**Table 2: Descriptive data on labor and school participation rates for 7-14 year old** **<u>children, 2005/06</u>**

||**Schoo**<br>**no work**|**l, with **<br> <br>**work**|**No schooli**<br>**no work**|**ng, with **<br>**work**|**Total**|**# of**<br>**obs.**|**School**|**Work**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**National average**|**77.2 **|**8.6**|**7.2 **|**7.0**|**100**|**7,694 **|**85.8**|**15.6**||
|<br>|**All**<br>|**shares refe**<br>|**r to labor or**<br>|**school**<br>|||**Shares a**<br>|**re not to**<br>||
||**p**|**articipatio**|**n rates out **|**of 100%**|||**add up t**|**o 100%* **||
|_Child, parent, household and regional charact_<br>|_eristics_<br>|||||||||
|Age 7-8<br>|78.0<br>|5.0<br>|12.1<br>|4.9<br>|100<br>|1,968<br>|83.0<br>|9.9<br>|Typical<br>|
|Age 9-11|77.6|8.7|7.0|6.7|100|2,832|86.3|15.4|profile|
|Age 12-14|76.2|11.0|4.3|8.5|100|2,894|87.2|19.6|of a child|
|Female|78.0|7.9|7.7|6.4|100|3,716|85.9|14.3|laborer|
|Male|76.4|9.3|6.8|7.5|100|<br>3,978|85.7|16.8|(whether|
|Relationship to head is biological child|76.7|8.7|7.5|7.0|100|5,981|85.5|15.7|also|
|Mother lives in the household|76.3|9.0|7.5|7.2|100|5,976|85.3|16.2|schooling|
|North|50.6|14.1|16.3|18.9|100|2,366|64.8|33.1|or not)|
|South|89.0|6.2|3.2|1.6|100|<br>5,264|95.2|7.8|<br>in the last|
|Western|93.1|3.8|2.7|0.4|100|706|96.9|4.3|column|
|Central|94.5|2.5|1.9|1.1|100|565|97.0|3.5||
|h<br>Greater Accra|92.0|3.2|4.6|0.2|100|585|95.2|3.4||
|out<br>Volta|80.4|7.1|6.8|5.7|100|674|87.5|12.8||
|S<br>Eastern|78.1|19.1|1.9|0.9|100|790|97.2|20.0||
|Ashanti|94.6|2.3|2.4|0.7|100|1,327|96.9|2.9||
|Brong Ahafo|87.8|6.0|2.9|3.2|100|617|93.8|9.2||
|<br>h<br>Northern|54.5|8.8|15.1|21.6|100|963|63.3|30.4||
|ort<br>Upper East|52.2|12.3|23.2|12.3|100|684|64.5|24.6||
|N<br>Upper West|43.9|23.0|11.4|21.7|100|719|66.9|44.7||
|_Father’s level of education_: No schooling|66.6|13.1|10.1|10.2|100|994|79.7|23.3||
|<br>Primary<br>|88.4|6.6<br>|1.7|3.3<br>|100|181|95.0|9.9<br>||
|Lower secondary|93.0|5.3|1.1|0.6|100|972|98.3|5.9||
|<br>Upper secondary|97.6|0.6|1.8|0.0|100|167|98.2|0.6||
|Tertiary|98.2|1.8|0.0|0.0|100|55|100|1.8||
|Household owns land|70.1|10.2|9.5|10.3|100|4,118|80.2|20.4||
|Household owns no land|84.5|7.3|4.9|3.2|100|3,319|91.8|10.6||
|Wealth quintile 1 (poorest)|58.1|12.2|15.2|14.6|100|2,287|70.2|26.8||
|Wealth quintile 2|78.4|9.1|6.8|5.7|100|1,693|87.5|14.8||
|Wealth quintile 3|84.3|8.9|3.3|3.6|100|1,480|93.1|12.4||
|Wealth quintile 4|89.3|5.5|2.3|2.9|100|1,267|94.8|8.4||
|Wealthquintile 5(richest)|93.5|3.2|2.0|1.3|100|967|96.7|4.6||
|_School location_||||||||||
|Time to and from school, 0-59 min.|91.5|8.5|..|..|100|4,915|100|8.5||
|Time to and from school, 60-119 min.|89.0|11.0|..|..|100|1,094|100|11.0||
|Time to and from school,120+ min.|84.6|15.4|..|..|100|391|100|15.4||
|_Schoolparticipation rate by hours of class atte_|_nded last wee_|_k_||||||||
|24 hours or less<br>|86.9|13.1|..|..|100|1,180<br>|100|13.1||
|Between 25 and 34 hours|91.9|8.1|..|..|100|2,650|100|8.1||
|35 hours or more|94.1|5.9|..|..|100|<br>1,306|100|5.9||
|||**Shares or **|**figures are n**|**ot necessa**|**rily to ad**|**d up to 10**|**0%**|||
|Avg. number of hours worked in week|..|19.9 h|..|34.1 h|..|1,199|..|26.3 h||
|Share who receivedpayment for work|..|3.8|..|3.9|..|1,199|..|3.8||
|_Child labor type _||||||||||
|Employment in agriculture, unpaid work|..|92.6|..|95.1|..|1,125|..|93.7||
|<br>Employment in non-agriculture|..|7.4|..|4.9|..|76|..|6.3||
|_Workplace in village or town_||||||||||
|Yes|..|94.4|..|89.2|..|1,106|..|92.1||
|No|..|5.6|..|10.8|..|95|..|7.9||

_Source_ : Author’s calculations based on GLSS data. Note: Data that refer to fathers with tertiary education should be read with caution given limited observations. *The last column reflects the total prevalence of child laborers whether also schooling or not, while the second to last column reflects the total share of school participants whether also working or not. The shares of the last two columns are not to add up to 100% as some children are doing both.

_An important aspect of child labor that is not commonly analyzed in the literature is seasonality._ Seasonal and temporary labor can follow seasonal and temporary school attendance patterns, with Figure 3 illustrating school-labor tradeoffs and a higher prevalence of child labor during the major planting and harvesting seasons (see appendix).<sup>24</sup> Simply engaging children seasonally on the farm is easier for many households than trying to search for and hire adult workers willing to work periodically during the peak seasons when 24 Given the survey design of GLSS and that data on each child is only collected at one point in time, there is likely some degree of measurement error here as the survey does not include questions on children’s main occupation (school or work) throughout the year or whether some may likely only work seasonally. Rather, children are classified as laborers if they worked during the last 7 days, as defined in section 2. Furthermore, nationally representative panel data on child labor, which could help tackle this measurement issue, is not available in Ghana.

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