rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
Antidumping and safeguard mechanisms
            : the Brazilian experience, 1988-2003
The authors focus on the evaluation of
            the antidumping regime from 1988 through 2003. During these
            years the Brazilian economy had to cope with several periods
            of macroeconomic instability and overvaluation of the
            domestic currency, particularly from 1990-92 and 1994-98. As
            a result, from 1992 through 1998, import volumes increased
            significantly. Although during these years, the demand for
            antidumping protection was growing, the number of
            investigations concluded with an affirmative determination
            was only 52 percent. The authors explain that the
            institutional framework in charge of administering the
            antidumping regime was subject to several reforms. Along
            this process, the Ministry of Development, Industry, and
            Trade saw its role strengthened. This ministry has a more
            protectionist bias than the Ministry of Finance that, during
            the initial years of the liberalization program, played a
            prominent role in decisions regarding antidumping
            investigations and measures. The authors conclude that in
            comparison with other countries that are important users of
            the antidumping mechanism, the Brazilian experience reveals
            two interesting features: 1) A relatively small rate of
            final positive determinations. 2) A tradition of applying
            antidumping duties in amounts that on average have been
            quite lower than the full dumping margins.
Antidumping and safeguard mechanisms
            : the Brazilian experience, 1988-2003
<mark>WPS3562</mark>

# **Antidumping and Safeguard Mechanisms: The Brazilian Experience, 1988-2003**

Honorio Kume Guida Piani

## **Abstract**

The main focus of the paper is put on the evaluation of the antidumping (AD) regime from 1988 through 2003. During these years, the Brazilian economy had to cope with several periods of macroeconomic instability, and overvaluation of the domestic currency, particularly during 1990/1992 and 1994/1998. As a result, from 1992 through 1998, import volumes increased significantly. Although during these years, the demand for AD protection was growing, the number of investigations concluded with an affirmative determination was only 52%. The paper explains that the institutional framework in charge of administering the antidumping regime was subject to several reforms. Along this process, the Ministry of Development, Industry and Trade saw its role strengthened. This Ministry has a more protectionist bias than the Ministry of Finance that during the initial years of the liberalization program, which played a prominent role in decisions regarding AD investigations and measures. The paper concludes that in comparison to other countries that are important users of the AD mechanism, the Brazilian experience reveals two interesting features: (1) a relatively small rate of final positive determinations, and (2) a tradition of applying antidumping duties in amounts that on average have been quite lower than the full dumping margins.

World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3562, April 2005 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._
Reducing child malnutrition in
            Tanzania - combined effects of income growth and program interventions
Malnutrition is associated with an
            inadequate diet, poor health and sanitation services, and
            insufficient care for young children. A combination of
            income growth and nutrition interventions are therefore
            suggested to adequately tackle this issue, yet evidence to
            support this claim is often not available, especially for
            African settings. The authors evaluate the joint
            contribution of income growth and nutrition interventions
            toward the reduction of malnutrition. Using a four-round
            panel data set from northwestern Tanzania they estimate the
            determinants of a child's nutritional status, including
            household income and the presence of nutrition interventions
            in the community. The results show that better nutrition is
            associated with higher income, and that nutrition
            interventions have a substantial beneficial effect. Policy
            simulations make clear that if one intends to halve
            malnutrition rates by 2015 (the Millennium Development Goals
            objective), income growth will have to be complemented by
            large-scale program interventions.
The kin system as a poverty trap
An institution found in many traditional
            societies is the extended family system (kin system), an
            informal system of shared rights and obligations among
            extended family for the purpose of mutual assistance. In
            predominantly non-market economies, the kin system is a
            valuable institution providing critical community goods and
            insurance services in the absence of market or public
            provision. But what happens when the market sector grows in
            the process of economic development? How do the members of
            kin groups respond, individually and collectively, to such
            changes? When the kin system "meets" the modern
            economy, does the kin system act as a "vehicle of
            progress" helping its members adapt, or as an
            "instrument of stagnation" holding back its
            members from benefiting from market development? In reality,
            the consequences of membership in a kin group have been
            varied for people in different parts of the world. Hoff and
            Sen characterize the conditions under which the kin system
            becomes a dysfunctional institution when facing an expanding
            modern economy. The authors first show that when there are
            moral hazard problems in the modern sector, the kin system
            may exacerbate them. When modern sector employers foresee
            that, they will offer employment opportunities on inferior
            terms to members of ethnic groups that practice the kin
            system. These entry barriers in the market, in turn, create
            an incentive for some individuals to break ties with their
            kin group, which hurts members of the group who stay back in
            the traditional sector. The authors then show in a simple
            migration model that if a kin group can take collective
            action to raise exit barriers, then even if migrating to the
            modern sector and breaking ties increases aggregate welfare
            (and even if a majority of members are expected to gain ex
            post, after the resolution of uncertainty about the identity
            of the winners and losers), a majority of agents within a
            kin group may support ex ante raising the exit barrier to
            prevent movement to the modern sector. This result is an
            example of the bias toward the status quo analyzed by Raquel
            Fernandez and Dani Rodrik in the context of trade reform.
            The authors do not claim that all kin groups will
            necessarily exhibit such a bias against beneficial regime
            changes. But they provide a clear intuition about the forces
            that can lead to the collective conservatism of a kin system
            facing expanding opportunities in a market economy-forces
            that can lead the kin group to become a poverty trap for its members.
Why governments should stop
            non-social subsidies : measuring their consequences for
            rural Latin America
The provision of public goods and the
            amelioration of market failure are the classical
            justifications for government intervention in the economy.
            In reality, (1) governments intervene in markets that are
            not affected by failure, and (2) a large share of the
            government resources is spent in private goods, not in
            public goods. In contrast to issue 1, issue 2 has received
            little attention in the literature, in spite of the
            potentially large efficiency and equity losses arising from
            misguided allocations of public expenditures. López
            empirically documents the size of (2) in the rural sector
            and investigates its consequences for rural development for
            10 Latin American countries over the 1985-2000 period. The
            econometric evidence suggests that the structure of public
            expenditures is an important factor of economic development
            in the rural sector, much greater than that of the level of
            public expenditures and of other factors on which the
            development literature has traditionally focused. Expanding
            total public expenditure in rural areas while maintaining
            the existing public expenditure composition prevailing in
            certain countries does little to promote agricultural income
            and reduce rural poverty. Spending a significant share of
            government resources in (non-social) subsidies causes less
            agriculture income, induces an excessive reliance of
            agriculture on land expansion, and reduces the income of the
            rural poor.
Effects of primary, secondary, and
            tertiary education on economic growth : evidence from Guatemala
Loening investigates the impact of human
            capital on economic growth in Guatemala during 1951-2002
            using an error-correction methodology. The results show a
            better-educated labor force having a positive and
            significant impact on economic growth. Consistent with
            microeconomic studies for Guatemala, primary and secondary
            education are most important for productivity growth. These
            findings are robust while changing the conditioning set of
            the variables, controlling for data issues and endogeneity.
            Due to an environment of social and political conflict,
            however, total factor productivity has been slightly
            negative for the past decades, and there is evidence of a
            missing complementarily between the country's skills
            and its technology base. The author presents a
            growth-accounting framework which takes into account quality
            changes of physical capital, and differentiates by level of
            education. It shows that the human capital variables explain
            more than 50 percent of output growth. Of these, secondary
            schooling is the predominant determinant of growth.
Anti-dumping policies and safeguard
            measures in the context of Costa Rica's economic liberalization
This paper reviews the most important
            changes, both in the economy and in the legal and
            institutional framework, to deal with unfair trade practices
            that Costa Rica has experienced during its trade
            liberalization process. It also evaluates whether the
            sectors that as a result of such a process have been facing
            increased foreign competition, and may have attempted to use
            the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules adopted by Costa
            Rica as a protectionist instrument. Costa Rica's legal
            framework against unfair trade practices at the multilateral
            level emerged when the country adopted the WTO rules on
            antidumping policies and safeguard measures. That has been
            reinforced at the bilateral level through the subscription
            of free trade agreements with Central America, Mexico, the
            Dominican Republic, Chile, and Canada. So far, only six
            antidumping petitions and five safeguards have been received
            by the government. In reviewing these petitions, the
            government has paid particular attention to the impact of
            any action on the competitiveness of the domestic market and
            on the possibility that it would support modernization of
            the industry. Behind the political acceptance of this
            disciplined approach lies widespread recognition of the
            social as well as economic progress that liberalization has supported.
Core indicators for determinants and
            performance of the electricity sector in developing countries
Since the early 1990s, substantial
            resources and efforts have been spent on implementing
            market-oriented electricity reforms in developing countries.
            While there are important sectoral, economic, and social
            dimensions involved in electricity reform, empirical
            analysis and evaluation of reforms have been of limited use
            for testing the economic rationale of reforms and policy
            advice. This may partly be attributed to a lack of generally
            accepted and measured indicators for monitoring the
            progress, impacts, and performance of reforms. In this paper
            the authors propose a set of indicators as a first step
            toward filling this gap and developing a coherent framework
            for studying electricity reform in developing countries that
            covers resource and institutional endowments, key reform
            steps, market structure, performance, and various impacts.
Improving child nutrition outcomes
            in India : can the integrated child development services be
            more effective
Levels of child malnutrition in India
            fell only slowly during the 1990s, despite significant
            economic growth and large public spending on the Integrated
            Child Development Services (ICDS) program, of which the
            major component is supplementary feeding for malnourished
            children. To unravel this puzzle, the authors assess the
            program's placement and its outcomes using National
            Family Health Survey data from 1992 and 1998. They find that
            program placement is clearly regressive across states. The
            states with the greatest need for the program - the poor
            northern states with high levels of child malnutrition and
            nearly half of India's population - have the lowest
            program coverage and the lowest budgetary allocations from
            the central government. Program placement within a state is
            more progressive: poorer and larger villages have a higher
            probability of having an ICDS center, as do those with other
            development programs or community associations. The authors
            also find little evidence of program impact on child
            nutrition status in villages with ICDS centers.
Improving child nutrition outcomes
            in India : can the integrated child development services be
            more effective
WPS3647

# **Improving Child Nutrition Outcomes in India**

## **Can the Integrated Child Development Services Program Be More Effective?**

_Monica Das Gupta_ <u>mdasgupta@worldbank.org,</u> _Michael Lokshin_ _<u>mlokshin@worldbank.org</u>_ _Michele Gragnolati_ _<u>mgragnolati@worldbank.org</u>_ _Oleksiy Ivaschenko_ <u>oivaschenko@worldbank.org</u> _Development Research Group The World Bank_ World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3647, June 2005 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._ <u>Acknowledgements: We are grateful for helpful suggestions and comments on an earlier version</u> of this paper from Harold Alderman, Jere Behrman, Yi-Kyoung Lee, and anonymous referees.
Lessons from international
            experience with electricity market monitoring
The author first describes those
            features of the electricity supply industry that make a
            prospective market monitoring process essential to a
            well-functioning wholesale market. Some of these features
            are shared with the securities industry, although the
            technology of electricity production and delivery make a
            reliable transmission network a necessary condition for an
            efficient wholesale market. These features of the
            electricity supply industry also make antitrust or
            competition law alone an inadequate foundation for an
            electricity market monitoring process. The author provides
            examples of both the successes and failures of market
            monitoring from several international markets. More than 10
            years of experience with the electricity industry
            restructuring process has shown that market failures are
            more likely and substantially more harmful to consumers than
            other market failures because of how electricity is produced
            and delivered and the crucial role it plays in the modern
            economy. Wholesale market meltdowns of varying magnitudes
            and durations have occurred in electricity markets around
            the world, and many of them could have been prevented if a
            prospective market monitoring process backed by the
            prevailing regulatory authority had been in place at the
            start of the market.
Costs of taxation and the benefits
            of public goods : the role of income effects
The fact that raising taxes can increase
            taxed labor supply through income effects is frequently used
            to justify much lower measures of the marginal welfare cost
            of taxes and greater public good provision than indicated by
            traditional, compensated analyses. The authors confirm that
            this difference remains substantial with newer elasticity
            estimates, but show that either compensated or uncompensated
            measures of the marginal cost of funds can be used to
            evaluate the costs of taxation-and will provide the same
            result-as long as the income effects of both taxes and
            public good provision are incorporated in a consistent manner.
Costs of taxation and the benefits
            of public goods : the role of income effects
WPS3700

# **Costs of Taxation and the Benefits of Public Goods: The Role of Income Effects**

Will Martin James E. Anderson World Bank Boston College

## _Abstract_

The fact that raising taxes can increase taxed labor supply through income effects is frequently used to justify very much lower measures of the marginal welfare cost of taxes and greater public good provision than indicated by traditional, compensated analyses. We confirm that this difference remains substantial with newer elasticity estimates, but show that either compensated or uncompensated measures of the marginal cost of funds can be used to evaluate the costs of taxation– and will provide the same result– as long as the income effects of both taxes and public good provision are incorporated in a consistent manner.

JEL Code: D61, F11, H21, H43.

Keywords: fiscal policy; second best; public goods; distortions; costs of taxation, marginal cost of funds; marginal excess burden, thought experiment.

World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3700, September 2005 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._ Correspondence to: Will Martin, Development Research Group, World Bank, MSN3-303, 1818 H St NW, Washington DC 20433. Tel: 202 473 3853; Fax 202 522 1159; wmartin1@worldbank.org or Jim Anderson, Boston College, james.anderson.1@bc.edu.
Economic policy responses to
            preference erosion : from trade as aid to aid for trade
Trade preferences are a central issue in
            ongoing efforts to negotiate further multilateral trade
            liberalization. "Less preferred" countries are
            increasingly concerned about the discrimination they
            confront, while "more preferred" developing
            countries worry that WTO-based liberalization of trade will
            erode the value of current preferential access regimes. This
            tension suggests there is a political economy case for
            preference-granting countries to explicitly address erosion
            fears. The authors argue that the appropriate instrument for
            this is development assistance. The alternative of
            addressing erosion concerns through the trading system will
            generate additional discrimination and trade distortions,
            rather than moving the WTO toward a more liberal,
            non-discriminatory regime. They further argue that
            prospective losses generated by most-favored-nation
            liberalization should be quantified on a bilateral basis,
            using methods that estimate what the associated transfer
            should have been and ignoring the various factors that
            reduce their value in practice (such as compliance costs or
            the fact that part of the rents created by preference
            programs accrue to importers in OECD countries). Given that
            many poor countries have not been able to benefit much from
            preference programs, a case is also made that preference
            erosion should be considered as part of a broader response
            by OECD countries to calls to make the trading system more
            supportive of economic development. The focus should be on
            identifying actions and policy measures that will improve
            the ability of developing countries to use trade for development.