of 1.4 flights from Barbados to Grenada. This is the only connection available between Dominica and Grenada. The odds of making this connection workable are highly dependent on the flight times, and the available free seats of the aircraft involved.

In addition, the table exhibits asymmetries caused by multi-stop (“round-Robin”) flights, i.e. aircraft do not necessarily shuttle between an origin and destination, but instead fly multi-legged routes. For instance, Antigua > Dominica has 1.4 flights while the reverse direction, Dominica >Antigua, has 2.0.

**Table 11: Frequency Connectivity Matrix of Direct LIAT Flights in the Small Island States for one Week in October 2012 (flights/day)**

|**Origin**||||**D**|**estinati**|**on**||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**Antigua**|**Barbados**|**Dominica**|**Grenada**|**Nevis**|**Trinidad**|**St. Kitts**|**St. Lucia**|**St. Vincent**|
|**Antigua**|||1.4||0.4||3.0|2.6||
|**Barbados**|||1.6|1.4||||2.4|4.0|
|**Dominica**|2.0|1.6||||||0.9||
|**Grenada**||2.0||||2.4|||1.4|
|**Nevis**|0.4|||||||||
|**Trinidad**||||2.4||||1.4|1.6|
|**St. Kitts**|3.0|||||||||
|**St. Lucia**|1.4|3.4|1.9|||1.4|||1.0|
|**St. Vincent**||3.0||2.0||1.6||1.4||

_Source: Authors’ calculations based on data from Diio (2014)._ _Note: Hub connections shown in the shaded rows and columns. Trinidad and Barbados are hub countries. Antigua, which is classified as a small island state, also acts as a hub for them._ Any pair connecting via a hub with an average of less than two flights per day immediately raises the issue that there may not be a departing flight to the destination for the passenger arriving at the hub the same day. In reality, many of the connection are full, and timing of the different connections are so far spread that layover times could last all day.

Table 12 below shows a sample of traveling times between islands for Wednesday, December 5, 2012, as taken on Friday, November 30, 2012. Some connections could not even be traveled that same week on any day, while others ended up a day’s journey on the shortest connection available.

The schedule is filled with very long layovers. Only the shortest (least time consuming) connections were chosen. There are few emerging facts. First, only 8 out of the possible 41 connections within the islands, are served by direct flights. Second, though the connectivity with Nevis may look critical, this is less of an issue because of the proximity of St. Kitts. However, St. Kitts’ connectivity is the poorest. Third, the asymmetry of the travel times is remarkable. Only the routes Antigua/Dominica, Antigua/Nevis, Antigua/St. Kitts, direct flights both to and from them, have same travel times either way. But overall the variance between the “to” and the “from” routes is significant and contingent upon available connections and load factors. The extreme example is the pair St. Lucia-St. Vincent: going to St. Lucia from St. Vincent takes half an hour while coming from St. Lucia to St. Vincent is an overnight trip (Table 12). The cause of these poor connections is not just scheduling. In many cases, the flights that appeared that were simply full and therefore not available. It is anecdotally agreed that the northern islands of the small 43