ha per farm. This is in line with evidence from remote sensing that suggests that (i) cultivated area decreased less than implied by aggregate estimates; and (ii) in areas such as the North, farmers were able to plant summer crops on fields where 2022 winter crops were damaged or destroyed during the early phases of the war. The magnitude of the increase in area planted was similar across all farm size groups, though there are regional differences with area cultivated dropping by 9% in the East and increasing by 12% in the Center.

Data for crops cultivated in the 2022 season point towards a shift from grains to oilseeds such as soybean and rapeseed (+42% and +22%, respectively, both from a modest base) or sunflower (+18%) compared to 2021. These crops either require less fertilizer or can sustain short-term lack of fertilization better due to a deep root system and often also are processed locally, lowering transport cost for output marketing. Maize and barley area decreased by 10% and 3%, respectively while wheat area increased by 4%. Contrary to what is reported from household surveys (FAO 2022b), area under ‘other’ crops (buckwheat, rye, beets, potatoes, etc.) decreased by 3% overall, mainly in the largest farm size group (-15%), a decrease balanced by increases of 17% and 30% for the 50-120 and the 120-500 ha class and in the South (+36%). Regional disaggregation also suggests the shift out of maize is driven by the North which, together with the Center, also saw a large increase in area cultivated with sunflower, soybean, and rapeseed.<sup>23</sup> While changes in crop mix across regions could possibly be observed using remote sensing (and linked to farm size categories if there is a complete cadastral map linked to the registry), only survey data can provide economic information on costs, prices received, input and output market participation, profit, and cash flow. To obtain such information, the survey collected data on the cost of hired labor, purchased inputs (fertilizer, pesticides, and other chemicals for crop protection), and machinery services by crop for the 2021 and the 2022 agricultural season. In several cases, respondents instead provided total input cost or total cost of machinery services and purchased inputs either by crop or for all crops grown by the farm.<sup>24</sup> If inputs are reported at farm rather than crop level, we apportion them across crops using crop area as a weight.

As respondents provided consistent information only on output prices, we rely on a survey of community leaders and local dealers’ adverts, complemented by completed auctions for machinery services on the Prozorro sales platform, to compute regional prices for fertilizer, fuel, machinery services, and labor in 2021 and 2022.<sup>25</sup> Appendix table 2 shows that at the national level, prices for fertilizer more than doubled, those for diesel increased by 90%, and those for machinery services by 31%. Wages increased by 25% on average, with differences across regions (no increase in the North vs. 75% in the South).

> 23 See the discussion of regression evidence in table 7 below.

> 24 To separate different categories of input costs in cases where costs were reported in total, we use median cost shares in the sample as follows: If non-labor inputs are reported jointly, purchased material inputs (i.e., fertilizer and other chemicals) and machinery services account for 64% and 36% of the total, respectively. If labor and non-labor inputs are reported jointly, they account for 15% and 85% of the total, respectively.

> 25 Prices are for ammonium nitrate and urea for fertilizer and the cost of harvesting and ploughing/soil preparation for wheat and maize, respectively, for machinery services.

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