rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
**Table D1B. Difference-in-Difference Intent to Treat Impacts for Anthropometrics, Worms and Diarrhea by Age in Years (at Round 3) and Duration Class (without matching),** **<u>Philippines ECD Study</u>**

|**Age/ECD Indicator**|**Dura**|**tion of Exposure (m**|**onths)**|
|---|---|---|---|
|**_Height for age Z scores_**|**4 to 12**|**13 to 16**|**17+**|
|2|.022 (.208)|-.115 (.197)|-.180 (.201)|
|3|-.069 (.172)|-.111 (.185)|-.011 (.156)|
|4|-.064 (.203)|.135 (.242)|-.017 (.158)|
|5|.024 (.163)|-.048 (.193)|.002 (.141)|
|6+|-.046 (.159)|.028 (.128)|-.010 (.145)|
|**_Proportion Stunted_**||||
|2|-.091 (.080)|-.035 (.080)|-.031 (.076)|
|3|.040 (.085)|.093 (.087)|.067 (.078)|
|4|.030 (.087)|-.058 (.091)|.037 (.079)|
|5|-.073 (.079)|-.058 (.092)|-.076 (.074)|
|6+|.040 (.073)|-.019 (.079)|-.026 (.070)|
|**_Weight for height Z score_**||||
|2|-.152 (.342)|-.026 (.291)|.098 (.202)|
|3|-.061 (.239)|.136 (.272)|-.044 (.151)|
|4|.168 (.176)|.068 (.224)|.092 (.133)|
|5|.236 (.163)|. 189 (.154)|.116 (.113)|
|6+|.281 (.166)~|.144 (.140)|.071 (.113)|
|**_Proportion wasted_**||||
|2|.047 (.032)|.041 (.043)|.007 (.034)|
|3|-.109 (.057)~|-.001 (.055)|-.041 (.044)|
|4|-.025 (.046)|.010 (.040)|-.018 (.042)|
|5|-.032 (.036)|.007 (.024)|.002 (.022)|
|6+|-.001 (.017)|-.023 (.028)|.002 (.015)|
|**_Proportion with worms_**||||
|2|-.049 (.067)|-.204 (.039)*|-.103 (.054)~|
|3|.026 (.072)|-.117 (.044)*|.056 (.061)|
|4|.022 (.080)|.0005 (.050)|.115 (.071)|
|5|.036 (.075)|.062 (.051)|.085 (.045)~|
|6+|.036 (.075)|.062 (.051)|.071 (.070)|
|**_Proportion with diarrhea in past two weeks_**||||
|2|-.179 (.062)*|-.104 (.067)|-.163 (.055)*|
|3|-.034 (.065)|.013 (.062)|-.003 (.057)|
|4|-.094 (.054)~|.027 (.059)|.020 (.036)|
|5|-.016 (.032)|.001 (.041)|.030 (.033)|
|6+|.012(.034)|.053(.028)~|.040(.028)|

_Note_ : Standard errors in parentheses. The table contains the difference-in-difference defined as (Yp3-Yp1)(Ynp3-Ynp1), where p refers to program, np to non-program areas, and the subscripts 3 and 1 index survey round. ~p<.10 +p<.05 *p<.01.

31
respectively. The 2018 survey reported that 80 percent of the violence experienced by teenagers was perpetrated by their peers in the school and play community.

A field visit interview with a district education officer in Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, confirmed the finding that bullying is an issue, mostly for boys, and it can lead boys to drop out of formal school and enter non-formal programs. Though bullying may be a larger issue for boys, violence against girls is a noted issue. In Sampang District, an education official noted that girls are given more care because they need physical protection, particularly during junior secondary when they are maturing. The care includes supervision at school and on the way home, as girls may be harassed on the roads in rural areas. In Sampang, teachers at a junior secondary school noted that the graduation rate of boys is lower than girls at primary and junior secondary levels. At a junior secondary _madrasah_ in Sampang, the principal noted that boys drop out at higher rates due to social influences that contribute to increased absences and that, in their perspective, girls are better at resisting such influences.

During field visits conducted for this study, principals and district education officers noted that boys drop out of school for financial reasons at the senior secondary level, and an array of other forces contributed to dropout, including bullying, an unwillingness or lack of interest in attending school, a focus on video games and drug use, as well as a lack of parental oversight. Lack of parental oversight was cited more often in rural areas as part of this survey and was often coupled with complaints of parents not understanding the importance of education due to low levels of educational attainment in the parents’ generation.

Records from MoWECP’s Simfoni PPA ( _Sistem Informasi Online Perlindungan Perempuan dan Anak_ ), a national online information system dedicated to the protection of women and children, show that in the first three months of 2020 there were already 1,489 victims of violence, where more than three-fourths are women (78 percent). About 5 percent of the victims experienced the violence in school. This might be related to the fact that 51 percent of all victims are children aged 6-17 years.<sup>32</sup> In addition to integrating efforts to reduce violence through the school system, the MoWECP has also implemented additional efforts through the family and community system, or the so-called PATBM ( _Perlindungan Anak Terpadu Barbasis Masyarakat_ ), an integrated community-based system for the protection of children.

> 32 <u>https://kekerasan.kemenpppa.go.id/ringkasan; accessed on March 30, 2020.</u>

18
findings for the Northeast are presented in Figure 10b and indicate that in this region the likelihood of experiencing poverty is less procyclical for secondary education than in Rio Grande do Norte, albeit the impact on poverty being about the same in magnitude, and furthermore, hardly any difference exists between tertiary education between Rio Grande do Norte and the Northeast region.

# **Figure 10a:  Impact of Education for Rio Grande do Norte**<sup>**26**</sup>

<!-- Start of picture text --> Rio Grande do Norte: Education<br>1981 1985 1988 1990 1993 1995 1997 1998 1999<br>0.5<br>0<br>-0.5<br>-1<br>-1.5<br>-2<br>-2.5<br>-3<br>-3.5<br>-4<br>primary1 primary2 secondary tertiary<br><!-- End of picture text --> _Source:_ Authors’ calculations based on PNADs 1981 to 1999. Note: Figures are based on probit coefficient estimates for the education variables.

> 26 No observation available for tertiary education in 1999.

29
discusses the theoretical model and the estimation methodology. Our main findings are presented in Section 5. Section 6 concludes.

# **2. Data**

The analysis in this paper is based on the data from the 2004 Round of the Nepal Living Standard Survey (NLSS-II). The NLSS is a nationally-representative survey of households and communities. NLSS-II was conducted between April 2003 and April 2004 by the Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics with assistance from the World Bank. The sample frame of NLSS-II was designed using a two-stage method based on the 2001 Census<sup>1</sup> . For our analysis, we selected a sub-sample of 3,528 households with prime-age females, and our sample contains information on 5,426 females 18 to 60 years of age. We used data from the First (1996) Round of NLSS and the Nepal Census of 2001 for descriptive results and to construct the lagged indicators at ward and district levels.

The NLSS collects data on household consumption of a wide range of food and non-food items, detailed information about the socio-demographic composition of the interviewed households, labor status of the household members, members’ health and educational achievements, and information on various sources of household income including income in-kind and individual wages. In a special section of the questionnaire, respondents reported the amounts of remittance their households received during the month of the survey, and provided information on the age and destination of the migration of the donors. This information was used to identify households with migrants<sup>2</sup> . Our analysis focuses on the labor market behavior of women 18 to 60 years of age. We define a woman to be participating in the labor market if she is involved in wage-earning activities.

> 1 For detailed description of sample frame and survey methodology, see World Bank 2005 (this citation is missing in the References section at the end).

> 2 Lokshin, Bonch-Osmolovskiy and Glinskaya (2007) discuss the possible biases from misclassification of households receiving remittances and households with migrants; they show that for Nepal these biases are relatively small.

5
<!-- Start of picture text --> Figure 2: IBRD and Multilateral<br>shares of total debt stocks<br>30 ~<br>0 20 1 5 l debt share<br>o0 tO15 .. *IBRD Debt<br>Yearshare<br>a)<br>o5<br>a)~~~~~~~~~~~~~0<br><!-- End of picture text --> Figure 2 shows unweighted average share for the 63 IBRD borrowers in our sample for which we have observations over the entire period 1980-97. Source: World Debt Tables/Global l)evelopment Finance.

# **1.2. Default to Other Creditors**

Figure 3a compares the number of countries in default to the IBRD with the number of countries in default to the Paris Club and to Commercial Banks over the period 1981-98, where default to the latter two institutions will be defined precisely in Section 3.5. We see that defaults to Commercial Banks appear to precede defaults to the Paris Club by roughly two years, with the number of countries defaulting to either institution following the same pattern - a rising number during the 1980's, and decline during the 1990s. Defaults to the IBRD did not begin to rise until after Paris Club and Commercial Bank defaults had already begun to increase, but reach a peak at around the same time as defaults to the Paris Club. The more serious implications of default to the IBRD are reflected in the relatively small number of countries in nonaccrual status to the IBRD as compared to the other creditors. This may also help explain why the number of IBRD nonaccruals do not decline in tandem with the number of defaults to the other creditors.

The likelihood of default to other creditors may differ markedly from the likelihood of default to the IBRD for certain countries. This may reflect a low level of exposure by the IBRD, with most of the country's debt coming from other sources. Secondly one must realize the more political nature of IBRD default. Political forces can raise or lower the likelihood of default. On one hand, an unstable political environment and deliberate political acts can make default more likely. In contrast, with countries that are considered to have systemic importance there is a greater likelihood that in times of trouble a rescue package will be put into place by major creditor governments, which protects the international financial institutions as a by-product. Rescue packages to Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea and Brazil following recent crises in these countries are a good example of this occurring.

4
Trujillo, L. and Nombela, G. - _Privatization and regulation of the seaport industry_ initial problems and the market has eventually reduced the number of operators, there have been substantial improvements in port outcomes. Workers' productivity has risen from 800 tons in 1990 to 3,100 in 1997, and waiting time for containers has been reduced from 2.5 to 1.3 days during the same period.

Therefore, the conclusion derived from this analysis is that the introduction of private participation in the seaport industry appears as the more attractive option for ports trying to develop and adapt to the new conditions of the maritime transport market. Modem ports are in need of huge investments to enhance their facilities, in order to be able to provide those services demanded by shipping companies. Since in all countries it is increasingly difficult for governments to finance the required investments, the optimal solution is to try to attract private capital for investment in ports, and to also improve efficiency through the liberalization of port practices and the introduction of competition. The role of public sector institutions then changes from being direct providers of services to becoming regulators and supervisors.

The correct design of concession contracts for the collaboration between the public and private sectors is now the cornerstone of port systems. As discussed above, the existence of competition determines the need for the regulation of private operators, but even when competition is present and regulation not strictly required, there is still a need for port authorities to have some degree of control over the infrastructure assets that private firms are using. Given the relevance of concessions contracts, the next section is devoted to analyzing in detail the different aspects that they must cover.

To close this section, some figures are provided as indicators of what degree of competition is feasible between operators in different situations, in order to assess when regulation is required. It is difficult to establish threshold values valid for every port and type of cargo, but for containers there seems to exist some consensus among experts about the following figures (Kent and Hochstein, 1998):

# **_Box_** _8._ **Threshold values to determine the type of competition, containers' traffic**

<!-- Start of picture text --> Type of competition Level of traffic (TEUS)<br>Intra-termninal 30.000<br>Inter-terminal 100.000<br>Inter-port 300.000<br><!-- End of picture text --> _Source:_ Kent y Hochstein (1998) The figures above show that if the volume of container traffic in a port is below 30,000 TEUS per year, it does not make sense to have several terminals and operators, since the market is extremely small. The best solution is to have a single operator and to regulate its charges. If traffic is above 30,000 TEUS but below 100,000, it is feasible to have several operators, possibly sharing a single terminal. Thus, the port would be in a situation of 21
**Figure 8. Regulatory and Administrative Opacity**

**a. Licenses and permit system**

<!-- Start of picture text --> b. Communication and simplification of rules<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> 4.5 4.0 1.6 1.4<br>4.0 1.4<br>3.5 1.2<br>3.0 2.7 1.0<br>2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 0.8 0.8<br>2.0 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5<br>1.5<br>0.4 0.3<br>1.0<br>0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1<br>0.0 0.0<br>HungaryRomania Bulgaria EU15 Poland OECD MICsCzech Rep. Romania Bulgaria MICsCzech Rep. Hungary OECD EU15 Poland<br>Slovak Republic Slovak Republic<br><!-- End of picture text --> _Source:_ see Figure 3. _Note_ : Other MICs are Brazil, Mexico, and Turkey. Values refer to 2006 for Romania and Bulgaria, 2004 for Brazil, and 2003 for all other countries. Romania’s 2002 score was calculated using a different methodology so is not strictly comparable. For full data set see appendix I.

41. Romania has also implemented a number of reforms to improve the communication of rules and procedures to affected parties. The annual Action Plans to improve the business environment contain communication components whose aim is to enhance the interaction between the administration and the business community, some of which are discussed in Box 2.

# **Box 2. Romania’s efforts at simplification and better communication of rules and regulations**

Measures adopted as part of the Plans include the development of a government site targeting communication with businesses (www.mdp-mediuafaceri.ro), which contains updated information relevant for companies, such as changes in legislation, explanation of implementation norms for laws, links to relevant ministries and government agencies, funding opportunities.

Most of the important pieces of legislation impacting upon the business climate, such as the Silence-isconsent Law, the Decisional Transparency Law, the Free Access to Public Information Law, also benefited from broad media dissemination campaigns, including TV, radio and newspapers presentations, brochures and posters, direct free access telephone information lines to the government. Other traditional means of communication, such as meetings with relevant stakeholders, including businesses associations were broadly used, and company surveys were carried out, including by FIAS, to capture satisfaction with the changes and suggestions for further measures.

To improve the interface between government and companies, an e-government site (www.e- <u>guvernare.ro) was established. The site allows businesses to access various forms and documents</u> relevant for the interaction with the authority. A stakeholders group, which includes the most important business associations, oversees the implementation of the Action Plans.

42. Improvements in this domain are reflected in firm level surveys. For instance, BEEPS data suggest that the percentage of senior management time devoted to dealing with public officials in connection with regulation or access to public services has 15
|a.|General context.|53|
|---|---|---|
|b.|Data quality and coverage.|53|
|c.|Definitions, assumptions, and code mapping|53|
|d.|Concluding remarks|55|
|**Annex 2.**|**COFOG codes capturing infrastructure cost elements ..............................................**|**............................................... 57**|
|**Annex 3.**|**Economic classification of expenditures ....................................................................**|**............................................... 61**|
|**Annex 4.**|**Glossary of accounting terms ......................................................................................**|**............................................... 63**|
|**Annex 5.**|**Correspondence between template 11 and TAFIRE ...................................................**|**............................................... 66**|
|**Referenc**|**es ......................................................................................................................................**|**............................................... 68**|

iv
determining price, exchanging securities for good funds, registering securities to the new owners, and collecting dividends and other custody functions.<sup>4 2</sup>

- The Group of 30 (G-30) initiative in 1989 and the 1995 workshops organized by the International Society of Securities Administrators (ISSA) were two major efforts in the area of best practice in market infrastructure. The summary of the G-30 recommendations and suggested ISSA revisions are as follows:<sup>43</sup>

- _Matching_ The matching system should be integrated with clearance and settlement (C&S) system, and all trades by direct and indirect system (institutional) participants should be matched at most by T+1 (one day after trade).

- _Clearance and settlement_ Settlement should be accomplished by a delivery versus payment system of good quality with same-day funds; there should be real-time gross settlement or a netting system that meets stringent risk control standards, depending on the characteristics of the market; and the rolling settlement system should have final settlement occur by T+3.

- _Depository_ There should be one independent central depository managed for the benefit of the industry, broadly defined, and if more than one depository exists, they should be interlinked; there should be an independent registry or registries; and immobilization and dematerialization should be encouraged, and the legal framework revised, if necessary, to perrnit this.

- Mexico is a good example of adaptation of the above standards to local circumstances. In Mexico, whereas securities are settled on a gross basis, Banco de Mexico functions as the central clearing agency for the money side of the market transactions.<sup>44</sup>

# **3.7. Hedge funds**

- . Limited measures to strengthen supervision, regulation, and market transparency might be considered to deal with the concern that hedge funds can dominate or manipulate markets.

- It would be possible to strengthen the larger trader and position reporting requirements.

- It would be possible to limit the ability of hedge funds and other foreign investors to take positions in domestic financial markets (i) by taxing short term capital inflows (as practiced in countries like Chile), (ii) by requiring banks and brokers to raise margin and collateral requirements, and (iii) by limiting the ability of financial institutions to provide the domestic credit needed to short the currency and to loan securities needed to short equity and fixed-income markets.<sup>4 5</sup>

> 42 World Bank, 1997.

> 43 See World Bank, 1997, Box 1.3.

> 44 See World Bank, 1997, Box 6.5 for the more detailed description of the Mexican experience. 45The imposition of position limits, margin requirements, and other permanent restrictions on trading may slow the development of active and liquid bond markets. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the

15
21 _(EMPL)'=+pI3; ci+i_

# Table I1

|[-<br>0<br>=|=<br>||<br>0<br>89.3-|92.27|89.3-|91;3|91.4-|92.2|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Firm<br>E-stat||Estimate||Estimae|t-stat|Estinmate|t-stat|
|Tvpe||||||||
|All||-0.041|_-6.85_|-0.030|-5.22|-0-003|_-0:65_|
||:-_|0.00001|0.18|-0.00002|-00|-0100001|-0.68 j|

BB Real bank borrowing, nominal BB deflated by the sectoral PPI'; QuarEerly nominal BB was computed by averaging monthly stocks in a quarter.PRF . Profit margin (Profits over sales).

CC The cash constraint variable EMPL: Quarterly employment in a firnm The story changes after the banking reforms. Running the same regression for the period after the third quarter greatly reduces the size of the coefficient on profits (by a factor 10) and generally produces insignificant coefficients. Clearly the negative link between company profitability and access to new credit breaks down after the 1991 4 governance reform in the commnercial bank-s.
The second section presents an overview of the road sector in Zambia and the latest developments, section 3 describes the project selection analysis, section 4 presents the main findings of procurement analysis and the final section concludes.

# **2. Overview of the road sector in Zambia**

The major audit by the Office of the Auditor General in 2009 brought out weaknesses relating to public finance management, budgetary control, procurement efficacy and quality control (Republic of Zambia 2010). Zambian contractors, engineers, and government officials surveyed in 2008 reported that providing materials of lower quality than the contract called for was the single most “unethical” practice in the industry (Sichombo et al. 2009). A 2010 audit of 18 Zambian road projects jointly financed by the government and donors, shown in Table 1, confirms the extent of the problem (Government of Zambia 2010 quoted in Messick 2011).

## **Table 1:  Types of defect found in surveyed projects**

|**Defect found inproject**|**Percentage of contracts affected**|
|---|---|
|Improperlysized aggregateparticles|44%|
|Too much clay|75%|
|Aggregates did not meet crushingstrength|67%|
|Base thinner than required|81%|
|Surface dressinglayers thinner than required|82%|
|Cement content less than specified|100%|
|Concrete samples weaker than required|50%|
|_Source:_Government of Zambia (2010).||

Contract data pointed to possible cartelization among contractors in Zambia, as well as collusion between supervision consultants and contractors. The market share concentration is high among the top five road contractors (in excess of 70% of total contracts in 2009). Where they exist, contractor cartels can have major deleterious impacts on the performance of the road sector.

Given the governance and corruption issues identified in the road sector in Zambia, the Road Development Agency launched in August 2012 the RDA Integrity Committee, an internal unit made up of permanent staff who were mandated to prevent corruption and maladministration in RDA.

In the recent months, there have been some positive developments, such as, for the first time in the institution, RDA has been commissioning some independent procurement and technical audits to identify possible deficiencies. Moreover, an approved strategic plan has now been adopted by the RDA. This plan includes a framework for staffing levels that seeks to ensure that resource requirements are in keeping with the business model.

4
# Sex Workers and the Cost of Safe Sex: The Compensatine Differential for Condom Use in Calcutta

Vijayendra Rao, Development Research Group, World Bank Indrani Gupta, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi Smarajit Jana, All India Institute of Public Health and Hygiene, Calcutta We thank Andrew Foster, Andrew Morrison, Anna Paulson, Richard Skolnik, and seminar participants at Brown University for valuable suggestions. Rao is indebted to the Mellon Foundation and the Population Studies and Training Center at Brown University for financial support. Please address correspondence to V. Rao, Development Research Group, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433. Email: vrao@worldbank.org