> 21 Preterm prevalence in 2000 was estimated at 6.6 percent. It is worth noting that these are modeled estimates, since availability of preterm birth events in civil registration and vital statistics in the Philippines is limited.

> 22 Christian P, Lee SE, Donahue Angel M, et al. Risk of childhood undernutrition related to small-forgestational age and preterm birth in low- and middle-income countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42(5):134055. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3816349/

> 23 Özaltin E, Hill K, Subramanian SV. Association of Maternal Stature With Offspring Mortality, Underweight, and Stunting in Low- to Middle-Income Countries. JAMA. 2010;303(15):1507– 1516. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.450

> 24 Linda S. Adair, David K. Guilkey; Age-Specific Determinants of Stunting in Filipino Children, The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 127, Issue 2, 1 February 1997, Pages 314– 320, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.2.314

> 25 Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, de Onis M, Ezzati M, Grantham-McGregor S, Katz J, Martorell R, Uauy R, Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. Lancet. 2013 Aug 3; 382(9890):427-451.

> 26 Linda S. Adair, David K. Guilkey; Age-Specific Determinants of Stunting in Filipino Children, The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 127, Issue 2, 1 February 1997, Pages 314– 320, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.2.314

> 27 Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, de Onis M, Ezzati M, Grantham-McGregor S, Katz J, Martorell R, Uauy R, Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. Lancet. 2013 Aug 3; 382(9890):427-451.

> 28 The studies used the following intervention groups: (1) Water only (W): Advocated use of chlorine to treat water + chlorine dispensers at communal points of access + 1L bottle of chlorine for use at home, (2) Handwashing only (H): Advocated handwashing with soap + 2 permanent handwashing stations in the home, (3) Sanitation only (S): Advocated latrine use and safe disposal of child and animal feces into latrine + Upgrade of latrine facility (if necessary) + sani scoop + child potty, (4) WSH interventions in combination, (5) Nutrition counseling + lipid supplementation and (6) WSH + Nutrition in combination.

> 29 Derek Headey, Kalle Hirvonen, John Hoddinott, Animal Sourced Foods and Child Stunting, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Volume 100, Issue 5, October 2018, Pages 1302– 1319, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aay053

> 30 Eggs in Early Complementary Feeding and Child Growth: A Randomized Controlled Trial Lora L. Iannotti, Chessa K. Lutter, Christine P. Stewart, Carlos Andres Gallegos Riofrío, Carla Malo, Gregory Reinhart, Ana Palacios, Celia Karp, Melissa Chapnick, Katherine Cox, William F. Waters Pediatrics Jul 2017, 140 (1) e20163459; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-

3459, https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/1/e20163459.long

> 31 <u>https://pantawid.dswd.gov.ph/</u>

> 32 Eeshani Kandpal, Harold Alderman, Jed Friedman, Deon Filmer, Junko Onishi, Jorge Avalos, A Conditional Cash Transfer Program in the Philippines Reduces Severe Stunting, The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 146, Issue 9, September 2016, Pages 1793–1800, https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.233684

> 33 Denney L, Angeles-Agdeppa I, Capanzana MV, Toledo MB, Donohue J, Carriquiry A. Nutrient Intakes and Food Sources of Filipino Infants, Toddlers and Young Children are Inadequate: Findings

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