Survey results also revealed that although all six economies ratified the 1969 UN International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)—Article 2 of which calls on all ratifying states to “prohibit and bring to an end, by all appropriate means, including legislation as required by circumstances, racial discrimination by any persons, group or organization”—only Bulgaria, Mexico, and the Netherlands have a comprehensive nondiscrimination law (see table 1). In all three of those economies, the law provides protection from discrimination on ethnic, religious, and sexual orientation grounds. Only in Bulgaria does the law also protect individuals from discrimination on gender identity grounds.<sup>28</sup> In Morocco and Tanzania, homosexuality is a crime and, therefore, no reference to the rights of LGBTI communities exists in the legislation of those two pilot countries.

Table 1: Does the Country Have an Antidiscrimination Law That Prohibits Discrimination Based on Ethnicity, Religion, and Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity?

||Bulgaria|Mexico|Morocco|Netherlands|Tanzania|Vietnam|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Ethnic minorities|ü|ü||ü|||
|Religious minorities|ü|ü||ü|||
|Sexual orientation|ü|ü||ü|||
|Gender identity|ü||||||

# _Source_ : World Bank Equality Project.

In Morocco, the only relevant law is Dahir 19-68, a 1969 royal decree giving effect to ICERD in national jurisdiction. Although Morocco is a monist state<sup>29</sup> and thus the decree is, strictly speaking, a national law, the articles of the Convention are not as detailed as a nondiscrimination law, thus the decree can hardly be considered a sufficient tool to effectively protect the rights of ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities in the country.

In addition to ratifying the ICERD, all of the pilot economies have ratified the UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; ILO 100, the Convention on Equal Remuneration; and ILO 111, the Convention on Discrimination (Employment and Occupation), all of which provide some form of protection for the rights of people belonging to ethnic and religious minorities. Only Mexico and the Netherlands have also ratified ILO 169, the Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples<sup>30</sup> (table 2).

28 On March 25, 2015, the Bulgarian parliament adopted on second hearing (final) a bill to amend two provisions of the Protection Against Discrimination Act: (a) Article 9 on the shift of the burden of proof and (b) a new provision that partially defines _sex_ as a protected ground to include transgender status. New Subsection 17 in Section 1 of the Additional Provision reads, “Within the meaning of art. 4, section 1 [listing the protected grounds] the ground of ‘sex’ includes also gender reassignment cases,” http://www.equalitylaw.eu/downloads/2756-52-bg-nd-amendments-adl-adopted.

29 In a monist legal system, international law is considered joined with and part of the internal legal order of a state. In a dualist legal system, on the other hand, international law stands apart from national law, and to have any effect on rights and obligations at the national level, international law must be domesticated through legislative process.

30 Bulgaria voted in favor of adopting the 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and ratified the Rome Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in 1992. Mexico voted in favor of the adoption of the 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and ratified the American Convention on Human Rights, “Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica,” in 1981. Morocco was absent during the session that adopted the 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and has not ratified the African (Banjul) Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, as it is not a member of the African Union. The Netherlands voted in favor of the adoption of the 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and ratified the Rome Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in 1954. Tanzania voted in favor of the adoption of the 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and ratified the African (Banjul) Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights in 1984. Vietnam voted in favor of the adoption of the 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Although the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous 13 Anti-Discrimination Law and Shared Prosperity