# **Table of Contents**

|Executi|ve Summary........................................................................................................................ 2|
|---|---|
|<br>1.<br>Cr|<br>iteria to Evaluate Different Models of Government Structure............................................ 8|
|1.1|Economies of scale ......................................................................................................... 9|
|1.2|Externalities .................................................................................................................. 10|
|1.3|Equity............................................................................................................................ 11|
|1.4|Accessibility and accountability ................................................................................... 11|
|1.5|Local responsiveness .................................................................................................... 12|
|1.6|Summary of Criteria for Designing Local Government ............................................... 13|
|2.<br>M|odels of Government Structure.......................................................................................... 14|
|2.1|One-Tier Fragmented Government Model ................................................................... 14|
|2.2|One-Tier Consolidated Government Model ................................................................. 15|
|2.3|Two-Tier Government Model....................................................................................... 18|
|2.4|Voluntary Cooperation.................................................................................................. 20|
|2.5|Special Purpose Districts .............................................................................................. 23|
|2.6|Role of Senior Levels of Government .......................................................................... 24|
|3.<br>Ob|servations on Governance in Metropolitan Cities around the World .............................. 25|
|3.1<br>over|Not only do different governance models work in different cities, models can evolve<br>time in any one city........................................................................................................... 26|
|3.2|Voluntary cooperation may be necessary where the metropolitan area is large........... 34|
|3.3|Not all consolidated cities cover the entire metropolitan region .................................. 37|
|3.4|Consolidation does not necessarily reduce costs .......................................................... 39|
|3.5|The national and local context (for example, history and political culture) has a|
|signi|ficant influence on how well a given structure will work................................................. 41|
|3.6<br>outco|The process of implementing a metropolitan structure is crucial to the success of the<br>me..................................................................................................................................... 46|
|3.7|Politics, and not economics, often dictate the ultimate structure.................................. 49|
|3.8|Fiscal resources need to match expenditure responsibilities but rarely do................... 51|
|4.<br>Co|ncluding Comments.......................................................................................................... 56|
|Referen|ces..................................................................................................................................... 59|

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