77

# **Appendix 2: Fuel Diversification and Energy Conservation Measures by Country**

Table A2.1 indicates whether 20 percent or more of power (P in the second column) in each country was generated from petroleum products in 2010, the last year for which the International Energy Agency (IEA) has data. It also describes each country’s diversification strategy―covering gaseous automotive fuels, biofuel policy, renewable energy (RE) strategy and targets―and energy efficiency (EE) improvement and energy conservation measures. E followed by a number, such as E5 and E10, stands for a blend of gasoline and ethanol where the number is the percentage by volume of ethanol in the blend. Similarly, B followed by a number is a blend of petroleum diesel and biodiesel; B5, for example, is a blend containing 5 percent biodiesel.

Table A2.1: Fuel diversification and energy conservation measures

|**Country**|**P**<sup>**a**</sup>**Diversification**|**Conservation**|
|---|---|---|
|Angola|√<br>No meaningful promotion of RE.|No meaningful EE measures.|
|Argentina|**_Liquid biofuels_**: E5 and B7 mandatory since 2010, but the E5<br>mandate has not yet been complied with. Biofuel law and regulations<br>offer many incentives to producers. A 2008 law promotes ethanol<br>from sugarcane. Biodiesel is made from soybeans, ethanol from<br>sugarcane. Export taxes discriminate against soybean oil in favor of<br>biodiesel. Biodiesel production in Argentina in 2011 ranked third in<br>the world. Argentina is a leading exporter of biodiesel, having<br>exported 70% of production in 2011. In 2010, a project for a power<br>plant burning soy oil was started in the face of natural gas, diesel,<br>and fuel oil shortages. Government wants to eliminate diesel imports<br>and eventually move to B20. In Jan 2012, government eliminated tax<br>exemption for biodiesel.<br>**_Gaseous automotive fuels_**: Largest CNG vehicle population in the<br>world until 2007, but growth has stagnated since, due to serious gas<br>shortages and now third largest population. Second largest number of<br>refueling stations. Incentives have been offered to switch away from<br>CNG.<br>**_Alternative energy targets_**: A RE law, passed in Jan 2007, sets out a<br>10-year strategy to boost national RE generation to 8% of total<br>national capacity by 2017, excluding hydropower larger than 30<br>megawatts (MW).|<br> <br> <br>The Energy Efficiency Commission<br>promotes EE improvement.<br>**_Efficient lighting_**: The Energy Efficient<br>Lighting Program was carried out between<br>2009 and 2011, distributing free CFLs.<br>Argentina banned imports and sales of<br>incandescent light bulbs for residential use<br>starting in 2011.|
|Bangladesh|<br>**_Gaseous automotive fuels_**: 0.20 million CNG vehicles at the end of<br>2011, having grown at an annual rate of 20% since 2007.<br>**_Alternative energy targets_**: RE share of power generation 5% by<br>2015 and 10% by 2020, with specific targets for biogas, solar, and<br>biomass in power generation.<br>The 2009 RE policy is under review.|The Sixth Five Year Plan for 2011–2015<br>targets reducing system losses and<br>improving energy use efficiency.<br>Government introduced daylight savings<br>time in Jun 2009 on a trial basis, but<br>abandoned it in 2010 after complaints. In<br>Sep 2009, government banned government<br>employees from wearing suits, jackets, and<br>ties during the summer season, which runs<br>from Mar to Nov, and asked officials and<br>ministers to set thermostats no lower than<br>25°C. The Cabinet in Sep 2009 approved a<br>14-point plan to save energy, including<br>making use of CFLs and solar panels<br>mandatory, to be phased in over three years,<br>in all government buildings, and promoting<br>solar-powered irrigation pumps. In Mar<br>2010, government ordered all consumers<br>except hospitals, restaurants, and hotels to<br>turn off air conditioning between 6 and 11<br>P.M. or else risk disconnection. A 2012|