and access to these resources. Access to existing financial resources for adaptation is a complex and lengthy process for all African countries and for this reason an increasing individual and organizational capacity to prepare projects proposals is necessary in order to better access the existing financial resources (UNFCCC, 2006a).

Regarding the importance of climate impacts for achieving development goals that have largely been neglected in the development debate, the barriers presented above are major hindrances to achieving climate informed development progress. Based on these barriers, the following section discusses opportunities to overcome them.

# **_5.2 Institutional opportunities for mainstreaming_**

As shown in the previous section, each of the three levels of institutional capacity shows different barriers to mainstreaming climate adaptation into development assistance. Specific opportunities identified through expert consultations and literature review are presented in this section. Planning and implementing climate adaptation for development assistance is shaped by bilateral and multilateral donors, but also depends on national development planning. Opportunities focus therefore on donors and the Government of Mozambique. While some barriers can be addressed by either the donors or the Government of Mozambique, certain opportunities can be seized in partnership. The options for mainstreaming climate adaptation are presented in an actor-oriented way to facilitate recognizing specific opportunities and collaborative actions.

## **(i) Individual level**

## **_Bilateral and multilateral donors_**

Donor initiatives have helped increase the number of well-trained staff at two important national institutions: INAM and the Eduardo Mondlane University. These two institutions play a key role in advancing climate adaptation since they collect and disseminate climate data and process necessary information on climate vulnerability and potential adaptation measures. INAM profited from funding supplied by Finland in collaboration with the EU (UNFCCC, 2006b), which supported the national weather service system between 2002 and 2006. During the project, local scientists, meteorologists and maintenance people at INAM were trained and can now better manage the national weather service system and produce sound reports on meteorological data and information. In the education sector, USAID, the University of Port Elizabeth, the University of Washington and the Seattle Partnership Project on Interdisciplinary Marine Studies established two Sub-Saharan Africa Coastal Initiative Groups, which provides opportunities for academics from the Eduardo Mondlane University in Maputo to participate in research on climate impacts on coastal zones at the University of Port Elizabeth. These two examples show that investments in education and training are an important vehicle and investment to build technical skills, networks and human resources that are fundamental for climate adaptation.

## **_Government of Mozambique_**

The Government of Mozambique has created basic individual capacity for assessing national climate vulnerability and formulating adaptation strategies. This basic capacity could further be strengthened. The stabile economic growth at national level together with improved access to climate adaptation funds at international level would allow allocating resources to train staff in