**Table 2.** Effective power in decision-making activities when not involved in the decision

||**Wa**|**ter sour**<br>**drinkin**|**ce for**<br>**g**|**R**<br>**e**|**egular**<br>**xpendit**|**water**<br>**ure**|**Wate**|**r allocati**<br>**use**|**on and**|**L**|**arge hou**<br>**purchas**|**sehold**<br>**es**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Men|Women|<br>Diff|Men|Women|<br>Diff|Men|Women|Diff|Men|Women|<br>Diff|
|Share who are<br>not a decision<br>maker|0.54<br>(0.50)|0.26<br> (0.44)|-0.28***<br>(0.02)|0.36<br>(0.48)|0.43<br> (0.50)|0.06***<br>(0.02)|0.76<br> (0.43)|0.19<br> (0.40)|-0.56***<br>(0.02)|0.33<br>(0.47|<br>0.48<br>) (0.50)|0.15***<br>(0.02)|
|Observations|808|1,059||808|1,059||808|1,059||808|1,059||
|**Of those who do **|**not ma**|**ke the d**|**ecision**||||||||||
|(1) Effective|0.14|0.05|-0.10***|0.07|0.02|-0.05***|0.15|0.06|-0.09***|0.01|<br>0.02|0.01|
|<br>power by proxy|<br>(0.35)|(0.21)|<br>(0.02)|(0.25)|(0.13)|<br>(0.01)|(0.36)|(0.24)|(0.03)|(0.11|) (0.13)|<br>(0.01)|
|(2) Effective<br>power by|0.11|0.13|0.02|0.09|0.08|-0.01|0.12|0.15|0.03|0.10|<br>0.10|0.00|
|<br>persuasion|(0.31)|(0.33)|(0.02)|(0.28)|(0.27)|(0.02)|(0.33)|(0.36)|(0.03)|(0.30|) (0.30)|(0.02)|
||0.25|0.18|-0.07**|0.16|0.10|-0.06***|0.27|0.21|-0.06*|0.11|<br>0.12|0.01|
|Effective power|<br>(0.43)|(0.38)|<br>(0.03)|(0.36)|(0.29)|<br>(0.02)|(0.45)|(0.41)|(0.03)|(0.31|) (0.32)|<br>(0.02)|
|No effective|0.75|0.82|0.07**|0.84|0.90|0.06***|0.73|0.79|0.06*|0.89|<br>0.88|-0.01|
|power|(0.43)|(0.38)|(0.03)|(0.36)|(0.29)|(0.02)|(0.45)|(0.41)|(0.03)|(0.31|) (0.32)|(0.02)|
|Observations|471|304||303|501||637|238||278|551||
|||**Heal**|**th care fo**|**r yours**|**elf**|**Visit f**|**amily or**|**relatives**||**Use**|**own mon**|**ey**|
|||Men|Women|<br>D|iff|Men<br>|Women|<br>Diff|<br>Men|<br>|Women|Diff|
|Share who are|not a|0.14|0.27|0.1|3***|0.25|0.29|0.04*|<br>0.06||0.05|-0.01|
|decision mak|er|(0.35)|(0.44)|(0.|02)|(0.44)|(0.45)|(0.02)|(0.23|)|(0.21)|(0.01)|
|Observation|s|808|1,059|1,8|67|808|1,059|1,867|808||1,059|1,867|
|**Of those who do **|**not ma**|**ke the d**|**ecision**||||||||||
|(1) Effective po|wer by|0.00|0.00|0.|00|0.07|0.02|-0.05**|*<br>0.00||0.00|0.00|
|<br>proxy||(0.00)|(0.00)|<br>(0.|00)|(0.26)|(0.14)|(0.02)|<br>(0.00|)|(0.00)|(0.00)|
|(2) Effective po|wer by|0.07|0.08|0.|01|0.11|0.10|-0.01|<br>0.19||0.08|-0.12*|
|<br>persuasion|<br>|(0.25)|(0.27)|(0.|03)|(0.32)|(0.31)|(0.03)|(0.40|)|(0.27)|(0.07)|
|Effective power||0.07|0.08|0.|01|0.18|0.13|-0.06*|<br>0.19||0.08|-0.12*|
|||(0.25)|(0.27)|<br>(0.|03)|(0.39)|(0.33)|(0.03)|<br>(0.40|)|(0.27)|(0.07)|
|No effective pow|er|0.93|0.92|-0|.01|0.82|0.87|0.06*|<br>0.81||0.92|0.12*|
|||(0.25)|(0.27)|(0.|03)|(0.39)|(0.33)|(0.03)|(0.40|)|(0.27)|(0.07)|
|Observations||130|307|||203|326||42||58||

_Notes: Women and men correspond to all adults 18 years and older in the household. In some households the decision was not made. Standard errors in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. All estimations are computed using survey weights to address sampling._ Overall, men are more likely to have effective power than women. Table 3 presents the share of decisionmaking activities in which women and men do not have direct control in the decision (i.e., they are not a decision-maker) but have effective power (either by proxy or influence). Across the seven activities, when men are not directly involved in the decision, they are more likely to have effective power than women.

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