# _IV.bSelected country cases_

**Figure 7:** Selected HICs (global) overperformers

- a) Singapore b) Northern Europe (Denmark, Finland, Norway)

<!-- Start of picture text --> 0.25 0.25<br>0.20 0.20<br>0 .15 0 .15<br>0.10 0.10<br>0.05 0.05<br>0.00 0.00<br>Other Non-ov. (i) HICs Other Non-ov. (i) HICs<br>Other Non-ov. (ii) ECA-NAC HICs Other Non-ov. (ii) ECA-NAC HICs<br>Overperformer (SGP) Overperformers (Northern Eur.)<br>Digital Infr. Digital Infr.<br>Human K. & Labor Mkt Human K. & Labor Mkt<br>Reg. & Ethics Reg. & Ethics<br>Innov. & Integr. Innov. & Integr.<br><!-- End of picture text --> <u>Source: The AIPI score and pillars for 2023 are obtained from the IMF website [https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/datasets/AIPI]. Notes: Population size for 2023, used for the weighted analysis, is sourced from the “wbopendata” module in Stata (Azevedo, 2020).</u> Weighted average AIPI scores per group in parenthesis. Dotted yellow shows the weighted average pillar scores for non-overperformer HICs in Europe, Central Asia, or North America, while dotted red shows the scores for all other non-overperformer HICs. The “spider” package is taken from Naqvi (2024a).

Singapore’s AI readiness strategy strongly emphasizes all the AIPI pillars detailed above, and particularly regulation and ethics, as well as the development of robust digital infrastructure and solid human capital and labor market policies to enable responsible and efficient AI adoption (Figure 7a).<sup>25</sup> Singapore’s “Model AI Governance Framework,” developed by the Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA) and the Personal Data Protection Commission (PDPC), is a cornerstone of its AI strategy.<sup>26</sup> This framework provides practical guidelines for deploying AI ethically, with a focus on principles such as transparency, fairness, and accountability. To ensure these principles are actionable, Singapore launched AI Verify, a world-first AI testing framework and toolkit that enables organizations to validate the trustworthiness of their AI systems against regulation standards. These efforts reflect Singapore’s commitment to balancing innovation with public trust, ensuring AI systems are both ethical and effective.

the release of GPT-3.5 by OpenAI, Singapore emphasized heavy investments in digital infrastructure

> 25 Singapore also excels in AI human capital and labor market development, particularly in scaling up AI talent across creators, practitioners, and users to meet the growing demands of AI adoption. Its latest national strategy (Smart Nation Singapore, 2023) prioritizes the cultivation of top-tier AI researchers and engineers through tailored support, redesigned training programs, and global talent attraction initiatives. Programs like the AI Apprenticeship Program and sector-specific upskilling efforts under the Industry Transformation Maps (ITMs) play a central role in reskilling the workforce for AI integration. By leveraging targeted interventions and fostering industry-academia collaborations, Singapore aims to enhance workforce readiness, ensuring that its citizens can thrive in an AI-driven economy.

> 26 See https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/01/model-ai-governance-framework.

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