<mark>single caregivers, are an extremely vulnerable group and especially so if principal applicant is a woman or girl. Moreover, poverty gaps between male and female principal applicant’s for these households remain</mark> after humanitarian assistance is received.

<mark>To understand how gender differentiates the poverty experienced by the Syrian refugees, we use two UNHCR datasets: The Profile Global Registration System (ProGres) and Jordan Home Visits round 3 (JD‐ HV). The ProGres database for Jordan includes information on refugees’ registration since 1935. The registration process assigns refugees a unique registration number that serves as a reference for recording data at the initial registration and in all subsequent activities, including decisions on refugee status and right of return or resettlement in a third country, as applicable. UNHCR issues refugees residing in camps a ‘proof of registration’ document, which they hold while they remain there. For those who live outside the camp, UNHCR provides an asylum seeker certificate stating that those on the certificate are persons of concern. The asylum seeker certificate allows Syrians to access United Nations (UN) services and assistance provided outside the camps, such as monthly cash support, nonfood goods, and healthcare (NRC and IHRC 2016). This assistance is crucial and has been reported to support a meal a day, a better</mark> roof, and dignity for Syrians who have fled to Jordan.<sup>8</sup> <mark>The JD‐HV database has detailed information on expenditure, sources of income, and indicators of household‐level welfare, for example, as reflected by recourse to coping mechanisms, standard of accommodation, or access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). JD‐HV data collected between October 2013 and December 2014 were first analyzed in Verme et al. (2016) who produced welfare aggregates and poverty measures to help target benefits and assistance to those most in need. Verme et al. (2016) draw attention to the precarious circumstances of Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon. Around 55 percent of refugees in Jordan are vulnerable to monetary poverty and more than half are vulnerable to food shocks. Family size increases the probability of being poor, with the poverty rate almost doubling if the size of the family goes from one to two members and increasing by 17 percent when the number of children increases from one to two. This paper extends this analysis shining a spotlight on the gender dimensions of poverty for Syrian refugees, devising an approach that provides greater understanding of specific barriers and vulnerabilities faced by women, men, and children in refugee situations.</mark>

1. Age, Gender, and Household Poverty among Forcibly Displaced Populations

<mark>It is commonly recognized that the experience of poverty may differ between refugees and the poor among their host communities. Many of the challenges faced by the poor in the host populations are intensified for internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees as they are more exposed to risks and have fewer resources to overcome them (World Bank 2017a). The fragile and conflict‐affected situations that led to forced displacement are frequently characterized by extreme suffering, catastrophic personal losses, illness, trauma, the infliction of disability, subjection to increased gender‐based violence (GBV), and post traumatic shock. At times families are separated and children lost. Such experiences are often</mark>

> 8 <u>http://www.refworld.org/country,,UNHCR,,JOR,,5937b01e4,0.html.</u>

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