rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
Servicification of Manufacturing and
            Boosting Productivity through Services Sector Reform in Turkey
There is a global trend toward more
            production, use, and sale of services by manufacturing
            firms. This phenomenon is known as the servicification of
            manufacturing. Services inputs as well as services
            activities within manufacturing firms account for over half
            of the value of manufacturing exports. This paper uses a
            unique firm-level data set to analyze the link between
            servicification and productivity in Turkey. Although
            servicification has the potential to boost firm performance,
            the opposite appears to be the case in Turkey: manufacturing
            firms with service affiliates tend to be less productive.
            The type of services produced matters. For instance, firms
            that have post-manufacturing (transport and distribution)
            service affiliates are particularly less productive.
            Regulatory restrictions in services are explored as an
            explanatory factor. Productivity gaps appear in the same
            areas where services are more restricted, such as in
            post-manufacturing services.
Hierarchy and Information
The information that public officials
            use to make decisions determines the distribution of public
            resources and the efficacy of public policy. This paper
            develops a measurement framework for assessing the accuracy
            of a set of fundamental bureaucratic beliefs and provides
            experimental evidence on the possibility of 'evidence
            briefings' improving that accuracy. The errors of
            public officials are large, with 49 percent of officials
            making errors that are at least 50 percent of objective
            benchmark data. The provision of briefings reduces these
            errors by a quarter of a standard deviation, but in line
            with theoretical predictions, organizational incentives
            mediate their effectiveness.
Is It the Journey That Matters A
            Fresh Look at the Impact of World Bank Policy Lending
This paper investigates the impact of
            World Bank development policy operations on the quality of
            economic policy during the period 1998-2015. A new
            theoretical framework distinguishes among three effects that
            have been conflated hitherto: (a) marginal impacts of
            additional policy actions within the current year; (b)
            length of the policy engagement with client countries, and
            (c) changes over time in the marginal impact of policy
            actions. The analysis focuses on policy actions that are
            particularly relevant for the quality of economic
            management. Consistent with past research, robust panel
            estimations indicate that development policy financing has a
            positive effect on the quality of government economic
            policy. The econometric work suggests that the nature of the
            policy dialogue and quality of the engagement with
            government matter more than the sheer number of policy
            actions adopted. There is also tentative evidence that
            although the positive impact is sustained over time, the
            initial years of an engagement are the most productive for
            improvement in government economic policy. This may be
            linked to the fact that over time the reform program changes
            from 'first-generation' to more complex
            'second-generation' policy actions.
GVC Participation and Deep
            Integration in Brazil
The production of export goods has
            become increasingly unbundled, and countries positioning to
            become more integrated in the global economy are
            increasingly looking toward global value chains. This paper
            uses the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
            Development/World Trade Organization's Trade in Value
            Added Database to assess Brazil's current integration
            in global value chains. It uses a structural gravity model
            estimated with parts and components to analyze the scope for
            Brazil to increase global value chain–related trade. One
            avenue to raise participation in global value chains is
            through (deeper) preferential trade agreements, and to this
            end the paper characterizes the level of integration of
            Brazil's current preferential trade agreements. Brazil
            has witnessed high growth in total domestic value added
            embodied in gross exports since 1995, yet it exhibits lower
            international engagement in global value chains, but tends
            to be stronger as a seller than a buyer. Most of the
            participation on the selling side comes from indirect
            linkages with domestic input sectors, and services sectors
            have been important for growing the indirect value added in
            global value chain–oriented exports. A deep integration
            agenda focusing not only on border measures, but also on
            beyond-the-border measures, would help Brazil to maximize
            the benefits from participation in global value chains.
            Other than its natural partners, Brazil should integrate
            with countries where global value chains are taking place.
            New agreements signed by Brazil and Mercosur with other
            regional members such as the Pacific Alliance should also
            take into consideration provisions such as investment,
            competition policy, and intellectual property rights, which
            are demonstrated to be very important for integration in
            global value chains.
Three Macroeconomic Trends Around
            the Onset of Armed Conflict in Developing Economies
This paper studies the evolution of
            three macroeconomic variables (namely current fiscal
            expenditures, public debt, and consumer-price inflation)
            around the time of the onset of armed conflicts during
            1950-2016. The authors compare the performance of these
            variables in conflict-afflicted economies with economies
            that did not experience social conflict. The analyses cover
            episodes of conflict from around the world and study the
            evolution of these variables during the five years prior to
            and five years after the onset of conflicts. Further, four
            alternative definitions of social conflict are used to
            ascertain the robustness of the econometric results. The
            evidence suggests that current fiscal expenditures and
            public debt (both as a share of gross domestic product) in
            conflict-afflicted economies tend to be higher than in
            non-conflict economies prior to the onset of conflict, begin
            to rise further prior to the date of the onset of conflict,
            and stay relatively high after the onset of conflict. In
            contrast, there is little evidence that inflation is higher
            in conflict-afflicted economies, prior to or after the onset
            of conflict. These differential trends between
            conflict-afflicted and non-conflict economies shed new light
            on the existing literature on macroeconomic populism, and on
            key macroeconomic aspects of the economics of post-conflict reconstruction.
Forest Carbon Supply in Nepal :
            Evidence from a Choice Experiment
This paper uses a choice experiment
            conducted in Nepal during 2013 to estimate household-level
            willingness to participate in a village-level program under
            the Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
            Degradation initiative requiring reductions in fuelwood
            collection, as a function of the price paid per unit of
            avoided carbon dioxide emissions. The analysis examines
            incentives to participate both in villages having formal
            community forest management, the core institution for
            implementing Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
            Degradation, and villages having only informal forest user
            groups. Contrary to previous findings in the literature
            about participation incentives, but in keeping with other
            recent studies of Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and
            Forest Degradation pilots in Nepal, this study finds that
            relatively little emission reduction would take place at
            prices of $1.00 to $5.00 per ton of avoided carbon
            emissions. Formal community forests will almost certainly be
            the core institution within which Reduced Emissions from
            Deforestation and Forest Degradation is implemented in Nepal
            and likely other countries. The study finds that average and
            median values of payment required for agreement to reduce
            fuelwood collection are substantially larger for formal
            forest user groups than in informal communities. This
            reflects that formal groups likely already have fuelwood
            collection restrictions in place, whereas informal groups
            may de facto permit open access extraction. The analysis
            also suggests that households that are part of informal
            groups react to Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and
            Forest Degradation very differently than households that are
            formal group members. Broadly speaking,
            "underprivileged" formal group member households,
            such as those who are landless, female-headed, and poor,
            appear to be warier of fuelwood collection restrictions and
            thus require higher payments than average respondents. This
            difference does not appear to carry over to informal group members.
Measuring Teaching Practices at
            Scale : Results from the Development and Validation of the
            Teach Classroom Observation Tool
What goes on inside the classroom is
            central to student learning. Despite its importance, low-
            and middle-income countries rarely measure teaching
            practices, in part due to a lack of access to adequate
            classroom observation tools and the high transaction costs
            associated with administering them. Teach, a new,
            open-source classroom observation tool for primary
            classrooms, was developed to capture the quantity and
            quality of teaching practices in these settings with a
            simple, easy-to-administer tool. This paper validates the
            use of Teach scores for system diagnostics by providing four
            types of evidence. First, it provides evidence that the
            practices included in the tool have a clear conceptual
            underpinning. Second, almost 90 percent of local observers
            in Mozambique, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Uruguay were
            highly accurate using Teach after a four-day training.
            Third, using data from 845 classrooms in Pakistan, the paper
            shows that Teach scores are internally consistent, present
            moderate to high inter-rater reliability in the field (.75
            intraclass correlation coefficient), and provide substantial
            information that allows to differentiate teachers, even
            those with similar but not equal scores. Finally, teachers
            who display effective practices, as measured by Teach, are
            associated with students who achieve higher learning outcomes.
Evidence-Based Teaching : Effective
            Teaching Practices in Primary School Classrooms
Even after spending five to six years
            sitting in a classroom almost every day for anywhere between
            four to seven hours, a significant share of students in low-
            and middle-income countries are still not able to read,
            write, or do basic arithmetic. What explains this
            "learning crisis?" A growing body of evidence
            suggests that poor teaching practices and little to no
            learning inside the classroom are the main culprits. As
            such, the learning crisis reflects a teaching crisis. So
            what can teachers do inside the classroom to tackle these
            joint crises? This paper systematizes the evidence regarding
            effective teaching practices in primary school classrooms,
            with special focus on evidence from low- and middle-income
            countries. By doing so, the paper provides the theoretical
            and empirical foundations for the content of the newly
            developed Teach classroom observation tool. Implications for
            teacher education and evaluation are also discussed.
Can Information Influence the Social
            Insurance Participation Decision of China's Rural Migrants
This paper uses a randomized information
            intervention to shed light on whether poor understanding of
            social insurance, both the process of enrolling and costs
            and benefits, drives the relatively low rates of
            participation in urban health insurance and pension programs
            among China's rural-urban migrants. Among workers
            without a contract, the information intervention has a
            strong positive effect on participation in health insurance
            and, among younger age groups, in pension programs. Migrants
            are responsive to price: in cities where the premiums are
            low relative to earnings, information induces health
            insurance participation, while declines are observed in
            cities with high relative premiums.
Developing Countries and Services in
            the New Industrial Paradigm
The traditional export-led manufacturing
            model provided the twin benefits of productivity gains and
            job creation for unskilled labor in the past. Over the past
            two decades, however, the peak shares of manufacturing in
            value added and employment across a range of developing
            economies occurred at lower levels of per capita income
            compared to their high-income, early-industrializer
            precursors. Looking ahead, there is a concern whether
            labor-saving technologies associated with Industry 4.0 --
            such as robotics, the Internet of Things, and 3-D printing
            -- will make it even more difficult for lower-income
            countries to have a significant role in global
            manufacturing. Can services-led development be an
            alternative? This paper provides a conceptual framework to
            inform the discussion, drawing on available empirical
            evidence from the literature on the subject. The features of
            manufacturing once thought to be uniquely special for
            productivity growth are increasingly shared by some services
            that yield the benefits of scale, greater competition, and
            technology diffusion associated with international trade.
            Yet, without sufficient human capital, there are limits to
            how much labor can be absorbed in these service sectors,
            which are also highly skill-intensive. Further, while some
            high-productivity services largely serve final demand or
            derive demand from several sectors, others are more closely
            linked to a manufacturing base.
Gender Gaps in the Labor Market and
            Economic Growth
This paper studies the effects of
            policies aimed at mitigating discrimination against women in
            the marketplace on the gender wage gap, decisions to invest
            in skills, the composition of employment and unemployment,
            and long-run growth. The analysis uses a gender-based
            overlapping generations model with labor market rigidities.
            Gender bias in the workplace varies inversely with the
            presence of skilled women (as agents of change) in the labor
            market and has a direct impact on their bargaining power in
            the family. The model is calibrated for Morocco. Experiments
            show that although the benefits of policies aimed at
            mitigating gender bias in the workplace can promote growth
            and be significantly magnified through a stronger presence
            of skilled women in the labor market, a trade-off may emerge
            with respect to female unemployment when anti-discrimination
            policies are combined with policies aimed at subsidizing
            women's training. To internalize this trade-off,
            anti-discrimination policies in the marketplace may need to
            be complemented by measures aimed at reducing labor costs
            and raising productivity.
Potential Growth : Outlook and
            Options for the Russian Federation
This paper examines the past and future
            trajectory of the Russian Federation's potential
            growth: the speed at which an economy could grow if all
            resources were utilized efficiently. The findings show that
            it peaked before the 2008 global financial crisis and
            continued to decline up to 2017. The estimated potential
            growth rate was 3.8 percent in 2000-09 and 1.7 percent in
            2010-17, a 2.1 percentage point decline. The most recent
            deceleration was due to a slowdown of productivity growth
            and a shrinking potential labor force, rather than a
            shortfall in capital accumulation. For its future
            trajectory, under the baseline scenario, Russia's
            potential growth is expected to continue its gradual
            downward trend, from 1.5 percent in 2017 to 1.3 percent in
            2022. It is expected to recover gradually thereafter,
            primarily driven by stabilization of the labor force. The
            simulations of proposed reform measures currently being
            considered by policy makers, including a combination of
            pension reform, more migration, higher investment, and
            gradual acceleration of total factor productivity growth,
            can double Russia's potential growth rate to 3.0
            percent by 2028. Under the assumptions discussed in the
            paper, pension reform, increases in migration, investment,
            and productivity contribute 0.4, 0.2, 0.6, and 0.3
            percentage points, respectively, to the increase in
            Russia's potential growth rate. Potential growth is
            found to be most sensitive to changes in total factor
            productivity growth, suggesting that reforms that increase
            productivity may have the most impact on boosting
            Russia's potential growth.
Malnutrition Gap as a New Measure of
            Child Malnutrition : A Global Application
"Leaving no one behind" is an
            overarching principle of the Sustainable Development Goals.
            Many countries are prioritizing resources for those who are
            furthest behind. Existing malnutrition
            indicators—underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight, and
            severe wasting—are headcount ratios. They do not capture how
            far behind malnourished children are relative to the World
            Health Organization growth standards. To understand the
            severity of malnutrition, this study develops a new
            malnutrition measurement, using the method originally
            developed for estimating poverty. This study estimates the
            prevalence, gap, and gap squared for stunting, wasting,
            overweight, and underweight, using data from 94 developing
            countries over 20 years. The results show that although in
            most cases the headcount measures and gap measures are
            moving in the same direction, in many other cases, they are
            moving in opposite directions. Moreover, employing the new
            measures, the study can identify countries that have low
            levels of headcount for a malnutrition measure but
            comparatively high severity of malnutrition according to the
            gap measures, and vice versa. This suggests that these new
            malnutrition measures provide additional information on the
            severity of malnutrition that is not possible to be known
            from headcount measures. These new measures of the severity
            of malnutrition can therefore improve the monitoring of
            child malnutrition across countries, and consequently help
            countries to achieve their Sustainable Development Goals.
Re-Kindling Learning : eReaders in Lagos
Empirical literature on digital
            technologies for student learning is generally unable to
            identify separately whether learning gains arise from
            reciprocity in response to the gift of a valuable gadget
            (the 'gadget effect') or from increasing exposure
            to relevant materials (the 'content effect'). This
            paper attempts to disentangle these mechanisms using a
            randomized control trial in junior secondary schools in
            Lagos, Nigeria. It estimates three contrasts: (i) the effect
            of just receiving an eReader with non-curriculum content,
            (ii) the marginal effects of receiving an eReader with
            curriculum text books, and (iii) the marginal effects
            (relative to ii) of receiving curriculum with supplementary
            current and remedial instructional content. The findings
            show that six to eight months of exposure to eReaders led to
            modest positive impacts on learning, but only if the devices
            had curriculum material and were filling input gaps
            resulting from a lack of textbooks. Consistent with other
            recent findings, even six to eight months of exposure to
            eReaders with non-curriculum recreational material reduced
            student learning outcomes. These results demonstrate that
            the promise of digital solutions to improve learning depends
            largely on the extent that these solutions address unmet
            access to instructional material. The paper also finds that
            exposure to eReaders improved student retention. However,
            these impacts are not very robust and could be achieved much
            more cost-effectively through the provision of information
            about the economic returns to education.