### **_Province 2: South Kalimantan_**

South Kalimantan, located in southern Borneo, has a population of 4.1 million people. There is a higher population of males than females, with a population sex ratio is of 102.9.<sup>13</sup> Unlike East Java, South Kalimantan is located outside Java and is known as a migrant area; males often predominate in migrant areas as a share of the overall population, since men more commonly migrate for work. Data from the population census in 2010 show that the proportion of male migrants is 58 percent of total migrants. The average GPI for NERs at primary up to senior secondary is 0.99 and the literacy rate for males aged 50 years and above is 7.5 percentage points higher than for females in the same age group. At the primary, junior secondary and senior secondary levels there are more female than male teachers at every level, with about 8,000 more females at primary, 3,000 more at junior secondary and 1,000 more at senior secondary.<sup>14</sup> Yet, only 27 percent of school principals are female. South Kalimantan has a child marriage rate of 33.7 percent (i.e., more than one-third of ever-married females aged 20-24 years), placing it fourth of 33 provinces (UNICEF, 2016).

Unlike Sampang and Bangkalan, which are in rural areas, two urban areas were selected for field visits for this study in South Kalimantan, namely Banjar Baru and Banjarmasin. The most recent data in 2018 show that the average GPI for NERs in Banjar Baru is 0.98.<sup>15</sup> Unlike the national figure where the gender gap in literacy of the younger generation is insignificant, Banjar Baru is found to have a 2-percentage-point gender gap in literacy favoring females. For the older generation, the gender gap is lower than the national average, with a 3.09 percentage point gap favoring males.<sup>16</sup> In Banjarmasin, the average GPI for NERs is 0.95 and there is a 0.4-percentage point gender gap in adult literacy favoring males for the young generation, while for the older generation the gap is nearly 2.74 percentage points favoring males.

# 3. Findings

We use administrative, survey, and census data, and other studies to reveal several elements of gender disparity and issues of social inclusion; combined with data gathered from the field visits to East Java and South Kalimantan.

## 3.1. Gender Disparity in School Participation

Nationally, Indonesia has achieved gender parity in school participation. There is gender parity for Net Enrollment Rate (NER) at primary level (1.00). Then the gender parity index (GPI) for NER increases with each level of education, so that at senior secondary the GPI for NERs is 1.03 and at tertiary it is 1.15, showing that, relative to the school-age populations for males and females, a higher proportion of schoolage females are in school than school-age males.<sup>17</sup> The significant improvement in school participation has been accumulatively contributed by various government programs in the past decades. The national educational development program started in 1948 with the ‘alleviation of illiteracy’ program. The second stage was launched in 1973 through the presidential instruction on elementary school development assistance (locally known by the _SD Inpres Program_ ). Afterward, the 6-year compulsory education program ( _Wajar_ ) was launched in 1984, which was then followed by the 9-year compulsory education program in 1984, and currently the government is

> 13 BPS (2018).

> 14 Overview of Education and Cultural Data 2017/18.

> 15 Susenas 2018.

> 16 Susenas 2018.

> 17 Susenas 2018.

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