Table 1. Smooth Condition Test

|Variable (Year)|Coeffcient|SE<br>D|ependent Me|an<br>Obs|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|_Geographic Characteristics (Before 1980)_|||||
|Altitude (1980)|17.13***|5.679|502.7|3,652|
|Slope (1980)|0.352|0.222|7.160|3,652|
|Ruggedness (1980)|0.440|0.321|10.28|3,652|
|Hydrography (1980)|0.0261|0.0246|0.230|3,652|
|Roads and Railway (1980)|0.0198|0.0284|0.370|3,652|
|Has a City or Village (1945)|0.0136|0.0225|0.100|3,652|
|Distance to City or Village (1945)|-0.0534|0.0464|1.000|3,652|
|_Infrastructure Characteristics (Before 1980)_|||||
|Distance to Communications (1945)|0.0639|0.0501|0.900|3,652|
|Communications Density (1945)|-0.0535|0.0602|0.430|3,652|
|Part of Land Reform (1980)|-0.0135|0.0163|0.0600|3,652|
|Inside a Wide Cultivated Area (1980)|-0.0193|0.0132|0.790|3,652|
|Had a Parish (1979)|-0.00395|0.00565|0.0100|3,652|
|Distance to Parish (1979)|0.0528|0.0698|3.420|3,652|
|Distance to School (1980)|0.0782|0.0791|12.11|3,652|
|_Population Demographics (Before 1980)_|||||
|Total Population (1980)|3.010|4.085|162|3,652|
|Population Density (1980)|-171.0|110.2|2165|3,639|
|Years of Education (1980)|-0.160|0.113|4.410|3,639|
|Birth Rate (1980)|-0.0445|0.0757|0.190|3,639|
|In-migration Share (1980)|-0.0110|0.00827|0.140|3,639|
|Out-migration Share (1980)|-0.000182|0.00103|0.0100|3,639|
|Inside a Highly Populated Area (1980)|-0.0160|0.0116|0.800|3,639|
|_Agro-Climatic Potential Yield (1961-1979)_|||||
|Aggregate Yield Index (1961-1979)|0.0269|0.0165|0.0900|3,652|
|Bean Potential Yield (1961-1979)|0.00514|0.00385|4.080|3,639|
|Coffee Potential Yield (1961-1979)|0.00385|0.00426|1.690|3,639|
|Cotton Potential Yield (1961-1979)|0.000764|0.000516|0.710|3,639|
|Maize Potential Yield (1961-1979)|-0.00918|0.0116|9.850|3,639|
|Wet Rice Potential Yield (1961-1979)|0.0134|0.0115|8.790|3,639|
|Sugarcane Potential Yield (1961-1979)|0.0460**|0.0196|6.500|3,639|
|_Crops’ High Suitability (1961-1990)_|||||
|Bean High Suitability (1961-1990)|-0.0149|0.0105|0.930|3,652|
|Coffee High Suitability (1961-1990)|-0.0145|0.0123|0.150|3,652|
|Maize High Suitability (1961-1990)|0.00174|0.00511|0.990|3,652|
|Sugarcane High Suitability (1961-1990)|-0.0148|0.0125|0.180|3,652|
|_Confict (Before 1981) and Incarcerations (19_|_80-1985)_||||
|Number of War Events (1981)|0.00660|0.0894|0.0410|3,652|
|Number of War Victims (1981)|-0.258|0.4900|0.213|3,652|
|Number of Incarcerations (1980-1985)|0.00780|0.00740|0.0210|3,681|

_Notes:_ The table presents the results of estimating equation (1) for a variety of geographic characteristics, roads and infrastructure availability, demographic characteristics, agro-climatic potential yields, indicators for crop suitability, and for outcomes related to conflict before the guerrillas’ settlement. The information was gathered from diverse sources (See Appendix A for more details). Crops were selected according to their relevance for domestic consumption and exports. The unit of observation is the census tract. Controls not shown include a linear polynomial of the distance to the boundary of guerrilla territory, its interaction with whether the tract was under guerrilla control or not, and up to 400 fixed effects representing the closest evenly spaced break in the guerrillacontrolled boundary. The algorithm of Calonico, Cattaneo and Titiunik (2014) was used to set the bandwidth and the estimates were weighted using a triangular kernel. The dependent mean corresponds to the mean outside the territories of guerrilla control but within the area of analysis. Robust standard errors in parentheses. *** p _<_ 0.01, ** p _<_ 0.05, * p _<_ 0.1.

21