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**Figure 12  Percentage of total household expenditures spent on LPG by all those citing LPG as the primary cooking fuel and those citing LPG as the primary cooking fuel who had abandoned polluting fuels**

<!-- Start of picture text --> 4<br>3<br>2<br>1<br>0<br>LPG as primary cooking fuel LPG as primary cooking fuel and no polluting fuels<br>% fo household expenditures<br><!-- End of picture text --> _Source_ : World Bank staff calculations using household survey data. _Note_ : * = urban population only.

To probe the above findings further, data from the top two quintiles in regions with enough households that had abandoned polluting fuels—who were essentially using only LPG and electricity—were analyzed. Table 1 compares the statistics related to spending on LPG and electricity by two groups of households: (1) those who were consuming LPG (whether as the primary cooking fuel or in any other capacity) and had abandoned all polluting fuels, and (2) those who cited LPG as their primary cooking fuel but continued to use polluting fuels. Mauritius and Burkina Faso are omitted in the table, the former because too few people had not abandoned polluting fuels and the latter because too few people had abandoned polluting fuels. In the remaining 10 regions, the percentage of the total population in each quintile that belonged to the first group (abandoning polluting fuels) ranged from a mere 5 percent in urban Kenya in the fourth quintile to 85 percent in Gabon. The highest LPG expenditure share of 4.6 percent in urban Kenya was below the 5 percent threshold for affordability. At the opposite end of the spectrum, the LPG expenditure share was only 0.7 percent in Gabon—leading to about 85 percent of the population in each quintile abandoning polluting fuels—and, although not included in Table 1, in Mauritius where 98 percent of the entire population had abandoned polluting fuels, less than 1 percent in the top two quintiles. The multi-tier framework also sets a ceiling of 5 percent for spending on electricity, making the ceiling on spending on cooking energy and electricity 10 percent. This 10 percent limit was also not breached in any of the quintiles. However, spending on electricity in Ghana in the fourth quintile and Mauritania in both quintiles exceeded 5 percent.

Households that had abandoned polluting fuels spent more on electricity than on LPG except in Sudan, urban Kenya, and Urban Nigeria. Those abandoning polluting fuels on average were richer in the fifth quintile but not in the fourth quintile, where the two groups of households had nearly identical expenditures per capita. Total household expenditures, however, were nearly always lower among those abandoning polluting fuels because these households were markedly smaller. In absolute terms, these smaller households spent less on LPG—which likely suggests they consumed smaller quantities—than those using polluting fuels. They also spent—and presumably consumed—more on electricity in five countries in the fourth quintile and in four countries in the top quintile. In terms of expenditure shares, households abandoning polluting fuels had spent more on electricity in all but one country and more on LPG in half the countries in both fourth and fifth quintiles than those who continued to stack fuels.