The paper examines various aspects of the labor market, including skills demand and supply, returns to skills, gender preference, and jobseekers’ and employers’ behavior in job application and selection. The paper presents findings in the Question and Answer format.

One of the key findings is that there is an insufficient number of jobs in which bachelor and graduate degree holders are expected to use their skills obtained from higher education. The labor market tightness at the postsecondary degree level is low. Because a new batch of fresh graduates of colleges and postsecondary education enter the labor market every year, there is more competition for entry-level jobs than for professional-level jobs that may focus on more mid-career experienced workers. Due to the limited availablity of job vacancies relative to the number of jobseekers, fresh college graduates tend to face more difficulties in finding jobs than those who are already working. However, this varies by industry. For example, jobseekers with an ICT specialization tend to find it easier to find jobs through Rozee.pk than jobseekers with other industrial specializations because the tightness of the ICT sector is highest among all sectors. This is because the relative number of avilable jobs to the number of jobseekers is larger than other sectors.

The anlaysis of short listing shows that matching between applicant qualifications and job requirements is important and that overqualificaiton does not necessarily lead to any advantages. Rozee.pk allows employers to express specific skills requirements for jobs in their job descriptions. A keyword analysis of skills requirements shows that the employers tend to specify programming-related skills (63% of expressed keywords) followed by sales-related skills (12%). The needs for programming skills, or more broadly, ICT skills, are validated by other parameters in this paper. The wage offers in terms of both initial wage and wage growth trajectory show that ICT is one of the most attactive sectors for postsecondary education graduates. Programmingrelated skills are demanded not only in the ICT sector, but also in all other industries as well. In sum, matching skills in terms of skill levels (or educational qualifications) and industry specialization is one of the imporant findings of this analysis. On the contrary, many overqualified applicants tend to apply for jobs that require lower educational requirements than their educational backgrounds due to low tightness of the job market for the highly educated segments.

Skills mismatch is a prevalent phenomenon in many countries, and such mismatches can be in forms of educational levels, industry specialization, and quality of skills. In this regard, job matching processes and methods have considerable room for improvement. While the higher skills segment of the job market seems to have opportunities to learn about job availabilities through Rozee.pk, the service does not cater to the middle- to low-skilled population. Recent technological advancement, with the spread of mobile phones or smartphones, and accessibility of middle-income and lower-income households have drastically improved worldwide. In Pakistan mobile phone subscriptions per 100 people increased from 8.3 in 2005 to 73.4 in 2017.<sup>27</sup> As seen in the case of India, analyzed by Nomura et al. (2017), the service catered to middle- to lower-skilled population can be a possible opportunity for Pakistan to improve the overall skills matching for the economy. The analysis in this paper indicates that the costs are high for many jobseekers, so they cannot afford sufficient job searches. Female jobseekers may

> 27 World Bank Open Data, October 18, 2018.

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