|_Empowerment,SecurityandS_ci__l_|**I**|I<br>-VM01<br>Ia<br>_DiigassCo'tinued_|**II**<br>_<br>_c__o_L_<br>___ica_|
|---|---|---|---|
|ProVentionConsortium|332,500<br>1|Special ProgramforResearch andTraining<br>**~~~in**<br>Tropical Diseases|2,500,000|
|_Education_<br>||GlobalForumforHealthResearch|6,925,000|
|Programforthe AssessmentofStudent<br>Achievement<br>|1,615,000<br>lNAIDS<br>I1,615,000|andRegional Initiatives<br>UNAIDS_and____________________|4,000,000<br>**4,000,000**|
|ProgramforEducation Statistics|;<br>1,070,000|RollBack Malaria**in**Africa|1,500,000|
|_Health_|_,_|StopTBInitiative|700,000|
|ResearchandDevelopmentinHuman<br>ReDroduchon<br>Reproduction|~~~~~2,000,000|_Environment,Conmmons_||
|PopulationandReproductiveHealth<br>CapacityBuilding Programs|2,000,000|Consultative GrouponInternational<br>Agricultural Research (includes$500,000<br>fortheMillennium EcosystemAssessment)|50,000,000|
|GlobalMicronutnentInitiative|1,200,000|Critical EcosystemsPartnership Fund|5,000,000|
|_InformationandKnowledge_|.|UNConventiontoCombatDesertification|1,250,000|
|WorldLinksforDevelopmentProgram|750,000|ForestPartnershipProgram|750,000|
|InformationforDevelopment Program|4,000,000|The GlobalWaterPartnership|400,000|
|GlobalDevelopment Network<br>_______________________|5,450,000|Natural ResourceDegradationofArid<br>Lands|300,000<br>|
|_COMMUnicablAe,Disiss_<br>-<br>--. ~,~-,-4'|,-*c+s'<br>A,~'(_Wj-_|WorldResources:2002-2003:**Livingin**<br>Ecosystems|150,000<br>150,00|
|<br>OnchocerciasisControl Program|<br>1,733,066|SolarDevelopmentGroup|2,000,000|
|AfricanProgramforOnchocerciasis<br>Control||<br>2,758,798<br>2,758____|_______________798_________||
|TOTALDGF CONTRIBUTIONto|theaboveS&|T-related**programs**annually|93,184,364|
|AverageannualDGF Budgetacross al|l77prioritypr|ograms|**145,000,000**|
|Science-and.Technology-Reievaiitpro|giarnsasaper|centageof**DGF**programfinancing|64%|
|Source'WorldBank_CompendiumofPro_|_grams,_2002.|||

In short, a review of World Bank experience illustrates a history of support for S&T in which much disparate activity occurred without any coherent framework or longterm goals for improving S&T capacity in client countries. With the exception of agriculture, the World Bank has also been reactive, and focused on large, middle-income countries whose S&T infrastructure was already comparatively advanced. While World Bank operational and grant support to S&T has been effective in some instances, it has generally occurred in vertically isolated "knowledge silos", with little connection to vitally-related activities and areas, across sectors and within them. **Lessons from Bilateral, NGO, and Foundation Experience.** A small number of bilateral donors, NGO's and foundations have dedicated programs to improving S&T capacity over the past few decades. The record is mixed, but cases of success seem to have come from concentrating long-term support on well-defined sub-sectoral goals in smaller countries. This has often been the case for foundations that chose a particular problem, like malaria, and built a program around it. On the negative side, bilateral support has fluctuated enormously, with funding for research being one of the first activities to be cut when budgets are declining. This is especially damaging as continuity of support is vitally important to research and capacity building. In general, only a small sub-group of donors have made systematic attempts to: (i) give prominence and importance to improving S&T capacity as an essential long-term goal for development; _25_