|**11. National**<br>**mandatory entry**<br>**exam**|ENEM (high school<br>graduation exam) required<br>by public HEIs<br>Vestibular (HE entry<br>exam) required by some<br>HEIs|Saber 11 (mandatory for<br>high school graduation)|POMA or PAA (mandatory<br>for HE entry)|Ser Bachiller<br>(mandatory for high<br>school graduation)|Only for students applying to<br>PRONABEC scholarship|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**12. National**<br>**mandatory exit exam**|ENADE (mandatory for<br>HE graduation; only some<br>majors tested in a given<br>year)|Saber T&T (mandatory for<br>SCP graduation)|n/a|No|No|
|**13. Operating license**|Mandatory (initial<br>accreditation) by HEI and<br>program.|Mandatory by HEI and<br>program; must be renewed<br>periodically|Mandatory; evaluation<br>required to renew license<br>every 5 years.|Mandatory by HEI|Mandatory by HEI and<br>program; lasts 5 years.|
|**14. Accreditation**|At private HEIs,<br>accreditation must be<br>renewed, generally every 3<br>years.|High-quality accreditation<br>is voluntary for HEIs and<br>programs, mandatory for<br>teaching programs. Lasts 4<br>years.|HEIs can voluntarily pursue<br>international accreditation.|Periodic mandatory<br>accreditation is needed<br>to remain open.|Voluntary for HEIs and<br>programs; mandatory for<br>education, law and health<br>programs.|
|**15. For-profit HEIs**|Allowed (36% of SCPs in<br>Brazil; 39% in SP+ Ceará)|Not allowed|Not allowed|Not allowed|Allowed (75% of licensed<br>SCPs)|

# _Sources:_ Ferreyra et al. (2021).

_Notes:_ HEIs in Brazil’s S-System count as university centers or schools. For Colombia, _Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje_ (SENA) is not counted as an HEI in row (3) but its students are counted as part of public enrollment in row (4). For Ecuador, private share includes enrollment in private institutions with public funding ( _cofinanciadas_ ). When an HEI has branches in multiple cities, each branch is counted separately. CEFET = Federal Centers for Technological Education ( _Centros Federais de Educação Tecnológica_ ) (Brazil); ENADE = National Exam of Student Achievement ( _Exame Nacional de Desempenho dos Estudantes_ ) (Brazil); ENEM = National Assessment of Secondary Education ( _Exame Nacional de Ensino Médio_ ) (Brazil); FIES = Student Financing Fund ( _Fundo de Finaciamiento Estudantil_ ) (Brazil); FUNDAPEC = Pro-Education and Culture Action Educational Credit Foundation ( _Fundación Acción Pro Educación y Cultura [APEC] de Crédito Educativo_ ) (Dominican Republic); HEI = higher education institution; HE= higher education; IF = Federal institute (Instituto Federal) (Brazil); ICETEX = Colombian Institute of Educational Credit and Technical Training Abroad ( _Instituto Colombiano de Crédito Educativo y Estudios Técnicos en el Exterior_ ) (Colombia); PAA = Academic Aptitude Test ( _Prueba de Aptitud Académica_ ) (Dominican Republic); POMA = ( _Prueba de Orientación y Medición Académica_ ) (Dominican Republic); PRONABEC = National Program of Scholarships and Educational Credit ( _Programa Nacional de Becas y Crédito Educativo_ ) (Peru); Prof. = professional; SCP = short-cycle program; Tech. = technical. WBSCPS = data from the World Bank Short-Cycle Program Survey.

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