Table 6 _SWdemts_ and Graduates of Post-Graduate Study **a**

|_Cowaty_|_Enrolblent_|_No. of Graduates of_<br>_Post-Graduate Stady_|
|---|---|---|
|Algeria|8, .||
|Egypt (ExcAzhar)|61,058|8,629|
|Mowcco|6,6l||
|Tunisia|4,334|406|
|Jordan|1,449||
|_Kuwak_|41||
|Lebanon||366|
|Qatar|256|81|
|Saudi Arabia|3,779|_572_|

N **UNESCO 1966** _Swuisda Yearbook._ interest in research and experimental development relative to what is taking place elsewhere is quite low. The estimated expenditure for research and experimental development of the Arab States (including four countries in addition to those covered in this study) as percent of GNP was 0.27 in 1980 compared to a world total of 1.78 (UNESCO, 1986). This is the lowest percentage of those reported for any continent, major area, or groups of countries, and the corresponding figure reported for 1970 was slightly better. Table 6 shows enrollment in post-graduate study and the number of students who have received postgraduate university degrees or equivalent for one of the years between 1982 and 1984. The reported post-graduate enrollment figures of eight countries add up to 86,225 students. Of these, Egypt claimed 61,058 students or about seventy one percent; Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia together claimed 19,592 students or about twenty three percent; and Saudi Arabia had 3,779 students.

Table 6 indicates that graduate study has improved quantitatively from its meager status as described in the 1960s. There are also irdications that research output is on the rise. In a study carried out by the Arabic Development Institute in Lebanon (Qubaysi, 1981), it was determined that 7,460 scientific and technological research publications that appeared in internationally recognized journals in 1977 were ascribed to Arab researchers working in Arab countries and to researchers outside the Arab world of Arab origin. Of these 3,056 about forty percent were carried out by researchers in Arab countries; the rest in the United States and Europe. Research output of the countries in descending order was: Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Lebanon, Kuwait, Libya, Tunisia, Jordan, Algeria, Morocco, and the remaining Arab countries. It is noteworthy that Egypt contributed about seventy percent of the articles involving research carried out in Arab countries. The National Science Research Center in Egypt is reportedly active in publications. It would be interesting : o find out the contributions of university researchers versus those of nonuniversity centers and institutions and the extent to which setting up a national research center in Egypt, fcr example, has influenced R&D activities in universities.

The University of Petroleum and Minerals in Saudi Arabia had plans to intensify its research efforts and to strengthen its graduate program (Ijaz & Khan, 1981). A research institute was established at the University around 1980 with about seventy research scientists. Quite a few of its research projects yield several publications in refereed journals each year. Funds are available for research and faculty who have an approved research project get financial support as well as reduction in their teaching load. There is some emphasis on applied research relevant to the kingdom's needs, but it is hard to stick to this rule. It may be premature to seriously debate the merits and demerits of purpose-free basic research and of goal-oriented applied research in countries where research output is still relatively meager. Nevertheless, there seems to be a need to explore the current involvement and 17