# **2.1 Actual consumption patterns in 2000 and 2016**

# _2.1.1 Consumption calculation_

Calculating average daily consumption quantities using the Bangladesh Households Income and Expenditure Surveys (HIES) in 2000 and 2016 involves calculating total consumption by food groups over a certain reference period and standardized estimation units (i.e., per household, per individual, or per AME).<sup>2</sup> The number of food items as well as food groups vary across different HIES years (i.e., HIES 2000 includes 140 items in 17 groups, whereas HIES 2016 has 150 items in the same 17 groups). To build comparable consumption patterns, therefore, we grouped HIES food items into seven broad food groups established by the FBDG, namely starchy staples, vegetables, fruits, protein foods, dairy, fats and oils, and sugars. The protein foods category was further split into pulses, fish, meat, and eggs, which composes the ten-group version with the other 6 food groups. In addition to regrouping the HIES food items, the quantities (i.e., as per household expenditure data) were all converted using the edible portion amount in Food Composition Tables (Waid et al. 2017) and were in grams. Regarding the estimation units, we converted individuals to their AMEs based on Bangladesh bodyweight and activity level as described in Waid and others’ work, and summed AME up within households (Waid et al. 2017). Dividing food consumption by number of AME and number of days during the reference period yields grams of food consumed per day per AME for each household. Then the result was averaged and weighted across all the households to produce the national average.

# _2.1.2 Nutrient intake_

Nutrient intake calculation is based on the quantities consumed by HIES food items and nutrient values are derived from from the Food Composition Table for Bangladesh (FCT) (Shaheen et al. 2013) and FoodData Central.<sup>3</sup> Macro- and micronutrient intake were also summed up to the seven broad food groups level by food categories.

# _2.1.3 Food items_

Not all food items in HIES were included in this analysis, considering the necessity of matching HIES items to trade and GHG footprint data for later environmental cost analysis. To guarantee that all dietary models have the same food items, and all these items participate in both nutritional estimation and environmental health estimation, we only kept HIES items that satisfy the following requirements:

- 1) The item belongs to a group that is in both FBDG and EAT-Lancet benchmarks.

- 2) The item has counterpart in the corresponding year’s Food Balance Sheet (FBS), or at least can be converted to primary equivalents that have trade record in the corresponding year.

- 3) The item has counterpart in the corresponding year’s detailed Trade Matrix (TM) data set. If a given item has FBS record but no TM record, this item is deemed as imported from the

> 2 Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2000/2016. Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh. Data requests can be made at dg@bbs.gov.bd.

> 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture. Food Data Central. Available at: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/.

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