“world” instead of from a specific country. Its GHG footprint, regardless of being animal food that has country-specific footprint data or not, will be from the world average.

4) The item can be matched to FCT, or their nutritional values can be found elsewhere.

In this way, all spices were excluded. HIES 2000 and 2016 both have 17 food categories, and each category contains one “Other (specify)” item. We manually assigned specific TM items to 11 out of 17 “Other” items based on the characteristic of the food group (i.e., mixed food group like “Dining out” or a narrow and specific group like “Fish”), high potential in GHGe, and the lowest possible nutritional values to measure the upper bound in environmental cost and the lower bound in nutrient intake. Following these rules, 30 and 37 HIES food items were excluded, accounting for 3.8 percent and 4.5 percent of total consumption by weight, in year 2000 and 2016 respectively (see Annexes 1 and 2). Matching results are shown in Annex 3.

# **2.2 Scaled consumption patterns**

The FBDG-scaled diet was modeled to show changes in each food item consumption after assigning a required amount to each of the 10 food groups classified in the FBDG while controlling for individuals’ original dietary preferences. Creating FBDG-scaled diet requires two pieces of information: 1) total grams of food by 10 food groups recommended by the FBDG (see Annexes 4 and 2) actually consumed food items’ shares of their food groups. We summed items’ recommended amount by 10 groups and assigned these totals to households. Multiplying these assigned amounts with each food item’s actually consumed share yields scaled consumption by food items. For example, in the ten-group version, according to the FBDG (see Annex 4), 30 grams of egg was assigned to per AME per day. In both HIES 2000 and 2016, egg category consists of hen egg, duck egg, and other eggs; for an adult male whose actual intake of egg category is 50 percent hen egg and 50 percent duck egg, the FBDG-scaled egg consumption of this dietary pattern will be 15 grams of hen egg and 15 grams duck egg. Consequently, foods that would belong in a specific food group but where 0 grams was consumed, as per HIES, would not be included in the FBDG-scaled diet. Similarly, if only a very small amount of an HIES item was consumed, it would also contribute only a very small amount to that food group’s scaled up (or down) ‘FBDG-scaled’ diet. After scaling quantities consumed to the FBDG recommendations, macro- and micronutrient intake were calculated using the same method as in the actual dietary pattern accordingly.

The EAT-Lancet-scaled diet has the same modeling process as FBDG-scaled diet. Preferences as per HIES were maintained with assigned quantity for each food group. The EAT-Lancet-scaled diet differs from the FBDG-scaled diet in recommended quantities (see Annex 5) and food groupings.

# **2.3 Environmental cost**

Additional to analyzing quantities and nutrient intake, we calculated total GHGe from five sources — land-use change (LUC) CO2e (CO2 equivalents) footprints of feed palm for terrestrial animals, LUC of feed soy for terrestrial animals, LUC of soy and palm oils for human consumption, LUC for pasture expansion, and other CO2e footprints excluding LUC. To calculate GHGe, two pieces of information are needed: 1) item specific (and ideally, country specific) GHG emission footprints; 2) carcass weight for the quantities of food consumed.

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