rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
The great proletarian cultural
            revolution, disruptions to education, and returns to
            schooling in urban China
In determining whether a country's
            higher education system should be expanded, it is important
            for policymakers first to determine the extent to which high
            private returns to post-secondary education are an
            indication of the scarcity of graduates instead of the high
            unobserved ability of students who choose to attend
            post-secondary education. To this end, the paper identifies
            the returns to schooling in urban China using
            individual-level variation in educational attainment caused
            by exogenous city-wide disruptions to education during the
            Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976. For city-cohorts who
            experienced greater disruptions, children's educational
            attainment became less correlated with that of their fathers
            and more influenced by whether their fathers held
            administrative positions. The analysis calculates returns to
            college education using data from the China Urban Labor
            Survey conducted in five large cities in 2001. The results
            are consistent with the selection of high-ability students
            into higher education. The analysis also demonstrates that
            these results are unlikely to be driven by sample selection
            bias associated with migration, or by alternative pathways
            through which the Cultural Revolution could have affected
            adult productivity.
Foreign direct investment in
            services and manufacturing productivity growth: evidence for Chile
During the 1990s, foreign direct
            investment in producer service sectors in Latin America was
            massive. Such investment may increase the quality of
            services, reduce their cost, and offer opportunities for
            knowledge spillovers to downstream users of the services.
            This paper examines the effects of foreign direct investment
            in services on manufacturing productivity growth in Chile
            between 1992 and 2004. The authors estimate an extended
            production function where plant output growth depends on
            input growth and a weighted measure of foreign direct
            investment in services. The novelty of the approach is that
            the authors are able to assess the intensity of usage of
            various types of services at the plant level and use that
            information in the estimation of the importance of foreign
            direct investment in those services. The econometric results
            show a positive and significant effect of foreign direct
            investment in services on productivity growth of Chilean
            manufacturing plants which is robust to a multitude of
            tests. The economic impact of the estimates is that forward
            linkages from foreign direct investment in services account
            for almost 5 percent of the observed increase in Chilean
            manufacturing productivity growth during the sample period.
            This evidence therefore suggests that reducing the barriers
            restricting foreign direct investment in services in many
            developing economies may help accelerate productivity growth
            in their manufacturing sectors.
The growth of transport cector CO2
            emissions and underlying factors in Latin America and the Caribbean
This study examines the factors
            responsible for the growth of transport sector carbon
            dioxide emissions in 20 Latin American and Caribbean
            countries during 1980-2005 by decomposing the emissions
            growth into components associated with changes in fuel mix,
            modal shift, and economic growth, as well as changes in
            emission coefficients and transportation energy intensity.
            The key finding of the study is that economic growth and the
            changes in transportation energy intensity are the main
            factors driving transport sector carbon dioxide emissions
            growth in the countries considered. The results imply that
            fiscal policy instruments - such as subsidies to clean fuels
            and clean vehicles - would be more effective in reducing
            emissions in countries where the economic activity effect is
            the primary driver for transport sector carbon dioxide
            emissions growth. By contrast, regulatory policy instruments
            - such as vehicle efficiency standards and vehicle occupancy
            standards - would be more effective in countries where the
            transportation energy intensity effect is the main driver of
            carbon dioxide emissions growth. Both fiscal and regulatory
            policy instruments would be useful in countries where both
            economic activity and transportation energy intensity
            effects are responsible for driving transport sector carbon
            dioxide emissions growth.
Multilateralism beyond Doha
There is a fundamental shift taking
            place in the world economy to which the multilateral trading
            system has failed to adapt. The Doha process focused on
            issues of limited significance while the burning issues of
            the day were not even on the negotiating agenda. This paper
            advances five propositions: (i) the traditional negotiating
            dynamic, driven by private sector interests largely in the
            rich countries, is running out of steam;  (ii) the world
            economy is moving broadly from conditions of relative
            abundance to relative scarcity, and so economic security has
            become a paramount concern for consumers, workers, and
            ordinary citizens; (iii) international economic integration
            can contribute to enhanced security; (iv) addressing these
            new concerns - relating to food, energy, and economic
            security - requires a wider agenda of multilateral
            cooperation, involving not just the WTO but other
            multilateral institutions; and (v) despite shifts in
            economic power across countries, the commonality of
            interests and scope for give-and-take on these new issues
            make multilateral cooperation worth attempting.
Making regional cooperation work for
            South Asia's poor
South Asia has attracted global
            attention because it has experienced rapid GDP growth over
            the last two decades. What is not so well known is that
            South Asia is the least integrated region in the world.
            South Asia has opened its door to the rest of the world but
            it remains closed to its neighbors. Poor market integration,
            weak connectivity, and a history of friction and conflict
            have resulted in two South Asias. The first South Asia is
            dynamic, growing rapidly, highly urbanized, and is
            benefiting from global integration. The second South Asia is
            rural, land locked, full of poverty, and lagging. The
            divergence between the two South Asias is on the rise.
            Policy makers in South Asia have realized that countries and
            regions can not grow in isolation. The unique geography of
            South Asia-distance and density--has the potential to raise
            growth through increased flow of labor, capital, ideas,
            technology, goods and services within the region and with
            the rest of the world. Most lagging regions, in terms of
            both per capita income and poverty incidence, in South Asia
            are either land-locked or located in the border areas.
            Regional cooperation and market integration will unlock the
            development of these lagging regions in South Asia.
Race, immigration, and the U.S.
            labor marke t: contrasting the outcomes of foreign born and
            native blacks
It is generally expected that immigrants
            do not fare as well as the native-born in the U.S. labor
            market. The literature also documents that Blacks experience
            lower labor market outcomes than Whites. This paper
            innovates by studying the interaction between race and
            immigration. The study compares the labor market outcomes of
            four racial groups in the United States (Whites, Blacks,
            Asians, and Hispanics) interacted with their foreign born
            status, using the Integrated Public Use Micro Data Series
            data for the 2000 Census. Among women and for labor market
            outcomes such as labor force participation, employment, and
            personal income, the foreign born are doing worse than the
            native born from the same racial background, with the
            exception of Blacks. Among men, for labor force
            participation and employment, foreign-born Blacks are doing
            better than native Blacks. The paper tests different
            possible explanations for this "reversal" of the
            advantage of natives over immigrants among Blacks. It
            considers citizenship, ability in English, age at and time
            since arrival in the United States, as well as neighborhood
            effects, but concludes that none of these channels explains
            or modifies the observed reversal.
Race, immigration, and the U.S.
            labor marke t: contrasting the outcomes of foreign born and
            native blacks
WPS4737 Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR 4737 Race, Immigration, and the U.S. Labor Market: Contrasting the Outcomes of Foreign Born and Native Blacks _Damien de Walque_ The World Bank Development Research Group Human Development and Public Services Team October 2008
Impact of rising rice prices and
            policy responses in Mali : simulations with a dynamic CGE model
The increase in the international price
            of rice is likely to have substantial negative impacts on
            the poor in countries such as Mali which are net importers
            of rice. This paper relies on a dynamic CGE model to
            estimate the likely impact of the recent increase in rice
            prices on poverty with and without policy responses. Two
            sets of policy responses are considered: import tax cuts on
            rice and measures to increase productivity of domestic rice
            production. The results suggest that an increase in
            productivity would have a much larger positive impact than a
            reduction in taxes.
Comparing the impact of food and
            energy price shocks on consumers : a social accounting
            matrix analysis for Ghana
Many countries have been affected by
            food and oil price shocks. Rising energy costs have
            manifested themselves through higher prices of gas at the
            pump and through price increases for many other goods such
            as kerosene and transport. But in some countries there has
            also been some degree of protection for consumers for
            example when authorities have chosen to try to keep
            electricity tariffs affordable through implicit subsidies
            (which are unfortunately often poorly targeted). For food
            prices, the effect on consumers has often been more rapid
            than for oil-related products, as the increase in import
            prices have been typically fully passed on to consumers and
            has often been accompanied by increases in the prices of
            domestically produced foods. Recent attention has therefore
            rightly been focused on food prices, but the issue of oil
            prices is important as well. While food prices tend to have
            a larger direct impact on consumers due to the larger share
            of food in total household consumption, oil prices may have
            larger multiplier effects than food prices because
            oil-related products are used as intermediary products in
            many productive sectors. It therefore remains an open
            question as to whether the medium-term impact of food or oil
            prices is likely to be larger in any given country. It also
            remains open to question as to whether urban as opposed to
            rural households are most likely to be affected. While urban
            households are likely to rely on consumption of imported
            goods more than rural households, the weight of food and
            possibly oil-related products may well be larger in the
            consumption patterns of rural than urban households.
            Answering these questions may be useful to guide discussions
            on compensatory measures that governments can take to
            respond to the twin crisis of higher food and oil prices. In
            this context the objective of this paper is to provide a
            comparative analysis of the multiplier impact of both types
            of price shocks using a recent Social Accounting Matrix for
            Ghana. The paper finds that both the direct impacts of food
            prices and the indirect impacts of oil prices are
            potentially large, so that both should be dealt with by
            authorities when considering compensatory measures to
            protect households from higher consumer prices.
Comparing the impact of food and
            energy price shocks on consumers : a social accounting
            matrix analysis for Ghana
WPS4741 Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR 4741 Comparing the Impact of Food and Energy Price Shocks on Consumers: A Social Accounting Matrix Analysis for Ghana _Juan Carlos Parra Quentin Wodon_ The World Bank Human Development Network Development Dialogue on Values and Ethics October 2008
Rice prices and poverty in Liberia
When assessing the impact of changes in
            food prices on poverty, it is important to consider food
            producers (who may benefit from an increase in prices) as
            well as consumers (who loose out when the price increases),
            with a focus on poor consumers and producers.  In the case
            of rice in Liberia however, the impact of a change in price
            is not ambiguous because a large share of the rice consumed
            is imported, while the rice locally produced is used mostly
            for auto-consumption.  An increase in the price of rice will
            result in higher poverty in the country as a whole (even if
            some local producers will gain from this increase), while a
            reduction in price will reduce poverty.  Furthermore,
            because rice represents a large share of food consumption,
            any change in its price is likely to have a large impact on
            poverty.  Using data from the 2007 CWIQ survey, the paper
            finds that an increase or decrease of 20 percent in the
            price of rice could lead to an increase or decrease of three
            to four percentage points in the share of the population in poverty.
Assessing the geographic impact of
            higher food prices in Guinea
Telling a policy maker that poverty will
            increase due to the recent increase in food prices is not
            very useful; telling the policy makers where the impact is
            likely to be larger is better, so that measures to cope with
            the impact of the crisis can be targeted to areas that need
            them the most. This paper shows how to use poverty mapping
            techniques to assess where higher food prices are likely to
            hurt the most using Guinea census and survey data as a case
            study. The results suggest that in the case of a rice price
            increase, the poorest areas of the country will not be the
            hardest hit, especially if the potential positive impact of
            higher food prices on rice producers is taken into account,
            in which case poverty may decline in some of these areas
            even if for the country as a whole poverty will increase
            significantly due to the large share of rice in the
            household consumption budget.
Are women more credit constrained
            experimental evidence on gender and microenterprise returns
This paper analyzes data from a
            randomized experiment on mean returns to capital in Sri
            Lankan micro-enterprises. The findings show greater returns
            among men than among women; indeed, returns were not
            different from zero for women. The authors explore different
            explanations for the lower returns among female owners, and
            find no evidence that the gender gap is explained by
            differences in ability, risk aversion, or entrepreneurial
            attitudes. Differential access to unpaid family labor and
            social constraints limiting sales to local areas are not
            important. However, there is evidence that women invested
            grants differently from men. A smaller share of the smaller
            grants remained in the female-owned enterprises, and men
            were more likely to spend the grant on working capital and
            women on equipment. The gender gap is largest when
            male-dominated sectors are compared with female-dominated
            sectors, although female returns are lower than male returns
            even for females working in the same industries as men. The
            authors examine the heterogeneity of returns to determine
            whether any group of businesses owned by women benefit from
            easing capital constraints. The results suggest there is a
            large group of high-return male owners and a smaller group
            of poor, high-ability, female owners who might benefit from
            more access to capital.
The market for retirement products
            in Sweden
Far-reaching changes in the regulation
            of financial markets and the organization of public pensions
            in the 1980s and 1990s transformed the landscape for
            retirement products in Sweden. First, banking and insurance
            were extensively deregulated in the 1980s, while the
            securities markets experienced major expansion. Insurance
            received a large boost from the authorization of unit-linked
            products in the early 1990s. Second, the public pension
            system was reformed. Survivor benefits for widows were
            eliminated from the public pillar in the late 1980s, leading
            to a large increase in demand for term life insurance. The
            old defined benefit public pension system was replaced by a
            notional or nonfinancial defined contribution (NDC) scheme,
            while a funded defined contribution (FDC) component was also
            created in the public pillar. The four occupational pension
            funds that cover the majority of Swedish workers were also
            converted into FDC schemes. This paper reviews the
            implications of these changes for the Swedish annuity
            market. It discusses the regulation of payout options in
            Sweden, highlighting the compulsory use of life annuities in
            the public pillar and the preference for term annuities in
            the occupational funds. It examines the performance of
            providers of retirement products, including the PPM, and
            reviews the increasing focus on risk-based regulation and
            supervision. The paper also emphasizes Sweden's success
            in moving in the direction of increased funding and
            privatization of old age insurance, while maintaining its
            basic character as a highly developed welfare state.
Does regionalism affect trade
            liberalization toward non-members
This paper examines the effect of
            regionalism on unilateral trade liberalization using
            industry-level data on applied most-favored nation tariffs
            and bilateral preferences for ten Latin American countries
            from 1990 to 2001. The findings show that preferential
            tariff reduction in a given sector leads to a reduction in
            the external (most-favored nation) tariff in that sector.
            External liberalization is greater if preferences are
            granted to important suppliers. However, these
            "complementarity effects" of preferential
            liberalization on external liberalization do not arise in
            customs unions. Overall, the results suggest that concerns
            about a negative effect of preferential liberalization on
            external trade liberalization are unfounded.
In pursuit of balance :
            randomization in practice in development field experiments
Randomized experiments are increasingly
            used in development economics, with researchers now facing
            the question of not just whether to randomize, but how to do
            so. Pure random assignment guarantees that the treatment and
            control groups will have identical characteristics on
            average, but in any particular random allocation, the two
            groups will differ along some dimensions. Methods used to
            pursue greater balance include stratification, pair-wise
            matching, and re-randomization. This paper presents new
            evidence on the randomization methods used in existing
            randomized experiments, and carries out simulations in order
            to provide guidance for researchers. Three main results
            emerge. First, many researchers are not controlling for the
            method of randomization in their analysis. The authors show
            this leads to tests with incorrect size, and can result in
            lower power than if a pure random draw was used. Second,
            they find that in samples of 300 or more, the different
            randomization methods perform similarly in terms of
            achieving balance on many future outcomes of interest.
            However, for very persistent outcome variables and in
            smaller sample sizes, pair-wise matching and stratification
            perform best. Third, the analysis suggests that on balance
            the re-randomization methods common in practice are less
            desirable than other methods, such as matching.
Taxation and capital structure :
            evidence from a transition economy
The authors examine the effects of
            taxation on financing policy using the corporate tax reform
            in 2001 in Croatia as a natural experiment. Since the extant
            literature on tax effects on capital structure studies
            listed firms in developed countries, it is worth
            investigating whether the same results apply to
            privately-held, small and medium size firms in transition
            economies. The findings provide significant evidence that
            lower taxes have affected the capital structure of Croatian
            firms, resulting in increased equity levels and decreased
            long-term debt levels. The authors also find that smaller
            and more profitable firms were more likely to reduce their
            debt levels. These findings are consistent with the
            trade-off theory of capital structure, which suggests that
            lower taxes decrease the incentive to hold debt due to
            decreasing interest tax deductibility.