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i Duryea and Morales (2011) and Inchauste and Stein (2013) provide additional evidence on economic conditions and consequences in Central America after the 2008 Great Recession.

ii There is also work that examines whether and how migration and remittances mitigate the risk from various types of shocks (for example, Yang and Choi 2007).

iii For governmental planning, rural Guatemalan municipalities are subdivided into microregions determined by geoclimatic affinity and agricultural potential. From two larger municipalities, four such microregions (one of four in Jacaltenango and three of 13 in Cuilco) were selected, and in two smaller municipalities, one microregion each (San Gaspar Ixchil and Santa Ana Huista).

iv The census included 72 distinct villages, a number of which were combined into 52 clusters based on proximity prior to sampling. We report unweighted results; statistics using population weights based on the stratified sampling procedure differ only slightly from unadjusted statistics because the average share of households with a migrant in 2008 was 40 percent, similar to the 50-50 sampling split.

v Carletto et al. (2011) provide additional information on the Study of the Impact of Remittances and Migration on Food and Nutrition Security data.

vi Migration to Mexico from the region has a long history, beginning in the 1980s during the period of civil war which posed substantial risks for adult men (Camus 2007).