**Table 14: Robustness checks using the extended definition of labor force participation, Fixed effects model, Impact of Internet job search on employment probability by** **<u>gender</u>**

|||**Male**|**Sample**|||**Female**|**Sample**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|VARIABLES|(1)<br>Employed|(2)<br>Employed|(3)<br>Employed|(4)<br>Employed|(5)<br>Employed|(6)<br>Employed|(7)<br>Employed|(8)<br>Employed|
|Internet job search|0.150***|0.067**|0.072**|0.073**|0.015|-0.045|-0.047|-0.047|
||[0.029]|[0.031]|[0.030]|[0.030]|[0.030]|[0.032]|[0.032]|[0.032]|
|Internet access at home|0.017|0.002|0.002|0.002|0.030**|0.017|0.017|0.017|
||[0.014]|[0.014]|[0.013]|[0.013]|[0.015]|[0.016]|[0.016]|[0.016]|
|Age||0.000|-0.002|-0.003||-0.004|-0.004|-0.004|
|||[0.005]|[0.005]|[0.005]||[0.006]|[0.005]|[0.005]|
|Primary or preparatory education||-0.052**|-0.051**|-0.051**||0.063**|0.055*|0.055*|
|||[0.021]|[0.021]|[0.021]||[0.030]|[0.030]|[0.030]|
|Secondary education||0.124***|0.129***|0.130***||0.078**|0.083***|0.084***|
|||[0.025]|[0.025]|[0.025]||[0.032]|[0.032]|[0.032]|
|Above secondary education||0.390***|0.388***|0.388***||0.224***|0.237***|0.237***|
|||[0.032]|[0.031]|[0.031]||[0.037]|[0.037]|[0.037]|
|Married|||0.190***|0.191***|||-0.046***|-0.046***|
||||[0.015]|[0.015]|||[0.017]|[0.017]|
|Rural||||0.199||||-0.035|
|||||[0.217]||||[0.193]|
|Observations|23,107|21,900|21,886|21,886|23,383|22,526|22,514|22,514|
|R-squared|0.774|0.801|0.807|0.807|0.696|0.713|0.713|0.713|
|<br>Individual fixed effects|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|
|Year fixed effect|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|
|Region dummies|NO|NO|NO|YES|NO|NO|NO|YES|
|<br>Dependent variable mean|0.777|0.775|0.775|0.775|0.327|0.325|0.325|0.325|

Robust standard errors in brackets. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 _Notes._ Each cell represents a coefficient estimate using OLS regression relying on panel data estimation. The analysis is restricted to working age individuals in the years 2012 and 2018. In columns (1) to (4), the analysis is restricted to the sample of males. In columns (5) to (8), the analysis is restricted to the sample of females. The dependent variable is a dummy variable indicator equal to one if the individual is employed in the corresponding year 2012 and 2018 (according to the extended definition of labor force participation). The main independent variable of interest is a dummy variable indicator equals to one if the individual reports that finding a job is one of the purposes of Internet use in the corresponding year 2012 and 2018. The regressions also include time-varying controls: age, a dummy variable for being married, three dummies for the individual’s educational attainment (primary or preparatory education, secondary education either general or vocational and above secondary education either post-secondary institute or university and above, and the reference category is no educational degree either illiterate individuals or literate individuals without any diploma), a dummy variable for rural areas as well as dummies for the various geographical regions included in the last column (Greater Cairo, Alexandria, and Suez cities, Urban Lower Egypt, Urban Upper Egypt, Rural Lower Egypt, and Rural Upper Egypt). The regressions also include individual and year fixed effects. The dependent variable mean is reported in the last row.

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