POVERTY-SPECIFIC PURCHASING POWER PARITIES (PPPs) IN AFRICA sets used. In addition, it provides information on the number of survey items and ICP basic headings in each standardized file.

While we aimed to cover and reweight PPPs for all countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, we were limited to the 28 countries with available standardized data sets at the time of our study.<sup>8</sup> TABLE 1 — HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE SURVEYS BY YEAR, ITEMS AND ICP BASIC HEADINGS, 28 COUNTRIES

|Country|Survey title|Year|Items|ICP basic<br>headings|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Burkina Faso|Enquête Burkinabé sur les Conditions de vie des Ménages|2013|237|83|
|Burundi|Questionnaire des Indicateurs de Base du Bien-Etre|2006|85|41|
|Cameroon|Enquête Camerounaise auprès des Ménages III|2007|942|105|
|Cabo Verde|Questionário Unificado de Indicadores Básicos de Bem-Estar|2007|265|92|
|Congo, Dem. Rep.|Enquête 1-2-3 sur l'emploi,le secteur informel et les conditions de vie|2005|710|101|
|Congo, Rep.|Questionnaire des Indicateurs de Base du Bien-être|2005|768|106|
|Côte d'Ivoire|Enquête Niveau de vie des Ménages|2008|195|62|
|Ethiopia|Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey|2010|1,153|98|
|Gabon|Enquête Gabonaise pour l’Evaluation et le suivi de la Pauvreté|2005|317|94|
|Ghana|Ghana Living Standards Survey VI|2012|527|98|
|Guinea|Enquête Légère pour l'Evaluation de la Pauvreté|2007|418|79|
|Kenya|Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey|2005|508|91|
|Liberia|Household Income and Expenditure Survey|2014|228|79|
|Madagascar|Enquête Permanente Auprès des Ménages|2005|261|67|
|Malawi|Third Integrated Household Survey|2010|220|69|
|Mali|Enquête Légère Intégrée auprès des Ménages|2006|228|90|
|Mozambique|Inquérito aos Agregados Familiares|2008|918|103|
|Namibia|Household Income Expenditure Survey|2009|30|4|
|Niger|Enquête Nationale sur le Budget et la Consommation des Ménages|2007|386|87|
|Nigeria|General Household Survey, Panel, Wave 2|2012|227|70|
|Rwanda|Enquete Intégrale sur les Conditions de Vie de Menage|2010|388|90|
|Senegal|Enquete de Suivi de la Pauvrete|2005|69|38|
|South Africa|Income and Expenditure Survey|2010|775|102|
|Swaziland|Household Income and Expenditure Survey|2009|482|86|
|Tanzania|Household Budget Survey|2011|547|89|
|Togo|Questionnaire des Indicateurs de Base du Bien-être|2006|256|87|
|Uganda|National Household Survey|2010|168|69|
|Zambia|Living Conditions Monitoring Survey V|2010|265|79|

We must underline that the feasibility of much of our results in section 4 is reliant on these standardized data sets. In this sense, it is useful to have some understanding of the standardization process and its output.

The standardization process provides household expenditure survey data in a more accessible and manageable format—a considerable feat considering the lack of harmonization of household expenditure surveys across countries. The process utilizes a common data dictionary (i.e., common variable names, formats, and data structures) to extract consumption expenditure data from household expenditure surveys. The process involves three main steps that we summarize as follows: (i) mapping survey items to ICP basic headings, (ii) annualizing consumption values; and (iii) identifying and fixing outliers.

The first of these steps involves mapping survey items from each household expenditure survey to one of the 110 ICP 2011 consumption basic headings. This ensures some correspondence between the survey data and the ICP.<sup>9</sup> The second step is required because household expenditure surveys collect data using

> 8 Standardized household expenditure surveys were originally prepared for Deaton and Dupriez (2011) and are part of the World Bank’s Global Consumption Database (GCD). For more information on the GCD, visit: <u>http://datatopics.worldbank.org/consumption/</u>

> 9 Mapping survey items to ICP basic headings would be more straightforward if survey questionnaires grouped items according to the Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP) classification, which corresponds largely to the ICP classification of final expenditures on GDP. This is rarely the case, so the mapping is generally a time-consuming manual process.

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