For the purposes of this analysis, we defined indicators of effective access for the nine sectors as follows: _Effective access indicators:_

- Electricity: %HH with in-house electricity who also use it as primary source of lighting

- Water: %HH with in-dwelling or in-compound (shared or private) piped water and it is their most important source

- Toilet: %HH with non-public toilet facility (shared or not), but shared with fewer than 20 people

- Sewage Disposal:  %HH with connection to public sewer or septic/soak pit that is emptied by truck or manually

- Access Roads:  %HH with ‘surfaced’ access roads, and road is in good condition during the most recent dry season

- Public Transport:   %HHs who have at least one HH member whose main mode of transportation to work or school is a microbus/matatu/regular bus

- Garbage Collection: %HHs with some form of garbage collection and it is collected weekly

- Street Lights: %HHs who have street lights or lamp posts and they work most of the time

- Phone: %HH with functioning phone/mobile

Table 3.1 provides data on the level of nominal and effective access across sectors for all 15 urban centers.<sup>4</sup> In urban Kenya, nominal access varies widely across services. Phone service (predominantly privately delivered mobile service) and public transport are outliers with high rates of access. The vast majority (93%) of households can access public transport within 20 minutes of their home. Mobile phones are also readily available in households throughout urban Kenya with impressive levels of access of 90%. There has also been some success in rolling out household connections in the electricity sector. Over three-quarters of households report an electricity connection (76%). However, even with this relatively high penetration rate, there remains approximately one in four urban households without electricity. Approximately twothirds of households in urban Kenya are also served by toilets, with 66.9% of households recording nominal access (or almost one-third with no in-house facilities). More than half (58%) of households have an in-dwelling or in-compound piped water connection.<sup>5</sup> The remaining four services for which we have measures of nominal access – sewage disposal, access roads, garbage collection and street lights - have coverage rates between 40-50% (i.e. less than half of households have nominal access, let alone functional service).

> 4 It also provides results broken down by settlement type (formal/informal) and household poverty (non-poor/poor) as well as information on _quality-adjusted access_ . In this section we will focus our discussion on the third column presenting data for “ALL urban centers” which provides information on the overall percentage of households with access to a given standard of service.  Discussion of quality-adjusted access as well as the observed differences in infrastructure access between formal/informal and non-poor/poor households is the subject of section 2.2 and section 4.0 respectively.

> 5 For the purposes of this analysis we have chosen to use a fairly broad definition of water access – that recognizes both indwelling and in-compound piped connections that are both private and shared.  The inclusion of shared connections was deemed necessary because of the relatively high proportion of residents who lived in shared living arrangements (e.g. compounds) where private piped connection alone is not a realistic service standard.

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