# **Table A7: Decentralisation and Rules**

**Dependent Variable: Z-score of errors across civil service rules in columns (1) to (9); Rank of errors across civil service rules in column (10); Skewness-adjusted z-score of errors across civil service rules in column (11) OLS Estimates**

**Standard Errors: Clustered by organization-of-respondent in columns (1) to (7) and columns (10) to (11); Clustered at the respondent level in column (8); Clustered at the region and sector level in column (9)**

||**(1) Unconditional**|**(2) Sector FEs**|**(3) District**<br>**government FEs**|**(4) Indicator FEs**|**(5) Percentile FEs**|**(6) Management**|**(7) Individual**<br>**Characteristics**|**(8) Clustering at**<br>**respondent level**|**(9) Clustering at**<br>**region-sector**<br>**level**|**(10) Rank of Error**<br>**(proportion)**|<br>**(11) Skewness**<br>**adjusted z-score**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Federal Government**|-0.14|-0.14|-0.15|-0.15|-0.15|-0.14|-0.09|-0.09|-0.09|-0.04|-0.13|
||[0.042]|[0.040]|[0.035]|[0.035]|[0.034]|[0.035]|[0.035]|[0.033]|[0.036]|[0.010]|[0.036]|
|**District government**|-0.0057|-0.00058|-0.011|-0.011|-0.012|-0.011|0.015|0.015|0.015|-0.014|0.061|
||[0.042]|[0.042]|[0.039]|[0.039]|[0.038]|[0.038]|[0.039]|[0.037]|[0.039]|[0.0099]|[0.038]|
|**Management [Yes=1]**||||||0.047|0.00088|0.00088|0.00088|0.011|-0.0084|
|||||||[0.033]|[0.030]|[0.032]|[0.031]|[0.0072]|[0.028]|
|**Sector fixed effects**|No|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|**District government fixed effects**|No|No|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|**Indicator fixed effects**|No|No|No|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|**Percentile fixed effects**|No|No|No|No|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|**Individual controls**|No|No|No|No|No|No|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|**Adjusted R-squared**|0.0035|0.0042|0.012|0.011|0.011|0.011|0.032|0.032|0.032|0.048|0.40|
|**Observations [clusters]**|6201 [122]|6201 [122]|6201 [122]|6201 [122]|6201 [122]|6201 [122]|6201 [122]|6201 [689]|6201 [38]|6201 [122]|6201 [122]|
|**Federal respondents [percentage]**|195 [28%]|195 [28%]|195 [28%]|195 [28%]|195 [28%]|195 [28%]|195 [28%]|195 [28%]|195 [28%]|195 [28%]|195 [28%]|
|**Regional respondents [percentage]**|234 [34%]|234 [34%]|234 [34%]|234 [34%]|234 [34%]|234 [34%]|234 [34%]|234 [34%]|234 [34%]|234 [34%]|234 [34%]|
|**Districtgovernment respondents[percentage]**|260[38%]|260[38%]|260[38%]|260[38%]|260[38%]|260[38%]|260[38%]|260[38%]|260[38%]|260[38%]|260[38%]|

Notes: Clustered standard errors are in parentheses. Standard errors clustered at the organization level unless stated otherwise. All columns report OLS estimates. The unit of analysis in all columns is the claim. The sample used for the analysis is the set of respondents that make claims about the same districts. The dependent variable is the mean z-score of absolute errors across all policy domain items claimed by the same respondent about the same district. Sector fixed effects are indicators for whether the claim is within an agriculture, education, health, revenue, or trade organization. Percentile fixed effects are indicators for the 75th, 50th or 25th percentile for the respective indicator for the respective region. District government fixed effects identify the district that the respondent is making claims about. Indicator fixed effects control for the service delivery indicator within which the claim is made. Management is equal to one if the claim is from a manager. Individual characteristics included in the specification: tenure in the civil service of the respondent making the claim; tenure in the position; tenure in the organization; an indicator for whether the respondent is female; an indicator for whether the respondent holds an undergraduate degree; an indicator for whether the respondent holds a masters degree. Column 8 clusters the errors at the respondent level. Column 9 clusters the error at the region-sector level where the region is that in which the district being referred to is situated in. Column 10 runs the preferred specification of the model, as per column 7, clustering at the organization levell, but with the dependent variable as the rank of the absolute error across all policy domains; the rank is represented as the proportion within the distrbution of the errors within the indicator. Column 12 runs the preferred specification of the model, as per column 7, clustering at the organization level, but with the dependent variable as the skewness adjusted z-score of the absolute error across all policy domains; the skewness adjusted z-score is simply the z-score if the variable is a proportion; if the variable is not a proportion and is statistically significantly skewed relative to the normal distribution (Royston,1991), then the log of the variable is taken and then the z-score is created from the logged values. Figures are rounded to two significant figures.