22 all free of charge (Trade Arabia 2011). Optimal tire inflation alone can reduce fuel consumption significantly (IEA 2005). Shell has been conducting a Shell FuelSave campaign for some time. The goal of its Target One Million program under the campaign is to help one million motorists around the world drive more efficiently, and the Shell FuelSave Challenge shows drivers what practical steps can help reduce fuel consumption (Shell 2012). As part of the campaign, Shell in 2007, 2009, and 2010 surveyed thousands of drivers in Asia and Europe about their awareness of how driving habits affect fuel economy. The surveys found that drivers in developing countries in Asia were far more aware of, and likely to use, eco-friendly driving habits, and more willing to change their driving habits to save fuel (Shell 2010).

Another, although rarer, approach is to set fuel efficiency standards. China has been tightening vehicle fuel economy standards since 2004, and India is in the process of establishing them.

Over the medium to long term, fuel conservation should include increasing the transport system efficiency by reducing or avoiding travel or the need to travel and shifting to more efficient travel modes. Urban planning—management of the spatial organization of cities for efficient allocation of urban infrastructure and land use—can encourage a city structure that would minimize travel. Shifting from private motorized trips to efficient, clean, and attractive public transport and from road to rail can substantially reduce fuel use (GIZ 2012).

Far more common than fuel efficiency standards are energy efficiency standards and labeling for electric appliances. Efficient lighting programs have been particularly popular. Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, China, Ethiopia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines, Russia, and Tajikistan have set a timetable, or drafted legislation, for banning manufacture, imports, or sale of incandescent light bulbs, and numerous others have had voluntary exchange programs to replace incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs). Many of these exchange programs have been government-funded, and CFLs are often distributed free of charge in exchange for incandescent light bulbs, which are subsequently destroyed. It is in the interests of every utility company to shave off peak power consumption to reduce capital expenditure. An initiative of the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the Electricity Control Board, and NamPower in Namibia used NamPower’s profits to distribute 900,000 CFLs free of charge in 2007–09 in exchange for five incandescent light bulbs per household (NamPower 2007).

Concerned about power shortages, rising costs of electricity generation from petroleum products, or both, several governments have restricted power consumption. Examples include limiting thermostat settings or restricting the use of air conditioning (Bangladesh, Panama, Sri Lanka, Vietnam), restricting street lighting (Jordan), reducing the number of work days (Pakistan), restricting business hours in certain sectors (Pakistan, Panama), and ordering reductions in government consumption of power (Jordan, Sri Lanka, Vietnam). Brazil, Jordan, and Pakistan have introduced daylight savings time in summer.

Some utilities and governments have introduced incentives for reducing energy consumption, penalties for over-consumption, or both. Hoping to reduce energy imports, the government of Morocco in 2009 signed an agreement with the private sector to reduce energy consumption to reduce energy imports, and offered a 20-percent bonus for reducing electricity consumption by 20 percent (ISI Emerging Markets 2009). As part of “Today for Tomorrow” national energy conservation program in Sri Lanka, the Ceylon Electricity Board announced in April 2012 that it would provide free electricity for a month to 1,000 consumers―selected