Table <u>7a: Heterogeneous effects by the scale of mining operations</u>

||_U_<br>|_SGS Consta_<br>|_ntprices_<br>||_World_<br>|_Bank(GEM_<br>|_) realpric_<br>|_es_<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|_Dependent variables:_|_Per capita_<br>_Growth_|_Pop._<br>_density_|_Spatial_<br>_Gini_|_Sen_<br>_Index_|_Per capita_<br>_Growth_|_Pop._<br>_density_|_Spatial_<br>_Gini_|_Sen_<br>_Index_|
||_(1)_|_(2)_|_(3)_|_(4)_|_(5)_|_(6)_|_(7)_|_(8)_|
|Post x Small Scale|-0.522|-59.260|0.042|2.203|-0.268|-37.802<sup>**</sup>|0.009|5.375|
||[0.375]|[58.193]|[0.063]|[2.776]|[0.296]|[17.473]|[0.101]|[5.679]|
|Post x Large Scale|0.094|117.424|-0.021|0.654<sup>**</sup>|0.096|-30.461|-0.034|0.504<sup>*</sup>|
||[0.066]|[90.463]|[0.016]|[0.246]|[0.118]|[27.695]|[0.020]|[0.295]|
|Log(Prices)|0.093|-56.479|-0.008|0.404|0.151|23.590|-0.022|0.887<sup>**</sup>|
||[0.072]|[63.154]|[0.013]|[0.279]<br>|[0.195]|[22.774]|[0.015]|[0.402]<br>|
|Inactive mines x Year 2000|-0.157|9.817|-0.008|0.106<sup>*</sup>|-0.231|-1.687|0.006|0.154<sup>***</sup>|
||[0.144]|[8.899]|[0.010]|[0.054]|[0.204]|[3.185]|[0.011]|[0.048]|
|Climate|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Fixed effects|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Conflict dummy|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|_N_|22764|22864|18378|18378|21451|21547|17201|17201|
|R-squared|0.076|0.969|0.792|0.950|0.076|0.972|0.796|0.953|
|Dep. Variable [mean]|0.029|283.912|0.247|3.626|0.030|273.537|0.240|3.642|

Notes: (1) The table shows the regression results across districts in Africa during 2002–2007. (2) The results show the local economic impacts of China’s WTO accession based on the scale of mining operations. (3) The standard errors, clustered at the country level, are in brackets;<sup>*</sup> _p_ < 0.10,<sup>**</sup> _p_ < 0.05,<sup>***</sup> _p_ < 0.01. (4) Population density is measured as population per square kilometer. (5) Growth, Gini, and Sen Index are measured using lights data as described in the data section. (6) Fixed effects include time-fixed effects, district-fixed effects, and country-year-fixed effects. (7) Climate is measured using the standard deviation of rainfall distribution at the district level. (8) Analysis based on World Bank GEM data has fewer observations because the GEM prices data covers fewer mineral products than in the USGS data.

Source: Authors’ estimations

||Table 7b:Het<br>_U_<br>|erogeneous e<br>_SGS Consta_<br>|ffects bym<br>_nt prices_<br>|inerals’val<br>|ues.<br>_World_<br>|_Bank (GE_<br>|_M) real pr_<br>|_ices_<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|_Dependent variables:_|_Per capita_<br>_Growth_|_Pop._<br>_density_|_Spatial_<br>_Gini_|_Sen_<br>_Index_|_Per capita_<br>_Growth_|_Pop._<br>_density_|_Spatial_<br>_Gini_|_Sen_<br>_Index_|
||_(1)_|_(2)_|_(3)_|_(4)_|_(5)_|_(6)_|_(7)_|_(8)_|
|Post x High|0.071|-11.582|-0.024|0.601|0.114|-5.159|-0.002|0.391|
||[0.145]|[39.568]|[0.023]|[0.447]<br>|[0.164]|[40.038]|[0.020]<br>|[0.691]<br>|
|Post x Low|0.052|154.146|-0.016|0.763<sup>**</sup>|0.060|-41.405|-0.046<sup>*</sup>|0.797<sup>*</sup>|
||[0.045]|[112.815]|[0.016]|[0.333]|[0.107]|[26.671]|[0.024]|[0.403]|
|Log(Prices)|0.099|-74.459|-0.009|0.367|0.151|21.681|-0.024|0.895<sup>**</sup>|
||[0.067]|[68.539]|[0.012]|[0.253]|[0.195]|[20.436]|[0.015]|[0.387]|
|Inactive mines x Year 2000|-0.066|12.829|-0.010|0.108|-0.068|-3.383|0.009|0.148<sup>***</sup>|
||[0.139]|[11.245]|[0.011]|[0.067]|[0.137]|[3.429]|[0.008]|[0.054]|
|Climate|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Fixed effects|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Conflict dummy|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|_N_|22764|22864|18378|18378|21451|21547|17201|17201|
|R-squared|0.076|0.969|0.791|0.950|0.076|0.972|0.796|0.953|
|Dep. Variable [mean]|0.029|283.912|0.247|3.626|0.030|273.537|0.240|3.642|

Notes: (1) The table shows the regression results across districts in Africa during 2002–2007. (2) The results show the local economic impacts of China’s WTO accession based on the mineral values. (3) The standard errors, clustered at the country level, are in brackets;<sup>*</sup> _p_ < 0.10,<sup>**</sup> _p_ < 0.05,<sup>***</sup> _p_ < 0.01. (4) Population density is measured as population per square kilometer. (5) Growth, Gini, and Sen Index are measured using lights data as described in the data section. (6) Fixed effects include time-fixed effects, district-fixed effects, and country-year fixed effects. (7) Climate is measured using the standard deviation of rainfall distribution at the district level.

Source: Authors’ estimations 33