gender. Overall, these results indicate that the program had a positive effect on other adults in the household, similar to its effect on the actual beneficiaries.

All the results on labor force participation among 13–17-year-olds, shown in table 18, can be dealt with quickly. There is not a hint of evidence on any effect because all the results are statistically insignificant and small in magnitude. All the IV test statistics are strong, making us more confident in the absence of an effect. However, the sample size is somewhat reduced given the higher incidence of municipalities with no variation in the outcome among this subgroup. This is so because of the smaller number of minors in our sample (and, hence, the fewer observations in each municipality) and the high incidence of zeros in the outcome variable because most minors do not work.

**Table 18: Labor Force Participation, 13–17-Year-Olds in Households with a Potential**

||||**Benefici**|**ary**|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|_Variable_|_(1)_<br>_OLS_|_(2)_<br>_OLS_|_(3)_<br>_OLS_|_(4)_<br>_OLS_|_(5)_<br>_IV_|_(6)_<br>_IV_|_(7)_<br>_IV_|_(8)_<br>_IV_|
||_All_|_All_|_Males_|_Females_|_All_|_All_|_Males_|_Females_|
|Clbi M|0.007|0.004|0.012|−0.004|0.032|0.031|0.062|0.055|
|ooma ayor|(0.013)|(0.013)|(0.023)|(0.016)|(0.028)|(0.028)|(0.048)|(0.045)|
|Dd ibl b|0.753***|0.755***|0.854***|0.565***|0.750***|0.751***|0.858***|0.593***|
|epenent varae y year|(0.033)|(0.033)|(0.053)|(0.068)|(0.037)|(0.038)|(0.065)|(0.076)|
|Dd ibl b|0.759***|0.753***|0.914***|0.446***|0.750***|0.746***|0.901***|0.528***|
|epenent varae y area|(0.028)|(0.028)|(0.049)|(0.060)|(0.031|(0.031)|(0.059)|(0.066)|
|Observations|<br>5,870|<br>5,866|<br>3,074|<br>2,767|<br>5,175|<br>5,172|<br>2,348|<br>2,209|
|R-squared|0.207|0.210|0.250|0.104|0.201|0.204|0.240|0.102|
|Municipalities, number|280|280|266|261|214|214|169|157|
|F|221.8|121.1|65.50|10.30|173.5|95.64|52.06|10.63|
|Partial R-squared|||||0.0575|0.0675|0.0855|0.0660|
|Kleinbergen-Paap statistic|||||189.9|241.5|190.3|123.9|
|OIR test|||||0.697|0.540|0.429|0.397|
|Endogeneity test|||||0.385|0.360|0.259|0.190|
|_First stage_|||||||||
|Dd ibl b|||||0.002|−0.004|0.005|−0.006|
|epenent varae y year|||||(0.061)|(0.058)|(0.079)|(0.116)|
||||||0.002|−0.001|−0.003|−0.004|
|Dependent variable by area|||||(0.065)|(0.065)|(0.100)|(0.100)|
||||||0.975***|0.999***|1.044***|1.039***|
|Instrument from probit|||||(0.071)|(0.064)|(0.076)|(0.093)|

_Note:_ The table illustrates a linear probability model on a dependent variable indicating participation in the labor force. The IV specification uses a three-stage procedure for binary treatment variables. Only the OIR test is derived from a twostep procedure. Columns (1) and (5) do not include additional control variables. Standard errors are shown in parenthesis.

We are also interested in whether the increase in labor force participation among the elderly in response to the benefit reduces other activities, in particular household-related work. In table 19, we present the results for our model with the binary dependent variable indicating that potential beneficiaries declared that household-related work was their primary activity during the week prior to 35