According to village secretary interviews, villages in the Dhar district had higher levels of exposure to CLTS activities and study villages reported higher levels of implementation using funds from TSC or _Nirmal Vatika_ . According to information collected from school teachers, the schools in the treatment areas were exposed to more CLTS tools and there was a substantial increase in school toilet coverage in comparison to control villages (67% v. 47%). Anganwadi workers in both districts are almost similarly exposed to CLTS tools with statistically significant higher exposure in intervention villages.

Across a broad set of measures we found that households in intervention villages were more aware of CLTS triggering, had higher knowledge of TSC, and experienced more personal visits to convince them to build and use toilets (Table 7, Panel 1). The percentage of households reporting that they changed their sanitation behavior as a result of personal visits was higher in the intervention group (15%) than in the control group (6%).

The rapid household survey of the entire village indicated that while awareness of TSC was similar in intervention and control villages, 36% of households in intervention villages versus 20% of household in control villages had a usable toilet. Furthermore, an additional 19% of households in intervention villages had toilet under construction versus just 7% in control villages. Our estimates of household toilet coverage are much lower than the official TSC statistics of 47% to 97% toilet coverage in intervention villages as maintained by the block coordinator.

In the main household survey (households with children < 24 months at enrollment), we found that the households in intervention villages in both districts had better exposure in terms of personal visits to promote sanitation, self reported change in sanitation related behavior following personal visits, and exposure to CLTS triggering tools, but the toilet construction levels were dramatically lower than official records (Table 5).

Although the 21-month follow-up survey closely followed implementation activities in some intervention villages, the evaluation faced the risk of contamination of control villages. Prior to planning the follow-up survey, the discussions with the project implementation staff confirmed TSC related activities had started in 10 of the 40 control villages.<sup>15</sup> In addition, the government announced the roll out of activities in the remaining TSC control villages within few months of the planned follow-up survey. The objective of the evaluation was re-aligned to focus on immediate impacts of TSC as opposed to longer term impacts that could be expected after a longer program exposure (e.g., child development outcomes).

Taken together, the information from block coordinator surveys and exposure to TSC related activities measured at the village shows clear evidence of more social mobilization and behavior change activities as well as toilet construction in intervention villages compared to control

> 15 Activities were starting in 10 control villages:  Kharadi, Ladvi, Aasngaon, Bagfal, Umari (Khargone District) and Mourad, Bhil Barkheda, Kuradiya, Marol, Bajattakhurd (Dhar district).

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