formal savings account; (iii) household members can access formal credit if needed; (iv) household has saved in last 4 weeks; (v) household savings in last 4 weeks; (vi) household total savings.

4. **Psychological well-being index** : A psychological well-being index is computed separately for women and men as the standardized weighted average of scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) 7-point scale (Radloff 1977), the World Values Survey (WVS) questions on happiness and life satisfaction, Cohen’s 4- item stress scale (Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein 1983), and the log of cortisol levels obtained through saliva samples adjusted for confounders.<sup>14</sup> We adapted some questions in these indicators to the social, cultural and religious norms in the country. For this we used a combination of extensive piloting, and topic and local expertise from research members with expertise in the area and in Afghanistan.

5. **Women’s empowerment index** : We consider two indices. The first is a standardized index combining indicator variables for whether the women’s decision was taken into consideration and/or followed on household finances (credit and savings) and expenditure decisions (food, household repairs, clothing, land, property and other high-value expenditures). This set is consistent with other studies and was prespecified in our pre-analysis plan (PAP). The second is a standardized index with additional indicators on voice and agency. This broader index was not pre-specified, but was constructed to follow internationally agreed standards from the United Nations and Klugman et al (2014). This second set includes the original indicator plus five other dimensions: (i) women’s participation in decisions on children’s investments; (ii) women’s participation in decisions related to their own fertility, time use, and mobility to work outside home and open a business, as well as effective access to inputs and resources including ownership of a mobile phone and having savings, loans or financial assets in their name and separate from others; (iii) women’s participation in income-generating activities (participation in paid income-generating activities and being the owner or manager of a self-employment enterprise); (iv) aspirations for daughters (educational attainment and marriage age, and school enrollment for school-age girls); and (v) political involvement and social capital, including whether the primary woman has a Tazkira (ID) card; is a member of a political party; attended village meetings; and approached village leaders about a village issue. This last indicator set is usually included as a separate index in other studies and was originally a separate outcome in our PAP; however, based on the

> 14 We take the residuals of an OLS regression of the log-transformed cortisol levels on dummies for having ingested food, tea, nicotine through either smoking a cigarette or tobacco or through chewing tobacco or using naswar, or medications in the two hours preceding the interview, for having performed vigorous physical activity on the day of the interview, and for the time elapsed since waking, rounded to the next full hour.

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