Table A4: Estimation results of regressions on log expenditures with control variables: DB

||||Log of per ca|pita nominal c|onsumption e|xpenditures|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|
||All|All|All|Urban|All|All|All|Urban|
|Core|0_._550<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._303<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._204<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._270<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._440<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._239<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._155<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._176<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||(0_._010)|(0_._009)|(0_._010)|(0_._009)|(0_._011)|(0_._010)|(0_._010)|(0_._010)|
|Suburb|0_._074<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._004|_−_0_._013||0_._068<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._002|_−_0_._015||
||(0_._011)|(0_._010)|(0_._010)||(0_._011)|(0_._010)|(0_._010)||
|Town|_−_0_._022<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._049<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._038<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||_−_0_._039<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._059<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._046<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||
||(0_._010)|(0_._010)|(0_._010)||(0_._010)|(0_._010)|(0_._010)||
|Spatial defator|||||0_._802<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>|0_._502<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>|0_._413<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>|0_._826<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>|
||||||(0_._029)|(0_._026)|(0_._025)|(0_._034)|
|**Demographic:**|||||||||
|Household size||_−_0_._084<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._082<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._091<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||_−_0_._083<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._081<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._091<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._002)|(0_._002)|(0_._003)||(0_._002)|(0_._002)|(0_._003)|
|Age of head of hh||0_._007<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._007<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._008<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._007<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._007<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._007<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._000)|(0_._000)|(0_._000)||(0_._000)|(0_._000)|(0_._000)|
|Sex of head of hh||_−_0_._014|0_._012|_−_0_._034<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||_−_0_._004|0_._019<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._018|
|||(0_._010)|(0_._009)|(0_._012)||(0_._010)|(0_._009)|(0_._012)|
|**Marital status (of head of hh):**|||||||||
|Never married||0_._358<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._338<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._371<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._352<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._334<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._361<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._014)|(0_._014)|(0_._018)||(0_._014)|(0_._014)|(0_._017)|
|Living together||_−_0_._031<sup>_∗_</sup>|_−_0_._046<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._028||_−_0_._044<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._056<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._048<sup>_∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._019)|(0_._018)|(0_._025)||(0_._019)|(0_._018)|(0_._025)|
|Divorced/Separated||0_._052<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._040<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._032||0_._058<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._045<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._038<sup>_∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._016)|(0_._015)|(0_._021)||(0_._016)|(0_._015)|(0_._020)|
|Widowed||0_._068<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._069<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._077<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._070<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._070<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._077<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._013)|(0_._013)|(0_._016)||(0_._013)|(0_._013)|(0_._016)|
|**Education (of head of hh):**|||||||||
|Primary incomplete||0_._111<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._093<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._128<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._104<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._088<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._111<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._009)|(0_._009)|(0_._012)||(0_._009)|(0_._009)|(0_._011)|
|Primary complete||0_._299<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._249<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._329<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._286<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._241<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._297<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._012)|(0_._012)|(0_._017)||(0_._012)|(0_._012)|(0_._016)|
|Secondary incomplete||0_._503<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._418<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._525<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._490<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._410<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._492<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._010)|(0_._010)|(0_._013)||(0_._010)|(0_._010)|(0_._013)|
|Secondary complete||0_._671<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._539<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._678<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._650<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._526<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._629<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._017)|(0_._017)|(0_._018)||(0_._017)|(0_._017)|(0_._018)|
|Post secondary but not university||0_._850<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._684<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._868<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._834<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._677<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._831<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._019)|(0_._019)|(0_._022)||(0_._019)|(0_._019)|(0_._022)|
|University incomplete and complete||1_._062<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._903<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|1_._058<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||1_._036<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._887<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|1_._003<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._018)|(0_._018)|(0_._019)||(0_._018)|(0_._018)|(0_._018)|
|**Employment (of head of hh):**|||||||||
|Unemployed|||0_._096<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||||0_._095<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||
||||(0_._019)||||(0_._019)||
|Not in labor force|||0_._128<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||||0_._123<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||
||||(0_._012)||||(0_._011)||
|Employed in Industry|||0_._283<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||||0_._272<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||
||||(0_._012)||||(0_._012)||
|Employed in Services|||0_._349<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||||0_._336<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||
||||(0_._009)||||(0_._009)||
|Country FE|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|
|Adjusted R2<br>|0_._523<br>|0_._655<br>|0_._668<br>|0_._699<br>|0_._531<br>|0_._658<br>|0_._670<br>|0_._705<br>|
|Nr. of countries<br>Nr. of hh<br>1|16<br>34630<br>1|16<br>34630<br>1|16<br>34630|16<br>88450<br>1|16<br>34630<br>1|16<br>34630<br>1|16<br>34630|16<br>88450|

Source: International Urban Poverty Database.

Note: *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.1 . Robust standard errors are in parentheses. WorldPop 250m is used for the DB methods. The dependent variable is the log of per capita consumption expenditures, expressed in PPP and not spatially deflated. Only urban households (“Core” or “Suburb”) are included in specifications (4) and (8). The baseline category is “Other rural” in all specifications, except (4) and (8), where it is “Suburb”. Baseline categories are the following: “Married” for the marital status of the household head, “No education” for the education of the household head, and “Employed in Agriculture” for the employment of the household head. Observations are weighted using population weights.

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