# **Appendix (For Online Publication)**

|**A Additional Results**|**41**|
|---|---|
|Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. . . . . . . . . .<br>41|
|Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. . . . . . . . . .<br>43|
|**B**<br>**Data Appendix: Details on Survey Design**|**62**|
|B.1<br>Sampling of villages<br>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. . . . . . . . . .<br>62|
|B.2<br>Sampling of village offcials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. . . . . . . . . .<br>62|
|B.3<br>Sampling of citizens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <br>**List of Figures**|. . . . . . . . . .<br>63|
|A.1 Electoral Data Checks: Turnout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. . . . . . . . . .<br>41|
|A.2 Electoral Data Checks: Digit Distribution in Vote Tallies . . . . . . . . . .|. . . . . . . . . .<br>42|
|B.1<br>Composition of Village Governments<br>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. . . . . . . . . .<br>63|
|B.2<br>Sampling of Citizens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. . . . . . . . . .<br>63|

## **List of Tables**

|A.1 Balance Checks on Village Characteristics and Electoral Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>43|
|---|---|
|A.2 Balance Checks on Village Characteristics: Administrative Data . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>44|
|A.3 Balance Checks on Sampling of Citizens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>44|
|A.4 Balance Checks on Citizen Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>45|
|A.5 Effects on Bureaucrats’ Demographic Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>45|
|A.6 Robustness Checks on Bureaucratic Organization (Table 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>46|
|A.7 Robustness Checks on Bureaucrat Outcomes (Table 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>47|
|A.8 Public Goods and Nepotism: Correlations (OLS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>48|
|A.9 Robustness Checks on Nepotism (Table 4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>49|
|A.10 Bureaucratic Outcomes: Heterogeneity by Time of Appointment . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>50|
|A.11 Robustness Checks on Bureaucrat Alignment (Table 5)<br>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>51|
|A.12 Effects on Self-Reported Bureaucratic Knowledge<br>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>52|
|A.13 Effects on Village Transfers and Budgets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>52|
|A.14 Effects on Public Goods Provision: Index Components (2021 Administrative Data) . .|. .<br>53|
|A.15 Public Goods Provision, Heterogeneity by Nepotistic Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>54|
|A.16 Effects on Old-Serving Nepotistic Appointees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>54|
|A.17 Dynamic Effects on Public Goods Provision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>55|
|A.18 Effects on Citizens’ Perceptions of Service Provision: Index Components . . . . . . . .|. .<br>55|
|A.19 Effects on Village Taking Action on Public Goods: Index Components. . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>56|
|A.20 Citizen Demographics, by Social Distance to Village Government . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>56|
|A.21 Alignment with Citizens’ Preferences, by Social Distance to Village Government<br>. . .|. .<br>57|
|A.22 Robustness Checks on Public Goods Provision (Table 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>58|
|A.23 Citizen Attitudes and Trust Towards the Village Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>59|
|A.24 Effects on Village Head Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>60|
|A.25 Turnover and Natural Disasters: Correlations (OLS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>60|
|A.26 Effect of Turnovers in Villages Impacted by Natural Disasters<br>. . . . . . . . . . . . . .|. .<br>61|

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