(i) physical violence,<sup>11</sup> (ii) sexual violence,<sup>12</sup> (iii) emotional violence<sup>13</sup> and (iv) economic violence.<sup>14</sup> The second classification is based on survivor’s relationship with the perpetrator, namely (i) intimate partner violence (IPV) or violence perpetrated by husband/partner, (ii) non-partner domestic violence (NPDV) or violence perpetrated by other household members,<sup>15</sup> and (iii) non-domestic violence (NDV) or violence perpetrated by non-household members.<sup>16</sup> For IPV, we collect data on lifetime incidence and frequency of exposure in the last 12 months preceding the survey.<sup>17</sup> For NPDV and NDV, we only administer questions about incidence in the last 12 months.

Questions on physical, emotional, and sexual violence were developed closely following the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) instruments. Considering that economic violence is less frequently measured by secondary surveys such as DHS, we follow guidelines provided under the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004, issued by the Government of the Philippines, to develop questions on economic abuse. Notably, the resulting survey questions were similar to scales used in past studies; for instance, the checklist of controlling behaviors (CCB) - developed and tested by Lehmann et al. (2012). The full list of violent actions included in our survey instrument has been provided in Table A9.

# 4.2 Intermediary Outcomes

Alongside, we record data on a few intermediary outcomes to examine changes in channels or mechanisms through which cash transfers could impact exposure to GBV. We estimate the impact of CCTs on four indices – one corresponding to each mechanism. These indices are constructed using average z- scores based on Katz, Kling and Liebman (2007). Please refer to Table 2 below for more information on construction of each index. Considering that the CCT could have a distinct effect on women (primary grantees) and men (grantees’ partners), we estimate these effects separately on female and male samples, respectively.

First, to examine the mechanism on well-being, we create an index using average z scores of the following outcomes: (i) patient health questionnaire (PHQ) index, which measures extent or severity of depression (construction closely follows Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams (2001)), and (ii) respondent’s perception of their 11 Physical violence includes the act of (i) push, shake or throw something at the victim, (ii) slap, (iii) punch, (iv) kick, (v) strangle or burn, (vi) twist arm or pull hair or (vii) threaten with knife/gun or other weapon.

12 Sexual violence includes (i) physically forcing the victim for sexual intercourse or to perform unwanted sexual acts, (ii) force to do something sexual that is humiliating/denigrating, (iii) threatening the victim to engage in sexual intercourse.

13 Emotional violence includes (i) insult or made you feel back about yourself, (ii) humiliate you in front of others and (iii) intimidate or threaten or directly or through a threat to someone you care about.

14 Economic violence includes (i) not allowed to engage in legitimate work, (ii) deprive or threaten to deprive of financial resources and right to use conjugal or commonly owned property, (iii) control your money or properties or force you to work and (iv) destroy your personal property, pets or belongings, household property, or threaten to do so.

15 Our questionnaire included the following options for other household members: (i) Mother/Stepmother/Motherin-law; (ii) Father/step-father/father-in-law; (iii) sister/brother/sister-in-law/brother-in-law; (iv) Other relative (please specify).

16Our questionnaire included the following options for non-household members: (i) Employer/someone at workplace; (ii) Community leader; (iii) Health worker; (iv) Teacher; (v) Police/soldier.

17 Frequency of violence is coded as a categorical variable. Response options include often=2; sometimes=1; not in the last 12 months=0.

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