vacancy database and job placement are most frequently used, followed by counseling and internship/apprenticeship programs. Support for geographic mobility is the least frequently used.

- The eligibility conditions most likely to be used together are periodic reporting on active job search and participating in training offered by PES, followed by periodic reporting and registration with PES. As for the services offered by PES, job placement and access to the vacancy database are most likely to be offered together, followed by job placement and counseling services.

- According to the World Bank's Social Protection and Jobs Policy Inventory that gathered data from March 2020 to January 2022, 223 economies implemented 3856 policies to safeguard workers, vulnerable groups, and economic activities from the Covid-19 crisis. Among these reforms, 159 were related to UB, 865 were related to ALMP and the rest was on social assistance and other labor market policies.

- High-income economies led 62 percent of UB reforms, with upper middle-income and lower middle-income countries contributing 26 and 11 percent, respectively.

- A larger proportion of low and lower middle-income economies implemented ALMP reforms during this period, with 8 percent and 17 percent, respectively, compared to 47 percent in highincome countries and 27 percent in upper middle-income countries.

- Across all income groups, Covid-19 related UB reforms primarily targeted increasing UB amounts, followed by expanding coverage and extending payment durations.

- Labor regulation adjustments were the most prevalent ALMP reform in all income groups. In upper-middle and high-income economies, wage subsidy programs and job search/training initiatives were the second and third most common reforms, respectively. Conversely, public works, while the least common overall, emerged as the second most popular reform in low and lower middle-income economies.

The econometric analysis of the relationship between labor market outcomes and UB/ALMP reveals distinct patterns across income groups:

- In low- and lower-middle-income countries, ALMP show a stronger correlation with labor market outcomes compared to upper middle and high-income countries. Specifically, they exhibit positive associations with productivity growth and employment rate in the agriculture sector, and a negative association with employment rate in the services sector.

- In upper middle-income countries, both ALMP and UB are positively linked to productivity growth. UB are also positively associated with industrial employment rate but does not show any direct association with employment rates in agriculture or services sectors. Additionally, both UB and ALMP have a negative association with the aggregate employment rate.

- High-income countries exhibit fewer statistically significant findings. Among these, UB are positively associated with agricultural employment rates, but negatively associated with industrial employment rates and productivity growth.

- Across all income groups, ALMP consistently display a negative relationship with the selfemployment rate.

The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides a review of the theoretical and empirical literature; Section 3 explains the data and analyzes the descriptive statistics and patterns of UB 4