The six _non-oil resource-intensive countries_ represent roughly 4.9 percent of Africa’s GDP and 4.2 percent of its population.<sup>7</sup> Like the oil exporters, the group also did very well relative to its own past performance: 5.1 percent during 2000–06 or 5.7 percent since 2000.

The 19 _coastal countries_ account for about 53 percent of the regional GDP and 32 percent of the total population.<sup>8</sup> This group has been growing by 3.4 percent a year since 2000—a rate that has further improved to 4.4 percent a year during 2004–06.

The 13 _landlocked countries_ were traditionally the laggards in growth.<sup>9</sup> Although they represent as much as 32 percent of the total population in the region, they take up only 17 percent of the regional income. Annual growth in GDP since 2000 has averaged only 3 percent but has improved to 4.2 percent recently. The individual records are mixed. Although the group includes noted growth failures such as the Central African Republic and Zimbabwe, it nonetheless has several bright spots, as reported in table 1: Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Mali, Rwanda, and Uganda.

**_Oil Importing Countries by Income and Fragile States._** An alternative classification of the oil-importing countries is by income level and fragile states—that is, low- and middle-income countries plus fragile states. The International Monetary Fund, (IMF) for example, has used this classification (see IMF 2007a).<sup>10</sup>

The eight _middle-income countries_ correspond to less than 8 percent of the region’s total population but to 40 percent of regional income.<sup>11</sup> South Africa alone represents 6.3 percent of the population and 35 percent of Africa’s GDP. The individual performances in this group have been mixed: whereas South Africa’s performance has been improving in recent periods, that of others (such as the Seychelles, Swaziland, and to some extent Mauritius) has slowed down. Zimbabwe, which used to be in this group, is now a fragile low-income country. As a result of the mixed performance of several countries, average growth for the group has fallen slightly from the 1980s and 1990s. However, growth during 2004–06 has again rebounded to about 4 percent a year.

Fifteen countries may be classified as _low income_ and non–oil exporting.<sup>12</sup> They are home to 45 percent of the total population but only 25 percent of the total income in the region. However, the recent performance of the group is heartening: growth has been

> 7 These countries are Botswana, Guinea, Namibia, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, and Zambia. 8 These countries are Benin, Cape Verde, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Eritrea, The Gambia, Ghana, GuineaBissau, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Senegal, the Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, and Togo.

> 9 These countries are Burkina Faso, Burundi, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Swaziland, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.

> 10 The classification, like that of oil-importing countries by endowment and location, is not overlapping (see footnote 6).

> 11 These countries are Botswana, Cape Verde, Lesotho, Mauritius, Namibia, the Seychelles, South Africa, and Swaziland.

> 12 These countries are Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia.

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