donor agencies and bilateral partners are the World Bank, the European Union, the United States, Denmark and the United Kingdom which account for about 50% of the average 2003-2004 gross ODA. In the following sub-sections, climate threats are analyzed at sub-national level and three projects are shown as examples to illustrate how climate vulnerability of affected communities is incorporated in project design.

# **_4.1 Climate-sensitive development activities_**

Inputs and activities of the five main donors focus on all major development sectors, including agriculture, water, health, environment, energy and education. Since sectoral evaluations would not capture all climate risks, six donor agencies have screened their portfolios to assess the potential climate risks on their activities in various countries (Agrawala, 2005; Burton and van Aalst, 1999, 2004a, b; DFID, 2004; Eriksen and Næss, 2003; Kasparek, 2003; Klein, 2001; Robledo et al., 2006).

For this paper, a sub-national analysis of climate-sensitive ODA activities by the five main donors was performed based on the project objectives provided in the ODAmoz and EU DbIS databases (ODAmoz, 2007; DbIS, 2007). Where project descriptions did not yield sufficient details, the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee’s sector was used to estimate the overall project objective. All projects ongoing in 2006 were covered. The criteria to select climatesensitive ODA projects are based on two dimensions: (i) deliverables in terms of physical infrastructure sensitive to floods or cyclones, _i.e.,_ transport, irrigation, health and sanitation infrastructure and flood protection, and (ii) targeted management effectiveness which may be affected by climate impacts considering the agricultural sector, food security and malnutrition, water supply, sanitation and irrigation management, rural incomes and development as well as natural resource management. If not all objectives of a selected project were climate-sensitive and no breakdown of the budget by objective was available, the total budget committed to this project was included in the analysis. Annual budget estimates were calculated as the average of the total project budget for one year. As a result, the average climate-sensitive ODA budget of the five main donors amounts to about USD 248 million in 2006, which constitutes 44% of their average 2003-2004 gross ODA.

Since climate impacts show distinct geographic patterns, the portfolio analysis was further refined by spatially disaggregating climate-sensitive development activities to the sub-national level. To do this, project budgets were attributed to the highest administrative unit indicated in the project description or based on the targeted sectors, _e.g.,_ coastal zone management. Investments committed at national scale were evenly distributed among the 10 provinces. This may overestimate funding for the province with the lowest number of districts, the Maputo province. However, as Maputo province includes the capital city with the highest density of roads, water and sanitation infrastructure, it is assumed that ODA projects are likely to invest a high proportion of the budget into Maputo province.

The three provinces receiving most climate-sensitive ODA investments are Zambézia, Sofala and Maputo (Figure 1). Taking into account the exposure to current climate, the risk of ODA deliverables being adversely affected by droughts, floods and cyclones becomes evident. An

> 7 OECD/World Bank: Mozambique ODA statistics. Accessible at: www.oecd.org

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