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there was some improvement, subsequent evaluations encouraged the project to more fully integrate women into the core activities, while still retaining the special program targeted on women.<sup>For the last two years the project has been</sup> attempting to implement this approach<sup>in a number of ways. For example, women</sup> have been added to PAFSAT demonstration (extension) service. In 1986, they made up 24 percent of the demonstrators<sup>(5 out of 21). In addition, women's groups</sup> have been identified to receive training<sup>in animal traction as a unit as a means</sup> of introducing women to an unfamiliar technology.<sup>PAFSAT is presently working</sup> with 47 such groups.

2.26 Other measures taken by PAFSAT to<sup>more fully incorporate women into</sup> its animal traction activities<sup>include: defining a "farmin, couple" as any two</sup> members of the same houRehold,<sup>permittirg women to be the lead farmer in the</sup> couple, and allowing the other member<sup>of tho pair to be eirhev maile</sup> or female; and shortening the length of the residential traini^ng program to make it easier for women to attend.

2.27 At the same time, the role of the<sup>woman's progreM has expanded rather</sup> than contracted. A staff of 6<sup>are now responsible,</sup> not just for home economics, but for working closely with the<sup>demonstrators</sup> to increase women's participation in the technical core activities.<sup>They do this by providing specialized</sup> training and encouragement to women's groups,<sup>troubleshooting when problems of</sup> communication or morale arise, and collecting<sup>data to track the impact of the</sup> entire program on women farmers.

2.28 Thus, through a process of trial-and-error, the PAFSAT component has altered its approach to women from<sup>neglect to segregated services to a hybrid</sup> approach that is largely integrated,<sup>but retains a specialized women's focus.</sup> NoLably, MIDENO's agricultural<sup>extension program has taken yet a different</sup> approach. Taken together, the<sup>range of experience provides additional insight</sup> into the elements that determine whether agricultural activities will reach women as well as men farmers. These lessons<sup>are discussed in the next chapter.</sup>

# Agricultural Credit

2.29 The aim of the agricultural credit<sup>program has been to enable small</sup> farmers to acquire the farm implements<sup>and input packages that were recommended</sup> by the extension service. The packages<sup>made available thus far have been for</sup> coffee and maize. Whether for<sup>coffee or maize, the program has been geared to</sup> the small farmer: individuals owning<sup>more than 2 hectares are ineligible to</sup> participate. In addition, the<sup>credit packages have been available in small</sup> enough units (one-tenth hectare for coffee, one-half hectare<sup>for maize) to appeal</sup> to all but the most marginal farmers.<sup>Moreover, the loans have been, for the</sup> most part, in-kind rather than cash.<sup>For example, the maize package loan</sup> included seeds, fertilizer, and a pesticide used during storage;<sup>only since 1987</sup> has the package inclv.e a small cash<sup>element to cover labor for planting. This</sup> has made the loan at ractive only to<sup>those who planned to use the loan as it was</sup> intended.

2.30 Although both the maize and coffee<sup>loans shared these characteris,tics,</sup> there were several significant<sup>differences. Coffee loans were given to</sup>