<mark>previous wave. For example, split-off households in Malawi inherit IDs if they are within a certain distance from their previous location (200m). If multiple split offs satisfy this condition, the previous household head is tracked. If no prior head is found, the household with the most tracked individuals is selected to inherit the household ID. If none of these conditions are met, no household inherits the ID. A similar approach was adopted in Tanzania, but without the distance requirement. In general, split-off households inherit the EA and stratum IDs of the household they originated from.</mark> In the following, we discuss in more detail the survey waves included in each country and their respective survey design aspects:

- <mark>In Ethiopia, data from the Ethiopian Social Survey (ESS) were assembled across five survey periods: 2010/2011, 2012/2013, 2014/2015, 2017/2018 and 2021/2022. The panel was fully refreshed in wave 4, and households are therefore not tracked across more than three waves. Split-off households (see Section SI.I) were not tracked in Ethiopia. The first wave of the panel survey (ESS 2010/2011) is only designed to be representative of rural areas and small towns, and the sample was expanded to urban areas from wave 2 onwards (ESS 2012/2013). Furthermore, waves 1 to 3 of the sample were designed to be representative of the most populous regions of the country</mark> (Central Statistical Agency and Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS), World Bank, 2021) <mark>. In wave 5, the survey was renamed to the Ethiopia Socioeconomic Panel Survey (ESPS).</mark>

- <mark>In Malawi, data from the I</mark> ntegrated Household Panel Survey (IHPS) were assembled across four periods: 2009/2010, 2012/2013, 2015/2016 and 2018/2019. All split-off households were tracked in Malawi. A random half of EAs were dropped from the sample in wave 3 due to budgetary constraints (National Statistical Office, 2020). This panel runs alongside the Integrated Household Survey (IHS), a cross-sectional survey program. The original households sampled into the IHPS are a subset of the IHS 2010/2011.

- <mark>In Mali, data from the</mark> _<mark>E</mark> nquête Agricole de Conjoncture Intégrée_ (EACI) was assembled from two periods: 2014 and 2017. The smallest tracking unit in Mali is the EA, and households are therefore not followed through time. The survey covers all regions and urban/rural areas, except Kidal (Ministry of Rural Development, 2019).

- <mark>In Niger, data were drawn from the</mark> _<mark>E</mark> nquête National sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages et Agriculture_ – ECVM/A) across two periods: 2011 and 2014. Households, including split off households, were tracked across these waves (Ministry of Finance and National Institute of Statistics, 2016).

- <mark>In Nigeria, data were assembled from the General Household Survey (GHS) across four periods: 2010/2011, 2012/2013, 2015/2016 and 2018/2019. A partial refresh of the panel was undertaken in wave 4. Split off households were not tracked in Nigeria. While the survey is representative at the regional and urban/rural levels, some areas could not be visited in wave 4 due to security concerns (2018/2019) and this wave is therefore only representative of areas that were accessible</mark> (National Bureau of Statistics, 2021a).

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