economic sector of legislation is not possible. Yet the website contains a list of modifications with the date which is necessary to provide a more general analysis of legislative predictability.

In the case of Lebanon, the University of Lebanon‘s website hosts a comprehensive collection of laws and regulations that can be filtered by year, date, category, topic and administrative section. The individual page of legislation includes the law title, date of passing, law text as well as the date of first modification. Data is available in a standardized html form and thus relatively easy to collect. Morocco, similar to Lebanon, provides text in a structured html format with information on modifications within the text which would allow an imperfect analysis of legislative predictability.

Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Tunisia provide the most suitable ways to collect our core variables. In the case of Tunisia, the main source is the country’s official gazette. The website requires a preselection of the code of laws (e.g., labor code), which then opens a list of all related laws in a standardized format with a hyperlink to the respective individual law page. The individual page itself contains the category, law title, date of passing, and the law text. The website also provides a single count of total modifications and related legislation with a separate column that further differentiates the overall count of related legislation by degrees and judicial decisions.

For the United Arab Emirates, the Ministry of Justice website offers a legislation portal with all previous legislation, differentiated by categories and a separate table on the side of the websites listing related legislation. The individual legislative page contains the title, text, date of passing and the initiator. In terms of modification, previous changes based on the date are available. The initiator of legislation can only be determined inside the law text which requires a predefined list of possible initiators, similar to Jordan. While data is in a standardized html format, collecting the date and count of modifications requires links across different website pages.

Saudi Arabia offers a website with an extensive list of laws and regulations. The individual page contains the law title, date of introduction, date of passing, the law text, as well as the count and date of modifications. If modified, the part of the legislative text being modified will be highlighted in yellow with a pop-up window that specifies the original law text, as well as the modified text with the date of modification - year/month/day. The modification is thereby forward looking which allows us to simply count the number of modifications and pick the first modification as the date of first modifications.

Qatar shows one of the best data availability patterns. The Almeezan website provides a list of legislation based on the subject or date of legislation with a filter to distinguish between legislative categories (laws, regulations, etc.). The page for individual legislation then contains the title, date of passing, law text, and previous versions of the legislation based on the count and date of each modification. Information on the initiator is limited and contains, similar to Jordan, only the name of the ministry, organization or body. All data is available in a standardized html form.

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