rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
**Table 3: The “quality” of the journals in which Bank staff and others authors publish**

|Institution|Im|pact factor of journ|als|
|---|---|---|---|
||p25|Median|p75|
|Berkeley|20|34|46|
|Brown|20|29|46|
|Chicago|24|41|62|
|Columbia|20|32|49|
|Cornell|20|32|36|
|Harvard|23|36|62|
|LSE|17|24|44|
|MIT|22|36|61|
|NYU|20|34|49|
|Oxford|17|24|36|
|Princeton|24|34|61|
|Stanford|20|34|62|
|UCL|18|24|41|
|Yale|22|34|50|
|<br>AfDB|<br>14|22|46|
|AsDB|12|19|36|
|EBRD|23|46|46|
|FAO|20|20|22|
|IADB|19|24|36|
|IMF|18|26|43|
|UNDP|13|19|24|
|<br>World Bank|20|29|41|
|rank among universities|6|11|12|
|rankamong donors|2|2|4|

Sources: Authors’ calculations from SSCI and SCIMAGO.

Notes: Each journal article is assigned the impact factor of the journal in which it is published. Articles are lined up by their journal’s impact factor. The Bank’s median score of 29 indicates that the median article appeared in a journal of equivalent impact to the WBER (whose impact factor happens to be 29, ahead of the JDE whose impact factor is 26).

41
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only 34% of total resources for the recurrent budget (this figure was only 22% for Dar es Salaam) and the remaining 66% came from the Central Government (Table 4.1).

4.8 Such blanket protection by the Central Government has provided incentives for inefficiency. Operating in a centralized system where the release of funds for remuneration of staff is more forthcoming than for procurement of goods and services, municipalities have relied heavily on construction and operations through force account as opposed to contracting to the private sector. As a result, salaries consumed on average about two thirds of the total resources in FY94, leaving limited funds for the operation and maintenance of infrastructure and equipment. Some of the eight project towns and Dar es Salaam, however, contributed up to 3% to their capital expenditure.

**Table 4.1: Revenue Generation by the Eight Project Towns and DSM**

(T Sh Million)

|iS:0;**..**<br>**03**<br>..<br>:0Eg;**.....; **i<br>E<br>E ;<br>**......**|**1992.**<br>Ci<br>g|1993<br>EEi|**PercentEE**<br>**Change**<br>**4~~~~~~992-**|**1:994.:**<br>**9**|**ig Percent**<br>**Change**<br>E<br>**19A93944.**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Eight Project Towns:**||||||
|Self Generated Revenue|909|1,459|+61%|1,574|+8%|
|CG transfer for Recurrent Exp.|1,482|2,083|+41%|3,099|+49%|
|TotalResources for Rec. Exp.|2,391|3,542|+48%|4,672|+32%|
|ielf eu. lv.:asR %:WofTtalE::|38%|**4i%**||**34%**||
|**Dar es Salaam:**||||||
|SelfGenerated Revenue|734|1,028|+40%|912|- 11%|
|CG transfer for Recurrent Exp.|1,736|2,079|+20%|3,287|+58%|
|Total Resources for Rec. Exp.|2,469|3,108|+26%|4,199|+35%|
|**Setlf-Geu.**Rev. as**%**of Total|E**30%**<br>**M.**|33%|i<br>**:**|i<br>22%|i|

Source: PMO 4.9 This dependency and inefficiency has been essentially the result of a centrally controlled system. As part of a decentralization effort and in order to improve urban finances and increase local autonomy, the Government is pursuing a two-pronged strategy of (i) raising additional revenue via improvement in tax efficiency and in administrative capacity, and (ii) expenditure plan iing and control via enhancement of accountability by standardization of the budgeting and accounting system. This effort was complemented by the _National Civil Service Reform,_ under which a retrenchment exercise was recently carried out in the project towns.

4.10 The Bank has supported the Government in this endeavor and, under the Urban Sector Engineering Project, has assisted the Government to start the implementation of its strategy. The following activities are ongoing, and positive financial results have already been registered:
the use of antidumping measures, the resulting tally showed only 37 antidumping decrees in force across all GATT countries, 21 of those in South Africa (GATT, 1958, p. 14).

Since 1995, when the Uruguay Round agreements came into force, use of antidumping has dominated use of other provisions that sanction import restrictions: 2049 antidumping measures as compared with 83 safeguard measures, 119 countervailing duty measures and no renegotiations reported by the WTO Secretariat.<sup>20</sup> Since the Uruguay Round agreements are in place 91 percent of the applications of these traditional GATT flexibility provisions have been antidumping measures.

While in GATT’s early decades renegotiation of previously agreed tariff bindings was the most frequently used flexibility provision, the ascendance of antidumping demonstrates that as the GATT/WTO system became more juridical, adjustments previously treated as negotiations were increasingly taken up as evaluations against specified criteria.

These evaluations are unilateral in that they are conducted by national authorities, but they retain significant collective or international dimensions. Evaluation is against a collectively agreed ‘just cause’ (e.g., injurious dumping) and it follows collectively agreed procedures. National investigations must recognize exporters and governments of exporting countries as interested parties and these investigations are under continuous international scrutiny. Antidumping measures have been the subject of 60 of the 368 cases<sup>21</sup> taken up in the WTO dispute settlement process.

# <u>Discipline</u>

Though the number of antidumping measures applied has increased, the record indicates that there is a good deal of discipline in the GATT/WTO system. Finger, Nelson and Hall (1982) found that over 1975-79, only 2 percent of US imports were covered by either affirmative antidumping or countervailing duty cases; 4 percent by affirmative safeguard (Article XIX) cases. Galloway, Bloningen and Flynn (1999) found that in the mid 1990s the percentage for the total of all three of these trade remedies was still about 5 percent. Egger and Nelson (2007) looked at the impact of antidumping world-wide, estimated that over the 40 years 1960-2000 antidumping had reduced world export volume by no more than 2 percent.

One discipline on antidumping is cost; the cost to an industry of legal representation and of supplying the information needed to support a petition along with the cost to a government of conducting an investigation.<sup>22</sup> Another

> 20 These data cover 1 January 1995 through 31 December 2007.

> 21 As of 06 January 2009.

> 22 Finger – Nogués (2006) look into this matter.  Cost was an important consideration for industries in Latin America, as well as for governments.  Casual information in Washington, DC,

11
# Source: IEA (2017a)

As a complement to the data on total installed capacity, Figure 4 presents electricity generation capacities added during the 2000-2016 period. During this period, a total of 454 GW of hydropower was added globally; this number is slightly higher than wind power capacity added during the same period (449 MW). Note however, that addition of wind and solar power capacities each are higher than the addition of hydropower capacity in more recent years (2010-2016) due to the rapid growth of solar and wind stimulated through government policy support and cost reduction.

<!-- Start of picture text --> Coal<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> Gas<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> Nuclear<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> 298<br>Hydropower Wind Solar PV<br>449<br>Other renewables 454<br>164<br>260 853<br>240<br>285<br>575 214<br>278<br>876<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: IEA (2017)<sup>4</sup>

**Figure 4. Addition of electricity generation capacity mix (2000‐2016) (GW)**

> _4_ This figure is based on data provided by Mr. Heymi Bahar of the International Energy Agency through personal communication.

8
- Has start-up capital of 10 times income per capita at the end of 2005, paid in cash.

- Has a turnover of at least 100 times income per capita.”<sup>11</sup>

We expect that these barriers would have a stronger relationship with the formal entrepreneurship rates in the WB database. Furthermore, these indicators might be important predictors of a firm’s decision to operate in the formal versus informal sector.

Next, we include indicators of operational risk, which may proxy for the risks and benefits of individuals of operating a firm in the formal (rather than informal) sector. For instance, we would expect individuals to be less willing to operate illegally (and more likely to pay taxes) in countries where registration laws are enforced, corruption is lower, and the economy is healthy. First, we include an index of political risk (Pol_Risk), which measures corruption, government stability, etc. Second, we include an index of law and order (Law_Order), which measures the efficiency of the legal and judicial system. Third, we include an index of economic risk (Econ_Risk), which measures the economic growth of the country. Fourth, we include a composite risk index, which is an average of political, economic, and governmental financial risk and stability.

# **3. Empirical Results**

Table 2 shows the correlation matrix of our variables. Univariate tests show significance with all variables except employment laws. An explanation might be that both formal and informal young firms are less likely to hire a large number of employees.<sup>12</sup> Because of the large and significant correlation between the explanatory variables, estimations are run separately, while controlling for economic development through logGDP per capita.

Figure 2 shows scatter-plots and univariate tests of our explanatory variables. We find significant relationships for both the SPR_N_C and SPR_B_C. As expected the spread between the two measures is negatively related to per capita GDP, composite risk, recovery rate and law and order. It is positively related to the number of procedures needed to register a business and the share of the informal economy.

> 11 http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/StartingBusiness.aspx.

> 12 Especially since formal firms in developing countries are likely to be in the sectors of wholesale and retail trade – and unlikely to be in manufacturing – which are less dependent on labor (Klapper, et al. 2007).

9
- 12 -

GDP (Y) in Tanzania is calculated from the production side. On the absorption side, estimates are obtained for investment (I), and imports (M). For exports (X), only data on official exports are included, and consumption (C) is derived as a residual. Since the value of total exports is underestimated, this leads to a corresponding overestimation of consumption by the same magnitude. Gross domestic savings are similarly affected, as illustrated in equation (2): representing the income-expenditure relationship, and in which gross domestic savings (S) are a residual. The overestimation of consumption in equation (1) thus leads to a corresponding underestimation of domestic savings in equation (2) by the same arnount.

# **_111.3_** _Results of the Adjustments_

Table I presents the official and the adjusted macroeconomic data, and illustrates the enormous difference that the adjustments make to a number of economic variables, especially in the reform period.

Table I TANZANIA: Adjusted and Unadjusted Macro Variables (as a percentage **of GDP** at current market prices) (annual average)

||1981<br>Unadjusted|-85<br>Adjusted|1986<br>Unadjusted|-90<br>Adjusted|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Consumption|89.6|89.3|99.0|86.7|
|Investment|18.3|18.7|26.1|28.2|
|Exports|8.7|9.6|13.8|26.9|
|Gross Domestic Savings|10.4|10.7|1.0|13.3|

Source: IMF and World Bank data, and authors' estimates.
First, as documented by Table 1, the program had targeted areas with higher initial malnutrition rates. As a consequence, program areas started off with worse nutritional outcomes at baseline: the continuous line representing the nutritional status in program areas at baseline is strictly below (further away from zero) for both weight/age (Figure 1) and height for age (Figure 2) relative to non-Seecaline communities.

Second, the movements of weight for age and height for age are quite similar until the age of 12 to 18 months, with the largest vertical drop up until 18 months. The decline in weight for age recovers at around 24 months. Height for age decreases until the age of three years, after which there is no recovery from stunting. The shape of both curves, and most notably the focus on the age window where the vulnerability of children to growth faltering is the highest, has been widely used to advocate early nutrition interventions. What is left unexplained is the fact that the gradient of the curve is not only determined by biological factors, but can be influenced by factors such as untreated illnesses during pregnancy, exposure to infections, poor diet and reduced breastfeeding. The underlying motivation behind the SEECALINE intervention is that these factors can be partially redressed through changes in practices during this age window.

Third, the trends over time by program and non-program areas are suggestive of potentially significant program effects of both short and long term nutritional outcomes. It is evident that in 2004, the entire weight/age curve (dashed lines) shifted upwards in program areas, bringing it close to the levels of the non-Seecaline areas. Although height-for-age, a measure of long-term nutritional status, showed deterioration over time in both, program and non-program areas for all cohorts up to age four, this worsening trend is only mildly observed in program areas. It is also notable that these mean changes over time mask important differences across socio-economic groups, as for instance by the education level of the mother (figure 3). Both participant and non-participant areas exhibit an education gradient in nutritional outcomes. It is notable that, over time, more educated mothers stand to gain the most and substantially more so in program areas.

# **4. The Empirical Methodology**

The key parameter to be estimated in this paper is the offer of the program to the community, or the so-called ‘intention to treat’ parameter (ITT hereafter). This parameter combines the effect of the program on participants as well as the lack of effect on nonparticipants in program participating communities. The longitudinal design (at a community level) of the follow-up survey, coupled with a rich set of socio-economic and geographic characteristics allows us to carefully account for the non-random selection of villages into the 9
transitional dynamics, and compares different steady-state welfare levels.

**Calibration.** Table 7 summarizes the calibration of the preference param- <u>1</u> eters. I assign _β_ = 0 _._ 97 365 to capture an annual discount rate of 3 percent adjusted for a daily frequency, and, following Kydland and Prescott [1982], set _γ_ = _−_ 0 _._ 5. As a baseline specification, the parameters _α_ 0, _α_ 1 and _η_ are chosen to correspond to those in Kydland and Prescott [1982]. As an alternative specification, _α_ 0, _α_ 1 and _η_ are calibrated instead to match the findings in Hotz et al. [1988]. Appendix A describes the procedure for adjusting these parameters for a daily frequency (Kydland and Prescott [1982] calibrate their model for quarterly data, and Hotz et al. [1988] estimate a model using annual data). The two specifications yield highly similar results, which are distinguishable only at the third decimal point.<sup>21</sup> Since the reported results are rounded at the 2 decimal point level, they are consistent with both specifications.

I calibrate _φ_ so that, given a 5-2 workweek, an agent is indifferent with respect to working on a Saturday given an overtime premium of _s_ .<sup>22</sup> Bell and Hart [2003] estimate the overtime premium to be between 0-50%. This maps into a range of _φ ∈_ (0 _._ 3 _,_ 0 _._ 4). Within this range, I consider the two extreme values _φ_ = 0 _._ 3 _,_ 0 _._ 4.

Table 8 presents the range of welfare gains implied by the set of admissible parameters, and Table 9 presents the corresponding means with their associated 95% confidence intervals. The results suggest that the 5-2 week is not easily dominated by any other week. When _φ_ = 0 _._ 3, for any other

> 21Given _η →_ 0 and _β →_ 1, both specifications are approximately equal to a model in which _l_ is proportional to the average ratio of rest and work days.

> 22In Kydland and Prescott [1982], the parameter _φ_ is calibrated as <u>23</u><sup>tomatchthe</sup> steady state fraction of time spent on work. The calculation is roughly as follows: people spend around 40 hours a week at work. Assuming that 8 hours a day are necessary for <u>112</u> _−_ <u>40</u> sleep, there are 16x7=112 available hours a week: 112 _≈_<sup><u>2</u></sup> 3<sup>.Whentheunitofaccount</sup> is days rather than hours, the calculation changes, as the steady state number of workdays is approximately 5 days a week, or<sup><u>2</u></sup> 7<sup>_≈_0</sup><sup>_._3.Thisvalueisconsistentwiththelowerendof</sup> the calibrated range of _φ_ .

30
Educational attainment, as measured by years of schooling, in Latin America averages 9.0 and 10.2 years of schooling for men and women. Laggards in male educational attainment among the Latin American countries examined are Brazil and Guatemala, with 7.6 and 7.7 years of schooling, while the lowest female educational attainment is found in Guatemala and Mexico, with 9.0 and 9.1 years. However, the proportion with tertiary education among adults 25-65 years working for wages in Latin America is considerably lower compared to East Asia. Colombia registers the highest proportion of tertiary education graduates, at over 40 percent for both men and women, compared to only 11 percent for men and 15 percent for women in Guatemala.

- <u>Table 2: Schooling Attainment by Country (male wage earners, 25 65 years)</u>

|_Country_|_Mean years of_<br>_schooling_|_% with tertiary_<br>_education_|
|---|---|---|
|Cambodia|7.4|1.7|
|China|11.3|22.9|
|Indonesia|10.2|16.1|
|Mongolia|9.2|38.7|
|Philippines|10.1|31.3|
|Singapore|10.1|28.0*|
|Thailand|9.0|17.4|
|Vietnam|10.9|27 6|
|_East Asia Mean_|_9.8_|_23.0_|
|Argentina<br>|10.0|16.4|
|Bolivia|9.8|16.2|
|Brazil|7.6|12.5|
|Chile|9.3|9.5|
|Colombia|10.5|20.3|
|Guatemala|7.4|11.2|
|Mexico|8.6|8.5|
|Venezuela|8.5|11.7|
|_Latin America Mean_|_9.0_|_13.3_|

Note: see Annex 1 for full set of descriptive statistics *Includes Polytechnic diplomas Looking at type of employment, in Latin American countries we observe higher shares of wage employment, with Argentina and Chile at the top (68 and 67 percent) compared to East Asian countries (highest proportion in China and Thailand with 61 and 47 percent). Countries with particularly low rates of wage employment are Indonesia (28 percent) and Bolivia (35 percent). A consistent finding of interest is that technical/vocational secondary/post-secondary 11
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Figure 6. Rights and Services Using Different Bandwidths <!-- Start of picture text --> Rights and Services (Index) SISBEN Access<br>MSERD<br>MSERD CERSUM MSESUM<br>CERSUMCERRDMSESUM CERRD<br>50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450<br> Bandwidth (days around Jun 08-18) Bandwidth (days around Jun 08-18)<br>Subsidized Healthcare Financial Products<br>MSERD<br>CERSUMCERRD MSESUM<br>CERSUMMSERD<br>CERRDMSESUM<br>50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450<br> Bandwidth (days around Jun 08-18) Bandwidth (days around Jun 08-18)<br>Transfers from Government<br>CERSUM<br>MSERDCERRD<br>MSESUM<br>50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450<br> Bandwidth (days around Jun 08-18)<br>1<br>6<br>.8<br>5 .6<br>.4<br>4<br>.2<br>3<br>0<br>2 -.2<br>1 1<br>.8 .8<br>.6 .6<br>.4 .4<br>.2 .2<br>0 0<br>-.2 -.2<br>1<br>.8<br>.6<br>.4<br>.2<br>0<br>-.2<br><!-- End of picture text --> _Notes:_ Robust bias-corrected point estimators and confidence intervals for different bandwidths measured in days around June 8, 2018. In black, manually inputed ad hoc bandwidths with a frequency of 20 days. In gray, optimal bandwidths according to different methodologies: (i) mean squared error (MSE), (ii) MSE for the sum of regression estimates (MSESUM), (iii) coverage error rate (CER), (iv) CER for the sum of regression estimates (CERSUM). We run the same specification specified in Table 5. Confidence intervals are at the 95% significance level.

43
**Table 5. Results from growth accounting (panel estimations)**

|Dependent variable : TFP<br>growth rate|Pooled<br>regression,<br>unbalanced<br>sample|Pooled<br>regression,<br>balanced<br>sample|Fixed<br>effects,<br>unbalanced<br>sample|Fixed<br>effects,<br>balanced<br>sample|Random<br>effects,<br>unbalanced<br>sample|Random<br>effects,<br>balanced<br>sample|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Constant|-0.008737<br>(0.007908)|-0.012026<br>(0.010743)|||-0.003989<br>(0.010032)|-0.013044<br>(0.010060)|
|Number of telephones|0.043324<br>(0.048094)|0.057099<br>(0.079778)|0.027650<br>(0.050246)|0.030315<br>(0.084314)|0.035615<br>(0.048686)|0.059584<br>(0.079787)|
|Total roads (railways and|0.154079|0.207674|0.029425|-0.042937|0.085562|0.226184|
|paved roads)|(0.107193)|(0.193470)|(0.125109)|(0.276359)|(0.115693)|(0.187275)|
|Electricity generating|-0.015537|-0.031110|-0.017844|-0.027643|-0.016328|-0.032020|
|capacity|(0.027578)|(0.034907)|(0.027756)|(0.037000)|(0.027313)|(0.034794)|
|R<sup>2</sup>|0.046681|0.091113|0.112922|0.167258|0.086519|0.080648|
|Number of observations|92|40|92|40|92|40|

Standard errors in parentheses. ** significant at the 5% level; * significant at the 10% level.

25