Table 1: School management and student performance

|||**PISA**|||**Prova Br**|**asil**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|
|**Panel A:**|**Readi**|**ng PISA**|**points**|**Portug**|**uese scor**|**es (SDs)**|
|Management Index|4.904|3.947|3.019|0.068|0.066|0.059|
||(1.193)|(1.172)|(0.980)|(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.002)|
||[0.000]|[0.000]|[0.002]|[0.000]|[0.000]|[0.000]|
|Private||11.514|2.911||||
|||(2.889)<br>[0.000]|(2.560)<br>[0.255]||||
|_R-squared_|0.24<br>410701|0.29<br>410701|0.42<br>410701|0.03<br>9891822|0.04<br>9891822|0.10<br><br>9891822|
|**Panel B:**|**Mat**|**h PISA **|**points**|**Mat**|**h scores **|**(SDs)**|
|Management Index|4.689|3.937|2.800|0.078|0.075|0.068|
||(1.267)|(1.272)|(1.060)|(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.002)|
||[0.000]|[0.001]|[0.008]|[0.000]|[0.000]|[0.000]|
|Private||11.467<br>(2.874)<br>[0.000]|2.001<br>(2.655)<br>[0.451]||||
|_R-squared_|0.31<br>410701|0.34<br>410701|0.45<br>410701|0.05<br>9891822|0.05<br>9891822|0.10<br><br>989182|
|**Panel C:**|**Science**|**PISA **|**points**||**n.a.**||
|Management Index|4.283|3.601|2.553||||
||(1.187)|(1.217)|(0.982)||||
||[0.000]|[0.003]|[0.009]||||
|Private||10.215|1.245||||
|||(2.751)|(2.377)||||
|||[0.000]|[0.600]||||
|_R-squared_|0.30|0.33|0.43||||
|# Observations<br># Schools|410701<br>15196|410701<br>15196|410701<br>15196|9890704<br>33148|9890704<br>33148|9890704<br>33148|
|Location FE*|Y|Y|Y|Y|Y|Y|
|School controls||Y|Y||Y|Y|
|Student controls|||Y|||Y|

Notes: Standard errors in parentheses, p-values in square brackets. OLS regressions for PISA were run with the student-level PISA dataset using the OECD’s repest Stata command. Standard errors clustered at the school level and use all 5 plausible values for each subject and _student final weights_ . Prova Brasil regressions run with standard OLS. Standard errors clustered at the school level and dependent variables are student learning outcomes on national tests at Grade 9 (the same exercise can be done with primary schools and tests at Grade 5). All specifications include location fixed effects (countries for PISA and states for Prova Brasil). **PISA controls** : School controls include school location, student-teacher ratio, log of the number of students, share of government funding relative to total school funding, and ratio of computers connected to the web as a proxy for school resources. Student controls include gender, grade, socio-economic status and immigration status. **Prova Brasil controls** : School controls include student-teacher ratio, log of the number of students, dummies indicating the presence of an IT lab, science lab, and library as proxies for school resources. Given availability of principal characteristics, school controls also include a dummy for male principals, dummies for educational attainment, and dummies for experience as principal. Student controls include a dummy for male students, a dummy for white students, student households’ consumption index, dummies for mother educational attainment (grades 1-5, grades 6-9, secondary grades 10-12, and college). For control variables, missing variables are replaced with a value of -99 and we include an indicator variable with a value of 1 for each imputed value. All panels use the same sample but have different subject outcome variables. Summary statistics for PISA dependent variables and controls are presented in Table B.1. 29