|**Definition**|**Description**|**Source**|
|---|---|---|
|Equal distribution of political<br>power|It indicates how political power is distributed in a country based on various social<br>groups such as caste, ethnicity, language, race, region, and religion. It is contextual<br>and cross-cutting, and individuals can belong to multiple groups. It ranges from 0 to<br>4, with 0 indicating political power monopolized by a minority group and 4 indicating<br>equal political power among all social groups or the irrelevance of social group<br>characteristics topolitics.|Varieties of<br>Democracy (V-Dem)|
|Human capital index|The HCI calculates the contributions of health and education to worker productivity.<br>The final index score ranges from zero to one and measures the productivity as a<br>future worker of child born today relative to the benchmark of full health and<br>complete education.|World Development<br>Indicators (WDI)|
|Conflict (intensity level)|It refers to the conflict intensity level in the dyad per calendar year. Two different<br>intensity levels are coded: minor armed conflicts and wars.|UCDP/PRIO Armed<br>Conflict Dataset|
|Conflict (cumulative intensity)|It refers to the intensity of the conflict, taking into consideration the conflict history.|UCDP/PRIO Armed<br>Conflict Dataset|
|Conflict-affected situations|This variable was developed by the authors through the World Bank 2020 List of<br>Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations. A value of 2 corresponds to a high-intensity<br>conflict; 1 represents a medium-intensity conflict; and 0 indicates the absence of<br>conflict.|The World Bank FY20<br>List of Fragile and<br>Conflict-affected<br>Situations|
|Fragile and Conflict-affected<br>situations|This variable was developed by the authors through the World Bank 2020 List of<br>Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations. A value of 3 corresponds to a high-intensity<br>conflict; 2 represents a medium-intensity conflict; 1 indicates the absence of conflict<br>but high institutional and social fragility; and 0 indicates the absence of both conflict<br>and high institutional and social fragility.|The World Bank FY20<br>List of Fragile and<br>Conflict-affected<br>Situations|
|Government effectiveness|Government Effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the<br>quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political<br>pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility<br>of the government's commitment to such policies. Estimate gives the country's score<br>on the aggregate indicator, in units of a standard normal distribution, i.e., ranging<br>from approximately-2.5 to 2.5.|Worldwide<br>Governance Indicators|
|Developing countries’ dummy|It takes 1 if the country is a developing country (or not a high-income country) and 0<br>otherwise.|World Bank country<br>classification (WDI)<br>and authors’<br>computation|
|GovTech Africa|It takes 1 if the country is an African country having implemented a GovTech platform<br>and 0 if it is an African or a non-African country without GovTech platform.|Authors’ computation<br>based on GTMI 2022<br>and World Bank<br>country classification<br>(WDI)|

25