# **Table 12: External Validity**

## **Standard Errors: Clustered by Project Type Within Organization OLS Estimates**

|||**2 Fll**<br>**Ghana**|**3 Cli**||**5 Fll**<br>**Nigeria**|**6 Cli**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**(1) Initiation**|**() u**<br>**Completion**|**() ompeton**<br>**Rate**|**(4) Initiation**|**() u**<br>**Completion**|**() ompeton**<br>**Rate**|
|**CS-Autonomy**|0.13***|0.23***|0.12***|0.15***|0.16***|0.18***|
||(0.05)|(0.03)|(0.02)|(0.03)|(0.02)|(0.03)|
|**CS-Incentives/Monitoring**|-0.16***|-0.11**|-0.10***|-0.16***|-0.10***|-0.14***|
||(0.06)|(0.06)|(0.04)|(0.02)|(0.02)|(0.02)|
|**CS-Other**|-0.07***|-0.09***|-0.04**|0.06**|0.06**|0.08***|
||(0.02)|(0.02)|(0.01)|(0.03)|(0.03)|(0.02)|
|**Noise, General and Capital Controls**|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|**Project Controls**|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|**Fixed Effects**|Project Type|Project Type|Project Type|Project Type|Project Type|Project Type|
|**Observations (clusters)**|3620 (30)|3620 (30)|3620 (30)|4721 (201)|4721 (201)|4721 (201)|

**Notes:** *** denotes significance at 1%, ** at 5%, and * at 10% level. Standard errors are in parentheses, and are clustered by project type within organization throughout. All columns report OLS estimates. The dependent variable in Columns 1 and 4 is a dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the project is initiated and 0 otherwise. The dependent variable in Columns 2 and 5 is a dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the project is completed and 0 otherwise. The dependent variable in Columns 3 and 6 is an index of project completion (that is a continuous measure between zero and one). In Nigeria, Project Type fixed effects relate to whether the primary classification of the project is as a financial, training, advocacy, procurement, research, electrification, borehole, dam, building, canal or road project. In Ghana, Project Type fixed effects relate to whether the primary classification of the project is 'Advocacy and Policy Development', 'Financial & Budget Management', 'ICT Management and Research', 'Monitoring, Training and Personnel Management', 'Physical infrastructure', 'Permits and Regulation' or 'Procurement'. In Ghana, sector fixed effects are also included, and relate to whether the project is in the administration, environment, finance, infrastructure, security/diplomacy/justice or social sector. In Nigeria, project controls comprise project-level controls for the project budget, whether the project is new or a rehabilitation, and an assessment of its aggregate complexity by Nigerian engineers. In Ghana, project controls comprise project-level controls for whether the project is regularly implemented by the organization or a one off, whether the project is a bundle of interconnected outputs, and whether the division has to coordinate with actors external to government to implement the project. In Nigeria, capital controls comprise organization-level controls for the logs of number of employees, total budget, and capital budget. In Ghana, capital controls comprise a count of the number of interviews undertaken, which is a close approximation of the total number of employees. In both countries, general controls comprise organization-level controls for the share of the workforce with degrees, the share of the workforce with postgraduate qualifications, and the span of control. In Nigeria, noise controls are four interviewer dummies, indicators of the seniority, gender, and tenure of the managers who responded, the day of the week the interview was conducted, the time of day the interview was conducted, a dummy variable indicating whether the interview was conducted during Ramadan, the duration of the interview, and an indicator of the reliability of the information as coded by the interviewer. In Ghana, noise controls are averages of indicators of the seniority, gender, and tenure of all respondents, the average time of day the interview was conducted and of the reliability of the information as coded by the interviewer. Figures are rounded to two decimal places.