in the labor force. This is further confirmed by the low expected sanctions and lack of association between women’s work and expected sanctions, as shown in **<u>Table A.10, Annex A</u>** <u>. These findings are consistent with</u> the descriptive results that show unanimous high acceptance among respondents for women’s mobility and being in the public space, and less so for norms that challenge the status quo related to traditional gender roles. However, these results also show that when considering all elements of social norms together, the relative strength of the relationship between these elements and women’s work outcomes can vary.

We further contextualize findings in Table 5 by unpacking the two key items within the gender roles within the household index ( **Table 6** ). For the female caregiver norm, women’s conservative beliefs are negatively associated with their own employment outcomes, but not men’s beliefs on this issue. On the other hand, for the male breadwinner norm, men’s conservative beliefs negatively correlate with women’s work outcomes. In addition, women’s beliefs that their reference group holds conservative views on this issue also negatively correlate with their work outcomes. **<u>Tables A.12, Annex A</u>** include these results for each norm within the public space index. When looking at the full sample, we find no association of beliefs and social expectations about each norm that forms the public space index with the outcome variable – women’s paid work outside, which in line with results of Table 5.

**Table 5. Individual-level regressions of social norms indices predicting women’s work outcomes**

|||**Full samp**|**le**||**Females o**|**nly**||**Males on**|**ly**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|(9)|
||Paid<br>work|Paid<br>work|Paid<br>work|Paid<br>work|Paid<br>work|Paid<br>work|Paid<br>work|Paid<br>work|Paid<br>work|
|PNB Index –|-0.08**||-0.08**|-0.09**||-0.08**|-0.08||-0.08|
|HH Roles|(0.04)||(0.03)|(0.04)||(0.03)|(0.06)||(0.06)|
|SNE Index –|-0.04||-0.04|-0.08||-0.08|0.01||0.01|
|HH Roles|(0.05)||(0.05)|(0.06)||(0.06)|(0.07)||(0.06)|
|PNB Index –||-0.03|-0.01||-0.03|-0.02||-0.02|-0.00|
|Public Space||(0.03)|(0.03)||(0.03)|(0.03)||(0.03)|(0.03)|
|SNE Index –||-0.00|-0.00||-0.00|0.00||0.00|-0.01|
|Public Space||(0.03)|(0.03)||(0.03)|(0.03)||(0.04)|(0.04)|
||-0.04|-0.12|-0.03|-0.00|-0.12|0.01|-0.09|-0.14|-0.08|
|Constant|(0.26)|(0.24)|(0.26)|(0.26)|(0.24)|(0.27)|(0.26)|(0.25)|(0.26)|
|Obs.|2,000|2,000|2,000|1,150|1,150|1,150|850|850|850|
|Adjusted R2|0.03|0.02|0.03|0.04|0.02|0.03|0.01|0.00|0.01|
|Controls|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|
|Regional FE|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|

_Notes_ : (1) Negative correlation means that more conservative beliefs and social expectations are associated with lower probability of women working for pay outside the house. (2) For all indices, higher the value, more conservative the beliefs and expectations. Outcome variable “Paid work” is binary with 1 if the female reported a “yes” to “I work outside the house for pay.” And if a male reported “yes” to “My wife works outside the house for pay.” (3) Standard errors clustered at the ward level. (4) Robust standard errors in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1.

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