The Human Resources Ministry (KESUMA) recently conducted a comprehensive study on the impact of AI, digitalization, and the green economy across 10 strategic sectors.<sup>33</sup> The findings, released in September 2024, identified over 600,000 jobs requiring skill enhancements and highlighted 60 emerging roles, such as AI engineers and sustainability specialists, essential for advancing Malaysia's digital and green economy.<sup>34</sup> Finally, Kazakhstan’s “ National Artificial Intelligence Development Concept for 2024–2029” (MDDIAI, 2024)<sup>35</sup> outlines a comprehensive strategy to position the country as a regional leader in AI, with a strong emphasis on human capital and labor market policies (Figure 8c). The strategy prioritizes human capital development through AI-focused education, reskilling programs, and widespread AI literacy campaigns, aiming to train 1 million citizens in AI skills. It emphasizes fostering research and innovation, including the development of a LLM to preserve Kazakh cultural and linguistic heritage, alongside investments in robust digital infrastructure. By integrating AI into traditional industries like agriculture and mining and promoting economic modernization, Kazakhstan aims to enhance productivity and global competitiveness while addressing labor market adaptation to technological advancements.

**Figure 9:** Selected LICs/LMICs overperformers

<!-- Start of picture text --> a) India b) SSA (Ghana, Rwanda)<br>0.25 0.25<br>0.20 0.20<br>0.15 0.15<br>0. 1 0 0. 1 0<br>0.05 0.05<br>0.00 0.00<br>Other non-overperformers (i) LICs Other non-overperformers (i) LICs<br>Other non-overperformers (ii) LMICs Other non-overperformers (ii) LMICs<br>Overperformer (IND) Overperformer (SSA: GHA, RWA)<br>Digital Infr. Digital Infr.<br>Human K. & Labor Mkt Human K. & Labor Mkt<br>Reg. & Ethics Reg. & Ethics<br>Innov. & Integr. Innov. & Integr.<br><!-- End of picture text --> <u>Source: The AIPI score and pillars for 2023 are obtained from the IMF website [https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/datasets/AIPI]. Notes: Population size for 2023, used for the weighted analysis, is sourced from the “wbopendata” module in Stata (Azevedo, 2020).</u> Weighted average AIPI scores per group in parenthesis. Dotted yellow shows the weighted average pillar scores for non-overperforming LICs and dotted red shows them for non-overperforming LMICs. The “spider” package is taken from Naqvi (2024a).

> 33 See <u>https://www.mida.gov.my/mida-news/ai-digitalisation-and-green-economy-to-reshape-malaysian-job-market-sim.  “The report</u> highlighted 10 key sectors in the first phase of the upskilling initiative – aerospace, chemicals, electrical and electronics, energy and power, food manufacturing and services, global business services, information and communications technology, medical devices, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and wholesale and retail trade. 34 To support workforce upskilling and reskilling, KESUMA has allocated a RM3 billion fund (approximately US$670 million) to provide support through levies, credits, scholarships, and matching grants. These initiatives will be facilitated via the MyMAHIR platform and the forthcoming Akademi KESUMA. See <u>https://hr.asia/asean/malaysia-to-study-impact-of-ai-digitalisation-and-green-economy-onworkforce.</u> 35 The Concept is available online and has been translated into English using Google’s automatic translation tool: <u>https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P2400000592.</u>

19