**Table 4. The estimated effect of the ICDS program on z-scores of children using the child-level data,** **<u>with and without propensity score matching, 1992 and 1998</u>**<sup>**33**</sup>

|||_Un_|_matched_|||_Matched_|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|z-score|treated|controls|difference|std. err.|treated|controls|difference|std. err.|
|||||**India**|**: all children**||||
|**haz**|||||||||
|1992|-1.844|-2.149|0.305***|_0.026_|-1.877|-1.933|0.056|_0.055_|
|1998|-1.787|-1.981|0.194***|_0.027_|-1.807|-1.832|0.024|_0.056_|
|**waz**|||||||||
|1992|-1.894|-2.089|0.195***|_0.017_|-1.917|-1.873|-0.044|_0.038_|
|1998|-1.771|-1.881|0.110***|_0.021_|-1.789|-1.788|0.001|_0.047_|
|||||**In**|**dia : Boys**||||
|**haz**|||||||||
|1992|-1.808|-2.203|0.396***|_0.036_|-1.823|-1.974|0.151**|_0.076_|
|1998|-1.762|-1.992|0.230***|_0.037_|-1.777|-1.872|0.095|_0.073_|
|**waz**|||||||||
|1992|-1.867|-2.122|0.255***|_0.023_|-1.885|-1.897|0.012|_0.054_|
|1998|-1.754|-1.864|0.111***|_0.029_|-1.767|-1.804|0.037|_0.071_|
|||||**In**|**dia : Girls**||||
|**haz**|||||||||
|1992|-1.881|-2.092|0.211***|_0.038_|-1.925|-1.935|0.010|_0.081_|
|1998|-1.816|-1.970|0.154***|_0.039_|-1.859|-1.803|-0.056|_0.095_|
|**waz**|||||||||
|1992|-1.921|-2.053|0.131***|_0.025_|-1.948|-1.948|0.000|_0.055_|
|1998|-1.790|-1.898|0.108***|_0.032_|-1.827|-1.702|-0.125|_0.092_|
|||**Nort**|**h (poor): Uttar**|**Pradesh Bih**|**ar Rajasthan**|**adhya Pradesh**|**Orissa**||
|**haz**||||**,**|**, ,**|**,**|||
|1992|-2.054|-2.267|0.213***|_0.043_|-2.140|-2.069|-0.071|_0.097_|
|1998|-2.086|-2.135|0.049|_0.038_|-2.091|-1.962|-0.130|_0.090_|
|**waz**|||||||||
|1992|-2.045|-2.172|0.127***|_0.029_|-2.083|-2.038|-0.045|_0.058_|
|1998|-2.053|-2.066|0.014|_0.030_|-2.066|-1.891|-0.175***|_0.041_|
||||**North (rich**|**) : Punjab, H**|**aryana, Mahara**|**shtra, Gujarat**|||
|**haz**|||||||||
|1992|-1.888|-1.907|0.019|_0.054_|-1.860|-1.879|0.019|_0.093_|
|1998|-1.890|-1.750|-0.140|_0.094_|-1.859|-1.997|0.138|_0.131_|
|**waz**|||||||||
|1992|-1.879|-1.999|0.120***|_0.041_|-1.859|-1.855|-0.006|_0.108_|
|1998|-1.730|-1.681|-0.049|_0.079_|-1.730|-1.823|0.093|_0.176_|
||||**South: Andh**|**ra Pradesh,**|**Karnataka, Ker**|**ala, Tamil Nadu**|||
|**haz**|||||||||
|1992|-1.618|-2.122|0.504***|_0.082_|-2.095|-2.222|0.127|_0.132_|
|1998|-1.437|-1.571|0.133*|_0.079_|-1.488|-1.730|0.242|_0.152_|
|**waz**|||||||||
|1992|-1.852|-2.074|0.222***|_0.043_|-2.103|-2.078|-0.025|_0.174_|
|1998|-1.636|-1.686|0.050***|_0.064_|-1.677|-1.939|0.262|_0.160_|
|1998|-0.921|-0.919|-0.002|_0.090_|-0.890|-1.192|0.302|_0.241_|
|||**Northeast: Ar**|**unachal Prades**|**h Assam M**|**anipur Meghala**|**ya Mizoram Na**|**aland Tripu**|**ra**|
|**haz**||||**, ,**|**,**|**, ,**|**,**||
|1992|-1.795|-1.916|0.121|_0.074_|-1.738|-2.002|0.264|_0.191_|
|1998|-1.425|-1.860|0.436***|_0.087_|-1.399|-1.289|-0.110|_0.344_|
|**waz**|||||||||
|1992|-1.636|-1.712|0.075|_0.056_|-1.611|-1.559|-0.052|_0.147_|
|1998|-1.365|-1.300|0.065|_0.067_|-1.373|-0.995|-0.378*|_0.213_|

_Note_ : ***, **, * - significant at 1,5, and 10% level respectively; standard errors are estimated using bootstrapping based on 200 iterations (one-to-one matching). Source: NFHS I and II 33 Children aged 0-4 in the 1992 survey, and 0-3 in the 1998 survey. Data for Sikkim were not available for 1992.

22