rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
Migration from Zambia : ensuring
            temporariness through cooperation
The paper analyzes migration from Zambia
            in order to understand how migration policy can support
            development in the least developed countries. Overall
            emigration from Zambia is not high by regional standards,
            but the pattern of migration is skewed toward the skilled
            and away from the unskilled. A development-friendly approach
            to migration for Zambia would strive to ensure the
            temporariness of both types of movement. First, industrial
            countries may be willing to accept a higher level of
            unskilled immigration if they could be certain that it is
            temporary. Second, any adverse effects of brain drain would
            be greatly alleviated if skilled emigration is temporary.
            The problem is that host countries cannot unilaterally
            ensure temporariness of unskilled migration because
            repatriation cannot be accomplished without the help of
            source countries like Zambia, and source countries today
            have little incentive to facilitate the return of the
            unskilled. At the same time, source countries like Zambia
            cannot unilaterally ensure temporariness of the skilled
            because repatriation cannot be accomplished without the help
            of the host countries, and host countries currently have
            little incentive to send back the skilled. So, there is a
            strong case and considerable scope for cooperation between
            source countries like Zambia and destination countries in
            the design and implementation of migration policy so that
            unskilled migration becomes feasible and skilled migration
            takes a more desirable form.
Migration from Zambia : ensuring
            temporariness through cooperation
WPS4145

# **Migration from Zambia:  Ensuring Temporariness through Cooperation**

# By: Mohammad Amin<sup>*</sup> and Aaditya Mattoo<sup>**</sup>

## (World Bank, Washington, DC)

The paper analyzes migration from Zambia in order to understand how migration policy can support development in the least developed countries. Overall emigration from Zambia is not high by regional standards but the pattern of migration is skewed towards the skilled and away from the unskilled. A development-friendly approach to migration for Zambia would strive to ensure the temporariness of both types of movement **.** First, industrial countries may be willing to accept a higher level of unskilled immigration if they could be certain that it was temporary. Second, any adverse effects of brain drain would be greatly alleviated if skilled emigration was temporary. The problem is that host countries cannot unilaterally ensure temporariness of unskilled migration because repatriation cannot be accomplished without the help of source countries like Zambia, and source countries today have little incentive to facilitate the return of the unskilled. At the same time, source countries like Zambia cannot unilaterally ensure temporariness of the skilled because repatriation cannot be accomplished without the help of the host countries, and host countries currently have little incentive to send back the skilled. Hence, there is a strong case and considerable scope for cooperation between source countries like Zambia and destination countries in the design and implementation of migration policy so that unskilled migration becomes feasible and skilled migration takes a more desirable form.

Keywords: Migration, Brain drain, International Cooperation, Zambia JEL: F22, F24, O15, O19, O24, O55

# World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4145, March 2007

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._

*Corresponding author, Development Research Group. 1818 H Street NW, MC3-301, World Bank, Washington DC 20433. Email: mamin@worldbank.org, Phone: 202-473-7147.

**Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington DC 20433. Email: <u>amattoo@worldbank.org.  The paper has benefited from the comments of Jos Veerbek</u> and an anonymous referee. The research is supported in part by the U.K. Department for International Development.

1
International financial integration
            through equity markets : which firms from which countries go global
The authors study international
            financial integration analyzing firms from various countries
            raising capital, trading equity, and cross-listing in major
            world stock markets. Using a large sample of 39,517 firms
            from 111 countries covering the period 1989-2000, they find
            that, although international financial integration increases
            substantially over this period, only relatively few
            countries and firms actively participate in international
            markets. Firms more likely to internationalize are from
            larger and more open economies, with higher income, better
            macroeconomic policies, and worse institutional
            environments. These firms tend to be larger, grow faster,
            and have higher returns and more foreign sales. While
            changes occur with internationalization, these firm
            attributes are present before internationalization takes
            place. The results suggest that international financial
            integration will likely remain constrained by country and
            firm characteristics.
Trade in health services in the
            ASEAN region
Promoting quality health services to
            large population segments is a key ingredient to human and
            economic development. At its core, healthcare policymaking
            involves complex tradeoffs between promoting equitable and
            affordable access to a basic set of health services,
            creating incentives for efficiencies in the healthcare
            system, and managing constraints in government budgets.
            International trade in health services influences these
            tradeoffs. It presents opportunities for cost savings and
            access to better quality care, but it also raises challenges
            in promoting equitable and affordable access. Drawing on a
            research project of the ASEAN Economic Forum, this paper
            offers a discussion of trade policy in health services for
            the ASEAN region. It reviews the state of healthcare in the
            region, existing patterns of trade, and remaining barriers
            to trade. The paper also identifies policy measures that
            could further harness the benefits from trade in health
            services and address potential pitfalls that deeper
            integration may bring about.
Extending health insurance to the
            rural population : an impact evaluation of China's new
            cooperative medical scheme
In 2003, after over 20 years of minimal
            health insurance coverage in rural areas, China launched a
            heavily subsidized voluntary health insurance program for
            rural residents. The authors use program and household
            survey data, as well as health facility census data, to
            analyze factors affecting enrollment into the program and to
            estimate its impact on households and health facilities.
            They obtain estimates by combining
            differences-in-differences with matching methods. The
            authors find some evidence of lower enrollment rates among
            poor households, holding other factors constant, and higher
            enrollment rates among households with chronically sick
            members. The household and facility data point to the scheme
            significantly increasing both outpatient and inpatient
            utilization (by 20-30 percent), but they find no impact on
            utilization in the poorest decile. For the sample as a
            whole, the authors find no statistically significant effects
            on average out-of-pocket spending, but they do find
            some-albeit weak-evidence of increased catastrophic health
            spending. For the poorest decile, by contrast, they find
            that the scheme increased average out-of-pocket spending but
            reduced the incidence of catastrophic health spending. They
            find evidence that the program has increased ownership of
            expensive equipment among central township health centers
            but had no impact on cost per case.
The worldwide governance indicators
            project : answering the critics
The Worldwide Governance Indicators,
            reporting estimates of six dimensions of governance for over
            200 countries between 1996 and 2005, have become widely used
            among policymakers and academics. They have also attracted
            some explicit written criticisms. In this short paper the
            authors synthesize 11 critiques offered by four recent
            papers. They then refute them as either conceptually
            incorrect or empirically unsubstantiated.
The impact of trade with China and
            India on Argentina's manufacturing employment
For many in Latin America, the
            increasing participation of China and India in international
            markets is seen as a looming shadow of two "mighty
            giants" on the region's manufacturing sector. Are
            they really mighty giants when it comes to their impact on
            manufacturing employment? The authors attempt to answer this
            question by estimating the effects of trade with China and
            India on Argentina's industrial employment. They use a
            dynamic econometric model and industry level data to
            estimate the effects of trade with China and India on the
            level of employment in Argentina's manufacturing
            sector. Results suggest that trade with China and India only
            had a small negative effect on industrial employment, even
            during the swift trade liberalization of the 1990s.
The impact of trade with China and
            India on Argentina's manufacturing employment
WPS4153

# **The impact of trade with China and India on Argentina’s manufacturing employment**<sup>�</sup>

Lucio Castro<sup>♣</sup> Marcelo Olarreaga<sup>♦</sup> Daniel Saslavsky<sup>♠</sup>

## **Abstract**

For many in Latin America, the increasing participation of China and India in international markets is seen as a looming shadow of two ‘mighty giants’ on the region’s manufacturing sector. Are they really mighty giants when it comes to their impact on manufacturing employment? This paper attempts to answer this question by estimating the effects of trade with China and India on Argentina’s industrial employment. We use a dynamic econometric model and industry level data to estimate the effects of trade with China and India on the level of employment in Argentina’s manufacturing sector. Results suggest that trade with China and India only had a small negative effect on industrial employment, even during the swift trade liberalization of the 1990s.

**_Key words_** : China, Latin America, Trade, Import Competition, Trade and Labor Market Interactions, Employment

**_JEL Classification_** : F14, F15, F16, F17, L60.

World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4153, March 2007 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._

> � The opinions presented here are of the authors and thus do not necessarily represent the official position of the institutions they belong to. We are grateful to Maria Cecilia Gáname, Daniel Lederman, James Parks, Alejandro Guerson, and participants at the XLI Annual Meetings of the Argentinean Political Economy Association in Salta. A version of this paper is part of Lucio Castro’s Dphil in Economics’ dissertation at the University of Sussex.

> ♣ Lucio Castro is Senior Economist at Maxwell Stamp PLC; Abbot's Court, Farringdon Lane, London, EC1R 3AX; <u>lcastro@maxwellstamp.com</u>

> ♦ Marcelo Olarreaga is Senior Economist at the World Bank’s Office of the Chief Economist for Latin America and the Caribbean, and Research Fellow at the Center for Economic Policy Research in London, <u>molarreaga@worldbank.org</u>

> ♠ Daniel Saslavsky is Research Economist at the Center for Production Studies, <u>dsaslavsky@utdt.edu</u>
The impact of Kazakhstan accession
            to the World Trade Organization : a quantitative assessment
In this paper the authors use a
            computable general equilibrium model of the Kazakhstan
            economy to assess the impact of accession to the World Trade
            Organization (WTO), which encompasses (1) improved market
            access; (2) Kazakhstan tariff reduction; (3) reduction of
            barriers against entry by multinational service providers;
            and (4) reform of local content and value-added tax policies
            confronting multinational firms in the oil sector. They
            assume that foreign direct investment in business services
            is necessary for multinationals to compete well with
            Kazakstan business services providers, but cross-border
            service provision is also present. The model incorporates
            productivity effects in both goods and services markets
            endogenously, through a Dixit-Stiglitz framework. The
            authors estimated the ad valorem equivalent of barriers to
            foreign direct investment based on detailed questionnaires
            completed by specialized research institutes in Kazakhstan.
            They estimate that Kazakhstan will gain about 6.7 percent of
            the value of Kazakhstan consumption in the medium run from
            WTO accession and up to 17.5 percent in the long run. They
            estimate that the largest gains to Kazakhstan will derive
            from liberalization of barriers against multinational
            service providers, but the other three elements of WTO
            accession that the authors model all contribute positively
            to the estimated gains. Piecemeal sensitivity analysis shows
            that qualitatively the results are robust, but there are
            four parameters in the model that significantly affect the
            estimated magnitude of the gains from WTO accession.
Beyond legal origin and checks and
            balances : political credibility, citizen information, and
            financial sector development
The existing literature emphasizes and
            contrasts the role of political checks and balances and
            legal origin in determining the pace of financial sector
            development. This paper expands substantially on one aspect
            of this debate: the fact that government actions that
            promote financial sector development, whether prudent
            financial regulation or secure property and contract rights,
            are public goods and sensitive to political incentives to
            provide public goods. Tests of hypotheses emanating from
            this argument yield four new conclusions. First, two key
            determinants of those incentives-the credibility of
            pre-electoral political promises and citizen information
            about politician decisions-systematically promote financial
            sector development. Second, these political factors, along
            with political checks and balances, operate in part through
            their influence on the security of property rights, an
            argument asserted but not previously tested. Third, contrary
            to findings elsewhere in the literature, the political
            determinants of financial sector development are significant
            even in the presence of controls for legal origin. Finally,
            and again in contrast to the literature, the evidence here
            suggests that legal origin primarily proxies for political
            phenomena. Legal origin is a largely insignificant
            determinant of financial sector development when those
            phenomena are fully taken into account.
Beyond legal origin and checks and
            balances : political credibility, citizen information, and
            financial sector development
WPS4154

# **Beyond legal origin and checks and balances: Political credibility, citizen information and financial sector development**

Philip Keefer Development Research Group The World Bank

**Abstract:** :  The existing literature emphasizes and contrasts the role of political checks and balances and legal origin in determining the pace of financial sector development.  This paper expands substantially on one aspect of this debate:  the fact that government actions that promote financial sector development, whether prudent financial regulation or secure property and contract rights, are public goods and sensitive to political incentives to provide public goods.  Tests of hypotheses emanating from this argument yield four new conclusions.  First, two key determinants of those incentives, the credibility of pre-electoral political promises and citizen information about politician decisions, systematically promote financial sector development.  Second, these political factors, along with political checks and balances, operate in part through their influence on the security of property rights, an argument asserted but not previously tested.  Third, contrary to findings elsewhere in the literature, the political determinants of financial sector development are significant even in the presence of controls for legal origin.  Finally, and again in contrast to the literature, the evidence here suggests that legal origin primarily proxies for political phenomena.  Legal origin is a largely insignificant determinant of financial sector development when those phenomena are fully taken into account.

World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4154, March 2007 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._
An assessment of reform options for
            the public service pension fund in Uganda
This paper analyzes the future
            liabilities that the Ugandan Public Service Pensions Fund
            might accumulate under the provisions of the Pensions Act
            (CAP 286) unless it is reformed. It then discusses
            alternative reform options that can be used in designing an
            educated homegrown reform of the fund. The paper supports a
            hybrid (two-pillar) reform option composed of a small
            defined benefit scheme and a complementary defined
            contribution scheme, instead of a pure defined contribution
            (monopillar) reform option discussed by policymakers in the
            country. The main reason for this is related to the fact
            that hybrid and pure defined contribution reforms will have
            the same impact on reducing pension expenditure (for the
            same grandfathering rules and surplus in the first pillar).
            In addition, everything else being equal, the hybrid reform
            is likely to produce higher average replacement rates due to
            the redistributive and pooling properties of the small
            defined benefit pillar.
Capital market development : whither
            Latin America
Over the past decades, many countries
            have implemented significant reforms to foster capital
            market development. Latin American countries were at the
            forefront of this process. The authors analyze where Latin
            American capital markets stand after these reforms. They
            find that despite the intense reform effort, capital markets
            in Latin America remain underdeveloped relative to markets
            in other regions. Furthermore, stock markets are below what
            can be expected, given Latin America's economic and
            institutional fundamentals. The authors discuss alternative
            ways of interpreting this evidence. They argue that it is
            difficult to pinpoint which policies Latin American
            countries should pursue to overcome their poor capital
            market development. Moreover, they argue that expectations
            about the outcome of the reform process may need to be
            revisited to take into account intrinsic characteristics of
            emerging economies. The latter may limit the scope for
            developing deep domestic capital markets in a context of
            international financial integration.
Firm innovation in emerging markets
            : the roles of governance and finance
The authors investigate the determinants
            of firm innovation in over 19,000 firms across 47 developing
            economies. They define the innovation process broadly, to
            include not only core innovation such as the introduction of
            new products and new technologies, but also other types of
            activities that promote knowledge transfers and  adapt
            production processes. The authors find that more innovative
            firms are large exporting firms characterized by private
            ownership, highly educated managers with mid-level
            managerial experience, and access to external finance. In
            contrast, firms that do not innovate much are typically
            state-owned firms without foreign competitors. The identity
            of the controlling shareholder seems to be particularly
            important for core innovation, with those private firms
            whose controlling shareholder is a financial institution
            being the least innovative. While the use of external
            finance is associated with greater innovation by all private
            firms, it does not make state-owned firms more innovative.
            Financing from foreign banks is associated with higher
            levels of innovation compared with financing from domestic banks.