# 5. Results

# 5.1 Difference-in-difference (DD) estimates

IPV trends in BH affected areas from the matched sample are shown in Table 3. The matched sample contains data on 2,570 women living in the BH affected area and 21,300 women living in areas not affected by BH. In the BH affected area, the proportion of women experiencing physical or sexual IPV is unchanged at around 10 percent. In the non BH area however IPV rates fall from 17 to 12 percent between 2008 and 2013.

Table 3: Rates of Intimate Partner Violence in Nigeria before Boko Haram (2009) and after Boko Haram (2013), <u>percent</u>

|||**BH Are**|**a**||**Non BH Ar**|**ea**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Variable**|Before<br>BH|During<br>BH|Difference|Before<br>BH|During<br>BH|Difference|N<br>(Total)|
|Past year physical or sexual IPV|11|10|1|17|12|-5***||
|N|1126|1444||9585|11715||23870|

Source: Authors own calculation using data from the 2008 and 2013 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey Note: BH Area defined as NDHS clusters exposed to any BH Event within 10km between 2009 and 2013. *** Difference in means between before BH and during BH is significant at the 1% level.

After controlling for a woman’s, partner and household characteristics, attitudes towards and experiences of IPV, ethnicity, religion and state fixed effects, the results of the DD model show that the presence of BH increases the probability of a woman’s experience of physical or sexual IPV by 3.7 percentage points (Table 4).

The individual and household characteristics associated with increased risk of women’s experience of physical or sexual IPV are: having more children (0.3 percentage points for each additional child), marriage as a child (2.6 percentage points), having a sometimes or often drunk partner (14.6 percentage points) and marriage in a polygamous household (1.7 percentage points). Both indicators of attitudes towards and experiences of IPV are also associated with increased IPV risk; having a father who beat their wife/partner (12.4 percentage points) and condoning wife beating (4.4 percentage points). The finding that the highest IPV risk is associated with <mark>having a mother who was beat by their husband/partner and having a husband/partner who is sometimes or always drunk is consistent with other research about generational cycles of IPV (</mark> see Lipsky et al. 2005; Knight et al. 2013; Thornberry et al. 2011 <mark>) and the association of IPV perpetration with drug and alcohol abuse (see L</mark> ipsky et al. 2005; <mark>Thompson and Kingree 2006; T</mark> umwesigye et al. 2012; <mark>Devries et al. 2013;</mark> Hanmer and Klugman 2016).

There is a weak association between receiving earnings in kind as opposed to no earnings and lower IPV risk (-4.7 percentage points) and membership of certain ethnic groups is associated with lower IPV risk. <mark>Our findings are consistent</mark> with other research using Nigeria’s DHS data; being Hausa and Fulani as opposed to being Yoruba is associated with lowering risk of physical or sexual IPV by -5.3 and -5.2 percentage points respectively.<sup>25</sup>

> 25 <mark>Nwabunike and Tenkorang’s (2015) analysis of the 2008 NDHS finds that Hausa women are less likely to experience physical and sexual violence, compared with Yoruba women.</mark>

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