importance of long-term field evaluation of product durability to ensure that the technology delivers the intended benefits.

**Table 6: Survey of selected papers on the development impact of electrification**

|**Author**|**Level of**<br>**Analysis**|**Country/**<br>**Region**|**Indicator of**<br>**Development**|**Main Findings**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Lipscomb et al<br>(2013)*+|County|Brazil|Jobs/<br>Education|A county that goes from zero to full electrification would experience an<br>increase (a decrease) in the probability of employment (illiteracy).|
|Perez-Sebastian<br>et al (2020)+|Municipal|Brazil|Structural<br>Transformation|Electrification supports structural transformation, with rising output share<br>for services and declining output share for agriculture and manufacturing.|
|Fried & Lagakos<br>(2021)*|Village|Ethiopia|Migration/<br>Enterprise|Electrified villages had higher (lower) rates of in-migration (out-migration),<br>and higher (lower) ownership of trading (agricultural) businesses.|
|van de Walle et<br>al (2017) *+|Village|India|Labor Market|Electrification brings significant consumption gains from households, mainly<br>due to additional work by males, with no effect on average wage rates.|
|Rud (2012) *+|State|India|Structural<br>Transformation|Electrification supports structural transformation, with a rising output share<br>for manufacturing, and increased entry by small firms.|
|Kassem (2021)+|Locality|Indonesia|Enterprises|Electrification increases manufacturing firms/workers/output, by lowering<br>entry costs and intensifying competitive pressures.|
|Dinkelman<br>(2011) *+|Community|South<br>Africa|Jobs|Electrification increases employment on the intensive margin for women,<br>leading them to work more hours per week.|
|Carlowitz<br>(2021)+|Firm|Ghana|Enterprise|Increasing district-level electrification leads to the formation of more<br>female-owned businesses.|
|Chakravorty et al<br>(2016)+|Household|Philippines|Income/Jobs|Village electrification increases annual household expenditures and income.|
|Akpandjar &<br>Kitchens (2017)*|Household|Ghana|Structural<br>Transformation|Individuals with a residential electricity are less likely to work in agriculture,<br>and more likely to run a non-farm SME, or be wage-employed.|
|Herrera Dappe &<br>Lebrand (2021)+|Household|Horn of<br>Africa|Structural<br>Transformation|Households in proximity to power and roads infrastructure are less likely to<br>work in agriculture and more likely to work in manufacturing and services.|
|Khandker et al<br>(2013)*+|Household|Vietnam|Consumption/<br>Education|Household electrification can raise consumption, as well as affecting<br>children’s school attendance.|
|Grogan &<br>Sadanand (2013)|Household|Nicaragua|Jobs|Electricity increases the propensity of rural women to work outside the<br>home by about 23% yet has no impact on male employment.|
|Dasso &<br>Fernandez(2015)|Household|Peru|Jobs|Electrification reduces secondary employment for males, while raising<br>employment/hours worked for females, and reducing gender wage gaps.|
|Lee et al (2020)|Household|Kenya|Consumption/<br>Education|Demand for subsidized grid connections was relatively low and did not lead<br>to significant medium-term impacts on (non-)economic outcomes.|
|Barron & Torero<br>(2014)+|Household|El Salvador|Income/<br>Education|Electrification leads to an increased investment in education and higher<br>participation in income-generating activities among women.|
|Barron & Torero<br>(2017)|Household|El Salvador|Health|Two years after electrification, household overnight PM2.5 concentration<br>fell, reducing child acute respiratory infections by 65%.|

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