# **Table of Contents**

|List of Exhibits ........................................................................................................................ 2|
|---|
|List of Annex Tables ............................................................................................................... 2|
|Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................................................ 3|
|Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4|
|Literature ................................................................................................................................... 7|
|One‐stop shops and business registrations ........................................................................... 7|
|The choice to formalize ......................................................................................................... 8|
|The Structure of the Economy ................................................................................................... 9|
|Section 1. Registrations and Economic Activity ........................................................................ 9|
|Trends .................................................................................................................................... 9|
|Registrations by Sector ........................................................................................................ 13|
|Section 2. Taxes and Employment........................................................................................... 19|
|Trends .................................................................................................................................. 19|
|Taxes and Employment by Firm Size ................................................................................... 22|
|Taxes by Sector .................................................................................................................... 24|
|Employment by Sector ........................................................................................................ 24|
|Section 3. Newly Registered Companies and Exports ............................................................. 29|
|Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 30|
|Annex 1: Taxes on income in Rwanda ..................................................................................... 33|
|Annex 2: Tax declarations, tax revenue and taxable employment ......................................... 34|
|Annex 3: Data Sources and Definitions ................................................................................... 35|
|RDB business registration database .................................................................................... 35|
|Tax records .......................................................................................................................... 35|
|Cleaning RDB’s business registration database ............................................................... 36|
|Defining economic activity .............................................................................................. 36|
|References ............................................................................................................................... 38|

1