**Table 2: Impact of PBF on Structural Quality Indicators**

|**Variable**|**Baseline**<br>**Mean in**<br>**PBF**<br>**districts**|**Rural**<br>**Trend**|**Health Cent**<br>**PBF**<br>**impact**|**ers**<br>**p-value**|**N**|**Baseline**<br>**Mean in**<br>**PBF**<br>**districts**|**Hea**<br>**Trend**|**lth House**<br>**PBF**<br>**impact**|**p-**<br>**value**|**N**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Designated reception area|0.811|0.046|0.141***|0.002|420|0.714|0.134|0.143**|0.035|278|
|Heating|0.594|0.070|0.329**|0.041|420|0.486|0.275|0.314**|0.037|278|
|Toilets|0.802|0.021|0.075|0.874|420|0.414|0.129|0.240*|0.082|278|
|Separate gender toilets|0.358|-0.022|0.281|0.483|420|0.100|-0.012|0.113|0.229|278|
|Piped water into facility plot<sup>a</sup>|0.085|0.203|0.177|0.123|420|0.029|0.220|0.086|0.234|278|
|Improved source of water|0.717|0.075|0.172*|0.076|420|0.700|0.264|-0.226|0.776|278|
|Water in consultation rooms|0.420|0.153|0.179|0.523|282|0.455|0.084|0.135|0.422|130|
|Functional incinerator|0.858|-0.094|0.219|0.314|420|0.871|0.099|-0.042|0.506|278|
|Proper sterilization procedure<sup>b</sup>|0.189|0.172|0.122|0.114|420|0.086|0.089|0.023|0.314|278|
|Proper decontamination<br>procedure<sup>c</sup>|0.189|0.033|0.169|0.275|420|0.229|0.186|-0.101|0.829|278|
|Proper biowaste disposal<br>procedure<sup>d</sup>|0.585|-0.368|0.542**|0.043|420|0.571|-0.162|0.308|0.282|278|
|Containers for needles/sharps<sup>e</sup>|0.449|0.272|0.113**|0.028|282|0.182|0.287|0.166|0.746|130|
|Proportion of equipment items<sup>f</sup>|0.739|-0.010|0.166|0.157|420|0.584|-0.057|0.206***|0.001|278|
|Proportion of essential drugs<sup>f</sup>|0.257|0.388|0.279***|0.000|420||||||
|Proportion of family planning<br>products<sup>f</sup>|0.249|0.228|0.036|0.758|420||||||
|Proportion of vaccines<sup>f</sup>|0.154|0.189|0.057|0.595|420||||||
|Proportion of diagnostic tests<sup>f</sup>|0.109|0.005|0.220***|0.000|420||||||
|Proportion of protocols and<br>clinical guidelines<sup>f</sup>|0.565|0.086|0.254***|0.000|420|0.408|0.100|0.261***|0.001|278|

Note: data from health facility assessments. All regressions are the difference-in-differences specification with facility fixed effects and controlling for exposure to the collaborative quality improvement and citizen scorecards interventions. Standard errors are clustered at the district and survey round level with wild bootstrapping. Availability of consumables was not measured at the health houses.

a Improved source of water includes piped water, public taps, tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, rainwater and bottled water. b Proper sterilization procedure includes autoclaving, boiling, steam sterilization, chemical sterilization, and outsourcing c Proper decontamination procedure is scrubbing, or cleaning followed by use of a disinfectant d Proper biowaste disposal method includes burning or outsourcing e Because of error in the questionnaire skip pattern, the variable is missing in the baseline survey data for many facilities.

f Availability was defined as existence of at least one unit, confirmed by direct observations of the survey enumerators. The items included in the calculation of availability of equipment, and consumables are listed in appendix Table A3.

Level of statistical significance: *p<0.10; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01 24