||(0.032)|(0.032)|(0.111)|(0.039)|(0.043)|(0.287)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|_N_|8823|8823|8823|1715|1715|1715|
|adj. _R_<sup>2</sup>|0.047|0.032|0.148|0.078|0.052|0.195|

Notes: All regressions add birth governorate fixed-effects, household size and gender. Standard errors are clustered at the birth governorate level. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1.

# **Severity of the Islamic Republic of Iran–Iraq war**

<mark>Educational attainment and labor market outcomes may be different between governorates. The children living in the areas with more intense fighting should do worse in school and later in the labor markets. The conflict concentrated along the countries’ joint border. Therefore, we expect that educational attainment of children born in the governorates near the Islamic Republic of Iran’s border would be worse than educational attainment of children born in other governorates in Iraq. We divide the sample into two sub-sample: a sub-sample with children born in the governorates near the Islamic Republic of Iran’s border and other sub-sample with children born in other governorates in Iraq.</mark> Table 9 reports the heterogeneous results on educational attainment between governorates near the Islamic Republic of Iran’s border and other Iraqi governorates. The Islamic Republic of Iran–Iraq war has larger impacts on literacy of cohorts 1975-1980 who born in governorates near the Islamic Republic of Iran’s border compared with literacy of those born in other governorates in Iraq. The impacts of the Islamic Republic of Iran–Iraq war on primary education completion or above is lower in governorates near the Islamic Republic of Iran’s border than in other governorates in Iraq. However, the impacts of the Islamic Republic of Iran–Iraq war on secondary education completion or above is greater in governorates near the Islamic Republic of Iran’s border than in other governorates in Iraq. Overall, we find that cohorts of 1970, 1972, 1974 who attain lower years of education in governorates near the Islamic Republic of Iran’s border than in other governorates in Iraq.

**Table 9. Educational attainment between border governorates and other Iraqi governorates**

||Governor<br>|ates near the Is<br>bor<br>|lamic Republi<br>der<br>|c of Iran’s<br>||Other gove<br>|rnorates in Iraq<br>|<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Literacy|Primary<br>education<br>completion<br>or above|Secondary<br>education<br>completion<br>or above|Years of<br>education|Literacy|Primary<br>education<br>completion<br>or above|Secondary<br>education<br>completion<br>or above|Years of<br>education|
||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|
|Year 1964|0.027|0.043|0.047<sup>**</sup>|-0.107|0.040<sup>**</sup>|0.013|0.122<sup>***</sup>|0.170|
||(0.013)|(0.026)|(0.014)|(0.210)|(0.013)|(0.022)|(0.027)|(0.200)|
|Year 1965|0.023<sup>*</sup>|0.050|0.054|0.154|0.012|-0.000|0.101<sup>***</sup>|0.110|
||(0.011)|(0.026)|(0.030)|(0.394)|(0.009)|(0.019)|(0.030)|(0.197)|
|Year 1966|0.024<sup>*</sup>|0.039|-0.018|-0.239|0.035<sup>**</sup>|0.005|0.115<sup>***</sup>|0.218|
||(0.010)|(0.035)|(0.027)|(0.160)|(0.012)|(0.013)|(0.023)|(0.161)|
|Year 1967|0.003|0.023|0.009|-0.073|0.009|-0.011|0.074<sup>***</sup>|0.302|
||(0.011)|(0.015)|(0.044)|(0.353)|(0.006)|(0.019)|(0.020)|(0.198)|
|Year 1969|-0.016|0.013|-0.015|-0.214|0.001|-0.006|0.027|0.086|
|(Year of|||||||||

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