**Table 9. Taiping and current income, state capacity, modern sector, and human capital**

|**Panel A. OLS**|Ln(GDPPC<br>2010)|<br>Ln(Fis Rev<br>2010)|Sharepop:<br>ind 2000|Share pop:<br>nonAg 2000|Ln(Sch 2000)|Death rate<br>2000|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Taiping|0.004|0.409***|0.046***|0.035*|0.016|-0.304|
||(0.101)|(0.150)|(0.016)|(0.018)|(0.016)|(0.189)|
|Ln (Edu1820)|0.108**|0.191***|0.019***|0.020***|0.028***|-0.006|
||(0047)|(0052)|(0006)|(0007)|(0008)|(0067)|
|Ln (pre-TP Wars)|.<br>-0.137**|.<br>-0.079|.<br>0.008|.<br>0.006|.<br>-0.017|.<br>-0.012|
||(0.059)|(0.080)|(0.009)|(0.012)|(0.012)|(0.108)|
|Controls<br>|Yes<br>|yes<br>|yes<br>|yes<br>|yes<br>|yes<br>|
|Adj R<sup>2</sup>|0.358|0.385|0.539|0.110|0.293|0.186|
|Obs.|185|185|191|191|191|191|
|**Panel B. 2SLS**|||||||
|Taiping|0.311|0.657*|0.052|-0.003|0.131***|-0.345|
||(0.237)|(0.368)|(0.042)|(0.041)|(0.048)|(0.426)|
|Controls|Yes|yes|yes|yes|yes|yes|
|Adj R<sup>2</sup>|0.333|0.375|0.539|0.095|0.178|0.186|
|<br>N|185|185|191|191|191|191|
|F stat|35.7|35.7|42.9|42.9|42.9|42.9|
|**Panel C.**|||||||
|Early Taiping|-0.221**|0.256|-0.003|0.025|-0.016|-0.226|
||(0.109)|(0.167)|(0.014)|(0.018)|(0.017)|(0.190)|
|Late Taiping|0.469***|0.984***|0.169***|0.020|-0.025|0.779***|
||(0.160)|(0.215)|(0.035)|(0.031)|(0.026)|(0.261)|
|L Liki|<br>0038**|<br>0005|<br>0006***|<br>0008**|<br>0019***|<br>0173***|
|n (n1880)|.|-.|.|.|.|-.|
||(0.017)|(0.019)|(0.002)|(0.004)|(0.004)|(0.030)|
|Taiping * standardized|<br>-0.089**|<br>-0.176***|<br>0.001|<br>-0.046***|<br>-0.017*|<br>0.248***|
|<br>distance to NanjingTaiping|(0.035)|(0.050)|(0.006)|(0.008)|(0.009)|(0.067)|
|Ln (Edu1820)|0.142***|0.208***|0.027***|0.023***|0.035***|-0.048|
||<br>(0.048)|<br>(0.054)|<br>(0.006)|<br>(0.007)|<br>(0.007)|<br>(0.056)|
|Ln (Warspre-TP)|-0.130**|-0.078|0.008|0.008|-0.013|-0.051|
||(0.056)|(0.081)|(0.008)|(0.011)|(0.010)|(0.093)|
|Controls|yes|yes|yes|yes|yes|Yes|
|Adj R<sup>2</sup>|<br>0.427|<br>0.433|<br>0.626|<br>0.170|<br>0.404|0.366|
|Obs.|185|185|191|191|191|191|
|**Panel D.**|||||||
|Early Taiping|-2.622**|-2.850*|0.132|-0.225|-0.216|2.111|
||(1.024)|(1.478)|(0.169)|(0.273)|(0.236)|(3.785)|
|Late Taiping|<br>-44.945***|<br>-49.872***|<br>-3.091|<br>-8.984**|<br>-7.500***|<br>28.264|
||(12.677)|(15.064)|(2.257)|(3.607)|(2.437)|(19.396)|
|Ln (Likin1880)|0.031*|-0.012|0.005**|0.007*|0.017***|-0.169***|
||(0.017)|(0.019)|(0.002)|(0.003)|(0.004)|(0.030)|
|Taiping * standardized|<br>0.154|<br>-0.696|<br>0.001|<br>-0.039|<br>0.582**|<br>4.445|
|distance to NanjingTaiping|(2.032)|(2.959)|(0.322)|(0.398)|(0.292)|(3.692)|
|Ln (Edu1820)|0.123**|0.187***|0.026***|0.020***|0.033***|-0.037|
||(0.048)|(0.055)|(0.006)|(0.007)|(0.007)|(0.057)|
|Ln (warspre-Taiping)|<br>-0.147***|<br>-0.096|<br>0.007|<br>0.004|<br>-0.019**|<br>-0.044|
||(0.055)|(0.078)|(0.009)|(0.010)|(0.009)|(0.095)|
|Ln (Likin1880)* Early|<br>0.277**|<br>0.359**|<br>-0.015|<br>0.029|<br>0.022|<br>-0.278|
|<br>Taiping|(0.120)|(0.171)|(0.020)|(0.032)|(0.027)|(0.439)|
|<br>Ln (Likin1880)* Late|<br>4.564***|<br>5.112***|<br>0.328|<br>0.905**|<br>0.750***|<br>-2.768|
|Taiping|(1.279)|(1.516)|(0.227)|(0.364)|(0.246)|(1.960)|
|<br>Ln (Likin1880)* Taiping|<br>-0.016|<br>0.061|<br>0.001|<br>0.001|<br>-0.059**|<br>-0.426|
|<br>*stan. dist to NanjingTaiping|(0.202)|(0.294)|(0.032)|(0.040)|(0.029)|(0.367)|
|Controls<br>|yes<br>|Yes<br>|yes<br>|yes<br>|yes<br>|Yes<br>|
|Adj R<sup>2</sup>|0.452|0.450|0.624|0.205|0.439|0.365|
|<br>Obs.|185|185|191|191|191|191|

Note: The other controls in Panels B are: silk and tea prefectures dummy; the four post designations classified by the Qing government in 1820; log population in 1820, log land tax burden per mu in 1820, log distance to the coast, to Yangzi River. Warspre-TP refers to the frequency of war between 1776 and 1853. In Panel B, the instrumental variable for TP is the longitude of the prefecture seat.

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