Table B2: Household characteristics across urban versus rural areas

|||**Ofcial **|**defnition**||**DOU**|||**D**|**B**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||All<br>(1)|Urban<br>(2)|Rural<br>(3)|Urban <br>center <br>(4)|Urban<br> cluster <br>(5)|Rural <br>(6)|Core <br>(7)|Suburb<br>(8)|Town <br>(9)|Rural<br>(10)|
|**Demographic:**|||||||||||
|Household size|6.55|6.18|6.71|6.24|6.38|6.86|6.37|6.31|6.56|6.73|
|Age of household head|40.31|42.51|39.30|33.79|39.69|45.66|34.73|41.24|39.38|44.95|
|Household head is male|0.78|0.73|0.81|0.78|0.78|0.79|0.78|0.77|0.79|0.79|
|**Education (of household head):**|||||||||||
|No education|0.37|0.20|0.45|0.35|0.32|0.41|0.35|0.28|0.39|0.40|
|Primary complete or incomplete|0.39|0.33|0.42|0.34|0.48|0.39|0.35|0.40|0.44|0.38|
|Secondary complete or incomplete|0.18|0.33|0.11|0.20|0.15|0.18|0.20|0.23|0.13|0.18|
|Tertiary complete or incomplete|0.06|0.15|0.02|0.11|0.05|0.03|0.10|0.09|0.04|0.04|
|**Employment (of household head):**|||||||||||
|Not in labor force|0.12|0.13|0.11|0.10|0.13|0.12|0.11|0.14|0.12|0.11|
|Unemployed|0.03|0.04|0.02|0.02|0.02|0.03|0.03|0.04|0.02|0.03|
|Employed in Agriculture|0.52|0.14|0.71|0.42|0.56|0.60|0.41|0.36|0.63|0.60|
|Employed in Industry|0.08|0.14|0.05|0.10|0.07|0.06|0.09|0.11|0.06|0.07|
|Employed in Services|0.26|0.55|0.12|0.36|0.22|0.19|0.36|0.35|0.17|0.20|
|**Access to basic services**|||||||||||
|Improved water|0.69|0.84|0.62|0.74|0.72|0.64|0.75|0.77|0.67|0.64|
|Improved sanitation facility|0.24|0.40|0.17|0.27|0.24|0.23|0.28|0.34|0.20|0.22|
|Access to electricity|0.48|0.82|0.32|0.60|0.45|0.39|0.60|0.56|0.42|0.39|

Source: International Urban Poverty Database. Note: GHSPOP 1km is used for the DOU and DB methods Table B3: Estimation results of regressions on log expenditures with DOU classifications

||||Log of per|capita nominal|consumption exp|enditures|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)<br>All|(2)<br>All|(3)<br>All|(4)<br>Urban|(5)<br>All|(6)<br>All|(7)<br>All|(8)<br>Urban|
|Urban center|0_._634<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._380<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._274<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._186<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._432<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._259<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._186<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._121<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||(0_._010)|(0_._009)|(0_._009)|(0_._010)|(0_._011)|(0_._010)|(0_._010)|(0_._010)|
|Urban cluster|0_._265<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._169<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._129<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._169<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._110<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._086<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||
||(0_._009)|(0_._009)|(0_._008)||(0_._009)|(0_._009)|(0_._009)||
|Spatial defator|||||1_._263<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._837<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._677<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._853<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||||||(0_._036)|(0_._029)|(0_._028)|(0_._035)|
|Country FE|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|
|Demographic|_No_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_No_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|
|Education|_No_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_No_|_Y es_|_Y es_|_Y es_|
|Employment|_No_|_No_|_Y es_|_No_|_No_|_No_|_Y es_|_No_|
|Adjusted R2|0_._521|0_._659|0_._673|0_._738|0_._540|0_._667|0_._678|0_._745|
|Nr. of countries|16|16|16|16|16|16|16|16|
|Nr. of hh|134630|134630|134630|79356|134630|134630|134630|79356|

Source: International Urban Poverty Database. Note: *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.1. Robust standard errors in parentheses. GHSPOP 1km is used for the DOU method. The dependent variable is the log of per capita consumption expenditures, expressed in PPP and not spatially deflated. Only urban households (“Urban center” or “Urban cluster”) are included in specifications (4) and (8). The baseline category is “Rural” in all specifications, except (4) and (8), where it is “Urban cluster”. Demographic control variables include household size and household head’s age, sex, and marital status. Education is a categorical control variable that summarizes the education of the household head in seven categories. Employment is a categorical control variable that summarizes the household head’s labor status and employment sector.

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