47

**Table A 3.1: Dependent variable: participation of the household head**

||||||||**Year**||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||1976|||1981|||1985|||1996||
||Coefficient|<br>Standard|<br>P-value|Coefficient|Standard|P-value|Coefficient|Standard|P-value|Coefficient|<br>Standard|P-value|
|_Occupied as employee versus unoccupied_|||||||||||||
|Education|0,008|0,010|0,444|0,025|0,008|0,002|-0,004|0,008|0,598|0,001|0,008|0,881|
|Education2|0,002|0,001|0,000|0,003|0,001|0,000|0,003|0,000|0,000|0,002|0,000|0,000|
|Age|0,039|0,007|0,000|0,097|0,005|0,000|0,104|0,005|0,000|0,153|0,005|0,000|
|Age2|-0,001|0,000|0,000|-0,002|0,000|0,000|-0,002|0,000|0,000|-0,002|0,000|0,000|
|Gender|-1,833|0,040|0,000|-1,415|0,029|0,000|-1,291|0,027|0,000|40,922|0,025|0,000|
|Number ofmembers fromO to 14*|-0,001|0,009|0,905|0,024|0,007|0,001|0,029|0,008|0,000|40,015|0,010|0,124|
|Number ofrmembers from 14 to 65*|40,052|0,011|0,000|40,050|0,009|0,000|40,049|0,009|0,000|-0,079|0,012|0,000|
|Number ofmembers older than 65*|0,076|0,049|0,121|0,000|0,041|0,991|0,001|0,040|0,982|0,006|0,045|0,892|
|Presence ofother members from 14 to 65 (dummy)|-0,008|0,139|0,953|0,659|0,106|0,000|0,922|0,103|0,000|0,494|0,106|0,000|
|Meaneducation*|-0,092|0,012|0,000|40,056|0,011|0,000|-0,083|0,010|0,000|0,009|0,011|0,410|
|Mean education2*|0,001|0,001|0,286|-0,001|0,001|0,316|-0,001|0,001|0,187|40,004|0,001|0,000|
|Mean age*|0,026|0,008|0,001|0,002|0,006|0,711|0,001|0,006|0,806|0,004|0,006|0,510|
|Mean age2*|0,000|0,000|0,000|0,000|0,000|0,014|0,000|0,000|0,003|0,000|0,000|0,014|
|Women proportion*|0,012|0,006|0,025|-0,010|0,004|0,018|0,003|0,004|0,508|0,000|0,004|0,940|
|Constant|2,465|0,167|0,000|0,403|0,107|0,000|0,518|0,103|0,000|-1,052|0,105|0,000|
|_Occupied as self-employed versus unoccupied_|||||||||||||
|Education|-0,063|0,011|0,000|-0,037|0,009|0,000|40,061|0,009|0,000|0,009|0,009|0,340|
|Education2|0,001|0,001|0,233|0,000|0,001|0,518|0,001|0,001|0,115|-0,002|0,001|0,000|
|Age|0,072|0,008|0,000|0,130|0,006|0,000|0,121|0,005|0,000|0,175|0,006|0,000|
|Age2|-0,001|0,000|0,000|40,002|0,000|0,000|-0,002|0,000|0,000|40,002|0,000|0,000|
|Gender|-1,719|0,047|0,000|-1,452|0,035|0,000|-1,412|0,032|0,000|-1,479|0,033|0,000|
|Number ofmembers firomOto 14*|0,030|0,010|0,002|0,075|0,008|0,000|0,096|0,008|0,000|0,055|0,011|0,000|
|Number ofmembers from 14to65*|40,055|0,012|0,000|40,049|0,010|0,000|-0,071|0,010|0,000|-0,090|0,013|0,000|
|Number of members older than 65*|0,036|0,056|0,522|0,067|0,046|0,145|-0,061|0,046|0,184|-0,081|_0,051_|0,113|
|Presenceofother membersfroml4to6S(dumny)|-0,015|0,159|0,925|0,689|0,124|0,000|0,909|0,118|0,000|0,469|0,126|0,000|
|Mean education*|-0,090|0,014|0,000|-0,036|0,013|0,004|_-0,055_|0,012|0,000|0,039|0,013|0,002|
|Mean education2*|0,003|0,001|0,004|0,000|0,001|0,674|0,000|0,001|0,638|-0,003|0,001|0,000|
|Mean age*|0,016|0,009|0,074|-0,016|0,007|0,020|-0,013|0,007|0,040|-0,002|0,007|0,740|
|Mean age2*|0,000|0,000|0,001|0,000|0,000|0,700|0,000|0,000|0,484|0,000|0,000|0,248|
|Womenproportion*|0,007|0,007|0,287|-0,002|0,005|0,670|0,002|0,005|0,660|40,014|0,004|0,001|
|Constant|0,646|0,188|0,001|-1,513|0,129|0,000|-1,152|0,121|0,000|-2,860|0,131|0,000|

Source: Based on "Pesquisa Nacional por Amnostra de Domicilios" (PNAD) ofthe 1976 and 1996.

Note: * excluding the head.