<u>Enforcement. Spectrum users must comply with the terms of authorization and the applicable</u> rules and regulations. Spectrum managers are particularly concerned with interference problems affecting public safety and security services such as emergency services (ambulance, fire, police) and navigational services (air, maritime), as well as commercial bands where spectrum holders have often invested and incurred large sunk costs and expect protection for these investments. The spectrum authority needs a framework and process for responding and dealing with complaints from the public and users and for settling disputes. The powers, duties, and obligations of the spectrum manager and protection of rights for the public under circumstances where inspection of property is necessary must be established by law. Penalties, remedies, and alternative dispute mechanisms help ensure rapid resolution.

# **2.6 Implementation**

Implementing the building blocks of spectrum administration requires support in terms of data, analysis, administration, monitoring, and international affairs. Typically about one-third of all personnel employed in regulating telecommunications and broadcasting is occupied in government administration of the spectrum.<sup>37</sup> Detailed knowledge of current use across the entire spectrum is required for effective planning. In addition to the basic data on frequency, users, and location, a national register contains information on the functions performed by the equipment, detailed technical characteristics, and costs of system implementation. A single national frequency register database should be created if one does not already exist.

Spectrum allocation and assignment under traditional administration regimes is based on detailed spectrum engineering analyses undertaken by the spectrum authority. This includes using computer models of radio propagation patterns to ensure compatibility among uses and equipment, examine the likelihood of interference among users, and assess potential health and safety hazards. Comprehensive national records of individual spectrum assignments and use are maintained as needed for these engineering analyses as well as for administrative purposes.

Spectrum use is monitored to obtain technical and operational information on current use as well as to detect illegal or wrongful use of frequencies or equipment. Monitoring is needed for effective spectrum allocation and assignment, to resolve interference problems, and to verify and enforce compliance with regulations and the conditions of authorization. Measurements typically include frequency, power, and emission spectrum of transmitters.<sup>38</sup> The trend is to focus monitoring on areas of known problems and congestion rather than continuous

> 37For example, of the total 1,100 staff employed by Agencia Nacional de Telecomunicacoes (ANATEL, the telecommunications regulatory authority of Brazil), about 600 work in spectrum management, including about 400 staff occupied in spectrum monitoring at headquarters and each of the 23 states. One-hundred and twenty staff of a total of 300 employed by the Office of the Telecommunications Authority of Hong Kong works on spectrum planning, frequency allocation, assignment, and licensing. The radio authority of Ukraine employs about 200 people.

> 38Equipment mainly comprises radio receivers, spectrum analyzers, direction finders, and antennas.

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