<mark>the change observed in the full control group (-0.044**, p-value = 0.022) (Table 5, column 2). There was very little change over the study period in receipt of tetanus vaccine during pregnancy, and there was no difference in the change in vaccine receipt between the three treatment groups, and the control group (Table 5, column 3). Postnatal care receipt increased by over ten percentage points over the study period in control group (0.105, p-value = 0.001). Compared to the control group, there was a smaller increase over time in postnatal care in the three treatment groups; however, this difference was not statistically significant in the PBF group and the additional financing group. Postnatal care receipt increased by seven percentage points less in the improved supervision group (C2) than in the control group, and this difference was statistically significant (-0.070, p-value = 0.075) (Table 5, column 4). Results from testing the equality of coefficients show that for skilled delivery the additional financing intervention outperformed the PBF group. For antenatal care, facilities with the PBF intervention performed better than those facilities with only additional supervision.</mark> To further investigate the influence of health care bypassing behavior, we conducted additional analyses for key indicators dividing the sample into high and low bypass strata. We specifically tested whether the effect of the treatment groups differed in catchment areas where a larger proportion of women sought care outside of their treatment group health facility at baseline. To do this, we <mark>generated a binary variable = 1 if the women went to her assigned health facility at baseline and = 0 if she did not, and collapsed the data at the health facility level taking the mean of the bypass indicator variable. We then merged this variable onto the original file so that for each woman in the data set we know the proportion of women in her catchment area who went to their assigned facility at baseline.</mark> Then we divided the sample into high bypassing (above the median) and low bypassing (below the median), conducted the analysis in the separate groups, and compared the coefficients on the three interaction terms between groups. We included antenatal care, skilled delivery and postnatal care in this analysis.

The hypothesis behind these additional analyses is that if there are spillovers, we should see larger treatment effects in areas with low bypass rates. The only difference in the results between high and low bypassing areas was that the effect of additional financing was negative (-0.108) in the high bypassing group and positive in the low bypassing group (0.045), and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.058) (results shown in Appendix Table A7). Otherwise the impacts of the different interventions tested did not vary according to whether health care bypassing behavior was high or moderate at baseline. This analysis further suggests that the bypassing behavior observed in Cameroon, while substantial, did not significantly bias our impact measures.

<mark>Non-pregnant fertile women of reproductive age (15 – 49 years) with a current sexual partner were asked whether they were using any form on contraception in the household survey. Modern contraception included the intrauterine device, injectables, implants, oral pills, diaphragm, foam/jelly & lactational amenorrhea. The percentage of women of reproductive age who used any form of modern contraception, excluding condoms, did not increase between 2012 and 2015 in the control group (Table 5, column 5). The changes observed in the treatment groups did not differ statistically from the change in the control group, and there was no difference between the treatment groups.</mark> 15