Table A3: Estimation results of regressions on log expenditures with control variables: DOU

||||Log of per ca|pita nominal c|onsumption ex|penditures|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|
||All|All|All|Urban|All|All|All|Urban|
|Urban center|0_._809<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>(0_._009)|0_._504<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>(0_._009)|0_._379<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>(0_._010)|0_._367<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>(0_._010)|0_._659<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>(0_._012)|0_._405<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>(0_._011)|0_._296<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>(0_._011)|0_._296<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>(0_._011)|
|Urban cluster|0_._203<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._105<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._060<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._146<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._068<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._028<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||
||(0_._009)|(0_._008)|(0_._008)||(0_._010)|(0_._009)|(0_._008)||
|Spatial defator|||||0_._690<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._475<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._412<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._588<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||||||(0_._038)|(0_._032)|(0_._031)|(0_._052)|
|**Demographic:**|||||||||
|Household size||_−_0_._082<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._080<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._077<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||_−_0_._081<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._080<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._076<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._002)|(0_._002)|(0_._004)||(0_._002)|(0_._002)|(0_._004)|
|Age of head of hh||0_._006<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._007<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._007<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._006<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._007<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._007<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._000)|(0_._000)|(0_._000)||(0_._000)|(0_._000)|(0_._000)|
|Sex of head of hh||_−_0_._002|0_._018<sup>_∗_</sup>|_−_0_._017||0_._004|0_._023<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._011|
|||(0_._009)|(0_._009)|(0_._014)||(0_._010)|(0_._009)|(0_._014)|
|**Marital status (of head of hh):**|||||||||
|Never married||0_._348<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._334<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._339<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._346<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._332<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._336<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._014)|(0_._014)|(0_._018)||(0_._014)|(0_._014)|(0_._018)|
|Living together||_−_0_._037<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._050<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._065<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||_−_0_._048<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._059<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._073<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._018)|(0_._018)|(0_._024)||(0_._018)|(0_._018)|(0_._024)|
|Divorced/Separated||0_._050<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._039<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._013||0_._053<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._042<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._012|
|||(0_._016)|(0_._015)|(0_._024)||(0_._016)|(0_._015)|(0_._023)|
|Widowed||0_._063<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._065<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._036<sup>_∗∗_</sup>||0_._064<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._066<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._035<sup>_∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._013)|(0_._013)|(0_._018)||(0_._013)|(0_._013)|(0_._018)|
|**Education (of head of hh):**|||||||||
|Primary incomplete||0_._098<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._084<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._102<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._093<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._080<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._095<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._009)|(0_._009)|(0_._014)||(0_._009)|(0_._009)|(0_._014)|
|Primary complete||0_._272<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._233<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._306<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._261<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._225<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._288<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._012)|(0_._012)|(0_._019)||(0_._012)|(0_._012)|(0_._019)|
|Secondary incomplete||0_._454<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._387<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._470<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._443<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._380<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._453<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._010)|(0_._010)|(0_._014)||(0_._010)|(0_._010)|(0_._014)|
|Secondary complete||0_._594<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._492<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._603<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._583<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._485<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._580<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._017)|(0_._017)|(0_._020)||(0_._017)|(0_._017)|(0_._020)|
|Post secondary but not university||0_._795<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._658<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._805<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._787<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._656<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._790<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._018)|(0_._018)|(0_._023)||(0_._018)|(0_._018)|(0_._023)|
|University incomplete and complete||0_._973<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._849<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._960<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._960<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._841<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._935<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0_._017)|(0_._018)|(0_._019)||(0_._017)|(0_._018)|(0_._020)|
|**Employment (of head of hh):**|||||||||
|Unemployed|||0_._052<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||||0_._055<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||
||||(0_._020)||||(0_._020)||
|Not in labor force|||0_._100<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||||0_._099<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||
||||(0_._011)||||(0_._011)||
|Employed in Industry|||0_._243<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||||0_._237<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||
||||(0_._012)||||(0_._012)||
|Employed in Services|||0_._311<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||||0_._302<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||
||||(0_._009)||||(0_._009)||
|Country FE|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|
|Adjusted R2<br>|0_._548<br>|0_._663<br>|0_._673<br>|0_._626<br>|0_._553<br>|0_._665<br>|0_._674<br>|0_._630<br>|
|Nr. of countries|16|16|16|16|16|16|16|16|
|Nr. of hh<br>1|34548<br>1|34548<br>1|34548|75505<br>1|34548<br>1|34548<br>1|34548|75505|

Source: International Urban Poverty Database.

Note: *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.1. Robust standard errors in parentheses. WorldPop 250m is used for the DOU method. The dependent variable is the log of per capita consumption expenditures, expressed in PPP and not spatially deflated. Only urban households (“Urban center” or “Urban cluster”) are included in specifications (4) and (8). The baseline category is “Rural” in all specifications, except (4) and (8), where it is “Urban cluster”. Baseline categories for the control variables are the following: “Married” for marital status of household head, “No education” for education of household head, and “Employed in Agriculture” for employment of household head. Robust standard errors are in parentheses. Observations are weighted using population weights.

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