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|||A|ll household|s||Poor|Househo|ld head|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Country|Urban|Rural|Total|Q1|Q5|households|Female|Male|
|Median|0.5|0.9|0.8|1.5|0.4|1.3|1.0|0.7|

_Source_ : World Bank staff calculations based on household survey data. _Note_ : n.a. = information on connection costs not available.

a. The connection payment is the first payment in an installment plan (same first payment irrespective of the number of months over which payments are spread). A one‐off payment is 4.8 times higher.

b There is no connection fee but customers buy the materials needed and present them to the utility. There is supposed to be no exchange of money between the customer and the utility.

c. The connection payment is the first payment in an 18‐month installment plan. A one‐off payment is twice as high.

Table 11: Initial connection payment as multiples of monthly cash household expenditures

|||A|ll household|s||Poor|Househo|ld head|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Country|Urban|Rural|Total|Q1|Q5|households|Female|Male|
|Botswana<sup>a</sup>|1.1|3.1|1.9|7.5|0.6|4.1|2.2|1.7|
|Burkina Faso|1.1|0.9|1.0|1.5|0.7|1.3|1.4|0.9|
|Côte d'Ivoire|1.0|2.0|1.5|4.1|0.7|2.8|1.9|1.4|
|Ethiopia|1.4|3.8|3.4|7.4|1.4|6.2|4.8|2.9|
|Ghana|0.5|1.0|0.8|1.9|0.4|1.7|0.8|0.7|
|Malawi|0.7|1.8|1.6|2.8|0.8|2.4|2.1|1.4|
|Mali|n.a.|n.a.|n.a.|n.a.|n.a.|n.a.|n.a.|n.a.|
|Mozambique|0.0|0.0|0.0|0.0|0.0|0.0|0.0|0.0|
|Niger|0.1|0.2|0.1|0.2|0.1|0.2|0.2|0.1|
|Nigeria<sup>b</sup>|n.a.|n.a.|n.a.|n.a.|n.a.|n.a.|n.a.|n.a.|
|Rwanda|0.7|1.5|1.4|2.6|0.5|2.1|1.8|1.2|
|São Tomé and Príncipe|0.3|0.3|0.3|0.5|0.2|0.4|0.3|0.3|
|Senegal|0.0|0.0|0.0|0.0|0.0|0.0|0.0|0.0|
|Sierra Leone<sup>c</sup>|0.8|1.6|1.3|2.2|0.8|1.7|1.3|1.3|
|South Africa|0.0|0.0|0.0|0.0|0.0|0.0|0.0|0.0|
|Swaziland|0.1|0.1|0.1|0.3|0.1|0.2|0.1|0.1|
|Tanzania|1.6|3.2|2.7|5.8|1.1|5.6|3.7|2.4|
|Togo|1.3|3.6|2.6|6.6|1.1|4.0|3.3|2.4|
|Uganda|0.8|1.6|1.4|2.8|0.6|2.8|1.9|1.2|
|Zambia|0.7|3.2|2.3|5.0|0.5|3.4|3.0|2.1|
|Median|0.7|1.6|1.3|2.4|0.6|1.9|1.6|1.2|

_Source_ : World Bank staff calculations based on household survey data. _Note_ : For footnotes a–c, see the previous table. n.a. = information on connection costs not available.

The countries in which monthly consumption of 30 kWh is already unaffordable to the poor tend to have high connection charges. The correlation coefficient between the expenditure share of monthly electricity consumption and multiples of monthly household expenditures for the lowest connection costs is 0.58, statistically significant at 5 percent. Botswana and Sierra Leone offer installment plans to make it easier to pay for the upfront cost of connection. However, the costs remain relatively high, and the subsequent monthly payments make electricity even at the subsistence level too expensive for the poor. In Botswana, the total payment even when payments are spread over 180 months make the monthly bill for 30 kWh 28 percent of monthly cash expenditures and the corresponding percentage is 19 in Sierra Leone. These would be unaffordable by any measure.

It is informative to compare the share of total expenditures required for the initial connection between those with and without positive expenditures on electricity or grid connection. The results are tabulated in Table