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|**Country**|**E R Pricing policy and strategy**|**Fuel supply conditions**|
|---|---|---|
||audit found that the net shortfalls borne by oil companies had grown<br>to 1.5% of GDP. When world prices fell in 2008 and 2009,<br>government maintained price levels in the hope of making up for the<br>accumulated shortfall. The principle of automatic price adjustments<br>was reaffirmed in a decree issued in Nov 2010, but government did<br>not start adjusting retail prices until Jun 2011 and fuel subsidies<br>soared between Jan and May 2011. Taxes on petroleum products<br>were waived in mid-2011. Prices have been frozen since, except for<br>LPG.|<br> <br>have the financial means to expand it.<br>**In-smuggling and response**: Smuggling of<br>fuel from Nigeria and Ghana is a problem,<br>and is one of the reasons government was<br>not able to make up for the losses suffered<br>by oil companies by keeping prices high in<br>2009. A fuel marker system was introduced<br>in Aug 2010. Government launched<br>Operation Funnel II to combat fuel<br>smuggling in Sep 2010.|
|Tunisia|√**Pricing policy**: Government controls, subsidizes, and infrequently<br>adjusts fuel prices. The prices of gasoline, diesel, and fuel oil were<br>frozen between Dec 2010 and Sep 2012. The kerosene price has not<br>been adjusted since Dec 2010. The price of LPG for household use<br>was lowered in Jan 2011 and has not been adjusted since.|<br>**Supply**: There is one small refinery, which<br>acquires domestic crude oil at a heavily<br>discounted price.<br>**In-smuggling**: Smuggling of cheaper fuels<br>from neighboring countries increased<br>sharply in 2012. The interim government in<br>early March 2012 pledged to end the sale of<br>smuggled fuel from neighboring countries<br>after complaints from gasoline station<br>owners troubled by a sharp drop in<br>business.|
|Turkey|√<br>**Pricing policy**: Fuel prices have been deregulated since 1989 and<br>tax rates are high. At the end of 2008, Turkey equalized taxes on all<br>petroleum products, but reversed this decision in mid-2009. In 2011,<br>taxes constituted 40% of the retail price of diesel, 51% of gasoline,<br>39% of automotive LPG, 39% of light fuel oil for household use,<br>and 26% of heavy fuel oil.|<br>**In-smuggling**: Smuggling has long been a<br>problem, particularly across Turkey’s<br>borders with Iraq and Iran. Turkey’s<br>petroleum industry association estimates<br>that about 2 million tonnes of illegal fuel<br>enters the market annually.<br>**Commercial malpractice and response**:<br>Unequal taxation has led to large-scale<br>adulteration of less-taxed petroleum<br>products with higher-taxed products,<br>especially by unlicensed operators. All fuel<br>importers and distributors are required to<br>add a fixed proportion of a national marker<br>to all gasoline and diesel in an effort to<br>prevent adulteration and the sale of<br>smuggled fuel.|
|Uganda|**Pricing policy**: Fuel prices are deregulated.<br>**Information**: Uganda Bureau of Statistics posts detailed data on<br>price surveys every month, although no information is available by<br>company or filling station.|<br>**Supply**: Uganda was required to join the<br>Open Tender System in Kenya and did so<br>in Oct 2010. Transit through Kenya has<br>repeatedly led to supply problems.<br>**Shortages**: Uganda has experienced<br>numerous serious fuel shortages. The<br>factors in Kenya contributing to fuel<br>shortages in Uganda include disruption of<br>road and railway transit cargo, pipeline<br>leaks, pipeline and refinery outages, delays<br>in unloading of imported fuels, and slow<br>customs clearance. Ministry of Energy and<br>Mineral Development estimated that, in Feb<br>and Mar 2011, the gasoline shortfall was<br>32% and diesel shortfall 47%. LPG<br>shortages push up charcoal prices, and<br>diesel shortages reduce power generation<br>and result in load shedding, as in Oct 2010.<br>**Commercial malpractice and response**:<br>Smugglingof fuels notpayingtaxes is a|