“market work,” which is, per the ICLS, synonymous with “employment.” Market work or employment may be measured in a 7-day or 3-month reference period.

A separate set of yes/no keyword questions detect participation in subsistence and domestic work in the past 7 days. Subsistence work involves own-use production of goods (within the 2008 system of national accounts (SNA) production boundary) (ILO 2013). This covers producing or processing for storage agricultural, fishing, hunting and gathering products, collecting or processing for storage mining and forestry products, including firewood, fetching water, and manufacturing household goods (ILO 2013). Once involvement in a subsistence activity is detected, the questionnaire enquires about the number of hours per week spent on that activity. A similar set of questions applies to domestic activities (also known as indirect and direct care work), such as cooking, laundry, cleaning, and direct care work. In this paper, our focus is on “market work” or employment and on “subsistence work,” which we collectively refer to as "extended work,” setting aside for the moment engagement in direct and indirect care work.<sup>7</sup> There is no equivalent set of subsistence and domestic work questions for the 3-months reference period, so the same levels of participation in subsistence and domestic activities are assumed for the 7-day and 3-month reference periods. Any individual engaged in either market or subsistence work (but not solely domestic work) is considered to be engaged in “extended” work in either the 7-day or 3-months reference periods.

# _3.2.2 Project-based household questions_

The household questionnaire contains detailed modules on household farm and non-farm enterprises. Each of these modules is administered to the most knowledgeable individual about the activity. The non-farm enterprise module enquires separately about each non-farm activity that the household engages in and asks the respondent to identify up to three household members involved in the activity in the past three months in the order of their involvement.<sup>8</sup> Non-farm enterprises are necessarily all market-oriented, so there is no difference in market and subsistence definitions for those working in these enterprises.

The farm module is divided into sub-sections on livestock, crop production, and other farm products (such as dairy, eggs, honey, oil, fish, etc.). For each type of livestock that the household currently owns, the questionnaire enquires about the primary person who takes care of the animal and about up to two other household members who participate in caring for the animal. The questionnaire also enquires whether the household has consumed or sold any of the animals during the past 12 months to determine whether the activity is for the purpose of market exchange or exclusively for the household’s own consumption.

> 7 Our “extended work” definition is equivalent to the ICLS-19 concept of “work under the System of National Accounts production boundary.” The new concept of “work” under ICLS-19 includes unpaid direct and indirect care work performed within households (ILO 2013).

> 8 The TLMPS 2014 questionnaire asks about up to 6 individual household members’ involvement in nonagricultural enterprises, but does not ask about individual involvement in agricultural crops or other agricultural products.

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