pea adoption; _stayer_ , _leaver_ and _late_ are dummy variables accounting for a household’s snow pea adoption classification<sup>23</sup> ; their respective coefficients capture the initial differences in _y_ between non-adopters and adopter groups; the coefficients on the interactions of _t_ with _stayer_ , _leaver_ , and _late_ are expected to isolate the effect of each adoption path on _y_ for the period of 1985-2005.<sup>24</sup> This point is important, as survey data prior to 1979, i.e. the first year of possible adoption and the ideal baseline year for the DD estimation, are not available. If there are differences in _y_ between non-adopters and early adopters that may have materialized by 1985, selection bias in early adoption may in part be responsible for these differences. On the other hand, _Z_ includes exogenous observable covariates through which we attempt to capture pre-NTX observable differences in household human and physical capital. These variables, which are either time invariant or have been reconstructed to 1979, are (i) the age and years of education of household head and his/her spouse; (ii) the number of household members in the age group of 0- 6; (iii) the numbers of male and female members in the age group of 15-64;<sup>25</sup> (iv) total amount of land owned in hectares and its squared term<sup>26</sup> ; (v) amount of land owned in hectares that is considered as good quality by the farmer for snow peas production and its squared term; (vi) two-way interactions of all covariates with variables pertaining to the age and years of education of household head and his/her spouse; and (vii) community fixed-effects with Santiago being the reference community.

While considering the impact of snow pea adoption on changes in household consumption and asset position, we focus on several outcome variables including the logarithmic values of household real annual per capita total and food consumption; durable asset count and index<sup>27</sup> ; and dichotomous variables accounting for residence with (i) cement walls, (ii) cement or tile floor, (iii) modern kitchen<sup>28</sup> , and (iv) indoor toilet.

23 Although the NTX adoption classification in this paper is based on the cultivation histories of snow peas, which was one of the first and certainly the most representative NTX for most of the period under consideration, we also constructed an alternative classification based on both snow peas and string beans, i.e. the two export crops for which full adoption histories were collected as part of the 2005 survey. In this process, we assumed that being an adopter (stayer) of one crop overrides being a non-adopter (leaver) of another, leading a household classified as an adopter (stayer). After this assumption is enforced, being an early adopter of one crop would override being a late adopter of another. As a result, the distribution of households across NTX adoption categories was only marginally different than the one reported in Table 1, and running all our regressions according to the alternative classification yielded virtually identical results, which are available upon request.

24 The impact of NTX adoption as conceptualized in this paper should be understood as the impact of NTX adoption as mediated by a cooperative such as _Cuatro Pinos,_ thus potentially capturing the benefits of various services provided to the cooperative members and their families. This is particularly true for the 1980’s when NTX adoption and cooperative membership were strongly correlated. Moreover, if benefits from having snow peas in the community after 1985 exhibit strong spillover effects, these would be captured by _θ_ , underestimating the impacts for growers.

25 All of the household age groups pertaining to 1979 is constructed from the 1985 survey, taking into the account living household members in 1985 that would have been born by 1979, and information on the household members that died by 1985.

26 The amount of land owned in 1979 is calculated by using the 1985 roster of plots owned by the household and the history of land transactions that was solicited as part of the 1985 survey.

27 The durable asset index is constructed via principal component analysis and by using dichotomous variables that account for the ownership of (i) mill, (ii) refrigerator, (iii) electric iron, (iv) sewing machine, (v) television, (vi) radio, (vii) cassette player/recorder, (viii) camera, (ix) personal computer, (x) automobile/pick-up truck, (xi) motorcycle, (xii) bicycle, (xiii) telephone, (xiv) cell phone, and (xv) other. The 1985 value of the index is calculated from the 2005 survey, based on the recall data on asset ownership 20 years ago.

28 Modern kitchen is defined a dwelling room that is equipped with a stove and designated solely for cooking.

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