Community questionnaires are administered separately to community "informants", and collect information on infrastructure, employment opportunities, availability of credit, and public services, including schools and health facilities.<sup>65</sup> In some LSMS surveys, detailed service provider (health facility or school) data have been collected. In the case of the health sector, facility surveys were implemented in C6te d'Ivoire (1987), Jamaica (1989), and Viet Nam (1998).66 The facility surveys have been included to provide complementary data primarily on prices of health care and medicines, and health care quality. Health facilities have rarely been the object of analysis in research based on LSMS surveys. Quality data may include both structure (staffing, equipment, drugs, etc.) and process (diagnosis, treatment, attentiveness and staff attitude) dimensions of health care quality. The facility surveys have in some cases included private health care providers (Jamaica).

# Experiences with LSMS Health IFacuty Surveys

_Jamaica._ A survey of health care facilities was carried out in September 1990. The data were meant to complement the expanded health module of the 1989 LSMS survey. All public health facilities and a sample of private providers were surveyed. Data collection was based on four separate health services questionnaires: public primary, private primary, public secondary/tertiary and private secondary/tertiary. At primary level, questions related to: catchment area, facility characteristics, patient services, immunization offered, personnel, beds, transportation, drug supply and equipment, family planning services, and maternal health services.<sup>6 7</sup> There were slight differences in the questionnaires administered to public and private facilities.<sup>68</sup> The survey instruments for secondary/tertiary level included more detailed questions on facility characteristics, personnel, and equipment. In the household survey, detailed data on illness episodes and care seeking patterns, including the name of facilities visited, were collected (The World Bank 2001).

_Cote d'Ivoire._ The survey instruments for C6te d'Ivoire preceded the Jamaica survey, and are much more limited. The facility questionnaire includes many of the same sections as the Jamaica survey, but each section is less comprehensive. In addition, no specific data on family planning and maternity care services were collected, and no attempt was made to capture process dimensions of health care quality.

> **65** In the area of health, surveys have covered question conceming the type of health care providers that are available in the community, costs of treatments and medicines, travel times to the respective providers, means and costs of transport, and public health services and programme, including immunization programmes and information campaigns. In some countries, community level data have been sufficiently detailed to permit analysis of the relationship between health care infrastructure and health seeking behaviour and outcomes (e.g., LSMS surveys in Ghana (1987/88, 1991/92, 1998/99) Guyana (1992/93), Pakistan (1991), and Tanzania (1991, 1993)).

> **66** School surveys were included in Jamaica (1990) and Viet Nam (1997/98).

> **67** In respect of maternity care, the questionnaire sought to assess the process of care. This was done by reviewing a range of services/activities with the appropriate staff member, and asking him/her whether the respective service was included m a standard pre-natal visit and for what group of women.

> 6 For private facilities, questions conceming laboratory services were more detailed. Also, questions concerning staff wages, patient flows, revenues, and expenditures were included.

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