(used to calculate the producer price index, PPI). In this category we do not look for the availability of each data point, though such information would be informative, but for the availability of item level price series.

We divide the _individual/household data category_ into three subcategories as follows: _consumption (welfare) data; labor force data and health data_ and consider various possibilities under each subcategory. For the _consumption data sub- category_ , we look for household budget surveys, household income surveys and/or living standard measurement survey – these surveys are typically used to measure household spending and income and are the underlying source data used to estimate poverty statistics. For the _labor force data sub-category_ , we consider labor force surveys which are the underlying source data used to monitor labor supply and estimate various labor market statistics including labor force participation rate and employment rate. For the _health data sub-category_ , we consider two possibilities, demographic and health surveys and multiple indicator cluster survey or any equivalent which provides the source data to estimate key health statistics including fertility, mortality, nutritional status, and various disease incidences.

Finally, we divide the _census data category_ into two subcategories namely _: population and economic censuses_ . Census data help define the structure and key characteristics of the population and economy and provide the <mark>framework needed for sampling different surveys. Censuses are rarely published in their entirety but many NSOs, i</mark> ncluding in the United States, Canada and Britain, publish randomized 5%-10% samples from their censuses.

3.2 Definition of recent microdata and classification of microdata accessibility To allow for the possibility that microdata are not released because they have not been collected recently, we first establish the availability of recently collected data in each category, whereby recently is defined based on the data at hand. For establishment, consumption, labor force and health surveys, we expect data to be collected at least once every 5 years. This is lenient: the 2016 State of Development Data Funding (SDDF) report published by the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data proposes a frequency of 2-3 years for health surveys, 5 years for consumption surveys and annually for labor force and establishment surveys.<sup>12</sup> The World Bank expects welfare surveys to be updated every three years. We expect price survey data to be collected multiple times annually – typically monthly- but examine NSOs for data within the past year. Census data is expected to be collected at least once every decade. Although the exercise of examining NSO websites for recent microdata was carried out between February and April 2021, we use year 2019 as the reference year. This because of COVID-19 related disruption in data collection which often prevented face-to-face interviews from being conducted. Hence recent establishment, consumption, labor force and health surveys are considered to be those

> 12 See <mark>http://opendatawatch.com/knowledge-partnership/state-of-development-data-funding-2016/</mark>

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