ity” (World Bank 2015b, 48). Although a rapid expansion of social assistance programs has taken place in developing countries over the past 15 years (Morlachetti 2015, 4), not everyone is benefiting equally from those programs. The United Nations reports, “Because indigenous peoples often engage in informal work, they tend to lack coverage under existing social security schemes and, even where covered, they may not meet the conditions for the realization of their entitlements or are unable to access effectively programs and benefits (e.g., due to geographical and linguistic barriers, lack of adequate infrastructure)” (United Nations Inter-Agency Support Group on Indigenous Issues 2014, 9).

The indicator for access to public services and social protection examines the ability of individuals belonging to a minority group to access public services and social protections—including health care, social housing, electricity, water supply, microcredit, subsidized health insurance, social pensions, and child benefits—in the same way as does the dominant population in the country. The indicator also attempts to capture whether laws encourage nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to provide similar services and whether the government imposes funding limitations on the provision of such services and allows tax deductions for donations to such NGOs.

The data show that Bulgaria, Mexico, and the Netherlands have comprehensive legal frameworks for nondiscrimination against minorities in the provision of social services. As shown in figure 4, those three economies prohibit discrimination (either in a clause in the constitution, in their respective nondiscrimination laws, or in a specific law that regulates each of the social services) in access to health care, housing, electricity, water supply, microcredits, health insurance, and social pensions. The Protection Against Discrimination Act of Bulgaria and the Equal Treatment Act of the Netherlands also prohibit discrimination against ethnic and religious minorities and LGBTI communities in obtaining child benefits. Morocco and Vietnam prohibit discrimination against minorities in the provision of some but not all of those services. In Tanzania, where the indigenous pastoralists and hunter-gatherers have little access to basic public services—such as education, health care, and water (IWGIA 2015a, 86–88)—no relevant laws could be identified.<sup>71</sup> Figure 4: Does the Law Prohibit Discrimination against Ethnic and Religious Minorities and LGBTI Groups in Obtaining Social Protection Floors?

<!-- Start of picture text --> Health care<br>Social housing<br>Electricity<br>Water supply<br>Microcredits<br>Health insurance<br>Social pensions<br>Child benefits<br>Bulgaria Mexico Morocco Netherlands Tanzania Vietnam<br><!-- End of picture text --> _Source_ : World Bank Equality Project.

_Note_ : Services listed are covered by the surveys; however, the list is not exhaustive, and the economies may have legal provisions prohibiting discrimination in obtaining other forms of social services. No relevant laws were found in Tanzania.

> 71 For a detailed analysis of Tanzania’s social protection framework, see ILO (2008).

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