Estimates of the working years lost to tobacco- related deaths are obtained using mortality data of Statistics South Africa. Approximately 244,000 potential years of life were lost in South Africa in 2015 because of active smoking, mostly among men. Given the large share of deaths associated with smoking status unknown, we also estimate years of life lost for all tobacco-related deaths: 1,311,411 (table 5). These are equally lower-bound estimates since they rely on underreported mortality data (Pillay-van Wyk et al. 2016).

**Table 5 – Years of Life Lost, by Gender, 2015**

||**Total to**|**bacco-related**<br>**(smokers)**|**deaths**|**Tota**|**l years of lif**<br>**(smokers)**|**e lost**|**Total y**|**ears of life**|**lost (all)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**Women**|**Men**|**Total**|**Women**|**Men**|**Total**|**Women**|**Men**|**Total**|
|15-24|107|225|332|4,933|8,775|13,708|100,452|57,057|157,509|
|25-34|393|1,911|2,304|14,187|55,419|69,606|232,412|179,626|412,038|
|35-54|1,692|8,672|10,364|35,701|121,408|157,109|355,240|357,476|712,716|
|55-74|3,639|11,391|15,030|4,003|-|4,003|29,149|-|29,149|
|75+|2,099|2,626|4,725|-|-|-|-|-|-|
|Total|7,930|24,825|32,755|58,824|185,602|**244,426**|717,252|594,159|**1,311,411**|

_Source:_ Stats SA 2017.

_Note:_ Deaths are limited to smokers. Years of life lost are estimated using data for life expectancy at birth from the World Development Indicators database for South Africa; among women, life expectancy in 2015 was 65.6 years, and among men, 58.5 years. To estimate Years of Life Lost we take the midpoint of every age range, subtract life expectancy and multiply by the number of deaths for that year. For example, for ages 15-24, midpoint is 19.5-65.6 (life expectancy for women) * 107 deaths for smokers, equivalent to 4,933 years of life lost. The same applies for the following columns, though we do not report the number of deaths without limiting to smokers (this is reported in the mortality tables above and in the annex).

**Table 6 – Tobacco-related events by gender, 2015**

||**All**|**Women**|**Men**|
|---|---|---|---|
|Bladder cancer|1,987|731|1,256|
|Cerebrovascular disease|48,615|29,012|19,603|
|Cervical cancer|10,686|10,686||
|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|827,424|419,888|407,536|
|Colon and rectum cancer|5,168|2,434|2,734|
|Esophageal cancer|4,112|1,330|2,782|
|Ischemic heart disease|101,858|45,908|55,949|
|Larynx cancer|1,017|141|876|
|Leukemia|2,081|1,049|1,033|
|Lip and oral cavity cancer|2,043|747|1,296|
|Liver cancer due to other causes|499|105|394|
|Nasopharynx cancer|267|82|185|
|Other pharynx cancer|338|75|262|
|Stomach cancer|1,832|767|1,065|
|Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer|6,750|2,081|4,669|
|Tuberculosis|252,926|121,242|131,684|
|**Total tobacco-related events**|**1,267,605**|**636,280**|**631,324**|

_Source:_ GBD Results Tool (database), Global Burden of Disease Study 2016, Global Health Data Exchange, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool.

_Note_ : Incidence is defined as the number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It is also used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from prevalence, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.

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