necessarily the heads of households, though the data include various employment information about household heads.

We use the Ethiopia HFPS data for our nation-wide analysis of urban areas, while relying on the Kinshasa HFPS data for our city-level analysis. We focus on the first six rounds of the Ethiopia HFPS, spanning April through October 2020 (Table 1). We restrict the sample for our analysis to 1,704 (Ethiopia) and 880 respondents (Kinshasa) who were interviewed in all included HFPS rounds.<sup>7, 8</sup> Summary statistics of the samples are reported in Table A1 for Ethiopia and Table A2 for Kinshasa in Appendix A.

**Table 1. Survey samples: Ethiopia and Kinshasa**

||||Survey rou<br>|nds<br>|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||1|2|3|4|5|6|
|**Ethiopia**<br>|||||||
|Period|APR 22 to|MAY 14 to|JUN 4 to|JUL 27 to|AUG 24|SEP 21 to|
||MAY 13|JUN 3|JUN 29|AUG 21|to SEP 18|OCT 14|
|Total respondents in urban areas|2,233|2,113|2,064|1,978|1,934|1,885|
|Interviewed in all rounds|1,704|1,704|1,704|1,704|1,704|1,704|
|(numberoftowns)|(103)|(103)|(103)|(103)|(103)|(103)|
|**Kinshasa**|||||||
|Period|JUN 16 to|JUL 23 to|AUG 25 to|OCT 16|NOV 7 to|DEC 5 to|
||JUL 9|AUG 11|SEP 17|to NOV 9|NOV 24|DEC 26|
|Number of respondents|1,038|967|1,001|959|942|926|
|Interviewedinall rounds|880|880|880|880|880|880|

In Ethiopia, the main outcome variables of our analysis are indicators about a decrease in labor and total incomes at the household level. The labor income variable indicates whether the household experienced a decrease in labor income since the month of the outbreak of COVID-19 (the first round) or during the last four weeks (the second and third rounds). The share of households with reduced labor income was 72.7 percent in the first round of the survey, declining to 57.5 percent in the second round and 44.5 percent in the sixth round (Table 2). The other household-level outcome variable of interest indicates a decrease in _total_ household income, declining from 62.2 percent in the first round to 27.1 percent in the six rounds. As further discussed in Section 3.3, our econometric analysis controls for assistance and remittances received by households.

In Kinshasa, the labor outcome variable indicates whether the worker did not work or was not fully paid during the last seven days. The share of individuals who experienced the labor income shocks declined from 57.7 percent in the first round to 47.0 percent in the second round and 14.4 percent in the sixth round. Unlike the Ethiopia HFPS, this variable indicates the income status of the respondents, who are household heads, instead of their households. Unfortunately, a household-level indicator is not available in the survey. Thus, even if the variable indicates the household head’s income reduction, the household’s incomes may have remained at the same level because of increased income from other household members.

> 7 Attrition is explained by the weariness of some households to be surveyed on a regular basis. To reduce this attrition, a telephone call credit is offered to each household that answered the questionnaire as an incentive. On the other hand, data collection teams sometimes reach households that could not be reached in the previous round, which explains why in some cases there is an addition in a round over the previous round.

> 8 In addition, we exclude respondents who have changed their residential locations since the baseline surveys, as their current locations are not known in the HFPS data. The HFPS asks whether the respondent has changed residential locations, although it does not ask the exact location.

8