**Table 8. Robustness check: Including agricultural employment, full sample.**

||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|(9)|(10)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Non‐routin|e analytical|Non‐routine|interpersonal|Routine|cognitive|Routin|e Manual|Non‐rou|tine manual|
||O*NET|O*NET with<br>agriculture|O*NET|O*NET with<br>agriculture|O*NET|O*NET with<br>agriculture|O*NET|O*NET with<br>agriculture|O*NET|O*NET with<br>agriculture|
|GDP (log), change|0.0179|‐0.0561|‐0.00751|‐0.0791|0.108***|0.219***|0.105*|0.0723|0.138**|0.0720|
||(0.0641)|(0.0727)|(0.0553)|(0.0623)|(0.0281)|(0.0378)|(0.0545)|(0.0626)|(0.0592)|(0.0695)|
|GDP (lagged, log)|0.000862|0.00292|0.00178|0.00336|‐0.00350|‐0.00465|0.00328|0.00281|0.00319|0.00309|
||(0.00849)|(0.00963)|(0.00733)|(0.00825)|(0.00372)|(0.00501)|(0.00722)|(0.00829)|(0.00784)|(0.00921)|
|Industry VA (% of GDP), change|0.275|0.435*|0.223|0.253|‐0.0715|0.240*|0.0743|‐0.270|0.164|‐0.311|
||(0.212)|(0.240)|(0.183)|(0.206)|(0.0927)|(0.125)|(0.180)|(0.207)|(0.195)|(0.230)|
|Services VA (% of GDP), change|0.129|0.0938|0.289**|0.205|‐0.0737|‐0.249**|‐0.129|0.0851|‐0.0982|0.143|
||(0.167)|(0.190)|(0.145)|(0.163)|(0.0734)|(0.0988)|(0.142)|(0.164)|(0.155)|(0.182)|
|Skilled (% of working age population), change|‐0.0587|0.00804|‐0.0501|0.0119|0.0421|0.0333|‐0.00473|‐0.0804|‐0.0246|‐0.107|
||(0.0721)|(0.0818)|(0.0622)|(0.0700)|(0.0316)|(0.0425)|(0.0613)|(0.0704)|(0.0666)|(0.0781)|
|Females (% of employment), change|‐0.492***|‐0.524**|‐0.372**|‐0.363**|‐0.0357|‐0.205*|0.227|0.367**|0.154|0.358*|
||(0.180)|(0.204)|(0.155)|(0.175)|(0.0787)|(0.106)|(0.153)|(0.175)|(0.166)|(0.195)|
|Working age population (% of population), change|‐0.481|0.254|‐0.228|0.578|‐1.034***|‐1.492***|‐0.304|‐0.748|‐0.603|‐0.925|
||(0.640)|(0.726)|(0.552)|(0.622)|(0.280)|(0.378)|(0.544)|(0.625)|(0.591)|(0.694)|
|Older than 65 years (% of population), change|‐1.662|‐1.049|0.100|0.669|‐1.602**|‐4.665***|‐1.664|1.075|‐2.199|1.718|
||(1.781)|(2.021)|(1.537)|(1.731)|(0.780)|(1.051)|(1.515)|(1.739)|(1.645)|(1.931)|
|Internet users (% of population), change|0.218***|0.252***|0.276***|0.319***|‐0.0817**|‐0.0913*|‐0.143**|‐0.206***|‐0.149**|‐0.221**|
||(0.0801)|(0.0909)|(0.0691)|(0.0778)|(0.0351)|(0.0473)|(0.0682)|(0.0782)|(0.0740)|(0.0869)|
|Imports (% of GDP), change|0.134|0.108|0.0686|0.0127|‐0.159***|‐0.0928*|0.0520|0.0350|0.111|0.0664|
||(0.0845)|(0.0959)|(0.0730)|(0.0821)|(0.0370)|(0.0499)|(0.0719)|(0.0826)|(0.0781)|(0.0917)|
|Exports (% of GDP), change|‐0.260***|‐0.299***|‐0.188**|‐0.202**|0.163***|0.00710|0.137*|0.303***|0.0750|0.308***|
||(0.0891)|(0.101)|(0.0769)|(0.0866)|(0.0390)|(0.0526)|(0.0758)|(0.0870)|(0.0823)|(0.0966)|
|Constant|‐0.246|‐1.965|‐1.770|‐3.142|2.900|4.467|‐4.760|‐4.637|‐4.695|‐5.001|
||(8.977)|(10.19)|(7.749)|(8.725)|(3.934)|(5.297)|(7.640)|(8.769)|(8.293)|(9.736)|
|Observations|529|529|529|529|529|529|529|529|529|529|
|R‐squared|0.311|0.383|0.295|0.361|0.256|0.359|0.286|0.341|0.286|0.333|

Note: OLS coefficients from a cross-country regression using the skill content of jobs (in first differences) as the dependent variable (multiplied by 100).

**Table 9. Robustness checks: Including agricultural employment, developing country sample.**

||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|(9)|(10)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Non‐routin|<br>e analytical|Non‐routine|<br>interpersonal|Routine|<br>cognitive|Routine|<br>Manual|Non‐rou|<br>tine manual|
||O*NET|O*NET with<br>agriculture|O*NET|O*NET with<br>agriculture|O*NET|O*NET with<br>agriculture|O*NET|O*NET with<br>agriculture|O*NET|O*NET with<br>agriculture|
|GDP (log), change|‐0.00707|‐0.0370|‐0.0350|‐0.0729|0.136***|0.231***|0.0765|0.0232|0.105|0.0236|
||(0.0818)|(0.0995)|(0.0689)|(0.0825)|(0.0337)|(0.0456)|(0.0676)|(0.0803)|(0.0739)|(0.0884)|
|GDP (lagged, log)|‐0.000943|0.00422|‐0.00454|‐0.000660|0.000938|0.00463|0.00624|‐0.00112|0.00488|‐0.00379|
||(0.00780)|(0.00949)|(0.00658)|(0.00787)|(0.00391)|(0.00435)|(0.00645)|(0.00766)|(0.00705)|(0.00843)|
|Industry VA (% of GDP), change|0.125|0.503|0.0179|0.222|‐0.0318|0.305**|0.296|‐0.184|0.415*|‐0.184|
||(0.261)|(0.318)|(0.220)|(0.263)|(0.100)|(0.146)|(0.216)|(0.256)|(0.236)|(0.282)|
|Services VA (% of GDP), change|0.0981|0.199|0.190|0.208|‐0.101|‐0.241**|‐0.0822|0.0605|‐0.0498|0.127|
||(0.197)|(0.239)|(0.166)|(0.198)|(0.0769)|(0.110)|(0.162)|(0.193)|(0.178)|(0.212)|
|Skilled (% of working age population), change|‐0.0302|0.0212|‐0.0257|0.0307|0.0391|0.00720|‐0.0315|‐0.0832|‐0.0520|‐0.103|
||(0.0999)|(0.122)|(0.0842)|(0.101)|(0.0381)|(0.0557)|(0.0826)|(0.0981)|(0.0902)|(0.108)|
|Females (% of employment), change|‐0.441**|‐0.443|‐0.326*|‐0.289|0.00838|‐0.171|0.225|0.366*|0.163|0.374|
||(0.224)|(0.272)|(0.188)|(0.225)|(0.0836)|(0.125)|(0.185)|(0.219)|(0.202)|(0.242)|
|Working age population (% of population), change|0.269|0.848|0.403|1.078|‐1.173***|‐1.287***|‐0.442|‐1.071|‐0.700|‐1.324|
||(0.816)|(0.993)|(0.688)|(0.823)|(0.342)|(0.455)|(0.674)|(0.801)|(0.737)|(0.882)|
|Older than 65 years (% of population), change|‐2.453|‐2.742|‐0.815|‐0.939|‐1.132|‐4.489***|‐0.837|2.858|‐1.352|3.625|
||(2.458)|(2.990)|(2.072)|(2.478)|(1.032)|(1.370)|(2.030)|(2.412)|(2.220)|(2.656)|
|Internet users (% of population), change|0.233*|0.266*|0.320***|0.365***|‐0.119**|‐0.110*|‐0.179*|‐0.260**|‐0.187*|‐0.283**|
||(0.119)|(0.145)|(0.100)|(0.120)|(0.0477)|(0.0663)|(0.0983)|(0.117)|(0.107)|(0.129)|
|Imports (% of GDP), change|0.164|0.151|0.0799|0.0275|‐0.150***|‐0.0637|0.0300|‐0.00416|0.0885|0.0243|
||(0.111)|(0.135)|(0.0933)|(0.112)|(0.0425)|(0.0617)|(0.0914)|(0.109)|(0.0999)|(0.120)|
|Exports (% of GDP), change|‐0.326***|‐0.407***|‐0.248**|‐0.290**|0.164***|‐0.0610|0.193*|0.444***|0.126|0.461***|
||(0.125)|(0.152)|(0.105)|(0.126)|(0.0482)|(0.0696)|(0.103)|(0.123)|(0.113)|(0.135)|
|Constant|2.107|‐3.703|4.482|0.0785|‐0.957|‐4.187|‐5.844|1.211|‐4.303|3.741|
||(7.339)|(8.928)|(6.186)|(7.400)|(3.579)|(4.090)|(6.062)|(7.201)|(6.627)|(7.931)|
|Observations|355|355|355|355|355|355|355|355|355|355|
|R‐squared|0.106|0.107|0.131|0.134|0.186|0.273|0.119|0.154|0.111|0.162|

Note: OLS coefficients from a cross-country regression using the skill content of jobs (in first differences) as the dependent variable (multiplied by 100).

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