Table 3: Summary Statistics of pooled household-level data

||N|Mean|Median|SD|Min|Max|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Consumption (per day USD in 2017 PPP terms):**|||||||
|Real per capita consumption expenditures|166,957|3.99|2.91|8.13|0.06|2289.78|
|Nominal per capita consumption expenditures|167,260|3.42|2.15|8.90|0.04|2521.83|
|**Spatial defator**|||||||
|Spatial defator|166,984|1.00|0.99|0.14|0.76|1.93|
|**Demographic:**|||||||
|Household size|167,357|6.55|6.00|3.80|1.00|62.00|
|Age of household head|167,253|40.31|40.00|18.46|0.00|119.00|
|Household head is male|167,303|0.78|1.00|0.41|0.00|1.00|
|**Marital status (of household head):**|||||||
|Married|167,293|0.75|1.00|0.43|0.00|1.00|
|Never married|167,293|0.04|0.00|0.18|0.00|1.00|
|Living together|167,293|0.07|0.00|0.25|0.00|1.00|
|Divorced/Separated|167,293|0.06|0.00|0.23|0.00|1.00|
|Widowed|167,293|0.09|0.00|0.29|0.00|1.00|
|**Education (of household head):**|||||||
|No education|151,321|0.37|0.00|0.48|0.00|1.00|
|Primary incomplete|151,321|0.25|0.00|0.44|0.00|1.00|
|Primary complete|151,321|0.13|0.00|0.34|0.00|1.00|
|Secondary incomplete|151,321|0.16|0.00|0.37|0.00|1.00|
|Secondary complete|151,321|0.02|0.00|0.15|0.00|1.00|
|Post secondary but not university|151,321|0.03|0.00|0.16|0.00|1.00|
|University incomplete and complete|151,321|0.04|0.00|0.19|0.00|1.00|
|Can read and write|164,312|0.56|1.00|0.50|0.00|1.00|
|**Employment (of household head):**|||||||
|Not in labor force|147,133|0.12|0.00|0.32|0.00|1.00|
|Unemployed|147,133|0.03|0.00|0.16|0.00|1.00|
|Employed in Agriculture|147,133|0.52|1.00|0.50|0.00|1.00|
|Employed in Industry|147,133|0.08|0.00|0.27|0.00|1.00|
|Employed in Services|147,133|0.26|0.00|0.44|0.00|1.00|
|**Access to basic services**|||||||
|Improved water|167,286|0.69|1.00|0.46|0.00|1.00|
|Improved sanitation facility|167,286|0.24|0.00|0.43|0.00|1.00|
|Access to electricity|156,228|0.48|0.00|0.50|0.00|1.00|
|**DOU urban classifcation:**|||||||
|Urban center|167,357|0.21|0.00|0.41|0.00|1.00|
|Urban cluster|167,357|0.20|0.00|0.40|0.00|1.00|
|Rural|167,357|0.60|1.00|0.49|0.00|1.00|
|**DB urban classifcation:**|||||||
|Core|167,357|0.35|0.00|0.48|0.00|1.00|
|Suburb|167,357|0.23|0.00|0.42|0.00|1.00|
|Town|167,357|0.19|0.00|0.39|0.00|1.00|
|Other rural|167,357|0.41|0.00|0.49|0.00|1.00|

Source: International Urban Poverty Database. Note: The statistics above are based on the household-level data pooled for 16 SSA countries. Real per capita consumption expenditures are deflated using a spatial deflator calculated using the WorldPop 250m dataset and the DOU method.

# **4 Empirical approach**

## **4.1 Updating urban classification in HBS**

In order to ensure consistent comparisons across countries, it is necessary to establish a standardized approach for defining urban areas, considering the wide variation in official national definitions. Building upon Combes et al. (2023), we employ both the DOU and DB approaches _._ While the DOU approach applies uniform population and population density thresholds to all countries, the DB approach provides more nuanced insights by identifying urban areas based on the relative density distribution within each country. Given the complementary nature of these 10