Table 7: Heterogeneity on Attitudes Response by Refugee Camp Presence

||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|VARIABLES|Attitudes<br>Event Regions|Attitudes<br>All Regions|IHS income<br>All Regions|Attitudes<br>Event Regions|Attitudes<br>All Regions|IHS Income<br>All Regions|
|Post-event: _≥_10,000 increase|0.039|-0.010|-0.006||||
||(0.031)|(0.025)|(0.058)||||
|Post-event: _≥_10,000 increase*Camp|-0.015|0.028|-0.074||||
||(0.032)|(0.033)|(0.092)||||
|Post-event: _≥_5,000 increase||||0.006|-0.057**|-0.069|
|||||(0.028)|(0.023)|(0.054)|
|Post-event: _≥_5,000 increase*Camp||||0.019|0.050*|-0.040|
|||||(0.028)|(0.030)|(0.088)|
|IHS refugee population|-0.003|0.002|-0.003|-0.002|0.002|0.002|
||(0.005)|(0.004)|(0.012)|(0.004)|(0.004)|(0.011)|
|IHS region population|0.022|-0.002|0.323|0.089|0.073|0.215|
||(0.265)|(0.177)|(0.639)|(0.178)|(0.119)|(0.308)|
|Observations|71,313|216,051|228,701|90,496|268,390|300,547|
|R-squared|0.098|0.142|0.372|0.102|0.133|0.386|
|Event FE|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Year FE|Yes|No|Yes|Yes|No|No|
|Country*Year FE|No|Yes|No|No|Yes|Yes|
|Never treated Regions|No|Yes|No|No|Yes|Yes|
|Dep Var Mean|0.609|0.614|7.449|0.611|0.611|7.363|
|Events|113|113|110|150|150|147|
|Years|12|12|10|12|12|10|
|Regions|101|600|584|132|697|680|
|Countries|35|35|34|41|41|40|

Notes: * significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%. The dependent variables are the attitudes towards immigrants question (columns 1, 2, 4 and 5), equal to 1 if the respondent answers yes to the question “is the city or area where you live a good place to live for immigrants from other countries?”, 0 for disagreement, and missing for blanks or refusals, and inverse hyperbolic transformation of per capita annual household income in international dollars (columns 3 and 5). Regional controls for the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation of region population and refugee population at the year of the event, and individual controls for age, age squared, sex, educational level and city size were used. The sample includes individual respondents to the Gallup World Poll in region-years (columns 1 and 4) and country-years (columns 2, 3, 5 and 6) who were surveyed within 4 years before or after an event. An event is defined as a region with an increase of at least 10,000 refugees (rows 1 and 2) or 5,000 refugees (rows 3 and 4) in a calendar year. Results use the Gallup sampling weights and standard errors are clustered at the event level.

intervals on our estimates are reasonably precise and do allow for the refutation of some important possible effect sizes.

One reason for the null results, and potential for bias overall, is the measurement of our main dependent variable.<sup>36</sup> First, the Gallup World Poll survey question asks about immigrants instead of refugees, and those attitudes likely differ in some cases. However, in the large events we study in heavily impacted regions, refugees are likely to be a large share of the immigrant population and potentially the main

> 36The measures of other variables could also attenuate our results. The region-level data on populations also likely contains measurement error, which could generate events in the data that do not correspond to the setting. We are working to verify these data and the events under study.

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