# **Table   I:   Summary   Statistics**

||**Mean**|**Standard**<br>**Deviation**|**N**|
|---|---|---|---|
|**_Panel A: Village Level_**<br>||||
|_Village Wealth (Median Monthly Expenditure - Rupees)_<br>|4,641.5|1,575.2<br> <br>|112<br> <br>|
|_Number of Households in Village_<br>|631.3|383.9<br> <br>|112<br> <br>|
|_Percent of Adults (>24) Literate in Village_|37.3|11.9<br>|112<br>|
|_Village enrollment % (All)_<br>|70.8|16.9<br> <br>|112<br> <br>|
|_Village enrollment % (Boys)_<br>|76.2|15.6<br> <br>|112<br> <br>|
|_Village enrollment % (Girls)_|64.8|19.7<br>|112<br>|
|_Herfindahl Index of Schools in Village_|0.194|0.076<br>|112<br>|
|**_Panel B: School Level_**<br>||||
|_School Average Test Score_<br>|0.029|0.727<br> <br>|804<br> <br>|
|_School Fees (private schools only - Rupees)_<br>|1,184.4|811.5<br> <br>|289<br> <br>|
|_Number of Students Enrolled at School (All grades)_|166.2|150.7<br>|804<br>|
|_Number of Students Enrolled at School (Grades 1-5)_<br>|88.8|70.6<br> <br>|802<br> <br>|
|_Grade 3 Enrollment at Baseline (Number)_<br>|17.6|15.0<br> <br>|802<br> <br>|
|_Percent of Teachers with More than a Matriculate Education_|0.561|0.302<br>|784<br>|
|**_Panel C: Child Level_**<br>||||
|_Child Average Test Score_<br>|-0.018|0.913<br> <br>|12,110<br> <br>|
|_Female Child_|0.443|0.497<br>|13,735<br>|
|_Child Age_<br>|9.7|1.5<br> <br>|13,733<br> <br>|
|_Child Time in School or School Prep (minutes per day)_|420.8|65.3<br>|983<br>|
|_Child's Time Spent on School Work, not in school (minutes per day)_<br>|96.7|61.5<br>|982<br>|
|_Perception of School Quality (Likert scale: 1 to 5)_|3.3|0.5<br>|619<br>|
|_Parents' Spending on School Fees (Rupees)_<br>|302.5|<br>531.3<br> <br>|<br>954<br> <br>|
|_Parents' Education Spending, other than School Fees (Rupees)_|969.1|822.2<br>|988<br>|
|_Parents' Time Spent Teaching Child(hoursper week)_|3.4|5.2<br>|964<br>|

## _Notes:_

This  table  presents  baseline  summary  statistics  for  outcome  and  control  variables  in  the  main  regression  tables  and  the  online  appendix  tables,  as well  as  other  background  variables  mentioned  in  the  text  of  the  paper.  Panel  A  displays  variables  at  the  village  level.  All  variables  have  112 observations,  which  is  the  number  of  villages  in  our  sample.  Panel  B  displays  variables  at  the  school  level.  Most  variables  consider  those  804  schools which  had  non-­‐zero  Grade  3  enrollment;  missing  data  reduces  the  number  of  observations  in  some  cases.  Some  variables  consider  data  only  from private  schools;  there  are  303  private  schools  in  the  sample,  but  missing/inconsistent  data  further  reduce  the  number  of  observations.  Panel  C displays  variables  at  the  child  level.  These  variables  derive  from  three  different  sources:  (i)  child  roster  data  from  testing  at  the  school  (variables with  greater  than  12000  observations),  (ii)  child  and  parental  data  from  household  survey  for  all  children  in  the  household  data  that  were  matched to  the  school  testing  roster  (variables  with  observations  in  the  900s),  and  (iii)  household  data  on  perceptions  averaged  at  the  school-­‐level  (variable with  619  observations  -­‐  we  have  fewer  than  800  observations,  the  number  of  schools  in  the  sample,  because  parents  were  not  asked  to  provide perceptions  for  schools  they  did  not  know  about  and  could  respond  with  "don't  know").

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