- (b) Disaggregation and geo-mapping of data by location (current location and location of habitual residence; urban, peri-urban or rural location), accommodation (organized camp versus noncamp), and demographics (age and sex);

- (c) Expanded coverage of data collection exercises to include all areas of affected countries (security permitting);

- (d) Improved coverage and detailed data on displaced populations living outside of organized camps;

- (e) Improved coverage of ‘flows’, i.e. new displacement, durable solutions (returns, integration, resettlement), births, deaths, and in the case of IDPs, the numbers that flee across international borders becoming refugees;

- (f) Systematic data collection beginning from the earliest moment following displacement, following up as populations disperse, and continuing until sustainable/durable solutions have been achieved; and

- (g) Better aggregation, analysis and presentation of forced displacement data currently compiled separately by UNHCR, IOM, IDMC and UNRWA.

Additional efforts are required to address the gaps in the data required for development policy and planning These data are critical for informing the design of development policies and assistance programs. Specifically, additional data is required in the following areas:

- (a) Data on the socio-economic welfare, specific vulnerabilities and needs of displaced populations (broadly consistent with data collected and analyzed for poverty work, i.e. demographics, income and expenditure data, prices, living standards, access to infrastructure, services and local governance etc.);

- (b) Estimates of the size of affected host populations and data on the impact of displacement on host communities;

- (c) Estimates of the numbers of returnees yet to overcome the socio-economic vulnerabilities associated with their displacement, as well as data on their socio-economic welfare (broadly consistent with data collected and analyzed for poverty work, i.e. demographics, income and expenditure data, prices, living standards, access to infrastructure, services and local governance etc.); and

- (d) Rigorous impact assessments of interventions in various contexts to address the development impacts of forced displacement.

There is a significant opportunity to address some of these gaps by mainstreaming forced displacement into household surveys, focusing on international survey instruments.<sup>99</sup> Sample surveys can potentially provide a rich source of data on displaced populations. Survey instruments enable detailed questions to be asked about the characteristics and situations of households, and if they identify displaced populations based on self-reported migration history (including patterns and causes) they can enable the disaggregation of detailed data by displacement status.

Additionally, more innovative tools and technologies for data collection, analysis and compilation should be explored and leveraged. For example, new methodologies (such as high resolution satellite imagery and unmanned drones) may expand the coverage of data collection efforts in insecure or inaccessible areas. Additionally, new techniques could be explored to improve the collection of robust data on flows of refugees and IDPs. Organizations such as the World Bank, UNHCR, IOM and IDMC are already exploring and in some cases are beginning to use more innovative data collection tools. These techniques include:

> 99 Several standardized international sample surveys have been designed for special purposes including Living Standards Measurement Studies, Labor Force Surveys, Demographic and Health Surveys, and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. The advantage of these surveys is that they cover a wide range of countries and are conducted in a regular or systematic manner