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a complete list of this research.) Most of the work focused on Africa and was embodied in a research program undertaken in CPD. This project produced country-specific papers reviewing pay and employment policy in Sudan, Zambia, Senegal, Nigeria, and Liberia. In addition, several overview papers analyzed those countries as well as additional public sector wage and employment data for Ghana, Uganda, Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania.13 The main sources of data for this research consisted of personnel divisions of technical ministries, civil service commissions, finance and civil service ministries, and, at times, private sector surveys carried out by individual commercial enterprises. Data were thought to be best for Zambia and worst for Uganda. In general, the research stresses the diversity of employment and pay conditions in Africa. It does, however, report a number of general trends: extreme wage erosion due to infrequent sala'y adjustments and rapid price increases; increasing relative importance of non-wage benefits; increasing wage compression;and rapid expansion in government employment as a whole. The basic policy recommendation emerging from this work is that employment expansion should not be traded off against higher wages. Smaller, more productive civil services should be the objective. With regard to the public enterprise sector, Lindauer et al., argued for the separation of public enterprise and civil service salary scales.

Several other studies recently carvied out in the Bank have examined pay and employment issues. A.R. Xhan's "Liberia SAL: Wages and Employment in the Public Sector" and "Employment and Wages in Liberia, Some Preliminary Notes with Special Reference to the Public Sector" analyze growth in public sector employment wages, their impact on the wage bill, and wage compression. They present alternative instruments for the attainment of target reductions in the wage bill, including reductions of the rate of salary increase, postponements of increments and promotions, and overall reductions in employment. Other studies on this issue include Sunita Kikeri, "Compensation Systems for Public Enterprise Managers in Africa" (1987) and Peter Heller and Alan Tait, "Government Emplayment and Pay: Some International Comparisons," which was carried out by the IMF's Fiscal Affairs Division. The former looks at comparison schemes and performance criteria in public enterprises in Africa; the latter examines comparative data for public sector employment and suggests ways to measure and evaluate them. In addition, a recent paper by Ruth Klinov, "PublicSector Wages and Employment in Bolivia" relates public employment issues to overall economic trends in Bolivia. And, John R. Harris, Edward Andoh, Kojo Evlo, and Martha Starr have analyzed several African pay and employment experiences in their recent paper, "Experiments in Wage Bill Containment in Africa," sponsored by the Bank's Special Office on Africa. In addition, Inayatullah, "Public Employment and Pay" provides a general review of public sector employment issues in developing cuuntries, from the viewpoint of civil service senior management.

- 2/ The overview papers include David Lindauer, "Parastatal Pay Policy in Africa," 1986; Lindauer, Public Sector Wages and Employment in Africa: Facts and Concepts," 1981, and Lindauer, Meesook and Suebsaeng, "Government Wage Policy in Africa: Summary of Findings and Policy Issues," 1986.