The survey collects information on whether all school-aged children in the household attended school in the last 30 days. This high-frequency measure of attendance is in contrast to school enrollment data compiled at a single point in time and allows for attendance to vary over time and in response to the many conflict-related shocks. Additionally, the survey collects a full food security module (food consumption score and reduced coping strategies index), whether the household had access to health care when needed, whether the household hosted displaced individuals, and whether the household itself had been displaced since the start of the conflict. These indicators make up a multidimensional welfare measure tracked by the WFP and the World Bank (e.g., WFP 2019b).15 We further merge the month and district of households with conflict data obtained from the Armed Conflict and Event Data (ACLED), which give the number of conflict incidents and the number of conflict fatalities in the district for the months around the survey.

Figure 3 reports summary statistics of school attendance. The top panel reports the share of households where not all school-aged children attend school by month of the survey for months in which school was in session; and the bottom panel uses the panel aspect of the data and reports the share of household, by number of surveys answered, in which there was at least one survey in which not all school-aged children attended school in the previous month. In any given survey approximately 20 percent of households report not sending all their children to school in the past month. However, there is a significant amount of instability within each household over time given such a tumultuous environment. The second panel of figure 3 demonstrates that for each additional survey to which households respond, there is a significant increase in the share of households that report not sending all children to school in at least one survey. By four surveys and above, over half of respondents report not sending all children to school in at least one survey.

The data further illustrate the dire food security situation for the entire mobile phone-using population over the course of the survey. Over 30 percent of households had inadequate Food Consumption Scores (FCS), which is defined as an FCS of less than 42;16 food assistance was the primary source of food for nearly 25 percent of households; and approximately 48 percent of households reported their primary difficulty being underemployment and low wages.

However, there are important caveats to note about the data. First, the survey can only be representative of the mobile phone-using population following the beginning of the conflict. Although it is difficult to identify exactly how access to mobile phones has changed since the onset of the conflict, all evidence suggests that access has remained high. The share of the population that lived in a household that owned at least one mobile phone was high prior to the conflict across the entire country and among vulnerable groups,17 there is anecdotal evidence

> 15Additionally, the survey tracks the number of active mobile phone numbers to which the household has access, primary sources of income in the past month, and the primary difficulty faced by the household in the past month.

> 16Food Consumption Scores are the weighted sum of the number of times households consume from specific food groups. They capture both quantity and quality of food consumption.

> 17Prior to the escalation of the conflict, 85 percent of the total population lived in a household that owned at least one mobile phone and would be represented by the household-level survey conducted by the WFP.

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