Table 6: Relationship between mother literacy and education level and poverty

||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|(9)|(10)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Monetar|y Poor|Severe Depriv|ations|||||||
|VARIABLES|USD 1.9|National<br>povertyline|Sanitation|Water|Shelter|Information|Education|School<br>Attendance|Health|Food|
|_Mother’s* education level_|||||||||||
|Completed Primary|-0.213***|-0.161**|-0.0544|-0.0402|-0.383***|-0.203***|-0.176***|-0.267***|-0.286**|-0.0528|
||(0.0670)|(0.0682)|(0.0870)|(0.0767)|(0.0847)|(0.0755)|(0.0578)|(0.0519)|(0.138)|(0.126)|
|Completed Jr. Secondary|-0.312***|-0.235***|-0.0685|-0.0570|-0.463***|-0.347***|-0.389***|-0.492***|-0.200|-0.0702|
||(0.0795)|(0.0913)|(0.103)|(0.0925)|(0.102)|(0.0895)|(0.102)|(0.0761)|(0.200)|(0.174)|
|Completed Sen. Secondary|-0.762***|-0.746***|-0.443***|-0.294***|-0.799***|-0.660***|-0.484***|-0.437***|-0.615***|0.0148|
||(0.0705)|(0.0761)|(0.0929)|(0.0868)|(0.0940)|(0.0838)|(0.0697)|(0.0566)|(0.167)|(0.129)|
|Completed Tertiary|-1.592***|-1.501***|-1.094***|-0.595***|-1.354***|-1.092***|-0.888***|-0.383***|-0.740**|-0.246|
||(0.124)|(0.149)|(0.149)|(0.114)|(0.176)|(0.191)|(0.242)|(0.108)|(0.344)|(0.250)|
|Mother’s* Education Level|0.0463|0.0113|0.226**|0.0342|-0.0938|0.195***|0.800***|0.563***|0.381***|-0.0181|
||(0.0566)|(0.0642)|(0.0879)|(0.0765)|(0.0664)|(0.0684)|(0.0586)|(0.0555)|(0.115)|(0.118)|
|_Survey wave_|||||||||||
|Wave 2|0.133***|0.115**|0.153***|-0.0865*|0.0176|-0.590***|0.00597|0.0204|-0.104|-0.472***|
||(0.0480)|(0.0482)|(0.0432)|(0.0450)|(0.0458)|(0.0465)|(0.0465)|(0.0382)|(0.0889)|(0.151)|
|Wave 3|0.209***|0.207***|0.0575|-0.0606|0.0754*|-0.897***|-0.156***|-0.0530||0.179|
||(0.0496)|(0.0520)|(0.0474)|(0.0554)|(0.0456)|(0.0583)|(0.0540)|(0.0404)||(0.151)|
|_Sector_|0.0619||0.0166|-0.120|-0.135*|-0.561***|-0.126|0.0711||-0.205|
|Rural|(0.0695)|0.599***|(0.0835)|(0.0788)|(0.0716)|(0.0725)|(0.0782)|(0.0605)|0.366**|(0.155)|
||0.536***|(0.0812)|0.923***|0.600***|0.590***|0.382***|0.495***|0.381***|(0.144)|0.0804|
|_Region_|(0.0660)||(0.103)|(0.0779)|(0.0854)|(0.0821)|(0.0757)|(0.0544)||(0.0923)|
|North East|0.164|-0.0475|-1.298***|-0.0337|0.266**|0.0824|0.472***|0.371***|0.496**|0.222|
||(0.102)|(0.109)|(0.139)|(0.138)|(0.114)|(0.0935)|(0.110)|(0.0895)|(0.195)|(0.138)|
|North West|0.222**|0.293***|-1.496***|-0.475***|0.517***|-0.0322|0.467***|0.348***|0.633***|0.374***|
||(0.0973)|(0.109)|(0.123)|(0.129)|(0.102)|(0.0936)|(0.109)|(0.0899)|(0.169)|(0.118)|
|South East|-0.377***|-0.451***|-0.557***|0.0827|-9.80e-05|-0.110|-0.809***|-0.524***|0.135|-0.255*|
||(0.104)|(0.122)|(0.150)|(0.125)|(0.145)|(0.0949)|(0.134)|(0.0922)|(0.240)|(0.155)|
|South South|-0.423***|-0.427***|-0.798***|-0.283**|0.0659|-0.0254|-0.720***|-0.429***|0.447**|-0.145|
||(0.104)|(0.121)|(0.169)|(0.139)|(0.130)|(0.0957)|(0.129)|(0.0851)|(0.210)|(0.162)|
|South West|<br>-0.484***|<br>-0.483***|<br>-0.00967|<br>-0.162|<br>0.311***|<br>-0.0554|<br>-0.470***|<br>-0.215**|<br>0.634***|<br>-0.0334|
||(0.105)|(0.120)|(0.162)|(0.144)|(0.119)|(0.105)|(0.162)|(0.0988)|(0.230)|(0.162)|
|Constant|<br>-0.208*|<br>-0.381***|<br>-0.570***|<br>-0.476***|<br>-0.777***|<br>-0.776***|<br>-1.706***|<br>-1.244***|<br>-1.520***|<br>-0.927***|
||(0.121)|(0.136)|(0.148)|(0.145)|(0.128)|(0.117)|(0.121)|(0.0906)|(0.221)|(0.195)|
|Observations|311,102,742|234,905,864|307,172,501|306,378,211|309,905,128|226,711,452|221,335,597|219,014,238|11,454,053|16,158,133|
||||Robust s|tandard errors|in parentheses||||||

*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Source: Source: Authors’ estimates based on GHS Waves 1-3 Note: The highest education level completed among female household members above 18 years is used to proxy for the mother’s highest completed education level of existing household members in waves 2 and 3, as the GHS only asks in wave 1 about the mother’s education of all individuals, but in the later waves only for new household members. As the GHS data is unfortunately not an individual level panel, it is not possible to merge information from wave 1 to the respective individuals in wave 2 and 3. Controls including the proxy information are marked with an *.

# 6 Conclusions and Policy Implications

Motivated by the lack of evidence on the poverty situation specifically of children in Nigeria, this child poverty analysis aims at providing a broad overview on the extent of severe monetary and multidimensional child poverty, its recent trends and its overlap which could potentially serve as a base for more targeted policy making.

The analysis is based on the past four waves of the General Household Surveys (GHS-1 2010/11, GHS-2 2012/13, GHS-3 2015/16 and GHS-4 2018/19) and the latest wave of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 2016/17). Using the GHS surveys has the advantage that it allows the calculation of the overlap between monetary and multi-dimensional poverty estimates. The MICS data on the other hand only allows the estimation of multi-dimensional poverty measures, but provides external validity to the 56