_and_ they do not require extensive face-to-face interactions. An example would be a computer programmer who can work from home.

- (b) <u>Employed in occupations with health risks: These are workers with jobs in essential</u> sectors that cannot telework. They require above-average numbers of face-to-face interactions. An example would be a surgeon or a bus driver.

- (c) <u>Employed in occupations with income risks: These are workers in occupations that are</u> exposed to supply shocks because they are not considered essential and because they are not able to telework; thus, they are more at risk of being dismissed.  An example would be the members of the kitchen staff at a restaurant.

These outcomes are mutually exclusive and capture all possible occupational categories. Figure 3 displays several Venn diagrams of the different categorization of jobs for workers from diverse regions of origin. Each circle represents whether a job is non-essential, non-teleworkable, or requires intense face-to-face interactions. (Jobs outside all three circles are thus essential, teleworkable, or does not require intensive face-to-face interactions). Jobs with a high degree of income risk because they are _both_ non-essential and non-teleworkable are shown in red. Panel A shows that 37.6 percent of jobs held by native workers fall into that category; this is a lower share than the 39.6 percent of such jobs held by migrants (Panel B).

Jobs that entail high health risks because they are essential, non-teleworkable, _and_ require intense face-to-face interaction are shown in green. Again, we observe that migrants are overrepresented in this category; 22.5 percent of the jobs held by migrants fall into this category, compared to 15.5 percent of the jobs held by native-born workers.

Finally, safe jobs are all other jobs. These are jobs that are essential, with low numbers of face-toface interactions; these jobs can be either teleworkable or non-teleworkable. These are shown in the gray areas in the figures, which show that 46.9 percent of jobs held by native-born workers fall into this category, compared to 37.9 percent of the jobs held by migrants.

When we look at regional distribution of the migrants, those from western Europe (EU15) have almost the same occupational distribution as native workers (Panel C) across the three categories. By contrast, migrants from new member states of the EU (Panel D) and outside the EU (Panel E) have higher shares in jobs exposed to health risks (green area) and income risks (red area).

With the labor-market status defined as above, we estimate the following equation: Y iok = α + Ωo + β Xi + λ Li + γ Πi + Δ1FiNi + Δ2 (1-Fi)*Ni + φk + ε iok (1) where Y iok is the categorical variable for one of the three occupational statuses of individual _i_ currently living in region of residence _k_ in the EU<sup>13</sup> and originally from origin _o_ . Ωo is a vector of fixed effects for the world regions of origin _o_ for the worker _i_ . The regions of origin are defined as those countries that we put in the following categories: the EU15; the NMS13; the European

> 13 Region is defined at the second level of the EU Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS2)

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