|Share of total own-reporting sample|0.48|0.45||0.36|0.32||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Nigeria 2015-16:|||||||
|Share of individuals inany own-farm work:|||||||
|Post-planting round|||||||
|Only/mainly intended for sale<sup>(a)</sup>|0.27<br>[0.44]|0.29<br>[0.45]|-0.02|0.35<br>[0.48]|0.28<br>[0.45]|0.06***|
|Mainly intended for HH|0.54|0.51|0.03|0.47|0.47|-0.004|
|use/consumption, some for sale|[0.49]|[0.50]||[0.50]|[0.50]||
|l f|0.19|0.20|-0.01|0.18|0.24|-0.06***|
|Ony or HH use/consumption|[0.39]|[0.40]||[0.39]|[0.43]||
|Number of individuals in own-farm work|3163|1706||1800|1452||
|Share of total own-reporting sample|0.47|0.26||0.29|0.22||
|Post-harvest round|||||||
|Only/mainly intended for sale<sup>(a)</sup>|0.41|0.34|0.07**|0.48|0.39|0.09***|
||[0.49]|[0.47]||[0.50]|[0.49]||
|Mainly intended for HH|0.40|0.44|-0.04**|0.36|0.40|-0.04*|
|use/consumption, some for sale|[0.49]|[0.49]||[0.48]|[0.48]||
|Only for HH use/consumption|0.19|0.22|-0.03|0.17|0.21|-0.04**|
||[0.40]|[0.42]||[0.37]|[0.41]||
|Number of individuals in own-farm work|1157|474||796|692||
|Share of total own-reporting sample|0.53|0.28||0.34|0.27||

Notes: Standard deviations in brackets. T-tests of equality of means were conducted across men and women within each set of columns; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Sampling weights used. (a) Mainly intended for sale = either all, or at least half of output intended to be sold (b) In Malawi, households were compared above and below the poverty line. In the Nigeria data, the poverty line variable was not available, so households in the bottom two quintiles of consumption expenditure were compared against other households.

A few gender-related measurement issues need to be addressed with boundary questions. One is proxy response — in separate results from the Malawi survey, women who were proxies for other women/men reported significantly lower market activity on average, compared to individuals reporting for themselves.<sup>3</sup> Women proxies might have less information about farm market activity (similar patterns arise with estimates of hours worked, as discussed in Section III), but this requires further investigation across countries. Addressing seasonality is also important. Table 1 shows that in Nigeria, reported production that is only/mainly for sale is higher in the post-harvest as opposed to post-planting season, which would affect employment estimates; significant gender differences also emerge post-harvest among poor respondents. Asking about intended use of production over the last 12 months in addition to the last 7 days may be one way to address seasonality (similar to other wage/self-employment questions in the LSMSISA, and other household surveys). However, further testing may be needed to address recall issues, particularly for proxy respondents (Gaddis et al, 2019). Integrating boundary questions for each plot/agricultural activity within the survey’s agricultural module could also improve reporting precision, and provide a more detailed view of women’s farming roles along with agricultural module questions on production and decision-making/management (GSARS, 2017). Given the additional burden placed on

> 3 Results available upon request.

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