Table 5: Simple average tariff (applied and MFN) to Colombian exports in Latin American countries, 2007–2017

|**Applying country**|**Tariff**|**2007**|**2008**|**2009**|**2010**|**2011**|**2012**|**2013**|**2014**|**2015**|**2016**|**2017**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|ARG|Applied|4.5|3.6|3.4|2.5|2.0|1.4|0.8|1.2|1.1|1.1|1.0|
||MFN|11.1|11.0|12.3|12.3|12.3|12.3|13.2|13.4|13.4|13.4|13.5|
|BOL|Applied|7.9|7.9|9.6|10.3|10.3|10.3|10.6|10.6|10.6|10.6|10.5|
||MFN|8.7|8.7|10.4|11.1|11.1|11.1|11.5|11.4|11.4|11.5|11.7|
|BRA|Applied|4.0|3.0|2.3|1.5|0.7|2.5|13.0|2.0|2.0|2.1|2.1|
||MFN|12.1|13.0|13.3|13.4|13.4|13.4|13.4|13.5|13.5|13.5|13.5|
|CHL|Applied|5.5|5.4|5.5|5.4|5.3|5.3|5.9|5.9|0.6|5.9|0.7|
||MFN|6.0|6.0|6.0|6.0|6.0|6.0|6.0|6.0|6.0|6.0|6.0|
|CRI|Applied|6.1|6.6|5.7|5.7|5.6|5.7|5.7|5.7|5.7|5.7|5.7|
||MFN|6.1|6.6|5.7|5.7|5.6|5.7|5.7|5.7|5.7|5.7|5.7|
|CUB|Applied|10.6|10.6|10.6|10.6|10.6|10.6|10.2|10.2|10.2|10.2|10.2|
||MFN|10.6|10.6|10.6|10.6|10.6|10.6|10.2|10.2|10.2|10.2|10.2|
|ECU|Applied|11.4|11.2|11.2|11.7|10.2|10.2|10.2|10.5|10.7|11.0|11.0|
||MFN|12.2|11.9|11.8|11.8|10.8|10.8|10.8|11.1|11.4|11.8|11.8|
|GTM|Applied|5.5|5.5|5.5|4.5|4.2|4.0|3.7|3.4|3.3|3.3|3.3|
||MFN|5.8|5.8|5.8|5.8|5.8|5.8|5.7|5.7|5.7|5.7|5.7|
|HND|Applied|5.9|5.8|5.9|5.9|5.9|5.8|5.8|5.8|2.1|2.1|2.1|
||MFN|5.9|5.9|5.9|5.9|5.9|5.8|5.8|5.8|5.8|5.8|5.8|
|MEX|Applied|2.6|2.4|2.3|8.9|8.2|7.8|7.5|1.6|6.9|6.8|0.8|
||MFN|12.9|12.8|11.8|9.8|9.1|8.7|8.3|8.1|7.8|7.7|7.6|
|NIC|Applied|5.9|5.8|5.8|5.9|5.8|5.8|5.8|5.8|5.8|5.8|5.8|
||MFN|5.9|5.8|5.8|5.9|5.8|5.8|5.8|5.8|5.8|5.8|5.8|
|PAN|Applied|7.5|7.5|7.4|7.2|7.1|7.1|7.0|7.0|7.0|7.0|7.0|
||MFN|7.5|7.5|7.4|7.2|7.1|7.1|7.0|7.0|7.0|7.0|7.0|
|PER|Applied|9.3|6.1|5.5|5.5|4.0|4.0|3.8|3.8|3.0|3.0|0.9|
||MFN|9.4|6.1|5.5|5.5|4.1|4.1|3.9|3.9|3.0|3.0|3.0|
|PRY|Applied|6.3|9.5|4.8|4.2|3.6|3.0|2.2|1.7|1.1|1.0|0.9|
||MFN|10.3|10.3|10.3|10.3|10.3|10.3|10.2|10.1|10.1|10.1|10.0|
|SLV|Applied|5.7|5.8|5.7|5.8|5.8|4.5|4.2|3.9|3.8|3.8|3.4|
||MFN|6.1|6.2|6.1|6.1|6.1|6.1|6.1|6.1|6.1|6.1|6.1|
|URY|Applied|4.8|4.2|3.6|3.0|2.5|2.0|1.5|1.1|0.8|0.7|0.7|
||MFN|10.5|10.5|10.5|10.5|10.5|10.5|10.6|10.6|10.6|10.5|10.5|
|VEN|Applied|10.8|10.9|10.9|10.7|10.9|10.9|10.9|7.5|4.1|3.9|4.0|
||MFN|13.3|13.4|13.4|13.2|13.4|13.4|13.4|13.0|13.1|12.8|13.9|
|LAC average|Applied|6.7|6.6|6.2|6.4|6.0|5.9|6.4|5.2|4.6|4.9|4.1|
||MFN|9.1|8.9|9.0|8.9|8.7|8.7|8.7|8.7|8.6|8.6|8.7|

Source: Author’s calculation based on UNCTAD TRAINS tariff data. Note: This table displays Colombia’s most-favored nation (MFN) and applied tariffs over time in its LAC destinations markets. MFN tariffs measure the normal non-discriminatory tariffs charged on imports from Colombia. Applied refers to the effectively applied tariff, which is defined as the lowest available tariff. If a preferential tariff exists, it will be used as the effectively applied tariff. Otherwise, the MFN applied tariff will be used. The LAC average reports Colombia’s simple average of MFN and applied import tariff rates across the 17 LAC destination markets, respectively.

lations over time, we document the share of all regulations entered before vs. after 2007, the first year of data collection, and the share remained active vs. abolished in 2017, the last year of data collection. This leaves us with four margins of variation, of which all but one – regulations entered prior to 2007 that remained active in 2017 – can be exploited in our empirical strategy. Of the 6,211 regulations, 17 (0.3%) were implemented prior 12