Table 22. Indonesian Exports, ICT use, and Aggregate Labor Market Indicators. High-educated workers. 2011-2015

|Dependent variable:|Lab|or force pa|rticipation ra|te||Employ|ment rate|||Unemplo|yment rate||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|
|IDN exports per worker|0.0292<br>(0.00705)***||0.0303<br>(0.00711)**|0.0480<br>*(0.0166)***|0.0472<br> (0.0122)***||0.0486<br>(0.0126)***|0.0778<br> (0.0238)***|-0.0273<br> (0.0123)**||-0.0279<br>(0.0122)**|-0.0460<br>(0.0248)*|
|Share of hhlds with computer||0.118|0.0859|0.257||0.168|0.116|0.397||-0.0807|-0.0509|-0.225|
|||(0.0672)*|(0.0641)|(0.172)||(0.0879)*|(0.0842)|(0.194)**||(0.0711)|(0.0738)|(0.141)|
|IDN exports per worker *||||-0.175||||-0.288||||0.179|
|Share of hhlds with computer||||(0.156)||||(0.192)||||(0.164)|
|Observations|165|165|165|165|165|165|165|165|165|165|165|165|
|R-squared|0.995|0.995|0.995|0.995|0.995|0.995|0.995|0.996|0.967|0.968|0.967|0.971|

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Sakernas 2005-2010 and 2011-2015, Susenas 2005-2010, 2015-2016 Philippines STEP survey, and 2011-2015, and UN Comtrade database 2005-2010.

Notes: IV regressions. IV: Global demand for foreign products excluding Indonesian products. High-educated workers: workers with at least complete secondary education Indonesian exports per worker in thousands of USD at 2010 prices and global demand for foreign products in millions of USD at 2010 prices. ICT variable at the province level is the share of households with computer. Province controls include the age structure of the population, share of urban population, real GDP per capita, minimum wage level, gender and educational composition of employment. All models control for province and year fixed effects. Robust standard errors between parentheses clustered by province. ***, **, and * indicate significance at 1%, 5%, and 10% confidence levels, respectively.

Table 23. Indonesian Exports, ICT use, and Aggregate Labor Market Indicators. Low-educated workers. 2011-2015

|Dependent variable:|La|bor force pa|rticipation ra|te||Employ|ment rate|||Unemplo|yment rate||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|
|IDN exports per worker|-0.0520||-0.0483|0.0612|0.0774||0.0761|0.111|-0.00275||-0.00565|0.0587|
||(0.0512)||(0.0497)|(0.134)|(0.0259)***||(0.0248)***|(0.0477)**|(0.0137)||(0.0134)|(0.0382)|
|Share of hhlds with computer||0.262|0.313|1.368||-0.0296|-0.111|0.230||-0.247|-0.241|0.379|
|||(0.245)|(0.251)|(1.529)||(0.162)|(0.152)|(0.420)||(0.114)**|(0.113)**|(0.380)|
|IDN exports per worker *||||-1.083||||-0.350||||-0.636|
|Share of hhlds with computer||||(1.475)||||(0.389)||||(0.366)*|
|Observations|165|165|165|165|165|165|165|165|165|165|165|165|
|R-squared|0.965|0.964|0.965|0.963|0.992|0.992|0.992|0.992|0.908|0.911|0.911|0.887|

Source: Authors’ calculations based on Sakernas 2005-2010 and 2011-2015, Susenas 2005-2010, 2015-2016 Philippines STEP survey, and 2011-2015, and UN Comtrade database 2005-2010.

Notes: IV regressions. IV: Global demand for foreign products excluding Indonesian products. Low-educated workers: workers with uncomplete secondary education or less. Indonesian exports per worker in thousands of USD at 2010 prices and global demand for foreign products in millions of USD at 2010 prices. ICT variable at the province level is the share of households with computer. Province controls include the age structure of the population, share of urban population, real GDP per capita, minimum wage level, gender and educational composition of employment. All models control for province and year fixed effects. Robust standard errors between parentheses clustered by province. ***, **, and * indicate significance at 1%, 5%, and 10% confidence levels, respectively.

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