**Table 5: Determinants of credit constraints and their impact on productivity**

||**Quanti**|**ty constrain**|**ed only**|**A**|**ll constrain**|**ts**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**Unconstr.**|**Constr.**|**Selection**|**Unconstr.**|**Constr.**|**Selection**|
|Total borrowed, USD1000|0.028<br>(0.149)|0.885***<br>(3.461)||0.035<br>(0.190)|0.644**<br>(2.329)||
|Total land owned, in ha.|-0.265***|-0.339***|-0.060***|-0.171***|-0.347***|-0.060**|
||(-8.354)|(-4.679)|(-2.949)|(-5.197)|(-7.686)|(-2.406)|
|No. of children (0-14)|0.001|0.042*|-0.002|-0.014|0.021|-0.036*|
||(0.073)|(1.835)|(-0.107)|(-0.620)|(1.364)|(-1.888)|
|No. of female adult|-0.016|-0.044|-0.003|-0.007|-0.030|-0.048|
||(-0.691)|(-0.973)|(-0.115)|(-0.175)|(-1.132)|(-1.561)|
|No. of male adult|0.031|0.090**|0.076**|-0.009|0.052**|0.023|
||(1.174)|(2.209)|(2.493)|(-0.243)|(2.132)|(0.752)|
|Female headed hhd=1|0.061|-0.050|0.048|0.070|-0.023|0.004|
||(1.003)|(-0.691)|(0.663)|(0.732)|(-0.488)|(0.052)|
|Age head|<br>-0.001|<br>-0.002|<br>-0.002|<br>-0.002|<br>0.001|<br>0.005**|
||(-0.574)|(-0.646)|(-0.803)|(-0.905)|(0.510)|(2.361)|
|No. year of schooling of head|0.005|-0.007|-0.027***|0.023|-0.001|-0.040***|
||(0.582)|(-0.509)|(-2.859)|(1.645)|(-0.097)|(-3.845)|
|Member of farm cooperative|0.043|0.066|0.018|-0.002|0.025|-0.299***|
||(0.820)|(0.851)|(0.324)|(-0.021)|(0.435)|(-5.002)|
|Distance to market, min|0.001|-0.000|-0.000|0.001|0.000|0.000|
||(1.017)|(-0.273)|(-0.052)|(0.681)|(0.535)|(0.012)|
|Distance to main road, min|-0.001|-0.001|0.001|-0.000|-0.001**|0.000|
||(-0.795)|(-0.742)|(0.958)|(-0.078)|(-2.080)|(0.582)|
|% of high quality soil|0.298***|0.159*||0.293***|0.249***||
||(4.800)|(1.660)||(2.811)|(3.890)||
|% of medium quality soil|0.253***|-0.061||0.240*|0.088||
||(3.018)|(-0.606)||(1.846)|(1.155)||
|% of wetland|-0.031|0.188||-0.108|0.088||
||(-0.237)|(0.912)||(-0.567)|(0.663)||
|% of irrigated land|-0.066|0.093||-0.228|0.052||
||(-0.593)|(0.519)||(-1.092)|(0.496)||
|VPU program in village|||-0.035|||-0.065|
||||(-0.558)|||(-1.072)|
|Sale value of hhd assets, in USD1000|||-0.444|||-0.415|
||||(-1.310)|||(-1.433)|
|Sale value of livestock, in USD1000|||-0.292***|||-0.240**|
||||(-2.701)|||(-2.202)|
|No. adult children in village|||-0.033|||-0.062*|
||||(-1.049)|||(-1.819)|
|Hd born in the village=1|||-0.019|||-0.112|
||||(-0.331)|||(-1.604)|
|Hd was displaced=1|||0.011|||0.028|
||||(0.192)|||(0.487)|
|Listen to the news at least once a week|||-0.137**|||-0.262***|
||||(-2.561)|||(-4.226)|
|Head/spouse holds political office|||-0.199**|||-0.240***|
||||(-2.517)|||(-2.987)|
|Relatives holds political office|||<br>-0.201***|||<br>-0.232***|
||||(-3.399)|||(-3.641)|
|Distance to MFI, min|||0.000|||0.000|
||||(0.321)|||(0.158)|
|Constant|6.004***|5.247***|<br>-0.151|5.749***|5.470***|<br>1.301***|
||(41.122)|(18.194)|(-0.805)|(16.776)|(38.721)|(7.737)|
|Sigma|1.082**|0.990**||0.987**|0.985**||
|<br>Rho|0.607*|0.281||0.081|0.276*||
|Log-Likelihood||-6,142.22|||-5,996.69||
|<br>Chi2||269.896|||175.465||
|Chi2_c||33.868|||7.282||
|Number of observations||3,119|||3,119||

**Note** : Dependent variable is the log of output per ha. The dependent variable of the selection equation is a binary variable whether or not the household is constrained (based on the definition chosen). District dummies not reported. t-stats in parenthesis. T-test * significant at 10%; ** at 5%; *** at 1% ***. Standard errors clustered at the village level.

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