treatment variable is based on the assigned catchment area where the household is located; however, this may not have been the health facility where the household sought health care. ���1������, ���1������, ��� ���2����� are interaction terms between each of the _T1_ , _C1_ , and _C2_ groups and the post indicator. These interaction terms measure the treatment effect in each group and can be interpreted as the difference in the change in health service use over the study period between the control group, and each treatment group respectively. �<sup>�</sup> ��� is a vector of control variables at the individual level <mark>(age, marital status, education level, religion, ethnicity, working status and type of work), and at the</mark> household level <mark>(number of individuals in the household, housing type, house ownership, water source, and type of sanitation). C</mark> ontrol variables were included in all analysis of household level data.

For the household survey, a random sample of 16 to 20 households was selected in each health facility catchment area. The analysis of the household survey in this report starts from the assumption that household members seek care in the health facility closest to where they live, or in other words that people living in the catchment area of a facility obtain health care in that facility. However, it is apparent from the baseline survey data that households do not always seek care from the closest health facility in their health zone (see Appendix Table A3). We address this issue in the Appendix section titled Analysis of Household Care Seeking Behavior.

<mark>The main specification used in the analysis of facility-level data is presented below:</mark> ��� = �� + ������� + ���1������ + ���1������ + ���2������ + �<sup>�</sup> �� + �<sup>�</sup> ��� + ��� A similar specification was used in most facility level analysis; however, in all analyses involving direct observation or exit interview data we have used an alternative specification without facility fixed effects. The alternative specification was chosen after finding that the variable measuring the duration of ANC visits contained many outliers, and the use of fixed effects produced results that diverged widely from changes observed descriptively by comparing means. Therefore, this analysis instead included treatment group dummy variables to control for baseline differences between groups. For consistency, all analysis of women sampled from antenatal care, and of caregivers sampled from child health consultations used this alterative specification. Additionally, sampling for these services was limited in many health facilities because antenatal care is only provided on certain days of the week, and due to low patient flows in smaller facilities. For this reason, analysis of patients sampled from health facilities was not restricted to health facilities represented in both the baseline and endline survey data.

Analysis at the facility level included the following time invariant controls: type of health facility (public/religious/private) and location of the health facility (urban/rural). Additionally, when the analysis was at the individual level (i.e. women sampled from ANC visits, care givers sampled from child health consultations) the following individual level controls were also included: age, sex, marital status, and education level.

# **4. Results**

<mark>Appendix Tables A8 and A9 display the baseline levels of individual and household level characteristics from the household survey. Group level means are compared individually using two-sample statistical testing, and F-tests were conducted to test for overall differences in the four</mark> 10