**Table 1.** Description of Variables

|**Variable**|**Definition**|
|---|---|
|**_Outcome Variables_**||
|Employed|Individual (>15 years of age) has worked in the past 7 days or temporary absent:<br>•<br>worked for a wage, salary, commission, other pay (incl. in-kind) for someone who is not a member<br>of your household for at least an hour;<br>•<br>managed a non-farm enterprise of any size that belongs to person for one or more hours;<br>•<br>worked in a non-farm enterprise owned by the household for one or more hours;<br>•<br>Worked/helped on a farm owned or rented by a household member for at least an hour?<br>•<br>Products were not (mainly/only) for household use|
|Unemployed|Individual (> 15 years of age) has not worked in the past 7 days, is not temporary absent, but is actively<br>looking for one<br>•<br>During the last four weeks, person did something to find a paid job<br>|
||•<br>During the last four weeks, person tried to start a business|
|Not in the Labor Force|<br>Individual(> 15years of age)has not worked in thepast 7 days and does not activelylook for ajob|
|Self-Employment|Individual (> 15 years of age) whose main activity is self-employed or working for someone else in the<br>household<br>•<br>Main job is in own business or farming activity<br>•<br>In a business or farm operated by a household member|
|Wage Employment|<br>Individual (> 15 years of age) whose main activity is working as an employee, trainee or intern for<br>someone else outside of the household|
|**_Main explanatory variables_**||
|Gender role attitudes Index|A Z score index derived from responses to 14questions ongender role attitudes|
|Personalitytraits|Responses: Stronglyagree/Agree/ Neither agree nor disagree/disagree/ stronglydisagree|
|Impulsiveness|Iplan tasks carefully (_reverse coded_);I make upmymindquickly;I save regularly (_reverse coded_)|
|Work centrality|I look forward to returning to my work when I am away from work;<br>The most important thing that happens in life involves work.|
|Tenacity|I can think of many times when I persisted with work when others quit;<br>I continue to work on hard projects even when others oppose me.|
|Polychronicity|I like to juggle several activities at the same time;<br>I would rather complete an entire project every day than complete parts of several projects (_reverse_<br>_coded_); I believe it is best to complete one task before beginning another (_reverse coded_)|
|Locus of control|It is difficult to know who my real friends are (reverse code); I never try anything that I am not sure of<br>(reverse code); A person can get rich by taking risks.|
|Achievement|It is important for me to do whatever I’m doing as well as I can even if it isn’t popular with people<br>around me; Part of my enjoyment in doing things is improving my past performance; When a group I<br>belong to plans an activity, I would rather direct it myself than just help out and have someone else<br>organize it; I try harder when I’m in competition with other people; It is important to me to perform<br>better than others on a task.|
|Power motivation|I enjoy planning things and deciding what other people should do; I find satisfaction in having influence<br>over others; I like to have a lot of control over the events around me.|
|Organized|Myfamilyand friends would sayI am a veryorganizedperson.|
|Optimism|In uncertain times I usually expect the best; If something can go wrong for me, it will (_reverse coded_);<br>I’m always optimistic about my future; I hardly ever expect things to go my way (r_everse coded_); I<br>rarely count on good things happening to me (_reverse coded_); Overall I expect more good things to<br>happen to me than bad.|
|**_Control variables_**||
|Male|Dummyvariable(=1)if individual is male|
|Age|Age inyears|
|Married/ cohabiting|Married(monogamous/polygynous)or livingwith apartner|
|Secondaryeducation|Has completed at least a secondaryschool education|
|Male household head|Household head is male(as opposed to female)|
|Muslim|Belongs to Muslim religion(as opposed to Christian)|
|Spouse ispresent|Spouse lives in the household|
|Household size|Number of household memberspresent|
|Poor|Belongingto thepoorest andpoorer asset-based wealthquintiles|
|Urban residence|Household is located in urban area(as opposed to rural area)|
|Ashanti region|Household is located in Ashanti region|

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