2010 quantities, respectively. First, Figure 5 compares the Laspeyres price indices using quantity‐ based and calorie‐based weights. The calorie‐based index is dominated by the quantity‐based index but the two distributions are quite similar. Next, Figure 6a and 6b compare the Laspeyres and Paasche indices (quantity‐based and calorie‐based weights, respectively). By definition, the Laspeyres index captures the change in prices using their consumption patterns in 2007. In contrast, the Paasche index uses consumption patterns in 2010. The difference in the two indices is striking and shows the degree to which, on average, households were able to lessen the impact of price crisis by restructuring consumption.

Table 1 shows descriptive statistics of the Laspeyres price index by province using either quantities or calories as weights. For reference, Annex Figure A1 shows commodity‐wise price changes measured by price 2010 divided by price 2007 and Annex Table A1 shows expenditure shares. It is clear that price increase is particularly large in vegetables. Table 1 point to two observations. First, the index is larger when weights are constructed from consumption quantities. This implies that households tend to consume more calories from foods that had smaller price increases at the subsequent period. Second, the means are quite similar across provinces, which indicates that, on average, price changes are uniform over the country. In the next section, we use within‐province variations of food price changes in the child‐growth regressions.

Table 2 shows food shares in value and calorie and Laspeyres index by food category. First, we observe that the consumption share of staples in calorie increased from 46 to 58 percent, while the figure in value slightly decreased from 28 to 25 percent. In contrast, the share decreased in calories in fish/meat/tofu/tempe and vegetables/fruits. Consistently, these categories experienced the largest price increase during the period. The table indicates a shift of consumption from nutritionally rich to nutritionally poor foods, pointing to an increased risk of micronutrient deficiencies.

Attrition is very small. In the estimation sample, attrition rates of children are 5.65% and 2.87% over the three years for the height‐for‐age z score and the weight‐for‐age z score, respectively. Below we perform attrition analysis that concludes that the main explanatory variables used in the main analysis are not significantly correlated with attritions (Table A2).<sup>10</sup> In other words, food security strategies that involve child migration and fostering arrangements in response to increased food prices were not taken, thus not affecting our empirical results.

Village‐level food price changes (Laspeyres) are also regressed on the proportion of food non‐ producers as well as the initial average child nutrition status in the village (Table 3). The results

> 10 In the weight z‐score attrition equations, the asphalt road indicator and distance to provincial capital have significantly negative effects on attrition. However, since these two variables are controlled in the main outcome equations, we can conclude that they are not influential to our main findings.

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