agricultural exports alike. In high-income countries (using the 1995 income classification), the share of jobs supported by computer and electronics exports as well as apparel and textiles experienced the strongest decreases (Figure 13, right panel). In emerging markets, the share of jobs sustained by textiles and apparel exports contracted most sharply between 1995 and 2018, but other labor-intensive jobs related to exports of other manufacturing, accommodation and food services, agriculture, and wood and wood products also showed strong contractions (left panel).

**Figure 12: Employment in exports, top 15 expanding sectors (% pt change), 1995-2018, emerging vs. HICs**

|**Top 15 expanding sectors (% pt change), LMICs**|**Top 15 expanding sectors (% pt change), HICs**|
|---|---|
|4.8%<br>Computer, electronic and...|3.1%<br>Administrative and support...|
|3.5%<br>Wholesale and retail trade;...|2.5%<br>Professional, scientific and...|
|1.7%<br>Machinery and equipment, nec|1.4%<br>IT and other information...|
|1.6%<br>Electrical equipment|0.8%<br>Financial and insurance...|
|1.5%<br>Motor vehicles, trailers and...|0.6%<br>Mining and quarrying,...|
|1.0%<br>IT and other information...|0.6%<br>Pharmaceuticals, medicinal...|
|0.9%<br>Mining and quarrying, energy...|0.5%<br>Wholesale and retail trade;...|
|0.5%<br>Fabricated metal products|0.5%<br>Accommodation and food...|
|0.4%<br>Chemical and chemical products|0.5%<br>Education|
|0.3%<br>Pharmaceuticals, medicinal...|0.3%<br>Coke and refined petroleum...|
|0.3%<br>Other transport equipment|0.3%<br>Publishing, audiovisual and...|
|0.1%<br>Food products, beverages and...|0.3%<br>Land transport and transport...|
|0.1%<br>Warehousing and support...|0.3%<br>Rubber and plastics products|
|0.1%<br>Financial and insurance...|0.2%<br>Warehousing and support...|
|0.1%<br>Air transport|0.2%<br>Arts, entertainment and...|

Source: Own computations. Data: OECD TiE data, covering 51 countries and 45 sectors for the period 1995-2018. Income categories as of 1995 are used to classify countries into high- and low- and middle-income countries (see Appendix 7).

**Figure 13: Employment in exports, ten most contracting sectors, (% pt change), 1995-2018, emerging vs. HICs**

|**Ten most contracting sectors (% pt c**|**hange), LMICs**|**Ten most contracting sectors (% p**|**t change), HICs**|
|---|---|---|---|
|-5.9%<br>Textiles, textile products,...||-3.4%<br>Computer, electronic and...||
|Manufacturing nec; repair and...|-2.4%|-3.0%<br>Textiles, textile products,...||
|Accommodation and food...|-2.1%|Paper products and printing|-1.0%|
|Agriculture, hunting, forestry|-1.9%|Machinery and equipment, nec|-0.9%|
|Wood and products of wood...|-1.1%|Agriculture, hunting, forestry|-0.6%|
|Land transport and transport...|-0.6%|Food products, beverages and...|-0.5%|
|Mining and quarrying, non-...|-0.4%|Wood and products of wood...|-0.5%|
|Administrative and support...|-0.4%|Motor vehicles, trailers and...|-0.5%|
|Water transport|-0.4%|Manufacturing nec; repair...|-0.4%|
|Professional, scientific and...|-0.3%|Basic metals|-0.4%|

Source: Own computations. Data: OECD TiE data, covering 51 countries and 45 sectors for the period 1995-2018. Income categories as of 1995 are used to classify countries into low- and middle-income countries (see Appendix 8).

Some of these trends can be explained by offshoring from high-income countries, but also from large emerging countries, most notably China. While part of the job shifts linked to computer and electronics exports may be substitution due to offshoring from high-income to emerging markets, the absolute numbers reveal that emerging markets in the sample added over 14 million jobs, while in high-income countries only 0.77 million jobs were lost. The strong decline in jobs sustained by apparel exports was 16