|index<br>6)<br>No PB<br>(9)<br>-0.061<br>(0.221)<br>0.625<br>(0.166)**<br>-0.144<br>(0.396)<br>0.177<br>(0.132)<br>0.064<br>(0.224)<br>0.166<br>(0.480)<br>-0.442<br>(0.676)<br>3782<br>366<br>12.17<br>26.47<br>13.78<br>13.63<br>he existence<br>riates using<br>pality level.<br>f per capita<br>enrollment,<br> the mean of<br> is measured<br>database.|
|---|
|her quality <br>mean = 0.0<br>PB<br>(8)<br>0.050<br>(0.168)<br>0.532<br>(0.143)**<br>-0.551<br>(0.373)<br>-0.006<br>(0.083)<br>0.023<br>(0.074)<br>0.386<br>(0.282)<br>0.092<br>(0.354)<br>1931<br>172<br>20.50<br>19.55<br>10.12<br>15.03<br> _t_. PB is t<br>h these cova<br>t the munici<br>1997 levels o<br>pre-primary<br>nue is 7.82, <br> Population <br> budgeting|
|Teac<br>(<br>All<br>(7)<br>-0.096<br>(0.142)<br>0.642<br>(0.111)**<br>-0.191<br>(0.275)<br>0.154<br>(0.077)*<br>0.040<br>(0.057)<br>0.481<br>(0.215)*<br>-0.219<br>(0.302)<br>5713<br>538<br>21.44<br>44.03<br>16.35<br>27.74<br>0,000 in year<br>teraction wit<br>d clustered a<br> pre-reform, <br>ipal) schools,<br>er capita reve<br>cient is 0.39. <br> participatory|
|per capita<br>9)<br>No PB<br>(6)<br>0.730<br>(0.152)**<br>-0.669<br>(0.111)**<br>-0.814<br>(0.249)**<br>-0.126<br>(0.132)<br>-0.198<br>(0.135)<br>-0.043<br>(0.311)<br>0.749<br>(0.506)<br>4087<br>367<br>12.78<br>26.16<br>14.60<br>17.81<br>n exceeding 5<br>ue and its in<br>arentheses, an<br>cted with the<br>al (non-munic<br>he mean of p<br>ean Gini coef<br>izer-Wampler|
|Education spending <br>(mean = 1.9<br>All<br>PB<br>(4)<br>(5)<br>0.700<br>0.475<br>(0.105)**<br>(0.101)**<br>-0.565<br>-0.240<br>(0.082)**<br>(0.083)**<br>-0.711<br>-0.389<br>(0.180)**<br>(0.210)+<br>-0.074<br>0.135<br>(0.085)<br>(0.090)<br>-0.029<br>0.051<br>(0.053)<br>(0.049)<br>-0.327<br>-0.170<br>(0.199)<br>(0.255)<br>0.349<br>0.027<br>(0.219)<br>(0.241)<br>6163<br>2076<br>539<br>172<br>20.08<br>16.29<br>45.22<br>20.44<br>15.84<br>6.96<br>31.43<br>14.07<br> are those with populatio<br>8. I instrument for reven<br> standard errors are in p<br> a linear time trend intera<br>l students in state or feder<br>.05; + indicates p_<_.10. T<br>ncome is 0.22, and the m<br>o Nacional, and the Avrt|
|Dependent Variable:<br>Fraction of 0-6 population enrolled<br>(mean = 0.22)<br>All<br>PB<br>No PB<br>(1)<br>(2)<br>(3)<br>Revenue<br>0.028<br>0.016<br>0.041<br>(0.013)*<br>(0.015)<br>(0.020)*<br>Revenue x median income<br>-0.055<br>-0.038<br>-0.067<br>(0.011)**<br>(0.012)**<br>(0.017)**<br>Revenue x gini<br>-0.019<br>-0.012<br>-0.035<br>(0.024)<br>(0.036)<br>(0.034)<br>Average income<br>0.004<br>0.020<br>-0.014<br>(0.008)<br>(0.009)*<br>(0.013)<br>Population<br>-0.012<br>-0.007<br>-0.017<br>(0.005)*<br>(0.005)<br>(0.018)<br>0-6 population<br>-0.053<br>-0.062<br>-0.007<br>(0.018)**<br>(0.022)**<br>(0.041)<br>7-15 population<br>0.011<br>0.004<br>0.010<br>(0.019)<br>(0.019)<br>(0.068)<br>Observations<br>6225<br>2102<br>4123<br>Municipalities<br>539<br>172<br>367<br>_F Stat, Excluded Instruments:_<br>Dep. Var. is revenue<br>23.52<br>20.12<br>14.33<br>Dep. Var. is revenue x med inc<br>48.02<br>20.76<br>26.49<br>Dep. Var. is revenue x gini<br>18.73<br>9.51<br>16.38<br>Kleibergen-Papp rk LM Stat<br>30.80<br>16.59<br>14.43<br>(underidentifcation)<br>_Notes:_ An observation is a municipality - year. Large municipalities <br>of participatory budgeting institutions at some point during 1995-200<br>simulated revenue and its interaction with the same covariates. Robust<br>All specifcations include municipality and year fxed efects, as well as <br>revenue, per capita transfer revenue, the fraction of public primary schoo<br>and pre-primary enrollment squared. ** indicates p_<_.01; * indicates p_<_<br>average per capita income is 0.52, the mean of 2000 median per capita i<br>in 100,000s.<br>_Sources:_ Author’s calculations based on data from IBGE, INEP, Tesour|

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