indicator related to general health, whether any household member reports an illness or injury.

4. **Satisfaction** is measured at the household-level. The family includes three outcomes measured on a four-point Likert scale from “Very Unsatisfied” to “Very Satistfied”: the respondent’s satisfaction with their family’s health; satisfaction with public health workers (i.e., clinic staff); and, among households with at least one member utilizing a western-style clinic in the last year (approximately half), satisfaction with the care they received.<sup>15</sup> Among these households with members utilizing the clinic in the last year, we ask whether they would return to the clinic for a future medical need. The last two satisfaction outcomes are asked across the different types of health episodes, so we average responses across individuals in a household when multiple episodes are reported.

5. **Clinic quality** includes three clinic-level outcomes. First, we construct an index of clinic service provision that aggregates measures related to organization (e.g., medicines sorted by expiration date and stored in a safe location), the types and frequency of services offered (e.g., family planning), number of staff on duty, and hours clinics are open. Second, we measure the proportion of staff who are aware of the 2010 policy that removed user fees for maternal and under-5 services. Finally, we measure employee satisfaction. The services offered and employee satisfaction are reported in the clinic survey; other measures are based on enumerators’ observations.

6. **Health service delivery** is measured among individuals who experience a health episode in the month before the endline survey (for childbirth episodes recall is over the past six months). The family includes outcomes derived from the household survey, including staff absenteeism and wait times, problems with clinic facilities or staff, satisfaction with services, staff attitude, drug availability, and fees paid. Per our analysis plan, two satisfaction outcomes appear in this family and the satisfaction family (measured at the individual- and household-level respectively). We verify that this redundancy does not affect our familylevel result for health service delivery.

7. **Contributions to clinics** is measured at the community-level. The family includes two outcomes. The first outcome, derived from the survey of village leaders, captures whether the community convened meetings about the clinic and whether it contributed labor to the upkeep of the clinic or well-being of staff (e.g., helping to plant a garden for nurses). The second outcome incorporates responses from clinic staff about whether the community made such contributions or had disputes with clinic staff.

8. **Community development and political engagement (CDPE)** is measured at the community-level. The family includes outcomes related to community members’ participation in meetings in the last six months, contributions to local development projects over the last year, their self-reported ability to address problems collectively over the last year, and turnout for the local and national elections in November 2012.

> 15 As with general utilization, satisfaction with care is asked of individuals who attend the clinic for childbirth in the past year, antenatal or postnatal care, vaccination, any illness or injury in the past month or any other type of consultation in the past month.

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