**Household-level Analysis based on 2006 EU-SILC data:** The analysis presented so far has tended to focus at the level of individuals of working-age: is the picture significantly different at the household-level? For instance, if migrant households tend to be much larger than non-migrant households, or if they have much fewer earning members, the above analysis may have distorted the true picture. Before examining the above set of statistics—earnings, taxes, and benefits—at the percapita level (i.e. averaged over all household members), we turn first to comparing the demographic composition of migrant and non-migrant households (Table 9). Average household sizes of migrant households, both of those born within as well as outside the EU, are indeed somewhat larger than households with no migrants in EU 13 countries (2.6 and 2.8 vs. 2.4 persons per household respectively). However, while migrant households tend to have more children than households with no migrants, they also have a higher number of persons of working-age population, and tend to have fewer elderly people (Table 9). Therefore the number of dependents (children plus elderly) expressed as a ratio of the number of working-age population tends to be quite similar across these groups. In EU4 countries, the pattern is reversed: migrant households tend to have fewer children and more elderly compared to non-migrant households, and relatively fewer people of working-age population.

**Table 9: Average Household Demographic Composition**

||||**Average n**<br>|**umber ofp**<br>|**eople in de**<br>|**signated age-**<br>|**group**<br>|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**Austria**|**Belgium**|**Spain**|**France**|**Ireland**|**Sweden**|**UK**|**EU 4**|**EU13**|
|**Households with no migrants**||||||||||
|# aged 0-20 years|0.5|0.5|0.6|0.6|0.9|0.6|0.5|0.7|0.5|
|# aged 21-55 years|1.1|1.1|1.4|1.0|1.3|0.9|1.1|1.4|1.1|
|# aged 56+ years|0.6|0.6|0.8|0.6|0.6|0.6|0.7|0.6|0.7|
|Total household size|2.3|2.2|2.8|2.2|2.8|2.0|2.3|2.8|2.4|
|**A. Households with migrants born i**|**n EU-countries**|||||||||
|# aged 0-20 years|0.4|0.7|0.8|0.5|1.2|0.5|0.6|0.4|0.6|
|# aged 21-55 years|1.0|1.3|1.6|1.0|1.7|0.9|1.2|1.1|1.2|
|# aged 56+ years|0.7|0.6|0.5|0.8|0.3|0.7|0.8|1.1|0.7|
|Total household size|2.2|2.5|2.9|2.4|3.2|2.2|2.6|2.6|2.6|
|**B. Households with migrants born i**|**n non-EU coun**|**tries**||||||||
|# aged 0-20 years|1.0|1.1|1.0|0.9|1.1|1.1|0.9|0.4|0.9|
|# aged 21-55 years|1.7|1.6|1.9|1.3|1.8|1.4|1.6|0.9|1.5|
|# aged 56+ years|0.3|0.3|0.3|0.6|0.2|0.3|0.4|1.0|0.4|
|Total household size|3.0|3.0|3.2|2.8|3.0|2.8|2.9|2.4|2.8|

Table 10 summarizes total earnings as well as all reported taxes and benefits received by households for the various population sub-groups of interest.<sup>16</sup> Entries in the row labeled “net taxes” are the difference between total taxes paid and total benefits received by the household—i.e. a positive value indicates that households in the groups are net tax contributors while a negative value shows the opposite is true (i.e. households are net recipients of benefits).

> 16 Unlike table 7, which reported income tax only, taxes in Table 10 include income tax, tax on property and wealth, and employer’s social contributions. Similarly, total earnings additionally include income from property, interests and dividends, and income earned by persons under 16 years old. Finally, total benefits include all individual and household level benefits. All terms are calculated on a per capita basis to aid comparability across the different population sub-groups

16