**Table 2: The Determinants of School Attainment (grade-for-age) and Time Allocated to School by gender in Peru, 1994 and 1997a**

|||**Grad**|**e-for-age**<br>b||**A**|**ftendin**<br>**s**|**g**<br>**chool**<br>**full time**|**c**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Gi<br>**(**|rls<br>**1)**|B<br>|oys<br>(2)||(3)|(4)||
||coeff|t-ratio|Coeff|t-ratio|coeff|t-ratio|Coeff|t-ratio|
|Age|-1.311|-3.29|<br>-0.341|-0.96|0.641|3.92|0.509|3.60|
|Square<br>of age|||||-0.031'|-4.50|<br>-0.025-|-4.28|
|Female-headed<br>household|-8.887"|<br>-2.03|<br>-1.068|-0.25|-0.243|-0.85|<br>0.330|0.98|
|Rural**x**female-headed<br>household|9.484|0.95|-9.124|-0.94|-0.708|-0.95|<br>-0.724|-1.19|
|Native|-6.610|-0.85|<br>-4.703|-0.58|-0.474|-1.04|<br>-0.164|-0.32|
|Rural x native|6.019|0.69|-4.334|-0.49|1.013|1.77|-0.081|-0.14|
|Wealth<br>per capita<br>(log)|1.967"|<br>2.08|1.017|1.04|-0.267|-0.34|<br>-0.049|-0.62|
|Rural<br>**x**wealth<br>per capita|0.967|0.62|-0.094|-0.06|0.083|0.70|-0.013|-0.12|
|# of children<br>under<br>4years|-1.521|-0.87|<br>-2.016|-1.26|0.317|2.17|-0.059|-0.48|
|#of adultfemales<br>between<br>15&60|5.198|.4.01|0.761|0.52|-0.125|-1.16|<br>-0.069|-0.65|
|#ofelderlyfemales,<br>over60|0.544|0.15|1.757|0.49|-0.107|-0.36|<br>-0.033|-0.13|
|Household<br>size|-2.332"|<br>-2.73|<br>-0.717|-0.83|0.119|1.60|<br>-0.069|-1.10|
|Adult wage (cluster<br>median;<br>log)|-2.565|-1.05|<br>-0.607|-0.26|0.376|1.59|<br>0.324|1.46|
|<br> <br>Female<br>unemployment<br>rate|-9.685|-0.92|<br>-2.029|-0.20|0.461|0.49|<br>1.031|1.23|
|Rural**x**female<br>unemployment<br>rate|28.532|1.28|1.160|0.05|-5.256|-2.24|<br>-2.515|-1.21|
|Household<br>energy:<br>fuelwood/coal|-2.414|-0.57|<br>-11.166"|<br>-2.37|-1.087"|<br>-3.47|<br>-0.565|-1.82|
|Rural x household<br>energy:<br>luelwood/co|al -9.992'|-1.67|<br>-2.869|-0.44|2.132|4.05|<br>0.642|1.40|
|Water<br>source:<br>outside.|-16.895"|<br>-2.71|<br>-5.318|-0.86|-0.227|-0.55|<br>-0.777|-2.18|
|Rural x water<br>source<br>outside|22.058"|<br>3.07|11.388|<br>1.60|0.878|1.66|<br>0.196|0.42|
|School<br>expenses<br>(cluster<br>average)|-0.003|-0.97|<br>-0.005|-1.10|0.001|0.59|<br>0.002|1.19|
|<br> <br> <br>Time to school<br>(cluster<br>average)|0.173"|2.52|-0.013|-0.08|-0.037|-1.88|<br>-0.008|-0.42|
|Rural<br>xtime to school|-0.405'|-1.89|<br>0.147|0.56|0.065|2.37|<br>0.018|0.66|
|Educational<br>of oldest<br>prime age female|0.793"|2.31|0.833"|<br>2.31|-0.008|-0.31|<br>-0.034|-1.29|
|Rural x highest<br>education<br>iI household|<br>-0.014|-0.02|<br>-0.484|4.71|0.021|0.34|<br>0.050|0.93|
|Birth order (=1 for youngest)|0.370|0.26|0.038|0.03|-0.206|-1.90|<br>0.050|0.54|
|Rural x birth order|3.098|1.82|0.776|0.53|-0.065|-0.44|<br>0.100|1.02|
|Rural|-38.269|-1.47|<br>-3.612|-0.14|1.842|0.69|<br>1.707|0.71|
|_N_<br>_Wald_<br>_statistic_<br>_(X2with_<br>24_d.f)_<br>p_(= alcx+ ad)_|||||||||
|R<sup>2</sup>_(within)_|||||||||
|_R_<sup>_2 _</sup>_(between)_|||||||||

_R_<sup>_2_</sup> _(overall)_

**a** The sample consists ofchildren aged 6-18 in panel households only, The regressional **s** o included an intercept and dummies for regions (Lima, Cost **a** nd Selva).

b Random-effects regression. Dependent variable isgrade-for-age (=100*education/[age-61). The regression also included a time dummy. c Probit regressi **on** 1994 panel individuals only. Dependent variable =1 if time in school in past week was no less than 25 hours and =0 otherwise.

Statistically significanat he 5% level. **t** - Statistically significanat he 10% level. **t** 34