**Table 8: Trade Openness and Barriers in Developing Countries**

||GDP<br>Per Capita|Openness<br>in 2011|Tariff Peak /a <br>(as % of total|Share of Nonoil <br>Imp in AD, CV,|Share of Nonoil<br>Imp in AD, CV,|No. of Msre<br>in Force on|<br>Core NTMs|Ratio of Core N<br>Core NTMs|TMs(in %) /e<br>TQ /f|Core NTMs|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Country|in 2011 (US$)|(Trade/GDP)|tariff lines)|SG in 2007 /b|SG in 2011 /b|AD, CV, SG /d|1990-95|1995-98|2005-11|2005-11 /g|
|Kuwait|62,664|86|0.0|..|..|0|..|..|..|..|
|Singapore|46,241|386|0.0|..|..|0|1|2|..|..|
|Hong Kong, China|34,457|440|0.0|..|..|0|15|0|..|..|
|Korea, Rep.|22,424|102|6.4|0.5|0.4|33|50|25|2|1|
|Saudi Arabia|20,540|97|0.0|..|..|0|..|..|..|..|
|Taiwan, China|20,139|140|0.0|0.1|0.2|6|..|..|1|..|
|Chile|14,394|70|0.0|0.1|0.1|1|5|5|1|3|
|Uruguay|13,866|53|29.0|..|..|0|3|0|..|3|
|Brazil|12,594|23|27.5|1.8|1.7|77|17|2|0||
|Argentina|10,941|40|21.6|1.8|2.5|96|3|2|..|100|
|Venezuela|10,810|46|44.0|..|..|0|..|18|..|28 *|
|Mexico|10,064|62|5.8|0.7|0.3|38|28|13|1|..|
|Malaysia|9,656|177|15.9|0.3|0.2|6|56|19|3|6|
|Mauritius|8,797|116|6.0|..|..|0|..|17|..|1|
|Costa Rica|8,676|78|0.6|..|..|2|..|31|1|..|
|South Africa|8,070|55|22.6|1.0|0.3|34|37|8|5|3|
|Colombia|7,067|34|17.3|0.4|0.5|12|..|6|..|32 *|
|Peru|6,009|48|0.0|1.9|1.3|23|6|..|..|3|
|Jamaica|5,562|71|42.9|..|..|0|..|..|..|..|
|Dominican Rep.|5,530|56|30.4|..|..|3|..|6|0|..|
|China|5,445|55|13.3|3.0|3.2|117|55|10|3|6|
|Thailand|4,972|135|18.9|1.1|1.2|24|37|18|8|3|
|Fiji|4,391|117|36.8|..|..|0|..|5|..|4|
|Tunisia|4,297|103|57.0|..|..|0|54|...|..|...|
|El Salvador|3,702|69|1.7|..|..|0|..|5|..|..|
|Paraguay|3,635|112|20.2|..|..|0|..|..|..|3 *|
|Indonesia /c|3,495|47|7.4|0.3|1.2|25|54|31|..|26 *|
|Morocco|3,054|76|23.6|..|..|0|58|13|..|..|
|Sri Lanka|2,835|52|42.6|..|..|0|..|23|..|4|
|Egypt, Arab Rep.|2,781|47|18.4|..|..|15|57|..|..|..|
|Bolivia|2,421|76|17.5|..|..|0|0|..|..|16 *|
|Philippines|2,370|71|5.0|0.1|0.1|6|12|..|..|6|
|Honduras|2,226|108|0.5|..|..|0|..|..|..|..|
|Ghana|1,570|71|40.5|..|..|0|3|..|..|..|
|India /c|1,489|50|6.3|3.2|6.3|208|99|93|..|12|
|Nigeria|1,452|69|35.0|..|..|0|14|11|..|17|
|Zambia|1,425|79|48.6|..|..|0|..|1|..|..|
|Vietnam|1,411|165|23.1|..|..|0|..|..|..|..|
|Cameroon|1,271|61|54.1|..|..|0|8|..|..|..|
|Cote d'Ivoire|1,195|77|46.8|..|..|0|..|..|1|1|
|Pakistan|1,194|32|44.5|1.1|1.4|33|18|..|..|..|
|Senegal|1,119|68|50.1|..|..|0|10|..|..|..|
|Kenya|808|65|37.7|..|..|0|87|..|..|47 *|
|Benin|802|42|50.3|..|..|0|..|2|..|1|
|Zimbabwe|776|126|32.9|..|..|0|23|..|..|100|
|Bangladesh|735|43|38.0|..|..|0|54||..|17|
|Nepal|619|46|45.3|..|..|0|..|..|..|1|
|Mozambique|535|71|23.8|..|..|0|..|..|..|3|
|Uganda|487|58|37.7|..|..|0|..|3|..|..|
|Malawi|371|78|33.9|..|..|0|..|..|..|4|

Notes: /a Number of tariff lines in percentage at HS 6-digit level with applied rate at 15% or above in 2011 or latest data available. /b Trade-weighted share of nonoil imports in % subject to antidumping (AD), countervailing (CV), Safeguads (SG) and China-specific transitional safeguards. /c Trade-wgted shares of nonoil imports in subject to AD only in 2011 for Indonesia and India are 0.8 and 5.8% respectively. All others are the same as total AD,CV,SG. /d Number of measures in force by notifications to WTO in antidumping, countervailing duties, and safeguards as of 2011 /e Frequency ratio in percentage of core non-tariff measures (NTMs) in HS 2-digit product categories.

/f Tariff quota (TQ) data is computed in HS 6-digit products due to data available in WTO TPR reports.

/g * Other core NTMS are based on UNCTAD/World Bank NTM database, where figures are computed at HS 6-digit level.

Sources: World Bank WDI database (GDPPC, GDP and trade data), UNCTAD TRAINS database (tariff data), WTO Trade profiles and TPR reports (various issues); and Bown, Chad (2013), "Emerging Economies and the Emergence of South-South Protectionism," Journal of World Trade, 47(1): 1-44.

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