**<u>Table 3: Changes in farm characteristics, input use, and rainfall over time</u>**

||**2004**|**2005**|**2006**|**2007**|**2008**|**2009**|**2010**|**2011**|**2012**|**2013**|**2014**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||||||**Panel A:**|**Overall in**|**formation**|||||
|**Share of househol**|**ds cultivat**|**ing**||||||||||
|Maize|0.456|0.564|0.532|0.557|0.575|0.633|0.580|0.573|0.639|0.629|0.594|
|Teff|0.334|0.378|0.377|0.376|0.423|0.424|0.419|0.424|0.417|0.399|0.414|
|Sorghum|0.364|0.382|0.401|0.401|0.345|0.378|0.360|0.384|0.380|0.360|0.344|
|Wheat|0.215|0.252|0.245|0.260|0.277|0.283|0.323|0.296|0.274|0.298|0.290|
|**Input use**||||||||||||
|Area cult. (ha)|0.893|1.004|0.831|0.871|0.955|0.977|1.026|0.958|0.966|0.957|0.959|
|Use fertilizer|0.200|0.222|0.285|0.267|0.365|0.352|0.405|0.442|0.491|0.532|0.544|
|Use impr. seed|0.082|0.100|0.117|0.079|0.093|0.108|0.109|0.137|0.174|0.181|0.200|
|<br>**Distance to & are**|**a of large f**|**arms > 50**|**ha**|||||||||
|Dist. to lg. farm|77.7|71.2|59.3|56.2|51.9|46.0|48.6|46.2|42.4|40.9|40.9|
|# within 25 km|0.37|0.41|0.47|0.60|1.32|1.71|1.81|1.89|2.01|2.20|2.24|
|# in 25-50 km|0.97|1.17|1.28|1.69|4.06|5.24|5.88|5.79|6.15|6.63|6.79|
|# in 50-100 km|3.13|4.00|4.73|5.85|17.28|22.41|25.07|25.54|26.84|28.90|29.64|
|area < 25 km|1.30|1.38|1.93|2.26|4.54|6.15|6.67|6.85|7.00|7.40|7.96|
|area 25-50 km|3.60|4.20|6.50|7.40|15.40|19.60|22.60|22.90|24.00|24.60|25.60|
|area 50 - 100 km|18.40|20.60|27.40|31.70|70.00|88.50|98.20|96.80|100.30|104.70|110.00|
|**Rainfall deviation**|**(z-score)**|||||||||||
|1 < z|0.049|0.000|0.000|0.228|0.174|0.080|0.009|0.388|0.026|0.179|0.400|
|0 < z ≤ 1|0.154|0.034|0.000|0.521|0.502|0.499|0.314|0.434|0.174|0.532|0.545|
|-1 ≤ z < 0|0.655|0.344|0.557|0.241|0.312|0.405|0.548|0.174|0.461|0.284|0.055|
|z < -1|0.142|0.622|0.443|0.010|0.013|0.016|0.128|0.004|0.339|0.005|0.000|
|No. of kebeles|487|497|493|513|1930|2041|1489|2002|2044|1968|1982|
|||||**P**|**anel B: Cr**|**op-specific**|**informati**|**on**||||
|**Maize**||||||||||||
|Area (ha)|0.16|0.15|0.16|0.17|0.19|0.18|0.09|0.20|0.19|0.19|0.19|
|Yield (Q/ha)|12.65|13.12|14.97|16.30|18.27|19.24|17.99|22.44|25.23|26.33|27.14|
|Use fertilizer|0.28|0.36|0.36|0.35|0.41|0.45|0.44|0.46|0.51|0.52|0.53|
|Use impr. seed|0.07|0.06|0.10|0.06|0.09|0.09|0.10|0.13|0.16|0.18|0.20|
|<br>**Sorghum**||||||||||||
|Area (ha)|0.33|0.35|0.35|0.34|0.23|0.25|0.18|0.24|0.24|0.22|0.22|
|Yield (Q/ha)|10.76|12.32|12.89|13.99|15.94|16.63|18.46|19.31|18.84|19.36|21.37|
|Use fertilizer|0.15|0.18|0.20|0.24|0.16|0.18|0.17|0.21|0.22|0.23|0.22|
|Use impr. seed|0.004|0.009|0.009|0.002|0.001|0.001|0.001|0.001|0.002|0.001|0.002|
|**Teff**||||||||||||
|Area (ha)|0.14|0.22|0.23|0.25|0.30|0.29|0.17|0.31|0.30|0.29|0.31|
|<br>Yield (Q/ha)|5.62|9.31|8.55|8.77|11.78|11.70|11.89|11.66|12.00|12.82|13.39|
|<br>Use fertilizer|0.19|0.24|0.27|0.29|0.34|0.34|0.37|0.41|0.42|0.41|0.45|
|Use impr. seed|0.01|0.01|0.01|0.00|0.00|0.00|0.01|0.01|0.02|0.01|0.02|
|<br>**Wheat**||||||||||||
|Area (ha)|0.13|0.15|0.13|0.24|0.21|0.21|0.09|0.21|0.19|0.21|0.20|
|<br>Yield (Q/ha)|12.61|14.61|12.89|15.39|15.33|15.92|16.87|16.04|17.40|19.07|20.92|
|<br>Use fertilizer|0.29|0.33|0.35|0.38|0.39|0.37|0.43|0.41|0.40|0.43|0.43|
|Use impr. seed|0.03|0.02|0.03|0.03|0.02|0.03|0.01|0.04|0.06|0.03|0.03|

_Source:_ Own computation from 2003/4-2013/14 CSA smallholder farm surveys. _Note:_ Sample size is in terms of kebeles and, as explained in the text, a kebele is said to be growing a crop if at least 10% of the households in the kebele are growing the crop. Information on area and application of fertilizer and improved seed are collected at the farm level, but averages are calculated first within kebeles and then over all kebeles. Large farm area is in km<sup>2</sup> .

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