# **Table 5: Instrumental Variables Estimates of Political Engagement with the Bureaucracy**

## **Robust Standard Errors**

||**(1) Any**|**(2) Any**|**Legisl**|**ative**|**(5) Local**|||**Executive**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||<br>**Politician**<br>**Intervenes**|<br>**Politician**<br>**Engages**|**(3) National**<br>**Politician**|**(4) State**<br>**Politician**|<br>**Government**<br>**Chairman**|**(6) Community**<br>**Group**|**(7) Centralized**<br>**Ministry**|**(8) Governor**|**(9) State**<br>**Commissioner**|
|**Relevant Committee Membership [Member=1]**|-1.93***|-3.34***|-3.33***|-1.64***|-0.14|-0.35|0.44|1.17***|2.30***|
||(0.60)|(0.75)|(0.98)|(0.38)|(1.03)|(1.20)|(0.55)|(0.44)|(0.68)|
||[0.00]|[0.00]|[0.00]|[0.00]|[0.89]|[0.77]|[0.42]|[0.01]|[0.00]|
|**Constituency controls**|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|**Mean of dependent variable**|15|11|18|8|12|22|27|13|11|
|**Adjusted R-squared**|0.15|0.05|0.13|0.05|0.14|0.12|0.12|0.22|0.07|
|**First Stage F-Statistic**|||||503|||||
|**Observations**|3,008|3,008|3,008|3,008|3,008|3,008|3,008|3,008|3,008|

**Notes** : *** denotes significance at 1%, ** at 5%, and * at 10% level.  Robust standard errors are in round brackets and associated p-values are in square brackets.  The dependant variables in columns 1 through 9 are the average proportion of projects public officials in the organization implementing the project that state any politician intervenes in the project (Column 1), involve personal engagement with a politician (Column 2), involves intervention by a National Assembly member (Column 3), by a state assembly member (Column 4), by a local government chairman (Column 5), by a member of a community group (Column 6), by a central ministry (Column 7), by a governor (Column 8), or by a state commissioner (Column 9).  Relevant Committee Membership is a binary variable that indicates whether the project is in a constituency and sector in which the corresponding House representative sits on the relevant sectoral committee, taking the value 1 if so and 0 otherwise.  Constituency characteristics are comprised of the means and standard deviations of the following indices: the proportion of poor in the constituency, measured by a national poverty index, the average years of education of the household head, the proportion of constituents with access to potable water, the average time in minutes to the nearest primary school, and the average time in minutes to the nearest secondary school.  Means and standard deviations of the following indices are also included to reflect the frequency with which constituents benefit from a public project of the named type in the five years preceding 2006: construction of electrification infrastructure, rehabilitation of electrification infrastructure, well/borehole, construction of piped water infrastructure, rehabilitation of piped water infrastructure, sanitation, school construction project, school rehabilitation, health facility construction, health facility rehabilitation, road construction, tarring/grading of roads, transportation services, and agricultural-inputs schemes.  Finally, constituency characteristics include a set of indicators of the economic dynamics of the constituency, comprised of indicators of improvements in opportunities for employment, the availability of agricultural inputs, number of buyers of agriculture produce, the availability of extension services, the availability of credit facilities, and the availability of consumer goods.  Figures are rounded to two decimal places.