quality, specific nutrients of FAFH and individual excess body weight at the population level. This allows us to study the differences in nutritional quality across the food environments of various socioeconomic groups and explore whether these differences contribute to the commonly found socioeconomic gradient in excess body weight.<sup>3</sup> In contrast to other studies that use self-reported body weight measures, this study relies on data of the Demographic and Health survey (DHS), which contain anthropometrics measured by health professionals and are therefore less prone to measurement error.

More specifically, the representative restaurant survey that measures the nutritional composition of the most frequently consumed lunch menus in Metropolitan Lima is combined with the household survey that contains anthropometric measures of women ages 15 to 49 living in Lima.<sup>4</sup> This unique data set allows an assessment of whether there is a link between the nutritional quality of FAFH in the food environment and excess body weight among women in 40 neighborhoods of urban Peru.<sup>5</sup> In addition, the stratification of the restaurant data allows us to examine the differences in nutritional quality between neighborhoods of different socioeconomic groups and whether this explains the socioeconomic gradient in excess body weight.<sup>6</sup> Based on an ordered logit model, the findings indicate that a lower diet quality of FAFH in restaurants located in the food environment of the household is significantly associated with individual excess body weight. A 10 percent increase in the PDRNI of restricted nutrients is associated with a 7.4 percent increase in the probability of obesity and a 1.7 percent increase in the probability of overweight. This relationship holds after accounting for a number of factors that correlate with body weight, including socioeconomic fixed effects that control for food quality at home and other unobserved factors that correlate with body weight and the nutritional quality of FAFH. In exploiting the importance of specific nutrients, we find that _sodium_ in most restaurant menus seems to be responsible for the association between the diet quality of FAFH and excess body weight. This is in line with a number of studies suggesting that dietary sodium intake implicates weight gain (Larsen et al. 2014; Yi and Kansagra 2014).

After considering a number of individual and environmental determinants of obesity,

> 3 Individuals in neighborhoods with low socioeconomic status tend to exhibit a greater prevalence of overweight and obesity relative to individuals in neighborhoods of higher socioeconomic status.

> 4 While data only allow this relationship to be analyzed among women, women are more sensitive to the food environment than men (Hallam et al. 2016; Kuchler et al. 2002).

> 5 The n eighborhood is the district of residence and the direct food environment of the women. Since detailed information on whether women consume FAFH predominately in their neighborhood or socioeconomic group is not available, what we use is an indicator that is expected to correlate with the quality of the most-frequently consumed menus out of home. Qualitative evidence from local experts supports that people eating in restaurants are mostly from the same socioeconomic group of the restaurant’s environment, which is also in line with findings from other urban areas (Cannuscio et al 2014). This is most likely for women from low socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhoods. In neighborhoods of higher socioeconomic status, restaurant clients also tend to be locals who can afford the upper tier eating possibilities, or visitors but from equally wealthy neighborhoods.

> 6 The stratification of districts by socioeconomic group is a quantile measure defined by the average expenditure levels of the households in the respective neighborhoods as reported in the National Survey of Family Budgets (ENAPREF) 2009–2010.

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