Indicators (SPI) is a framework of 5 pillars and 22 dimensions to assess the maturity of national statistical systems. The five pillars include variety of data users ( _Data use_ ); the provision of services that connect users and producers such as online access, IMF SDSS subscription, and NADA data catalogue ( _Data services_ ); production of indicators that track the SDGs ( _data products_ ); availability and frequency of micro data ( _data sources_ ); and _data infrastructure_ , which encompasses adherence to international standards, legislation, skills, and partnerships. The SPI is only available from 2016 and is still a work in progress. For instance, the pillar on data use only covers the variety of international organizations as users of data. The pillar on data infrastructure only covers legislation. The data sources pillar is limited in coverage of administrative data. The SPI has built on the SCI in several meaningful ways. It is global in coverage, includes several additional sources of micro data, and includes additional dimensions of openness under the category of _data services_ (see table A5). See Table A3 in the annex for definitions of SPI subcomponents.

The Open Data Inventory (ODIN) measures how complete a country’s statistical offerings are and whether their data meet international standards of openness. Data assessed in ODIN must be official country data that are published on the national statistics office’s (NSO) website or any other official country website that is linked from the NSO website. Coverage scores are based on the availability of key indicators and appropriate disaggregation over time and for geographic subdivisions. These encompass social statistics, economic and financial statistics, and environmental statistics. Openness scores are based on whether data can be downloaded in machine-readable and non-proprietary formats, are accompanied by metadata and whether download options exist such as bulk download and user-selection or APIs, and have an open terms of use or data license. Thus, this openness measure is really one of online access restricted to NSO or NSOlinked websites. Access to microdata is excluded and so is adherence to international standards. See Table A3 in the annex for definitions of SPI subcomponents.

The correlation matrix between the three indicators is presented in table 1. The SCI and SPI are highly correlated (0.86), while the SPI is also highly correlated with ODIN (0.76). The pairwise correlations are statistically significant at the 1% level.

**Table 1: Correlation between SCI, SPI, and ODIN**

||Statistical Capacity<br>Indicator (SCI)|Statistical<br>Performance<br>Indicator (SPI)|Open Data<br>Inventory<br>(ODIN)|
|---|---|---|---|
|StatisticalCapacityIndicator(SCI)|1|||
|Statistical Performance Indicator (SPI)|0.862***|1||
|Open DataInventory (ODIN)|0.672***|0.761***|1|

***statistically significant at the 1% level

# **Six Stylized Facts about Data Systems in MENA**

The stylized facts below describe the state of data systems across the MENA region. Data systems in MENA are characterized on the one hand by underperforming developing economies due to the prevalence of conflict, and on the other hand by rich economies that are severely underperforming relative to their income 6