A, Ca, Iodine, Iron, Zn, and Folate (Dizon et al. 2019, Ahmed et al. 2016). According to comprehensive nutrient gap assessment (GAIN 2021), except Folate, the other five micronutrients have high to moderate burden gap with high or moderate level of evidence certainty. Folate and Vit. B12 deficiencies are more concerned among non-pregnant non-lactating women, with all strata sharing similar deficiency levels at around 23 percent (25 percent in slums). Iodine’s data is unavailable, so we focused on the other six micronutrients.

Macro- and micronutrient values used for dietary patterns’ analysis are mostly from FCT. FoodData Central portal<sup>8</sup> was also used because FCT does not contain data for Vitamin B12. For measuring the sufficiency of nutrient intake from our modeled diets, we created minimum requirement for macronutrient intake (Annex 6a) using total energy per AME (2,430 kcal)<sup>9</sup> provided by the FBDG and shares of energy that come from protein, fat, and carbohydrate recommended by FAO. According to the recommendations of FAO (2008), for an adult male aged 19-50, 55 to 75 percent of total energy should come from carbohydrates; 20-35 percent of total energy from fat; and 12 percent of the total energy from protein. With the aim to benchmark dietary patterns’ nutrients intake, we used the minimum requirement of energy provision from protein (12 percent), 15 percent from fat and the rest, 73 percent from carbohydrates to create minimum amount of nutrients intake suggested. Since carbohydrates, fat, and protein provide 4 calories, 9 calories, and 4 calories per gram respectively (USDA 2022), applying macronutrients’ shares of energy and their unit energy provision to 2,430 kcal per AME produced the desirable macronutrient intake used in Figure 2.

Desirable micronutrient intake (Annex 6b) for benchmarking in Figure 3 is from the study Desirable Dietary Pattern for Bangladesh, which adapted recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of micronutrients from FAO 2004 (Nahar et al. 2013). Regarding Ca, Vit. A, Vit. B12, Folate, we chose RNI for males aged 19-65; we also took the lowest bioavailability (5 percent) for micronutrients Fe and Zn for adult males between 19 and 65.

# _2.4.3 Data on trade_

Two trade data sets were used to allocate shares of imported consumption — FBS and TM data sets from FAOSTAT.<sup>10,11</sup> FBS 2016 and TM 2016 were used for GHG emission calculations in 2016 whereas FBS 1998 and TM 1998 were used for year 2000, due to the unavailability of FBS and TM in 2000. FBS and TM have their own food coding systems which are different from HIES. FBS differs from TM in that FBS defines food items by their primary equivalents and thus it contains fewer food items than HIES and TM. Moreover, FBS does not show COOs for imported items. Both datasets contain data for imports and exports whereas FBS also has data for population, domestic production, stock variation, and domestic supply. As shown in section 2.3.2, FBS together with TM are essential for calculating shares of production by COO.

> 8 U.S. Department of Agriculture. Food Data Central. Available at: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/.

> 9 The recommended energy intake of 2,430 kcal per AME is from FBDG of Bangladesh in 2013, which is lower than 2,854.1 kcal per AME (age between 30 and 59) with a moderate activity level, found by Waid and others in their study in 2017.

> 10FAO. FAOSTAT Trade Matrix database. Available at: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/TM, accessed 24/12/2021.

> 11 FAO. FAOSTAT Food Balance Sheet. Available at: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FBS, accessed 24/12/2021.

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