this measure may be limited in scope. Our second index of women’s empowerment, including additional dimensions, increases significantly by 0.38 SD (FWER-corrected p-value < 0.0005) compared to the control group, indicating large impacts when other dimensions of women’s empowerment are considered. These results are driven by increases in three dimensions: (i) an increase of 0.34 SD (p-value < 0.0005) in the index measuring women’s participation in decisions about their own body and time, including fertility and mobility (time use, finding a job outside, opening a business), and effective access to inputs and resources including ownership of a mobile phone and having savings or loans; (ii) an increase of 0.29 SD (p-value < 0.0005) in the index on participation in income-generating activities, including paid incomegenerating activities and being the owner or manager of a self-employment enterprise; and (iii) a 0.33 SD increase (p-value < 0.0005) in the index on political involvement and social capital, which includes having an ID, attending community meetings, and reaching out to a community leader. The two additional indices reported smaller positive increases, both statistically insignificant: The index on children’s investment decisions (education, health, marriage) increases by 0.08 SD (p-value 0.157) and the index on social norms – measured through aspirations for daughters in education and enrollment – decreases by 0.01 (SD p- value 0.906).

Two things are apparent from these results. First, they are mainly driven by changes in indicators related to economic opportunities and access to inputs, which is expected given the focus of the intervention. However, while participating in income-generating activities and having a financial account in their own name are impacted positively, and are highly linked to components of the TUP intervention, interestingly, outcomes not targeted, such as ownership of a mobile phone, having a paid job, and owning or managing a self-employment entrepreneurial activity by the primary woman are also affected. These latter indicators are directly linked to increased women’s empowerment in the literature (World Bank, 2011; World Bank, 2018). Second, the dimensions less affected are those on which the control group is already doing well. In particular, women in the control group report high participation in household finances and expenditures, children’s investment decisions (7080%), and have high aspirations for daughters: they report wanting high levels of education for them (14 years), largely think that education will help them get a better job or make them wiser (95%), and want them to marry when they are adults (76%). Therefore, these indicators, as reported by primary women, seem to have less room for improvement (we did not ask these questions of the primary man). Conversely, the variables with larger impacts are those in which women report lower levels of participation or access. For instance, only 30% of primary women in the control group report having a mobile phone, 15% report having a financial account or assets in their name, 31% report participating in any paid job, and 6% report owning or managing an entrepreneurial activity (Tables A7-A9 of the <u>Online Appendix).</u> 25