not statistically significant. Like tetanus vaccine, there was a statistically significant decline in postnatal care provision in the control group over the study period. On average, approximately four fewer monthly postnatal care visits were provided in control health facilities at endline compared to baseline. Though the interaction term was positive, there was no statistical difference between the additional supervision group and the control group. However, the change in monthly provision of postnatal care in facilities in the PBF group and the additional financing group was greater than the change in the control group (PBF 4.309, p-value = 0.059, additional financing 5.513, p-value = 0.016) (Table 4, column 4).

Table 4 column 5 presents the results of the effect of PBF on modern contraception. Modern contraception included women provided contraceptive implants, injectables, oral contraceptive pills, and the intrauterine device. There was little change in the control facilities in monthly modern contraceptive provision. In the PBF group, there was an increase of just over nine women each month on top of the small change in the control group who were provided modern family planning (9.240, p-value < 0.001). The change in modern contraceptive delivery in the additional financing group is greater than the small change in the control group with approximately six more women per month provided family planning (5.794, p-value = 0.001) in each health facility. The change in the additional supervision group was not statistically different from the change in the control group. This strong effect of PBF and additional financing on family planning in the facility register data differs from the null finding we found in the household data. The difference in the findings between data sources could be explained by several factors. One possibility is that the household survey oversampled recently pregnant women (because having a least one recently pregnant womanin the household was an inclusion criteria). It is possible that the need for modern family planning is less important in this population of women among whom many have recently shown a willingness to have children. In addition, there is some evidence that women might have been uncomfortable disclosing their use of family planning in the household survey. For example, we find that 47% of women report that their husbands are against use of FP to avoid pregnancy, and these women may not have been comfortable discussing family planning in their household.

Table 4, columns 6 – 8 display the results of the impact of PBF on provision of childhood vaccines. In general vaccine provision in the six months before the baseline declined as compared to provision in the six months before the endline, as demonstrated by the negative and statistically significant coefficients on the post indicators for all three vaccine outcomes in the table below. This decline has been explained by Ministry of Health officials as resulting from country level stock-outs during the months before the endline. Despite these large declines, the facility results for vaccine provision may not be inconsistent with the household vaccine coverage results, which showed large increases over time, and a particularly large change in the PBF group. According to the recommended vaccine schedule, most childhood vaccines should be received between birth and 12 months of age. To avoid including infants who, due to their age, should not yet have finished their vaccine schedule, household level coverage only included children between 12 – 23 months old. Consequently, the children included in the household data would have received vaccinations prior to the months covered in the facility level data at endline (i.e. before the vaccine stock-out). Both sets of results show that the PBF group, and to a lesser degree, the additional financing group, performed much better than the control group. Therefore, the findings from the household and facility data showing large and statistically significant differences between groups 13