Table C4: Estimation results of regressions on log expenditures with DB classifications

||||Log of per|capita nominal|consumption ex|penditures|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)<br>All|(2)<br>All|(3)<br>All|(4)<br>Urban|(5)<br>All|(6)<br>All|(7)<br>All|(8)<br>Urban|
|Core|0_._638<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._430<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._346<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._312<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._503<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._341<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._271<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._243<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||(0_._007)|(0_._007)|(0_._007)|(0_._007)|(0_._009)|(0_._008)|(0_._008)|(0_._008)|
|Suburb|0_._176<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._108<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._076<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._128<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._077<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._051<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||
||(0_._007)|(0_._007)|(0_._007)||(0_._007)|(0_._007)|(0_._007)||
|Town|0_._071<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._040<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._033<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._030<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._013<sup>_∗_</sup>|0_._009||
||(0_._008)|(0_._007)|(0_._007)||(0_._008)|(0_._008)|(0_._007)||
|Spatial defator|||||0_._763<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._541<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._480<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._617<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||||||(0_._023)|(0_._021)|(0_._020)|(0_._028)|
|Country FE|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|
|Demographic|_No_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_No_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|
|Education|_No_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_No_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|
|Employment|_No_|_No_|_Y es_|_No_|_No_|_No_|_Y es_|_No_|
|Adjusted R2|0_._619|0_._713|0_._721|0_._767|0_._626|0_._716|0_._723|0_._770|
|Nr. of countries|19|19|19|19|19|19|19|19|
|Nr. of hh|419519|419519|419519|267397|418633|418633|418633|267397|

Source: International Urban Poverty Database. Note: *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.1. Robust standard errors in parentheses. WorldPop 250m is used for the DB method. The dependent variable is the log of per capita consumption expenditures, expressed in PPP and not spatially deflated. Only urban households (“Core” or “Suburb”) are included in specifications (4) and (8). The baseline category is “Other rural” in all specifications, except (4) and (8), where it is “Suburb”. Demographic control variables include household size and household head’s age, sex, and marital status. Education is a categorical control variable that summarizes the education of the household head in seven categories. Employment is a categorical control variable that summarizes the household head’s labor status and employment sector.

Table C5: Estimation results of regressions on household poverty status

||||Poverty|status (1 =|poor, 0 = n|on-poor)||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)<br>$2.15|(2)<br>$2.15|(3)<br>$2.15|(4)<br>$3.65|(5)<br>$3.65|(6)<br>$3.65|(7)<br>$6.85|(8)<br>$6.85|(9)<br>$6.85|
|**Panel A: DOU**||||||||||
|Urban center<br>Urban cluster|-0.141***<br>(0.004)<br>-0.064***<br>(0.004)|-0.084***<br>(0.004)<br>-0.033***<br>(0.004)|-0.056***<br>(0.004)<br>-0.021***<br>(0.004)|-0.274***<br>(0.004)<br>-0.105***<br>(0.004)|-0.164***<br>(0.004)<br>-0.048***<br>(0.004)|-0.118***<br>(0.005)<br>-0.029***<br>(0.004)|-0.244***<br>(0.004)<br>-0.092***<br>(0.004)|-0.152***<br>(0.004)<br>-0.048***<br>(0.004)|-0.122***<br>(0.004)<br>-0.035***<br>(0.004)|
|**Panel B: DB**||||||||||
|Core|-0.106***|-0.059***|-0.033***|-0.200***|-0.106***|-0.063***|-0.203***|-0.122***|-0.094***|
||(0.004)|(0.004)|(0.004)|(0.005)|(0.005)|(0.005)|(0.004)|(0.004)|(0.004)|
|Suburb|-0.014***<br>(0.004)|0.003<br>(0.004)|0.013***<br>(0.004)|-0.059***<br>(0.005)|-0.027***<br>(0.005)|-0.011**<br>(0.005)|-0.068***<br>(0.004)|-0.043***<br>(0.004)|-0.033***<br>(0.004)|
|Town|0.039***<br>(0.005)|0.044***<br>(0.005)|0.047***<br>(0.005)|0.014***<br>(0.005)|0.026***<br>(0.005)|0.030***<br>(0.005)|-0.022***<br>(0.004)|-0.011***<br>(0.004)|-0.009**<br>(0.004)|
|Country FE|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Demographic|No|Yes|Yes|No|Yes|Yes|No|Yes|Yes|
|Education|No|Yes|Yes|No|Yes|Yes|No|Yes|Yes|
|Employment|No|No|Yes|No|No|Yes|No|No|Yes|
|Panel A Adj.R<sup>2</sup>|0.148|0.197|0.202|0.249|0.334|0.342|0.347|0.420|0.425|
|Panel B Adj.R<sup>2</sup>|0.150|0.201|0.207|0.232|0.324|0.334|0.335|0.412|0.418|
|Nr. of countries|19|19|19|19|19|19|19|19|19|
|Nr. of hh|419821|419821|419821|419821|419821|419821|419821|419821|419821|

Source: International Urban Poverty Database. Note: *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.1. Robust standard errors in parentheses. WorldPop 250m is used for the DOU and DB method. The dependent variable is a dummy variable taking the value 1 if a household’s per capita expenditure expressed in PPP and spatially deflated falls below the poverty line. The baseline category is “Rural” in all specifications in Panel A, and “Other rural” in all specifications in Panel B. Demographic control variables include household size and household head’s age, sex, and marital status. Education is a categorical control variable that summarizes the education of the household head in seven categories. Employment is a categorical control variable that summarizes the household head’s labor status and employment sector.

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