households include; an adult PA with both parents and adult siblings; an adult PA with nephews/nieces all of whom are adults; adult PA with nephews/nieces some of which are children, some of whom are adults; adult PA with adult sons/daughters of his/her own, plus minors/disabled/elderly

- **Polygamous** : Families with one adult male who has registered more than one wife with or without children

<mark>Finally, to examine poverty, we match each individual household with its respective case (household) in the JD‐HV dataset and separate the households into those with male and female principal applicants.</mark> Table 1. Characteristics of male and female principal applicant households

||**Male PA**|**Female PA**|**All PAs**|**Male PA**|**Frequency**<br>**Female PA**|**All PAs**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|All PAs, %|66.2|33.8|||||
|Elderly PA (65+)|5.37|10.64|7.15|1,934|1,958|3,892|
|**Marital status (%)**|||||||
|Married with spouse in HH|69.00|6.84|47.99|24,850|1,258|26,108|
|Married without spouse in HH|12.80|52.70|26.29|4,609|9,694|14,303|
|Widowed|1.05|24.59|9.01|379|4,523|4,902|
|Single or engaged|16.52|10.23|14.39|5,949|1,881|7,830|
|Divorced or separated|0.63|5.65|2.33|226|1,039|1,265|
|Absent spouse/no spouse|31.00|93.16|52.01|11,163|17,137|28,300|
|**Age of PA**(average, years)|38.07|40.91|39.03|36,013|18,395|54,408|
|**Education of PA**(%)|||||||
|Less than 6 years|16.95|30.69|21.60|6,106|5,646|11,752|
|6–11 years|60.98|51.49|57.77|21,961|9,472|31,433|
|More than 12 years|18.79|15.12|17.55|6,767|2,781|9,548|
|**Family type (%)**|||||||
|Couple with children|63.94|6.26|44.25|21,351|1,083|22,434|
|Single person|19.41|30.34|23.14|6,482|5,249|11,731|
|Single caregiver|2.52|54.78|20.36|843|9,477|10,320|
|Couple without children|9.46|1.43|6.72|3,159|248|3,407|
|Unaccompanied children|0.93|1.53|1.13|310|265|575|
|Siblings|1.24|1.51|1.34|415|262|677|
|Extended and other|2.48|4.12|3.04|827|713|1,540|
|Polygamous|0.02|0.02|0.02|6|3|9|
|All Nontraditional<br>_Source:_Own calculations based on ProGre|36.06<br>s and JD‐HV database.|93.74<br>|55.75|12,042|16,217|28,259|

_Note_ : PA = principal applicant. PA is determined by UNHCR at the time of refugee registration. HH = Household Nontraditional=all family types apart from couples without children. This table contains data on PAs 54,408 (26 percent) of all tracked Syrian refugees.

<mark>One‐third of Syrian refugee households have female principal applicants with the corresponding two‐ thirds of households having a male principal applicant. There are clear differences between the characteristics of male and female principal applicant households’ in terms of education, marital status,</mark> and family type (Table 1).

<mark>The average age of male and female principal applicants is similar; however, female principal applicant households are more likely to be seniors (over 65 years old) than male principal applicants. Most female principal applicants are married (60 percent) but they are more likely to be living without their spouse than a male principal applicant; 53 percent of female principal applicants are living without their spouse compared to only 13 percent of male principal applicants. More female than male principal applicants are</mark> 12