usually used in MPIs, or which were determined as relevant to this context. One advantage of the chosen surveys was that they were intended to look at forced displacement, so they oversampled that population. After review, five surveys were selected that best suited the proposed analysis (see Table 2).<sup>18</sup> It is essential to note that the classification of “IDP” and “non-IDP/host community” of the survey respondents varies by country. In Ethiopia and Sudan, the comparator groups include refugees and IDPs living in camps: in Ethiopia, refugees in camps, and their host communities within a 5-km radius; in Sudan, IDPs in Abu Shouk and El Salaam camps and host communities in the nearby city of Al-Fashir. In Nigeria, the comparator groups refer to the IDPs and host communities (non-displaced population in the enumeration areas) of six Northeastern states. In Somalia, the sample is representative of the whole Somali population living in secure areas and covers the IDP sample, which considers households living inside and outside settlements, and the non-displaced sample (which, unlike the other four surveys, does not require the household to be in the vicinity of the displaced sample households). In South Sudan, the sample covers IDP and host communities in urban areas of seven of South Sudan's ten prewar states.

Data was also collected on reason for displacement, albeit with differences across surveys. In Ethiopia, refugees in camps identified armed conflict, increased violence, crime and insecurity, ethnic/political/religious violence and drought, famine, and floods as the main reason for displacement. In Nigeria, the majority of respondents indicated armed conflict between Boko Haram and armed forces in their village or nearby as the most important reason for displacement, although some migrated due to lack of access to home, land or livestock. In Somalia, new respondents who reported being IDPs were asked about why they left their permanent residence. Most fled due to drought, famine, flood or other environmental issues, or armed conflict, violence, and increased insecurity in their area of residence. This was also the case in South Sudan. In Sudan, the majority indicated lack of safety as the most important reason for displacement, with lack of access to education services and health services also being an important reason.

_Table 2: Summary of the Datasets_

|**Country**|**Survey**|**Sample Design**|**Geographical coverage**|**Population coverage**|**Retained**<br>**sample**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Ethiopia|Skills<br>Profile<br>Survey<br>(2017)|Multi-stage<br>stratified<br>random sample|Refugee camps and<br>proximity in Tigray Afar,<br>Gambella, Benishangul<br>Gumuz, and Somali regions|Refugees of four main<br>nationalities (Eritrean,<br>South Sudanese,<br>Sudanese, and Somali)|26,517<br>(96.5%)|
|N.E<br>Nigeria|IDP<br>Survey<br>(2018)|Multi-stage<br>stratified<br>random sample|Six Northeastern states<br>(Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno,<br>Gombe, Taraba, and Yobe)|IDPs and host<br>communities|17,543<br>(97.7%)|
|Somalia|High<br>Frequency<br>Survey<br>(2017)|Multi-stage<br>stratified<br>random sample|Somalia (within secure<br>areas)|IDPs and host<br>communities|27,287<br>(82.3%)|

> 18 For more information on survey coverage, design and the data for each survey, see <u>https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog.</u>

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