## 4.1.3 Summary of results for Latin America and the Caribbean

The analysis performed for a set of 9 countries shows a relatively stable prevalence of non-standard employment in the total number of employed people in the last two decades. Within this stable panorama in the prevalence of non-standard contracts, there is a fairly generalized trend towards an increase in part-time employment, together with a lower share of temporary employment.

Regarding the profile of NSE, we find several changes in the last two decades. First, from the educational perspective, an improvement in the profile of workers employed as NSE can be observed in the countries analyzed, in both part-time and temporary employment. In the case of temporary employment, the improvement of the educational profile is even more evident and generalized than in part-time employment. From the point of view of wages, two important concluding changes are identified. On the one hand, a shift to the right of the wage distribution is observed in all the countries analyzed, indicating an increase in their average labor income per working hour. Finally, examining the task content performed in jobs, we find a movement towards non-routine cognitive tasks, together with a reduced importance of manual tasks.

However, it should be noted that in most cases, the changes in the profile of NSE workers cannot be considered a specific characteristic of non-standard employment since it is also observed in standard wage employment and self-employed workers at least in sign.7

# 4.2 NSE trends in Europe and Central Asia

As mentioned in the previous section, the available data sources limited the statistical analysis presented below to the types of temporary employment and part-time employment. At the same time, it was not possible in all cases to identify the employees whose employment relationship is temporary. In this sense, it is necessary to bear in mind that all indicators of prevalence and profile of non-standard employment will be limited to a subset of this kind of workers.

We study a sample of 7 developing countries from the ECA region, particularly from Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Specifically, the analysis was conducted for the Russian Federation, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, Armenia, Albania, and Moldova.

In the 7 cases mentioned, it was possible to identify part-time employees; while only in 4 cases temporary workers were also identified (it was not possible to identify temporary employment in the databases of Russia, Armenia, and Albania).

## 4.2.1 Variation of the NSE as a percentage of total employment

The trends of non-standard employment in Eastern Europe and Central Asia do not show a homogeneous pattern in the last 10/15 years (Figure 16). Indeed, there is an increase of the NSE share in the total wage-employees in the Kyrgyzstan Republic, Turkey and Moldova, while Russia Georgia, Armenia, and Albania, present the inverse trend.

Analyzing the prevalence of NSE by types of occupations, we find a quite similar pattern across countries which is also similar to the findings for Latin American and the Caribbean countries. In most of the countries, the “Elementary occupations” is the category where the prevalence of NSE is

> 7 Regarding the depth of changes, we identify some differences between NSE and SE but without a common pattern across countries.

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