the socio-demographic attributes of the head of household (age, education, marital status) are used.

LSMS household surveys also include information on vehicle ownership. Questions on vehicle ownership are included in the module of durable goods or household assets. The set of questions typically ask respondents whether their household own a list of vehicles (for example, car, motorcycle, minibus, bicycle, boat, animal-drawn cart), the number of vehicles they own, date of acquisition, purchase price, and estimated current resale price. However, the list of vehicles and the sophistication of questions vary by country, which means that some questionnaires do not collect sufficient information to estimate the annual use value of vehicles, calculated based on the purchase and resell prices, and the date of acquisition.<sup>4</sup> Table 2: LSMS surveys countries

|**Collection**|**Country**|**Region**|**Incomegroup**|**Survey name**|**Survey year**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Burkina Faso|AFR|Low income|Continuous Multisectoral Survey|2014|
||Ethiopia|AFR|Low income|Socioeconomic Survey|2015/16|
||Iraq|MENA|Upper middle income|Household Socioeconomic Survey|2012|
||Malawi|AFR|Low income|Integrated Agricultural Survey|2016/17|
|**LSMS S**|Mali|AFR|Low income|Living Standards Survey|2014/15|
|**urveys**|Nepal|SAR|Low income|National Survey on Household Living Conditions and Agriculture|2010/11|
||Niger|AFR|Low income|General Household Survey|2014/15|
||Nigeria|AFR|Low middle income|National Panel Survey|2015/16|
||Tanzania|AFR|Low income|Living Conditions Survey|2014/15|
||Uganda|AFR|Low income|Cameroonian Household Survey (ECAM-IV)|2015/16|
||Afghanistan|SAR|Low income|Integrated Household Survey|2016/17|
||Cameroon|AFR|Low middle income|Household Socioeconomic Survey|2014|
||Kyrgyz Republic|ECA|Low middle income|National Household Survey on Living Standards Measurement (EMNV)|2013|
|**Other multi-topic surveys**|Mongolia|EAP|Low middle income|Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey|2016|
|**(LSMS-tagged)**|Nicaragua|LAC|Low middle income|Integrated Household Survey|2014|
||Pakistan|SAR|Low middle income|Living Conditions Survey|2013/14|
||Sierra Leone|AFR|Low income|Integrated Agricultural Survey|2018|
||South Africa|AFR|Upper middle income|LivingConditions Survey|2014/15|

**World Bank database SSAPOV** The Sub-Saharan Statistical Development team harmonized the existing household surveys in the Sub-Saharan Africa region by extracting about 200 variables and unifying the definitions and variables names. SSAPOV contains the harmonized information on ownership of vehicles for 33 countries. We use data about ownership of cars, motorcycles, and bicycles. Unfortunately no other variable linked to transport expenditures has been harmonized in this database

# **2.2 Country-level datasets**

**International Road Federation (IRF).** We use vehicle ownership data included in the World Road Statistics database produced by IRF. These data are panel data covering 194 countries from 2000 to 2017. More specifically, we use data on vehicle in use including: Passengers cars, Buses and Motor coaches, Vans, Pick-ups, Lorries, Road Tractors, and Motorcycles.

> 4The standard LSMS household survey questionnaires in Nepal even involve a question on whether the vehicle was purchased by the household or received as a gift, payment for services, or inheritance.

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