|Author (Year)|Study Type &<br>Location|Participants|Diet Assessed|Nutrition, health<br>outcomes assessed|Key findings|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Kinshella et al.<br>(2021)|SRM of 13 studies<br>(10 case-control, 2<br>cohort, 1 RCT), all<br>LMICs (5 studies<br>included in meta-<br>analysis)|Pregnant women|Consumption of<br>vegetables(n=4<br>studies),fruit(n=5)|Hypertensive<br>disorders, pre-<br>eclampsia|Lower risk of pre-eclampsia associated with<br>adequate (compared with no or low)<br>consumption of vegetables (OR0.38; 0.18,<br>0.80) and adequate (compared with no or<br>low) consumption of fruit (OR0.42; 0.24,<br>0.71).|
|Quan et al. (2021)|SRM of 21 cohort<br>studies|Pregnant women<br>(n=191 589)|Westerndietary<br>patterns|GDM|Consumption of animal meat(pooled RR<br>1.35; 1.16, 1.57) and fast food (1.75; 1.41,<br>2.19) positively associated with risk of<br>developing GDM, but not potatoes (RR 1.12;<br>0.93,1.35).|
|Pérez-Roncero et al.<br>(2020)|SRM of 14 studies<br>(meta-analysis of<br>10 studies),<br>included India|Pregnant women<br>(n=111,184)|Milkand related product<br>consumption|Perinatal outcomes:<br>birth weight and length,<br>SGA, LGA, LBW|Consuming higher amount of milk<br>associated with higher birth weight (mean<br>diff =51.0 g, 95% CI 24.7, 77.3; n=10<br>studies), and infant length (mean diff 0.33<br>cm, 0.03, 0.64; n=5 studies); as well as<br>reduced risk of SGA(OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.56,<br>0.84) and LBW(OR 0.63; 0.48, 0.84), and<br>increased risk of LGA (OR 1.11;1.02,1.21)|
|Hassani Zadeh,|SRM of 18 cohort|Pregnant women 18-|Dietary pattern|GDM|Decreased risk of GDM associated with|
|Boffetta, and<br>Hosseinzadeh<br>(2020)|studies, 1 in Latin<br>America, 2 in Asia<br>(n=13 studies in the<br>meta-analysis)|40 y|(western, prudent,<br>vegetable,<br>Mediterranean), pre-<br>pregnancy (n=6) or<br>during pregnancy (n=7)<br>Assessed using FFQ,<br>24HR or food record|Assessed by medical<br>test record (n=3) or<br>self-reports|“prudent” (RR 0.78, 0.63–0.96), “vegetable”<br>(0.86, 0.76–0.98), and “Mediterranean”<br>(0.71, 0.56–0.91), dietary patterns with high<br>levels of whole grain, fruits, vegetables, and<br>low fat dairy intake. The ‘Western’ dietary<br>pattern associated with increased risk of<br>GDM(1.27,1.03–1.56).|
|Chia et al. (2019)|SRM of 36 studies<br>(33 cohort, 1 case-<br>control, 1 cross-<br>sectional included<br>in meta-analysis, 1<br>RCT), various HICs<br>and LMICs|Healthy pregnant<br>women with no pre-<br>existing health<br>conditions reported|Dietary patterns:<br>‘healthy’ and<br>‘unhealthy’‡<br>[assessed by FFQ<br>(n=29), 24HR (n=6), 3-d<br>food diary (n=5)]|Preterm birth,<br>birthweight, LBW,<br>SGA, LGA,<br>macrosomia|Healthy dietary pattern (top vs. bottom<br>tertile, n=6 studies) associated with lower<br>risk of preterm birth (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.68,<br>0.91); weak trend to lower risk of small-for-<br>gestational age (n=10 studies,OR 0.86;<br>0.73, 1.01);<br>Unhealthy dietary patterns (n=3 studies)<br>associated with lower birth weight (mean<br>difference:-40 g; -61, -21) and trend to<br>higher risk of preterm birth (OR 1.17; 0.99,<br>1.39)|
|Kibret et al. (2019)|SRM of 21 studies<br>(18 cohort,3 cross-|Pregnant women<br>(n=302,450)|Healthy diet(intake of<br>vegetables,fruits,|Hypertensive disorders<br>ofpregnancy (n=6),|Healthy dietary pattern adherence<br>associated with lower risk ofpre-eclampsia|

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