**<u>Table 2: Smallholder parcel and plot statistics</u>**

||**All**||**Region**||**Respon**|**dent gender**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**Malawi **|**North **|**Center **|**South **|**Male**|**Female**|**t-test**|
|**Parcel characteristics**||||||||
|Area (ha)|0.61|0.36|0.93|0.46|0.68|0.50|***|
|Years used<br>|11.58<br>|9.47<br>|11.51<br>|12.47<br>|10.31<br>|13.66<br>|***<br>|
|Share customary|0.77|0.78|0.75|0.77|0.77|0.76|***|
|Share freehold|0.20|0.18|0.20|0.20|0.19|0.21|***|
|Inherited from parents/spouse|0.66|0.53|0.65|0.65|0.63|0.63||
|<br>Received from village headman|0.19|0.23|0.17|0.19|0.19|0.19||
|Bought|0.02|0.03|0.02|0.02|0.02|0.02||
|Rented/borrowed|0.04|0.05|0.05|0.03|0.04|0.03|***|
|Mountain slope|0.15|0.25|0.13|0.13|0.15|0.15||
|Dregs|0.08|0.07|0.06|0.10|0.08|0.08||
|<br>Plain|<br>0.73|<br>0.63|<br>0.78|<br>0.73|<br>0.74|<br>0.73||
|Located in the village|0.77|0.84|0.73|0.78|0.77|0.78|**|
|<br>Located outside village but same TA|0.23|0.16|0.27|0.22|0.23|0.22|**|
|**Owner characteristics**||||||||
|Operator is owner|0.81|0.81|0.81|0.81|0.79|0.84|***|
|<br>Female operator|0.38|0.34|0.33|0.44|0.00|1.00||
|Operator's age|43.13|43.80|42.21|43.60|41.61|45.61|***|
|Operator not completed any school|0.27|0.12|0.29|0.32|0.18|0.42|***|
|<br>Operator with primary 1-5|0.29|0.24|0.31|0.30|0.29|0.30|**|
|Operator with primary 6-8|0.30|0.40|0.28|0.26|0.34|0.22|***|
|Operator with secondary and above|0.14|0.23|0.12|0.11|0.19|0.06|***|
|<br>Operator born in the village|0.58|0.57|0.60|0.57|0.54|0.63|***|
|<br>**Land-related investment**||||||||
|Practiced crop rotation|0.13|0.14|0.23|0.04|0.15|0.09|***|
|<br>Built terrace|0.07|0.03|0.09|0.07|0.08|0.07||
|Fallowed last 3 years<br>|0.15<br>|0.18<br>|0.16<br>|0.12<br>|0.15<br>|0.14<br>|**<br>|
|Operator planted fruit trees|0.18|0.17|0.17|0.20|0.18|0.19|**|
|<br>Operator planted non-fruit trees|0.08|0.04|0.09|0.08|0.08|0.07|**|
|<br>**Plot use**||||||||
|Plot area (ha)|0.43|0.29|0.55|0.39|0.46|0.39|***|
|Crop area (ha)|0.39|0.28|0.51|0.34|0.42|0.35|***|
|Share of area maize|0.46|0.38|0.47|0.49|0.43|0.52|***|
|Share of area wheat|0.24|0.26|0.26|0.22|0.27|0.20|***|
|Share of area sorghum/millet|0.10|0.07|0.11|0.08|0.09|0.08|*|
|<br>Share of area rice|0.08|0.08|0.10|0.07|0.08|0.07|**|
|Share of area coffee|0.02|0.07|0.02|0.01|0.02|0.02|**|
|Share of area tobacco|0.01|0.00|0.00|0.01|0.01|0.01||
|**Output and inputs**||||||||
|Output value (US$/ha)|304.51|416.52|256.33|303.92|319.65|284.07|***|
|<br>Used organic manure|0.36|0.41|0.42|0.30|0.38|0.34|***|
|Value of organic manure (US$)|4.20|5.35|5.33|2.96|4.55|3.74|***|
|<br>Used chemical fertilizer|0.07|0.05|0.04|0.11|0.07|0.07||
|Value of chemical fertilizer (US$)|0.19|0.16|0.13|0.24|0.19|0.18||
|<br>Purchased seed|0.11|0.07|0.15|0.10|0.12|0.10|***|
|Value of seed (US$)|0.40|0.26|0.60|0.30|0.49|0.28|***|
|<br>Plot ridged|0.91|0.86|0.96|0.88|0.91|0.91||
|<br>Plot ridged manually|0.89|0.80|0.96|0.87|0.89|0.90|*|
|<br>Plot planted manually|1.00|0.99|1.00|1.00|1.00|1.00||
|<br>Plot weeded|0.99|0.99|0.99|0.99|0.99|0.99||
|Plot weeded manually|0.99|0.98|0.99|0.99|0.99|0.98||
|<br>Male members worked on plot|0.75|0.80|0.78|0.72|0.97|0.46|***|
|<br>Female members worked on plot|0.96|0.95|0.96|0.96|0.93|0.99|***|
|Children worked on plot<br>|0.34<br>|0.43<br>|0.33<br>|0.32<br>|0.33<br>|0.36<br>|***|
|Number of plots|13367|2357|4826|6184|8159|5208||
|<br>Number ofparcels|17154|3108|6191|7855|10629|6525||

_Source:_ Own computation from 2006/07 NACAL (regression sample only). Household members working on a plot are defined as engaged in all 4 activities. t-tests for differences in means between males and females (*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1).

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