39

**Table 10.  IV Regression Analysis of Household Expenditure in Ghana, With Remittance Variables**

|**Variable**|**Food**|**Consumer**<br>**goods,**<br>**durables**|**Housing**|**Education**|**Health**|**Other**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Reciprocal of total per capita<br>expenditure(αi/EXP)<sup>a</sup>|142772.8<br>(0.42)|<br>-242473.5<br>(-0.52)|<br>-11671.54<br>(-0.17)|<br>-3754.90<br>(-0.01)|<br>-77109.66<br>(-0.04)|<br>-1929.32<br>(-0.01)|
|Log total annual per capita household|-.003|-.1268|-.0218779|<br>-.016|-.022|<br>.069|
|expenditure(logEXP)<sup>a</sup>|(-0.03)|(-0.53)|(-1.16)|(-0.20)|(-0.04)|(0.34)|
|Internal remittances dummy (INTREM)|-.492|-2.542|.112|<br>-.266|.247|<br>1.41|
|a|(-0.55)|(-0.58)|(0.58)|(-0.43)|(0.07)|(0.43)|
|(Internal remittances dummy) x (Total|.031|.168|-.0072356|<br>.017|-.016|-.092|
|<br>household expenditure) (INTREM) (log<br>EXP)<sup>a</sup>|<br>(0.54)|<br>(0.58)|<br>(-0.58)|<br> <br>(0.42)|<br>(-0.07)|<br>(-0.43)|
|International remittances dummy|3.936|<br>-6.912|-.016|-.208|-1.89|-.389|
|<br>(EXTREM)<sup>a</sup>|(0.76)|(-0.83)|(-0.03)|(-0.09)|(-0.11)|(-0.11)|
|(International remittances dummy) x|-.251|.440|.0006|<br>.014|.120|.024|
|<br>(Total household expenditure)|<br>(-0.77)|<br>(0.84)|<br>(0.02)|<br> <br>(0.10)|<br>(0.11)|<br>(0.10)|
|(EXTREM)(logEXP)<sup>a</sup>|||||||
|<br>Household size (HS)|.040|<br>-.042|-.0154|.038|<br>.002|-.035|
||(0.57)|(-0.60)|(-1.20)|(1.07)|(0.01)|(-0.42)|
|Household size/total expenditure<sup>a</sup>|-116766.5|86105.52|<br>21910.56|<br>-53800.95|<br>-5846.20|<br>85087.01|
||(-0.74)|(0.61)|(0.77)|(-0.61)|(-0.01)|(0.43)|
|Age of household head (AGEHD)|-003|002|0006|<br>-0007|-00009|002|
||.<br>(-074)|.<br>(052)|.<br>(075)|<br>.<br>(-040)|.<br>(-001)|.<br>(046)|
|Age household head/total expenditure<sup>a</sup>|.<br>9421.31|.<br> <br>-3956.65|.<br> <br>-1266.52|.<br> <br>580.70|.<br> <br>581.14|.<br> <br>-5893.526|
||(0.93)|(-0.51)|(-0.63)|(0.13)|(0.02)|(-0.46)|
|Number of males in household over 15|-.065|.042|.015|<br>-.013|-.004|.033|
|years (MALE15)|(-0.70)|(0.40)|(0.91)|(-0.29)|(-0.01)|(0.29)|
|Number males/total expenditure<sup>a</sup>|218595.3|<br>-120634|-34958.63|<br>26693.73|<br>6866.52|<br>-110007|
||(0.86)|(-0.47)|(-0.83)|(0.22)|(0.01)|(-0.36)|
|Number of children in household less|.218|-.136|-.024|.058|<br>-.008|-.146|
|than 5 years (CHILD5)|(0.78)|(-0.49)|(-0.49)|(0.39)|(-0.01)|(-0.36)|
|<sup>a</sup>|5374528|3013945|<br>5534142|<br>7376403|<br>1383863|<br>3280113|
|Number children/total expenditure|-.<br>|.<br>|<br>.<br>|<br>-.<br>|<br>.<br>|<br>.<br>|
||(-0.83)|(0.53)|(0.50)|(-0.20)|(0.01)|(0.32)|
|Number household members with|.029|.025|-.004|-.020|-.006|.020|
|primary education (EDPRIM)|(0.68)|(0.40)|(-0.55)|(-0.57)|(-0.04)|(0.09)|
|Number primary education/total|-98932.37|-78074.19|<br>6872.87|<br>50441.12|<br>11180.63|<br>-31328.77|
|expenditure<sup>a</sup>|(-0.80)|(-0.41)|(0.38)|(0.52)|(0.03)|(-0.05)|
|Number household members with junior|.048|-.071|-.012|-.005|-.008|.0003|
|<br>secondary education (EDJSS)|(0.35)|(-0.46)|(-0.70)|(-0.08)|(-0.02)|(0.01)|
|Number junior secondary|-261024|<br>271886.6|<br>42616.81|<br>31649.73|<br>23248.33|<br>52349.7|
|education/total expenditure<sup>a</sup>|(-0.53)|(0.48)|(0.71)|(0.15)|(0.02)|(0.08)|
|Number household members with senior|-.048|.067|.004|-.024|.001|.042|
|secondary education (EDSSS)|(-0.25)|(0.57)|(0.26)|(-0.24)|(0.01)|(0.33)|
|Number senior secondary|-19353.02|-207260.7|<br>-13299.35|<br>239205.4|<br>-15523.71|<br>-158034.7|
|education/total expenditure<sup>a</sup>|(-0.02)|(-0.40)|(-0.22)|(0.48)|(-0.01)|(-0.23)|
|Number household members with|-.411|.407|.019|.174|.034|-.034|
|university education (EDUNIV)|(-1.11)|(1.03)|(0.23)|(0.78)|(0.04)|(-0.07)|
|Number university education/total|2628913|-2855247|-73774.8|<br>-1220970|<br>-331464.1|<br>409272.9|
|<br>expenditure<sup>a</sup>|(0.92)|(-0.94)|(-0.11)|(-0.67)|(-0.04)|(0.11)|
|Constant|.497|2.235|.415|<br>.315|.376|-.8724566|
||(0.32)|(0.58)|(1.32)|(0.24)|(0.05)|(-0.26)|
|Model Waldχ<sup>2</sup> (42)|959.95**|173.84**|1234.64**|514.68**|12.23|343.58**|
|Hausmanχ<sup>2</sup> (10)|37.04*|146.75**|29.62**|35.66**|12.99|11.53|
|Overidentificationχ<sup>2</sup>|6.84|3.23|5.6|8.55|5.44|8.28|
|Degrees of freedom for<br>overidentification|4|4|5|4|2|4|