# <u>Table A8. Relationship between migration, schooling, and skills in Pakistan</u>

||||**M**|**en**||||**Women**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)<br>Out of<br>village|(2)<br>Out of<br>village|(3)<br>Out of<br>village|(4)<br>Out of<br>Pakistan|(5)<br>Out of<br>Pakistan|(6)<br>Out of<br>Pakistan|(7)<br>Out of<br>village|(8)<br>Out of<br>village|(9)<br>Out of<br>village|
|Years of schooling|0.006**|0.007**|-0.002|-0.000|0.001|0.002|-0.002|-0.002|0.003|
||(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.004)|(0.002)|(0.001)|(0.001)|(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.004)|
|Cognitive skills|||0.039**|||-0.005|||-0.031|
||||(0.015)|||(0.005)|||(0.020)|
|SEM skills|||0.046***|||-0.000|||-0.009|
||||(0.010)|||(0.003)|||(0.012)|
|Mother highest grade|0.006|0.004|0.003|0.003|0.001|0.001|0.003|0.003|0.003|
||(0.004)|(0.004)|(0.004)|(0.003)|(0.001)|(0.001)|(0.004)|(0.005)|(0.005)|
|Father highest grade|-0.002|0.000|-0.000|-0.003*|-0.001|-0.001|-0.002|-0.000|0.000|
||(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.002)|(0.001)|(0.001)|(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.003)|
|HH SES in 2003|-0.005|-0.010*|-0.010|0.006*|0.002*|0.002*|-0.014**|-0.016***|-0.015***|
||(0.006)|(0.006)|(0.006)|(0.003)|(0.001)|(0.001)|(0.006)|(0.006)|(0.005)|
|Constant|0.007|0.003|0.106**|0.017|0.019|0.011|0.007|-0.001|-0.033|
||(0.040)|(0.040)|(0.045)|(0.025)|(0.011)|(0.014)|(0.019)|(0.019)|(0.027)|
|Observations|2,595|2,217|2,217|2,595|2,217|2,217|2,360|2,174|2,174|
|Adjusted R-squared|0.026|0.023|0.035|0.025|0.006|0.005|0.128|0.129|0.130|
|District FE|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Age FE|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Samle|All|Has skills|Has skills|All|Has skills|Has skills|Has skills|Has skills|Has skills|
|p||measures|measures||measures|measures|measures|measures|measures|
|Number of clusters|108|108|108|108|108|108|108|108|108|
|Mean dependent|0.348|0.267|0.267|0.104|0.0289|0.0289|0.430|0.395|0.395|

* p<.10  ** p<.05  *** p<.01

_Notes_ . The dependent variable “Out of village” in columns (1) to (3) and (7) to (9) indicates whether the respondent lives outside the village where we initially surveyed their household (their natal village most of the time). The dependent variable “Out of Pakistan” in columns (4) to (6) indicates whether the respondent lives outside of Pakistan. Out of the 2,360 women in the sample, only 11 reported residing outside of Pakistan. Therefore, we do not run these regressions for the sample of women. The cognitive skills index is the mean of the Urdu, Mathematics, and English scores computed using Item Response Theory with a two-parameter logistic (2PL) model. The items included in the model are those from the paper-based test and the tablet-based computer-adaptive test (leaving out items that less than 50 respondents answered and items that less than 5% or more than 95% of respondents solved correctly). The socioemotional (SEM) skills index is computed using principal-component factor analysis on the Big-Five items, Grit items, BART, and GoNoGo scores. The sample for columns (1) and (4) is all men surveyed. The sample for columns (2), (3), (5), and (6) is all men who answered the direct version of the questionnaire (for whom we have skills measures). The sample for column (7) is all women. The sample for columns (8) and (9) is all women who answered the direct version of the questionnaire (for whom we have skills measures). Standard errors are in parentheses (clustered at the village level). All the regressions include age and district fixed effects.

87