rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
contradictory behavior of the federal government with regard to the contingent trade protection system. Unlike claims against China, here no duties were imposed upon initiation of the investigation, some countries were excluded from duty coverage, most investigations did not conclude until December 1995 —in fact, these cases, collectively, were the lengthiest in the history of antidumping proceedings in Mexico. In addition, with the purpose of mitigating the negative effect that antidumping duties might have upon some steel-using industries, the end-use certificate was created. This instrument would allow importing some products on duty-free conditions provided that importers could prove that those products were intended for certain end uses.

**Table 8 - Multi-Country/Multi-Product Steel Package, 1992-1993**

|#|**Product**|**Country**|**Date of**<br>**initiation**|**Date of final**<br>**determination**|**Antidumping**<br>**duty upon**<br>**initiation**|**Final**<br>**antidumping**<br>**duty**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1|Lined flat steel|U.S.A.|30-Jun-93|11-Nov-94|None|None|
|2|Hot rolled sheet|Germany|27-Oct-93|30-Dec-95|None|None|
|3|Hot rolled sheet|Brazil|27-Oct-93|30-Dec-95|None|31.41%|
|4|Hot rolled sheet|Canada|27-Oct-93|30-Dec-95|None|45.86%|
|5|Hot rolled sheet|South Korea|27-Oct-93|30-Dec-95|None|None|
|6|Hot rolled sheet|The Netherlands|27-Oct-93|30-Dec-95|None|56.54%|
|7|Hot rolled sheet|Venezuela|27-Oct-93|30-Dec-95|None|80.95%|
|8|Cold rolled sheet|Germany|28-Oct-93|27-Dec-95|None|185.76%|
|9|Cold rolled sheet|Australia|28-Oct-93|27-Dec-95|None|None|
|10|Cold rolled sheet|Canada|28-Oct-93|27-Dec-95|None|None|
|11|Cold rolled sheet|South Korea|28-Oct-93|27-Dec-95|None|None|
|12|Cold rolled sheet|Brazil|28-Oct-93|27-Dec-95|None|31.57%|
|13|Cold rolled sheet|U.S.A.|28-Oct-93|27-Dec-95|None|None|
|14|Cold rolled sheet|Venezuela|28-Oct-93|27-Dec-95|None|55.75%|
|15|Steelplate|Brazil|27-Oct-93|29-Dec-95|None|37.32%|
|16|Steelplate|Canada|27-Oct-93|29-Dec-95|None|None|
|17|Steelplate|U.S.A.|27-Oct-93|29-Dec-95|None|None|
|18|Rolled steelplate|Brazil|28-Oct-93|28-Dec-95|None|23.95%|
|19|Rolled steelplate|Canada|28-Oct-93|28-Dec-95|None|31.08%|
|20|Rolled steelplate|Korea|28-Oct-93|28-Dec-95|None|None|
|21|Rolled steelplate|U.S.A.|28-Oct-93|28-Dec-95|None|None|
|22|Rolled steelplate|South Africa|28-Oct-93|28-Dec-95|None|None|
|23|Rolled steelplate|Venezuela|28-Oct-93|28-Dec-95|None|84.05%|
|24|Corrugated rod|Brazil|29-Nov-93|11-Aug-95|None|57.69%|
|25|Corrugated rod|Spain|29-Oct-93|10-Oct-94|None|None|

Source: Based on data from the 2002 Countervailing Duty Agreement, _UPCI’s Annual Report 2002_ , Resolutions published in the DOF.

27
# **Figure A7: Fiscal Position-Dependent Multipliers with Private Consumption**

<!-- Start of picture text --> A. On Impact B. 1 Year<br>0.3 0.6<br>0.2<br>0.5<br>0.2<br>0.4<br>0.1<br>0.1 0.3<br>0.0<br>0.2<br>-0.1<br>0.1<br>-0.1<br>-0.2 0.0<br>12.4 24.8 32.2 38.5 42.9 47.9 56.1 65.5 80.5 107.4 12.4 24.8 32.2 38.5 42.9 47.9 56.1 65.5 80.5 107.4<br>C. 2 Years D. Long Run<br>1.0 1.5<br>0.8 1.0<br>0.6 0.5<br>0.4 0.0<br>0.2 -0.5<br>0.0 -1.0<br>-0.2 -1.5<br>-0.4 -2.0<br>12.4 24.8 32.2 38.5 42.9 47.9 56.1 65.5 80.5 107.4 12.4 24.8 32.2 38.5 42.9 47.9 56.1 65.5 80.5 107.4<br><!-- End of picture text --> _Note:_ The graphs show the conditional fiscal multipliers for different levels of fiscal position at select horizons. These are based on estimates from the IPVAR model that includes private consumption. The model coefficients are conditioned only on fiscal position. Government debt as a percentage of GDP is the measure of fiscal position and the values shown on the x-axis correspond to the 5<sup>th</sup> to 95<sup>th</sup> percentiles from the sample. Fiscal position is strong (weak) when government debt is low (high). Solid lines represent the median, and dotted bands are the 16-84 percent confidence bands.

35
|In (Middle Management)||-3.01-4<br>(2.4E.4)|||9.E-6<br>(2.9B-4)||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|In (Upper Management)||4.1E-4<br>(3.6E-4)|||3.4E-4<br>(4.6E-4)||
|in (Wage Bill of<br>Temporaty Workers)|38E-5<br>(1.8B-4)|1.9E4<br>(1.6E4)|Z4E-4<br>(1.SE-4)|3.1E-4<br>(2.4E-4)|4.8E4<br>(22E4)|4.7Ee4<br>(2.OE.4)|
|InK<br>rime|0.351*<br>(0.097)<br>-0.012*<br>(0.030)|0.367'<br>(0.094)<br>-0.056*<br>(0.034)|0.369<br>(0.096)<br>40.089*<br>(0.030)|0228<br>(0.142)<br>-0.0704<br>(0.037)|0201<br>(0.155)<br>4.044<br>(0.045)|0.274!<br>(0.137)<br>4.088*<br>(0.039)|
|R2|0.895|0.879|083|0.35|0802|0.801|
|N|116|116|116|110|110|110|

* - Significant at the _5_ % statilrical test leel. + e Significant at the IC % statistical test level. The food indwt,y includes 22 !irms from the following subindustries sugar, oil, fish, flour, and othr foods
behavioral responses into incidence analysis significantly alters the poverty impact of the program.

For example, Van de Walle, Ravallion and Gautam also find that incorporating behavioral responses leads to lower poverty impact of cash transfers in Hungary (compared to an assumption of no behavioral response in consumption). Similarly, Sahn and Aldennan found that for Sri Lanka, explicitly incorporating labor supply into their analysis of the poverty impact of the FSP, led to a large and significant reduction in work effort.

**Table 10: Percent Change in Household Consumption due to Food Stamp Transfers**

||**Without B**|**ehavioral Response**|**With Beha**|**vioral Response**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Year**|**Poorest**|**Poor Close to**<br>**Poverty Line**|**Poorest**|**Poor Close to**<br>**Poverty Line**|
|**1989**|6.0|1.5|2.5|0.8|
|**1990**|2.2|0.6|1.0|0.3|
|**1991**|9.2|2.0|3.0|**1.0**|

Note: Poorest groups refers to those earning less than half of income at the poverty line. Poor close to the poverty line refer to groups earning income within the range of 25% above or below the poverty line. Source: Table 11.

26
variable, so that it accounts for training activity observed in that year or in any prior year during the sample period. Table 7 reports the corresponding IV results. We observe that the results are qualitatively similar, but the coefficient on technical upgrading is larger, as would be expected.

We proceed by examining whether the effect of export participation on technical upgrading is heterogeneous across occupational groups. In line with Guadalupe (2007) and Bastos, Straume and Monteiro (2009), we consider four occupational groups which require different skills (see Appendix Table A1). We then compute the share of workers who completed technical upgrading within each of these occupational groups. We adopt an IV strategy similar to that presented above, focusing on a sample of switchers that have workers in all four occupational groups considered. The corresponding IV results are presented in Table 8. Panels A to D report second-stage results for separate regressions each with a different dependent variable. We observe that the point estimate on the effect of export participation on technical upgrading is positive for all occupational groups, though only statistically significant for skill levels 1 and 2. It is important to note that these skill categories are fairly broadly defined: they include a wide diversity of occupations performed by workers that have typically completed compulsory education, but not further education (see Table A.1 in the appendix); and account for over 80% of jobs within exporting firms (see Table 1). They also correspond to occupational groups that SENAI courses typically target.

# **4 Returns to training among exporters**

## **4.1 Empirical strategy**

The results above indicate that export participation has a positive effect on the provision of technical upgrading within firms. A related question is the extent to which technical upgrading leads to higher labor earnings among exporting firms. To examine this hypothesis, we exploit detailed information on training records and earnings trajectories at the worker-firm level. Because entry in export markets may affect wages via several forms of 13
members holds a minimum wage job (outside the general government sector) while the remaining household members are assumed to be dependents and not part of the labor force. Figure 1 makes it clear that while households with one minimum wage earner and at least three additional dependents will be below the poverty line, households with at least two minimum wage earners or households with one minimum wage earner and less than three additional household members who consume all their labor earnings, are able to afford a level of consumption above the poverty line. The group of households with minimum labor earnings above the poverty line includes what can be considered Vietnam’s average or representative household: a household with two working people and two dependents.<sup>1</sup> While Figure 1 focuses on region 1, patterns look broadly similar for the three other minimum wage regions.

In any case, policies and regulatory instruments other than the minimum wage are usually seen as more appropriate for assuring that people who work full time are able to live above (or even substantially above) the poverty line. With regard to the appropriate role of the minimum wage, moderate minimum wages have been shown to be effective in correcting labor market failures and have thereby led to an increase in labor earnings and employment. To assess whether Vietnam’s current minimum wage levels are insufficient, moderate or relatively excessive, Figure 2 depicts the ratios of minimum to average and median wages in Vietnam and selected countries in the OECD and the EAP region. As Vietnam is an outlier in that it has distinct minimum wage levels for the general government sector and the rest of the labor market, its minimum wage “bites” are depicted in this figure separately for the general government and other sectors.

Dube (2014) proposes as a _rule of thumb_ that the minimum wage should be set at about half of the median wage and that there are at least three reasons to pay attention to measures of the minimum wage “bite”. First, a comparison of the minimum wage to the average or especially the median wage offers a guide for how binding a particular minimum wage level is likely to be. Second, the minimum wage “bite” also provides a benchmark for determining how high or low a minimum wage is across time periods or countries. Third, it gives a natural reference point for judging whether the level of the

> 1 According to Vietnam’s census, mean household size in 2009 was 3.84 in rural and 3.66 in urban areas. In 2013, the age dependency ratio was 0.41, the labor force participation rate of individuals aged 15to 64 was 0.82 and the unemployment rate two percent (source: World Bank World Development Indicators). A back-of-the-envelope calculation based on these figures reveals that the average household in rural areas contains 2.2 employed members and 1.7 individuals that are unemployed, out of the labor force or not aged 16 to 64. In urban areas the figures are 2.1 and 1.6, respectively.

- 6 -
26 Table **11:** Revealed Comparative Advantage Indices of Parts in CEEC trade with the EU

||RCA of E|xports to E|U a/<br>|RCA of Impo|rts from EU|**a/**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|COUNTRY|1989|1993|1997|1989|1993|1997|
|Bulgaria|0.33|0.25|0.19|0.84|0.70|0.71|
|Czech Republic|N.A.|0.64|1.09|N.A.|1.09|1.40|
|Estonia|N.A.|0.26|1.32|N.A.|0.59|1.02|
|Hungary|0.59|0.94|0.94|0.94|1.06|1.85|
|Latvia|N.A.|0.18|0.20|N.A.|0.68|0.81|
|Lithuania|N.A.|0.06|0.15|N.A.|0.78|0.96|
|Poland|0.41|0.38|0.57|0.88|0.88|1.21|
|Romania|0.11|0.10|0.24|0.41|0.62|0.72|
|Slovakia|N.A.|0.36|0.83|N.A.|1.22|1.66|
|Slovenia|N.A.|0.69|0.87|N.A.|1.06|0.95|
|_Memo items:_|||||||
|Malaysiab/|1.10|1.33|1.20|1.44|1.65|1.45|
|Mexicob/|0.91|1.05|0.84|1.50|1.53|1.33|
|Turkey|0.20|0.26|0.32|1.34|1.38|1.12|

Notes: a/ see main body of the text for the explanation of how RCA Indices were calculated. b/ The values of RCA indices for Malaysia and Mexico are based on North America (USA and Canada) and East Asia (including Japan) respectively.

Source: Computations based on partners data from UN COMTRADE Statistics.

Estonia and Czech Republic are the only CEEC that have RCA above unity in both assembling and manufacturing of parts. But Hungary is close. It has a strong comparative advantage in the assembly, and the value of RCA index for the parts is close to one. As we shall see (Section 6), had piston engines been included in calculation, Hungary would have had a double comparative advantage.

# 4.2. RCA indices: the scope of specialization in trade with the EU

If a country has a double comparative advantage for a part, one may expect that the production of this part is integrated into the international production process. Appendix Table 4 reports both RCA indices for 60 part categories in CEEC trade with the EU in 1997. The number of part categories with both RCA indices exceeding unity is particularly large in the case of the Czech industry. Czech firms had a 'double' RCA above unity in 30 product groups. In addition, four categories had comparative advantage in exports. Other countries had a significantly smaller number of part categories with a 'double' RCA index above unity. Slovakia had 15 categories of which 13 overlapped with those in the Czech Republic. Slovenia and Hungary had 15, Poland - 10, Romania - 8, Estonia - 5, and Bulgaria, Latvia and Lithuania - 2.

Do CEEC have any common features as shown in values of RCA indices for individual parts? Or, to put it differently, do they compete in the same groups of products. First, note that there are only few groups of products with 'double' RCA above unity shared by more than five
# **4 Data and descriptive statistics**

The main data source for this paper is India’s Annual Survey of Industries (ASI), a survey of the formal manufacturing sector conducted by India’s Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation (MoSPI). The sample frame of the ASI consists of all industrial units (“factories”) registered under Sections 2(m)(i) and 2(m)(ii) of the Factories Act, 1948. This includes all factories employing 10 or more workers if they use power, and those with 20 or more workers if they do not. The ASI has two parts: a census of all factories employing 100 workers or more and a survey that randomly samples about a quarter of all other registered factories.

The ASI collects annual data for the most recent accounting year. For example, ASI 2015 collected data on the accounting year ending March 2015. Since the Rajasthan amendments were passed in November 2014, we consider the accounting year ending in March 2015 as the baseline year of the policy change studied in this paper, and hereafter refer to it as 2015. Thus, 2016 is the first post-treatment year of our study.

## **4.1 State-level panel data for synthetic control analysis**

We use annual state level data on the formal manufacturing sector for the years 1980-2018 in the synthetic control analysis. The data set is a compilation of state level ASI summary data published by the MoSPI.<sup>27</sup> The ASI is stratified by state _X_ 3-digit industry group, and state and industry level aggregates can be estimated by weighting the factory level data by the inverse of the sampling probabilities. The compiled data set includes estimates of total output (revenue), employment and fixed capital by state which match the officially published numbers.

Since officially published state-level ASI summary statistics do not include data on contract workers, we use unit level ASI data from 2001-2018 to estimate state level contract employment.<sup>28</sup> We drop the urban state of Delhi, union territories and small states with a population less than 10 million in 2001 (Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and north-eastern states expect for Assam) from the control donor pool of the synthetic control analysis. Hence, besides Rajasthan, the panel includes fourteen donor pool states : Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Assam, Gujarat

> 27The state-industry data on factories from 1980-1997 were used by Aghion et al. (2008). We are grateful to the authors and the American Economic Review for making these data publicly available.

> 28We verify that the total state output and employment estimates constructed by us from unit-level ASI data match the officially published numbers.

14
-8-

operating at provincial levels. Demand for youth advisory services has now outgrown the capabilities of the unit although Youth Advisors only visit schools and institutions at the invitation of school or institutional heads. Efforts are now underway to collaborate with other organizations which deal with youths, in particular the Ministries of Education, Youth and Political Affairs.

# c) Medical/Clinical Unit

The Medical/Clinical Unit is responsible for delivering family planning services through thirty static and five mobile clinics. The static clinics are located mainly in urban and peri-urban areas. Family planning services are provided by medically trained personnel.

A variety of family planning services including counselling for all modem methods of family planning, initiation of all methods, and management of problems and complications are offered. Counselling for voluntary surgical contraception is provided at all clinics but VSC services are only provided at Spilbaus Clinic in Harare and Lister House clinic in Bulawayo. Also provided at the clinics are support services su -h as counselling and management of infertile couples, pregnancy testing, diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, and screening for breast and cervical cancers. These clinics are also used for the practical training of family planning trainings and student nurses during their rural attachments.

According to the 1988 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey, ZNFPC clinics serve 13 percent of all users of modern family planning methods. [For _they are also provided in a small number of 9 MOH hospitals]._

# d) Information, Education and Communication

The IEC Unit of the Council was established in 1982 to provide appropriate family planning information to the general public, family planning service providers and opinion leaders. The target groups have been segmented and target-specific message developed. A multi-media approach has been used- print materials, mass media interpersonal communization and press and public relations.

An Audio Visual Unit was constructed and completed in 1989 which produces electronic, sound and graphic IEC materials.

A number of videos and radio programmes have been produced at this unit. Print materials are contracted out but the Unit has been able to produce a variety of posters, booklets, pamphlets and flipcharts for both clients and service providers.

# e) Training Unit

Formal training in family planning in Zimbabwe started in the 1970s. Before then, training was conducted on an ad hoc basis. Now the ZNFPC Training Unit is a well organized and highly professional unit with thirteen staff (one Chief Training Officer, 2 principal tutors, 2 senicr tutors and eight tutors) in two centers, Harare and Bulawayo. It conducts four formal courses as well as in-service training for all family p;anning service providers. The four courses are:
6 Economic Parameters of Deforestation This paper integrates the land use and forestry litcraturc by using fornal comparative staucs models similar to those in the traditional forestrv literaturc to analyzc questions of land use dynamics. It diffcrs from previous work by simultaneously incorporating two critical factors for understanding dcforestaion processis: the differences between types of forcsts and the dynamic naturc of land usc decisions involving forests.

<!-- Start of picture text --> Land Bid Rent Function<br>Land Rent<br>Agriculture Managed Unmanaged<br>Forest Forest<br>Land Class (Distance from Market)<br>Land Rent: Agriculture Land Rent: Managed Forest<br><!-- End of picture text --> Figure 1 First, the paper dearly distinguishes between managed and unmanaged forests. In unmanaged forests, net timber growth is zero since decaying timber offsets concurrent biological growth. Logging of such a mature forest can be modelled like the mining of a non-renewable resource (see Lyon 1981). Unmanaged forests would include primary forests and second-growth forests that have not been logged for a long time. Managed forests, on the other hand, are logged after a fixed rotation period. Managed forests would include tree plantations and other forests that are maintained with the intention of
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(2005) show that African firms have high indirect costs - costs for transport, logistics, telecom, water, electricity, land and buildings, marketing, accounting, security, bribes, etc. – compared to firms in Asia, and that African firms suffer significant losses due to power outages, crime, shipment losses etc. Further, the economic risk in Africa is typically high, credit is either expensive or not available, skilled labor is relatively expensive and domestic markets are typically very small. It seems reasonable to suppose that these factors pose significant problems for manufacturers in Africa. In this section we review what has been learned from the firm data about these key characteristics of the business environment in Africa.

# _i) Risk_

Entrepreneurs in Africa face significant uncertainty with regard to prices (including foreign exchange rates), demand, customer payment, reliability of infrastructure, corruption and so on. To investigate empirically the effects of risk is difficult, however, since risk is not easily measured. A common way of proceeding, especially in macroeconomic analysis, is to use some measure of volatility, e.g. in demand or the exchange rate. Gunning and Mengistae (2001) argue that this may be misleading, since the standard deviation of the exchange rate may not capture the credibility of the government’s exchange rate policy. The African firm surveys, however, have included questions about expectations for macroeconomic variables (inflation, interest rates, exchange rate) and firm variables (employment, output). Firms were asked for example about their expectations about the extent of depreciation during the next 12 months. This kind of data has enabled researchers to get a much better handle on the effects of risk on investment. Using data on Ghanaian manufacturing firms, Pattillo and Söderbom (2001) find that firms that face a lot of uncertainty regarding future demand tend to have lower profit rates than firms facing less uncertainty. The authors argue that this is because high risk makes firms choose a conservative product mix which has a relatively low expected profit rate. Fafchamps, Gunning and Oostendorp (2000) show that Zimbabwean firms respond to risk by increasing their inventories, which is another example of how risk results in conservative behavior and additional costs. The most commonly cited effect of risk, however, is that on investment. Gunning and Mengistae (2001) conclude from their review of the evidence that 9