MONGOLIA'S INFORMAL SECTOR Notes 62 76.As outlined in the employment section of this report, many kiosk operators do not consider themselves "'employed" and are not reflected in the official counts of employment. But some kiosk operators do consider themselves employed, so we can not infer that the jobs created by kiosks are completely omitted from the official figures on employment in distribution.

77.1f the assumptions for this estimate are satisfied, a 95% confidence interval is 5.55 billion togrogs i 17%.

78.Some of the data provided in this section was generated by qualitative interviews with managers of indoor markets, but most was drawn from a survey of 43 indoor markets in Ulaanbaatar conducted for the purposes of this study. The survey was much more modest than the other informal sector surveys. Individual participants were not interviewed except on a very casual basis. The goal of the survey, rather, was to get a sense of the types of activities taking place and generate rudimentary estimates of the level of employment within such indoor markets.

79.In addition to the large centers of _Dalai Eej, Durvan Uul,_ and the like, are many other buildings offering counters for rent, although those in the smaller buildings tend to be oriented toward consumer goods rather than food products.

80. Such estimates were based on various techniques, including the enumeration of official entrance receipts, weighted by the proportion estimated to crowd through without paying; visual sampling from nearby hills; counting traffic flows up and down the access roads. The estimates presented are for total number of visitors in a day, thus it should not be inferred that 1 00,000 people are ever there at the same moment.

# _81 .Ardyn Erh,_ September 22, 1995.

82.There is a bit of a misnomer, deriving from direct translations. "Private numbers" means simply that the vehicle is registered to an individual. "Organizational numbers" means that a vehicle is registered to an organization (such as an economic entity), regardless of the ownership of the organization. The fact that, in everyday parlance, ownership by an individual is associated with "private" ownership, and ownership by any organization, including privately owned businesses, are placed in the separate class of "organization" ownership speaks volumes about the early understanding of "private ownership." 83.The taxes are higher for transport between Ulaanbaatar and the _aimags._

- 84.Such freedom of movement is limited, relative to westem countries there remain border checkpoints between the _aimags -_ but greatly expanded relative to Mongolia ten years ago. The inter-aimag checkpoints, where they exist, tend to concern themselves with documentation of vehicles, rather than that of passengers.

# 85.This is true for transport within Ulaanbaatar, as well.

86.As an indicator of the weakness of the banking system, a small service industry has developed to assist depositors who are having difficulty withdrawing their money from their bank accounts. For a fee of 1% for dollar accounts and 2% for togrog accounts, these service providers - some are economic entities and some are individuals - will get your money for you.

87.Excluding Baganuur and Nalaih, which are administratively part of Ulaanbaatar but geographically well outside the city limits.

88.License plates.

89.0.12= 0.14/(1+0.14)