Table 14: The effects of the scale of mining activities on district inequality

|||Constant m<br>|ineral price<br>|s<br>||Average m<br>|ineral price<br>|s<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Gini|MLD|Theil|RLP|Gini|MLD|Theil|RLP|
|Small-scale mines|0.054|0.184|0.072|3.851<sup>***</sup>|0.014|0.113|-0.011|3.001<sup>***</sup>|
||[0.157]|[0.285]|[0.301]|[1.154]|[0.135]|[0.240]|[0.257]|[0.985]|
|Large-scale mines|0.180<sup>***</sup>|0.277<sup>***</sup>|0.206<sup>**</sup>|17.504<sup>***</sup>|0.166<sup>***</sup>|0.255<sup>***</sup>|0.178<sup>**</sup>|17.240<sup>***</sup>|
||[0.048]|[0.095]|[0.091]|[2.040]|[0.043]|[0.085]|[0.082]|[1.914]|
|Log(Prices)|0.005|-0.003|0.003|-0.045|0.007|0.001|0.008|0.006|
||[0.009]|[0.017]|[0.018]|[0.049]|[0.008]|[0.014]|[0.015]|[0.059]|
|Fixed effects|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Controls|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|N|19298|19298|19298|23745|19298|19298|19298|23745|
|R-squared|0.762|0.625|0.676|0.463|0.762|0.625|0.676|0.463|
|Countries|38|38|38|38|38|38|38|38|

Notes: (1) The table shows the regression results for a sample of 2,182 districts in 653 regions across 38 countries in Africa during 2001–2012. (2) The regressions exploit the scale of mining operations to explain spatial-temporal variations in district inequality. (3) All inequality indicators are at the district level and measured using night-time light intensity. (4) The standard errors, clustered at the country level, are in the brackets. (5) MLD stands for mean logarithmic deviation, and RLP stands for relative lights per capita. (6) Constant (measured at constant 1998 US dollars) and average (measured as annual averages) prices come from USGS. (7) Small-scale refers to sites with artisanal mining activities, while large-scale refers to sites where large-scale mining activities are taking place. (8) Fixed effects include time fixed effects, district fixed effects, regional fixed effects, country fixed effects, and country-year fixed effects. (9) Controls include a proxy for agricultural productivity, rainfall, population sizes, lights pixels lit, and district geographical locations (measured in absolute latitudes).<sup>*</sup> p < 0.10.<sup>**</sup> p < 0.05.<sup>***</sup> p < 0.01.

Source: authors’ estimations.

Table 15: The effects of minerals’ value on district inequality

|||Constant m<br>|ineral price<br>|s<br>||Average m<br>|ineral price<br>|s<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Gini|MLD|Theil|RLP|Gini|MLD|Theil|RLP|
|High-value minerals|0.054|0.184|0.072|3.851<sup>***</sup>|0.014|0.113|-0.011|3.001<sup>***</sup>|
||[0.157]|[0.285]|[0.301]|[1.154]|[0.135]|[0.240]|[0.257]|[0.985]|
|Low-value minerals|0.180<sup>***</sup>|0.277<sup>***</sup>|0.206<sup>**</sup>|17.504<sup>***</sup>|0.166<sup>***</sup>|0.255<sup>***</sup>|0.178<sup>**</sup>|17.240<sup>***</sup>|
||[0.048]|[0.095]|[0.091]|[2.040]|[0.043]|[0.085]|[0.082]|[1.914]|
|Log(Prices)|0.005|-0.003|0.003|-0.045|0.007|0.001|0.008|0.006|
||[0.009]|[0.017]|[0.018]|[0.049]|[0.008]|[0.014]|[0.015]|[0.059]|
|Fixed effects|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Controls|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|N|19298|19298|19298|23745|19298|19298|19298|23745|
|R-squared|0.762|0.625|0.676|0.463|0.762|0.625|0.676|0.463|
|Countries|38|38|38|38|38|38|38|38|

Notes: (1) The table shows the regression results for a sample of 2,182 districts in 653 regions across 38 countries in Africa during 2001–2012. (2) The regressions exploit the value of minerals to explain spatial-temporal variations in district inequality. (3) All inequality indicators are at the district level and measured using night-time light intensity. (4) The standard errors, clustered at the country level, are in the brackets. (5) MLD stands for mean logarithmic deviation, and RLP stands for relative lights per capita. (6) Constant (measured at constant 1998 US dollars) and average (measured as annual averages) prices come from USGS. (7) Highvalue refers to mining sites where high-value minerals are extracted, whereas low-value refers to places where low-value minerals are extracted. (8) Fixed effects include time fixed effects, district fixed effects, regional fixed effects, country fixed effects, and country-year fixed effects. (9) Controls include a proxy for agricultural productivity, rainfall, population sizes, lights pixels lit, and district geographical locations (measured in absolute latitudes).<sup>*</sup> p < 0.10.<sup>**</sup> p < 0.05.<sup>***</sup> p < 0.01.

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