We consider six dependent variables. The first three economic outcomes are consumption aggregates that are constructed following the guidelines of Deaton and Zaidi (2002) (see appendix B.1 for details). The first indicator measures the total consumption per adult equivalent (AE) of 47 consumption goods. About two thirds of this aggregate is related to the consumption of cereals, fruits and vegetables. The other important food categories are beers and sodas (7.7%), fish, meat, and eggs (7%), condiments (3.3%) and milk (3.3%). The second dependent variable is the part of total consumption that was purchased over the 15 days preceding the survey. This variable is labeled consumption expenditures per adult equivalent. Similarly, the third dependent variable is the share of the total consumption aggregate that was taken from stocks. It is also expressed per adult equivalent. The fourth dependent variable is an indicator of nonfood spending per adult equivalent, which includes spending in terms of clothing, housing, leisure, transport and transfers during the last year. The fifth dependent variable is the tropical livestock units (TLU), which summarizes in one indicator the possession of a wide range of livestock, weighted according to their type and size.<sup>15</sup> In order to improve statistical power, the last variable is a summary index that aggregates information over the five main dependent variables (Kling et al, 2007). The summary index is defined to be the equally weighted average of z-scores of the five components. The z-scores are calculated by subtracting the mean for civilian households and dividing by the standard deviation for civilian households for each component. Descriptive statistics are presented in table 1.

All the household welfare indicators have decreased on average between 2006 and 2010. This trend shows that living conditions have deteriorated in these three provinces of Burundi during that period. Meanwhile, household size increased during the same period. Table 1 suggests that attriting households purchased more, had fewer stocks, were smaller and were more affected by the conflict. Attrition is discussed in more detail at the end of this section.

The dummies _Ri_<sup>_FNL_</sup> and _R_<sup>_CNDD_</sup> _i_<sup>+</sup> are equal to one for _returnee_ households. This category includes all households that declared having one member with ties to the factions, whether or not they benefited from DDR allowances.<sup>16</sup> The dummies _Di_<sup>_FNL_</sup> and _D_<sup>_CNDD_</sup> _i_<sup>+</sup> refer to demobilized households, that is, _returnee_ households with a member who benefited from the reinsertion grants. We constructed these dummies according to three definitions, provided in table 2 along with the corresponding number of excombatants falling into that category. In the first definition, demobilized ex-combatants are those who declared ties to a faction and were registered in the official demobilization registers ( _Di_<sup>_FNL_1</sup> and _D_<sup>_CNDD_</sup> _i_<sup>+1</sup> ). In order to minimize misreporting, the second definition adds house-

> 15Conversion factors used are the following: cattle (0.50), sheep and goats (0.10), pigs (0.20), poultry and rabbits (0.01) (Harvest Choice, 2011).

> 16 _Returnees_ include _demobilized_ households, but also “gardien de la paix”, “adultes associés”, “militant combatant”, and people without any status but that declared themselves as members of a rebel faction.

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