In Table 7 we examine fertilizer usage. The primary outcome is the absolute difference between the amount of fertilizer applied and the amount recommended for each of the three main fertilizers (urea, DAP and KCl). We expect treatments to reduce the gap between actual and recommended use.<sup>36</sup> Columns 1–3 report application at sowing while columns 4–6 report total fertilizer application. For brevity we only focus on the results for the total fertilizer applied (the results for fertilizer at sowing are similar).<sup>37</sup> Fertilizer usage did not change relative to controls for farmers who received only the recommendations and extension services ( _T_ 4). By contrast and perhaps unsurprisingly, farmers who were, in addition, offered an inflexible in-kind grant ( _T_ 2) – the bulk of which was earmarked for fertilizer – show a dramatic change in fertilizer application. The overall overall gap for urea reduced by 80.5 Kg/ha (a 71% reduction relative to the mean control value of 113 Kg/ha), the gap in DAP by 29.5 Kg/ha (a 79% reduction) and the gap in KCl by 28.1 Kg/ha (87%). More interestingly, these dramatic reductions were also achieved by farmers with the flexible in-kind grant – who had autonomy and thus were not required to adjust their fertilizer usage as a pre-condition for the grant. In fact, we cannot reject the null that the reductions are the same for these two arms for Urea and DAP. For KCl, the gap was reduced by 22.5 kg/ha for _T_ 3, slightly less then for those offered the inflexible in-kind grant. Finally, farmers who received plot level recommendations had substantively and statistically similar reductions as the other two arms (again, except for KCl).

In B and Table B8 we whether the in fertilizer use in Appendix Appendix explore changes 2015 were related to the gap between fertilizer used and recommended at baseline and whether there was variation in the effectiveness of the various treatments for a given baseline gap. We find that farmers with larger gaps were indeed more responsive to the treatments but that this responsiveness did not vary across treatment arms.

To summarize, we see a doubling of new agricultural practice adoption by farmers who re-

> less likely to adopt intervention practices. Similarly, we assess whether farmers in _T_ 2 _− T_ 4 close to other farmers in _T_ 2 _− T_ 4 were differentially likely to adopt intervention practices (in this case all received the same average recommendations). We find no impact of spillovers defining nearby farmers as before, i.e. those within a 500m or a 1,000m radius.

> 36We also measure this gap for the control arm. As noted above, we performed soil analyses and recommendations for control plots but did not share these with control farmers in 2015.

> 37Recall that the recommendations encouraged farmers to change both the fertilizer mix and the timing of application. Since control farmers delayed the first fertilization by 36 days from the time of sowing on average (see panel B Table 2), columns 1 to 3 show a deficit of fertilizer application among controls of 38.7 Kg/ha of urea, 19.4 Kg/ha of DAP and 16.4 Kg/ha of KCl at the time of sowing. Most farmers offered the in-kind grant (in _T_ 1– _T_ 3) used the precision drill and fertilized at sowing, reducing the absolute gap between recommendation and application at sowing. Among farmers with the flexible grant, these reductions were 28.5 Kg/ha of urea (a 74% reduction), 13.5 Kg/ha of DAP (a 70% reduction) and by 11.4 Kg/ha of KCl (a 70% reduction). The reductions are broadly similar for farmers in _T_ 1 and _T_ 2 as well. Farmers with the flexible grant did apply 3.5 Kg/ha less of urea compared to farmers in _T_ 2, thus increasing the gap between the amount of fertilizer recommended and applied (recall that urea was underused at sowing according to the recommendations). In column 3, farmers in _T_ 3 also apply 3.4 Kg/ha less of KCl than farmers in _T_ 2, while farmers in _T_ 1 with individual recommendations apply 1.8 Kg/ha of KCl less than farmers in _T_ 2 as well. Thus, farmers in _T_ 2 followed the fertilizer recommendations at sowing most closely, followed by farmers in _T_ 1, then farmers in _T_ 3.

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