13 disruption in the earlier observed trend of the expanding trade with the EU-15, with its share increasing from 40 percent in 1985 to 50 percent in 1995, coincided with the entry into force of the Customs Union Agreement. Subsequently, the share remained at around 50 percent in 19962000, fell to 47 percent in 2001 and stabilized at 48 percent in 2002-03 (Table 6).

**Table 6:** _Direction and dynamics of Turkey’s trade in 1985, 1995 and 2001-2004 (in million of US dollars and percent)_

|||**Expor**|**ts ($ mi**|**llion)**|**2**<br>**I**|**000**<br>**ndex**|**2004**<br>**index**|.<br>**E**|**xport S**|**hare (**|**%)**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Partner|1985|1995|<br>2002|2003|2004 1|995=100|2000=100|1985|1995|2002|2003|2004|
|**Pan-Euro: of which**|3,693|12,695|20,886|28,255|37,694|127|234|46.4|58.8|58.4|<br>59.8|59.7|
|EU(15)|3,398|11,077|18,331|24,488|32,575|130|226|42.7|51.3|51.3|<br>51.8|51.6|
|EU-10|107|840|<br>1,210|1,734|2,332|97|285|1.4|3.9|3.4|<br>3.7|3.7|
|EU(25)|3,506|11,917|19,541|26,222|34,907|128|229|44.1|55.2|54.6|<br>55.5|55.3|
|EFTA(3)|133|293|<br>406|538|658|110|204|1.7|1.4|1.1|<br>1.1|1.0|
|Bulgaria|8|183|<br>378|622|894|138|355|0.1|0.8|1.1|<br>1.3|1.4|
|Romania|47|302|<br>560|873|1,235|108|380|0.6|1.4|1.6|<br>1.8|2.0|
|**ROW:of which **|4,265|8,904|14,876|18,998|25,426|127|224|53.6|41.2|41.6|40.2|40.3|
|SEE(5)|33|166|<br>386|570|740|191|233|0.4|0.8|1.1|<br>1.2|1.2|
|NAFTA(3)|527|1,616|<br>3,654|4,016|5,343|203|163|6.6|7.5|10.2|<br>8.5|8.5|
|Russia|0|1,232|<br>1,168|1,368|1,859|52|291|..|5.7|3.3|<br>2.9|2.9|
|East Asia|44|340|541|955|758|59|380|0.5|1.6|1.5|<br>2.0|1.2|
|MENA|3,315|3,019|<br>4,298|6,567|9,512|107|295|41.7|14.0|12.0|<br>13.9|15.1|
|**World**|7,958|21,599|35,762|47,253|63,121|127|230|100|100|100|100|100|
|||**Impor**|**ts($ mi**|**llion)**|||||**Im**|**port S**|**hare(**|**%)**|
|**Pan-Euro: of which**|4,706|18,931|28,148|38,570|52,045|156|176|41.5|53.0|54.9|<br>55.6|53.4|
|EU(15)|4,228|16,862|23,289|31,696|42,359|157|160|37.3|47.2|45.4|<br>45.7|43.4|
|EU-10|111|407|<br>1,214|1,833|3,116|191|401|1.0|1.1|2.4|<br>2.6|3.2|
|EU(25)|4,339|17,269|24,502|33,529|45,475|158|167|38.3|48.4|47.8|<br>48.4|46.6|
|EFTA(3)|205|892|<br>2,483|3,396|3,911|129|340|1.8|2.5|4.8|<br>4.9|4.0|
|Bulgaria|99|402|<br>507|689|959|115|207|0.9|1.1|1.0|<br>1.0|1.0|
|Romania|64|368|<br>657|956|1,700|183|253|0.6|1.0|1.3|<br>1.4|1.7|
|**ROW: of which**|6,634|16,777|23,122|30,770|45,495|147|185|58.5|47.0|45.1|<br>44.4|46.6|
|SEE(5)|114|61|<br>46|87|202|153|216|1.0|0.2|0.1|<br>0.1|0.2|
|NAFTA(3)|1,322|4,101|<br>3,434|3,841|5,234|102|125|11.7|11.5|6.7|<br>5.5|5.4|
|Russia|0|2,082|<br>3,863|5,451|9,033|186|233|..|5.8|7.5|<br>7.9|9.3|
|East Asia|160|1,023|<br>2,218|3,865|6,451|205|307|1.4|2.9|4.3|<br>5.6|6.6|
|MENA|3,669|3,830|<br>5,065|6,577|8,373|140|156|32.4|10.7|9.9|<br>9.5|8.6|
|**World**|11,341|35,707|51,270|69,340|97,540|152|180|100|100|100|<br>100|100|

Notes: EU-10 includes new members of the EU as of May 1, 2004 (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Malta, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia); SEE-5 includes Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia and Serbia and Montenegro: NAFTA-3 includes Canada, Mexico and the U.S.;MENA refers to Middle-East and North Africa and EFTA-3 include Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. Source: Derived from UN COMTRADE database as reported by Turkey.

A dramatic fall in the importance of Middle East and North Africa in Turkey’s trade turnover accompanied reorientation of trade towards the EU-15 in 1985-1990. While Middle East and North African countries accounted for 36 percent of total trade turnover in 1985, this share fell to 17 percent in 1990. Subsequently, trade turnover with this region has kept pace with Turkey’s total trade, with its share remaining at 11-12 percent.<sup>3</sup> Had the share of Middle East and North Africa remained at its 1985 level, the share of the EU-15 would have remained unchanged 3 MENA countries took 74 percent of Turkish exports to ROW in 1985 and only 31 percent in 1995-2003. Imports from MENA accounted for 52 percent in 1985. By 1995 they fell to 21 percent and 18 percent of ROW imports in 2003.