Although eggs are a signal good with a price that we are able to observe, the results presented in Table 3 show that the price increases, and thus likely the shift in consumption patterns, apply more broadly for other key foods. Nevertheless, if we focus only on eggs, a shortfall in consumption of eggs of the observed magnitude (roughly half an egg a week) extended over the exposure of the program (31 months) would result in a height detriment of approximately 40 percent of the total negative spillover we observe. Informing this calculation are the estimated effects of egg consumption on linear growth from Puentes et al. (2016) and Iannotti et al. (2017). Puentes et al. (2016) estimate an additional 0.72 centimeter in linear growth from consumption of an additional egg per week as a child ages from 6 to 24 months. The converse is also true: the observed increase in egg consumption by beneficiaries over the duration of exposure to the program yields approximately 40 percent of the total height gain for this group. The observed changes in height for the beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries are therefore consistent with the observed changes in our signal protein-rich food good, eggs.<sup>28</sup> Iannotti et al. (2017) only report the impact on height-for-age z-scores but estimate that an egg a day for six months increased the height-for-age z-score of children ages 6 to 9 months by 0.63 standard deviation relative to a baseline of -1.90 standard deviation. Given the nonlinearity in the height-for-age z-score, these two estimates are not directly comparable; however, they are of the same order of magnitude, suggesting that the observed decline in egg consumption alone explains much of the impact on height-for-age z-scores. Furthermore, the consumption of other protein-rich food goods, such as fresh fish or meat, also plays a role in the production of child height, and price changes for these goods are also correlated with program expansion. The direct and indirect effects of the program

> 28 As reported in Denney et al. (2018), data from the National Nutrition Survey of 2013 show that median daily protein intake is 18.6 grams for 6-12 month olds, 23.3 grams for 12-24 month olds,  27.5 grams for 24-36 month olds, and 31.5 grams for 36-60 month olds. An egg contains 7 grams of protein, thus representing between 22 percent (for 36-60 month olds) to 37.6 percent (for 6-12 month olds) of median daily protein intake. If we were to assume a sustained decrease in egg consumption over the entire period (and a linear relation between growth and protein intake), our estimated reduction in consumption of half an egg per week by nonbeneficiary children would imply a deficit of 3.5 grams of protein a week over 30 months (from ages 6 to 36 months). This totals a reduction in protein intake of 420 grams over the 30 month period. The difference in child height in highly saturated treated (average height of 79.53 centimeters) and control areas (average height of 79.95 centimeters) is 0.42 centimeters. By comparison, the Puentes et al. study estimates that an egg a week over an 18-month period, representing a total of 504 additional grams of protein, contributes 0.72 centimeters in linear growth. While this exercise, like the elasticity estimates above, relies on strong assumptions this calibration exercise brackets what one might expect to see as a result of the general equilibrium effects documented here.

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