16 specially-designed questionnaire forms to speed data entry and tabulation. This can be a more costly option in the short-run but it may save time and money if new survey work is anticipated in the future.

RepoingLd the Resul. Data should be presented in such a way that they can be easily used as instruments for decisionmaking. For effective use of reports, careful consideration is needed in the choice of the title and format. A survey covering different subjects and policy issues may need separate reports or working papers. A general presentation of the socio-economics of the survey area and the linkages between the survey findings and national policy should be included. Specific tables should reflect the policy issues that are important to the survey and not be just a description of the facts uncovered in the survey.

Reports should summarize the survey methodology (including sample stratification), conversion factors, technical aspects of energy data, results and findings. Use of tables, graphs, diagrams and charts should be made to clarify the data and major conclusions. The report should also provide information on the actual time spent gathering data, the period of the survey and a listing of pertinent unusual events which might affect the validity of the results. In any energy survey, certain findings are liable to be inconsistent or difficult to explain. These should be mentioned and their significance discussed. Lastly, while it is not practical or recommended that unconverted survey data be included in the report, a survey codebook should be prepared so that others can use the data, if requested.

Effective reporting requires apprepriate analysis. Results reported in terms of average energy consumption by end-use ad type of energy, as is done in most household energy consumption surveys, provide only a backgrou. or identifying needs and formulating broad energy policies and interventions. Information for policy analysis on prices, equity and economic growth should show whether significant differences or variations exist among households or types of energy consumers, as well as the factors influencing such differences.

# Costs and Timing

The pricetag of a household energy survey will depend on a variety of factors including: sample size, dispersion of the population, degree of reliance on international expertise, wage rates, transport costs and training requirernents. For a full-scale survey involving over a thousand households, costs have ranged from $17 per household in a low-income country (Indonesia) to $67 per household in a middle-income state (Yemen Arab Republic). A rapid survey using a short questionnaire which covered 500 households in five cities was undertaken in Senegal for less than S20 per household.

The amount of time that it takes to travel from overall survey design to reporting of final results can vary from several months to several years. Experience to date has shown that the timing of household energy surveys is sensitive to: (a) the ease of securing official approval and agreement on questicnnaire content, sample selection and sample size; (b) the number of times that the population will be surveyed, e.g. summer/winter in order to capture seasonal variations; (c) problems with computer hardware and/or software; (d) the frequency and duration of national holidays, e.g. Ramadan, independence celebrations, which may interfere with staff and respondent availability-, (e) the competing priorities (time, resources) of the agency which undertakes the survey, (f) the level of staff training that is required, especially for interviewers, data entry personnel and analysts; and