Haiti has only one airport pair per country served for the most part, with the exception of the U.S.A. (5 airport pairs), and the Turks and Caicos Islands (2 airport pairs, Table 22).

|**Table 22: Haiti’s airport**<br>|**pairs with the U.S. and Turks and Ca**<br>|**icos Islands**<br>|
|---|---|---|
|**Country**|**Paired via**|**Seats**|
||Miami|563,303|
||Ft. Lauderdale|258,310|
|USA|JKF International|255,346|
|..|Newark International|28,574|
||Atlanta Hartsfield International|24,700|
||Total|1,130,233|
||Providenciales Intl from CapHaitien|18,850|
|Turks And Caicos Islands|Providenciales Intl from Mais Gate|3,458|
||Total|22,308|

_Source: Authors’ calculation based on data by Diio (2014)._

# **b. Competition**

The three route networks within the Caribbean are structured very differently: domestic connectivity, as would be expected, is very concentrated with a small number of carriers, with The Bahamas, with three carriers, having the highest number, and Trinidad having the flag carrier, Caribbean Airlines, service Trinidad’s only domestic route.

The intra-regional network, with more connections, also has a higher number of carriers.

Overall, the direct connections with extra-regional routes show a much higher number of carriers, coming from different regions. This is particularly pronounced in the tourist-attracting countries with the noticeable exceptions of Dominica and Grenada (Table 23). Dominica can be explained by its short runway, which limits flights to smaller turboprop aircraft (in fact, St. Vincent, with the most limited runway, has no outside direct flights). Grenada, however, is a distinct exception: The Island has some very well developed tourism resorts, and has excellent runway and terminal capacities. However, it is also the southernmost island, and therefore the furthest to reach. This may limit the number of carriers flying directly into the island, especially with Trinidad close by, which may be acting as a gateway to Grenada (the traffic between Trinidad and Grenada is relatively heavy).

Since the three networks (domestic, within the Caribbean, and with the rest of the world) represent three very different markets, with very different service profiles, the competition presented in each market is very different. Market concentration can be measured with the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HH), which ranges from 0 to 10,000, with 10,000 representing a monopoly<sup>18</sup> . Applying the index to the domestic markets (Figure 26), monopolies can be found in Haiti<sup>19</sup> and Trinidad & Tobago. The lack of competition in the latter can be explained as a result of there being only one airport pair being served, and having a strong national airline. Belize, The Bahamas, and Jamaica appear more competitive. In this case the reason may well be the much higher number of routes being served: Jamaica has a total of three domestic routes, The Bahamas 23, and Belize 29. Although these are not monopolies, the HH values still indicate

> 18 The Herfendahl-Hirschman index is a measure of market concentration expressed as 2 2 H = ∑��m m m <u>ppoomm</u> rroorrm ii ~~�~~ × 100� and is applied here using  H = ∑��sshrrp r <u>ii ttr</u> Tmm T TTii ~~�~~ × 100� . 19 Haiti does have a small airline not currently reflected in the scheduling dataset, Tortug’ Air.  mmoom tt m mmoom tt ppoom TT

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