relaxes the credit constraints that prevent clients from adopting LARCs due to their high upfront costs.<sup>1</sup> The tablet-based _app_ collects detailed information on client characteristics and choices. We are interested in whether the client adopted (i) a LARC (the IUD or the implant), (ii) a short-acting method, or SARC (the injectable or the pill), or (iii) no modern contraceptive method. We find that discounts for LARCs had a large effect on their adoption: while 32% of all eligible clients adopted a LARC at full price (CFA 4,000 or approximately USD 7.25), this share increased to 45% at mid prices (USD 1.8 or 3.6), and 48% at low prices (free or USD 0.25). Adolescents were particularly price-sensitive: take-up increased from 12% at full price to 42% at mid and 55% at low prices. The increase in LARC adoption is accompanied by a similar reduction in the share of clients adopting no modern method, rather than a shift from SARCs.

SDM was also effective in increasing LARC uptake, with this effect significantly interacting with the _discount_ treatment. Under IDM, only 11.4% of the clients adopted a LARC at full price. This share more than tripled to 35.3% under SDM. SDM may have also made clients less price-sensitive: discounts, on average, increased LARC uptake by 17 percentage points (pp) under IDM but the point estimate is close to zero under SDM (although the difference between the two effects is only statistically significant at the 10% level). We present a model of individual utility maximization, where clients care about the price and the perceived returns from adopting a LARC, that is consistent with this finding (Appendix C). The results indicate that a simple behavioral nudge during counseling can increase the willingness-to-pay for LARCs to a level sufficiently high so as to make discounts ineffective in further increasing adoption.<sup>2</sup> Our paper is related to the literature on the effect of providing vouchers and other price changes on contraceptive use (McKelvey et al., 2012). Prior research has shown that providing vouchers that fully or partially subsidize FP services increase the use of modern contraceptives among women (Ashraf et al., 2014; Bellows et al., 2016; Anukriti et al., 2021). Shah et al. 2021 finds that free provision of modern contraceptives to adolescent females at girls’ clubs in Tanzania did not lead to increased take-up. Ashraf et al. (2014) find that provision of vouchers to married women in the presence of husbands reduces their redemption compared to them being offered when they are alone in the setting of a large clinic in Lusaka. Recent quasi-experimental studies also indicate that women, unmarried young women in particular, may be responsive to contraceptive prices (Rau et al., 2017), with adolescents in the U.S. selecting LARCs and continuing to use them longterm (Mestad et al., 2011) and programs encouraging clinics to stock and provide free LARCs to low-income women causing decreases in teen birth rates (Lindo and Packham, 2017).

Our paper contributes to this literature by demonstrating that offering FP counseling and discounts to female clients at healthcare facilities can achieve large reductions in the number of women not using a modern method but wanting to delay pregnancy. While we find that discounts are effective

> 1The high upfront costs of LARCs, along with high cost of removals, contrast with the per-month cost of protection from unintended pregnancies. The IUD can be used for up to 10 years while the implant lasts three-to-five years. In contrast, the injectable (Depo-Provera) provides protection for only three months, while the pill needs to be taken everyday.

> 2In principle, there could be negative consequences of the counseling intervention for women’s autonomy and decision-making. Using follow-up surveys with a latter cohort of clients in the adaptive experiment, We found no differences between the two counseling arms in terms of client satisfaction or their willingness to return to the hospital for FP services in the future (see Section 4.2).

3