**19**

**Table 1:** Household characteristics across treatment groups in 2006

||Tr|eated|Co|ntrol|D|iff.|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Mean|Std. Dev.|Mean|Std. Dev.|coeff.|s.e.|
|Female headed hh<br>_†_|0.19|0.39|0.20|0.40|-0.00|(0.02)|
|Age of hh head (years)|45.30|16.56|43.35|15.55|1.59|(0.64)**|
|Education (years)|1.31|2.61|1.52|2.80|-0.22|(0.13)*|
|Household size<br>|5.26|3.12|5.28|3.21|-0.01|(0.14)|
|Household has a landholding<br>_†_|0.85|0.36|0.85|0.36|0.02|(0.02)|
|HH sold a land in last 3 years<br>_†_|0.02|0.15|0.03|0.16|-0.00|(0.01)|
|Landholder cultivated a plot<br>_†_|0.88|0.33|0.88|0.33|0.02|(0.02)|
|Number of landholdings|1.82|1.37|1.85|1.41|0.10|(0.12)|
|Landholder can sell land<br>_†_|0.44|0.50|0.45|0.50|-0.01|(0.04)|
|Household has a female landholder<br>_†_|0.31|0.46|0.39|0.49|-0.04|(0.03)|
|-_Number of landholdings_<br>|1.39|0.76|1.45|0.87|-0.03|(0.08)|
|Household with female land tiller<br>_†_|0.66|0.47|0.67|0.47|0.03|(0.03)|
|-_cultivated her plot_|0.26|0.44|0.32|0.46|-0.02|(0.03)|
|-_helped a fellow member_|0.53|0.50|0.52|0.50|0.04|(0.04)|
|Daily consumption per cap. (2005 $)|1.04|0.93|1.08|0.80|-0.02|(0.06)|
|<br>Own food production (2005 $)|0.10|0.13|0.10|0.17|-0.00|(0.01)|
|Number of of households|1,394||1,137||2,531||

<u>Note:</u> The table compares household characteristics across _treated_ and _control_ villages that were preselected for the land registration program. The sample used for this table is restricted to those households in treated and control villages which are covered by the EMICoV survey in 2006. The statistics reported under the heading “Treated” refer to the sub-sample of households located in one of the villages selected for a PFR. Under the heading “Control” we report the statistics from households living in villages that took part in and lost the lotteries. The column “diff.” describes the variation of household characteristics across treatment and control groups in 2006.

Standard errors are in parentheses and are clustered at the primary sampling unit level. The coefficients reported in column “coeff.” are obtained by regressing each variable on the treatment variable while controlling for the lottery pool fixed effects. Significance levels for coefficients are reported for t-tests of the equality of the means across treatment groups. Significance levels are reported as follows: * p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01. _†_ Indicates dummy variables.

# **4.4 Program Implementation**

We now present empirical evidence on program implementation. At the time of the followup survey that we conducted, the land demarcation activities had started in all the villages randomly selected for the land registration program. The activities were completed in 96% of the treated villages of our sample and took on average three months for completion. On average, the demarcation activities had been completed for 11 months by March 2011 (see Table 3). Hence, for most households located in the treated villages land disputes had been resolved and agricultural parcels located in the villages had been demarcated with cornerstones by the beginning of the 2010–11 agricultural season.<sup>25</sup>

> 25Endogenous timing of the demarcation activities is a concern to our identification. While the ITT estimates are, by construction, immune to this source of bias, the land demarcation activities were not completed in all the treated villages at the time of the survey (see Figure A-2 for a visual representation of the distribution of treated villages where land demarcation activities ended twelve months in advance of our March 2011 survey). We find