imputed poor population is larger in the rest of the country than in the National Capital District.<sup>14</sup> But in addition to imputing an estimate of monetary poverty, we also estimate the World Bank’s MPM. The MPM includes 6 different indicators across three welfare dimensions- monetary poverty, education, and access to basic services (World Bank 2018). The monetary poverty measure is the international poverty line using the $ 2.15 (2017 PPP) per day poverty line; the indicators capturing access to education include indicators addressing the educational attainment of adults and the attendance of schoolaged children; and access to basic services include indicators capturing access to proper sanitation, clean drinking water, and access to electricity.<sup>15</sup> Although monetary poverty is an indicator in the World Bank’s MPM and is not directly able to be estimated from the 2016-18 DHS, we use the imputed poverty rate for each household described above. See Table 2 for a summary of the dimensions and the indicators captured in the standard World Bank MPM.

For each of these individual indicators, we report the share of the population that is deprived relative to the thresholds of the MPM. We also report the share of the population that is multidimensionally poor, which is a measure of the degree to which deprivations overlap in individual households.<sup>16</sup> Specifically, the measure is defined as the share of people that fall short of the MPM threshold in at least one dimension, or a combination of indicators equivalent in weight to a full dimension.<sup>17</sup><sup>_,_18</sup>

> 14In results not reported, the difference is statistically significant at the 1 percent level.

> 15A detailed list of the indicators that were calculated for PNG from the 2016-2018 DHS are available from the authors upon request.

> 16This figure is referred to as the multidimensional poverty headcount ratio. We refer to this figure throughout the report as the World Bank’s MPM. Although we report the multidimensional poverty headcount ratio throughout, there are other multidimensional indicators that are able to be estimated. In particular, the multidimensional poverty index is defined as the product of the headcount ratio and the intensity of poverty. However, we focus on the headcount ratio for the ease in interpretation.

> 17All three dimensions are weighted equally, and within each dimension, all indicators are weighted equally. Given that both the education and access to basic services dimensions have more than one indicator, the weight given each of the indicators is less than the weight given the monetary poverty indicator, which is the only indicator in that dimension. Specifically, the monetary poverty indicator is given a weight of<sup><u>1</u></sup> 3<sup>;eacheducationindicatorisgivenaweightof</sup><sup><u>1</u></sup> 6<sup>,whichisobtainedfromthefact</sup> that the two indicators together have to add to the weight of each dimension (<sup><u>1</u></sup> 3<sup>);and,similartothe</sup> education dimension indicators adding to the weight of each dimension, the weight of each indicator in the access to basic services dimension is<sup><u>1</u></sup> 9<sup>.</sup>

18Examples of households who would be multidimensionally poor include a household that is monetarily poor but is not deprived in any other indicator; and a household that is deprived in one of the education 10