productivity and have spill-over effects on other economic activities. The country could first leverage greater integration into regional and global markets.

The bold program could be structured around three dimensions, with the first focusing on the production side. The first dimension of the reform would aim to unlock the untapped potential through investment in cross-border and regional infrastructure and policy reform to enhance the efficiency of trade and transport logistic services. Targeted investments would aim to improve the efficiency of transportation and logistics services, which directly impact quality. Such investments shall be supported by reforms to the business enabling environment and infrastructures such as improved storage and warehousing facilities that can accommodate while preserving quality. This would be an integral part of trade facilitation reforms that will expedite cross-border and movement in transit countries.

The second dimension would be a concerted effort for integration into the regional value chains. This could focus on harnessing the underutilized potential by moving into the livestock value chain's higher level, such as supplying Nigeria and ECCAS countries with quality meat. This will, therefore, require learning from benchmark countries' progress through enhanced processing. In that endeavor, the focus could be on interventions to improve competitiveness, productivity, and income. This shall include a focus on continuous capacity development for improved production practices, strengthening extension services, better management for improving quality and handling from the farm through the movement of live animals and processing. Support the producers’ group in marketing to reduce the impact of intermediaries to fetch better prices.

The third dimension is to adopt an end-to-end supply chain approach. In turn, this will require proper attention to the needs of the small-scale actors that need to be empowered to be subcontracted by larger firms. There will also be a need to address investment in storage and processing facilities, together with health-related standards, shall also be prioritized. Stakeholders should also be exposed to best practices from peer countries on improved productivity, farmer groups' governance, sector regulation, and marketing systems, improving gender outcomes and women’s participation, value addition, and branding, raising domestic consumption.

Evidence-based outreach and education will be required, hence the need to boost data gathering and undertake periodic studies to identify priority binding constraints for collective actions and opportunities of partnership with actors from other countries who can augment sector expertise. To more effectively move up the value chain, there would also be a need for support for greater participation of women and youth in the sector. Youth tends to be more receptive to implementing and adopting more market-friendly practices. This will, in turn, nurture diversification of income streams and ensure food security. Diversification can be both horizontally by engaging in non-agriculture or livestock activities; it could also be vertical by inserting more lucrative market segments of the value chain. Furthermore, there would be a need to explore market diversification to markets outside the West and Central Africa region, where quality requirements and standards are within Chad's reach. Such markets are in Africa, the Middle East, or Asia.

The medium-term focus on trade and transport logistic facilitation shall build upon and complement previous interventions. A World Bank project is currently focusing on improving pastoralists and agropastoralists' resilience in certain areas of the region and empower Chad and other Sahelian countries for a swift and effective response to exogenous chocs that could affect pastoral activities. .

Other activities, although they are trade facilitation focused, are dated and did not take a comprehensive view. The Joint World Bank, ECOWAS, CORAF and CILLS “Initiative to Promote Trade of Livestock and Meat in West and Central Africa”: a) explored the issues linked to the different dimensions of the national and regional stock farming policies; b) to present a set of recommendations concerning the streamlining of 16