Table 1: Summary Table of the Literature on Bonding and Bridging Social Capital

|**Study**|**Indicators of social capital**<br>(Indicators are identified as**bonding**or_bridging_only when they are labelled as such in the<br>original articles, when they are clearly defined in theory, or when they are thus found in the<br>present article.)|**Outcomes**|
|---|---|---|
|Helliwell and Putnam (1995)|<br>- composite measure of: availability of sports and cultural associations; newspaper<br>readership; turnout in referenda; incidence of preference voting<br>- composite measure of institutional performance<br>-citizen satisfaction with government|Positive associations with regional per<br>capita output growth in Italy|
|Knack & Keefer (1997)|_- trust in people_<br>- sum of the scores from questions on justifiability of:<br>cheating on taxes; avoiding a fare; claiming government benefits; keeping found money;<br>failingto report damage to aparked vehicle|Positive association with cross-<br>national per capita output growth|
||**- Olsonian group membership**<br>_- Putnamian group membership_|Non significant association with cross-<br>national per capita output growth|
||<br>- religious beliefs|<br>Positive association with cross-<br>nationalper capita outputgrowth|
|Barro and McCleary (2003)|- church attendance|Negative association with cross-<br>nationalper capita outputgrowth|
|Knudsen et al. (2010)|**- factor analysis identifies exclusive groups, faith-based engagement**|Negative association with cross-<br>regional per capita income growth in<br>the US|
||_- factor analysis identifies diversity of friendships, political activity, inclusive groups_|Positive association with cross-<br>regional per capita income growth in<br>the US|
|Beugelsdijk & Smulders<br>(2009)|**- factor analysis identifies a one-dimension measure of the importance of family, friends**<br>**and acquaintances**|<br>Negative association with cross-<br>regional per capita income growth in<br>Europe|
||_- membership of selected non-rent-seeking groups_|Positive association with cross-<br>regional per capita income growth in<br>Europe|
|Guiso et al.<br>(2010)|- the first principal component positively correlates with claiming government benefits when<br>not entitled,cheatingon taxes,acceptinga bribe in the course of own duties<br>|<br>Non-significant association with cross-<br>nationalper capita outputgrowth<br>|
|Tabellini (2008)|**- importance placed on child’s obedience**<br>**(also identified in the first principal component)**|Negative association with cross-<br>regional per capita output growth in<br>Europe|
||_- trust in people_<br>_’_|<br>Positive associations with cross-<br>|
||_- importance placed on childs respect for other people_<br>- people’s freedom and control over their lives<br>(also identified in the first principal component)|regional per capita output growth in<br>Europe|
|Alesina & Giuliano (2009,<br>2007)|<br>**- the first principal component of family importance, duty to love parents, parents’**<br>**altruism**|Negative association with trust in<br>people and withpoliticalparticipation<br>Positive association with individuals’<br>life satisfaction|
|Helliwell et al. (2009),<br>Helliwell (2008, 2006)|**- importance of religion**<br>**- having someone to rely on**<br>- attending church|Positive association with cross-<br>national individuals’ life satisfaction|
||- proxies for governmental quality<br>_- donated money to an organisation_<br>_- donated time to an organisation_<br>_- helped a stranger_<br>_- trust in people_<br>tt i li||
||- rus n poce<br>-groupmembership||
||**- trust in institutions**||
||**- contacts with relatives**|Positive association with individuals’|
|Bartolini et al. (2008)|_- trust in people_<br>_- contacts with neighbours and friends_<br>_- Putnamian group membership_|happiness over time in the US|
||<br>**- Olsoniangroup membership**|Negative association with individuals’<br>happiness over time in the US|
|Meier and Stutzer (2008)|_- frequency in volunteer work_|Positive effect on individuals’<br>happiness over time in Germany|
|Becchetti et al. (2008)|_- attending social gatherings_<br>_- attending cultural events_<br>_- performing volunteer work_<br>- participating in sports<br>-attending religious events|Positive association with individuals’<br>life satisfaction over time in Germany|
|Bruni and Stanca, (2008)|<br>**- volunteering in union organisations**<br>**- volunteering in political organisations**<br>**- volunteering in professional organisations**<br>- volunteeringin environment organisations|Non-significant association with cross-<br>national individuals’ life satisfaction|
||- volunteering in church organisations<br>- volunteering in sport organisations<br>- volunteering in art organisations<br>_- volunteering in charity organisations_|Positive association with cross-<br>national individuals’ life satisfaction|
|Guiso et al. (2003)|- raised religiously at home<br>|Positive association with cross-<br>’|
||- attending religious services<br>-believing in God|national individuals trust|

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