Moreover, firms in the sample comply with one of the following criteria: (i) they had at least one worker contracted outside of family members and business owners, (ii) they were operating in a fixed location with more than one person working in the business, (iii) they were at the 25 percentile of revenues or above. More details are provided in Campos et al. (2015).

The baseline survey was conducted between December 2011 and April 2012. After that, the sample was randomly assigned to either one of three treatment arms or the control group, which consisted of 757 firms. Details on the intervention and experimental design can be found in Campos et al. (2015). A first follow-up survey took place between November 2012 and March 2013. Attrition was 5.7 percent, and uncorrelated with treatment status. The second follow-up survey was implemented between November 2013 and March 2014. Attrition for this second follow-up survey was 9.4 percent, and also uncorrelated with treatment status. Between November 2014 and April 2015, a third follow-up survey took place, and a fourth follow-up survey was conducted between July 2015 and January 2016. Including data from all five survey rounds into our sample, we are able to observe firms over horizons of up to 3.5 years.

We coded _survival_ to one if owners said that they were still operating the business that they had when they were first interviewed, i.e. around December 2011 to April 2012. If they said they were not operating this business anymore, we coded _survival_ to zero. _Newfirmstart_ was coded to one if the business had closed and the owner had started a new business, and to zero if the business had closed but the owner was engaged in an activity different than operating another business.

# _Nigeria YouWiN! National Business Plan Competition Impact Evaluation Survey (NGYOUWIN)_

The survey sample consists of applicants to a nationwide business plan competition launched in late 2011 and described in McKenzie (2017). Applicants submitted their business plans in January 2012, together with baseline information on firm and owner characteristics collected via a baseline data sheet. Business plans were then narrowed down to 2,312 semi-finalists, of which 1,200 received awards averaging US$50,000 each, and among which 729 winners had been randomly selected from a group of 1,841 semi-finalists. This left 1,112 control group individuals. Three follow-up surveys were taken, approximately at yearly intervals after individuals had applied for the program, with the first follow-up conducted between November 2012 and May 2013, the second between October 2013 and February 2014, and the third between September 2014 and February 2015. A fourth follow-up survey took place between July and November 2016.

Given that at baseline, there were not only already existing firms in the sample, but also individuals who intended to start a new business with the grant, and that, in addition, limited firm data collected at baseline, we decided to include only the four follow-up surveys in our sample, taking businesses that were existing by follow-up 1 (either because they survived from the baseline to this round, or because they had been created in between these two rounds) as the baseline sample. In addition, we only kept firms, which were not in the business of agriculture, forestry or fishing, whose owners never operated more than one business in any of the rounds in which we observed them, and which had been assigned to the control group. This resulted in the inclusion of 280 firms from the Nigeria YouWiN! National Business Plan Competition Impact Evaluation Survey (NGYOUWIN) in our sample at baseline.

We coded _survival_ to one, if: 50