Table A.1: Robustness regressions for proximate correlates of growth polarity, 1968–2008, with real GDP growth rates<sup>*</sup>

||**R1**|**R2**|**R3**|**R4**|**R5**|**R6**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Population|0.718<br>|-1.428<br>|0.407<br>|0.760<br>|0.521<br>|-7.140<br>|
|growth|(0.94)|(1.80)|(0.62)|(1.59)|(1.03)|(3.20)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|
|Investment|0.171<br>|0.456<br>|0.285<br>|0.418<br>|0.468<br>|0.904<br>|
||(0.13)|(0.35)|(0.19)|(0.28)|(0.15)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|(0.41)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|
|Enrollment|0.019|0.174|0.077|-0.120|0.099|-0.126|
||(0.05)|(0.15)|(0.04)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|(0.17)|(0.07)|(0.14)|
|Income per<br>|0.142<br><sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.179<br><sup>_∗∗_</sup>|0.087<br><sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.180<br><sup>_∗∗_</sup>|0.108<br><sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.127<br><sup>_∗∗_</sup>|
|capita<br>Life|(0.05)<br>-0.187|(0.07)<br>-1.177<br>|(0.03)<br>-0.222|(0.07)<br>-1.389<br>|(0.03)<br>-0.243|(0.06)<br>0.096|
|expectancy|(0.16)|(0.65)<sup>_∗_</sup>|(0.19)|(0.66)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|(0.18)|(1.04)|
|Dependency|-0.493|-0.092|-0.367|-0.546|-0.530|-0.086|
|ratio|(0.17)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|(0.33)|(0.19)<sup>_∗_</sup>|(0.44)|(0.20)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|(0.43)|
|Government|-0.628<br>|-1.311<br>|-1.300<br>|-1.501<br>|-0.850<br>|-1.743<br>|
|size|(0.24)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|(0.66)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|(0.44)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|(0.62)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|(0.25)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|(0.64)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|Technology|-0.030<br>(0.02)|-0.036<br>(0.03)|||||
|Infrastructure|||0.005|-0.081|||
||||(0.03)|(0.15)|||
|Africa|||||0.083|0.052|
||||||(0.09)|(0.26)|
|Latin America|||||-0.098<br>|-0.149<br>|
||||||(0.06)<sup>_∗_</sup>|(0.06)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|
|East Asia|||||0.033|-0.003|
||||||(0.06)|(0.14)|
|_F_||3.421<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||2.696<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||4.312<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|Hansen_J_||67.345||70.913||55.126|
|<br>AR(2)||-1.811<sup>_∗_</sup>||-1.418||-1.017|
|Estimator|FE|S-GMM|RE|S-GMM|RE|S-GMM|
|Instruments||79||74||77|
|_N_|611|611|261|261|489|489|
||**R7**|**R8**|**R9**|**R10**|**R11**|**R12**|
|Population|2.570|-2.668|16.343|20.984|0.257|-1.613|
|growth|(1.47)<sup>_∗_</sup>|(2.34)|(8.94)<sup>_∗_</sup>|(14.14)|(1.57)|(2.23)|
|Investment|0.274|0.548|0.512|-1.994|0.344|0.539|
||(0.15)<sup>_∗_</sup>|(0.36)|(0.75)|(1.81)|(0.14)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|(0.39)|
|Enrollment|||-0.252<br>|-0.047<br>|-0.019<br>|-0.084<br>|
||||(0.52)<br>|(1.16)<br>|(0.04)<br>|(0.13)<br>|
|Income per|0.110|0.158|0.498|0.416|0.121|0.145|
|capita|(0.02)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|(0.05)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|(0.15)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|(0.19)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|(0.03)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|(0.05)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|Life|-0.460<br>|-0.637|||-0.184|-0.067|
|expectancy|(0.19)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|(0.44)|||(0.21)|(0.43)|
|Dependency|-0.441<br>|-0.056<br>|-0.132<br>|-1.106<br>|||
|ratio|(0.16)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|(0.29)|(0.65)|(0.74)|||
|Government|-1.158<br>|-1.536<br>|-1.293|0.735|-1.152<br>|-1.596<br>|
|size|(0.36)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|(0.70)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|(1.25)|(1.65)|(0.37)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|(0.68)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|
|Secondary<br>enrollment|0.024<br>(0.03)|0.049<br>(0.06)|||||
|Under-5|||0.246|0.523|||
|mortality|||(0.34)|(0.27)<sup>_∗_</sup>|||
|Child dependency|||||-0.162|0.125|
|ratio|||||(0.09)<sup>_∗_</sup>|(0.22)|
|Aged dependency|||||-0.083|0.129|
|ratio|||||(0.10)|(0.12)|
|_F_||2.867<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||3.001<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||3.292<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|Hansen _J_<br>||66.120||14.671||60.716|
|AR(2)||0.548||-0.258||0.380|
|Estimator<br>|RE|S-GMM<br>|FE|S-GMM<br>|RE|S-GMM<br>|
|Instruments<br>_N_|608|74<br>608|203|64<br>203|633|82<br>633|

> * Growth rates calculated from GDP data in real 2000 U.S. dollars. Sampling frame selected to maximize sample size, and is hence unbalanced. Data periodicity are fiveyear averages. All variables are in log form. Heteroskedasticity and autocorrelationrobust standard errors are reported in parentheses. A lagged dependent variable (GMM only), period fixed effects, and a constant term (all specifications) were included in the regressions, but not reported. _∗_ indicates significance at 10 percent level,<sup>_∗∗_</sup> indicates significance at 5 percent level, and<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup> indicates significance at 1 percent level.

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