**Table 2.** Baseline Characteristics

||Obs.|All|Control<br>(C)|Any<br>lottery<br>(T)|<br>High<br>lottery<br>(TH)|Low<br>lottery<br>(TL)|P-value<br>(T=C)|P-value<br>(TH=C)|P-value<br>(TL=C)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|_Panel A: Biomarkers_||||||||||
|HIV positive|3029|0.167|0.176|0.161|0.162|0.160|0.452|0.494|0.467|
|STI positive|3029|0.135|0.133|0.136|0.137|0.136|0.853|0.837|0.897|
|_Panel B: Household Characteristics_||||||||||
|Female|3029|0.686|0.698|0.678|0.684|0.671|0.395|0.513|0.343|
|Age|3029|23.45|23.50|23.41|23.33|23.50|0.539|0.339|0.996|
|Single|3029|0.491|0.481|0.498|0.510|0.484|0.363|0.184|0.896|
|No education|3029|0.012|0.014|0.010|0.010|0.011|0.416|0.383|0.526|
|Primary education|3029|0.456|0.456|0.456|0.436|0.478|0.985|0.358|0.298|
|Some secondary education|3029|0.399|0.383|0.410|0.422|0.396|0.203|0.096|0.610|
|Durable goods|3029|3 060|3.046|3.069|3.055|3.087|0.669|0.878|0.574|
|Risk loving|1778|0.379|0.381|0.377|0.379|0.375|0.885|0.964|0.834|
|_Panel C: Sexual behavior_||||||||||
|Extramarital sex last intercourse|1326|0.131|0.143|0.123|0.112|0.134|0.362|0.264|0.706|
|Condom used last intercourse|1836|0.347|0.323|0.364|0.374|0.352|0.096|0.063|0.325|
|N. of partners in lifetime|2987|2.149|2.147|2.150|2.091|2.216|0.983|0.719|0.571|
|High likelihood HIV last partner|1832|0.141|0.120|0.156|0.146|0.167|0.088|0.282|0.064|
|Practice safe sex||||0.008<br>(.033)|0.036<br>(.040)|-0.020<br>(.033)|0.800|0.370|0.548|
|_Panel D: Sexual behavior (for HIV ne_|_gative)_|||||||||
|Extramarital sex last intercourse|1067|0.111|0.126|0.100|0.091|0.111|0.262|0.186|0.545|
|Condom used last intercourse|1486|0.354|0.333|0.368|0.374|0.360|0.246|0.197|0.462|
|N. of partners in lifetime|2486|2.042|2.054|2.035|1.986|2.090|0.886|0.679|0.782|
|High likelihood HIV last partner|1484|0.096|0.079|0.108|0.101|0.116|0.100|0.261|0.074|
|Practice safe sex||||0.013|0.035|-0.013|0.728|0.394|0.748|
|||||(.030)|(.041)|(.040)||||

Note: Mean outcomes. Sample of individuals age 18-32 at baseline with complete individual characteristics and biomarker data. Any lottery is high and low lottery combined. The P-values for the null hypothesis that the means are equal are calculated using village-clustered standard errors. "HIV positive" (HIV prevalence) is equal to 1 if the respondent tested positive for HIV at least twice and 0 otherwise; "STI positive" (STI prevalence) is equal to 1 if the respondents tested positive for any of the two STIs (syphilis and trichomoniasis). "Female" is an indicator variable for female participants; "Age" is the age of the participant; "Single" is a indicator variable for singles (incl. divorced and widows); "No education"/"Primary education"/"(At least) some secondary" are indicator variables for educational outcomes; "Durable goods" is an index (0-7) indicating whether the household owned the following items: car, electricity, mobile phone, lamp, radio, fridge, television. “Risk loving” is a binary variable taking the value 0 for respondents who preferred a fixed amount of money below 250 maloti instead of a lottery with 50% chance of winning 500 maloti and 1 for respondents who needed to be compensated with an amount equal or above the expected value (of 250 maloti) instead of a lottery with 50% chance of winning 500 maloti; "Condom used last intercourse" is a indicator variable equal to 1 if the respondent reported using a condom last intercourse, 0 otherwise (restricted to individuals reported to have had sex in the last 4 months); "N. of partners" is the number of sexual partners the respondent reported to have, capped at 10; "High likelihood HIV last partner" is a binary variable equal to 1 if the respondent answered "very likely" or "likely" to the question: "What do you think is the likelihood that your last partner was infected with HIV?", 0 otherwise (restricted to individuals reported to have had sex in the last 4 months); "Extramarital sex" is a binary variable equal to 1 if the respondent reported that the last sexual intercourse was not with spouse/cohabiting partner (restricted to married or cohabiting individuals reporting to have had sex during the last 4 months). "Practice safe sex" is the average standardized pretreatment effect of "Extramarital sex last intercourse", "Condom used last intercourse", "N. of partners in lifetime", and "High likelihood HIV last partner", reversing the sign of "Extramarital sex", "N. of partners in lifetime" and "High likelihood HIV last partner", with robust standard errors clustered at the village level in parentheses.