extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves occur more frequently and with greater intensity than in the 1980s and 1990s (World Bank 2017b; IPCC 2014; Chaney et al. 2014; Hoeppe 2014). Recoveries from droughts appear to be taking longer, resulting in less time for livelihoods to be restored between droughts and thereby rendering countries even more vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change (Schwalm 2018). Climaterelated destruction of crops and livelihoods could push many LIC populations further into poverty and this is aggravated by the limited capacity and resources of LICs to counter the adverse effects of climate change (Hallegatte et al. 2016).

# **Figure 6. Features of today’s LICs**

<!-- Start of picture text --> A. LICs affected by fragility, B. Distribution of LICs per capita C. Average share of public<br>conflict, and violence incomes as percent of non-LIC healthcare spending in LIC GDP<br>EMDEs average<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> Percent Share of total LICs Percent of GDP Latest average<br>100 80 2001 LICS 3 Interquartile ranges<br>Other non-FCV 70 2020 LICs<br>80 LICs 60 2<br>50<br>60 Non-FCV 40<br>landlocked LICs 30 1<br>40 FCVs 20<br>10 0<br>20 0<br>Below Between Above<br>0 10 10 - 20 20<br>2001 LICs 2020 LICs<br>turned MICs percent percent percent<br>D. Per capita incomes in LICs’ E. Share of agriculture in the F. Extreme weather events in<br>neighbors economy LICs<br>US$ 1999 2018 Percent of GDP Number of events<br>MIC threshold UMIC threshold 30<br>60 Extreme temperatures<br>4000 2001 Storms<br>50<br>3000 20 2019 Droughts<br>40 Floods<br>2000<br>30<br>10<br>1000 20<br>0 10<br>Landlocked 2020 2020 0<br>2001 LICs Landlocked Landlocked Non-LIC 2001 LICs 2020 LICs 0<br>turned MICs non-FCV EMDEs turned MICs 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s<br>MICs LICs 2020<br>2001 LICs LICs turned Continued 2020 non- FCV LICs FCV LICs<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: The Emergency Events Database—Universite Catholique de Louvain, World Bank, World Development Indicators, World Bank Doing Business.

Note. “LICs turned MICs” are those LICs in 2001 that have achieved MIC per capita incomes by 2020; “Continued LICs” are LICs that have remained LICs since 2001.

A. Bars for 2001 “LICs turned MICs” reflect shares in 2001, bars for 2020 LICs reflect latest shares. Due to data limitations, official FCV country classifications for 2001 are not available. This share is based on the World Bank FCV country classification of the 2005/06 fiscal year that has been amended to include countries that had the presence of UN peace-keeping missions between 1999 and 2001.

B. Blue bars represent share of 2001 LICs in 2001, red bars represent share of 2020 LICs in 2017. X-axis reflects ranges of LIC per capita incomes relative to that of the US, in percent. 2001 LICs includes 59 countries, 2020 LICs includes 26 countries.

C. Unweighted averages. 2001 LICs, “LICs turned MICs” and “Continued LICs” include 62, 35 and 27 countries, respectively. Non-FCV and FCV LICs include 14, and 18 countries, respectively.

D. Unweighted averages. Neighbors of LICs only include countries with shared land borders. Sample includes 12 landlocked 2001 “LICs turned MICs”, 14 2020 landlocked LICs and 8 2020 landlocked non-FCV LICs.

E. Unweighted averages.

F. Data reflect annual averages of extreme weather events in the LICs of 2020.

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