**Table 4. Percent of rural household with diversified and specialized income-generating activities**

|||Per Capita GDP,<br>|Diverse Income|Princip|al Househ|old Income|Source(>=7|5% of Tot|al Income)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Country and year|PPP Constant<br>2005,USD|Portfolio|Ag Wage|Non Ag<br>Wage|Self Emp|Transfers|Other|Farm|
||Ethiopia|453.6|10%|1%|1%|2%|1%|1%|83%|
||Ghana 1992|949|22%|1%|4%|10%|3%|0%|60%|
||Ghana 1998|1051|24%|1%|6%|15%|3%|0%|50%|
||Ghana 2005|1222|23%|2%|6%|20%|5%|0%|44%|
||Kenya 2005|1340|35%|4%|10%|6%|9%|1%|36%|
|ries|Madagascar 1993|895|31%|1%|3%|4%|1%|0%|59%|
|unt|Malawi 2004|640|37%|3%|4%|3%|1%|0%|52%|
|Co|Malawi 2011|785|29%|7%|5%|3%|1%|0%|54%|
|can|Niger 2010/2011|535|46%|0%|2%|10%|3%|0%|38%|
|Afri|Nigeria 2004|1707|14%|0%|6%|7%|1%|0%|72%|
||Nigeria 2010|2120|20%|0%|8%|22%|0%|1%|49%|
||Tanzania 2009|1240|35%|1%|3%|5%|4%|0%|53%|
||Uganda 2005/2006|966|35%|6%|7%|8%|3%|0%|41%|
||Uganda 2009/2010|1130|39%|3%|5%|8%|2%|0%|43%|
||_Simple mean_||_29%_|_2%_|_5%_|_9%_|_3%_|_0%_|_52%_|
||Albania 2002|4710|51%|1%|7%|3%|11%|0%|27%|
||Albania 2005|5463|55%|1%|9%|5%|10%|0%|19%|
||Bangladesh 2000|901|52%|11%|12%|10%|5%|2%|6%|
||Bangladesh 2005|1068|53%|9%|15%|8%|4%|2%|10%|
||Bolivia 2005|3758|51%|4%|11%|22%|5%|1%|7%|
||Bulgaria 1995|6930|50%|7%|15%|2%|21%|0%|5%|
||Bulgaria 2001|7348|41%|2%|9%|1%|43%|0%|3%|
||Ecuador 1995|5658|46%|13%|12%|9%|2%|1%|17%|
||Ecuador 1998|5862|30%|12%|11%|12%|6%|4%|24%|
||Guatemala 2000|3966|55%|9%|13%|6%|5%|0%|13%|
|s|Guatemala 2006|4178|52%|9%|17%|5%|7%|0%|9%|
|trie|Indonesia 1993|2487|24%|5%|8%|15%|11%|1%|35%|
|oun|Indonesia 2000|2724|42%|6%|14%|10%|11%|1%|16%|
|C|Nepal 1996|829|52%|7%|6%|4%|3%|0%|27%|
|ican|Nepal 2003|926|53%|4%|12%|5%|7%|0%|19%|
|Afr|Nicaragua 1998|1961|35%|16%|15%|6%|3%|0%|25%|
|on|Nicaragua 2001|2145|44%|13%|14%|6%|1%|0%|22%|
|N|Nicaragua 2005|2311|42%|13%|10%|5%|4%|0%|25%|
||Pakistan 1991|1719|24%|3%|20%|14%|1%|0%|37%|
||Pakistan 2001|1923|36%|5%|19%|7%|9%|2%|22%|
||Panama 1997|7554|48%|8%|23%|6%|6%|1%|8%|
||Panama 2003|8267|49%|10%|20%|10%|7%|0%|5%|
||Tajikistan 2003|1283|54%|5%|4%|1%|5%|0%|32%|
||Tajikistan 2007|1656|50%|1%|5%|0%|1%|0%|43%|
||Vietnam 1992|997|35%|3%|2%|15%|1%|0%|44%|
||Vietnam 1998|1448|44%|2%|2%|13%|1%|0%|38%|
||Vietnam 2002|1780|48%|2%|12%|10%|2%|0%|25%|
||_Simple mean_||_45%_|_7%_|_12%_|_8%_|_7%_|_1%_|_21%_|

_Note: Bordered cells indicate the category with the highest percentage in each country. Shaded cells indicate the specialization category (i.e. excluding diversified) with the highest percentage._ A rural household may have multiple activities for a variety of reasons: as a response to market failures, such as in credit markets, and thus earning cash to finance agricultural activities, or insurance markets, and thus spreading risks among different activities; failure of any one activity to provide enough income; or different skills and attributes of individual household members. Diversification into rural nonfarm activities can thus reflect activities in either high or low-return sectors. Rural nonfarm activities may or may not be countercyclical with agriculture, both within and between years, and particularly if not highly correlated with agriculture, they can serve as a 16