22 Rwanda (47,911), the DRC (43,158) and Uganda (51,066) are playing a greater role as host countries. This means that there is greater scope for a variety of migration-related identities to develop among Burundian refugees in different countries.

The greater uncertainty concerning to the applicability of the findings to the current context is whether the conditions of stayees are different from the pre-2015 period. There is less information on this aspect. If the conditions are substantially different it is possible that the dynamics presented in this study have changed. For instance, if the conditions of stayees in communities of return are better, then the impact of refugee return on social cohesion might not be as marked. The contrary would be expected if the economic conditions of stayees has deteriorated. The World Bank (2021) suggests that the overall economic situation in the country has deteriorated during recent years, including a high level of inflation in food prices (7.5% in 2020) and a continuous rise in the poverty rate (expected to reach 87.1% in 2021).

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