|**Perceived barriers to mainstreaming**|**Institutions**<br>||
|---|---|---|
||**Donors**|**National **|
|**Individual**|||
|Lackof human resourceswithin relevantinstitutions|+|++|
|**Organisational**|||
|Insufficient data and information availability|++|+++|
|Weak data and information management|++|++|
|Inadequate data and information dissemination|++|++|
|Erosionof institutional memory|+|+++|
|**Enabling environment**|||
|Lack of inter-institutional coordination and communication|+++|+++|
|Gaps and overlaps in mandates of institutions|+++|+|
|Short-term development goals are given a higher priority|++|++|
|Scarce sources of adaptation funding|+|+++|
|Lackofcommunication withand participationof localcommunities|+|++|
|**Example: Disaster risk management**|||
|Absence of a coordinated strategy for disaster risk management|+++|++|
|Predominant culture of emergency response|++|+++|
|Lacking transparency in planning and implementing processes|++|+|
|Lackofdisaster management atlocaland districtlevel|++|+|

**Table 6:** Main barriers to mainstreaming adaptation into development assistance perceived by donor and national experts. (Level of perception: +++ high, ++ medium, + low).

# **Individual level**

Addressing climate vulnerability requires human resources with appropriate levels of climatespecific skills and capacity to network and cooperate on climate issues. These resources and skills are important for assessing climate vulnerability, formulating strategies and development targets. The majority of national experts highlighted the shortage of human resources as an important barrier to strengthen institutional capacity for climate adaptation. This echoes the limited availability of skilled personal, with only a few thousand Mozambicans holding a university degree (Stasavage, 1999). Limited incentives in the national public sector were frequently mentioned by the experts as contributing to the shortage of skilled staff in climate-relevant institutions such as INAM or the National and Regional Water Authority ARA.

# **Organizational level**

The success of mainstreaming efforts depends on the capacity of responsible organizations to plan and implement respective measures. This capacity is affected by the continuity of institutional processes. Institutional memory and inter-institutional coordination are important factors in allowing adaptive measures to be adopted both in project design and approval as well as in having a broad-based policy dialogue on climate-related vulnerabilities, including the drafting and approval of key documents such as the National Communication to the UNFCCC, the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), the National Capacity Self Assessment (NCSA) and the National Strategy for Sustainable Development. The release of adaptation funds such us under the UNFCCC Least Developed Countries Fund (LDC Fund) is contingent on these core documents and requires government processes to be streamlined.

The availability and proper management of climate data and information is paramount for planning and implementing adaptation measures ( _e.g.,_ Dilley, 2000; Hulme et al., 2005). However, data collection and information management is limited in Mozambique which represents a main barrier to mainstreaming. The national climate data network requires