in Table 15, I rely on a first-difference model in which I examine the effect of the future use of Internet job search on past labor market outcomes. To do so, I additionally rely on the 2006 ELMPS survey round and follow the same individuals included in my estimation sample (the 2012 and 2018 panel) that were also surveyed in 2006. Focusing on working aged individuals, I examine the effect of the change in Internet job search between 2018 and 2012 on changes in labor force participation and employment between 2012 and 2006. The results reported in Table 15 show that the change in Internet job search between 2018 and 2012 is actually associated with lower labor force participation in the pre-period between 2012 and 2006, while my results in Table 6 actually show a positive association. This suggests that individuals who are using the Internet for job search do not initially have better labor market outcomes compared to individuals who are not—if anything, they seem to have lower labor force participation rates in the pre-period. Analyzing the impact on employment in Panel B actually shows no effect of the future use of Internet job search on past changes in employment, suggesting that the results are not driven by pre-existing trends in employment between individuals who rely on Internet job search and those who do not.

The second test consists in utilizing all the available ELMPS survey rounds conducted in Egypt since 1988 (1988, 1998, 2006, 2012 and 2018). Since attrition is problematic and it is impossible to follow individuals who remain in the working age category over such a long period of time, I rely on sub-district ( _shyakha_ ) level regressions.<sup>7</sup> In these regressions, I use the percent of male/female Internet job searchers at the sub-district level in 2018 and examine the effect of the latter on men and women labor force participation rates, unemployment, and employment at the sub-district level. The analysis is conducted separately for each survey round and by gender. Regressions are restricted to men/women of working age in each survey round (15 to 64 years old) and include a vector of control variables at the sub-district level: the percent of men/women with home Internet access, the percent of men/women who are married, the average age of men/women, the percent of men/women with primary or preparatory education, the percent of men/women with secondary education, and the percent of men/women with above secondary education (the reference category is the percent of men/women with no educational degree), the percent of men/women living in rural areas, as well as governorate fixed effects. The results are reported in Figure 2 (for men) and Figure 3 (for women). For both men and women, I actually do not find any significant effect between the 2018 percent of Internet users on past labor market outcomes (labor force participation, employment, and unemployment rates) at the sub-district level. This additional test therefore invalidates assertions that neighborhoods with higher versus lower Internet adoption rates are initially following different economic trends and that these different economic trends are affecting both labor market outcomes and Internet use. Overall, these two sets of placebo regressions therefore confirm that the results are not driven by pre-existing trends in labor market outcomes.

> 7 The _shyakha_ is the smallest administrative division in Egypt. Egypt is divided into 27 governorates that are further divided into _qism_ (the second administrative division) and _shyakha_ (the third administrative division). The number of sub-districts ( _shyakha_ ) is 1,101.

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