G20 members collectively had 3.2 percent of their import product lines subject to TTBs in 2011; for comparison, this is more than double their import coverage (1.5 percent) from a decade earlier, as reported by column (2).<sup>6</sup> Six of the eight individual G20 emerging economies had higher levels of import coverage in 2011 relative to 2001 – the two exceptions are Mexico and South Africa. In comparison, the cohort of six _high income_ economy G20 members in the sample combined to increase their coverage to only 1.9 percent of import product lines in 2011, up from 1.8 percent in 2001.

Columns (3) through (7) of Table 1 report information for each of the 24 policy-imposing countries’ use of temporary trade barrier policies in 2011 based on an alternatively constructed measure that _trade-weights_ policy use by bilateral, product-level (HS-06) import data. The four cohorts of policyimposing economies in Table 1 are each ranked by column (3). For example, among the cohort of emerging economy G20 members, this coverage ranged from a low of 0.3 percent of imports (Mexico) to a high of 6.3 percent of imports (India). Turkey, China, Argentina, Brazil and Indonesia also had a significant share of imports affected by TTBs in 2011. From the non-G20 cohort of emerging economies, Pakistan, Peru and Thailand each had more than 1 percent of imports subject to TTBs in 2011.

Column (4) provides information to disentangle the extent to which the country relies exclusively on its antidumping policy to implement TTBs. For example, while 6.3 percent of India’s imports were subject to some TTB policy in 2011, 5.8 percent of India’s imports were subject to antidumping alone. The differential of 0.5 is thus the percentage of India’s imports subject to some _other_ TTB policy. Antidumping is the most commonly used TTB policy for each economy, and India’s 0.5 percentage point differential is relatively high for the year 2011, though it is not unprecedented in the longer time series of data capturing policy use, as we observe below. Countries with significant imports subject to some TTB policy in effect in 2011 _other than_ antidumping include India, Turkey, Indonesia, the United States and the European Union.

Columns (5), (6) and (7) of Table 1 summarize information on the _foreign source_ of the imports that the policy-imposing country subjects to its TTBs in 2011, categorizing based on whether the imports derive from China, another emerging economy (non-China), or a high-income economy. For example, while 6.3 percent of India’s total imports were subject to some TTB policy in 2011, 21.9 percent of its imports from China were subject to a TTB, compared to only 3.0 percent of its imports from other emerging economies and 2.7 percent of imports from high-income trading partners. Furthermore, while India’s TTBs against China establish the high end of the range of outcomes, TTB coverage of a greater-

> 6 This includes Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Turkey. To be consistent with Bown (2011), Mexico is omitted from this particular aggregation given that it removed antidumping import restrictions on China in 2008 that covered over 20 percent of its import product lines and had been in effect since 1993.

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