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|**Country E**|**R Pricing policy and strategy**|**Fuel supply conditions**|
|---|---|---|
||had put forward 2015 as the year in which to move to market<br>pricing. The diesel price was raised in Apr 2008 from S£7<br>(US$0.15) to S£25 (US$0.52), but cut to S£20 (US$0.43) in Apr<br>2009 and further to S£15 (US$0.32) in May 2011 before being<br>raised to S£20 (US0.32) in May 2012 and later to S£25. In Jan 2013,<br>government raised the gasoline price from S£50 to S£60 (US$0.85)<br>a liter and diesel from S£25 to S£35 (US$0.49) a liter.<br>**Consequences of subsidies**: Mahrukat, Syria’s sole buyer and<br>distributor, reported losses totaling S£372 billion (US$7.9 billion) in<br>2008, falling dramatically to S£14 billion (US$0.3 billion) in 2009<br>due to lower world prices and higher domestic prices. Subsidy in<br>2010 was reported to have topped US$2.9 billion. In May 2012,<br>when the diesel price was raised to S£20/liter, government said the<br>subsidies had exceeded S£250 billion (US$4 billion).<br>**Social protection**: Every household received a coupon to buy 1,000<br>liters of diesel at S£9 (US$0.19)/liter when government nearly<br>tripled the diesel price in Apr 2008. Government in Jan 2011<br>increased the heating oil allowance for two million public workers<br>and retirees by 72 percent to about 1,500 Syrian pounds (US$32) a<br>month.|<br> <br>reported in the winter of 2011–12. For<br>heating Syrian families use 200–400 liters<br>of diesel a month. Severe LPG shortages<br>meant that a 12.5-kg LPG cylinder could<br>cost as much as S£1,200 (US$22) instead of<br>S£250 (US$4.7). The diesel shortages were<br>blamed for illegal logging in the winter of<br>2011–12.|
|Tajikistan|**Pricing policy**: Fuel prices are deregulated, but Gazpromneft<br>Tajikistan is considered a monopolist and its prices are subject to<br>approval by Antimonopoly Agency.<br>**Impact of Russian export taxes**: Tajikistan was exempt from<br>Russian export taxes between 1995 and 2010, but on May 1, 2010,<br>Russia removed tax exemption status. The sharp rise in the export<br>taxes in May 2011 led to a sharp price hike. In Jun 2011, the<br>Russian export tax on gasoline rose as high as US$415.80 per tonne<br>(US$0.56/liter).|**Supply**: Heavily reliant on fuel imports<br>from Russia. Although there are six major<br>oil distributors in Tajikistan, after<br>Gazpromneft Tajikistan’s 52%, the second<br>largest market share is Nuri Dilshod’s mere<br>5.3%.<br>**In-smuggling**: There is much smuggling of<br>petroleum products from the Kyrgyz<br>Republic, which is not subject to Russian<br>export taxes.<br>**Shortages**: Dushanbe experienced fuel<br>shortages in Mar 2010. Severe shortages of<br>92 and 95 RON gasoline occurred in Sep<br>2011, when filling stations stopped selling<br>gasoline on Sep 13.|
|Tanzania|**Pricing policy**: The downstream petroleum sector was deregulated<br>in 2000. In July 2007, Petroleum (Conservation) Act was amended<br>to make Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority<br>(EWURA) the economic regulator of the sector. There is a<br>regulatory levy on petroleum products to finance EWURA. Energy<br>and Water Regulatory Authority (Petroleum Products Price Setting)<br>Rules, published in Jan 2009, requires indicative and maximum<br>prices to be issued; rules and pricing formulae were amended in Jul<br>2011. Prices were issued twice a month but switched to once a<br>month in 2012. Currently price ceilings on gasoline, diesel, and<br>kerosene are set for wholesale (one uniform price for each fuel) and<br>retail (differing by region). Government removed VAT on<br>petroleum products in the 2006/07 budget. Excise duties for diesel<br>and kerosene were adjusted in Jul 2011 to narrow and even<br>eliminate the price difference between the two fuels, which<br>previously favored kerosene by a wide margin and led to large-scale<br>adulteration of diesel with kerosene. In mid-Oct 2011, government<br>reported that kerosene imports had fallen by two-thirds and diesel<br>imports rose by 50% as a result. Oil marketing companies<br>complained in Aug 2011 that the new ceilings on Aug 3 forced them<br>to operate at a loss, said they would operate at a loss for only 24<br>hours,and stopped sellingfor a week. After threateningto revoke|<br> <br>**Supply**: Tanzania stopped government<br>involvement in fuel imports in 2000 and<br>shut down its sole refinery in the early<br>2000s. An order issued in Oct 2007 requires<br>all product importation to be carried out<br>using a bulk importation system, and<br>government issued Petroleum (Bulk<br>Procurement) Regulations in Jun 2011.<br>Aside from exploiting economies of scale,<br>bulk importation was also considered to<br>help reduce tax evasion by collecting oil<br>importation data. By Mar 2012, there were<br>complaints about lack of transparency by<br>Petroleum Importation Coordinator, which<br>awarded the contract to the same company<br>three times in succession and which was<br>accused of rejecting too many bids from<br>established international oil companies on<br>minor technicalities. In Apr 2012, oil<br>companies issued a letter complaining<br>about the non-compliance of the imported<br>fuel with fuelquality,damagingvehicles.|