**<u>Table 12: Fixed effects model, Impact of using a computer at work on hourly wage by gender, conditional on being employed</u>**

|||**Male**<br>|**Sample**<br>|||**Fema**<br>|**le Sample**<br>||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|VARIABLES|(1)<br>Hourly<br>wage|(2)<br>Hourly<br>wage|(3)<br>Hourly<br>wage|(4)<br>Hourly<br>wage|(5)<br>Hourly<br>wage|(6)<br>Hourly<br>wage|(7)<br>Hourly<br>wage|(8)<br>Hourly<br>wage|
|Use computer at work|0.747|0.867|0.851|0.842|-1.954|-1.892|-1.872|-1.926|
||[0.691]|[0.740]|[0.748]|[0.751]|[2.374]|[2.385]|[2.392]|[2.424]|
|Use computer with Internet at work|-2.723|-2.952|-2.988|-2.981|2.005|1.987|1.969|2.070|
||[2.817]|[2.943]|[2.956]|[2.959]|[1.855]|[1.860]|[1.865]|[1.888]|
|Age||0.660*|0.669*|0.672*||-1.918|-1.919|-1.927|
|||[0.375]|[0.375]|[0.377]||[1.424]|[1.427]|[1.432]|
|Primary or preparatory education||0.004|0.000|0.004||0.169|0.152|0.151|
|||[0.512]|[0.512]|[0.513]||[1.828]|[1.896]|[1.908]|
|Secondary education||1.536*|1.543*|1.538*||1.909|2.100|2.116|
|||[0.890]|[0.889]|[0.891]||[2.253]|[2.326]|[2.340]|
|Above secondary education||0.120|0.138|0.125||2.132|2.348|2.349|
|||[2.310]|[2.347]|[2.349]||[2.290]|[2.370]|[2.383]|
|Married|||-0.244|-0.250|||0.664|0.716|
||||[1.227]|[1.231]|||[0.894]|[0.915]|
|Rural||||-2.571||||-0.505|
|||||[3.088]||||[2.705]|
|Observations|13,444|12,759|12,753|12,753|2,714|2,672|2,671|2,671|
|R-squared|0.570|0.577|0.577|0.577|0.661|0.663|0.663|0.663|
|Individual fixed effects|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|
|Year fixed effect|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|
|Region dummies|NO|NO|NO|YES|NO|NO|NO|YES|
|Dependent variable mean|5.877|5.958|5.959|5.959|6.504|6.553|6.553|6.553|

Robust standard errors in brackets. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 _Notes._ Each cell represents a coefficient estimate using OLS regression, relying on panel data estimation. The analysis is restricted to working age individuals, conditional on being employed. Employed individuals are defined according to the market definition of labor force participation. In columns (1) to (4), the analysis is restricted to the sample of males. In columns (5) to (8), the analysis is restricted to the sample of females. The dependent variable is the inflation adjusted hourly wage. The main independent variables of interest are a dummy variable indicator equals to one if the individual reports using computer at work and a dummy variable indicator equals to one if the individual reports using a computer connected to the Internet at work. The regressions also include time-varying controls: age, a dummy variable for being married, three dummies for the individual’s educational attainment (primary or preparatory education, secondary education either general or vocational and above secondary education either post-secondary institute or university and above, and the reference category is no educational degree either illiterate individuals or literate individuals without any diploma), a dummy variable for rural areas as well as dummies for the various geographical regions included in the last column (Greater Cairo, Alexandria, and Suez cities, Urban Lower Egypt, Urban Upper Egypt, Rural Lower Egypt, and Rural Upper Egypt). The regressions also include individual and year fixed effects. The dependent variable mean is reported in the last row.

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