adjusted losses). All these countries over-perform when compared with the predicted level of power losses according to the international norm (figure 5.a). Togo and Benin, by contrast, continue to underperform, with massive power losses.

Benchmarking the quality of power infrastructure is complemented by the analysis of WEF perception measures of the quality of electricity supply. Figure 5.b, plots a positive partial correlation between income per capita and the _perceived_ quality of power for 2008–12. For most MICs in Sub-Saharan Africa, the perceived quality of the power infrastructure sector is lower than what the international norm predicts for their level of income per capita. However, for some LICs, such as The Gambia, Côte d’Ivoire, and Rwanda, the perception of the quality of electricity supply is way above the level predicted by the international norm. Finally, Gabon, Nigeria, Angola, and Guinea have a level of power quality that is significantly below the one predicted by the international norm.

**Figure 5. Power Quality and Income per Capita**

**a. Power losses b. WEF power quality**

<!-- Start of picture text --> 2008 - 2012 Benchmark (average) 2008 - 2012 Benchmark (average)<br>TGO<br>BEN<br>MUS<br>ETHMOZ ZWE TZASENKENCMRCIVGHAZMB SDNNGA AGO ZAF GAB MDGETHMOZMWIRWABFAMLIGMBUGABENTZASENLSOKENCMRCIVGHAZMB ZAF GAB<br>MUS<br>ZWE<br>GIN NGA AGO<br>-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2<br>GDP per capita GDP per capita Residuals (pop+area)<br>90% CI Linear Fit 90% CI Linear Fit<br>EAP ECA IND LAC MENA SA SSA EAP ECA IND LAC MENA SA SSA<br>R-sq: 0.4238; Observations 84; Using PWT 9.0 R-sq: 0.5739; Observations 91; Using PWT 9.0<br>Adjusted by demographic and geographic features. Adjusted by demographic and geographic features.<br>60 1<br>40 .5<br>20 0<br>WEF energy(pop+area)<br>% of power losses0 -.5<br>-20 -1<br><!-- End of picture text --> _Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators; World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report. GDP per capita is from Feenstra, Inklaar, and Timmer 2015. Note: CI = confidence interval; EAP = East Asia and the Pacific; ECA = Europe and Central Asia; GDP = gross domestic product; IND = Industrial Countries; LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; MENA = Middle East and North Africa; SA = South Asia; SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa; WEF = World Economic Forum._ _Transportation._ Benchmarking the quality of transport infrastructure involves assessing the performance of African countries on the hard and perceived measures of road and rail quality. Figure 6 depicts a positive relationship between the share of paved roads (a proxy for road quality) and income per capita for 2008–12. This implies that, after controlling for geographic and demographic factors, countries with higher income per capita tend to have a greater share of paved roads.

For 2008–12, Mauritius appears to be the leader in the share of paved roads (figure 6. a). The country’s (adjusted) share of paved roads is close to the level predicted by the international norm, and it outperforms countries with greater levels of income per capita (for example, Poland). Tanzania, Cameroon, Kenya, and Ghana are the weakest performers in the region—with shares of paved roads that are significantly below those predicted by the international norm.

_Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa - 16_