which education drives the differences in job quality within industries, the analysis disaggregates the JQMs into education groups (figure 6). Higher education secures greater job quality, with higher scores in all dimensions, but especially in the benefits dimension, within all industry groups. Moreover, among those industries with relatively low scores in some dimensions among the less well educated, the education premium is greater. For example, agriculture exhibits a low score in the income dimension among the wage employed with primary education (0.59 versus an average of 0.77 in other sectors). The income dimension scores among those with tertiary education relative to those with primary education is 0.28 higher in agriculture, compared with 0.14 higher, on average, in other industries. Similarly, the education premium for stability is particularly high in the mining, construction, and other services sectors that have relatively low scores in that dimension among the less well educated.

Figure 6. The Job Quality Measure among the Wage Employed, by Industry and Education <!-- Start of picture text --> 4.00 100%<br>90%<br>80%<br>3.00<br>70%<br>60%<br>2.00 50%<br>40%<br>30%<br>1.00<br>20%<br>10%<br>0.00 0%<br>Agriculture Mining Manufacturing Public utilities Construction Commerce Transport and Financial and Public Other Services<br>Communications Business Services Administration<br>Income Benefits Stability Working Conditions Share of Wage Employees<br>JQM<br>Share of Wage Employees<br>Primary or less Secondary Tertiary Primary or less Secondary Tertiary Primary or less Secondary Tertiary Primary or less Secondary Tertiary Primary or less Secondary Tertiary Primary or less Secondary Tertiary Primary or less Secondary Tertiary Primary or less Secondary Tertiary Primary or less Secondary Tertiary Primary or less Secondary Tertiary<br><!-- End of picture text --> _Source:_ Estimates based on multiple labor force and household surveys (see annex table A1). _Note:_ The sample includes 35 countries with information on all dimensions and education levels. The figure shows JQMs by industry, disaggregated by education level, for the wage employed only.

There is substantial variation in job quality within each education group across industry sectors (see figure 6). As expected, low-productivity sectors, such as agriculture, construction, and commerce, exhibit relatively lower job quality among those with tertiary education relative to the results in high-productivity sectors, such as mining, utilities, and financial and business services. The public administration JQM scores are highest among workers with tertiary education as well as among other education groups. Among the JQM dimensions, income typically exhibits the highest score across all industries and education groups (except for public administration, in which stability has the highest score). The JQM dimensions can vary widely among low-skill sectors, such as agriculture and commerce. For example, income and working conditions dominate the JQM in agriculture, while income and stability are the strongest dimensions in commerce.

Regarding gender disparities within industries, the results show significant differences in three sectors: construction, transport and communications, and other services (figure 7). In construction and in transport and communications, women have an average JQM that is 27 percent and 21 percent higher than the average JQM among men, respectively. On average, only 1 percent to 2 percent of women wage 20