negative result on the female caregiver norms is offset by positive community effects, which suggests that any negative impacts on male labor supply may be driven by men who think they are at odds with their community.<sup>22</sup> At the intensive margin, controlling for the two levels of beliefs (individual or community) does not change our results at all.

Taken together, we show that women’s own personal belief in a norm of equal opportunities and their perception of general community support for gender equality are independently correlated with whether women work. On the other hand, women’s perception of community support for male breadwinner and female caregiver norms is not independently correlated with whether and how much they work, net of their own personal beliefs.

# **4.2.2 Decision-Making Power**

In the following we analyze intrahousehold decision-making power among married men and women. In Tables 4a, 4b, and 5 we examine correlations between beliefs and norms of broad gender equality and the male breadwinner on power within the household.<sup>23</sup> The dependent variables in Tables 4a-5 present four categories of decision making power related to large purchases in the household: ‘female in the household has all the power’, ‘male in the household has all the power’, ‘joint decision making with spouse’, and ‘no power at all’. The regression models shown include country fixed effects.<sup>24</sup> Table 4a suggests that among men, a higher personal belief in support of gender equality ( _Personal Belief:Agree_ ) is associated with a significant shift away from sole decision making power (Male in HH has all the power), towards joint decision making where men are 10 percentage points less likely to report sole decision power. This is the pattern we might expect when an individual agrees with gender equality in opportunities - that decisions made within the marital relationship are made jointly. Similarly, in Table 4b, the pattern for the male breadwinner norm is in the direction we would expect - personally agreeing with the male breadwinner norm is associated with higher male sole decision making power (9 percentage points) and commensurate lower joint decision making in the household.

Similarly, for women personally agreeing with the gender equality norm is associated with a shift from sole decision making (Female in the HH has all the power) to joint decision making power by 4 percentage points. A similar pattern is found for the male breadwinner norm - agreeing with the breadwinner norm is associated with a lower likelihood of joint power and

> 22For instance, men who personally agree with the female caregiver norm may reflect men who place greater weight on family values themselves or men who revert to more traditional masculinity roles when out of work. 23Separate survey modules were randomized and administered to a random subsample in order to minimize overall survey length. Therefore, some behaviors were paired with fewer norms questions.

> 24While the two models with and without county fixed effects differ slightly in magnitude of the coefficients, the level of statistical significance is consistent so we only show the specification with country fixed effects.

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