**Table 15: Placebo regressions using first difference model, Impact of future Internet use on past labor market outcomes**

||**Full s**<br>**Panel A: Ch**<br>|**ample**<br>**ange in labor forc**<br>|**MaleS**<br>**eparticipation b**<br>|**ample**<br>**etween 2012 and 2**<br>|**Female**<br>**006**<br>|**Sample**<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|
|VARIABLES|LFP<br>(Market def.)|LFP<br>(Extended def.)|LFP<br>(Market def.)|LFP<br>(Extended def.)|LFP<br>(Market def.)|LFP<br>(Extended def.)|
|Δ Internet job search|-0.124***|-0.122***|-0.070*|-0.080**|-0.217***|-0.188***|
|(2018-2012)|[0.032]|[0.032]|[0.036]|[0.035]|[0.058]|[0.059]|
|Observations|1,135|1,135|714|714|421|421|
|R-squared|0.332|0.310|0.372|0.361|0.311|0.283|
|Δ Individual controls<br>Dependent variable<br>mean|YES<br>0.187|YES<br>0.187|YES<br>0.211|YES<br>0.211|YES<br>0.145|YES<br>0.145|
||**Panel**<br>|**B: Change in emp**<br>|**loyment between**<br>|**2012 and 2006**<br>|||
|VARIABLES|Employed<br>(Market def.)|Employed<br>(Extended def.)|Employed<br>(Market def.)|Employed<br>(Extended def.)|Employed<br>(Market def.)|Employed<br>(Extended def.)|
|Δ Internet job search|-0.001|0.001|0.064|0.053|-0.103**|-0.074|
|(2018-2012)|[0.035]|[0.036]|[0.044]|[0.044]|[0.049]|[0.055]|
|Observations|1,135|1,135|714|714|421|421|
|R-squared|0.175|0.159|0.216|0.208|0.181|0.153|
|Δ Individual controls|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|
|Dependent variable|||||||
|mean|0.158|0.158|0.185|0.185|0.112|0.112|

Robust standard errors in brackets. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 _Notes._ Each cell represents a coefficient estimate using OLS regression using a first difference model. The analysis is restricted to working age individuals in the survey years. Columns (1) and (2) report results on the full sample. Columns (3) and (4) report results on the sample of men. Columns (5) and (6) report results on the sample of women. In Panel A, the dependent variables in columns (1), (3) and (5) are the first difference in dummy variable indicators for participating in the labor force in the years 2012 and 2006, according to the market definition. The dependent variables in columns (2), (4) and (6) are the first difference in dummy variable indicators for participating in the labor force in the years 2012 and 2006, according to the extended definition. In Panel B, the dependent variables in columns (1), (3) and (5) are the first difference in dummy variable indicators for being employed in the years 2012 and 2006, according to the market definition of labor force participation. The dependent variables in columns (2), (4) and (6) are the first difference in dummy variable indicators for being employed in the years 2012 and 2006, according to the extended definition of labor force participation. The independent variable of interest Internet job search is the first difference in dummy variable indicators for Internet use for job search between the years 2018 and 2012. The regressions also control for the change in Internet access at home between 2018 and 2012. Regressions also include a vector of individual control variables first differenced between the years 2012 and 2006. The controls in first difference are the following: the change in dummy variables for being married, the change in three dummies for the individual’s educational attainment (primary or preparatory education, secondary education either general or vocational and above secondary education either post-secondary institute or university and above, and the reference category is no educational degree either illiterate individuals or literate individuals without any diploma), the change in dummy variable for rural areas as well as the change in dummies for the various geographical regions (Greater Cairo, Alexandria, and Suez cities, Urban Lower Egypt, Urban Upper Egypt, Rural Lower Egypt, and Rural Upper Egypt). The dependent variable mean is reported in the last row.

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