effective as antidepressants if not more so (Freeman and Freeman 2015). Patients also demonstrate a significant increase in mindfulness and a reduction in rumination and cognitive reactivity (Winnebeck and others 2017). There was relatively little literature regarding the application of MBCT to non‐mental health populations, including entrepreneurs. However, in the one study that comes closest, as it studies health care professionals and students, MBCT has been shown to be effective in increasing mindfulness and self‐compassion, as well as in reducing rumination and stress (Metcalf and Dimidjian 2014).

4.1.3 Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) REBT is a cognitive‐experiential‐behavioral system of psychotherapy that helps people identify negative, irrational or dysfunctional thoughts and feelings that are self‐defeating or socially sabotaging. People can then rationalize to dispute and replace them with healthier, more productive beliefs (Ellis 2002; Psychology Today n.d.). The goal of REBT is to help people understand that negative thoughts and emotions that arise from faulty and irrational belief systems can cause psychological distress, thereby resulting in self‐destructive actions or behaviors in important relationships and situations. Once identified and understood, these irrational beliefs can be challenged and replaced with positive beliefs that instill better emotional well‐being. and the positive beliefs can then be used to help build more successful personal and professional relationships.

REBT can be administered to individuals, couples, families or groups. It is adapted to fit the requirements of the target population by applying the basic “ABCDE” model: (A) activating event; (B) beliefs (rational and irrational); (C) consequences (emotional, behavioral, and cognitive); (D) disputing irrational thoughts and beliefs; and (E) more efficient, adaptive ways to think, feel, and behave (David and others 2005). The first three steps identify and diagnose the negative thoughts and feelings experienced by people; the latter two focus on challenging and replacing them with more positive and effective ones. REBT is equally effective when administered in groups as compared to individual therapy. It is also efficient for clinical and non‐clinical populations across both gender groups and for a large age‐range. Interestingly, structure and delivery also seem to matter, with highly trained therapists and a higher number of REBT sessions producing better outcomes (David and others 2005).

Since its introduction in 1955, REBT has been used across various target groups to successfully treat a range of psychological disorders and reduce occupational stress. Meta‐analysis of REBT shows it to be effective for a wide range of clinical diagnoses and outcomes. In the occupational space, a study using REBT in Nigeria shows significant and sustained reductions in occupational stress, as well as scores for occupation‐related irrational beliefs and work ability when administered with electronic workshop instructors (Ogbuanya and others 2017).

# 4.1.4 Problem Management Plus (PM+)

PM+ is a short, low‐intensity, transdiagnostic CBT‐based psychosocial support intervention for adults impaired by distress in communities exposed to adversity or suffering. It helps to alleviate a range of psychological and practical problems that participants identify as relevant to their lives, including common mental health problems (Dawson and others 2015; WHO 2016). It is 26