college; 70.9% identified as White, 12.9% as Black, 5.3% as Asian, and 4.6% as Hispanic. On a 7-point scale of political ideology (1=Strongly liberal to 7=Strongly conservative), the sample scored on average 3.14 (SD=1.78).

_Procedure_ . We explained to participants that “The following questions ask for your predictions about the economic success of low-income women in the context of Niger.” They were asked <mark>“Of these 4 qualities, which do you predict will be the most important for women's economic success in this context?” and were asked to rank order four options: working hard, having peacefulness, showing personal initiative and being strategic, and having good social connections. They were also asked “Of these 4 reasons, which do you predict will be the most important for why women are not economically successful in this context?” and were asked to rank order four options: not respecting others, not persevering in the face of obstacles, having tension in the household, and not having a plan for the future. They were also asked to make several other predictions.</mark> _Empirical strategy_ : These analyses were not pre-registered as this study was exploratory and descriptive in nature.

# **<mark>Study 2: Policy Experiment</mark>**

The methodology for treatment effect analysis and construction of measures were pre-registered in the AEA RCT registry: https://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/2544. The study received approval from the Innovations for Poverty Action Institutional Review Board (#00006083).

_Participants_ . Women from low-income households in predominantly rural areas of Niger. Individuals were eligible for participation in the multi-faceted productive inclusion components of the Sahel Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) program on the basis of a Proxy Means Targeting (PMT) score and other methods seeking to identify poor and vulnerable households.<sup>15</sup> Full details can be found in Bossuroy et al. (2022).

_Treatments_ . A summary and additional details are as follows. The multi-faceted productive inclusion components of the Sahel Adaptive Social Protection program were targeted to women in low-income households to encourage and support them in expanding and diversifying microenterprises, which is a primary pathway for reducing poverty and food insecurity in this highly climate-affected region. The design of the program was multi-faceted, including various economic components such as regular cash transfers, savings groups, coaching, and business trainings. It also tested innovative psychosocial programming, such as media to role model success in the program, community-wide discussions to shift gender norms, and life skills trainings. Full details can be in Bossuroy et al. (2022) Supplementary Information.

The community sensitization was designed to introduce participating communities to the program. Both the film and discussion prompted a construal of women’s micro-entrepreneurship, a target outcome of the program, as a way to advance local values of social harmony, respect, and generosity. The 20-minute film modeled the story of a woman named Amina starting a new micro-enterprise and overcoming economic and interpersonal challenges as she strives toward

> 15 The selection process is detailed here: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/387791524060631076/pdf/WPS8412.pdf.

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