|(9)<br>Probability of<br>bad behavior<br>report<br>-0.062***<br>(0.023)<br>-0.082<br>(0.099)<br>-0.020<br>(0.106)|1,010<br>Failing at least<br>one course<br>-0.027***<br>(0.009)<br>-0.049<br>(0.081)<br>-0.023<br>(0.081)<br>1,023<br> noncognitive out-<br>efect). Row [ii] shows<br>[iii] shows the net<br>V, and ciclo-school<br>mputed outcome at|
|---|---|
|(8)<br>**Behavior**<br>Behavior<br>reports<br>(-)<br>-0.178***<br>(0.057)<br>-0.035<br>(0.202)<br>0.143<br>(0.222)|1,010<br>Score<br>0.028*<br>(0.015)<br>-0.023<br>(0.101)<br>-0.051<br>(0.102)<br>1,023<br>sents efects on<br>., the learning <br>ms). And row <br>of student’s IV<br>orresponding i|
|(7)<br>**olence and **<br>Approval of<br>antisocial<br>behavior<br>-0.109***<br>(0.026)<br>0.010<br>(0.025)<br>0.120***<br>(0.034)|956<br> **of passing**<br>Science<br>0.027**<br>(0.013)<br>0.077<br>(0.102)<br>0.050<br>(0.101)<br>1,023<br>s. Panel A pre<br>hool hours (i.e<br>ction mechanis<br>er polynomial <br>o include the c|
|(6)<br>**Vi**<br>Violent<br>actions<br>(Index)<br>-0.163***<br>(0.047)<br>0.363***<br>(0.134)<br>0.527***<br>(0.141)|956<br>**Probability **<br>Math<br>0.017<br>(0.017)<br>0.039<br>(0.092)<br>0.022<br>(0.091)<br>1,023<br>e in parenthese<br>rvision after sc<br>ning and prote<br>: a second-ord<br>r reports, I als|
|(5)<br>Delinquency<br>(Index)<br>-0.199***<br>(0.075)<br>-0.185<br>(0.403)<br>0.013<br>(0.436)|916<br>Reading<br>0.034***<br>(0.010)<br>0.089<br>(0.098)<br>0.055<br>(0.101)<br>1,023<br>e-school level ar<br>orting adult supe<br>s (i.e., both lear<br>clude as controls<br>and bad behavio|
|(4)<br>**arning**<br>Absenteeism<br>(days)<br>-1.603***<br>(0.291)<br>-1.190<br>(1.110)<br>0.410<br>(1.204)|836<br>Score<br>0.045<br>(0.039)<br>0.308<br>(0.280)<br>0.264<br>(0.286)<br>1,023<br> errors at the cours<br>ct on students rep<br>n after school hour<br>. All regressions in<br>mes, absenteeism,|
|(3)<br>**hool and le**<br>Pay<br>attention<br>in class<br>0.077***<br>(0.023)<br>0.103<br>(0.109)<br>0.026<br>(0.112)|962<br>**des**<br>Science<br>0.118**<br>(0.047)<br>0.376<br>(0.341)<br>0.258<br>(0.348)<br>1,023<br>pped standard <br>dicates the efe<br>dult supervisio<br>ected students<br>cademic outco<br>ne.|
|(2)<br>**DES**<br>**es toward sc**<br>Time to do<br>homework<br>(hours)<br>0.323***<br>(0.108)<br>0.534<br>(0.604)<br>0.212<br>(0.646)|935<br>**Gra**<br>Math<br>0.089**<br>(0.038)<br>0.449*<br>(0.272)<br>0.360<br>(0.279)<br>1,023<br>vely. Bootstra<br>es. Row [i] in<br>hose without a<br>ected and prot<br>timations for a<br>ue at the baseli|
|(1)<br>**AND ATTITU**<br>**Attitud**<br>Positive<br>attitudes<br>toward school<br>0.192***<br>(0.060)<br>-0.255<br>(0.380)<br>-0.447<br>(0.375)|948<br> **OUTCOMES**<br>Reading<br>0.011<br>(0.041)<br>0.082<br>(0.223)<br>0.072<br>(0.233)<br>1,023<br> and 10%, respecti<br>n academic outcom<br>ed” students, or t<br>ce between unprot<br>Additionally, in es<br>ting a missing val|
|**PANEL A: VIOLENCE **<br>[_i_] Efect on “protected”<br>[_ii_] Efect on “unprotected”<br>[_iii_] Net protection efect|Observations<br>**PANEL B: ACADEMIC **<br>[_i_] Efect on “protected”<br>[_ii_] Efect on “unprotected”<br>[_iii_] Net protection efect<br>Observations<br>***, **, * signifcant at 1%, 5%, <br>comes. Panel B present results o<br>results of the ASP on “unprotect<br>protection efect, i.e., the diferen<br>fxed efect (stratifcation level). <br>the baseline and a dummy indica|

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