**23**

**Table 12:** Battle of the sexes (with Oster bounds)

||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|
|---|---|---|---|---|
||Income-earning i<br>Female|n export-oriented agriculture<br>Male|Income-earni<br>Female|ng in agriculture<br>Male|
|Self-esteem (fem)|0.032<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|-0.066<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.025<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|-0.073<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||(0.007)|(0.015)|(0.010)|(0.015)|
|Self-esteem (male)|-0.029<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.033<sup>_∗_</sup>|-0.027<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|0.039<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|
||(0.010)|(0.019)|(0.013)|(0.019)|
|Beta min - fem|0.032|-0.066|0.025|-0.073|
|Beta max - fem|0.035|-0.070|0.027|-0.077|
|Beta min - male|-0.029|0.033|-0.027|0.039|
|Beta max - male|-1.03e+30|1.64e+31|-1.67e+30|1.15e+33|
|R-squared|0.045|0.123|0.031|0.127|
|Observations|1510|1510|1510|1510|

Note: Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses. All regressions include village fixed effects and the controls listed in Table 1. Self-esteem measures are corrected for acquiescence bias. Significance levels are denoted as follows: * p<0.10, ** p<0.05, *** p<0.01.

# **6 Additional Results**

To speak to welfare impacts and examine how our detected pattern varies across specifications, we re-run our main result with the value of earned income, rather than income-earning. That is, we explore whether the "battle of the sexes" results hold when analyzing the effects of selfesteem on spouse’s crop income rather than just the likelihood of earning crop income.

This alternative outcome is not our preferred option due to the imprecision in its measurement in our setting, as discussed in Section 2. Nevertheless, Tables 13 and 14 show results for male and female incomes separately. Consistent with the literature, we find a strong positive correlation between male self-esteem and their own income. A one standard deviation increase in self-esteem corresponds to a US$ 477 _._ 3 increase (19 _._ 5 percent) in total income. Most of the increase is attributable to export-oriented crop income (Column 3 in Table 13). The positive association partly holds for women, whose self-esteem significantly increases both export crop income and off-farm income (through self-employment) but not total income. Given substantially lower baseline levels, the magnitude of the effect for export-oriented crop income is four times larger for women than it is for men. A one standard deviation increase in a female selfesteem almost doubles her export crop income, from US$ 69 _._ 11 to US$ 127 _._ 11 (Column 3 in Table 14).

In terms of the "battle of the sexes", male self-esteem is negatively correlated with female export-oriented crop income. A one standard deviation increase in his self-esteem is associated with a US$ 51 decrease (73.7 percent) in her export crop income (Column 3 in Table 14). Similarly, there is a significant negative correlation between the female self-esteem and male export-oriented crop income, by which a one standard deviation increase in her self-esteem is associated with a US$ 159.1 decrease (10.6 percent) in his export crop income. Again, it is noticeable that the battle of the sexes result holds for export-oriented crop income only. Results are also not gender-symmetric, so that both wives’ participation in agriculture and incomes are more strongly correlated with their spouse’s noncognitive skills. All in all, results shown in