Across developing regions there are marked differences in the share of adults making direct electronic payments from an account. About 30 percent of adults in Latin America and the Caribbean and Europe and Central Asia, and 23 percent in East Asia and the Pacific, reported using at least one of the three payment mechanisms in the past 12 months. But only 12 percent or fewer did so in all other developing regions. The shares are substantially higher among account holders: about 60 percent of this group reported using at least one of the three payment mechanisms in Latin America and the Caribbean and Europe and Central Asia, and 41 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa (though this translates into only 12 percent of all adults in that region). In all other developing regions a third or fewer account holders reported doing so.

There are also marked differences across developing regions in how people make direct electronic payments. In Latin America and the Caribbean and Europe and Central Asia adults most commonly reported using a debit card, followed by a credit card and a mobile phone—similar to the case in high-income OECD economies. In East Asia and the Pacific, by contrast, use of a debit card is only slightly more common than use of a credit card or a mobile phone—and equal shares of adults reported using a credit card and a mobile phone (11 percent). In the Middle East, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa less than 12 percent of adults on average reported using any of the three payment mechanisms.

# NOTES

1. Data on adults with an account at a financial institution also include respondents who reported having a debit card in their own name. The data also include an additional 2.77 percent of respondents who reported receiving wages, government transfers, or payments for the sale of agricultural products into an account at a financial institution in the past 12 months; paying utility bills or school fees from an account at a financial institution in the past 12 months; or receiving wages or government transfers into a card (which is assumed either to be linked to an account or to support a card-based account) in the past 12 months.

2. Data on adults with a mobile money account include an additional 0.28 percent of respondents who reported receiving wages, government transfers, or payments for the sale of agricultural products through a mobile phone in the past 12 months. In contrast with the definition of an account at a financial institution, the definition of a mobile money account does not include the payment of utility bills or school fees through a mobile phone; the reason is that the phrasing of the possible answers leaves it open whether those payments were made using a mobile money account or an over-thecounter transaction.

3. The 2014 Global Findex survey asked respondents with an account at a financial institution whether they had made a transaction from their account using a mobile phone in the past 12 months. For more on this, see the section in this chapter on how and how often financial institution accounts are accessed.

4. The GSMA MMU database is continually updated and is available at http://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/ programmes/mobile-money-for-the-unbanked/insights/tracker.

5. This group of 13 excludes 2 other countries where 10 percent or more adults reported having a mobile money account, Cambodia (12 percent) and the United Arab Emirates (11 percent). Cambodia is excluded because of a concern that users of a popular over-the-counter transaction service might have incorrectly responded that they used an account when in fact they only made over-the-counter transactions (for more on this transaction service, see Eric Duflos, “Financial Inclusion in Cambodia Is Trending Digital,” Consultative Group to Assist the Poor [CGAP] blog, July 24, 2014, http://www.cgap.org/blog/financial-inclusion-cambodia-trending-digital). The United Arab Emirates is excluded because the sample in that country includes only Emiratis, Arab expatriates, and non-Arabs who were able to participate in the survey in Arabic or English.

6. The publication presenting the 2011 Global Findex data reports the share of adults with an account in 2011 as 50 percent (Demirguc-Kunt and Klapper 2013). Because of changes in the underlying country composition for 2011, this share was recalculated, resulting in an increase from 50.4 percent to 50.6 percent and thus a different number when rounded.

7. These findings are in line with those of Demirguc-Kunt, Klapper, and Singer (2013).

8. The Global Findex survey does not ask a similar sequence of questions about the use of mobile money accounts. By definition, a mobile money account has been used for at least one financial transaction in the past 12 months.

9. By definition, a mobile money account has been used for at least one financial transaction in the past 12 months and thus is not dormant.

> THE GLOBAL FINDEX DATABASE 22