rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
- Greenberg, M. T., Kusche, C. A., & Speltz, M. (1991). Emotional regulation, self-control, and psychopathology: The role of relationships in early childhood. In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 2. Internalizing and externalizing expressions of dysfunction (pp. 21-55). Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

- Griggs, M. S., Mikami, A. Y., & Rimm‐Kaufman, S. E. (2016). Classroom quality and student behavior trajectories in elementary school. _Psychology in the Schools, 53_ (7), 690-704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pits.21941

- Grossman, P. (Ed.) (2018). _Teaching core practices in teacher education_ . Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.

- Grossman, H., & Grossman, S. H. (1994). _Gender issues in education_ . Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon, A Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.

- Grossman, P., Hammerness, K., & McDonald, M. (2009). Redefining teaching, re‐imagining teacher education. _Teachers and Teaching, 15_ (2), 273-289.

- <mark>Grossman, P., Loeb, S., Cohen, J., & Wyckoff, J. (2013). Measure for measure: The relationship between measures of instructional practice in middle school English language arts and teachers’ value-added scores.</mark> _<mark>American Journal of Education</mark>_ <mark>,</mark> _<mark>119</mark>_ <mark>(3), 445-470.</mark>

- Gunderson, E. A., Gripshover, S. J., Romero, C., Dweck, C. S., Goldin‐Meadow, S., & Levine, S. C. (2013). Parent praise to 1‐to 3‐year‐olds predicts children's motivational frameworks 5 years later. _Child Development_ , _84_ (5), 1526-1541.

- Haimovitz, K., & Dweck, C. S. (2016). Parents’ views of failure predict children’s fixed and growth intelligence mind-sets. _Psychological Science_ , _27_ (6), 859-869.

- Hale, C. M., & Tager‐Flusberg, H. (2003). The influence of language on theory of mind: A training study. _Developmental Science_ , _6_ (3), 346-359.

- Hamre, B. K., & Pianta, R. C. (2005). Can instructional and emotional support in the first‐ grade classroom make a difference for children at risk of school failure?. _Child Development_ , _76_ (5), 949-967.

Hamre, B. K., & Pianta, R. C. (2006). Student-teacher relationships. In G. G. Bear & K. M. Minke (Eds.), _Children's needs III: Development, prevention, and intervention_ (pp. 59-71). Washington, DC, US: National Association of School Psychologists.

- <mark>Hamre, B., Hatfield, B., Pianta, R., & Jamil, F. (2014). Evidence for general and domain‐ specific elements of teacher–child interactions: Associations with preschool children's development.</mark> _<mark>Child Development</mark>_ <mark>,</mark> _<mark>85</mark>_ <mark>(3), 1257-1274.</mark>

- Hanushek, E. A, Kain, J. F., Markman, J. M., & Rivkin, S. G. (2003). Does peer ability affect student achievement? _Journal of Applied Econometrics, 18_ (5), 527-544.

- Harris, P. L., de Rosnay, M., & Pons, F. (2005). Language and children's understanding of mental states. _Current Directions in Psychological Science_ , _14_ (2), 69-73.

50
# **_Description of Variables Used_**

# _Acute and planned surgeries/inpatient services_

The former SUSIF classifies inpatient cases into three categories: acute surgeries, planned surgeries and maternal deliveries. As explained before, there are differences between acute and planned surgeries in terms of the administrative process. A planned surgery has to have prior authorization by SUSIF, which takes about 2-3 weeks before scheduling. Authorization is not needed for acute cases, and patients can present a medical assistance card to providers for acute care. Acute cases are covered under the UBP for all of the population, but non-MAP beneficiaries have to make a 25%–50% co-payment, depending on type of services. Because there is no authorization process required for seeking acute care, people tend to use acute care for cases that are not necessarily emergencies or even acute. Therefore, the surgeries included under the acute surgery category represent cases that did not receive prior authorization from SUSIF. During the study period, the SUSIF reimbursed providers based on reported cases for three categories of inpatient care for the MAP and only acute surgeries for UBP patients. Therefore, the SUSIF data include reported acute surgeries for both MAP and UBP patients. About 20% of the cases right above the 100,000 cutoff line and 12% of the cases immediately below were the surgeries with zero length of stay. These were ambulatory surgery cases, which SUSIF reimbursed providers for using a case-mix payment system.

# _Total number of utilizations and total medical expenditures_

Total number of utilizations is the sum of utilizations for _each individual_ from June 2006 to December 2006, including acute, planned and delivery services. The same applies to total medical expenditures, which are the payments made by SUSIF to providers for _each eligible poor_ from June 2006 to December 2006. Since there is no formal cost sharing on the part of patients who receive MAP coverage<sup>9</sup> , SUSIF’s total expenditures serve as total medical expenditures.

# _Welfare scores and quintiles_

The welfare score is derived from the proxy means test. Quintiles are derived from the welfare scores for _beneficiaries_ in order to compare utilization patterns among the poor covered under the MAP as well as to assess whether the benefits reach the poorest.

# _Demographic and household information_

Demographic information includes age, sex and education, employment status, and relationship to head of household. The level of education is classified according to five categories: no formal education, primary education, secondary education, high school education or equivalent, and

> 9 It is not clear whether MAP patients pay any informal payment, such information will require a household survey.

7
(on the vertical axis) and services imports (on the horizontal axis). Both rates are negative for all countries – except for Japan for which the services import growth is positive. But interestingly, imports of goods are contracting faster for all countries except Australia and Poland. Until more detailed data become available, we can only conclude that evidence from other OECD countries does not contradict the picture of the relative resilience of services trade emerging from US data.<sup>10</sup> Figure 6: Growth of Goods and Services Imports of 29 OECD and 2 Non-OECD Countries, Quarterly Growth Rates <!-- Start of picture text --> Japan<br>Brazil<br>Canada<br>MexicoIndonesiaSwitzerlandUnited States<br>Australia New ZealandEuro areaFranceGermany Italy<br>PolandHungaryNetherlandsUnited KingdomCzech RepublicPortugalSpainSlovak RepublicDenmark<br>Finland KoreaGreece Luxembourg IrelandBelgium<br>Sweden<br>Norway<br>Turkey<br>-30 -20 -10 0 10<br>Growth Rate Services Imports<br>Quarterly Growth Rates Imports<br>45 degree line<br>10<br>0<br>-10<br>-20<br>Growth Rate Goods Imports<br>-30<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: OECD, Balance of Payments Statistics, Trade in Services by Partner Country, millions of dollars, seasonally adjusted. Iceland has been dropped.

# **III. UNDERSTANDING THE RESILIENCE:  THE EXPERIENCE OF INDIAN SERVICES EXPORTERS**

This section provides a new perspective on the crisis from the point of view of services exporters. Specifically, we explore the impact of the crisis on Indian companies that export information technology (IT) services or IT-enabled services (ITES) (also referred to as business process outsourcing (BPO)).

At first glance, two aspects of the current crisis do not bode well for Indian services firms’ prospects. First, the epicenter of the crisis, the US accounts for 51 percent of India’s services exports to the OECD countries, and reportedly an even larger 60% share of its exports of IT

> 10 For another assessment of OECD trade during the crisis, see Araujo and Gonnard (2009).

12
PRE Working Paper Series

||mugi|Autbhr||Contact<br>for paper|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|WPS510|Public Expenditure Reviews for<br>Education: The Bank's Experience|Antoine Schwartz<br>Gail Stevenson|October 1990|C. Cristobal<br>33640|
|WPS511|The Macroeconomic<br>Underpinnings<br>of Adjustment Lending|Fred Jaspersen<br>Karim Shariff|October 1990|A. Oropesa<br>39075|
|WPS512|Social Security Reform: The Capital<br>Accumulation and Intergenerational<br>Distribution Effect|Patricio Arrau<br>|October 1990|S. King-Watson<br>31047|
|WPS513|The Business Cycle Associated with<br>Exchange-Rate-Based<br>Stabilization|Miguel A. Kiguel<br>Nissan Liviatan|October 1990|E. Khine<br>39361|
|WPS514|Restrictive Labor Practices in<br>Seaports|Alan S. Harding|October 1990|A. Joseph<br>33743|
|WPS515|Stock Markets in Developing<br>Countries: Key Issues and a<br>Research Agenda|Mansoor Dailami<br>Michael Atkin|October 1990|M. Raggambi<br>37657|
|WPS516|International Capital Mobility and the<br>Costs of U.S. Import Restraints|Jaime de Melo<br>David Roland-Hoist|October 1990|S. Fallon<br>37947|
|WPS517|Do Wage Distortions Justify<br>Protection in the U.S. Auto and<br>Steel Industries?|Jaime de Melo<br>David Tarr|October 1990|S. Fallon<br>37947|
|WPS518|Industrial Organization and Trade<br>Liberalization: Evidence from Korea|Jaime de Melo<br>David Roland-Hoist|October 1990|S. Fallon<br>37947|
|WPS519|Taxes, Outward Orientation, and<br>Growth Performance in Korea|Irene Trela<br>John Whalley|October 1990|A. Bhalla<br>37699|
|WPS520|Trade Reform, Policy Uncertainty,<br>and the Current Account|Sweder van Wijnbergen|October 1990|M. Stroude<br>38831|
|WPS521|World Bank Treatment of the Social<br>Impact of Adjustment Programs|Helena Ribe<br>Soniya Carvalho|October 1990|M. Abiera<br>31262|
|WP522|A Survey of the Costs of World<br>Sugar Policies|Brent Borrell<br>Ronald C. Duncan|October 1990|A. Kitson-Walters<br>33712|
|WPS523|EC Bananarama<br>1992|Brent Borrell<br>Maw-Cheng Yang|October 1990|S. Lipscomb<br>33718|
|WPS524|The Kuwaiti NGOs: Their Role in Aid<br>Flows to Developing Countries|Nural Abdulhadi|October 1990|R. Grimm<br>31129|
|WPS525|School Effects on Achievement in<br>Secondary Mathematics and<br>Portuguese in Brazil|Marlaine E. Lockheed<br>Barbara Bruns|October 1990|C. Cristobal<br>33640|
# _B. R&D investment_

The main sources of data on R&D investment based on comparable definitions are UNESCO, OECD, and RICYT for Latin American countries.<sup>2</sup> These sources use surveys of government agencies to compile information based on a common definition of R&D, which “includes fundamental and applied research, as well as experimental development.” However, R&D does not include investments in mining exploration or soil analysis, and thus might imply a bias against natural resource activities and agriculture.<sup>3</sup> To check the consistency of the data, we compared country data across sources whenever possible. In addition, we examined the over-time variation within countries of the resulting series and discarded data that seemed not to follow reasonable patterns. For example, we discarded observations that were substantially (more than 50% in US dollar values at constant US prices) above or below preceding or subsequent observations. The resulting total number of observations for total R&D investment is 1,453.

In addition, future research could focus on the composition or structure of R&D funding and performance across countries. R&D funded and/or performed by productive firms might be more efficient than investments undertaken by government entities that are not tied to productive activities. Thus the database also covers the distribution of national R&D effort across sources of funding and the agents that perform the R&D activities. The available information covers the shares of total R&D funded and performed by the “productive” sector, as well as higher education and the “public” sector. The productive sector, however, includes private and public

> 2 RICYT is the Spanish acronym for Ibero American Science and Technology Indicators Network (Red Iberoamericana de Indicadores  de Ciencia y Tecnología). This source provides two alternative definitions of R&D, but these are actually two sub-components of R&D – investments in research and investments in development for a handful of countries. We use the total, which is available for most countries of the region. The data for Taiwan (China) are from the Taiwan (China) Statistical Yearbook.

> 3 UNESCO Statistical Yearbook (1980, p. 742). Definitions are common to the OECD, RICYT, and all are based on the Frascatti manual developed by the OECD in the early 1960s.

5
As another way to grasp the extent and types of products offered by banks to SMEs, we collected information on the products listed on the banks’ websites (focusing only on the banks interviewed). This naturally is a lower bound of the number of listed products, as many products offered to SMEs are not explicitly listed on the banks’ websites. Table 2 shows that the number of products and services is large. It can typically be divided into 14 categories: checking or savings accounts, investment products, term loans, credit cards, factoring, leasing, international trade financing, foreign exchange, international payments and collection, employee payments, supplier payments, tax payments, collection of receivables, and insurance products. The table shows that not only the number of products is large, but that the proportion of banks that offer this range of products is also large. On the financing side, there are more products than just the typical loans offered through relationship lending. Certainly, there is heterogeneity across countries. Of the countries interviewed, Serbia is the country with the least number of products offered by banks, followed by Colombia.

The diversity of products offered is associated with the revenues that these products generate. Figure 12 displays the revenue breakdown by type of product collected by the IFC in developed and developing countries. The figure shows that credit generates only part of the revenue, 32% and 38% for developed and developing countries, respectively. The rest is divided between deposits and other products and services. In the case of developing countries, 29% corresponds to deposits and 32% to other products. This is consistent with separate evidence obtained from the World Bank surveys in Argentina and Chile. In those countries too, all types of products seem to have a significant importance in the total revenue generated in the banks’ SME segment, with 29
are present, with this figure being 8 percentage points higher among high non-cognitive ability women (p-value<.10).

In terms of access to financial services, only 12 percent of the households are located in communities where microfinance institutions (MFIs) or commercial banks are available, with higher non-cognitive ability women being 8 percentage points more likely to reside in such communities (p-value<.01). On remoteness, there are no differences between farms managed by high and low non-cognitive ability: 27 percent of the communities are accessible by a paved road, and 51 percent have a regular bus service.

In terms of gender-related sociocultural structures, 31 percent of the households in the sample come from matrilocal communities, with the remaining households coming from patrilocal communities. We see that high non-cognitive ability women are 13 percentage points more likely to come from matrilocal communities (p-value<.01).

# **2.3.2. Differences within Communities**

The remainder of Table 2 examines whether there are observable differences between women types within the same community.<sup>7</sup> The differences presented in Column 2 for Panels B-E are thus conditional on community fixed effects. Panel B focuses on the characteristics of the women. High and low non-cognitive ability women have similar ages: the average woman is 37 years old. The average length of schooling is 5.2 years, with high non-cognitive ability women having an additional 1.4 years of schooling relative to low non-cognitive ability women (p-value<.01). We proxy for cognitive ability with a backward digit span recall test for short term working memory.<sup>8</sup> The average woman

> 7 A _community_ corresponds to a single village or group of villages within a given enumeration area – the level at which the IHPS community questionnaire was administered.

> 8 The digit span test was implemented as follows. The enumerator starts by reading aloud two three-digit numbers to the respondent. After reading each number, the enumerator asks the respondent to repeat back the digits in reverse order. If the respondent remembers at least one of the three-digit numbers, the number of digits is then incremented by one and the testing continues, up to seven digits. The digit span test has been shown to be positively correlated with IQ [e.g. Colom _et al._ 2014].

9
market incomes above the EU median of more than 11.4 percentage points. Less affected is defined as experiencing changes below the EU median but above 0. The non-affected groups include individuals with no changes. Finally, results are also presented for population subgroups among those severely affected.

# **4.1 Total welfare change**

Although on average all EU countries experienced losses in gross market incomes, the simulated losses based on transitions from LFS data have been comparably small (below 5 percent) for the majority of countries (Blue bars in Figure 1). The countries with the highest losses (10 percent or more) are Malta, Ireland, the Slovak Republic, Italy and Greece, with Malta experiencing the highest losses (15 percent). A second group of countries with losses above 5 but below 10 percent are France, Cyprus, Belgium, Austria, Slovenia, Spain and Lithuania.

Thus, the starting point for tax-benefit systems to cushion the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic varies across countries. In most countries, mean changes in disposable incomes are significantly smaller than changes in mean market incomes. Mean disposable incomes decreased by less than 2 percent in 18 out of 27 countries and even slightly increased in Austria, Croatia, Czechia and Luxembourg. Thus, on average, most tax-benefit systems provided sufficient support during the first year of the pandemic. Although this is also partly true for Malta and Ireland, the countries with the highest changes in market incomes, mean changes in disposable income are still comparably high with 6 and 4 percent.

_Figure 1: Mean change in market vs. disposable incomes (in percent)_ <!-- Start of picture text --> MT IE SK IT EL FR CY BE AT SI ES LT PT DE HR EE CZ RO HU PL LV BG SE LU FI DK NL<br>Market (Scenario A vs. D) Disposable (Scenario C vs. D) Disposable (Scenario A vs. D)<br>2<br>0<br>-2<br>-4<br>-6<br>-8<br>-10<br>-12<br>-14<br>-16<br><!-- End of picture text --> Note: See Figure A1 in the Appendix for income quintile specific results. Source: Own calculations based on EUROMOD I4.0+.

Figure A1 in the Appendix presents the same analysis but looking at changes in mean market and disposable income by income quintiles based on equivalized household disposable income in the pre-COVID-19 scenario (scenario D). In most countries, the largest drop in market income is observed in the first two quintiles and the smallest at the top confirming the findings by Christl et al. (2022b) on the regressiveness of the impact on market incomes. The only exceptions are Greece where the largest drop is in quintile three and the smallest in quintile four, Croatia where mean market income remains broadly unchanged in the first quintile and the largest drops (of similar 9
# WPS3611

## **INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY ANALYSIS OF RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT**

## **_The Brantas River Basin, East Java, Indonesia_**<sup>**_1_**</sup>

**Anjali Bhat Kikkeri Ramu Karin Kemper**

### World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3611, May 2005

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._ 1 This paper is a product of the study, “Integrated River Basin Management and the Principle of Managing Water Resources at the Lowest Appropriate Level – When and Why Does It (Not) Work in Practice?” The Research Support Budget of the World Bank provided major funding. The project was carried out by the Agriculture and Rural Development Department at the World Bank. The Water Resources Management Group and the South Asia Social and Environment Unit at the World Bank have provided additional support. The study core team includes Karin Kemper and Ariel Dinar (Co-Task Team Leaders, World Bank), William Blomquist and Anjali Bhat (consultants, Indiana University), Michele Diez (World Bank), William Fru (consultant), and Gisèle Sine (International Network of Basin Organizations). Basin case study consultants include Maureen Ballestero (Tárcoles - Costa Rica), Ken Calbick and David Marshall (Fraser - Canada), Rosa Formiga (Alto Tietê and Jaguaribe - Brazil), Consuelo Giansante (Guadalquivir - Spain), Brian Haisman (Murray Darling - Australia), Kikkeri Ramu and Trie Mulat Sunaryo (Brantas - Indonesia), and Andrzej Tonderski (Warta - Poland). Useful comments on this paper by Teddy Herman and Richard Damania are appreciated. Support during the field visit by Ilham Abla and Guy Alaerts from the World Bank is gratefully acknowledged. We are grateful to the individuals whom we interviewed in the course of this research. None of those individuals is responsible for the findings and conclusions in this paper.
can be diluted when weather outcomes are more coarsely averaged over time.<sup>2</sup> Second, by normalizing daily rainfall values relative to a location- and day-of-year specific climate distribution, our measure effectively summarizes deviations in the timing of rainfall throughout the year. For example, a year where precipitation is exactly equal to the long-run daily average on every day of the year would have zero dry days and zero wet days. But a year with the same total annual precipitation, but where the timing of rainfall throughout the year is significantly shifted, would have many dry and wet days. As a result, when we use dry (wet) days as our measure of precipitation shocks, we can capture effects on firms that result from disruptions to the normal timing of rainfall throughout the year.

# **2.2 Empirical Approach**

The empirical approach exploits cross-sectional variation in the ES data combined with precipitation shocks at the ADM2 geographical unit, while accounting for sub-national ADM1 fixed effects. The main analysis estimates the effect of precipitation shocks at the ADM2 level on sales at the firm level while controlling for temperature and other firm-level controls. The following regression is estimated: i i 1 i i i i (1) ii ii ii ii ii YY = ββ SSho oo + γγXX + SS + αα + ηη + εε Where: _i_ indexes firms, _a_ indexes sub-national ADM1 units, g indexes ADM2 units, s indexes sector (2 digit ISIC level) and _t_ indexes survey-years. Note that ADM2 is more geographically disaggregated unit than ADM1. i i is the log of sales (in USD). i represents measures of precipitation shocks. The ii main precipitation shock is number of dry days for a specific ADM2 unit. Average temperature is also YY SSho oo accounted for in the estimations.

> 2 In this way, our dry (wet) days measure is similar in to the `degree-days’ temperature variables used in Schlenker and Roberts’ well-known analysis of U.S. maize yields (Schlenker & Roberts, 2009).

9