rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
Stock market development under
            globalization : whither the gains from reforms
Over the past decades, many countries
            have implemented significant reforms to foster domestic
            capital market development. These reforms included stock
            market liberalization, privatization programs, and the
            establishment of regulatory and supervisory frameworks.
            Despite the intense reform efforts, the performance of
            capital markets in several countries has been disappointing.
            To study whether reforms have had the intended effects on
            capital markets, the authors analyze the impact of six
            capital market reforms on domestic stock market development
            and internationalization using event studies. They find that
            reforms tend to be followed by significant increases in
            domestic market capitalization, trading, and capital
            raising. Reforms are also followed by an increase in the
            share of activity in international equity markets, with
            potential negative spillover effects on domestic markets.
Insurgency and credible commitment
            in autocracies and democracies
This paper suggests a new factor that
            makes civil war more likely: the inability of political
            actors to make credible promises to broad segments of
            society. Lacking this ability, both elected and unelected
            governments pursue public policies that leave citizens less
            well-off and more prone to revolt. At the same time, these
            actors have a reduced ability to build an anti-insurgency
            capacity in the first place, since they are less able to
            prevent anti-insurgents from themselves mounting coups. But
            while reducing the risk of conflict overall, increasing
            credibility can, over some range, worsen the effects of
            natural resources and ethnic fragmentation on civil war.
            Empirical tests using various measures of political
            credibility support these conclusions.
Horizontal inequalities, political
            environment, and civil conflict : evidence from 55
            developing countries, 1986-2003
Several studies of civil war have
            concluded that economic inequality between individuals does
            not increase the risk of internal armed conflict. This is
            perhaps not so surprising. Even though an individual may
            feel frustrated if he is poor compared with other
            individuals in society, he will not start a rebellion on his
            own. Civil wars are organized group conflicts, not a matter
            of individuals randomly committing violence against each
            other. Hence, we should not neglect the group aspect of
            human well-being and conflict. Systematic inequalities that
            coincide with ethnic, religious, or geographical cleavages
            in a country are often referred to as horizontal
            inequalities (or inter-group inequalities). Case studies of
            particular countries as well as some statistical studies
            have found that such inequalities between identity groups
            tend to be associated with a higher risk of internal
            conflict. But the emergence of violent group mobilization in
            a country with sharp horizontal inequalities may depend on
            the characteristics of the political regime. For example, in
            an autocracy, grievances that stem from group inequalities
            are likely to be large and frequent, but state repression
            may prevent them from being openly expressed. This paper
            investigates the relationship between horizontal
            inequalities, political environment, and civil war in
            developing countries. Based on national survey data from 55
            countries it calculates welfare inequalities between ethnic,
            religious, and regional groups for each country using
            indicators such as household assets and educational levels.
            All the inequality measures, particularly regional
            inequality, are positively associated with higher risks of
            conflict outbreak. And it seems that the conflict potential
            of regional inequality is stronger for pure democratic and
            intermediate regimes than for pure autocratic regimes.
            Institutional arrangements also seem to matter. In fact it
            seems that the conflict potential of horizontal inequalities
            increases with more inclusive electoral systems. Finally,
            the presence of both regional inequalities and political
            exclusion of minority groups seems to make countries
            particularly at risk for conflict. The main policy
            implication of these findings is that the combination of
            politically and economically inclusive government is
            required to secure peace in developing countries.
Post-conflict aid, real exchange
            rate adjustment, and catch-up growth
Post-conflict countries receive
            substantial aid flows after the start of peace. While
            post-conflict countries' capacity to absorb aid (that
            is, the quality of their policies and institutions) is built
            up only gradually after the onset of peace, the evidence
            suggests that aid tends to peak immediately after peace is
            attained and decline thereafter. Aid composition broadly
            reflects post-conflict priorities, with large parts of aid
            financing social expenditure and infrastructure investment.
            Aid has significant short-term effects on the real exchange
            rate (RER), as inferred from the behavior of RER in the
            world. While moderate RER overvaluation is observed in
            post-conflicts, it cannot be traced down to the aid flows.
            The empirical evidence on world growth reveals new findings
            about the pattern of catch-up growth during post-conflicts
            and the role of key growth determinants on post-conflict
            growth. Aid is an important determinant of growth, both
            generally and more strongly during post-conflict periods.
            Because RER misalignment reduces growth, RER overvaluation
            during post-conflicts reduces catch-up growth. Aid and RER
            overvaluation combined also lower growth. But the negative
            growth effect of RER overvaluation declines with financial development.
Short-term and long-term effects of
            United Nations peace operations
Earlier studies have shown that United
            Nations peace operations make a positive contribution to
            peacebuilding efforts after civil wars. But do these effects
            carry over to the period after the peacekeepers leave? And
            how do the effects of UN peace operations interact with
            other determinants of peacebuilding in the long run? The
            author addresses these questions using a revised version of
            the Doyle and Sambanis dataset and applying different
            estimation methods to estimate the short-term and long-term
            effects of UN peace missions. He finds that UN missions have
            robust, positive effects on peacebuilding in the short term.
            UN missions can help parties implement peace agreements but
            the UN cannot fight wars, and UN operations contribute more
            to the quality of the peace where peace is based on
            participation, than to the longevity of the peace, where
            peace is simply the absence of war. The effects of UN
            missions are also felt in the long run, but they dissipate
            over time. What is missing in UN peacebuilding is a strategy
            to foster the self-sustaining economic growth that could
            connect increased participation with sustainable peace.
Civil war, crop failure, and child
            stunting in Rwanda
Economic shocks at birth have lasting
            effects on children's health several years after the
            shock. The authors calculate height for age z-scores for
            children under age five using data from a Rwandan nationally
            representative household survey conducted in 1992. They
            exploit district and time variation in crop failure and
            civil conflict to measure the impact of exogenous shocks
            that children experience at birth on their height several
            years later. They find that boys and girls born after the
            shock in regions experiencing civil conflict are both
            negatively affected with height for age z-scores 0.30 and
            0.72 standard deviations lower, respectively. Conversely,
            only girls are negatively affected by crop failure, with
            these girls exhibiting 0.41 standard deviation lower height
            for age z-scores and the impact is worse for girls in poor
            households. Results are robust to using sibling difference
            estimators, household level production, and rainfall shocks
            as alternative measures of crop failure.
Civil war, crop failure, and child
            stunting in Rwanda
WPS4208 <mark>P</mark> OST <mark>-C</mark> ONFLICT <mark>T</mark> RANSITIONS <mark>W</mark> ORKING <mark>P</mark> APER <mark>N</mark> O <mark>. 12</mark>

# **Civil War, Crop Failure, and Child Stunting in Rwanda ***

Richard Akresh Philip Verwimp Department of Economics European Centre for Advanced University of Illinois at Research in Economics and Urbana Champaign Statistics (ECARES) Université Libre de Bruxelles Tom Bundervoet Department of Mathematics, Operational Research, Statistics and Information Systems for Management (MOSI) Vrije Universiteit Brussel

## **Abstract**

Economic shocks at birth have lasting impacts on children’s health several years after the shock. We calculate height for age z-scores for children under age five using data from a Rwandan nationally representative household survey conducted in 1992. We exploit district and time variation in crop failure and civil conflict to measure the impact of exogenous shocks that children experience at birth on their height several years later. We find that boys and girls born after the shock in regions experiencing civil conflict are both negatively impacted with height for age z-scores 0.30 and 0.72 standard deviations lower, respectively. Conversely, only girls are negatively impacted by crop failure, with these girls exhibiting 0.41 standard deviation lower height for age z-scores and the impact is worse for girls in poor households. Results are robust to using sibling difference estimators, household level production, and rainfall shocks as alternative measures of crop failure.

## _Keywords:_ Child health, economic shocks, civil war, rainfall shocks, Africa _JEL classification:_ I12, J13, O12, O15

World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4208, April 2007 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._

* We would like to thank the Department of Agricultural Economics at Michigan State University for making the data available and Ilana Redstone Akresh and seminar participants at Harvard’s Weatherhead Center, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, NEUDC, World Bank/PRIO 2006 Oslo, Norway conference and USAID/HICN Poverty Reduction in Conflict and Fragile States conference for helpful suggestions.

Corresponding author’s contact information: Richard Akresh, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Department of Economics, 1206 South Sixth Street, Wohlers Hall, Room 470E, Champaign, IL 61820. Telephone: (217) 333-3467. Fax: (217) 244-6678. Email: akresh@uiuc.edu
Indigenous peoples in Latin America
            : economic opportunities and social networks
Despite significant changes in poverty
            overall in Latin America, the proportion of indigenous
            peoples living in poverty did not change much from the early
            1990s to the present. While earlier work focused on human
            development, much less has been done on the distribution and
            returns to income-generating assets and the effect these
            have on income generation strategies. The authors show that
            low income and low assets are mutually reinforcing. For
            instance, low education levels translate into low income,
            resulting in poor health and reduced schooling for future
            generations. Social networks affect the economic
            opportunities of individuals through two important
            channels-information and norms. However, the analysis shows
            that the networks available to indigenous peoples do not
            facilitate employment in nontraditional sectors.
Indigenous peoples in Latin America
            : economic opportunities and social networks
WPS4227

# **INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN LATIN AMERICA: ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES AND SOCIAL NETWORKS**

Harry Anthony Patrinos<sup>∗</sup> Emmanuel Skoufias Trine Lunde _<u>Abstract</u>_ <u>: Despite significant changes in poverty overall in Latin America, the</u> proportion of indigenous peoples living in poverty did not change much from the early 1990s to the present. While earlier work focused on human development, much less has been done on the distribution and returns to income generating assets and the effect these have on income generation strategies. It is shown here that low income and low assets are mutually reinforcing. For instance, low education levels translate into low income, resulting in poor health and reduced schooling of future generations. Social networks affect the economic opportunities of individuals through two important channels: information and norms. However, our analysis shows that the networks available to indigenous peoples do not facilitate employment in non-traditional sectors.

JEL classification: J15; J71; O12 Keywords: Ethnic inequality; Discrimination; Indigenous Peoples

## World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4227, May 2007

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._

> ∗ <u>hpatrinos@worldbank.org.  This paper was produced as a result of Regional Research Studies Program led by</u> Harry Anthony Patrinos and Emmanuel Skoufias.  Useful comments were received from Emily Bagby, Felipe Barrera, McDonald Benjamin, Tania Carrasco, Tito Cordella, Shelton Davis, Maria Donoso, Daniel Gross, Mark Hagerstrom, Gillette Hall, Pilar Larreamendy, Heather Layton, Judith Lisansky, Juan Martinez, Patrick McEwan, Guillermo Perry, Alejandro Ramirez, William Reuben, Alexis Roach, Jaime Saavedra, Carolina Trivelli and Jorge Uquillas.
Latin Americans of Japanese origin
            (Nikkeijin) working in Japan : a survey
Since the revision of the Japanese
            immigration law in 1990, there has been a dramatic influx of
            Latin Americans, mostly Brazilians, of Japanese origin
            (Nikkeijin) working in Japan. This is because the revision
            has basically allowed Nikkeijin to enter Japan legally even
            as unskilled workers, while the Japanese law, in principle,
            prohibits foreigners from taking unskilled jobs in the
            country. In response, the number of these Latin American
            migrants has increased from practically zero to more than
            250,000. The migration of Nikkeijin is likely to have a
            significant impact on both the Brazilian and the Japanese
            economies, given the substantial amount of remittances they
            send to Brazil. The impact is likely to be felt especially
            in the Nikkeijin community in Brazil. In spite of their
            importance, the detailed characteristics of Nikkei migrants
            and the prospect for future migration and remittances are
            under-researched. The purpose of this paper is therefore to
            provide a more comprehensive account of the migration of
            Nikkeijin workers to Japan. The paper contains a brief
            review of the history of Japanese emigration to Latin
            America (mostly Brazil), a study of the characteristics of
            Nikkeijin workers in Japan and their current living
            conditions, and a discussion on trends and issues regarding
            immigration in Japan and migration policy. The final part of
            the paper briefly notes the limitation of existing studies
            and describes the Brazil Nikkei Household Survey, which is
            being conducted by the World Bank's Development
            Research Group at the time of writing this paper. The
            availability of the survey data will contribute to a better
            understanding of the Japan-Brazil migration and remittance corridor.
Latin Americans of Japanese origin
            (Nikkeijin) working in Japan : a survey
WPS4203

# **Latin Americans of Japanese Origin (** **_Nikkeijin_ )**

# **Working in Japan – A Survey**

## **Junichi Goto**

## **Kobe University**

**Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration Kobe University Rokkodai-cho Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan (phone) 81-70-803-7000 (fax) 81-78-803-7059 - (e-mail) jgoto@rieb.kobe** **<u>u.ac.jp</u>**

### World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4203, April 2007

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._
Indian manufacturing : a slow sector
            in a rapidly growing economy
This paper investigates the determinants
            of productivity in Indian manufacturing industries during
            the period 1988-2000. Using two-digit industry level data
            for the Indian states, we find evidence of imperfect
            interindustry and interstate labor mobility as well as
            misallocation of resources across industries and states.
            Trade liberalization increases productivity in all
            industries across all states, and productivity is higher in
            the less protected industries. These effects of protection
            and trade liberalization are more pronounced in states that
            have relatively more flexible labor markets. Similar effects
            are also found in the case of employment, capital stock and
            investment. Furthermore, labor market flexibility,
            independent of other policies, has a positive effect on
            productivity. Importantly, per capita state development
            expenditure seems to be the strongest and the most robust
            predictor of productivity, employment, capital stock and
            investment. Industrial delicensing increases both labor
            productivity and employment but only in the states with
            flexible labor market institutions. Even after controlling
            for delicensing, the analysis shows that trade
            liberalization has a productivity-enhancing effect. Finally,
            trade liberalization benefits most the export-oriented
            industries located in states with flexible labor-market institutions.
Export structure and growth : a
            detailed analysis for Argentina
This paper examines recent changes in
            the structure of Argentine exports and the implications for
            future growth. The authors find that the current export
            structure of Argentina is not conducive to future growth
            because it is dominated by low-productivity goods that tend
            to be exported by low-income countries. The productivity
            content of Argentine exports has increased recently
            although, as of 2004, these changes have been relatively
            minor. The authors identify products with characteristics
            similar to those currently exported by Argentina and which
            are more likely to foster growth because they would shift
            the structure of exports more the efficiency frontier. Those
            products include chemicals and primary products with some
            degree of value added, including partly processed meat, fish
            and grains. If economic growth is to be fostered by
            developing new export products and by increasing the value
            added of existing exports, there will be a need for
            sector-specific analysis to address possible market
            failures. The analysis should focus on issues such as the
            provision of public goods needed for production (including
            infrastructure, but also complex intangibles such as
            sector-specific legislation), possible impediments to
            effective coordination, sector-specific and economy wide
            externalities, or barriers to information. This last source
            of potential market failure is critical to a successful
            policy framework for exports and growth.
The causes of civil war
The dominant hypothesis in the
            literature that studies conflict is that poverty is the main
            cause of civil wars. The authors instead analyze the effect
            of institutions on civil war, controlling for income per
            capita. In their set up, institutions are endogenous and
            colonial origins affect civil wars through their legacy on
            institutions. Their results indicate that institutions,
            proxied by the protection of property rights, rule of law
            and the efficiency of the legal system, are a fundamental
            cause of civil war. In particular, an improvement in
            institutions from the median value in the sample to the 75th
            percentile is associated with a 38 percentage points'
            reduction in the incidence of civil wars. Moreover, once
            institutions are included as explaining civil wars, income
            does not have any effect on civil war, either directly or indirectly.