rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
Impact of International Migration on
            Labor Supply in Nepal
This paper analyzes the differential
            impact of migration on labor supply of the left-behind
            household members in Nepal, where international migration
            for employment, predominantly a male phenomenon, increased
            substantially between 2001 and 2011. Using the Nepal Living
            Standard Survey data, the paper extends the analysis by
            incorporating the impacts on the extensive and intensive
            margins. The study also answer the question: if they are not
            wage-employed, in what activities are the remaining
            household members engaging instead? The paper finds that, in
            response to out-migration of some family members, women
            realign their priorities and reallocate their time from
            market employment to self-employment and home production,
            possibly filling in the roles vacated by the migrants. In
            contrast, the income effect dominates the impact of
            migration on the left-behind men; that is, men value their
            leisure more because of the remittances from abroad and
            decrease their overall supply of labor. Additionally, the
            research finds significant heterogeneity in the supply of
            labor by age, skill, and household head status among the
            left-behind women, pointing toward intrahousehold bargaining.
Is Short-Term Debt a Substitute or a
            Complement to Good Governance
Short-term debt exposes firms to credit
            supply shocks and liquidity risk. Short-term debt can also
            reduce potential agency conflicts between managers and
            shareholders by exposing managers to more frequent
            monitoring by the market. This paper examines whether
            internal monitoring through independent boards and stronger
            shareholder protections can substitute for external
            monitoring through the use of short-term debt. The analysis
            finds that the relationship between debt maturity and
            governance depends on shareholder rights in a given country.
            In countries with stronger investor protection, governance
            and short-term debt act as substitutes. Instrumenting the
            institutional environment with legal origin confirms the results.
Poverty Convergence in a Time of
            Stagnation : A Municipal-Level Perspective from Mexico (1992-2014)
This paper exploits a novel
            municipal-level data set to explore patterns of convergence
            in income and poverty in Mexico during 1992-2014. The paper
            finds that, despite a context of overall stagnant economic
            growth and poverty reduction, there is evidence of income
            and poverty convergence at the municipal level. The findings
            suggest that these convergence processes stem from a
            combination of considerable positive performance among the
            poorest municipalities and stagnant and deteriorating
            performance among richer municipalities. Re distributive
            programs, such as federal transfers to poor municipalities
            and cash transfers to poor households, seem to have played
            an important role in driving these results by bolstering
            income growth among the poorest municipalities, while also
            inducing progressive changes in the distribution of income.
Poverty Convergence in a Time of
            Stagnation : A Municipal-Level Perspective from Mexico (1992-2014)
Policy Research Working Paper 9038 Poverty Convergence in a Time of Stagnation A Municipal-Level Perspective from Mexico (1992–2014) _Luis F. Lopez-Calva Eduardo Ortiz-Juarez Carlos Rodríguez-Castelán_ Poverty and Equity Global Practice October 2019
Labor Market Analysis Using Big Data
            : The Case of a Pakistani Online Job Portal
Facing a youth bulge—a large influx of a
            young labor force—the Pakistani economy needs to create more
            jobs by taking advantage of this relatively well-educated
            young labor force. Yet, the educated young labor force
            suffers a higher unemployment rate, and there is a concern
            that the current education and training system in the
            country does not respond to skill demands in the private
            sector. This paper provides new descriptives about labor
            markets, particularly skill demand and supply, by using
            online job portal data. The paper finds that although there
            is an excess supply of highly educated workers, certain
            industries, such as information and communications
            technology, lack workers who have specialized skills and
            experience. The analysis also finds that the exact match of
            qualifications and skills is important for employers. Job
            applicants who are underqualified or overqualified for job
            posts are less likely to be shortlisted than those whose
            qualifications exactly match job requirements.
Third-Country Effects of Regional
            Trade Agreements : A Firm-Level Analysis
Do regional trade agreements negatively
            impact non-members? This paper revisits this long-standing
            trade policy question using firm-level data and detailed
            information on the content of trade agreements. Differently
            from the conventional view on trade diversion, the analysis
            identifies a positive spillover effect of regional trade
            agreements: they increase the probability of export and
            entry of third-country firms that previously exported to one
            of the member countries. This spillover effect is driven by
            deeper trade agreements, as they make member countries more
            "similar" in terms of the regulatory environment.
            Indeed, firms exporting regulation-intensive products
            benefit disproportionately more from deep trade agreements
            in destination markets, especially if the agreement includes
            nondiscriminatory provisions and addresses regulatory issues.
The Effects of International
            Scrutiny on Manufacturing Workers : Evidence from the Rana
            Plaza Collapse in Bangladesh
After the tragic factory collapse of
            Rana Plaza in 2013, both the direct reforms and indirect
            responses of retailers have plausibly affected workers in
            the Ready-Made Garment (RMG) sector in Bangladesh. These
            responses included a minimum wage increase, high profile but
            voluntary audits, and an increased reluctance to subcontract
            to smaller factories. This paper estimates the net impact of
            these responses using six rounds of the Labor Force Survey
            and a triple difference approach that compares garment
            workers to non-garment workers, in districts containing the
            vast majority of export garment factories versus other
            districts, pre versus post Rana Plaza. As intended by the
            reforms, we find that increased international scrutiny
            improved working conditions by 0.80 standard deviations. In
            contrast with what the theory of compensating differentials
            would suggest, we do not find that workers' wages were
            negatively impacted: instead, the post-Rana Plaza responses
            increased wages by about 10.
Financial Risk Management in
            Agriculture : Analyzing Data from a New Module of the Global
            Findex Database
The ability to manage financial risk is
            especially important for people earning their living through
            agriculture. Many farmers only get paid once or twice a
            year, and households need to stretch their earnings across
            the year by saving or borrowing money. Moreover,
            agricultural production faces a variety of risks related to
            both production and markets because of their exposure to
            weather and disease shocks. Households engaged in
            agriculture may thus especially benefit from financial
            inclusion—access to and use of formal financial services.
            This paper explores the topic of financial risk management
            in agriculture—how adults who rely on growing crops or
            raising livestock as their household's main source of
            income manage financial risk and use financial services. The
            paper summarizes new data based on a nationally
            representative survey of about 15,000 adults in 15
            lower-middle- and low-income Sub-Saharan African economies
            collected as part of the World Bank's Global Findex
            database. The majority of these adults reported suffering a
            bad harvest or significant livestock loss in the past five
            years, and most bear the entire financial risk of such a
            loss. Most adults in agricultural households lack the
            financial tools -- such as insurance, accounts, savings, and
            credit -- that could help them manage financial risks.
Foreign Direct Investment and Female Entrepreneurship
Using World Bank Enterprise Survey data
            around the world, this paper examines how foreign direct
            investment is associated with female entrepreneurship (that
            is, a firm being managed and at least partly owned by
            women), along with other factors such as business
            environment and female empowerment, and their interactions
            with foreign direct investment. Female entrepreneurship
            rises with foreign direct investment inflow, lower entry
            barriers for women, women's better access to finance,
            higher female labor force participation, and women's
            better education. The positive association of foreign direct
            investment inflow and female entrepreneurship is stronger
            for firms in the service sectors and small firms. The
            horizontal competition effects of intra-industry foreign
            direct investment for female entrepreneurship are reduced
            when women face lower entry barriers for starting a business
            and have a higher labor force participation rate, and the
            effects do not depend on women's access to finance or
            their level of education.
Effects of performance incentives
            for community health worker cooperatives in Rwanda
This paper presents the results of a
            randomized controlled trial set to evaluate the effects of a
            pay-for-performance scheme that rewarded community health
            worker cooperatives for the utilization of five targeted
            maternal and child health services by their communities. The
            experiment took place in 19 districts in Rwanda between 2010
            and 2014. The analysis finds no impact of the performance
            payments on coverage of the targeted services, attitudes and
            behaviors of community health workers, or outcomes at the
            cooperative level. No synergies are found between the scheme
            and a demand-side, in-kind transfer intervention that was
            independently effective in increasing coverage rates of
            targeted services.
Crossovers : female entrepreneurs
            who enter male sectors -- evidence from Ethiopia
Occupational sector selection is an
            important determinant of returns for female entrepreneurs.
            If sectors that are traditionally male owned could provide
            an opportunity to earn higher returns, then what factors
            could encourage women to cross over into these sectors or
            prevent them from doing so? To examine this question, this
            paper uses data from Ethiopia to compare the firm
            performance and characteristics of women in male-dominated
            sectors (crossovers) with women who are in
            female-concentrated sectors (noncrossovers). The findings
            show that female-owned enterprises in male-dominated sectors
            perform better on average than those in female-concentrated
            sectors, with firms achieving higher profits and having more
            employees. The descriptive results show that crossovers do
            not necessarily have more education or greater skills than
            noncrossovers. Rather, women’s relationships and networks,
            especially those provided through male relatives, and being
            opportunity-driven entrepreneurs appear to influence the
            likelihood of entering a more-profitable, male-dominated
            sector. The study explores the implications and challenges
            of encouraging female entrepreneurs to enter male-dominated
            sectors, in an effort to provide new insight into how the
            earning gap between male and female entrepreneurs can be closed.
Where to create jobs to reduce
            poverty : cities or towns
Should public investment be targeted to
            big cities or to small towns, if the objective is to
            minimize national poverty? To answer this policy question,
            this paper extends the basic Todaro-type model of
            rural-urban migration to the case of migration from rural
            areas to two potential destinations, secondary town and big
            city. The analysis first derives the labor income, migration
            cost and poverty line conditions under which a poverty
            gradient from rural to town to city will exist as an
            equilibrium phenomenon. Then sufficient statistics are
            developed for the policy decisions based on these
            parameters. The empirical remit of the model is illustrated
            with long-running panel data from Kagera, Tanzania. Further,
            the paper shows that the structure of the sufficient
            statistics is maintained in the case where the model is
            generalized to introduce heterogeneous workers and jobs.
Is consanguinity an impediment to
            improving human development outcomes
This paper uses unique data collected in
            rural Pakistan to assess the extent to which consanguinity,
            which is widespread in North Africa, Central and West Asia,
            and most parts of South Asia, is linked to child cognitive
            ability and nutritional status. As economic benefits of
            marrying cousins may lead to upward bias in estimates of the
            effects of consanguinity on child outcomes, prior work
            likely underestimates the negative impacts of consanguinity
            on child outcomes. This paper finds that children born into
            consanguineous marriages have lower test scores, lower
            height-for-age, and a higher likelihood of being severely
            stunted. After controlling for current household wealth and
            parent education, the effects of endogenous consanguinity on
            child cognitive ability and height-for-age are identified by
            (current and past) grandfather land ownership and maternal
            grandparent mortality as instruments for consanguineous
            marriage of parents.
In the mind, the household, or the
            market concepts and measurement of women's economic empowerment
The concept of empowerment is now widely
            used in several disciplines to characterize the states and
            social processes of individuals and communities. In economic
            development, the concept has come to mean women's power
            and agency in all economic domains and market-related
            interactions—earning, spending, and saving income; buying,
            owning, and selling assets; holding and inheriting wealth;
            starting and operating a business; acquiring a bank account
            or credit; and participating in or leading a union or other
            form of economic collective action. Measurement has lagged
            conceptualization. Most analytical research by economists,
            primarily involving impact evaluation, has measured
            empowerment as women's influence over household
            expenditures. This is a very narrow sliver of empowerment;
            not surprisingly, it is not well correlated with other
            economic or social outcomes. This paper suggests measuring
            empowerment in eight facets (a 4 x 2 matrix): (a) attitudes
            and (b) behaviors, in the domains of (i) transactions and
            markets; (ii) social interactions, including mobility and
            reproductive freedom; (iii) political and civic
            participation, including exercising legal rights; and (iv)
            psychology, including self-confidence and ability to seek
            mental health.
Credit composition, output
            composition, and external balances
This paper builds on recent research
            examining the impact of finance on economic outcomes.
            Specifically, it asks whether credit extended to households
            and firms has an impact on the share of exports in gross
            domestic product and on the trade balance. The analysis
            finds that although household credit is not positively
            related to export shares or trade balances, firm credit is
            significantly related to both. The relationship with export
            shares is particularly strong and robust. Higher shares of
            credit going to firms means a higher export share in gross
            domestic product and stronger trade balances (any effect of
            credit on imports is subsumed by the larger effect on
            exports). Household credit has a negative or insignificant
            relationship with the trade balance and the share of exports
            in gross domestic product. Credit may also affect the choice
            between types of goods produced domestically, not just
            whether they are produced for export or domestic
            consumption. The paper finds that household credit has a
            negative relationship with the share of manufacturing in
            gross domestic product. Firm credit is positively associated
            with the share of manufacturing in gross domestic product,
            while the share of services does not seem to be affected by either.
Beyond dualism : agricultural
            productivity, small towns, and structural change in Bangladesh
This paper uses a framework that goes
            beyond rural-urban dualism and highlights the role of small
            town economy in understanding structural change in a
            developing country. It provides a theoretical and empirical
            analysis of the role of agricultural productivity in
            structural transformation in the labor market. The empirical
            work is based on a general equilibrium model that formalizes
            the demand and labor market linkages: the small-town draws
            labor away from the rural areas to produce goods and
            services whose demand may depend largely on rural income.
            The theory clarifies the role played by the income
            elasticity of demand and the wage elasticity with respect to
            productivity increase in agriculture. For productivity
            growth to lead to a demand effect, the wage elasticity has
            to be lower than a threshold. When the demand for goods and
            services produced in small towns comes mainly from the
            adjacent rural areas, the demand effect can outweigh the
            negative wage effect, and lead to higher employment in the
            town-goods sector. Using rainfall as an instrument, the
            empirical analysis finds a significant positive effect of
            agricultural productivity on rice yield and agricultural
            wages.  Productivity shock increases wages more in the rural
            sample compared with the small town economy sample, but
            structural change in employment is more pronounced in the
            small-town economy.  In the rural sample, it increases
            employment only in small-scale manufacturing and services.
            In contrast, a positive productivity shock has large and
            positive impacts on employment in construction and
            transport, education, health and other services, and
            manufacturing employment in larger scale enterprises located
            in small towns and cities. Agricultural productivity growth
            induces structural transformation within the services sector
            in small towns, with employment in skilled services growing
            at a faster pace than that of low skilled services.
Spatial autocorrelation panel
            regression : agricultural production and transport connectivity
Spatial analysis in economics is
            becoming increasingly important as more spatial data and
            innovative data mining technologies are developed. Even in
            Africa, where data often crucially lack quality analysis, a
            variety of spatial data have recently been developed, such
            as highly disaggregated crop production maps. Taking
            advantage of the historical event that rail operations were
            ceased in Ethiopia, this paper examines the relationship
            between agricultural production and transport connectivity,
            especially port accessibility, which is mainly characterized
            by rail transport. To deal with endogeneity of
            infrastructure placement and autocorrelation in spatial
            data, the spatial autocorrelation panel regression model is
            applied. It is found that agricultural production decreases
            with transport costs to the port: the elasticity is
            estimated at -0.094 to -0.143, depending on model
            specification. The estimated autocorrelation parameters also
            support the finding that although farmers in close locations
            share a certain common production pattern, external shocks,
            such as drought and flood, have spillover effects over
            neighboring areas.