demand‐side constraints account for some 40 percent of the access deficit. Adapting the electrification offer to the socio‐economic situation of the households or regions targeted could help reduce these demand‐side constraints. Newly connected households need not stay in low tiers in the long run. However, the electrification pathway could begin with tailored technological solutions instead of directly aiming at connecting the whole population to the grid. This may also be the only affordable way forward for a number of countries. The emergence of new technologies and business models for mini‐grid and off‐grid electrification should help reduce costs and facilitate the journey towards universal access.

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