Processed Product Markets”, in Aksoy and Beghin, _Global Agricultural Trade and Developing Countries,_ Washington DC: World Bank.

Ayres, Wendy and Alex McCalla (1996), “Rural Development, Agriculture, and Food Security”, _Finance and Development_ , 33: 8-11, December.

FAO (2002), “Trade Liberalization and Food Security: Conceptual Links”, Chapter 3 in _Trade Reform and Food Security_ , Rome: FAO Document.

Hertel, T, R. Keeney, M. Ivanic and L. A. Winters (2007), “The Distribution Effects of WTO Agricultural Reforms in Rich and Poor Countries”, _World Bank Research Digest_ , 1(3), Spring.

McCalla, Alex (2001), “What the Developing Countries Want from the WTO”, _The Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy_ , 2(1), 165-177.

McCalla, Alex and John Nash (2007), _Reforming Agricultural Trade for Developing Countries_ , Editors, Washington DC: World Bank.

Mitchell, D., and M. Hoppe (2006), “From Marrakesh to Doha: Effects of Removing Food Subsidies on the Poor”, in R. Newfarmer, _Trade, Doha, and Development,_ Washington D.C: World Bank.

Ingco, Merlinda and John Nash (2004), _Agriculture and the WTO: Creating a Trading System for Development_ , Editors, A co-publication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press.

Panagariya, Arvind (2006), “Agricultural Liberalization and the Least Developed Countries: Six Fallacies”, _The World Economy: Global Trade Policy 2005,_ edited by David Greenaway _,_ Boston: Blackwell Publishers.

Thomas, Harmon (2006), _Trade Reform and Food Security: Country Case Studies and Synthesis_ , editor, Rome: FAO.

17
Valdes, A and Alex McCalla (1999), “Issues, Interests and Options of Developing Countries”, _paper presented at the World Bank Conference on Agriculture and the New Trade Agenda in WTO 2000 Negotiations_ , Geneva, October.

World Bank (2001), “Trade Policies in the 1990s and the Poorest Countries”, Chapter 2 in _Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries_ , Washington, DC: World Bank.

WTO (1994), “Net Food-Importing Developing Countries”, _Agriculture: Explanation_ , web info at <u>http://www.wto.org/English/tratop_e/agric_e/ag_intro06_netfood_e.htm.</u> 18
# **Appendix Tables**

**Appendix Table 1: The Classification of Food and Agricultural Products in SITC Revision 2**

|All Agri|culture(0+1+2+4-27-28)|SITC|Product Name|
|---|---|---|---|
|Raw Food|Meats and Dairy Products|00<br>011<br>0223<br>0251|Live animals chiefly for food<br>Meat, edible meat offals, fresh, chilled<br>Milk & cream, fresh, not concentrated<br>Eggs in shell|
||Grains and Cereals|041<br>042<br>043<br>044<br>045|Wheat and meslin<br>Rice<br>Barley, unmilled<br>Maize (corn), unmilled<br>Cereals,unmilled,others,rye,oats etc.|
||Vegetables and Fruits|054<br>0571-0575<br>0579|Vegetables, fresh, chilled or frozen<br>Fruits, citrus etc.<br>Other fresh or dried fruits nes|
|Cash Crops|Figs and Nuts|0576<br>0577|Figs, fresh or dried<br>Nuts,edible,fresh or dried|
||Tropical Products|0611<br>0616<br>0711<br>0721<br>074<br>075|Sugars, beet and cane, raw, solid<br>Natural honey<br>Coffee, green, roasted or sub<br>Cocoa beans, whole or broken, raw or roasted<br>Tea and mate<br>Spices|
||Feeds, Oilseeds and Tobacco|0811<br>121<br>22|Hay and fodder, green or dry<br>Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse<br>Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits|
|Other Food|Processed Food|012<br>014<br>0224<br>023<br>024<br>0252<br>046-048<br>056<br>058<br>0612<br>0615<br>0619<br>062<br>0712<br>0722<br>0723<br>073<br>0812-0819<br>09<br>111<br>112<br>122<br>41-43|Meat & edible offals, salted, smoked<br>Meat & edible offals, prep. & preserved<br>Milk & cream, preserved, concentrated<br>Butter<br>Cheese and curd<br>Eggs not in shell<br>Meals and flour of wheat, other cereal preps. nes<br>Vegetable, roots & tubers, prepared or presv.<br>Fruit, preserved and fruit preparation<br>Refined sugars and other products<br>Molasses<br>Other sugars, sugar syrups, artificial<br>Sugar confectionery and other sugar prep.<br>Coffee extracts, essences/concentrated<br>Cocoa powder, unsweetened<br>Cocoa butter and cocoa paste<br>Chocolate & other food prep. products<br>Bran, oil cake, meal fodder and other food wastes<br>Misc. edible products and preparation<br>Non alcoholic beverages nes<br>Alcoholic beverages<br>Tobacco manufactured<br>Animal/vegetable oils and fats, processed|

19
|Other Food|Seafood|034<br>035<br>036<br>037|Fish, fresh (live or dead), chilled, frozen<br>Fish, dried, salted or in brine ; smoked<br>Crustaceans and molluscs, fresh, chilled<br>Fish,crustaceans and molluscs, prep.|
|---|---|---|---|
|Non-Food|Agricultural Raw Materials|21<br>23|Hides, skins and furskins, raw<br>Crude rubber, crude, synthetic|
|||24-25|Cork, wood, pulp and waste paper|
|||26|Textile fibres, silk, cotton, jute etc.|
|||29|Crude animal and vegetable materials|

# **Appendix Table 2: The Classification of Income Group Countries**

|Industrial Group (33)|Low-income Group (58)|Middle-income G|roup (105)|
|---|---|---|---|
|Australia|Afghanistan|Albania|Lebanon|
|Austria|Angola|Algeria|Libya|
|Belgium|Bangladesh|Antigua and Barbuda **|Macao|
|Canada|Benin|Argentina|Macedonia, FYR|
|Cyprus|Bhutan|Armenia|Malaysia|
|Czech Republic|Burkina Faso|Aruba **|Maldives **|
|Denmark|Burundi|Azerbaijan|Marshall Islands **|
|Estonia|Cambodia|Bahamas, The **|Mauritius|
|Finland|Cameroon|Bahrain|Mexico|
|France|Central African Republic|Barbados **|Micronesia, Fed. State **|
|Germany|Chad|Belarus|Morocco|
|Greece|Comoros **|Belize|Namibia|
|Hungary|Congo, Dem. Rep.|Bermuda **|Nauru **|
|Iceland|Congo, Rep.|Bolivia|Netherlands Antilles **|
|Ireland|Cote d'Ivoire|Bosnia and Herzegovina|New Caledonia **|
|Italy|East Timor|Botswana|Niue **|
|Japan|Equatorial Guinea|Brazil|Oman|
|Latvia|Eritrea|Brunei|Palau **|
|Lithuania|Ethiopia|Bulgaria|Panama|
|Luxembourg|Gambia, The|Cape Verde **|Paraguay|
|Malta|Ghana|Chile|Peru|
|Netherlands|Guinea|China|Philippines|
|New Zealand|Guinea-Bissau|Colombia|Qatar|
|Norway|Haiti|Cook Islands **|Romania|
|Poland|India|Costa Rica|Russian Federation|
|Portugal|Kenya|Croatia|Samoa **|
|Spain|Korea, Dem. Rep.|Cuba|Saudi Arabia|
|Slovak Republic|Kyrgyz Republic|Djibouti|Serbia and Montenegro|
|Slovenia|Lao PDR|Dominica **|Seychelles **|
|Sweden|Lesotho|Dominican Republic|Singapore|
|Switzerland|Liberia|Ecuador|South Africa|
|United Kingdom|Madagascar|Egypt, Arab Rep.|Sri Lanka|
|United States|Malawi|El Salvador|St. Kitts and Nevis **|

20
|Mali<br>Mauritania<br>Moldova<br>Mongolia<br>Mozambique<br>Myanmar<br>Nepal<br>Nicaragua<br>Niger<br>Nigeria<br>Pakistan<br>Papua New Guinea<br>Rwanda<br>Sao Tome & Principe **<br>Senegal<br>Sierra Leone<br>Solomon Islands **<br>Somalia<br>Sudan<br>Tajikistan<br>Tanzania<br>Togo<br>Uganda<br>Uzbekistan<br>Vietnam<br>Yemen<br>Zambia<br>Zimbabwe|Fiji **<br>Gabon<br>Georgia<br>Grenada **<br>Guatemala<br>Guyana<br>Honduras<br>Hong Kong, China<br>Indonesia<br>Iran, Islamic Rep.<br>Iraq<br>Israel<br>Jamaica<br>Jordan<br>Kazakhstan<br>Kiribati **<br>Korea, Rep.<br>Kuwait|St. Lucia **<br>St. Vincent & Grenadin**<br>Suriname<br>Swaziland<br>Syrian Arab Republic<br>Taiwan, China<br>Thailand<br>Tonga **<br>Trinidad and Tobago<br>Tunisia<br>Turkey<br>Turkmenistan<br>Tuvalu **<br>Ukraine<br>United Arab Emirates<br>Uruguay<br>Vanuatu **<br>Venezuela|
|---|---|---|

Note: Industrial countries are based on traditional high-income 23 OECDs and new EU-10 countries. ** included in the middle-income small islander group.

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators 2005.

21
# **Appendix Table 3: The Classification of Other Special Group Countries**

|Oil Exporters(27)|Small Islanders(30)|Civil Conflict Countries(12)|
|---|---|---|
|Algeria|Antigua and Barbuda|Afghanistan|
|Angola|Aruba|Algeria (see oil exporter)|
|Azerbaijan|Bahamas, The|Angola (see oil exporter)|
|Bahrain|Barbados|Azerbaijan (see oil exporter)|
|Brunei|Bermuda|Bosnia and Herzegovina|
|Cameroon|Cape Verde|Congo, Dem. Rep.|
|Congo, Rep.|Comoros|East Timor|
|Ecuador|Cook Islands|El Salvador|
|Equatorial Guinea|Dominica|Eritrea|
|Gabon|Eq. Guinea (see oil exporter)|Haiti|
|Iran, Islamic Rep.|Fiji|Iran (see oil exporter)|
|Iraq|Grenada|Iraq (see oil exporter)|
|Kazakhstan|Kiribati|Lebanon|
|Kuwait|Maldives|Liberia|
|Libya|Marshall Islands|Nigeria (see oil exporter)|
|Nigeria|Micronesia, Fed. Sts.|Russian Fed. (see oil exporter)|
|Norway (see industrial countries)|Nauru|Serbia and Montenegro|
|Oman|Netherlands Antilles|Sierra Leone|
|Qatar|New Caledonia|Somalia|
|Russian Federation|Niue|Yemen Rep. (see oil exporter)|
|Saudi Arabia|Palau||
|Sudan|Samoa||
|Syrian Arab Republic|Sao Tome and Principe||
|Trinidad and Tobago|Seychelles||
|Turkmenistan|Solomon Islands||
|United Arab Emirates|St. Kitts and Nevis||
|Venezuela|St. Lucia||
|Yemen Rep.|St. Vincent & Grenadines<br>Tonga<br>Trinidad & Tobago (see oil exporter)<br>Tuvalu<br>Vanuatu||

Notes: Oil exporters are based on at least 40 percent of fuels in total merchandise exports from UN COMTRADE Statistics. Small islanders are those small economies with independent or autonomous administration, excluding colonized or dependent territories.

Civil conflict countries are drawn from countries with recent serious war outbreaks from the study by Paul Collier on "Economic Cause of Civil Conflict and their Implications for Policy", 2000.

22
**Appendix Table 4: The Classification of Sub-Saharan African Countries**

|All Sub-Saharan<br>Africa (47)|||Of W|hich<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Middle-income(8)|Low-income(39)||Oil Exporters(7)|Civil Conflict<br>(5)<br>|
|Botswana<br>Cape Verde<br>Gabon<br>Mauritius<br>Namibia<br>Seychelles<br>South Africa<br>Swaziland|Angola<br>Benin<br>Burkina Faso<br>Burundi<br>Cameroon<br>Central African<br>Rep.<br>Chad<br>Comoros<br>Congo, Dem.<br>Rep.<br>Congo, Rep.<br>Cote d'Ivoire<br>Equatorial<br>Guinea<br>Eritrea<br>Ethiopia<br>Gambia, The<br>Ghana<br>Guinea<br>Guinea-Bissau<br>Kenya|Lesotho<br>Liberia<br>Madagascar<br>Malawi<br>Mali<br>Mauritania<br>Mozambique<br>Niger<br>Nigeria<br>Rwanda<br>Sao Tome & Princ.<br>Senegal<br>Sierra Leone<br>Somalia<br>Sudan<br>Tanzania<br>Togo<br>Uganda<br>Zambia<br>Zimbabwe|Angola<br>Cameroon<br>Congo, Rep.<br>Equatorial<br>Guinea<br>Gabon<br>Nigeria<br>Sudan|Congo, Dem.<br>Rep.<br>Eritrea<br>Liberia<br>Sierra Leone<br>Somalia|

Note: Also see Appendix Tables 2 and 3 for details.

Source: World Bank World Development Indicators 2005.

23
# **Annex Tables**

24
**Annex Table 1: Composition of Raw Food Exports, Imports and Net Imports by Income Group Country**

|||Exports|($million)|||Imports(|$million)|||Net Impo|rts($millio|n)|Net Im|ports as %|of All Impo|rts|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|CountryGroup (No. of Country)|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|
|**Raw Food, excl. Cash Crops**|||||||||||||||||
|World (196)|65,630|112,287|146,569|203,166|74,450|110,459|138,528|199,190|-8,821|1,828|8,042|3,975|-0.6|0.1|0.1|0.0|
|Industrial Countries (33)|51,062|84,957|103,111|138,612|42,224|77,333|91,301|134,859|8,838|7,624|11,809|3,752|0.8|0.3|0.3|0.1|
|Middle-income, All (105)|12,881|25,027|38,618|57,525|26,933|29,829|39,601|53,320|-14,052|-4,802|-983|4,205|-3.4|-0.6|-0.1|0.1|
|Mid Income--Oil Exporters (20)|539|1,813|3,931|5,871|5,225|6,133|11,094|17,105|-4,686|-4,320|-7,163|-11,234|-4.4|-4.5|-3.6|-2.8|
|Mid Income--Civil Conflict (4)|431|555|211|343|482|678|898|1,135|-51|-123|-686|-793|-0.4|-0.7|-4.2|-3.0|
|Small Island Economies (30)|80|251|148|130|259|398|423|592|-179|-147|-274|-462|-2.9|-1.6|-1.5|-1.8|
|Other Middle-income (51)|11,831|22,408|34,327|51,181|20,967|22,620|27,187|34,488|-9,135|-213|7,140|16,693|-3.1|0.0|0.5|0.7|
|Low-income, All (58)|1,426|1,924|4,715|6,891|2,548|2,318|4,702|7,473|-1,122|-393|13|-582|-2.0|-0.6|0.0|-0.2|
|Low-income--Oil Exporters (7)|230|137|323|502|909|457|1,221|2,136|-679|-320|-898|-1,634|-3.4|-2.8|-4.8|-4.6|
|Low-income--Civil Conflict (8)|33|28|41|79|148|189|339|516|-115|-162|-298|-437|-2.2|-2.5|-4.0|-4.0|
|Other Low-income(43)|1,163|1,760|4,351|6,310|1,492|1,672|3,142|4,820|-329|88|1,209|1,489|-1.1|0.2|1.1|0.7|
|**Meats & Dairy Products**|||||||||||||||||
|World|21,010|40,867|52,217|73,534|20,559|40,140|51,980|76,788|451|727|237|-3,253|0.0|0.0|0.0|0.0|
|Industrial Countries|17,707|34,620|44,401|60,486|15,921|32,386|37,898|55,583|1,786|2,233|6,503|4,902|0.2|0.1|0.2|0.1|
|Middle-income, All|2,828|5,764|7,092|12,084|4,188|7,289|13,276|19,828|-1,360|-1,525|-6,184|-7,744|-0.3|-0.2|-0.4|-0.3|
|Mid Income--Oil Exporters|80|227|541|832|1,763|1,745|3,815|7,131|-1,683|-1,518|-3,274|-6,299|-1.6|-1.6|-1.6|-1.6|
|Mid Income--Civil Conflict|208|281|30|34|154|158|333|434|54|123|-303|-400|0.5|0.7|-1.8|-1.5|
|Small Island Economies|4|4|7|13|116|174|196|284|-113|-171|-189|-271|-1.8|-1.9|-1.0|-1.1|
|Other Middle-income|2,536|5,252|6,514|11,204|2,154|5,212|8,932|11,978|382|40|-2,418|-774|0.1|0.0|-0.2|0.0|
|Low-income, All|338|357|689|918|296|320|696|1,284|42|37|-7|-366|0.1|0.1|0.0|-0.1|
|Low-income--Oil Exporters|75|31|54|144|162|98|252|431|-87|-67|-198|-288|-0.4|-0.6|-1.1|-0.8|
|Low-income--Civil Conflict|3|0|0|0|17|36|68|120|-13|-36|-67|-120|-0.3|-0.5|-0.9|-1.1|
|Other Low-income|259|327|634|774|117|187|376|733|142|140|258|42|0.5|0.3|0.2|0.0|
|**Grains & Cereals**|||||||||||||||||
|World|23,304|26,465|35,588|43,526|37,055|31,712|33,827|42,650|-13,751|-5,247|1,761|876|-0.9|-0.2|0.0|0.0|
|Industrial Countries|20,525|22,265|25,309|29,747|13,087|12,523|11,098|14,673|7,438|9,742|14,211|15,075|0.7|0.4|0.3|0.3|
|Middle-income, All|2,094|3,395|8,246|10,767|19,909|16,954|17,136|20,204|-17,815|-13,559|-8,890|-9,437|-4.3|-1.7|-0.5|-0.3|
|Mid Income--Oil Exporters|16|232|791|1,493|2,855|3,342|4,741|5,504|-2,839|-3,110|-3,950|-4,011|-2.7|-3.2|-2.0|-1.0|
|Mid Income--Civil Conflict|25|39|32|136|234|181|249|305|-210|-142|-216|-169|-1.8|-0.8|-1.3|-0.6|
|Small Island Economies|3|2|26|9|65|85|73|96|-62|-83|-47|-87|-1.0|-0.9|-0.2|-0.3|
|Other Middle-income|2,051|3,121|7,396|9,129|16,755|13,345|12,074|14,299|-14,704|-10,224|-4,677|-5,170|-5.0|-1.5|-0.3|-0.2|
|Low-income, All|642|642|1,980|2,987|2,002|1,520|3,032|4,601|-1,359|-878|-1,051|-1,614|-2.4|-1.4|-0.8|-0.6|
|Low-income--Oil Exporters|104|9|19|10|636|257|847|1,497|-532|-248|-827|-1,487|-2.7|-2.1|-4.4|-4.2|
|Low-income--Civil Conflict|6|0|3|31|116|124|224|297|-110|-124|-221|-266|-2.1|-1.9|-3.0|-2.5|
|Other Low-income|532|633|1,958|2,946|1,250|1,139|1,961|2,807|-717|-506|-3|139|-2.3|-1.1|0.0|0.1|

25
|**Vegetable & Fruits**|||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|World|17,778|39,368|51,115|74,334|13,181|32,446|45,122|67,314|4,597|6,922|5,993|7,019|0.3|0.2|0.1|0.1|
|Industrial Countries|10,093|23,500|27,887|39,872|10,308|27,590|35,918|53,944|-215|-4,090|-8,031|-14,072|0.0|-0.2|-0.2|-0.2|
|Middle-income, All|7,180|14,879|21,173|31,442|2,213|4,370|8,075|11,713|4,967|10,509|13,098|19,729|1.2|1.3|0.8|0.7|
|Mid Income--Oil Exporters|442|1,345|2,546|3,474|520|960|2,276|4,074|-78|385|270|-600|-0.1|0.4|0.1|-0.2|
|Mid Income--Civil Conflict|151|179|140|148|75|235|240|291|76|-57|-99|-143|0.6|-0.3|-0.6|-0.5|
|Small Island Economies|71|245|111|103|41|90|102|138|31|154|9|-35|0.5|1.7|0.1|-0.1|
|Other Middle-income|6,516|13,111|18,376|27,717|1,578|3,084|5,458|7,210|4,938|10,026|12,917|20,507|1.7|1.5|0.9|0.8|
|Low-income, All|436|908|2,028|2,965|172|387|898|1,423|264|520|1,130|1,543|0.5|0.8|0.8|0.6|
|Low-income--Oil Exporters|50|97|249|349|80|61|85|131|-29|36|164|218|-0.1|0.3|0.9|0.6|
|Low-income--Civil Conflict|23|27|38|47|6|22|39|79|17|6|-1|-32|0.3|0.1|0.0|-0.3|
|Other Low-income|362|783|1,741|2,570|86|305|774|1,213|277|478|966|1,357|0.9|1.1|0.9|0.7|

Note: See classifications of country groups and product categories in Appendix Tables 1-3.

Source: Based on partners data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

26
**Annex Table 2: Agriculture and Other Food Exports, Imports and Net Imports by Income Group Country**

|||Exports|($million)|||Imports(|$million)|||Net Impo|rts($millio|n)|Net Im|ports as %|of All Impo|rts|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|CountryGroup (No. of Country)|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|
|**All Agriculture**|||||||||||||||||
|World (196)|241,586|419,122|572,225|805,960|232,519|393,800|532,940|772,158|9,067|25,322|39,285|33,802|0.6|0.8|0.6|0.4|
|Industrial Countries (33)|157,581|287,093|368,136|509,289|150,181|286,072|360,321|518,415|7,401|1,021|7,815|-9,125|0.7|0.0|0.2|-0.2|
|Middle-income, All (105)|68,430|112,582|173,644|254,944|66,813|94,802|147,355|215,591|1,617|17,780|26,289|39,352|0.4|2.2|1.5|1.4|
|Mid Income--Oil Exporters (20)|2,042|4,878|18,969|26,779|14,022|15,536|31,082|48,426|-11,979|-10,658|-12,114|-21,646|-11.3|-11.1|-6.0|-5.4|
|Mid Income--Civil Conflict (4)|1,773|2,068|1,357|2,235|1,811|2,564|2,979|4,005|-37|-497|-1,622|-1,770|-0.3|-2.7|-9.9|-6.7|
|Small Island Economies (30)|697|1,048|1,651|2,190|853|1,363|1,731|2,225|-156|-314|-80|-36|-2.6|-3.5|-0.4|-0.1|
|Other Middle-income (51)|63,917|104,588|151,667|223,739|50,128|75,339|111,562|160,935|13,789|29,249|40,105|62,804|4.7|4.4|2.7|2.6|
|Low-income, All (58)|14,041|17,248|29,679|40,652|9,082|8,919|19,776|31,181|4,959|8,328|9,903|9,471|8.9|13.1|7.3|3.8|
|Low-income--Oil Exporters (7)|2,229|1,865|2,399|3,397|3,392|1,941|3,630|5,715|-1,163|-76|-1,231|-2,317|-5.8|-0.7|-6.6|-6.5|
|Low-income--Civil Conflict (8)|896|635|485|685|440|552|1,003|1,661|456|84|-518|-976|8.7|1.3|-7.0|-9.0|
|Other Low-income(43)|10,916|14,748|26,795|36,570|5,250|6,427|15,143|23,805|5,666|8,321|11,652|12,765|18.4|18.4|10.7|6.3|
|**Agricultural Raw Materials**|||||||||||||||||
|World|62,926|103,607|125,149|164,215|55,815|87,003|107,376|149,089|7,111|16,604|17,773|15,125|0.5|0.5|0.3|0.2|
|Industrial Countries|40,156|71,062|81,945|102,547|39,744|62,671|71,421|93,635|412|8,391|10,524|8,912|0.0|0.4|0.3|0.1|
|Middle-income, All|18,835|26,436|36,029|51,717|13,768|22,056|31,897|49,188|5,067|4,381|4,132|2,529|1.2|0.6|0.2|0.1|
|Mid Income--Oil Exporters|484|787|6,178|9,367|1,419|1,440|2,129|3,642|-934|-652|4,049|5,725|-0.9|-0.7|2.0|1.4|
|Mid Income--Civil Conflict|440|580|295|433|600|527|255|414|-160|53|40|20|-1.3|0.3|0.2|0.1|
|Small Island Economies|47|78|110|189|44|85|144|173|3|-7|-34|17|0.1|-0.1|-0.2|0.1|
|Other Middle-income|17,865|24,991|29,446|41,727|11,707|20,004|29,369|44,959|6,158|4,987|77|-3,232|2.1|0.7|0.0|-0.1|
|Low-income, All|3,381|5,430|6,984|9,652|878|1,560|3,349|5,316|2,503|3,869|3,635|4,335|4.5|6.1|2.7|1.7|
|Low-income--Oil Exporters|632|1,040|1,120|1,571|111|120|174|297|521|920|946|1,274|2.6|7.9|5.0|3.6|
|Low-income--Civil Conflict|365|323|325|431|36|50|45|106|329|273|279|325|6.3|4.1|3.8|3.0|
|Other Low-income|2,384|4,066|5,539|7,649|731|1,390|3,130|4,913|1,653|2,676|2,410|2,736|5.4|5.9|2.2|1.4|
|**Cash Crops & Feeds**|||||||||||||||||
|World|35,245|39,440|52,572|72,111|25,151|33,004|45,644|62,235|10,094|6,436|6,928|9,876|0.6|0.2|0.1|0.1|
|Industrial Countries|12,601|14,804|19,425|26,632|18,394|24,608|28,160|37,147|-5,793|-9,804|-8,735|-10,516|-0.5|-0.4|-0.2|-0.2|
|Middle-income, All|15,726|18,670|23,970|33,662|5,587|6,962|15,338|22,315|10,139|11,707|8,632|11,347|2.4|1.5|0.5|0.4|
|Mid Income--Oil Exporters|331|717|1,255|1,436|790|921|3,577|4,523|-458|-204|-2,322|-3,086|-0.4|-0.2|-1.2|-0.8|
|Mid Income--Civil Conflict|612|390|364|319|179|201|139|207|432|189|225|112|3.6|1.0|1.4|0.4|
|Small Island Economies|307|274|224|254|21|68|50|71|286|206|174|183|4.7|2.3|0.9|0.7|
|Other Middle-income|14,477|17,288|22,127|31,652|4,597|5,772|11,572|17,514|9,880|11,516|10,555|14,138|3.4|1.7|0.7|0.6|
|Low-income, All|6,518|5,671|9,072|11,691|362|565|1,754|2,474|6,156|5,106|7,318|9,217|11.0|8.0|5.4|3.7|
|Low-income--Oil Exporters|1,040|496|555|865|73|73|179|296|967|423|376|568|4.8|3.6|2.0|1.6|
|Low-income--Civil Conflict|393|213|73|111|37|30|104|90|356|183|-31|22|6.8|2.8|-0.4|0.2|

27
|Other Low-income|5,085|4,962|8,445|10,715|252|462|1,472|2,088|4,833|4,500|6,973|8,627|15.7|9.9|6.4|4.3|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Processed Food**|||||||||||||||||
|World|66,723|129,149|198,648|305,291|67,700|135,057|198,581|309,269|-977|-5,908|67|-3,977|-0.1|-0.2|0.0|0.0|
|Industrial Countries|48,802|100,848|145,627|218,973|42,682|96,726|135,090|212,722|6,120|4,122|10,537|6,251|0.6|0.2|0.3|0.1|
|Middle-income, All|15,943|26,079|49,247|80,749|18,987|33,009|52,706|79,386|-3,044|-6,929|-3,460|1,362|-0.7|-0.9|-0.2|0.0|
|Mid Income--Oil Exporters|433|589|3,319|4,872|6,383|6,942|13,798|21,806|-5,950|-6,353|-10,479|-16,934|-5.6|-6.6|-5.2|-4.2|
|Mid Income--Civil Conflict|275|535|470|1,094|530|1,122|1,705|2,254|-255|-587|-1,235|-1,160|-2.1|-3.2|-7.5|-4.4|
|Small Island Economies|164|127|509|598|525|797|1,058|1,307|-361|-670|-550|-708|-5.9|-7.4|-2.9|-2.8|
|Other Middle-income|15,071|24,828|44,949|74,184|11,550|24,148|36,145|54,019|3,521|680|8,804|20,165|1.2|0.1|0.6|0.8|
|Low-income, All|1,739|1,741|3,518|5,143|4,747|4,193|9,548|15,114|-3,008|-2,451|-6,031|-9,972|-5.4|-3.9|-4.5|-4.0|
|Low-income--Oil Exporters|303|120|184|199|1,855|1,193|1,881|2,693|-1,552|-1,073|-1,697|-2,493|-7.8|-9.2|-9.0|-7.0|
|Low-income--Civil Conflict|56|15|14|15|204|258|503|919|-148|-243|-489|-905|-2.8|-3.7|-6.6|-8.4|
|Other Low-income|1,381|1,606|3,319|4,929|2,688|2,741|7,164|11,502|-1,308|-1,135|-3,845|-6,574|-4.3|-2.5|-3.5|-3.2|
|**Seafood**|||||||||||||||||
|World|13,670|38,815|56,895|72,654|11,371|32,992|49,779|63,859|2,299|5,823|7,116|8,795|0.1|0.2|0.1|0.1|
|Industrial Countries|7,459|19,372|23,506|30,795|9,328|28,898|40,148|49,801|-1,869|-9,526|-16,642|-19,006|-0.2|-0.4|-0.4|-0.3|
|Middle-income, All|5,256|16,775|27,884|34,470|1,299|3,595|8,887|12,919|3,957|13,179|18,997|21,551|1.0|1.7|1.1|0.7|
|Mid Income--Oil Exporters|223|895|4,339|5,253|229|166|743|1,741|-5|729|3,595|3,512|0.0|0.8|1.8|0.9|
|Mid Income--Civil Conflict|45|49|26|69|16|36|58|99|28|13|-33|-30|0.2|0.1|-0.2|-0.1|
|Small Island Economies|102|318|664|1,022|41|63|108|157|61|256|556|866|1.0|2.8|2.9|3.5|
|Other Middle-income|4,887|15,512|22,855|28,126|1,013|3,330|7,977|10,922|3,873|12,181|14,878|17,204|1.3|1.8|1.0|0.7|
|Low-income, All|916|2,372|5,409|7,295|622|363|497|966|294|2,009|4,912|6,329|0.5|3.2|3.6|2.5|
|Low-income--Oil Exporters|11|64|217|260|473|139|212|369|-462|-75|5|-109|-2.3|-0.6|0.0|-0.3|
|Low-income--Civil Conflict|51|55|32|49|25|32|20|50|26|24|12|-1|0.5|0.4|0.2|0.0|
|Other Low-income|855|2,253|5,160|6,986|125|193|265|547|730|2,061|4,895|6,439|2.4|4.5|4.5|3.2|

Note: See classifications of country groups and product categories in Appendix Tables 1-3.

Source: Based on partners data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

28
**Annex Table 3: Raw Food Exports, Imports and Net Imports in All Countries**

||||Exports($|million)|||Imports($|million)|||Net Impo|rts($millio|n)|Net Im|ports as %|of All Impo|rts|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Code|Country/ Economy|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|
|1|Australia|3,250|4,925|7,360|9,528|63|196|328|675|3,187|4,728|7,032|8,853|16.5|13.1|11.6|8.8|
|1|Austria|218|388|956|1,727|254|499|1,129|2,045|-35|-111|-173|-318|-0.2|-0.2|-0.3|-0.3|
|1|Belgium-Luxembourg|1,930|4,829|4,335|6,776|2,384|4,488|3,974|5,985|-454|341|361|791|-0.8|0.3|0.2|0.3|
|1|Canada|2,718|4,386|10,034|11,167|1,095|2,906|4,104|5,220|1,623|1,480|5,930|5,947|3.2|1.3|2.7|2.1|
|1|Cyprus|157|211|99|137|67|103|119|182|91|108|-19|-45|8.2|3.5|-0.3|-0.3|
|1|Czech Republic|..|..|232|579|..|..|371|951|..|..|-138|-373|..|..|-0.4|-0.6|
|1|Denmark|2,458|4,066|3,967|5,621|251|657|954|1,901|2,206|3,409|3,013|3,720|14.1|11.3|7.4|5.7|
|1|Estonia|..|..|31|73|..|..|102|148|..|..|-71|-75|..|..|-1.4|-0.7|
|1|Finland|21|93|152|267|161|198|332|620|-140|-106|-180|-354|-1.5|-0.5|-0.5|-0.6|
|1|France|6,804|12,185|10,800|14,789|4,267|7,793|6,943|10,691|2,537|4,392|3,857|4,099|2.5|2.1|1.3|0.9|
|1|Germany|2,125|5,165|6,909|11,409|7,084|12,844|12,556|18,302|-4,959|-7,679|-5,647|-6,893|-3.7|-2.5|-1.3|-1.0|
|1|<br>Greece|371|1,115|638|903|481|1,204|1,275|2,135|-110|-89|-637|-1,232|-0.9|-0.5|-2.2|-2.6|
|1|Hungary|503|1,050|1,204|1,818|66|111|216|784|437|939|988|1,033|11.7|12.0|3.3|1.8|
|1|Iceland|22|15|11|16|8|15|29|47|13|0|-18|-30|1.7|0.0|-0.7|-0.8|
|1|Ireland|1,299|1,823|1,936|3,192|519|686|1,061|2,036|780|1,137|876|1,156|7.8|5.9|1.7|1.6|
|1|Italy|2,007|4,094|3,638|5,642|5,640|9,639|7,753|12,198|-3,633|-5,545|-4,115|-6,556|-5.2|-3.7|-1.9|-2.0|
|1|Japan|290|118|119|106|5,555|9,622|12,282|14,017|-5,265|-9,505|-<br>12,164|-<br>13,911|-6.1|-5.4|-3.9|-3.6|
|1|Latvia|..|..|14|68|..|..|150|215|..|..|-136|-147|..|..|-2.4|-1.7|
|1|Lithuania|..|..|97|277|..|..|114|321|..|..|-16|-45|..|..|-0.2|-0.3|
|1|Malta|3|4|3|8|49|59|64|107|-46|-56|-61|-99|-6.1|-2.7|-1.4|-1.8|
|1|Netherlands|5,378|10,575|9,803|14,524|3,045|5,599|6,250|10,288|2,333|4,975|3,553|4,236|3.2|3.6|1.6|1.2|
|1|New Zealand|1,548|2,551|3,259|5,195|60|107|166|266|1,488|2,444|3,093|4,929|32.0|35.6|25.8|23.0|
|1|Norway|9|10|17|31|227|188|268|501|-218|-178|-251|-470|-1.6|-0.8|-0.8|-1.0|
|1|<br>Poland|505|987|765|2,390|1,318|486|757|1,259|-813|501|8|1,131|-13.6|3.9|0.0|1.3|
|1|Portugal|19|144|275|594|589|819|1,621|2,397|-569|-675|-1,346|-1,802|-7.9|-3.0|-3.4|-3.1|
|1|Slovak Republic|..|..|73|271|..|..|191|447|..|..|-119|-176|..|..|-0.9|-0.6|
|1|Slovenia|..|..|75|169|..|..|187|329|..|..|-111|-159|..|..|-1.2|-0.9|
|1|Spain|1,818|4,934|8,193|12,931|768|2,481|3,256|6,029|1,050|2,453|4,937|6,901|4.8|3.1|3.3|2.7|
|1|Sweden|143|184|318|479|297|667|1,119|2,166|-154|-483|-801|-1,687|-0.6|-1.0|-1.2|-1.7|
|1|Switzerland|63|154|117|389|750|1,087|<br>1,014|<br>1,368|-687|-933|-897|<br>-979|-1.9|-1.3|-1.0|-0.7|
|1|United Kingdom|1,734|2,675|2,364|3,173|4,635|7,306|8,976|14,242|-2,901|-4,631|-6,612|-<br>11,069|-3.2|-2.4|-2.0|-2.4|
|1|United States|15,543|17,996|25,268|24,933|2,363|7,424|13,583|17,509|13,180|10,573|11,684|7,424|7.1|2.3|1.0|0.5|
|2|Albania|16|19|2|4|1|40|64|142|15|-22|-62|-138|10.4|-5.9|-5.7|-6.4|
|2|Argentina|1,248|2,800|4,307|5,706|61|73|318|128|1,186|2,728|3,989|5,578|14.7|42.0|20.0|24.7|

29
|2|Armenia|..|..|2|4|..|..|31|43|..|..|-30|-39|..|..|-6.4|-3.1|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2|Belarus|..|..|24|50|..|..|165|260|..|..|-140|-210|..|..|-1.9|-1.4|
|2|Belize|7|16|45|79|5|12|9|13|1|4|36|66|1.3|1.8|8.7|12.1|
|2|Bolivia|2|18|13|27|56|30|42|30|-54|-11|-29|-3|-8.0|-1.3|-2.0|-0.2|
|2|Botswana|..|..|54|50|..|..|4|2|..|..|51|48|..|..|17.4|11.2|
|2|Brazil|544|1,111|3,225|7,668|1,249|1,265|1,656|1,361|-705|-154|1,569|6,307|-4.7|-0.9|2.9|10.0|
|2|Bulgaria|141|170|139|328|129|82|118|265|12|88|22|63|0.5|3.1|0.4|0.5|
|2|Chile|296|1,429|2,204|3,634|293|118|432|557|3|1,311|1,772|3,077|0.1|19.1|11.2|12.9|
|2|China|1,365|2,365|5,213|6,003|2,312|1,894|2,128|2,720|-947|471|3,085|3,283|-6.0|0.9|1.5|0.7|
|2|Colombia|262|593|857|1,440|170|166|561|644|92|427|296|796|2.4|8.5|2.9|4.8|
|2|Costa Rica|421|867|1,529|2,162|35|59|147|230|385|808|1,383|1,932|51.2|40.4|26.0|26.1|
|2|Croatia|..|..|52|96|..|..|219|407|..|..|-167|-311|..|..|-2.4|-2.0|
|2|Cuba|12|22|19|15|295|340|281|425|-283|-318|-262|-410|-16.8|-14.1|-10.6|-11.1|
|2|Djibouti|6|1|4|11|30|23|15|32|-24|-22|-10|-21|-10.8|-7.4|-2.1|-2.8|
|2|Dominican Republic|35|96|120|197|105|115|217|264|-70|-18|-97|-67|-5.9|-0.7|-1.2|-0.8|
|2|Egypt, Arab Rep.|132|184|347|871|1,231|983|1,537|1,805|-1,099|-799|-1,190|-933|-11.9|-7.2|-6.8|-4.0|
|2|Georgia|..|..|27|34|..|..|77|192|..|..|-50|-158|..|..|-5.6|-6.8|
|2|Guatemala|112|261|526|609|39|65|217|327|73|197|309|282|7.5|10.3|5.8|3.8|
|2|Guyana|39|18|61|51|14|9|21|22|25|9|40|29|7.7|3.8|9.7|5.1|
|2|Honduras|375|386|312|369|28|41|134|181|347|344|178|188|54.4|31.5|4.2|3.4|
|2|Hong Kong, China|82|56|49|20|404|1,716|2,342|2,335|-322|-1,660|-2,294|-2,315|-2.0|-1.9|-1.3|-0.8|
|2|Indonesia|84|210|96|177|539|342|865|1,050|-455|-132|-769|-873|-4.3|-0.7|-2.5|-1.3|
|2|Israel|487|512|540|895|312|317|502|623|174|195|38|272|3.1|1.4|0.1|0.7|
|2|Jamaica|22|84|61|39|79|100|144|205|-57|-16|-84|-166|-7.6|-0.9|-2.8|-4.7|
|2|Jordan|100|69|139|83|124|336|292|480|-24|-267|-153|-397|-0.9|-12.6|-4.0|-5.3|
|2|Korea, Rep.|80|127|212|170|1,365|1,638|2,450|3,309|-1,285|-1,511|-2,238|-3,138|-7.0|-2.5|-1.9|-1.7|
|2|Macao|1|1|0|1|6|65|89|128|-4|-63|-89|-127|-1.5|-3.9|-3.3|-3.3|
|2|Macedonia, FYR|..|..|30|70|..|..|115|141|..|..|-85|-70|..|..|-4.2|-2.8|
|2|Malaysia|29|335|334|336|394|671|1,067|1,284|-365|-336|-732|-948|-3.4|-1.2|-1.0|-0.9|
|2|Mauritius|0|4|3|3|16|61|77|104|-15|-57|-74|-101|-5.2|-5.5|-4.1|-4.1|
|2|Mexico|676|1,928|3,714|5,217|1,610|1,698|3,850|4,626|-934|230|-136|592|-4.0|0.5|-0.1|0.4|
|2|Morocco|414|648|567|1,107|389|203|650|684|24|445|-83|423|0.7|7.1|-0.9|2.6|
|2|Namibia|..|..|54|93|..|..|8|9|..|..|47|83|..|..|12.2|19.7|
|2|Panama|248|515|335|514|42|49|98|115|205|466|238|400|4.3|5.5|1.5|1.9|
|2|Paraguay|10|120|140|245|20|3|31|18|-10|117|109|228|-1.7|6.6|4.3|7.4|
|2|<br>Peru|9|40|228|526|314|284|349|475|-304|-244|-121|52|-10.3|-8.8|-1.9|0.6|
|2|Philippines|323|510|746|1,056|219|341|974|901|104|169|-228|155|1.4|1.4|-0.6|0.3|
|2|Romania|213|102|227|379|521|343|323|791|-308|-241|-96|-412|-6.4|-6.2|-0.7|-1.3|
|2|Singapore|41|37|77|76|442|815|992|1,040|-401|-777|-915|-964|-1.7|-1.5|-0.8|-0.7|
|2|South Africa|910|1,053|1,607|2,165|119|201|470|728|791|852|1,137|1,437|5.8|6.5|4.6|3.2|
|2|Sri Lanka|2|10|20|23|75|120|187|271|-73|-110|-167|-248|-4.9|-4.7|-3.1|-3.2|

30
|2|Suriname|78|52|40|29|14|14|16|25|64|37|24|4|15.4|10.0|5.3|0.5|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2|Swaziland|..|..|23|27|..|..|2|2|..|..|20|25|..|..|14.9|14.5|
|2|Taiwan, China|389|1,270|164|165|666|1,123|1,360|2,418|-277|147|-1,196|-2,253|-1.7|0.2|-0.8|-0.9|
|2|Thailand|1,708|2,403|3,247|4,199|51|145|218|337|1,657|2,257|3,029|3,862|22.0|7.6|5.8|4.7|
|2|Tunisia|47|92|77|132|219|199|314|334|-173|-107|-238|-203|-5.8|-2.2|-2.9|-1.7|
|2|Turkey|430|1,028|1,101|1,538|44|314|339|554|386|714|763|984|8.7|4.1|1.9|1.2|
|2|Ukraine|..|..|510|1,194|..|..|196|575|..|..|313|619|..|..|2.2|1.9|
|2|Uruguay|169|465|652|1,080|20|25|68|60|149|440|584|1,019|17.8|30.7|14.4|25.8|
|3|<br>Algeria|5|17|16|27|600|711|902|1,456|-595|-694|-886|-1,430|-6.5|-8.2|-9.4|-7.3|
|3|Azerbaijan|..|..|30|73|..|..|108|224|..|..|-78|-151|..|..|-5.4|-3.4|
|3|Bahrain|0|0|3|1|44|73|124|163|-43|-72|-121|-162|-1.2|-3.8|-5.0|-4.2|
|3|Brunei|0|0|1|0|27|53|48|52|-26|-52|-47|-52|-4.4|-3.3|-3.6|-3.5|
|3|Ecuador|324|1,030|1,731|2,397|81|77|119|203|243|952|1,612|2,194|11.9|43.2|37.9|29.0|
|3|Gabon|0|0|0|0|35|43|51|79|-34|-43|-51|-79|-4.9|-5.7|-6.5|-6.3|
|3|Iran, Islamic Rep.|26|87|383|345|865|996|950|719|-839|-910|-567|-373|-9.6|-5.9|-3.8|-1.1|
|3|Iraq|37|20|25|64|528|411|357|593|-491|-391|-332|-530|-3.9|-12.9|-7.5|-5.5|
|3|Kazakhstan|..|..|441|478|..|..|54|121|..|..|388|357|..|..|7.4|2.3|
|3|Kuwait|5|5|5|23|342|186|354|631|-337|-180|-349|-607|-5.6|-5.0|-5.5|-5.3|
|3|Libya|0|3|1|0|340|302|156|236|-340|-299|-155|-236|-3.2|-5.9|-3.9|-3.2|
|3|Oman|2|3|22|12|53|119|252|223|-51|-116|-230|-211|-3.7|-5.8|-5.3|-3.7|
|3|Qatar|0|0|2|6|34|71|142|173|-34|-71|-140|-167|-2.9|-5.3|-4.8|-2.3|
|3|Russian Federation|..|..|336|957|..|..|3,212|6,211|..|..|-2,876|-5,254|..|..|-6.1|-4.6|
|3|Saudi Arabia|18|262|239|175|1,281|1,948|2,231|2,982|-1,263|-1,686|-1,992|-2,807|-4.6|-6.5|-6.2|-6.1|
|3|Syrian Arab Republic|80|215|303|632|81|224|196|373|-1|-9|107|259|0.0|-0.4|2.5|3.1|
|3|Trinidad and Tobago|1|3|12|9|110|74|85|125|-108|-72|-73|-116|-4.7|-6.4|-2.5|-2.8|
|3|Turkmenistan|..|..|2|4|..|..|17|16|..|..|-15|-12|..|..|-1.4|-0.6|
|3|United Arab Emirates|36|134|329|601|303|525|1,194|1,633|-267|-390|-866|-1,032|-3.9|-3.0|-2.4|-1.3|
|3|Venezuela<br>|3|34|49|61|503|321|541|835|-500|-287|-492|-774|-5.0|-3.4|-3.1|-4.3|
|4|Bosnia and<br>Herzegovina|..|..|12|17|..|..|217|276|..|..|-205|-259|..|..|-7.5|-5.1|
|4|El Salvador|5|15|25|24|31|62|243|299|-26|-47|-218|-275|-5.7|-3.7|-5.0|-5.5|
|4|Lebanon<br>Si|99|87|102|104|210|177|306|366|-111|-90|-204|-262|-3.8|-3.4|-3.9|-3.7|
|4|erba and<br>Montenegro|..|..|72|197|..|..|131|188|..|..|-59|9|..|..|-1.5|0.1|
|5|Antigua and Barbuda|1|3|3|3|0|14|13|17|0|-12|-10|-14|0.3|-6.3|-1.6|-1.9|
|5|<br>Aruba|..|0|6|2|..|12|22|25|..|-12|-16|-23|..|-3.6|-2.3|-0.9|
|5|Bahamas, The|2|4|8|4|34|63|51|84|-32|-59|-42|-80|-1.8|-3.0|-1.3|-1.3|
|5|Barbados|2|2|3|4|31|32|33|51|-29|-30|-30|-47|-7.5|-6.3|-3.4|-4.2|
|5|Bermuda|0|2|2|1|23|37|27|33|-23|-35|-25|-32|-5.7|-4.1|-0.7|-1.2|
|5|Cape Verde|1|2|0|0|7|14|13|31|-6|-12|-12|-31|-9.0|-9.4|-4.9|-6.9|
|5|Comoros|0|0|0|0|4|7|17|18|-4|-7|-17|-18|-6.1|-6.5|-9.9|-19.6|
|5|Cook Islands|2|2|0|0|2|3|3|7|0|-1|-2|-6|1.1|-2.4|-6.4|-8.0|

31
|5|Dominica|11|45|17|14|1|5|7|6|11|41|10|9|32.5|33.3|4.2|3.8|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|5|Fiji|1|4|12|18|32|35|31|56|-31|-31|-19|-38|-6.2|-5.5|-2.8|-3.1|
|5|Grenada|8|8|1|0|1|10|11|14|6|-2|-10|-14|21.7|-2.0|-5.5|-5.8|
|5|Kiribati|0|0|0|0|2|1|3|6|-2|-1|-3|-6|-8.2|-1.8|-7.0|-10.0|
|5|Maldives|0|0|0|0|1|7|17|22|-1|-7|-17|-22|-2.4|-4.1|-5.5|-4.0|
|5|Marshall Islands|..|..|0|0|..|..|6|3|..|..|-6|-3|..|..|-0.6|-0.1|
|5|Micronesia, Fed. Sts.|..|..|0|0|..|..|8|7|..|..|-8|-7|..|..|-9.1|-8.2|
|5|Nauru|0|0|0|0|3|3|2|1|-2|-3|-2|-1|-8.0|-8.0|-4.2|-5.8|
|5|Netherlands Antilles|1|0|7|5|56|63|61|66|-55|-63|-54|-61|-3.1|-2.9|-1.2|-2.5|
|5|New Caledonia|0|0|3|7|29|36|28|49|-29|-36|-25|-42|-6.8|-4.9|-3.0|-2.7|
|5|Niue|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|0|0|0|0|-7.3|-3.5|-0.6|-2.2|
|5|Palau|..|..|0|0|..|..|3|2|..|..|-3|-2|..|..|-5.2|-5.8|
|5|Samoa<br>|3|3|0|1|4|7|10|14|-1|-4|-10|-14|-1.1|-4.4|-5.0|-6.7|
|5|Sao Tome and<br>Principe|..|0|0|0|2|1|2|3|..|-1|-2|-3|..|-3.3|-4.5|-4.4|
|5|Seychelles|0|0|0|1|3|3|10|12|-3|-3|-10|-12|-5.0|-2.4|-2.9|-2.6|
|5|Solomon Islands|2|0|0|0|3|6|4|3|-1|-6|-4|-3|-2.5|-6.6|-4.0|-2.7|
|5|St. Kitts and Nevis|0|0|0|0|14|5|5|7|-14|-5|-5|-7|-8.3|-5.1|-3.9|-2.9|
|5|St. Lucia<br>|24|99|37|30|1|14|12|17|22|85|25|13|47.1|39.5|6.2|2.9|
|5|St. Vincent &<br>Grenadines|18|63|32|23|1|14|14|17|17|49|19|6|66.4|34.4|6.5|1.3|
|5|Tonga|2|12|12|11|4|6|8|11|-1|6|5|0|-3.3|10.5|8.0|-0.6|
|5|Tuvalu|0|0|0|4|0|0|1|3|0|0|-1|1|-9.1|-3.4|-9.6|6.7|
|5|Vanuatu|2|3|2|5|3|1|2|4|-1|2|0|1|-2.9|1.0|0.2|0.4|
|6|Bangladesh|13|25|24|23|237|220|340|697|-224|-196|-317|-674|-13.4|-6.6|-4.4|-6.4|
|6|Benin|0|1|1|5|15|61|105|219|-15|-60|-104|-214|-2.5|-14.5|-7.6|-10.5|
|6|Bhutan|0|0|1|1|0|0|1|6|0|0|0|-5|-1.1|-0.2|0.9|-2.6|
|6|Burkina Faso|6|12|12|19|10|16|7|7|-4|-4|4|12|-1.6|-1.3|0.9|1.4|
|6|Burundi|0|1|0|0|1|1|5|16|-1|0|-4|-16|-0.7|-0.2|-4.9|-8.2|
|6|Cambodia|0|0|2|8|44|2|21|22|-44|-1|-18|-15|-40.4|-2.8|-0.9|-0.5|
|6|Central African Rep.|0|0|0|0|2|3|1|2|-2|-3|0|-2|-2.2|-2.3|-0.4|-1.3|
|6|Chad|0|0|0|0|1|3|0|5|-1|-3|0|-5|-4.1|-2.0|0.0|-1.4|
|6|Cote d'Ivoire|133|176|319|412|150|179|257|281|-17|-4|62|131|-0.8|-0.2|2.2|5.5|
|6|Ethiopia|26|12|25|46|45|96|86|108|-19|-84|-61|-61|-3.6|-9.9|-6.4|-3.0|
|6|Gambia, The|0|3|2|3|5|19|11|28|-5|-16|-8|-25|-5.3|-7.4|-2.6|-4.6|
|6|Ghana|2|14|56|116|38|54|105|255|-36|-40|-49|-140|-4.7|-3.2|-2.0|-3.3|
|6|Guinea|0|2|3|2|13|20|23|48|-13|-18|-20|-46|-4.1|-3.4|-2.9|-4.1|
|6|Guinea-Bissau|0|0|0|0|9|6|3|18|-9|-6|-3|-17|-9.9|-5.9|-3.2|-11.6|
|6|India|188|466|1,570|2,232|157|152|356|368|31|313|1,214|1,865|0.3|2.0|3.0|2.3|
|6|Kenya|37|85|157|250|51|45|112|170|-14|40|44|80|-0.8|2.3|1.7|1.8|
|6|Korea, Dem. Rep.|24|37|16|14|60|103|600|234|-37|-66|-583|-219|-5.8|-5.6|-25.4|-9.7|
|6|Kyrgyz Republic|..|..|17|32|..|..|16|26|..|..|2|7|..|..|0.3|0.4|

32
|6|Lao PDR|0|0|7|12|9|5|12|15|-8|-4|-5|-3|-9.9|-3.7|-0.8|-0.3|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|6|Lesotho|..|..|0|0|..|..|1|4|..|..|-1|-4|..|..|-0.9|-1.7|
|6|Madagascar|25|123|44|63|13|21|21|44|11|102|23|19|2.5|20.7|2.7|1.5|
|6|Malawi|2|3|6|7|1|34|13|28|1|-31|-7|-21|1.1|-10.2|-1.6|-3.3|
|6|Mali|8|4|6|6|8|14|10|31|-1|-10|-4|-25|-0.3|-2.9|-0.5|-2.1|
|6|Mauritania|0|0|0|0|26|33|29|63|-26|-33|-28|-63|-8.0|-7.5|-4.8|-6.2|
|6|Moldova|..|..|45|84|..|..|41|117|..|..|4|-33|..|..|0.3|-1.4|
|6|Mongolia|3|0|13|9|0|3|16|29|3|-3|-3|-19|12.1|-1.9|-0.5|-1.7|
|6|Mozambique|84|22|5|12|37|135|65|190|46|-113|-61|-178|8.7|-16.2|-4.9|-8.6|
|6|Myanmar|145|89|294|346|0|2|20|55|145|87|274|292|23.8|10.1|10.6|9.3|
|6|Nepal|19|8|9|9|6|3|8|62|13|6|1|-53|7.1|1.3|0.1|-4.1|
|6|Nicaragua|73|95|142|176|34|30|89|109|39|66|53|67|11.8|14.3|3.4|3.0|
|6|Niger|2|1|7|4|5|9|7|8|-3|-8|0|-4|-0.9|-3.4|0.1|-0.7|
|6|Pakistan|230|210|619|706|74|210|107|240|155|0|512|465|3.9|0.0|7.3|2.7|
|6|Papua New Guinea|0|1|1|1|98|66|45|101|-98|-65|-44|-100|-9.6|-5.4|-4.2|-6.2|
|6|Rwanda|1|0|0|0|2|2|6|16|-1|-2|-6|-16|-0.8|-1.0|-3.7|-5.6|
|6|Senegal|10|7|17|32|116|112|187|314|-106|-105|-170|-281|-12.4|-10.0|-9.2|-10.7|
|6|Tajikistan|..|..|28|35|..|..|34|29|..|..|-6|6|..|..|-1.8|0.6|
|6|Tanzania|18|33|18|44|69|10|37|84|-52|23|-19|-40|-6.0|2.5|-1.3|-1.6|
|6|Togo|0|2|6|8|14|44|33|98|-14|-42|-27|-90|-3.3|-6.6|-3.2|-5.1|
|6|Uganda|0|3|7|14|7|4|7|37|-6|-1|0|-23|-1.9|-0.1|0.0|-2.2|
|6|Uzbekistan|..|..|108|305|..|..|73|33|..|..|35|272|..|..|1.7|8.9|
|6|Vietnam|2|185|549|1,061|73|5|128|332|-71|180|421|729|-11.8|13.3|3.0|2.3|
|6|Zambia|1|7|12|36|36|5|22|23|-35|2|-10|13|-5.1|0.4|-1.0|1.0|
|6|Zimbabwe|9|68|107|62|5|8|13|148|4|61|94|-86|1.2|7.2|7.3|-5.3|
|7|Angola|0|0|1|0|90|144|165|346|-90|-144|-165|-346|-7.5|-8.7|-6.3|-4.9|
|7|Cameroon|33|78|203|267|26|27|60|161|8|50|143|106|0.6|4.4|9.4|5.9|
|7|Congo, Rep.|0|0|0|0|14|29|55|88|-14|-29|-55|-88|-2.7|-4.6|-6.6|-6.8|
|7|Equatorial Guinea|0|0|0|0|9|3|8|23|-9|-2|-8|-23|-16.9|-3.0|-2.8|-2.7|
|7|Nigeria|5|1|8|12|578|9|563|905|-573|-8|-555|-893|-4.1|-0.1|-5.9|-5.3|
|7|Sudan|190|56|85|169|43|91|76|169|146|-35|9|1|9.8|-3.4|0.6|0.0|
|7|Yemen|1|1|26|53|149|155|292|433|-148|-153|-267|-379|-11.1|-13.9|-10.7|-10.4|
|8|Afghanistan|23|17|29|37|0|6|82|119|23|12|-53|-82|8.6|2.9|-8.0|-3.1|
|8|Congo, Dem. Rep.|0|0|1|2|46|65|44|93|-46|-65|-43|-92|-4.7|-6.2|-7.5|-7.3|
|8|<br>East Timor|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|2|0|0|-1|-2|6.7|1.8|-13.1|-4.8|
|8|Eritrea|..|..|0|1|..|..|25|35|..|..|-24|-35|..|..|-14.1|-11.3|
|8|Haiti|7|10|8|38|37|67|140|175|-30|-57|-132|-137|-6.5|-8.9|-13.4|-11.8|
|8|Liberia|1|0|3|1|46|32|24|61|-45|-32|-21|-60|-1.4|-0.8|-0.5|-1.2|
|8|Sierra Leone|1|0|0|1|16|13|19|26|-15|-13|-19|-25|-6.4|-7.6|-5.8|-5.1|
|8|Somalia|129|74|67|82|58|25|18|48|71|49|48|34|19.1|27.1|17.1|9.8|

33
||World<br>Memo Items:|65,630|112,287|146,451|203,577|74,450|110,459|138,436|199,274|-8,821|1,828|8,014|4,302|-0.6|0.1|0.1|0.0|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1|Industrial Countries|50,937|84,676|103,062|139,185|41,998|77,186|91,243|135,381|8,939|7,490|11,819|3,804|0.8|0.3|0.3|0.1|
|2|Middle-income, all|12,287|24,195|38,365|57,311|19,785|23,208|39,192|52,444|-7,498|987|-827|4,867|-3.4|-0.6|-0.1|0.1|
|3|Oil Exporters|539|1,813|3,931|5,865|5,225|6,133|11,093|17,048|-4,686|-4,320|-7,162|-<br>11,183|-4.4|-4.5|-3.6|-2.8|
|4|Civil Conflict States|105|102|211|343|241|239|898|1,129|-137|-136|-687|-786|-0.4|-0.7|-4.2|-3.0|
|5|Small Islanders<br>Other Middle-|80|251|148|135|259|398|423|593|-179|-147|-274|-458|-2.9|-1.6|-1.5|-1.8|
||income|11,564|22,029|34,075|50,968|14,059|16,438|26,779|33,673|-2,495|5,590|7,296|17,295|-3.1|0.0|0.5|0.7|
|6|Low-income, all|1,450|1,936|4,689|6,859|2,585|2,399|4,647|7,402|-1,135|-463|42|-543|-2.0|-0.6|0.0|-0.2|
|7|Oil Exporters|230|137|323|503|909|457|1,221|2,125|-679|-320|-898|-1,622|-3.4|-2.8|-4.8|-4.6|
|8|Civil Conflict States|160|101|108|160|203|208|353|559|-43|-107|-245|-399|-2.2|-2.5|-4.0|-4.0|
||Other Low-income|1,060|1,698|4,258|6,197|1,473|1,734|3,073|4,718|-413|-36|1,185|1,479|-1.1|0.2|1.1|0.7|
|Note:<br> <br> <br>|Food is defined as raw fo<br>1 = Industrial countries; 2<br>countries for middle and l<br>Exclude those small islan|od, excludi<br>= Middle-i<br>ow-income<br>ds econom|ng all cash<br>ncome; 6 =<br>accordingly<br>ies which a|crops, proc<br>Low-incom<br>.<br>re colonize|essed food<br>e; 3&7 = Oi<br>d and depe|products a<br>l exporters<br>ndent territ|nd seafood<br>for middle<br>ories.|(see detail<br>and low-inc|ed classific<br>ome respec|ations in A<br>tively; 5 =|ppendix Ta<br>Small isla|ble 1).<br>nd econom|ies; 4&8 =|Civil conflict||||

Source: Based on partner data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

34
**Annex Table 4: Raw Food, Cash Crops, Feeds, and Agricultural Raw Materials (All Agriculture) Exports, Imports and Net Imports in All Countries**

||||Exports ($ m|illion)||I|mports ($ m|illion)|||Net Imports|($ million)|<br>|Net Imp|orts as % o|f All Impor|ts|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Code|Country / Economy|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|
|1|Australia|6,355|9,906|13,079|15,542|805|1,125|1,225|1,861|5,550|8,781|11,855|13,681|28.7|24.3|19.5|13.7|
|1|Austria|1,309|2,066|2,747|4,582|790|1,775|2,889|4,544|519|291|-142|38|2.8|0.6|-0.2|0.0|
|1|Belgium-Luxembourg|2,978|6,867|6,833|10,293|4,731|8,917|8,573|11,728|-1,752|-2,050|-1,740|-1,434|-3.0|-1.7|-1.1|-0.5|
|1|Canada|10,790|17,101|29,021|31,202|2,975|5,350|8,255|10,271|7,815|11,751|20,766|20,931|15.4|10.2|9.3|7.5|
|1|Cyprus|166|226|115|164|88|162|190|283|79|64|-75|-119|7.1|2.0|-1.1|-0.8|
|1|Czech Republic|..|..|994|1,628|..|..|913|1,991|..|..|81|-363|..|..|0.3|-0.6|
|1|Denmark|3,341|5,627|5,478|7,600|973|1,797|2,051|3,661|2,368|3,830|3,427|3,939|15.1|12.7|8.5|6.1|
|1|Estonia|..|..|373|632|..|..|241|626|..|..|132|7|..|..|2.6|0.1|
|1|Finland|2,558|2,530|2,952|3,910|503|675|1,167|2,164|2,054|1,854|1,785|1,747|21.9|9.6|5.2|2.9|
|1|France|9,492|17,015|15,002|20,447|8,496|13,129|12,740|18,500|996|3,886|2,262|1,947|1.0|1.8|0.7|0.4|
|1|Germany|4,499|10,358|13,225|21,100|15,139|25,165|24,384|33,828|-10,640|-14,807|-11,160|-12,728|-8.0|-4.7|-2.5|-1.9|
|1|Greece|652|1,701|1,343|1,793|987|1,879|2,016|3,184|-335|-178|-673|-1,390|-2.9|-1.0|-2.3|-2.9|
|1|Hungary|712|1,449|1,663|2,596|345|372|693|1,542|368|1,077|969|1,054|9.8|13.7|3.2|1.9|
|1|Iceland|34|34|35|43|27|39|61|105|7|-5|-26|-62|0.9|-0.4|-1.0|-1.6|
|1|Ireland|1,506|2,284|2,319|3,742|800|1,020|1,712|3,189|705|1,265|607|554|7.1|6.6|1.2|0.8|
|1|Italy|2,936|6,109|5,990|9,101|10,671|17,585|16,072|22,893|-7,735|-11,475|-10,081|-13,791|-11.1|-7.6|-4.7|-4.2|
|1|Japan|1,096|1,771|2,480|3,118|15,750|25,313|25,602|28,558|-14,653|-23,542|-23,122|-25,440|-16.9|-13.3|-7.3|-6.6|
|1|Latvia|..|..|605|1,046|..|..|328|603|..|..|277|443|..|..|4.9|5.0|
|1|Lithuania|..|..|326|665|..|..|329|710|..|..|-3|-44|..|..|0.0|-0.3|
|1|Malta|14|12|7|12|64|80|90|142|-50|-68|-83|-130|-6.6|-3.3|-1.9|-2.4|
|1|Netherlands|8,152|16,940|16,840|24,979|7,680|11,796|12,928|19,844|473|5,144|3,913|5,135|0.6|3.7|1.8|1.5|
|1|New Zealand|2,802|4,411|5,465|7,704|242|238|323|489|2,561|4,173|5,142|7,214|55.0|60.7|42.9|33.7|
|1|Norway|434|704|572|665|700|759|915|1,554|-266|-55|-343|-889|-2.0|-0.2|-1.1|-1.8|
|1|Poland|863|1,585|1,339|3,397|1,784|905|1,747|3,096|-921|681|-408|301|-15.4|5.3|-0.9|0.4|
|1|Portugal|465|1,138|1,158|1,891|1,075|1,801|2,771|3,808|-610|-662|-1,613|-1,917|-8.4|-3.0|-4.1|-3.3|
|1|Slovak Republic|..|..|377|737|..|..|524|806|..|..|-147|-69|..|..|-1.1|-0.2|
|1|Slovenia|..|..|226|376|..|..|493|840|..|..|-267|-465|..|..|-2.8|-2.7|
|1|Spain|2,371|6,372|10,279|15,832|2,659|5,447|7,039|11,417|-289|925|3,240|4,415|-1.3|1.2|2.2|1.7|
|1|Sweden|2,989|4,331|4,489|5,959|1,137|1,719|2,461|4,118|1,852|2,612|2,028|1,841|7.2|5.6|3.1|1.8|
|1|Switzerland|427|828|833|1,392|1,917|2,851|2,687|3,404|-1,490|-2,023|-1,853|-2,013|-4.0|-2.9|-2.1|-1.5|
|1|United Kingdom|2,985|4,703|4,565|6,188|8,942|13,744|15,211|22,497|-5,958|-9,041|-10,645|-16,310|-6.6|-4.8|-3.3|-3.6|
|1|United States|33,391|44,056|53,750|59,497|10,503|20,356|34,252|43,439|22,888|23,701|19,498|16,058|12.4|5.1|1.7|1.1|
|2|Albania|27|38|33|41|7|52|76|172|20|-15|-43|-131|13.8|-3.9|-3.9|-6.0|
|2|Argentina|2,155|4,787|6,616|9,606|280|337|718|620|1,875|4,450|5,898|8,986|23.3|68.5|29.6|39.8|
|2|Armenia|..|..|12|14|..|..|37|56|..|..|-25|-42|..|..|-5.5|-3.3|

35
|2<br>Belarus<br>2<br>Belize|..<br>35|..<br>63|162<br>86|390<br>125|..<br>6|..<br>13|222<br>16|351<br>18|..<br>29|..<br>50|-60<br>70|39<br>107|..<br>25.8|..<br>23.3|-0.8<br>17.2|0.3<br>19.6|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2<br>Bolivia|39|121|147|228|69|44|108|98|-29|77|40|130|-4.3|9.1|2.8|7.0|
|2<br>Botswana|..|..|55|51|..|..|8|7|..|..|47|44|..|..|16.0|10.1|
|2<br>Brazil|4,978|6,300|13,741|25,846|1,556|1,835|2,660|2,615|3,422|4,465|11,081|23,231|22.7|25.0|20.2|37.0|
|2<br>Bulgaria|226|316|387|795|231|170|278|517|-5|146|109|279|-0.2|5.2|1.9|2.0|
|2<br>Chile|653|2,511|4,399|6,723|449|328|663|959|205|2,183|3,736|5,764|4.9|31.9|23.7|24.1|
|2<br>China|3,325|6,546|10,556|13,134|4,857|4,782|13,810|27,241|-1,532|1,764|-3,254|-14,108|-9.7|3.3|-1.6|-2.8|
|2<br>Colombia|2,543|2,718|2,760|3,681|271|352|915|1,107|2,272|2,366|1,846|2,574|60.1|47.1|17.9|15.7|
|2<br>Costa Rica|695|1,291|2,041|2,719|50|111|252|380|645|1,180|1,788|2,339|85.7|59.0|33.6|31.6|
|2<br>Croatia|..|..|272|426|..|..|372|721|..|..|-101|-295|..|..|-1.5|-1.9|
|2<br>Cuba|630|621|645|369|332|355|313|517|298|265|332|-148|17.7|11.8|13.5|-4.0|
|2<br>Djibouti|9|7|12|16|47|41|78|42|-37|-33|-66|-26|-16.7|-11.0|-13.2|-3.5|
|2<br>Dominican Republic|287|395|319|401|164|219|455|483|122|176|-136|-82|10.3|6.3|-1.6|-1.0|
|2<br>Egypt, Arab Rep.|449|375|640|1,281|1,633|1,746|2,453|3,101|-1,184|-1,371|-1,813|-1,820|-12.8|-12.3|-10.4|-7.8|
|2<br>Georgia|..|..|73|98|..|..|105|231|..|..|-33|-133|..|..|-3.7|-5.7|
|2<br>Guatemala|760|958|1,668|1,754|65|103|313|479|696|856|1,355|1,275|70.8|44.9|25.6|17.0|
|2<br>Guyana|140|107|209|219|16|15|25|24|123|92|184|194|38.2|41.1|45.0|34.1|
|2<br>Honduras|644|617|694|783|32|61|199|262|611|556|495|521|95.8|50.9|11.7|9.4|
|2<br>Hong Kong, China|211|397|301|250|980|3,982|5,157|5,304|-769|-3,586|-4,857|-5,055|-4.8|-4.0|-2.7|-1.7|
|2<br>Indonesia|3,217|2,851|5,300|7,906|956|1,447|3,086|3,959|2,261|1,404|2,214|3,947|21.3|7.9|7.2|5.8|
|2<br>Israel|763|886|969|1,409|559|695|1,002|1,203|205|191|-33|206|3.7|1.4|-0.1|0.5|
|2<br>Jamaica|96|192|179|166|109|154|200|284|-13|38|-21|-118|-1.7|2.2|-0.7|-3.4|
|2<br>Jordan|104|82|148|90|178|441|420|655|-74|-359|-272|-565|-2.6|-17.0|-7.2|-7.5|
|2<br>Korea, Rep.|363|1,097|2,054|2,293|3,636|6,487|6,943|8,121|-3,272|-5,390|-4,890|-5,828|-17.8|-9.0|-4.1|-3.1|
|2<br>Macao|12|22|5|8|32|131|120|161|-21|-109|-115|-153|-6.8|-6.7|-4.4|-4.0|
|2<br>Macedonia, FYR|..|..|106|184|..|..|168|195|..|..|-62|-12|..|..|-3.0|-0.5|
|2<br>Malaysia|4,686|6,626|3,589|4,828|830|1,283|2,257|3,294|3,857|5,342|1,332|1,533|36.3|19.1|1.7|1.5|
|2<br>Mauritius|251|354|256|386|34|86|107|144|217|268|149|241|73.6|25.6|8.2|9.9|
|2<br>Mexico|1,559|3,087|5,117|6,632|2,577|3,288|7,203|9,141|-1,019|-201|-2,086|-2,509|-4.4|-0.5|-1.5|-1.5|
|2<br>Morocco|473|806|715|1,315|638|620|1,097|1,401|-165|187|-382|-86|-4.6|3.0|-4.1|-0.5|
|2<br>Namibia|..|..|61|102|..|..|15|17|..|..|45|85|..|..|11.9|19.9|
|2<br>Panama|278|563|390|578|62|93|132|153|216|470|258|425|4.5|5.5|1.6|2.0|
|2<br>Paraguay|351|821|684|1,101|23|10|84|97|328|811|600|1,004|57.5|46.0|23.6|32.6|
|2<br>Peru|293|352|691|1,228|363|342|504|701|-71|10|188|527|-2.4|0.4|3.0|5.7|
|2<br>Philippines|1,438|1,010|1,132|1,611|447|717|1,613|1,649|991|292|-481|-39|13.7|2.5|-1.2|-0.1|
|2<br>Romania|449|198|812|1,127|850|630|616|1,272|-401|-432|196|-145|-8.3|-11.1|1.5|-0.4|
|2<br>Singapore|662|670|587|467|1,977|2,015|1,941|1,960|-1,315|-1,345|-1,354|-1,493|-5.7|-2.5|-1.2|-1.0|
|2<br>South Africa|2,137|2,177|3,169|4,087|435|529|1,118|1,708|1,703|1,647|2,052|2,378|12.5|12.6|8.3|5.3|
|2<br>Sri Lanka|418|587|778|877|115|203|326|443|303|384|453|434|20.3|16.4|8.4|5.6|
|2<br>Suriname|88|54|47|34|16|17|21|31|72|37|26|3|17.3|9.9|5.6|0.4|
|2<br>Swaziland|..|..|148|198|..|..|36<br>12|7|..|..|136|191|..|..|100.7|111.6|
|2<br>2|Taiwan, China<br>Thailand|988<br>2,715|2,595<br>4,562|1,737<br>6,705|2,159<br>9,457|2,277<br>365|3,940<br>1,135|4,041<br>1,724|5,681<br>2,420|-1,289<br>2,350|-1,345<br>3,427|-2,305<br>4,980|-3,523<br>7,037|-8.1<br>31.3|-2.0<br>11.5|-1.5<br>9.6|-1.4<br>8.5|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|2|Tunisia|80|124|120|190|326|372|588|665|-246|-248|-468|-476|-8.2|-5.1|-5.7|-4.1|
|2|Turkey|1,446|2,377|2,596|3,597|152|913|2,092|3,600|1,294|1,464|503|-3|29.1|8.5|1.2|0.0|
|2|Ukraine|..|..|937|2,004|..|..|520|1,282|..|..|417|721|..|..|2.9|2.3|
|2|Uruguay|260|621|814|1,579|58|121|310|474|202|501|504|1,105|24.0|34.9|12.4|27.9|
|3|Algeria|6|18|31|32|996|1,071|1,166|2,005|-990|-1,053|-1,135|-1,973|-10.9|-12.4|-12.0|-10.1|
|3|Azerbaijan|..|..|118|190|..|..|137|312|..|..|-18|-122|..|..|-1.3|-2.7|
|3|Bahrain|1|2|9|8|59|92|161|205|-58|-90|-153|-197|-1.7|-4.7|-6.3|-5.1|
|3|Brunei|4|2|2|2|31|61|57|61|-27|-59|-55|-59|-4.6|-3.7|-4.2|-3.9|
|3|Ecuador|547|1,265|2,174|3,070|123|146|240|339|425|1,119|1,934|2,731|20.8|50.8|45.5|36.1|
|3|Gabon|206|294|525|570|39|49|60|103|167|245|465|467|23.7|32.0|59.8|37.3|
|3|Iran, Islamic Rep.|178|622|1,085|1,131|1,270|1,485|1,492|1,720|-1,091|-864|-407|-589|-12.5|-5.6|-2.7|-1.7|
|3|Iraq|49|42|29|77|750|501|461|732|-701|-459|-431|-655|-5.6|-15.1|-9.7|-6.8|
|3|Kazakhstan|..|..|618|686|..|..|141|313|..|..|477|372|..|..|9.1|2.4|
|3|Kuwait|8|11|15|45|435|219|423|746|-427|-208|-409|-701|-7.2|-5.7|-6.5|-6.1|
|3|Libya|3|10|22|10|487|432|201|326|-484|-422|-179|-316|-4.5|-8.3|-4.5|-4.2|
|3|Oman|3|5|28|18|79|146|287|256|-76|-141|-259|-239|-5.6|-7.0|-6.0|-4.2|
|3|Qatar|0|2|5|10|48|88|161|205|-47|-85|-156|-195|-4.0|-6.4|-5.3|-2.6|
|3|Russian Federation|..|..|4,662|8,280|..|..|5,564|9,258|..|..|-902|-978|..|..|-1.9|-0.9|
|3|Saudi Arabia|29|362|398|326|1,672|2,398|2,833|3,704|-1,642|-2,037|-2,435|-3,377|-6.0|-7.9|-7.6|-7.3|
|3|Syrian Arab Republic|194|389|646|927|168|334|438|815|26|55|208|112|0.9|2.5|4.8|1.3|
|3|Trinidad and Tobago|40|45|50|44|135|122|150|211|-95|-77|-100|-166|-4.1|-6.8|-3.4|-4.0|
|3|Turkmenistan|..|..|153|107|..|..|37|36|..|..|115|71|..|..|10.9|3.4|
|3|United Arab Emirates|46|183|612|964|400|722|1,911|2,781|-353|-539|-1,299|-1,816|-5.1|-4.2|-3.7|-2.4|
|3|Venezuela|40|124|182|179|744|629|881|1,144|-704|-504|-698|-965|-7.0|-5.9|-4.4|-5.3|
|4|Bosnia and Herzegovina|..|..|186|238|..|..|260|381|..|..|-74|-143|..|..|-2.7|-2.8|
|4|El Salvador|610|308|345|290|49|111|328|388|561|197|17|-98|121.7|15.7|0.4|-2.0|
|4|Lebanon|135|131|170|196|282|262|477|591|-147|-131|-307|-395|-5.0|-5.0|-5.9|-5.6|
|4|Serbia & Montenegro|..|..|169|371|..|..|227|395|..|..|-57|-24|..|..|-1.4|-0.3|
|5|Antigua and Barbuda|1|4|4|5|1|18|21|25|0|-14|-17|-21|0.1|-7.3|-2.7|-2.7|
|5|Aruba|..|1|6|3|..|16|32|32|..|-15|-25|-29|..|-4.5|-3.6|-1.1|
|5|Bahamas, The|3|7|16|6|43|102|86|125|-39|-95|-70|-118|-2.3|-4.8|-2.1|-1.9|
|5|Barbados|26|33|29|31|42|46|63|86|-16|-13|-34|-55|-4.2|-2.7|-3.8|-4.8|
|5|Bermuda|2|3|3|2|27|64|33|43|-25|-61|-30|-42|-6.2|-7.3|-0.9|-1.6|
|5|Cape Verde|1|2|0|0|8|16|18|39|-8|-14|-17|-39|-10.8|-11.1|-6.8|-8.6|
|5|Comoros|13|18|25|24|4|8|20|20|9|10|5|4|15.9|8.9|3.1|4.6|
|5|Cook Islands|3|2|1|1|2|5|4|9|1|-2|-3|-8|6.5|-5.6|-8.6|-10.4|
|5|Dominica|12|46|18|15|1|7|10|9|10|39|8|6|31.7|32.0|3.5|2.6|
|5|Fiji|175|205|155|192|36|41|42|68|139|164|114|124|28.1|28.8|16.4|10.3|
|5|Grenada|18|17|20|15|2|13|15|22|16|4|5|-7|54.5|3.7|2.7|-2.9|
|5|Kiribati|3|1|1|1|3|2|37<br>5|8|0|-1|-3|-7|0.0|-1.3|-9.1|-12.3|
|5<br>5|Maldives<br>Marshall Islands|1<br>..|0<br>..|0<br>0|0<br>0|1<br>..|12<br>..|25<br>7|43<br>11|0<br>..|-11<br>..|-25<br>-7|-42<br>-11|0.8<br>..|-7.1<br>..|-7.8<br>-0.7|-7.6<br>-0.5|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|5|Micronesia, Fed. Sts.|..|..|1|1|..|..|11|10|..|..|-10|-9|..|..|-10.8|-10.6|
|5|Nauru|0|0|0|0|3|3|2|1|-3|-3|-2|-1|-9.9|-9.4|-5.0|-4.5|
|5|Netherlands Antilles|13|1|10|9|67|76|88|85|-53|-76|-78|-76|-3.0|-3.4|-1.8|-3.1|
|5|New Caledonia|4|2|4|9|39|44|36|61|-35|-42|-32|-52|-8.3|-5.8|-3.8|-3.4|
|5|Niue|0|0|0|0|0|1|0|1|0|0|0|-1|-8.6|-2.6|-1.0|-4.6|
|5|Palau|..|..|0|0|..|..|4|3|..|..|-4|-3|..|..|-6.9|-7.7|
|5|Samoa|17|5|3|1|6|8|13|22|11|-3|-9|-21|19.0|-4.1|-4.9|-10.0|
|5|Sao Tome & Principe|19|4|4|6|2|2|2|4|17|1|1|2|61.5|3.5|3.4|3.1|
|5|Seychelles|6|1|0|3|3|5|17|17|3|-4|-17|-15|6.4|-3.7|-4.7|-3.3|
|5|Solomon Islands|43|48|64|152|4|8|5|5|40|40|59|148|69.0|42.4|64.1|114.8|
|5|St. Kitts and Nevis|4|10|9|8|17|6|8|12|-13|4|1|-4|-7.7|4.3|1.0|-1.7|
|5|St. Lucia|24|100|37|30|2|19|16|24|22|82|21|6|47.0|37.9|5.1|1.4|
|5|St. Vincent & Grenadines|21|64|33|24|2|18|20|27|19|46|13|-3|74.1|32.5|4.5|-0.6|
|5|Tonga|6|15|15|16|5|8|10|15|1|6|5|1|3.7|11.8|7.9|1.6|
|5|Tuvalu|0|0|0|0|1|1|1|2|0|0|-1|-2|-11.2|-5.1|-11.0|-7.9|
|5|Vanuatu|18|14|21|18|4|2|3|5|15|12|18|13|38.7|6.4|13.6|6.0|
|6|Bangladesh|90|134|121|159|296|376|687|1,143|-206|-242|-566|-985|-12.3|-8.1|-7.8|-9.4|
|6|Benin|28|75|253|257|32|85|132|259|-4|-10|121|-2|-0.7|-2.4|8.8|-0.1|
|6|Bhutan|0|0|2|2|1|0|1|7|0|0|1|-6|-1.7|0.1|4.4|-3.0|
|6|Burkina Faso|61|123|122|294|19|21|18|16|43|103|103|278|17.3|33.6|22.4|32.0|
|6|Burundi|79|71|40|51|5|7|9|22|75|64|31|29|74.7|39.5|34.0|15.2|
|6|Cambodia|1|30|70|47|47|2|63|68|-46|28|7|-21|-42.1|71.0|0.4|-0.7|
|6|Central African Rep.|66|53|58|64|2|7|3|5|64|46|55|58|90.1|34.0|68.8|48.2|
|6|Chad|57|94|84|94|3|5|4|8|54|89|80|87|185.8|65.3|36.3|25.1|
|6|Cote d'Ivoire|2,089|1,810|2,395|3,169|172|235|384|357|1,917|1,575|2,011|2,812|93.9|95.3|71.9|118.8|
|6|Ethiopia|319|207|310|562|62|108|100|125|257|98|210|437|49.1|11.6|21.9|21.3|
|6|Gambia, The|10|10|10|17|9|30|20|40|1|-20|-10|-23|1.3|-9.1|-3.1|-4.3|
|6|Ghana|458|457|618|1,270|56|79|151|484|402|378|466|786|52.8|30.2|19.0|18.4|
|6|Guinea|13|22|46|62|15|30|33|66|-3|-7|13|-4|-0.9|-1.4|1.9|-0.3|
|6|Guinea-Bissau|8|19|39|84|9|6|4|19|-1|13|35|66|-1.4|13.4|41.5|43.8|
|6|India|1,223|2,031|4,059|5,350|463|778|2,189|2,934|760|1,253|1,869|2,416|8.2|8.0|4.7|2.9|
|6|Kenya|600|758|1,048|1,321|82|89|311|382|518|670|736|939|30.4|39.5|27.8|21.0|
|6|Korea, Dem. Rep.|59|82|48|54|111|164|668|341|-53|-82|-619|-287|-8.3|-7.0|-26.9|-12.7|
|6|Kyrgyz Republic|..|..|97|113|..|..|26|46|..|..|72|67|..|..|14.9|4.0|
|6|<br>Lao PDR|9|47|143|127|9|5|23|32|1|42|120|95|0.7|34.3|17.9|9.6|
|6|Lesotho|..|..|1|1|..|..|1|10|..|..|-1|-10|..|..|-0.7|-3.8|
|6|Madagascar|304|311|312|297|29|41|38|63|275|271|273|234|61.3|54.9|31.9|18.8|
|6|Malawi|179|350|425|478|1|39|38|105|178|311|388|373|127.8|103.1|89.5|57.7|
|6|Mali|87|170|164|258|13|21|32|47|74|149|132|211|27.4|41.8|16.1|17.5|
|6|Mauritania|1|1|2|3|30|49|43|90|-29|-48|-42|-87|-9.1|-10.9|-7.1|-8.6|
|||||||||38||||||||||
|6<br>6|Moldova<br>Mongolia|..<br>26|..<br>38|125<br>78|164<br>73|..<br>0|..<br>6|75<br>24|227<br>38|..<br>26|..<br>32|50<br>54|-63<br>35|..<br>115.5|..<br>22.2|4.3<br>9.5|-2.6<br>3.1|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|6|Mozambique|201|77|121|238|55|161|131|242|146|-84|-10|-4|27.3|-12.1|-0.8|-0.2|
|6|Myanmar|280|463|788|1,089|6|12|45|83|274|451|743|1,007|45.0|52.1|28.8|32.2|
|6|Nepal|36|20|28|45|15|52|71|133|21|-32|-43|-88|11.7|-7.6|-5.7|-6.8|
|6|Nicaragua|291|240|399|443|42|43|106|137|249|197|293|306|74.4|42.9|19.1|13.9|
|6|Niger|5|8|14|7|10|13|23|38|-5|-6|-8|-31|-1.3|-2.6|-2.1|-5.4|
|6|Pakistan|552|891|940|1,043|361|651|842|1,464|191|240|98|-422|4.8|3.5|1.4|-2.5|
|6|Papua New Guinea|374|343|445|624|105|80|59|119|270|263|386|504|26.5|21.6|36.6|31.3|
|6|Rwanda|102|124|36|47|9|9|15|26|93|114|21|21|62.2|63.0|13.5|7.6|
|6|Senegal|22|61|43|78|128|175|307|422|-107|-115|-264|-344|-12.4|-10.9|-14.3|-13.0|
|6|Tajikistan|..|..|125|207|..|..|41|61|..|..|84|146|..|..|23.7|15.8|
|6|Tanzania|416|320|327|512|79|29|94|139|337|291|233|373|39.4|30.7|15.9|15.0|
|6|Togo|93|87|114|188|31|71|83|138|61|15|31|49|14.5|2.4|3.8|2.8|
|6|Uganda|342|203|269|352|15|14|24|51|327|190|245|301|97.9|42.1|38.4|28.3|
|6|Uzbekistan|..|..|1,025|1,223|..|..|120|143|..|..|905|1,080|..|..|44.5|35.3|
|6|Vietnam|48|546|1,745|3,074|84|66|536|1,364|-37|480|1,209|1,710|-6.1|35.6|8.5|5.4|
|6|Zambia|44|31|93|259|43|10|38|37|1|21|55|222|0.1|3.7|5.7|17.2|
|6|Zimbabwe|206|607|1,031|741|13|25|55|209|193|582|976|532|61.4|69.2|75.2|32.4|
|7|Angola|104|6|5|4|104|159|216|415|0|-153|-211|-411|0.0|-9.3|-8.1|-5.8|
|7|Cameroon|823|738|1,002|1,315|33|55|102|227|790|683|900|1,088|59.1|59.5|59.2|60.3|
|7|Congo, Rep.|127|181|126|318|17|34|89|127|110|147|36|191|21.6|23.3|4.3|14.7|
|7|Equatorial Guinea|23|39|109|98|9|7|11|29|14|32|98|68|26.9|45.6|33.7|8.1|
|7|Nigeria|340|318|362|590|633|75|649|1,163|-293|243|-287|-573|-2.1|4.0|-3.0|-3.4|
|7|Sudan|476|372|328|506|96|111|132|251|379|261|195|255|25.3|25.5|12.5|5.9|
|7|Yemen|9|20|65|108|200|208|374|517|-190|-189|-309|-408|-14.3|-17.1|-12.4|-11.2|
|8|Afghanistan|95|75|99|132|30|23|142|193|65|51|-44|-61|24.1|12.5|-6.6|-2.3|
|8|Congo, Dem. Rep.|275|227|59|101|63|95|69|154|212|132|-10|-53|21.7|12.5|-1.8|-4.2|
|8|East Timor|0|0|0|2|0|0|2|6|0|0|-1|-3|157.8|3.8|-13.2|-6.5|
|8|Eritrea|..|..|2|5|..|..|30|40|..|..|-28|-35|..|..|-16.5|-11.3|
|8|Haiti|78|37|22|46|50|86|179|206|29|-49|-156|-160|6.1|-7.7|-15.9|-13.7|
|8|Liberia|242|159|185|166|51|41|35|72|191|118|150|94|5.9|2.8|3.3|2.0|
|8|Sierra Leone|56|20|7|16|22|17|27|36|34|3|-19|-20|14.3|1.9|-5.9|-4.1|
|8|Somalia|139|86|90|105|65|26|53|57|74|60|38|48|19.9|33.5|13.4|13.9|
|1-8|World|163,801|255,529|324,291|439,540|155,416|230,584|291,548|410,566|8,385|24,946|32,743|28,974|0.5|0.8|0.5|0.3|
||Memo Items:|||||||||||||||||
|<br>1|<br>Industrial Countries|103,317|170,124|204,482|267,834|99,783|163,997|190,882|265,693|3,534|6,127|13,600|2,141|0.3|0.3|0.3|0.0|
|2|Middle-income, all|43,466|65,299|98,390|142,905|36,147|49,636|86,204|123,887|7,319|15,663|12,186|19,018|2.0|2.2|0.8|0.7|
|3|Oil Exporters|1,354|3,374|11,364|16,675|7,434|8,494|16,800|25,270|-6,079|-5,120|-5,436|-8,595|-5.7|-5.3|-2.7|-2.2|
|4|Civil Conflict States|745|438|870|1,095|331|373|1,292|1,756|413|65|-422|-660|12.1|1.7|-2.6|-2.5|
|5|Small Islanders|434|603|482|574|324|551|617|836|110|52|-134|-262|1.8|0.6|-0.7|-1.0|

39
||Other Middle-income|40,934|60,883|85,674|124,561|28,058|40,218|67,496|96,026|12,875|20,665|18,178|28,535|5.2|3.5|1.3|1.2|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|6|Low-income, all|11,569|13,189|20,677|28,052|3,840|4,533|9,778|15,234|7,728|8,656|10,899|12,818|13.7|13.5|7.5|4.8|
|7|Oil Exporters|1,902|1,674|1,997|2,938|1,093|650|1,573|2,729|809|1,024|424|209|4.1|8.8|2.3|0.6|
|8|Civil Conflict States|886|603|465|574|282|288|536|764|604|315|-71|-190|10.8|4.7|-0.9|-1.7|
||Other Low-income|8,780|10,913|18,215|24,539|2,465|3,595|7,669|11,741|6,315|7,317|10,547|12,799|20.5|16.0|9.1|5.9|

Note: Food and agricultural materials are defined as raw food plus agric raw materials, excluding processed food products and seafood (see classifications in Appendix Table 1).

1 = Industrial countries; 2 = Middle-income; 6 = Low-income; 3&7 = Oil exporters for middle and low-income respectively; 5 = Small island economies; 4&8 = Civil conflict countries for middle and low-income countries accordingly.

Exclude those small islands economies which are colonized and dependent territories.

Source: Based on partner data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

40
**Annex Table 5: Composition of Food Exports, Imports and Net Imports in Sub-Saharan African Countries**

|||Exports(|$million)|||Imports|($million)|||Net Impor|ts($millio|n)|Net Im|ports as %|of All Impo|rts|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Country (No. of Country)|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|
|**Raw Food, excl. Cash Crops**|||||||||||||||||
|Sub-Saharan Africa, All (47)|1,609|1,836|2,924|4,117|1,745|1,605|2,910|5,446|-137|231|14|-1,329|-0.3|0.5|0.0|-1.1|
|SSA Middle-income (8)|911|1,059|1,743|2,439|179|322|634|1,182|733|737|1,109|1,257|5.0|4.9|<br>3.9|2.5|
|SSA Low-income (39)|697|778|1,181|1,678|1,566|1,284|2,276|4,264|-869|-506|-1,094|-2,586|-2.5|-1.7|-2.4|-3.4|
|SSA Oil Exporters (7)|229|135|297|449|794|346|979|1,783|-566|-210|-682|-1,333|-2.9|-1.9|<br>-4.0|-4.0|
|SSA Civil Conflict States (5)|131|74|71|86|166|136|130|264|-35|-62|-60|-178|-0.7|-1.1|<br>-1.0|-2.5|
|Other SSA Low-income(27)|338|569|813|1,143|606|803|1,166|2,218|-269|-234|-353|-1,074|-2.4|-1.8|-1.5|-3.0|
|**Meats & Dairy Products**|||||||||||||||||
|Sub-Saharan Africa, All|307|293|419|465|237|304|667|1,221|70|-11|-248|-756|0.1|0.0|<br>-0.3|-0.6|
|SSA Middle-income|83|107|256|207|43|75|230|544|40|32|26|-338|0.3|0.2|0.1|-0.7|
|SSA Low-income|224|186|163|259|194|230|437|677|30|-43|-274|-419|0.1|-0.1|-0.6|-0.5|
|SSA Oil Exporters|76|30|49|143|120|99|202|371|-45|-69|-152|-227|-0.2|-0.6|<br>-0.9|-0.7|
|SSA Civil Conflict States|117|52|64|82|15|33|43|64|102|20|21|17|2.1|0.3|<br>0.4|0.2|
|Other SSA Low-income|32|104|50|34|59|97|193|242|-27|7|-142|-209|-0.2|0.0|-0.6|-0.6|
|**Grains & Cereals**|||||||||||||||||
|Sub-Saharan Africa, All|481|220|259|225|1,334|1,036|1,919|3,618|-852|-816|-1,661|-3,393|-1.7|-1.8|-2.2|-2.7|
|SSA Middle-income|286|154|195|150|106|207|324|506|180|-53|-129|-356|1.2|-0.3|-0.5|-0.7|
|SSA Low-income|195|66|64|75|1,228|829|1,596|3,112|-1,032|-763|-1,531|-3,038|-2.9|-2.5|-3.3|-4.0|
|SSA Oil Exporters|104|9|16|6|584|140|671|1,222|-480|-131|-655|-1,215|-2.5|-1.2|<br>-3.8|-3.6|
|SSA Civil Conflict States|1|0|5|2|136|85|69|157|-135|-85|-64|-155|-2.8|-1.5|-1.1|-2.2|
|Other SSA Low-income|91|57|43|67|508|604|855|1,734|-417|-547|-813|-1,667|-3.7|-4.2|-3.5|-4.7|
|**Vegetable & Fruits, excl. Nuts**|||||||||||||||||
|Sub-Saharan Africa, All|787|1,302|2,225|3,402|117|179|250|458|671|1,123|1,975|2,944|1.3|2.5|<br>2.6|2.3|
|SSA Middle-income|516|791|1,278|2,066|21|27|62|103|494|765|1,216|1,963|3.4|5.1|<br>4.2|3.9|
|SSA Low-income|272|510|947|1,336|95|152|187|355|176|358|759|981|0.5|1.2|1.6|1.3|
|SSA Oil Exporters|49|96|232|299|58|61|66|108|-8|35|166|191|0.0|0.3|<br>1.0|0.6|
|SSA Civil Conflict States|12|22|2|2|7|13|15|32|6|9|-13|-29|0.1|0.2|<br>-0.2|-0.4|
|Other SSA Low-income|210|392|713|1,035|31|78|106|215|179|314|607|819|1.6|2.4|2.6|2.3|

Note: See classifications of country groups and product categories in Appendix Tables 1-4.

Source: Based on partners data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

41
**Annex Table 6: Agriculture and Other Food Exports, Imports and Net Imports in Sub-Saharan African Countries**

|||Exports($|million)|||Imports(|$million)|||Net Import|s($million|)|Net Imp|orts as % o|f All Import|s|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Country (No. of Country)|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|
|**All Agriculture**|||||||||||||||||
|Sub-Saharan Africa, All (47)|12,999|13,497|19,685|26,322|6,240|5,609|10,425|16,545|6,758|7,888|9,260|9,777|13.5|17.5|12.4|7.7|
|SSA Middle-income (8)|3,337|3,629|6,668|8,670|940|1,275|2,738|3,989|2,397|2,354|3,930|4,681|16.3|15.6|13.7|9.3|
|SSA Low-income (39)|9,662|9,868|13,017|17,652|5,300|4,334|7,687|12,556|4,361|5,534|5,330|5,096|12.3|18.4|11.5|6.7|
|SSA Oil Exporters (7)|2,438|2,134|2,789|3,721|3,097|1,638|2,981|4,930|-659|496|-192|-1,209|-3.4|4.4|-1.1|-3.6|
|SSA Civil Conflict States (5)|766|538|370|426|428|314|520|867|338|224|-150|-441|7.0|4.0|-2.5|-6.1|
|Other SSA Low-income(27)|6,458|7,195|9,858|13,505|1,776|2,382|4,186|6,759|4,682|4,813|5,672|6,746|42.0|36.6|24.4|19.0|
|**Agricultural Raw Materials**|||||||||||||||||
|Sub-Saharan Africa, All|3,126|4,133|5,284|7,082|558|684|1,183|1,568|2,569|3,448|4,100|5,514|5.1|7.6|5.5|4.4|
|SSA Middle-income|964|1,085|1,688|2,107|290|256|461|580|674|829|1,227|1,527|4.6|5.5|4.3|3.0|
|SSA Low-income|2,162|3,048|3,595|4,975|267|428|722|987|1,895|2,620|2,873|3,988|5.4|8.7|6.2|5.2|
|SSA Oil Exporters|823|1,321|1,627|2,113|84|100|149|260|739|1,221|1,478|1,853|3.8|10.8|8.7|5.6|
|SSA Civil Conflict States|273|243|235|264|25|33|50|57|248|210|185|208|5.1|3.7|3.1|2.9|
|Other SSA Low-income|1,066|1,484|1,734|2,597|158|296|523|671|908|1,189|1,210|1,927|8.1|9.0|5.2|5.4|
|**Cash Crops & Feeds**|||||||||||||||||
|Sub-Saharan Africa, All|5,976|4,860|6,287|8,153|181|278|789|1,024|5,796|4,582|5,498|7,129|11.6|10.2|7.3|5.6|
|SSA Middle-income|726|679|783|850|50|109|259|280|676|570|524|570|4.6|3.8|1.8|1.1|
|SSA Low-income|5,250|4,181|5,504|7,303|130|170|530|744|5,120|4,011|4,973|6,560|14.5|13.4|10.7|8.6|
|SSA Oil Exporters|1,047|492|532|838|55|45|132|273|993|446|401|565|5.1|4.0|2.3|1.7|
|SSA Civil Conflict States|309|174|38|43|11|10|33|38|298|164|5|5|6.1|2.9|0.1|0.1|
|Other SSA Low-income|3,894|3,515|4,933|6,422|65|114|365|432|3,829|3,401|4,568|5,989|34.4|25.9|19.6|16.8|
|**Processed Food**|||||||||||||||||
|Sub-Saharan Africa, All|1,763|1,342|2,554|3,568|3,148|2,767|5,042|7,665|-1,384|-1,425|-2,488|-4,096|-2.8|-3.2|-3.3|-3.2|
|SSA Middle-income|603|483|1,395|1,864|338|543|1,202|1,649|265|-60|193|215|1.8|-0.4|0.7|0.4|
|SSA Low-income|1,160|859|1,159|1,704|2,810|2,223|3,840|6,015|-1,650|-1,364|-2,681|-4,311|-4.7|-4.5|-5.8|-5.7|
|SSA Oil Exporters|303|117|171|192|1,723|1,044|1,543|2,328|-1,420|-927|-1,372|-2,136|-7.3|-8.2|-8.0|-6.4|
|SSA Civil Conflict States|42|7|10|9|214|123|298|481|-172|-115|-288|-472|-3.6|-2.1|-4.9|-6.6|
|Other SSA Low-income|815|735|977|1,504|872|1,057|1,998|3,207|-57|-322|-1,021|-1,703|-0.5|-2.4|-4.4|-4.8|
|**Seafood**|||||||||||||||||
|Sub-Saharan Africa, All|490|1,297|2,658|3,426|664|360|573|989|-174|937|2,085|2,438|-0.3|2.1|2.8|1.9|
|SSA Middle-income|159|324|1,073|1,427|92|58|199|325|67|266|874|1,102|0.5|1.8|3.1|2.2|
|SSA Low-income|331|973|1,585|1,999|573|302|374|663|-241|671|1,211|1,336|-0.7|2.2|2.6|1.8|
|SSA Oil Exporters|22|62|161|129|471|149|218|368|-449|-86|-57|-239|-2.3|-0.8|-0.3|-0.7|
|SSA Civil Conflict States|13|39|15|24|20|18|12|39|-7|21|4|-15|-0.1|0.4|0.1|-0.2|
|Other SSA Low-income|296|871|1,409|1,846|81|135|144|257|215|736|1,264|1,590|1.9|5.6|5.4|4.5|

42
Note: See classifications of country groups and product categories in Appendix Tables 1-4. Source: Based on partners data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

43
**Annex Table 7: Raw Food Exports, Imports and Net Imports in Sub-Saharan African Countries**

||||Exports($|million)|||Imports($|million)|||Net Imp|orts($'000|)|Net I|mports as %|of All Imp|orts|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Code|<br>Country/ Economy|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|
|2|Botswana|..|..|54|50|..|..|4|2|..|..|51|48|..|..|17.4|11.2|
|2|Cape Verde|1|2|0|0|7|14|13|31|-6|-12|-12|-31|-9.0|-9.4|-4.9|-6.9|
|2&7|Gabon|0|0|0|0|35|43|51|79|-34|-43|-51|-79|-4.9|-5.7|-6.5|-6.3|
|2|Mauritius|0|4|3|3|16|61|77|104|-15|-57|-74|-101|-5.2|-5.5|-4.1|-4.1|
|2|Namibia|..|..|54|93|..|..|8|9|..|..|47|83|..|..|12.2|19.7|
|2|Seychelles|0|0|0|1|3|3|10|12|-3|-3|-10|-12|-5.0|-2.4|-2.9|-2.6|
|2|South Africa|910|1,053|1,607|2,165|119|201|470|728|791|852|1,137|1,437|5.8|6.5|4.6|3.2|
|2|Swaziland|..|..|23|27|..|..|2|2|..|..|20|25|..|..|14.9|14.5|
|6|Benin|0|1|1|5|15|61|105|219|-15|-60|-104|-214|-2.5|-14.5|-7.6|-10.5|
|6|Burkina Faso|6|12|12|19|10|16|7|7|-4|-4|4|12|-1.6|-1.3|0.9|1.4|
|6|Burundi|0|1|0|0|1|1|5|16|-1|0|-4|-16|-0.7|-0.2|-4.9|-8.2|
|6|Central African Rep.|0|0|0|0|2|3|1|2|-2|-3|0|-2|-2.2|-2.3|-0.4|-1.3|
|6|Chad|0|0|0|0|1|3|0|5|-1|-3|0|-5|-4.1|-2.0|0.0|-1.4|
|6|Comoros|0|0|0|0|4|7|17|18|-4|-7|-17|-18|-6.1|-6.5|-9.9|-19.6|
|6|Cote d'Ivoire|133|176|319|412|150|179|257|281|-17|-4|62|131|-0.8|-0.2|2.2|5.5|
|6|Ethiopia|26|12|25|46|45|96|86|108|-19|-84|-61|-61|-3.6|-9.9|-6.4|-3.0|
|6|Gambia, The|0|3|2|3|5|19|11|28|-5|-16|-8|-25|-5.3|-7.4|-2.6|-4.6|
|6|Ghana|2|14|56|116|38|54|105|255|-36|-40|-49|-140|-4.7|-3.2|-2.0|-3.3|
|6|Guinea|0|2|3|2|13|20|23|48|-13|-18|-20|-46|-4.1|-3.4|-2.9|-4.1|
|6|Guinea-Bissau|0|0|0|0|9|6|3|18|-9|-6|-3|-17|-9.9|-5.9|-3.2|-11.6|
|6|Kenya|37|85|157|250|51|45|112|170|-14|40|44|80|-0.8|2.3|1.7|1.8|
|6|Lesotho|..|..|0|0|..|..|1|4|..|..|-1|-4|..|..|-0.9|-1.7|
|6|Madagascar|25|123|44|63|13|21|21|44|11|102|23|19|2.5|20.7|2.7|1.5|
|6|Malawi|2|3|6|7|1|34|13|28|1|-31|-7|-21|1.1|-10.2|-1.6|-3.3|
|6|Mali|8|4|6|6|8|14|10|31|-1|-10|-4|-25|-0.3|-2.9|-0.5|-2.1|
|6|Mauritania|0|0|0|0|26|33|29|63|-26|-33|-28|-63|-8.0|-7.5|-4.8|-6.2|
|6|Mozambique|84|22|5|12|37|135|65|190|46|-113|-61|-178|8.7|-16.2|-4.9|-8.6|
|6|Niger|2|1|7|4|5|9|7|8|-3|-8|0|-4|-0.9|-3.4|0.1|-0.7|
|6|Rwanda|1|0|0|0|2|2|6|16|-1|-2|-6|-16|-0.8|-1.0|-3.7|-5.6|
|6|Sao Tome and Principe|..|0|0|0|2|1|2|3|..|-1|-2|-3|..|-3.3|-4.5|-4.4|
|6|Senegal|10|7|17|32|116|112|187|314|-106|-105|-170|-281|-12.4|-10.0|-9.2|-10.7|
|6|<br>Tanzania|18|33|18|44|69|10|37|84|-52|23|-19|-40|-6.0|2.5|-1.3|-1.6|
|6|Togo|0|2|6|8|14|44|33|98|-14|-42|-27|-90|-3.3|-6.6|-3.2|-5.1|
|6|Uganda|0|3|7|14|7|4|7|37|-6|-1|0|-23|-1.9|-0.1|0.0|-2.2|
|6|Zambia|1|7|12|36|36|5|22|23|-35|2|-10|13|-5.1|0.4|-1.0|1.0|

44
|6|Zimbabwe|9|68|107|62|5|8|13|148|4|61|94|-86|1.2|7.2|7.3|-5.3|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|7|Angola|0|0|1|0|90|144|165|346|-90|-144|-165|-346|-7.5|-8.7|-6.3|-4.9|
|7|Cameroon|33|78|203|267|26|27|60|161|8|50|143|106|0.6|4.4|9.4|5.9|
|7|Congo, Rep.|0|0|0|0|14|29|55|88|-14|-29|-55|-88|-2.7|-4.6|-6.6|-6.8|
|7|Equatorial Guinea|0|0|0|0|9|3|8|23|-9|-2|-8|-23|-16.9|-3.0|-2.8|-2.7|
|7|Nigeria|5|1|8|12|578|9|563|905|-573|-8|-555|-893|-4.1|-0.1|-5.9|-5.3|
|7|Sudan|190|56|85|169|43|91|76|169|146|-35|9|1|9.8|-3.4|0.6|0.0|
|8|Congo, Dem. Rep.|0|0|1|2|46|65|44|93|-46|-65|-43|-92|-4.7|-6.2|-7.5|-7.3|
|8|Eritrea|..|..|0|1|..|..|25|35|..|..|-24|-35|..|..|-14.1|-11.3|
|8|Liberia|1|0|3|1|46|32|24|61|-45|-32|-21|-60|-1.4|-0.8|-0.5|-1.2|
|8|Sierra Leone|1|0|0|1|16|13|19|26|-15|-13|-19|-25|-6.4|-7.6|-5.8|-5.1|
|8|Somalia|129|74|67|82|58|25|18|48|71|49|48|34|19.1|27.1|17.1|9.8|
||Memo Items:|||||||||||||||||
|2-8|All SSA Countries|1,635|1,849|2,921|4,015|1,790|1,701|2,878|5,188|-155|147|43|-1,173|-0.3|0.5|0.0|-1.1|
|2|Middle-income SSA, All|911|1,059|1,741|2,337|179|322|634|968|733|737|1,107|1,370|5.0|4.9|3.9|2.5|
|6|Low-income SSA, All|723|790|1,180|1,677|1,611|1,380|2,243|4,220|-888|-590|-1,064|-2,543|-2.5|-1.7|-2.4|-3.4|
|7|Oil Exporters|228|135|297|449|760|302|928|1,692|-531|-167|-631|-1,243|-2.9|-1.9|-4.0|-4.0|
|8|Civil Conflict States|131|74|71|86|166|136|130|263|-35|-62|-59|-177|-0.7|-1.1|-1.0|-2.5|
||Other Low-income|364|581|812|1,143|686|942|1,185|2,265|-322|-361|-374|-1,122|-2.4|-1.8|-1.5|-3.0|

Note: Food is defined as raw food, excluding all cash crops, processed food products and seafood (see detailed classifications in Appendix Table 1). 2 = Middle-income; 6 = Low-income; 7 = Oil exporters; 8 = Civil conflict countries (see detailed classifications in Appendix table 4). Source: Based on partner data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

45
# **Annex Table 8: Raw Food, Cash Crops, Feeds, and Agricultural Raw Materials Exports, Imports and Net Imports in Sub-Saharan African Countries**

||||Exports($|million)|||Imports($|million)|||Net Impor|ts($millio|n)|Net Im|ports as % o|f All Impor|ts|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Code|<br>Country/ Economy|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|
|2|Botswana|..|..|55|51|..|..|8|7|..|..|47|44|..|..|16.0|10.1|
|2|Cape Verde|1|2|0|0|8|16|18|39|-8|-14|-17|-39|-10.8|-11.1|-6.8|-8.6|
|2&7|Gabon|206|294|525|570|39|49|60|103|167|245|465|467|23.7|32.0|59.8|37.3|
|2|Mauritius|251|354|256|386|34|86|107|144|217|268|149|241|73.6|25.6|8.2|9.9|
|2|Namibia|..|..|61|102|..|..|15|17|..|..|45|85|..|..|11.9|19.9|
|2|Seychelles|6|1|0|3|3|5|17|17|3|-4|-17|-15|6.4|-3.7|-4.7|-3.3|
|2|South Africa|2,137|2,177|3,169|4,087|435|529|1,118|1,708|1,703|1,647|2,052|2,378|12.5|12.6|8.3|5.3|
|2|Swaziland|..|..|148|198|..|..|12|7|..|..|136|191|..|..|100.7|111.6|
|6|Benin|28|75|253|257|32|85|132|259|-4|-10|121|-2|-0.7|-2.4|8.8|-0.1|
|6|Burkina Faso|61|123|122|294|19|21|18|16|43|103|103|278|17.3|33.6|22.4|32.0|
|6|Burundi|79|71|40|51|5|7|9|22|75|64|31|29|74.7|39.5|34.0|15.2|
|6|Central African Rep.|66|53|58|64|2|7|3|5|64|46|55|58|90.1|34.0|68.8|48.2|
|6|Chad|57|94|84|94|3|5|4|8|54|89|80|87|185.8|65.3|36.3|25.1|
|6|Comoros|13|18|25|24|4|8|20|20|9|10|5|4|15.9|8.9|3.1|4.6|
|6|Cote d'Ivoire|2,089|1,810|2,395|3,169|172|235|384|357|1,917|1,575|2,011|2,812|93.9|95.3|71.9|118.8|
|6|Ethiopia|319|207|310|562|62|108|100|125|257|98|210|437|49.1|11.6|21.9|21.3|
|6|Gambia, The|10|10|10|17|9|30|20|40|1|-20|-10|-23|1.3|-9.1|-3.1|-4.3|
|6|Ghana|458|457|618|1,270|56|79|151|484|402|378|466|786|52.8|30.2|19.0|18.4|
|6|Guinea|13|22|46|62|15|30|33|66|-3|-7|13|-4|-0.9|-1.4|1.9|-0.3|
|6|Guinea-Bissau|8|19|39|84|9|6|4|19|-1|13|35|66|-1.4|13.4|41.5|43.8|
|6|Kenya|600|758|1,048|1,321|82|89|311|382|518|670|736|939|30.4|39.5|27.8|21.0|
|6|Lesotho|..|..|1|1|..|..|1|10|..|..|-1|-10|..|..|-0.7|-3.8|
|6|Madagascar|304|311|312|297|29|41|38|63|275|271|273|234|61.3|54.9|31.9|18.8|
|6|Malawi|179|350|425|478|1|39|38|105|178|311|388|373|127.8|103.1|89.5|57.7|
|6|Mali|87|170|164|258|13|21|32|47|74|149|132|211|27.4|41.8|16.1|17.5|
|6|Mauritania|1|1|2|3|30|49|43|90|-29|-48|-42|-87|-9.1|-10.9|-7.1|-8.6|
|6|Mozambique|201|77|121|238|55|161|131|242|146|-84|-10|-4|27.3|-12.1|-0.8|-0.2|
|6|Niger|5|8|14|7|10|13|23|38|-5|-6|-8|-31|-1.3|-2.6|-2.1|-5.4|
|6|Rwanda|102|124|36|47|9|9|15|26|93|114|21|21|62.2|63.0|13.5|7.6|
|6|Sao Tome and Principe|19|4|4|6|2|2|2|4|17|1|1|2|61.5|3.5|3.4|3.1|
|6|<br>Senegal|22|61|43|78|128|175|307|422|-107|-115|-264|-344|-12.4|-10.9|-14.3|-13.0|
|6|Tanzania|416|320|327|512|79|29|94|139|337|291|233|373|39.4|30.7|15.9|15.0|
|6|Togo|93|87|114|188|31|71|83|138|61|15|31|49|14.5|2.4|3.8|2.8|
|6|Uganda|342|203|269|352|15|14|24|51|327|190|245|301|97.9|42.1|38.4|28.3|
|6|Zambia|44|31|93|259|43|10|38|37|1|21|55|222|0.1|3.7|5.7|17.2|

46
|6|Zimbabwe|206|607|1,031|741|13|25|55|209|193|582|976|532|61.4|69.2|75.2|32.4|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|7|Angola|104|6|5|4|104|159|216|415|0|-153|-211|-411|0.0|-9.3|-8.1|-5.8|
|7|Cameroon|823|738|1,002|1,315|33|55|102|227|790|683|900|1,088|59.1|59.5|59.2|60.3|
|7|Congo, Rep.|127|181|126|318|17|34|89|127|110|147|36|191|21.6|23.3|4.3|14.7|
|7|Equatorial Guinea|23|39|109|98|9|7|11|29|14|32|98|68|26.9|45.6|33.7|8.1|
|7|Nigeria|340|318|362|590|633|75|649|1,163|-293|243|-287|-573|-2.1|4.0|-3.0|-3.4|
|7|Sudan|476|372|328|506|96|111|132|251|379|261|195|255|25.3|25.5|12.5|5.9|
|8|Congo, Dem. Rep.|275|227|59|101|63|95|69|154|212|132|-10|-53|21.7|12.5|-1.8|-4.2|
|8|Eritrea|..|..|2|5|..|..|30|40|..|..|-28|-35|..|..|-16.5|-11.3|
|8|Liberia|242|159|185|166|51|41|35|72|191|118|150|94|5.9|2.8|3.3|2.0|
|8|Sierra Leone|56|20|7|16|22|17|27|36|34|3|-19|-20|14.3|1.9|-5.9|-4.1|
|8|Somalia|139|86|90|105|65|26|53|57|74|60|38|48|19.9|33.5|13.4|13.9|
||Memo Items:|||||||||||||||||
|2-8|All SSA Countries|11,030|11,044|14,495|19,352|2,545|2,676|4,882|8,038|8,485|8,367|9,612|11,314|16.8|18.2|12.8|9.0|
|2|Middle-income SSA, All|2,602|2,828|4,214|5,396|519|686|1,355|2,043|2,082|2,141|2,860|3,353|14.2|14.2|10.0|6.7|
|6|Low-income SSA, All|8,428|8,216|10,280|13,956|2,026|1,990|3,528|5,995|6,402|6,226|6,753|7,961|17.9|20.2|14.6|10.5|
|7|Oil Exporters|1,893|1,654|1,932|2,830|894|441|1,200|2,213|999|1,213|732|617|6.0|12.9|7.0|3.3|
|8|Civil Conflict States|712|492|344|394|201|178|214|359|511|313|130|34|10.5|5.6|2.2|0.5|
||Other Low-income|5,823|6,070|8,004|10,733|931|1,370|2,114|3,423|4,892|4,700|5,890|7,309|39.6|31.8|24.5|19.8|

Note: Food and agricultural materials are defined as raw food plus agric raw materials, excluding processed food products and seafood (see details in Appendix Table 1). 2 = Middle-income; 6 = Low-income; 7 = Oil exporters; 8 = Civil conflict countries (see detailed classifications in Appendix table 4).

Source: Based on partner data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

47
**Annex Table 9: Raw Food Exports, Imports and Net Imports in Least Developed Countries**

||||Exports($|million)|||Imports($|million)|||Net Import|s($million|)|Net Im|ports as %|of All Impo|rts|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Code|Country/ Economy|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|
|1|Bangladesh|13|25|24|23|237|220|340|697|-224|-196|-317|-674|-13.4|-6.6|-4.4|-6.4|
|1|Benin|0|1|1|5|15|61|105|219|-15|-60|-104|-214|-2.5|-14.5|-7.6|-10.5|
|1|Bhutan|0|0|1|1|0|0|1|6|0|0|0|-5|-1.1|-0.2|0.9|-2.6|
|1|Burkina Faso|6|12|12|19|10|16|7|7|-4|-4|4|12|-1.6|-1.3|0.9|1.4|
|1|Burundi|0|1|0|0|1|1|5|16|-1|0|-4|-16|-0.7|-0.2|-4.9|-8.2|
|1|Cambodia|0|0|2|8|44|2|21|22|-44|-1|-18|-15|-40.4|-2.8|-0.9|-0.5|
|1|Central African Rep.|0|0|0|0|2|3|1|2|-2|-3|0|-2|-2.2|-2.3|-0.4|-1.3|
|1|Chad|0|0|0|0|1|3|0|5|-1|-3|0|-5|-4.1|-2.0|0.0|-1.4|
|1|Djibouti|6|1|4|11|30|23|15|32|-24|-22|-10|-21|-10.8|-7.4|-2.1|-2.8|
|1|Ethiopia|26|12|25|46|45|96|86|108|-19|-84|-61|-61|-3.6|-9.9|-6.4|-3.0|
|1|Gambia, The|0|3|2|3|5|19|11|28|-5|-16|-8|-25|-5.3|-7.4|-2.6|-4.6|
|1|Guinea|0|2|3|2|13|20|23|48|-13|-18|-20|-46|-4.1|-3.4|-2.9|-4.1|
|1|Guinea-Bissau|0|0|0|0|9|6|3|18|-9|-6|-3|-17|-9.9|-5.9|-3.2|-11.6|
|1|Lao PDR|0|0|7|12|9|5|12|15|-8|-4|-5|-3|-9.9|-3.7|-0.8|-0.3|
|1|Lesotho|..|..|0|0|..|..|1|4|..|..|-1|-4|..|..|-0.9|-1.7|
|1|Madagascar|25|123|44|63|13|21|21|44|11|102|23|19|2.5|20.7|2.7|1.5|
|1|Malawi|2|3|6|7|1|34|13|28|1|-31|-7|-21|1.1|-10.2|-1.6|-3.3|
|1|Mali|8|4|6|6|8|14|10|31|-1|-10|-4|-25|-0.3|-2.9|-0.5|-2.1|
|1|Mauritania|0|0|0|0|26|33|29|63|-26|-33|-28|-63|-8.0|-7.5|-4.8|-6.2|
|1|Mozambique|84|22|5|12|37|135|65|190|46|-113|-61|-178|8.7|-16.2|-4.9|-8.6|
|1|Myanmar|145|89|294|346|0|2|20|55|145|87|274|292|23.8|10.1|10.6|9.3|
|1|Nepal|19|8|9|9|6|3|8|62|13|6|1|-53|7.1|1.3|0.1|-4.1|
|1|Niger|2|1|7|4|5|9|7|8|-3|-8|0|-4|-0.9|-3.4|0.1|-0.7|
|1|Rwanda|1|0|0|0|2|2|6|16|-1|-2|-6|-16|-0.8|-1.0|-3.7|-5.6|
|1|Senegal|10|7|17|32|116|112|187|314|-106|-105|-170|-281|-12.4|-10.0|-9.2|-10.7|
|1|Tanzania|18|33|18|44|69|10|37|84|-52|23|-19|-40|-6.0|2.5|-1.3|-1.6|
|1|Togo|0|2|6|8|14|44|33|98|-14|-42|-27|-90|-3.3|-6.6|-3.2|-5.1|
|1|Uganda|0|3|7|14|7|4|7|37|-6|-1|0|-23|-1.9|-0.1|0.0|-2.2|
|1|Zambia|1|7|12|36|36|5|22|23|-35|2|-10|13|-5.1|0.4|-1.0|1.0|
|2|Angola|0|0|1|0|90|144|165|346|-90|-144|-165|-346|-7.5|-8.7|-6.3|-4.9|
|2|<br>Equatorial Guinea|0|0|0|0|9|3|8|23|-9|-2|-8|-23|-16.9|-3.0|-2.8|-2.7|
|2|Sudan|190|56|85|169|43|91|76|169|146|-35|9|1|9.8|-3.4|0.6|0.0|
|2|Yemen|1|1|26|53|149|155|292|433|-148|-153|-267|-379|-11.1|-13.9|-10.7|-10.4|
|3|Afghanistan|23|17|29|37|0|6|82|119|23|12|-53|-82|8.6|2.9|-8.0|-3.1|
|3|Congo, Dem. Rep.|0|0|1|2|46|65|44|93|-46|-65|-43|-92|-4.7|-6.2|-7.5|-7.3|

48
|3|East Timor|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|2|0|0|-1|-2|6.7|1.8|-13.1|-4.8|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|3|Eritrea|..|..|0|1|..|..|25|35|..|..|-24|-35|..|..|-14.1|-11.3|
|3|Haiti|7|10|8|38|37|67|140|175|-30|-57|-132|-137|-6.5|-8.9|-13.4|-11.8|
|3|Liberia|1|0|3|1|46|32|24|61|-45|-32|-21|-60|-1.4|-0.8|-0.5|-1.2|
|3|Sierra Leone|1|0|0|1|16|13|19|26|-15|-13|-19|-25|-6.4|-7.6|-5.8|-5.1|
|3|Somalia|129|74|67|82|58|25|18|48|71|49|48|34|19.1|27.1|17.1|9.8|
|4|Cape Verde|1|2|0|0|7|14|13|31|-6|-12|-12|-31|-9.0|-9.4|-4.9|-6.9|
|4|Comoros|0|0|0|0|4|7|17|18|-4|-7|-17|-18|-6.1|-6.5|-9.9|-19.6|
|4|Kiribati|0|0|0|0|2|1|3|6|-2|-1|-3|-6|-8.2|-1.8|-7.0|-10.0|
|4|Maldives|0|0|0|0|1|7|17|22|-1|-7|-17|-22|-2.4|-4.1|-5.5|-4.0|
|4|Samoa|3|3|0|1|4|7|10|14|-1|-4|-10|-14|-1.1|-4.4|-5.0|-6.7|
|4|Sao Tome and Principe|..|0|0|0|2|1|2|3|..|-1|-2|-3|..|-3.3|-4.5|-4.4|
|4|Solomon Islands|2|0|0|0|3|6|4|3|-1|-6|-4|-3|-2.5|-6.6|-4.0|-2.7|
|4|Tuvalu|0|0|0|4|0|0|1|3|0|0|-1|1|-9.1|-3.4|-9.6|6.7|
|4|Vanuatu|2|3|2|5|3|1|2|4|-1|2|0|1|-2.9|1.0|0.2|0.4|
||Memo Items:|||||||||||||||||
|1-4|All LDCs (50)|724|529|739|1,106|1,281|1,546|2,061|3,913|-557|-1,017|-1,323|-2,807|-2.7|-4.0|-3.0|-3.9|
|2|Oil exporters (4)|191|58|111|223|291|391|542|970|-100|-334|-431|-747|-2.5|-8.7|-6.2|-4.7|
|3|Civil conflict (8)|160|101|108|160|203|208|353|559|-43|-107|-245|-399|-0.8|-1.6|-3.2|-3.6|
|4|Small Islanders (9)|8|9|3|10|25|45|68|105|-17|-36|-65|-95|-4.8|-4.2|-5.2|-5.3|
|1|Other LDCs(29)|365|361|516|713|762|902|1,097|2,278|-398|-541|-581|-1,565|-3.8|-3.9|-2.0|-3.6|

- Note: Food is defined as raw food, excluding all cash crops, processed food products and seafood (see detailed classifications in Appendix Table 1). 1 = All other LDCs; 2 = Oil exporters; 3 = Civil conflict countries; 4 = Small Islanders (see detailed classifications in Appendix table 3).

Source: Based on partner data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

49
**Annex Table 10: Raw Food, Cash Crops, Feeds, and Agricultural Raw Materials Exports, Imports and Net Imports in Least Developed Countries**

||||Exports($|million)|||Imports($|million)|||Net Import|s($millio|n)|Net I|mports as %|of All Im|ports|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Code|Country/ Economy|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|1980/81|1990/91|2000/01|2004/05|
|1|Bangladesh|90|134|121|159|296|376|687|1,143|-206|-242|-566|-985|-12.3|-8.1|-7.8|-9.4|
|1|Benin|28|75|253|257|32|85|132|259|-4|-10|121|-2|-0.7|-2.4|8.8|-0.1|
|1|Bhutan|0|0|2|2|1|0|1|7|0|0|1|-6|-1.7|0.1|4.4|-3.0|
|1|Burkina Faso|61|123|122|294|19|21|18|16|43|103|103|278|17.3|33.6|22.4|32.0|
|1|Burundi|79|71|40|51|5|7|9|22|75|64|31|29|74.7|39.5|34.0|15.2|
|1|Cape Verde|1|2|0|0|8|16|18|39|-8|-14|-17|-39|-10.8|-11.1|-6.8|-8.6|
|1|Chad|57|94|84|94|3|5|4|8|54|89|80|87|185.8|65.3|36.3|25.1|
|1|Comoros|13|18|25|24|4|8|20|20|9|10|5|4|15.9|8.9|3.1|4.6|
|1|East Timor|0|0|0|2|0|0|2|6|0|0|-1|-3|157.8|3.8|-13.2|-6.5|
|1|Gambia, The|10|10|10|17|9|30|20|40|1|-20|-10|-23|1.3|-9.1|-3.1|-4.3|
|1|Guinea|13|22|46|62|15|30|33|66|-3|-7|13|-4|-0.9|-1.4|1.9|-0.3|
|1|Guinea-Bissau|8|19|39|84|9|6|4|19|-1|13|35|66|-1.4|13.4|41.5|43.8|
|1|Haiti|78|37|22|46|50|86|179|206|29|-49|-156|-160|6.1|-7.7|-15.9|-13.7|
|1|Lesotho|..|..|1|1|..|..|1|10|..|..|-1|-10|..|..|-0.7|-3.8|
|1|Liberia|242|159|185|166|51|41|35|72|191|118|150|94|5.9|2.8|3.3|2.0|
|1|Malawi|179|350|425|478|1|39|38|105|178|311|388|373|127.8|103.1|89.5|57.7|
|1|Maldives|1|0|0|0|1|12|25|43|0|-11|-25|-42|0.8|-7.1|-7.8|-7.6|
|1|Mauritania|1|1|2|3|30|49|43|90|-29|-48|-42|-87|-9.1|-10.9|-7.1|-8.6|
|1|Mozambique|201|77|121|238|55|161|131|242|146|-84|-10|-4|27.3|-12.1|-0.8|-0.2|
|1|Myanmar|280|463|788|1,089|6|12|45|83|274|451|743|1,007|45.0|52.1|28.8|32.2|
|1|Nepal|36|20|28|45|15|52|71|133|21|-32|-43|-88|11.7|-7.6|-5.7|-6.8|
|1|Niger|5|8|14|7|10|13|23|38|-5|-6|-8|-31|-1.3|-2.6|-2.1|-5.4|
|1|Rwanda|102|124|36|47|9|9|15|26|93|114|21|21|62.2|63.0|13.5|7.6|
|1|Samoa|17|5|3|1|6|8|13|22|11|-3|-9|-21|19.0|-4.1|-4.9|-10.0|
|1|Seychelles|6|1|0|3|3|5|17|17|3|-4|-17|-15|6.4|-3.7|-4.7|-3.3|
|1|<br>Tanzania|416|320|327|512|79|29|94|139|337|291|233|373|39.4|30.7|15.9|15.0|
|1|Togo|93|87|114|188|31|71|83|138|61|15|31|49|14.5|2.4|3.8|2.8|
|1|Uganda|342|203|269|352|15|14|24|51|327|190|245|301|97.9|42.1|38.4|28.3|
|1|Zambia|44|31|93|259|43|10|38|37|1|21|55|222|0.1|3.7|5.7|17.2|
|2|Angola|104|6|5|4|104|159|216|415|0|-153|-211|-411|0.0|-9.3|-8.1|-5.8|
|2|Eritrea|..|..|2|5|..|..|30|40|..|..|-28|-35|..|..|-16.5|-11.3|
|2|Sudan|476|372|328|506|96|111|132|251|379|261|195|255|25.3|25.5|12.5|5.9|
|2|Yemen|9|20|65|108|200|208|374|517|-190|-189|-309|-408|-14.3|-17.1|-12.4|-11.2|
|3|Afghanistan|95|75|99|132|30|23|142|193|65|51|-44|-61|24.1|12.5|-6.6|-2.3|
|3|Djibouti|9|7|12|16|47|41|78|42|-37|-33|-66|-26|-16.7|-11.0|-13.2|-3.5|

50
|3|Equatorial Guinea|23|39|109|98|9|7|11|29|14|32|98|68|26.9|45.6|33.7|8.1|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|3|Ethiopia|319|207|310|562|62|108|100|125|257|98|210|437|49.1|11.6|21.9|21.3|
|3|Kiribati|3|1|1|1|3|2|5|8|0|-1|-3|-7|0.0|-1.3|-9.1|-12.3|
|3|Madagascar|304|311|312|297|29|41|38|63|275|271|273|234|61.3|54.9|31.9|18.8|
|3|Sierra Leone|56|20|7|16|22|17|27|36|34|3|-19|-20|14.3|1.9|-5.9|-4.1|
|3|Somalia|139|86|90|105|65|26|53|57|74|60|38|48|19.9|33.5|13.4|13.9|
|4|Central African Rep.|66|53|58|64|2|7|3|5|64|46|55|58|90.1|34.0|68.8|48.2|
|4|Congo, Dem. Rep.|275|227|59|101|63|95|69|154|212|132|-10|-53|21.7|12.5|-1.8|-4.2|
|4|Lao PDR|9|47|143|127|9|5|23|32|1|42|120|95|0.7|34.3|17.9|9.6|
|4|Mali|87|170|164|258|13|21|32|47|74|149|132|211|27.4|41.8|16.1|17.5|
|4|Sao Tome & Principe|19|4|4|6|2|2|2|4|17|1|1|2|61.5|3.5|3.4|3.1|
|4|Senegal|22|61|43|78|128|175|307|422|-107|-115|-264|-344|-12.4|-10.9|-14.3|-13.0|
|4|Solomon Islands|43|48|64|152|4|8|5|5|40|40|59|148|69.0|42.4|64.1|114.8|
|4|Tuvalu|0|0|0|0|1|1|1|2|0|0|-1|-2|-11.2|-5.1|-11.0|-7.9|
|4|Vanuatu|18|14|21|18|4|2|3|5|15|12|18|13|38.7|6.4|13.6|6.0|
||Memo Items:|||||||||||||||||
|1-4|All LDCs (50)|4,484|4,222|5,069|7,135|1,701|2,255|3,472|5,549|2,783|1,967|1,597|1,586|13.7|7.8|3.6|2.2|
|2|Oil exporters (4)|589|398|400|623|400|478|752|1,223|188|-81|-352|-600|4.6|-2.1|-5.1|-3.8|
|3|Civil conflict (8)|948|747|940|1,226|267|265|453|554|681|482|487|673|12.2|7.2|6.4|6.1|
|4|Small Islanders (9)|539|624|556|804|225|316|445|677|314|308|110|127|87.2|36.1|8.8|7.1|
|1|Other LDCs(29)|2,408|2,454|3,174|4,481|808|1,196|1,822|3,095|1,600|1,258|1,352|1,386|15.4|9.0|4.8|3.2|

Note: Food and agricultural materials are defined as raw food plus agric raw materials, excluding processed food products and seafood (see details in Appendix Table 1). 1 = All other LDCs; 2 = Oil exporters; 3 = Civil conflict countries; 4 = Small Islanders (see detailed classifications in Appendix table 3).

Source: Based on partner data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

51