(OECD, 2017). The use of different definitions naturally poses a limit to cross-country analysis outside the limited set of countries covered by the individual databases.

_Table A.1 . Summary of existing cross-country SOE databases_

||**World Bank**<br>**Businesses of**<br>**the State (BOS)**<br>**database**|**World Bank**<br>**(2021**<br>**Infrastructure) **<sup>**57**</sup>|**IMF**<sup>**58**</sup>|**ADB**<sup>**59**</sup>|**EBRD**<sup>**60**</sup>|**EU**<sup>**61**</sup>|**OECD**<sup>**62**</sup>|**IDB**<sup>**63**</sup>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Countries**|81 developing<br>countries|19|20|9|25|28 EU|40|18 (LAC only)|
|**# SOEs**<br>**captured**|57,000+ firms with<br>state participation.|135 SOEs|10,000 SOEs|12,742 SOEs|17,600 SOEs|950 SOEs<br>focusing on<br>sectors:<br>electricity, gas,<br>and railways.|2,467 SOEs for<br>39 OECD<br>countries,<br>55,341 for China.|1,019 SOEs|
|**Period**|2019|2000-2018|2014-16|2010-2018|2014-2016|2008-2013|2012, 2015, 2017|2010-2016|
|**SOE**<br>**definition**|Unified definition<br>across countries<br>(10%+) including<br>the full ownership<br>tree (i.e., path with<br>company name<br>and specific<br>participation that<br>connect the<br>companies with<br>the state)|50%+ state<br>participation|At least 25%|At least 50.01%<br>participation<br>(default of ORBIS<br>GUO)|At least 25%<br>participation|For analysis<br>purposes: At<br>least 20%<br>ownership|_As defined by_<br>_local authorities_<br>_and respondents_<br>_to survey_<br>_including_<br>_majority (50%+_<br>_participation)_<br>_and minority_<br>_participation_<br>_(from 10 to -_<br>_49%)_|_As defined by_<br>_local authorities_<br>_and respondents_<br>_to survey_|
|**Sectors**|NACE 4 digit; all<br>sectors including<br>Infra financial<br>sector as well as<br>real sector (e.g,<br>Agri,<br>manufacturing)<br>and services. It<br>excludes health<br>and Education,<br>public<br>administration.|Infrastructure assets<br>in power and<br>transportation<br>sectors|Only 1-digit<br>sectors (only<br>total values by<br>sector, not-firm<br>level data)|All sectors|Non-financial<br>SOEs to prevent<br>distortion|Non-financial<br>SOEs|Only 1 digit<br>sectors (only<br>total values by<br>sector, not-firm<br>level data<br>published)|Non-financial<br>SOEs|
|**Focus of**<br>**Analysis**|State footprint,<br>breakdown by<br>type of sector,<br>financial<br>indicators,<br>governance<br>indicators, firm-<br>level<br>characteristics,<br>and ownership<br>structure|Financial<br>performance,<br>benchmarked<br>against POEs|Financial<br>performance<br>against POEs,<br>ownership<br>structure and<br>productivity.|Financial<br>performance.|Financial<br>performance of<br>SOEs|Financial<br>performance of<br>SOEs|Number of firms,<br>total workers,<br>and sector<br>(digits) of<br>operation|Financial<br>performance of<br>SOEs;|

> 57 Infrastructure State-Owned Enterprises: A Tale of Inefficiency and Fiscal Dependence (Herrera Dappe, et al., 2022) 58 State-Owned Enterprises in Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia: Size, Costs, and Challenges (IMF, 2021) 59 Reforms, Opportunities, and Challenges for State-Owned Enterprises (Ginting & Naqvi, 2020) 60 Economic Performance of State-Owned Enterprises in Emerging Economies: A Cross-Country Study (EBRD, 2020) 61 State-owned Enterprises in the EU: Lessons Learnt and Ways forward in a Post-Crisis Context (European Commission, 2016) 62 OECD Size and sector distribution of state-owned enterprises. (OECD, 2017) 63 Fixing State-Owned Enterprises: New Policy Solutions to Old Problems (Musaccio & Pineda, 2019)

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