# **Table A8: Decentralization and Management**

**Dependent Variable: Management practice: Monitoring in columns (1) to (4); Management practice: Other in columns (5) to (8) OLS Estimates**

## **Robust standard errors**

|||**Management pra**|**(3) Individual**<br> <br>**ctice: Monitoring**|||**Management**|**(7) Individual**<br> <br>**practice: Other**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**(1)**<br>**Unconditional**|**(2) Sector FE**|**characteristics**<br>**(organization**<br>**average)**|**(4) Marginal**<br>**costs**|**(5) Unconditional**|**(6) Sector FE**|**characteristics**<br>**(organization**<br>**average)**|**(8) Marginal**<br>**costs**|
|**District Government [Yes=1]**|0.13|0.16|0.41|0.54|-0.12|-0.10|0.14|0.25|
||[0.15]|[0.15]|[0.21]|[0.21]|[0.12]|[0.12]|[0.14]|[0.14]|
|**Sector fixed effects**|No|Yes|Yes|Yes|No|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|**Individual characteristics (organization average)**|No|No|Yes|Yes|No|No|Yes|Yes|
|**Marginal costs**|No|No|No|Yes|No|No|No|Yes|
|**Adjusted R-squared**|-0.0023|0.034|0.078|0.25|0.00018|0.049|0.10|0.24|
|**Observations**|122|122|122|122|122|122|122|122|

**Notes:** *** denotes significance at 1%, ** at 5%, and * at 10% level.  Standard errors are in parentheses. Robust standard errors.  All columns report OLS estimates.  The unit of analysis in all columns is the organization.  The tiers of government are grouped into District Government and Centralized Government which incorporates both Federal and Regional tiers, hence the omitted category for tier in the regressions is Centralized Government.   The sample used for the analysis is the set of respondents that make claims about the same districts.  The dependent variable is Management practice: Monitoring in columns (1) to (4) and Management practice: Other in columns (5) to (8).  Management practice: Monitoring is the organization average of the monitoring topic, construced from the z-scores of each individual item noted in table A3.  Management practice: Other is the organization average of the average across the z-scores of targeting, incentives, roles, flexibility, staffing, and staff involvement, detailed in table A3.    Management practices are in z-scores.  Individual characteristics (organization average) include the organization average of: the number of years in current position; the number of years in current organization; the number of years in the service; an indicator for whether the employee has an undergraduate degree; an indicator for whether the employee has a masters degree; and an indicator for whether the employee is female.  Marginal costs include the proportion of managers in the organization that state that a management information system is in place; the organization average response to "In what proportion of projects would you say information flows effectively between individuals in the same organization?"; the organization average response to "In what proportion of projects would you say Information flows effectively between organizations?"; the organization average response of managers to "How many personnel do you manage?"; the organization average response of employees to "How many people would you say regularly give you tasks as part of your formal work duties?";  alignment (the z-score of the row mean of the organization-average response to "To what extent do you believe that your organization's mission is aligned to your own mission?" and the organization proportion of selecting "I am contributing to fulfilling that mission on an everyday basis" to "How consistent with your mission are the various tasks and activities assigned to you on a day-to-day basis?").  Figures are rounded to two significant figures.