correlation is lower than 0.2 (validity indicator); or (iv) the point-biserial correlation is lower than 0.15 (discrimination indicator).

For the Rasch scores, an item behaves poorly if the Infit and Outfit values are lower than 0.9 or higher than 1.10; or the InZ and OuZ values are lower than -2 or higher than 2. An item should be eliminated if it behaves poorly in both models of analysis.

**Table 22. Item Analysis Indicators for the ECE test (N=1001)**

|||**Rasc**|**h Scores**|*****|||**Raw**<br>|**Scores**<br>||**Three-**<br>**parameter**<br>**Logistic:**<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||||||**Percent of**|||**Point-**|**Guessing**|
|**Item**|**Difficulty**<br>|**IN.**<br>|**IN.**||**OUT.**<br>|**correct**|**Non-**|**Item-rest**<br>|**Biserial**|**probability**|
|**(question**|**s)**<br> <br>******<br>|**MSQ**<br>|**ZSTD O**|**UT. MS**<br>|**ZSTD**<br>|**response**|**response**|**correlation**<br>|<br>**Correlation**|*******|
|1(1)|16.90|1.01|<br>0.05|1.04|0.10|96.90|2.70|0.40|0.12|0.171|
|2(2-3)|21.28|1.00|-0.03|1.32|0.95|96.00|3.40|0.39|0.16|0.170|
|3 (4-5)|20.44|<br>0.97|-0.19|0.58|-1.58|96.20|2.60|0.37|0.17|0.160|
|4(6-7)|20.00|1.05|0.29|0.88|-0.38|96.30|3.30|0.29|0.17|0.180|
|5 (8-9)|21.28|0.94|<br>-0.36|0.66|-1.27|96.00|3.20|0.46|0.27|0.158|
|6 (10)|50.30|0.99|-0.16|1.02|0.25|71.80|5.80|0.42|<br>0.22|0.170|
|7 (11)|49.26|0.97|-0.74|0.95|-0.81|73.50|4.60|0.43|0.22|0.186|
|8 (12)|58.11|<br>0.98|-0.82|0.94|-1.57|57.30|6.30|0.40|0.27|0.156|
|9 (13)|67.74|<br>1.10|3.63|1.13|2.80|37.90|6.70|0.47|0.27|0.183|
|10 (14)|62.77|1.06|2.40|1.03|0.76|47.90|6.30|0.30|0.24|0.177|
|11(15)|60.14|<br>0.91|-3.88|0.87|-3.55|53.20|6.70|0.31|<br>0.25|0.126|
|12(16)|46.89|0.99|-0.26|0.94|-0.74|77.10|5.60|0.29|0.25|0.161|
|13 (17)|44.71|<br>0.90|-1.94|0.76|-3.09|80.10|6.10|0.15|0.11|0.177|
|14(18)|60.82|<br>0.92|-3.47|0.90|-2.89|51.80|7.40|0.20|0.16|0.134|
|15 (19)|67.18|1.01|<br>0.54|1.08|1.82|39.00|6.60|0.36|0.34|0.206|
|16 (20)|68.47|1.02|<br>0.75|1.07|1.45|36.50|7.20|0.30|0.23|0.227|
|17 (21)|69.52|<br>1.03|1.00|1.11|1.99|34.50|7.60|0.39|0.33|0.228|
|18 (22)|71.55|1.05|1.59|1.15|2.47|30.80|7.20|0.34|<br>0.32|0.171|
|19 (23)|72.64|<br>1.06|1.64|1.14|2.23|28.90|7.60|0.22|<br>0.19|0.158|

* Statistics obtained in Winsteps for 981 cases, excluding the extreme cases (which answered all or non of the questions correctly). ** Mean of scale was set at 50. *** Under the Three-Parameter Logistic Model (used to estimate guessing probability), an item is susceptible to guessing when the “guessing probability” is equal to or higher than the inverse of the number of alternative. In this case, since there are three alternatives, an item should not have a guessing probability equal to or higher than 0.33.

The results presented in Table 22 suggest that item 13 does no meet the criteria, as it systematically shows inadequate psychometric behavior both within and outside the Rasch model. We can also observe very high percentages of right answers in items 1 through 5 (equivalent to questions 1 through 9 in the test), as values range from 96 to 97 percent. This indicates that this set of items does not adequately discriminate reading ability for the sample because almost all children answer them correctly. Additionally, items 9, 11 and 14 (equivalent to questions 13, 15 and 18 in the test) do not adjust to the model.

Item 17 also presents a high percentage of right answers (80.1). Therefore, these items do not adequately discriminate reading comprehension in the sample. Table 23 shows the distribution of answers in each of the original questions, which confirms that the distracters in items 1 through 9 70