**Table 4: Test-Retest Reliability**

|**_Question Type _**|**_Variable_**|**_Scale_**|**_% Same_**|**_Mean Diff_**|**_SD Diff_**|**_Pearsons_**|**_Kappa _**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|_Social Empirical_|_work outside home_|0‐10|17.64|2.54335|3.36|0.21|0.20|
|_Social Empirical_|_harassment_|0‐10|27.95|2.38129|3.33|0.30|0.15|
|_Social Empirical_|_married women work_|0‐10|14.96|2.44085|3.09|0.21|0.18|
|_Social Empirical_|_financial need_|1‐4|48.21|0.75141|1.15|0.37|0.16|
|_Personal Belief_|_work outside home_|1‐3|80.80|0.32400|0.76|0.35|0.35|
|_Personal Belief_|_married women work_|1‐3|72.30|0.44900|0.88|0.21|0.32|
|_Personal Belief_|_harassment_|1‐3|41.83|0.78435|1.09|0.16|0.17|
|_Personal Belief_|_financial need_|1‐3|52.40|0.62900|0.97|0.26|0.13|
|_Social Normative_|_women work_|0‐10|21.34|2.72445|3.62|0.29|0.18|
|_Social Normative_|_married women work_|0‐10|16.58|2.69548|3.52|0.29|0.19|
|_Social Normative_|_harassment_|0‐10|16.11|2.77341|3.59|0.07|0.19|
|_Social Normative_|_financial need_|1‐3|54.55|0.59259|0.93|0.21|0.06|

# **The correlation between social norms and FLFP**

Decisions about women’s labor force participation or willingness to work may be influenced by a combination of social norms in the community, personal beliefs, and expectations of relevant family members within the household. Working women, in turn, may update such beliefs through their experiences in the labor market. We explored how these beliefs vary between working women and non-working women (as well as their male counterparts) across the four themes. For non-working women we further explored the relationship between beliefs and their willingness to work. We wanted to determine which of the components, aggregated across all themes (after factor analysis) mattered most for female labor force participation and willingness to work. We present results for specific sets of beliefs (or themes), which may help identify the most fruitful messaging interventions.

Equation (i) regresses women’s work status (which includes both work status of female respondents and of female counterparts of male respondents), willingness to work (among women not currently working), and whether women have looked for work on indices of social empirical expectations, social normative expectations, personal beliefs, and normative expectations of counterpart (i.e. interpersonal expectations). Equation (ii) separates out the female and male perceptions from the same household.

- (i) Yi= βo + β1SE_indexi + β2SN_indexi+  β3PB_indexi + β4IH_indexi + βiXi + Ɛ i

- (ii) Yip = βo + β1SE_index_fip + β2SN_index_fip+ β3PB_index_fip + β4IH_index_fip + β1SE_index_mip + β2SN_index_mip+ β3PB_index_mip + β4IH_index_mip + βipXip_ + Ɛ ip

Yi is the work status for individual i (i.e. whether the female respondent or female counterpart of male respondent is working or wants to work). In equation (ii), the outcome variable is indexed to household p. SE_indexi and SE_index_fip are indices of relevant social empirical questions for both female and male in equation (i) and the female or male i in household p in equation (ii). Similarly, SN_indices includes social normative variables, PB_indices includes personal beliefs, and IH_indices includes perceptions of male or female counterparts. Xi is a set of control variables which include age, years of education, marital status, number of children, dummy variables indicating whether the respondent is from Amman or Zarqa, and if the male or male counterpart works.

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