**Paid and unpaid workers** . We consider here employees who declared to be on paid or unpaid work and the self-employed. Transitions between pay statuses are stronger in rural areas as compared to urban areas and they have distinct profiles for the four groups considered. The largest transitions for urban males are from unemployment to paid employment while for rural males are from unpaid to paid employment. These are both upwards transitions and the flow out of unemployment and into paid employment is a particularly good sign for the economy.

This is in contrast with females’ transitions which are mostly from inactivity to paid employment in urban areas and from inactivity to unpaid employment in rural areas. This latter transition is the largest of all explaining over a third of all transitions for rural females. The second flow in terms of importance for rural women is from unpaid work to inactivity which means that women in rural areas mostly move from inactivity and unpaid work and vice-versa with little spells into paid work. This is probably explained by women working in the family fields seasonally or when men migrate for work. Nevertheless, this group is the most mobile of all. Urban women do better than rural women but they are also the group with the lowest mobility. Only about 11% of urban women change pay status every year. Overall upward transitions are well above 50% of all transitions for all groups but it is clear that the quality of the transitions in terms of pay is better for men than for women.

**Table 6 –Transition across Pay Status (% of total transitions)**

|||M|ale|Ur|ban|Fe|male|||M|ale|Ru|ral|Fe|male||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||07/0<br>8|08/0<br>9|09/1<br>0|10/1<br>1|07/0<br>8|08/0<br>9|09/1<br>0|10/1<br>1|07/0<br>8|08/0<br>9|09/1<br>0|10/1<br>1|07/0<br>8|08/0<br>9|09/1<br>0|10/1<br>1|
|In-->Paid|14|14|13|15|26|26|27|26|12|13|12|11|12|11|13|11|
|In-->Un|9|8|10|9|15|13|14|14|4|4|4|4|1|1|2|1|
|In-->Unp.|3|2|3|2|4|4|4|4|6|8|7|6|32|34|34|34|
|Paid-->In|14|15|15|15|23|25|24|25|13|13|13|12|8|10|10|11|
|Paid-->Un|16|16|17|15|4|6|6|6|7|6|7|7|0|0|1|0|
|Paid-->Unp.|4|4|4|4|1|1|1|1|15|16|12|17|3|5|4|5|
|Un-->In|5|6|7|5|13|12|12|12|1|2|1|1|1|1|1|1|
|Un-->Paid|22|23|21|24|7|7|8|6|9|10|11|11|0|1|1|1|
|Un-->Unp.|2|2|2|2|1|0|0|0|3|3|4|3|0|0|0|0|
|Unp.-->In|1|1|1|1|5|3|4|3|3|3|4|4|33|31|28|29|
|Unp.-->Paid|7|7|6|6|1|1|1|1|24|20|22|21|8|5|6|7|
|Unp.-->Un|2|1|2|2|0|0|0|0|3|3|2|3|0|0|0|0|
|_Upward_<br>|_57_|_56_|_55_|_58_|_53_|_52_|_53_|_52_|_58_|_57_|_61_|_56_|_54_|_52_|_55_|_54_|
|_Total (% of_<br>_pop.)_|_18_|_17_|_16_|_16_|_12_|_11_|_11_|_11_|_20_|_18_|_18_|_18_|_28_|_24_|_24_|_24_|

Source: Authors’ estimations from LFSs 2007-2011. Unp=Unpaid.

If we consider quarterly data for the entire 2007–2011 period, the structural situation and the gender gap does not vary significantly (Figure 9). We can observe significant quarterly changes and a slight tendency to improvements for men while for women the tendency seems negative with more women falling into unpaid work. For men, the largest transitions (urban and rural together) are between salaried and self-employment with the transition into self-employment dominating on average by about two percentage points. For women, the largest transitions are between inactive and unpaid work, which together account for over 45% of all transitions. This is followed by transitions between inactive and salaried, both directions accounting for about 17% of all flows. This confirms the very significant gender gap in terms of pay status with females 15