## **Table 6. Technology Employed by SPSPs**

- **<mark>Water Electricity</mark>**

- • **Piped Network Operators (PNOs)** : Most piped • **Grids or Networked systems:** Electricity is networks have a similar set of components, but capital typically produced by second-hand, high speed diesel investment costs varied widely because of network generators with distribution wires connecting 50-300 length, number of connections and other technical households.  Households may or may not be metered. inputs required.  SPSPs establishing piped networks Service is often offered only during "peak" demand were more likely to rely on professional design and periods--sometimes as little as 3 to 5 hours per day--as engineering inputs (e.g. to drill a borehole or lay a a result of lack of base load, high operating costs piped network.) (fuel) and low average off-peak demand.  Where

- • **Point sources** ranged in complexity from a simple networks are powered by run-of-river or hydro wheels, connection to a standpost/kiosk and tap, to a borehole capacity of wattage may be low (100 to 1000 kW with tank, pipe and tap.  Many were found in peridepending upon river head) but service is constant urban or unplanned settlements with unclear tenure. except during seasonal river lows or flooding periods. Inappropriate planning and technical standards had led • **Home based:** The electricity sector equivalent to to haphazard layout and/or the use of sub-optimal mobile water vendors is the sales or leasing business technology. servicing home and businesses which depend on self-

- • **Mobile distributors** Across all countries studied, generation units.  These are often individual high speed water tankers in use by SPSPs typically had a holding diesel generators, or simple photovoltaic (solar panel) capacity of nine cubic meters.  Many had been systems.

- **Mobile distributors** Across all countries studied,

- water tankers in use by SPSPs typically had a holding capacity of nine cubic meters.  Many had been purchased second-hand and may have transported other goods in the past.

# **4.3 Staffing**

Most SPSPs have flat structures with less than two layers between management and the client. Many owner/managers know their clients and are therefore considered more responsive by consumers. Most SPSPs reviwed in the literature had fewer than 50 employees— the majority of the reports for which employment patterns were detailed indicated that there were fewer than 10 employees (see Table 7). However, despite their small scale, SPSPs can play an important role in job creation. Data on water-supply vending activity in five cities (Port-au-Prince in Haiti, Dakar in Senegal, Nouakchott in Mauritania, Kayes in Mali and Bobo Diaulasso in Burkina Faso), indicates that the number of people employed in vending activities represents two to four per thousand people, or 1 to 3 percent of regular jobs in those cities [Water and Sanitation Program, 2000].

## **Table 7. Typical Staffing Profile  of SPSPs**

- **<u><mark>Water Electricity</mark></u>**

- • The number of staff  typically employed by SPSPs • **Grids or networked systems:** The Cambodia Rural involved in water supply ranges from two to four Energy Enterprise survey is one of the few pieces of employees, for **PNOs** serving fewer than 800 research that has sampled staffing questions for households.  The owner is typically the manager and electricity SPSPs.  There, the average number of fulleither relies on family members or employs a handful time employees per SPSP was found to be three, with a of additional staff on a full- or part-time basis to assist similar number working on a part-time basis. with specialized tasks.  For systems with under 100 • Dealers of **home-based systems** typically had two customers, staff-to-connection ratios are not a useful or three employees, with a high school degree or less, measure of efficiency. one operations manager who is often also the owner, a

- • **Point sources** (kiosks) were often operated by a technical personal and sometimes a person responsible single individual, perhaps supported by family for bill collection and relationships with the clients. An members. additional two to three people work on a part-time

- • Staff reported for **mobile distributors** shows a basis often to support in bill collection or helping with consistent pattern of tankers staffing each truck with a maintenance or the expansion of the system.

- Staff reported for **mobile distributors** shows a

- consistent pattern of tankers staffing each truck with a driver and assistant.

- For small systems,

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