20 percent, and non-industrial services’ share 50-55 percent, with little discernible overall trend.<sup>8</sup> These findings are reflected in Figure 1-Figure 9.

<!-- Start of picture text --> Figure 1. Share of formal firms by Figure 2. Share of real value Figure 3. Share of labor of formal<br>province of registration added of formal firms by province firms by province of registration<br>of registration (constant 2010<br>prices)<br>100% 100% 100%<br>90% 90% 90%<br>80% 80% 80%<br>70% 70% 70%<br>60% 60% 60%<br>50% 50% 50%<br>40% 40% 40%<br>30% 30% 30%<br>20% 20% 20%<br>10% 10% 10%<br>0% 0% 0%<br>2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021<br>Lusaka Copperbelt Other Lusaka Copperbelt Other Lusaka Copperbelt Other<br>Figure 4. Share of formal firms by Figure 5. Share of real value Figure 6. Share of labor of formal<br>size added of formal firms by size firms by size<br>(constant 2010 prices)<br>100% 100% 100%<br>90% 90% 90%<br>80% 80% 80%<br>70% 70% 70%<br>60% 60% 60%<br>50% 50% 50%<br>40% 40% 40%<br>30% 30% 30%<br>20% 20% 20%<br>10% 10% 10%<br>0% 0% 0%<br>2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021<br>Micro (1-10 employees) Small (11-50 employees) Micro (1-10 employees) Small (11-50 employees) Micro (1-10 employees) Small (11-50 employees)<br>Medium (51-100 employees) Large (>100 employees) Medium (51-100 employees) Large (>100 employees) Medium (51-100 employees) Large (>100 employees)<br>Figure 7. Share of formal firms by Figure 8. Share of real value Figure 9. Share of labor of formal<br>overall sector added of formal firms by overall firms by overall sector<br>sector (constant 2010 prices)<br>100% 100% 100%<br>90% 90% 90%<br>80% 80% 80%<br>70% 70% 70%<br>60% 60% 60%<br>50% 50% 50%<br>40% 40% 40%<br>30% 30% 30%<br>20% 20% 20%<br>10% 10% 10%<br>0% 0% 0%<br>2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021<br>Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Mining and quarrying<br>Rest of industry Non-industrial services Rest of industry Non-industrial services Rest of industry Non-industrial services<br>Source: World Bank and ZRA staff calculations based on CIT database<br><!-- End of picture text --> Across the same period, formal firms in mining and quarrying generally had the highest labor productivity, followed by formal firms in the rest of industry and services, then formal firms in agriculture. However, in more recent years, the labor productivity of formal firms in agriculture has exceeded that of formal firms in rest of industry, as will be discussed further (see Figure 10).

8 At the ISIC 1-digit level, the largest constituent sectors within rest of industry are manufacturing (12 percent of formal firms’ labor in 2021) and construction (5 percent). The largest constituent sectors within services are retail trade (20 percent), wholesale trade (7 percent), administrative and support service activities (5 percent), financial and insurance activities (4 percent), and transportation (4 percent). For additional details, refer to Table 3.

9