rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
**Appendix Table 1: Do Owner Characteristics Matter More for Certain Types of Innovation?**

|||TY|PE OF INNOVA|TION||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Any<br>(1)|Product<br>(2)|Process<br>(3)|Marketing<br>(4)|Organizational<br>(5)|
|Firm Size Controls|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Firm Characteristics Controls|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Owner is Female|0.0195|0.0139|0.0159|0.0293|-0.00833|
||(0.0240)|(0.0182)|(0.0105)|(0.0220)|(0.0132)|
|Owner's Age|-0.00193|-0.00180*|0.000152|-0.00151|-0.000423|
||(0.00131)|(0.000997)|(0.000534)|(0.00118)|(0.000682)|
|Owner is Married|0.00814|0.00460|-0.00360|0.0150|-0.0148|
||(0.0283)|(0.0215)|(0.0118)|(0.0252)|(0.0165)|
|Owner is Tamil|-0.0824***|-0.0325|-0.00572|-0.0610**|-0.0151|
||(0.0318)|(0.0237)|(0.0138)|(0.0284)|(0.0166)|
|Owner's Years of Education|0.0118***<br>(0.00382)|0.00936***<br>(0.00293)|0.00425***<br>(0.00158)|0.00967***<br>(0.00345)|0.00504**<br>(0.00206)|
|Risk Seeking Aptitude|-0.00157|0.00254|-0.000552|-0.000645|-0.00624***|
||(0.00362)|(0.00272)|(0.00138)|(0.00331)|(0.00192)|
|Log of Owner's Discount Rate|0.0265***|0.0194***|-0.00192|0.0162**|0.00550|
||(0.00775)|(0.00591)|(0.00333)|(0.00711)|(0.00433)|
|Raven test Score of Owner|0.00959**|0.00738***|0.00430***|0.00839**|0.00449**|
||(0.00387)|(0.00286)|(0.00145)|(0.00346)|(0.00200)|
|Optimism of Owner|0.0300|0.0354**|0.00507|0.00347|0.0243***|
||(0.0187)|(0.0141)|(0.00696)|(0.0166)|(0.00933)|
|Polychronicity of Owner|-0.00844|-0.0121*|-0.00398|-0.00622|-0.000378|
||(0.00880)|(0.00664)|(0.00366)|(0.00798)|(0.00479)|
|Owner has 3 or more previous jobs|0.0658*|-0.00399|0.0188|0.0759**|0.0156|
||(0.0347)|(0.0252)|(0.0159)|(0.0329)|(0.0188)|
|Tenacity of the Owner|0.0275|0.0402*|0.0139|0.0169|0.0137|
||(0.0273)|(0.0209)|(0.0110)|(0.0249)|(0.0143)|
|Observations|2545|2545|2545|2545|2545|

# _Notes:_

All probits also include the same firm size and firm characteristic controls as column 6 of Table 4. Robust standard errors in parentheses, *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

- 32 -
|||Link:http://www.lex.uz/acts/4015759|
|---|---|---|
|25.10.2018|“On making<br>amendments<br>and changes to<br>some legislative<br>acts in the<br>Republic of<br>Uzbekistan”<br>proposed by the<br>Ministry of<br>Justice in<br>cooperation<br>with other<br>relevant<br>ministries and<br>state agencies|There are many legislative acts that limit rights of citizens of Uzbekistan who do not have permanent registration (propiska) in Tashkent city or<br>Tashkent region. These limitations are related to residence and employment in the abovementioned territories. Citizens and juridical persons are<br>fined for violation of these laws.<br>The new law will guarantee constitutional rights of citizens to freedom of employment, freedom of movement and other rights related to passport,<br>education and employment. The parliamentarians have considered and adopted the law. This is the first stage of the process. The law should be<br>adopted by Senate and President, and published in mass media.<br>Link:<br>https://www.norma.uz/nashi_obzori/zakon_o_trudoustroystve_bez_propiski_utverdili_1_zakonoproekt_otklonen_eshche_2_nujno_dorabotat|
|10.01.2019||Labor Code and Code of Administrative Liability had recently been amended. According to these change the employer will not be<br>liable for recruitment of the worker without propiska.<br>Article 223 – 2 KoAO (of the Code of Administrative Liability) has expired. According to this article employers who recruited the<br>employees without permanent or temporary propiska could be fined with an amount equal to 15 times minimum wage.<br>Besides absence of permanent or temporary propiska or accounting at the place of stay is no longer adequate justification for refusing<br>to hire the worker. Corresponding amendments were introduced to article 80 of the Labor Code.<br>Links: http://xs.uz/uzkr/post/ozbekiston-respublikasining-ajrim-qonun-huzhzhatlariga-zhamoat-tartibini-taminlash-<br>mekhanizmlarini-takomillashtirishga-qaratilgan-ozgartish-va-qoshimchalar-kiritish-togrisida <br>https://www.norma.uz/novoe_v_zakonodatelstve/na_rabotu_-_bez_propiski|
|11.06.2019||“Yuksalish” movement presented the results of public opinion survey and provided their recommendations to simplify the<br>procedures of temporary and permanent registration in Tashkent city and region. According to paragraph 56 of the State program on<br>implementation of an action strategy for the year of private entrepreneurship and innovative technologies these measures were<br>intended to be implemented before the 1 of April 2018.|

68
# **2.1 Egypt’s Top Tier Firms vs. Global Peers**

Egypt’s 31 large firms have generally seen robust real growth. Median real annual sales growth for them was 9.8 percent for 2003-2007, versus 6 percent for the broad peer group and 3 percent for the narrower LMI peer group (Table A-2). It appears that Egypt’s top-tier firms have relied much more on trade credits, short-term bank borrowing, and retained earnings to finance ongoing business.

While differences in industry composition could account for these disparities, a statistical analysis of all available firm information (including industry composition) generally confirms this pattern. Sales growth was especially strong in Egypt’s travel and leisure (T&L) sector (29 percent annual growth), building materials and construction (BMC) (22 percent), and cyclical industrial (14 percent). Consumer staples, however, showed 5.4 percent annual real declines in sales _._ Typically, a Top Tier Egyptian company is large: it is roughly 6-7 times larger in terms of total assets and sales than the other 203 Egyptian firms. The Top Tier company group has eight firms in the Construction and Materials, 11 in the Consumer Staples, nine in the Industrial Cyclical, and three in the Travel and Leisure sectors. Exhibit A.1 in the annex list the individual companies.

# _2.1.1 Performance: Consistently superior profitability across sectors, especially in Travel and Leisure, but with the exception of Consumer Staples_

Top Tier firms outperform both peer groups on all indicators during 2003-07. For example, with 9.8 percent, median yearly real sales growth exceeds the peer group with 3.8 percentage points (pp), pointing to robust growth (Exhibit 2.2). Looking at other profitability indicators, we see that Egyptian firms also outperform the peer group top companies as reflected by the net operating margin (+8.7 pp), ROA (6.1 pp), and ROE (+14.4 pp). Unreported regression analysis indicates that this superior profitability is likely driven by lower total expenses, which is in part, but not fully explained by firm size (as low as 8-9 pp of sales, even after taking size into account).

Exhibit 2.2 shows that only companies in the Consumer Staples sector exhibited negative sales growth, with 8.4 pp lower than the peer group. The opposite is true for the Industrial Cyclical, Construction and Materials, and Travel and Leisure sectors. In particular, sales growth in the Travel and Leisure sector is much higher than the peer group by as much as 27 pp., showing that tourism remains very strong.

5
# WPS4114

## **City Indicators: Now to Nanjing**<sup>**1**</sup>

Daniel Hoornweg The World Bank Fernanda Ruiz Nuñez The World Bank Mila Freire The World Bank Natalie Palugyai The World Bank Maria Villaveces, University of Ontario Institute of Technology Eduardo Wills Herrera Universidad de los Andes

**____________________**

“I have an affection for a great city. I feel safe in the neighbourhood of man, and enjoy the sweet security of the streets.” _Henry Wadsworth Longfellow_ “I view cities as pestilential to the morals, the health, and the liberties of man.” _Thomas Jefferson_ ____________________ **Abstract** _This paper provides the key elements to develop an integrated approach for measuring and monitoring city performance globally. The paper reviews the role of cities and why indicators are important. Then, it discusses past approaches to city indicators and the systems developed to date including the World Bank's initiatives. After identifying the strengths and weaknesses of past experiences, it discusses the characteristics of optimal indicators. The paper concludes with a proposed plan to develop standardized indicators that emphasizes the importance of indicators that are measurable, replicable, potentially predictive, and most importantly consistent and comparable over time and across cities. As an innovative characteristic, the paper includes subjective measures in city indicators such as well-being, happy citizens, and trust._

### World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4114, January 2007

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._

> 1 A paper presented by the World Bank at the Third World Urban Forum, Vancouver, June 22, 2006.  Contact: Daniel Hoornweg at dhoornweg@worldbank.org, 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433, Mail Stop I5-232. Valuable comments were received by Roger Blais, Adjunct Professor, University of Ontario Institute of Technology. This research was funded by the Research Grants program of the Finance, Private Sector and Infrastructure Department, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, the World Bank.

1
# **Analysis of results at the zero frequency**

We now present an analysis of findings at the zero frequency, for each alternative opportunity cost variable that has been used. Taking the level of inflation as a measure of the opportunity cost of holding money, it has been found that the demand for real money balances is inelastic with respect to real GDP. Depending on the modeling approach used to estimate elasticities at the zero frequency, structural time series (STSM) or VECM, the elasticity with respect to real GDP is found to be 0.71 or 0.26 respectively. Similarly, the semi-elasticity of money demand with respect to the inflation rate is -0.37 and -0.68, using STSM and VECM approaches respectively.

The trend component of log real money demand, estimated using alternative approaches, is shown in Figure "MI-Demand at the Zero Frequency: Inflation as Measure of Opportunity Cost". The trend estimated following the STSM approach is clearly smoother than with the VECM approach (and thus the combined approach).<sup>20</sup> The key difference is an important dip in the estimated trend under the VECM approach, in 1994 and 1996. Otherwise, the estimated trends appear to track each other closely.

|**Long-RunResponsivenessofMl-Demand**<br>_InflationasOpportunityCostVariable_|
|---|
|_Elasticity_<br>_Semi-Elasticity_<br>**Approach**<br>**RealGDP**<br>**Inflation**|
|STSM<br>0.71<br>-0.37|
|VECMandMerged<br>0.26<br>-0.68|

20 The trend component in the combined approach is identical to the pure VECM approach, since the former uses the same long-run information as the latter.

23 Money Demand in Venezuela, Mario A. Cuevas
# **Table 3: Contagion, Polity, Corruption, and Language**

|Zero-Inflated Poisson|Protest|sper million|persons|Ne|ws-basedpro|tests|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||[1]|[2]|[3]|[4]|[5]|[6]|
|Protest pc (t-1)|0.031***<br>(0.005)|0.031***<br>(0.005)|0.032***<br>(0.004)||||
|News-based protests (t-1)||||0.236***<br>(0.013)|0.234***<br>(0.014)|0.164***<br>(0.012)|
|Inverse-distance-Common Polity<br>weighted Protest pc*(t-1)|0.009<br>(0.018)||||||
|Inverse-distance-Corruption weighted|||||||
|Protest pc*(t-1)||0.002<br>(0.015)|||||
|Inverse-distance-Common Language<br>weighted Protest pc*(t-1)|||0.018*<br>(0.010)||||
|Inverse-distance-CommonPolity<br>weighted news-based protests*(t-1)||||0.467***<br>(0.078)|||
|Inverse-distance-Corruption weighted<br>news-based protests*(t-1))|||||0.224***<br>(0.074)||
|Inverse-distance-Common Language<br>weighted news-based protests*(t-1)||||||0.174***<br>(0.051)|
|Constant|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Country fixed effects|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Month fixed effects|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Observations|8,184|6,048|6,936|38,718|18,499|41,582|
|Number of countries|95|72|76|162|124|174|
|N_zero|2822|2117|2602|8241|4023|14946|
|Chi-square|21384|13219|18698|31139|19957|19197|
|Log likelihood|-5697|-3658|-4730|-509.1|-289.6|-527.0|

Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses (*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1). _Protests pc_ capture the number of protests per million persons. _News-based protests_ captures the number of articles mentioning street protests in a country as percentage of total number of articles covering the country. * denotes foreign.

Regarding the news discussions of street protests, polity, corruption, and common language are found to have significant effects on the spillover of global protest discussions (Panel B). Between them, _Common Polity_ seems to have the largest effects (columns [4] to [6] of Table 3). The coefficient of 0.467 implies that one standard deviation increase in previous month’s foreign newsbased protests, which is 0.632 percentage point increase, leads to 1.34 percentage points increase in the contemporaneous month of its own news-based protests.

12
|HEI provides job market information|0.78|0.42|0.81|0.39|0.54|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|HEI has an employment center|0.72|0.45|0.74|0.44|0.66|
|_Faculty_||||||
|Important for faculty evaluation||||||
|Classroom observation|0.78|0.42|0.76|0.43|0.79|
|Class planning|0.76|0.43|0.75|0.43|0.92|
|Students and peers' informal comments|0.41|0.49|0.40|0.49|0.89|
|Peer evaluation|0.60|0.49|0.53|0.50|0.27|
|Almost all or all faculty participated in professional training last year|0.71|0.46|0.69|0.47|0.77|
|Research skills are very important when hiring faculty|0.58|0.50|0.69|0.46|**0.08**|
|Number of faculty|12.18|8.55|18.69|17.91|**0.00**|
|Percent of faculty||||||
|with BA degree|84.12|26.93|86.20|23.55|0.54|
|with 5yrs+ industry experience|61.88|33.41|58.43|38.12|0.47|
|working full-time|55.01|35.17|57.45|32.05|0.59|
|with graduate degree|34.68|23.98|38.56|24.70|0.23|
|working in the industry|43.58|37.50|38.46|35.76|0.30|
|with SCP degree|18.00|28.94|14.02|24.20|0.28|
|<40 years old|55.39|33.48|51.42|29.92|0.35|
|that are women|38.64|23.30|38.56|21.85|0.98|
|_Other Practices_||||||
|Update or review admin data more than once per year|0.70|0.46|0.75|0.43|0.39|
|Percent of governing body that belongs to:||||||
|Private sector|12.85|22.49|6.76|16.16|**0.02**|
|Current students|13.57|13.38|11.93|9.38|0.29|
|Other sector|9.57|18.82|20.21|26.19|**0.00**|
|Admission requirements||||||
|General or specific knowledge test|0.65|0.48|0.65|0.48|0.91|
|Interview|0.44|0.50|0.35|0.48|0.15|

79
India, have grown much more rapidly in the past few decades relative to their own past, and to the developed countries. Accelerated growth in developing countries has resulted in a dramatic fall in the global GDP share of the Group of Seven (G7) countries, from almost two-thirds in 1990 to less than half today (Figure 23, Baldwin 2016). Partly benefiting from a boom in commodity exports known as the ‘commodity super-cycle’, which was fueled by emerging economies’ demands (Baldwin 2016), SSA economies finally started to grow in the late 1990s and <mark>many of them have now reached Middle Income Country status as defined by the World Bank</mark> ( <mark>Devarajan and Fengler 2013).</mark> To investigate whether developing countries have been experiencing higher per capita economic growth relative to higher income countries, we regress per capita annual GDP growth rates (�����) for country _i_ on country _i_ ’s initial log GDP (����) relative to the country at the technological frontier (�����) which is assumed to be the United States (���� - �����).

����� _= α + ß_ (���� - �����) (2)

|Table2.Estimatedrates ofunconditionalconvergence, %|
|---|

||1980-1991|1992-2000|2001-2009|2009-2050 (proj.<sup>a</sup>)|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|ß|0.28|0.25|-0.43**|-0.85***|
||(1.19)|(1.34)|(-2.33)|(-17.20)|
|No. ofObs.|115|134|134|134|

_Source_ : Authors’ calculations. The United States is used as the frontier economy. _Notes_ : _t-statistics_ are in parentheses. a GDP Projection data for the year 2050 are for SSP2 (Leimbach _et al._ 2017).

The results in Table 2 show that the coefficients on the convergence terms for the final two decades of the last millennium are positive—implying unconditional divergence, rather than convergence—but not statistically significant. In contrast, the convergence term for 2001-2009 is negative and significant at the 2 percent level, suggesting countries’ incomes started to converge in the first decade of the new millennium. The estimated rate of convergence of -0.43 percentage points in this period is, however, still only a quarter of the estimate of -1.57 percentage points for unconditional convergence among OECD members estimated by Dowrick and Nguyen (equation 1, 1989, p1018). The last column of Table 2 reveals that the SSP2 GDP projections for the middle of the century embody an assumption of much more rapid convergence (-0.85 percentage points) than in the 2001-2009 period.

13
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**Table 3: Overland Trip, Johannesburg – Lagos (Network Minimum Distance Route)**

|Country|Distance<br>(km)|Road<br>Quality|
|---|---|---|
|South Africa|313.6|100.0|
|Botswana|842.0|87.5|
|Namibia|1056.2|25.9|
|Angola|1875.8|15.8|
|CongoDR|582.3|3.8|
|CongoRep.|389.7|13.6|
|Gabon|820.0|19.2|
|Cameroon|829.8|18.4|
|Nigeria|805.3|32.3|
|Total|7514.7|30.1|

Even though South Africa and Nigeria have the two largest economies in SubSaharan Africa, overland shipments between them seem almost nonexistent.<sup>17</sup> For this reason, we believe that minimum road link quality (for D.R. of Congo, in this case), provides a better index than average link quality. However, we also report econometric results for average link quality.

Table 4 provides suggestive evidence on the effect of bad roads on overland transport. Using 2004 IMFDOT data, we calculate total import and export flows between Chad and Central African Republic, two landlocked north-central African states, and two sets of countries: their neighboring states (each other, as well as Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan), and five central-southern African landlocked (CSAL) states: Rwanda, Burundi, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. These states are separated from Chad and Central African Republic by only one country: Democratic Republic of Congo, which has extremely low road quality. For contrast, we also present total trade flows for the CSAL countries in Table 4. Together, trade flows

> 17  After an extensive search, we can find no evidence of regular overland trade between Nigeria (or, for that matter, West Africa) and South Africa.

13
Table 1: Youth unemployment rates in Latin America

|**Country**|**year**|**youth**<br>**unemployment**<br>**rate**<br>**(as a % of the**<br>**total labor force**<br>**ages 15-24)**|**total**<br>**unemployment**<br>**rate**<br>**(as a % of the**<br>**total labor**<br>**force)**|**youth to adult**<br>**unemployment**<br>**rate**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Mexico|2004|6|3|2.0|
|Honduras|2004|10|6|1.7|
|El Salvador|2004|12|7|1.7|
|Nicaragua|2003|12|8|1.5|
|Costa Rica|2004|14|6|2.3|
|Paraguay|2001|14|8|1.8|
|Chile|2004|18|8|2.3|
|Ecuador|2004|18|9|2.0|
|Brazil|2003|19|10|1.9|
|Peru|2004|19|10|1.9|
|Colombia|2004|25|14|1.8|
|Panama|2004|27|12|2.3|
|Venezuela|2003|28|17|1.6|
|Argentina|2003|35|16|2.2|
|Uruguay|2003|38|17|2.2|

source: World Bank Indicators Table 2: Youth unemployment rates in Europe

||**Unemployment,**<br>**youth total**<br>**(% of total labor**<br>**force ages 15-24)**|**Unemployment,**<br>**total**<br>**(% of total labor**<br>**force)**|**youth to**<br>**adult**<br>**unemployme**<br>**nt rate**|
|---|---|---|---|
|Austria|9.7|4.9|2.0|
|Belgium|17.5|7.4|2.4|
|Denmark|7.8|5.2|1.5|
|Finland|20.8|8.9|2.3|
|France|22.7|9.9|2.3|
|Germany|11.7|9.8|1.2|
|Greece|26.5|10.2|2.6|
|Iceland|8.1|3.1|2.6|
|Ireland|8.1|4.4|1.8|
|Italy|23.5|8.0|2.9|
|Norway|11.7|4.4|2.7|
|Portugal|15.3|6.7|2.3|
|Spain|22.0|11.0|2.0|
|Sweden|17.0|6.5|2.6|
|Switzerland|7.7|4.3|1.8|
|United|10.9|4.6|2.4|
|Kingdom||||

source: World Bank Indicators 18
reserves.<sup>14</sup> We assume that the velocity of circulation of reserve money will fall at 2.5% per year. We assume that foreign reserves increase at the same rate as imports, thereby maintaining the foreign reserve to import cover constant, while foreign exchange liabilities, valued in current dollars, remain constant. To meet these targets, the central bank’s lending to the government must be an average of negative 0.4% of GDP per annum during 2007-16.

The constraints on government borrowing from the commercial banks are the growth of their liabilities and the extent to which government wants to avoid competing with the private sector and public enterprises for the very limited pool of commercial bank credit. Commercial bank liabilities are mainly deposits, but more than two thirds of deposits are foreign currency denominated deposits and we assume that commercial banks will not use foreign currency deposits to fund purchases of government debt because of the currency mismatch that this would entail. We assume that government will restrict its net borrowing from commercial banks to 30% of the increase of domestic currency deposits, thereby leaving the remaining 70% of the increase of domestic currency deposits to fund lending to the private sector and public enterprises, as well as holdings of cash reserves and other assets. We assume that the velocity of circulation of Somoni deposits will fall by 5% per annum. Government borrowing from the commercial banks is positive but very small, averaging only 0.1% of GDP per year during 2007-2016. Net domestic borrowing, the sum of net borrowing from the central bank and commercial banks, is slightly negative over the next 10 years, averaging 0.2% of GDP per annum (see table 3). This is slightly larger than the average so far during the 2000s (i.e. the savings are slightly less) but the amount of fiscal space created is very small.

# _External borrowing_

The major constraint on external borrowing is the need to maintain external debt sustainability, rather than the availability of loans from foreign creditors. The Government’s net external financing will increase dramatically over the medium term as a result of its contracting of a $604 million loan for infrastructure projects from

> 14 The detailed assumptions can be found in World Bank (2007: chapter 3).

23