rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
Cyber Resilience of Autonomous
            Mobility Systems : Cyber Attacks and Resilience-Enhancing Strategies
The increasing cyber connectivity of
            vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure will
            drastically reshape mobility in the coming decades. Although
            the advent of connected mobility is expected to benefit
            travelers and society by smoothing traffic, improving rider
            convenience, and reducing accidents, the augmented cyber
            components in connected and autonomous vehicles and related
            infrastructure also give rise to cyber attacks on the
            transportation system. Yet, little attention has been paid
            to transportation cyber resilience. This paper thus proposes
            an investigation on this topic with a comprehensive
            literature review. Cyber components and plausible autonomous
            mobility systems operation scenarios are discussed, before
            identifying possible cyber attacks to autonomous mobility
            systems at the vehicle and system levels. The discussion
            then moves to existing practices to enhance cybersecurity,
            and several strategies are investigated toward enhancing
            autonomous mobility system cyber resilience. At the vehicle
            level, creating layers and separation to reduce cyber
            component connectivity and deploying an independent
            procedure for data collection and processing are important
            in vehicle design and manufacturing. At the system level,
            recommended strategies include keeping redundancy in
            transportation capacity, maintaining a separate road
            network, and deploying different sub-autonomous mobility systems.
Cost Recovery and Financial
            Viability of the Power Sector in Developing Countries :
            Insights from 15 Case Studies
This paper analyzes power utilities in
            15 jurisdictions to understand the determinants of success
            for reforms aimed at improving financial viability and cost
            recovery in the power sector and the impacts of these
            reforms on metrics of sector performance. The analysis finds
            that electricity tariffs are rarely high enough to cover the
            full costs of service delivery, even where the cost of
            service is low, and that few countries adequately manage
            volatile costs and maintain cost recovery levels over time.
            Almost everywhere, power utilities often impose a
            substantial fiscal burden and contingent liabilities on
            government budgets. Over the past 30 years, cost recovery
            levels have increased on average, but progress has been
            uneven, with over half of the case study jurisdictions
            experiencing a decline compared with the pre-reform period.
            The record of reforms of price formation, especially tariff
            setting through regulatory agencies, is mixed. On average,
            countries that have made more progress on utility governance
            and decision making perform better on cost recovery. The
            paper concludes with proposed modifications to the
            conceptual framework underpinning the economic analysis of
            power sector reforms as well as immediate, practical
            implications for understanding cost recovery as part of the
            overall power sector reform agenda.
Borrow with Sorrow The Changing Risk
            Profile of Sub-Saharan Africa's Debt
In the post-global financial crisis
            period, the financing of countercyclical policies led not
            only to a reduction in the fiscal surpluses across
            Sub-Saharan African countries, but also an increase in their
            levels of indebtedness. Although public debt for the region
            in 2018 was still below that of the pre-debt forgiveness
            period, the risk profile of public debt has sharply
            increased. The share of concessional public debt has been
            declining while that owed to private creditors and non–Paris
            Club bilateral creditors has been rising. The resulting
            reconfiguration of public debt has led to increased debt
            service in the region. Hence, the higher risk profile of
            debt and rising payments might lower the threshold for debt
            distress in the region. Addressing public debt
            vulnerabilities requires the buildup of external and fiscal
            buffers by conducting prudent fiscal policies and
            implementing growth-enhancing reforms, and the strengthening
            of debt management practices. However, the policy toolkit
            can be enlarged by gradually moving from debt management to
            balance-sheet management of the public sector, and policies
            to boost the efficiency of public investment.
Assessing the Returns on Investment
            in Data Openness and Transparency
This paper investigates the potential
            benefits for a country from investing in data transparency.
            The paper shows that increased data transparency can bring
            substantive returns in lower costs of external borrowing.
            This result is obtained by estimating the impact of public
            data transparency on sovereign spreads conditional on the
            country's level of institutional quality and public and
            external debt. While improving data transparency alone
            reduces the external borrowing costs for a country, the
            return is much higher when combined with stronger
            institutional quality and lower public and external debt.
            Similarly, the returns on investing in data transparency are
            higher when a country's integration to the global
            economy deepens, as captured by trade and financial
            openness. Estimation of an instrumental variable regression
            shows that Sub-Saharan African countries could have saved up
            to 14.5 basis points in sovereign bond spreads and decreased
            their external debt burden by US$405.4 million (0.02 percent
            of gross domestic product) in 2018, if their average level
            of data transparency was that of a country in the top
            quartile of the upper-middle-income country category. At the
            country level, Angola could have reduced its external debt
            burden by around US$73.6 million.
Assessing the Longer Term Impact of
            Community-Driven Development Programs : Evidence from a
            Field Experiment in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Community-driven development programs
            are a popular model for service delivery and socioeconomic
            development, especially in countries reeling from civil
            strife. Despite their popularity, the evidence on their
            impact is mixed at best. Most studies thus far are based on
            data collected during, or shortly after, program
            implementation. Community-driven development's theory
            of change, however, allows for a longer time frame for
            program exposure to produce impact. This study examines the
            longer term impact of a randomized community-driven
            development program implemented in 1,250 villages in Eastern
            Democratic Republic of Congo between 2007 and 2012. The
            study team returned to these villages in 2015, eight years
            after the onset of the program. The study finds evidence of
            the physical endurance of infrastructure built by the
            program. However, it finds no evidence that the program had
            an impact on other dimensions of service provision, health,
            education, economic welfare, women's empowerment,
            governance, and social cohesion. These findings suggest
            that, although community-driven development programs may
            effectively deliver public infrastructure, longer term
            impacts on economic development and social transformation
            appear to be limited.
Salt of the Earth : Quantifying the
            Impact of Water Salinity on Global Agricultural Productivity
Salinity in surface waters is on the
            rise throughout much of the world. Many factors contribute
            to this change, including increased water extraction, poor
            irrigation management, and sea-level rise. To date no study
            has attempted to quantify the impacts on global food
            production. This paper develops a plausibly causal model to
            test the sensitivity of global and regional agricultural
            productivity to changes in water salinity. To do so, it
            utilizes several local and global data sets on water quality
            and agricultural productivity and a model that isolates the
            impact of exogenous changes in water salinity on yields. The
            analysis trains a machine-learning model to predict salinity
            globally, to simulate average global food losses over
            2000-13. These losses are found to be high, in the range of
            the equivalent of 124 trillion kilocalories, or enough to
            feed more than 170 million people every day, each year.
            Global maps building on these results show that pockets of
            high losses occur on all continents, but the losses can be
            expected to be particularly problematic in regions already
            experiencing malnutrition challenges.
The Dynamics of High-Growth Firms :
            Evidence from Tunisia
This paper examines the dynamics and
            characteristics of high-growth firms in Tunisia. Further
            knowledge about the dynamics of these firms can inform the
            design of business support policies, especially toward small
            and medium-size firms. The analysis suggests that between
            1999 and 2015, about 9 to 10.5 percent of the firms in
            Tunisia achieved high-growth status per year, on average,
            depending on the definition used, and these shares have been
            remarkably stable over time. Although a small share of firms
            achieves high growth annually, almost one in every three
            firms that survive for more than a decade has achieved
            high-growth status at least once. High-growth status is more
            prevalent among small and young firms, as well as firms that
            export, import, or receive foreign direct investments.
The Role of Historical Christian
            Missions in the Location of World Bank Aid in Africa
This article documents a positive and
            sizable correlation between the location of historical
            Christian missions and the allocation of present-day World
            Bank aid at the grid-cell level in Africa. The correlation
            is robust to an extensive set of geographical and historical
            control variables that predict settlement of missions. The
            study finds no correlation with aid effectiveness, as
            measured by project ratings and survey-based development
            indicators. Mission areas display a different political aid
            cycle than other areas, whereby new projects are less likely
            to arrive in years with new presidents. Hence, political
            connections between mission areas and central governments
            could be one likely explanation for the correlation between
            missions and aid.
Emerging and Developing Economies :
            Ten Years After the Global Recession
Although emerging market and developing
            economies (EMDEs) weathered the global recession a decade
            ago relatively well, they now appear less well placed to
            cope with the substantial downside risks facing the global
            economy. In many EMDEs, the room for monetary and fiscal
            policies to respond to shocks has eroded; underlying growth
            potential has slowed; and the momentum for improving policy
            frameworks, institutions, and business climates seems to
            have slackened. The experience of the 2009 global recession
            highlights once again the critical role of policy room in
            shielding economic activity during adverse shocks. The
            subsequent decade of anemic growth underlines the need for
            sound policy frameworks, institutions, and business
            environments to promote sustained growth. With the global
            growth outlook weakening and vulnerabilities rising, the
            policy priority for EMDEs is now to improve resilience to
            shocks and to lift long-term growth prospects.
Does Greater Regulatory Burden Lead
            to More Corruption Evidence Using Firm-Level Survey Data for
            Developing Countries
Regulation often creates opportunities
            for public officials to extract bribes. If this is true,
            deregulation offers a simple way to combat corruption.
            However, empirical evidence on the corruption and regulation
            nexus is limited. Further, the corruption indices used are
            based on experts' opinions, which may suffer from
            perception bias. The present paper attempts to address these
            shortcomings using firm-level survey data for 131 mostly
            developing countries on the experiences of the firms with
            bribery and regulatory burden. Exploiting within-country and
            industry-level variation in regulatory burden, the analysis
            finds a large, positive effect of regulatory burden on
            corruption.  For the baseline results, the bribery rate is
            higher by about 0.03 percentage point for each percentage
            point increase in the regulatory burden. The finding is
            robust to several endogeneity checks.
Getting the (Gender-Disaggregated)
            Lay of the Land : Impact of Survey Respondent Selection on
            Measuring Land Ownership and Rights
Foundational to the monitoring of
            international goals on land ownership and rights are the
            household survey respondents who provide the required
            individual-disaggregated data. Leveraging two national
            surveys in Malawi that differed in their approach to
            respondent selection, this study shows that, compared with
            the international best practice of privately interviewing
            adults about their personal asset ownership and rights, the
            business-as-usual approach of interviewing the most
            knowledgeable household member(s) on adult household
            members' ownership of and rights to assets leads to (i)
            higher rates of exclusive reported and economic ownership of
            agricultural land among men, and (ii) lower rates of joint
            reported and economic ownership among women. Further,
            substantial agreement exists on agricultural landowners and
            rights holders, as reported by the privately-interviewed
            spouses. When discrepancies emerge, proxies for greater
            household status for women are positively associated with
            the scenarios where women attribute at least some land
            ownership to themselves.
Are You Being Asked Impacts of
            Respondent Selection on Measuring Employment
Accurate estimates of men's and
            women's employment are at the heart of understanding
            sources of productivity and economic growth and designing
            well-targeted, gender-sensitive labor policies.  How
            respondent selection in household and labor force surveys
            affects these estimates is a key question, for which
            experimental evidence outside of high-income settings is
            limited. Leveraging two concurrent, national surveys in
            Malawi that differed in their approach to respondent
            selection, the analysis shows that compared to the best
            practice of privately interviewing adults about their
            employment outcomes, the common
            "business-as-usual" approach that permits the use
            of proxy respondents and non-private/group interviews leads
            to significant underreporting of employment across a range
            of wage- and self-employment activities, with stronger
            effects for women and for a longer (12-month) recall period.
            Under the business-as-usual approach, the main factors
            linked to under-reporting include household wealth, proxy
            reporting, and potential difficulties associated with
            interpreting/answering on questions regarding household
            non-farm enterprises.
Elite Capture of Foreign Aid :
            Evidence from Offshore Bank Accounts
Do elites capture foreign aid? This
            paper documents that aid disbursements to highly
            aid-dependent countries coincide with sharp increases in
            bank deposits in offshore financial centers known for bank
            secrecy and private wealth management, but not in other
            financial centers. The estimates are not confounded by
            contemporaneous shocks such as civil conflicts, natural
            disasters, and financial crises, and are robust to
            instrumenting with predetermined aid commitments. The
            implied leakage rate is around 7.5 percent at the sample
            mean and tends to increase with the ratio of aid to GDP. The
            findings are consistent with aid capture in the most
            aid-dependent countries.
A Field Experiment on the Role of
            Socioemotional Skills and Gender for Hiring in Turkey
A vast literature shows the importance
            of socioemotional skills in earnings and employment, but
            whether they matter in getting hired remains unanswered.
            This study seeks to address this question and further
            investigates whether socioemotional skill signals in job
            applicants' resumes have the same value for male and
            female candidates. In a large-scale randomized audit study,
            an online job portal in Turkey is used to send fictitious
            resumes to real job openings, collecting a unique data set
            that enables investigating different stages of candidate
            screening. The study finds that socioemotional skills appear
            to be valued only when an employer specifically asks for
            such skills in the vacancy ad. When not asked for, however,
            candidates can face a penalty in the form of lower callback
            rates. A significant penalty is only observed for women, not
            for men. The study does not find evidence of other gender
            differences in the hiring process.
icio : Economic Analysis with
            Inter-Country Input-Output Tables in Stata
Several new statistical tools and
            analytical frameworks have been developed recently to
            measure countries' and sectors' involvement in
            global value chains. Such wealth of methodologies reflects
            that different empirical questions call for distinct
            accounting methods, along with different levels of
            aggregation of trade flows. This paper is a companion to the
            conceptual framework presented in Borin and Mancini (2019).
            The paper describes a new Stata module, icio, that allows
            the user to construct the most appropriate measure for given
            empirical questions on trade in value-added and
            participation in global value chains of countries and
            sectors. By exploiting inter-country input-output tables,
            icio provides decompositions of aggregate, bilateral, and
            sectoral exports and imports according to the source and
            destination of their value-added content. As different
            measures are suited to address distinct economic questions,
            icio is designed to be flexible also in this respect.
Identifying Urban Areas by Combining
            Human Judgment and Machine Learning : An Application to India
This paper proposes a methodology for
            identifying urban areas that combines subjective assessments
            with machine learning, and applies it to India, a country
            where several studies see the official urbanization rate as
            an under-estimate. For a representative sample of cities,
            towns and villages, as administratively defined, human
            judgment of Google images is used to determine whether they
            are urban or rural in practice. Judgments are collected
            across four groups of assessors, differing in their
            familiarity with India and with urban issues, following two
            different protocols. The judgment-based classification is
            then combined with data from the population census and from
            satellite imagery to predict the urban status of the sample.
            The Logit model, and LASSO and random forests methods, are
            applied. These approaches are then used to decide whether
            each of the out-of-sample administrative units in India is
            urban or rural in practice. The analysis does not find that
            India is substantially more urban than officially claimed.
            However, there are important differences at more
            disaggregated levels, with “other towns” and “census towns”
            being more rural, and some southern states more urban, than
            is officially claimed. The consistency of human judgment
            across assessors and protocols, the easy availability of
            crowd-sourcing, and the stability of predictions across
            approaches, suggest that the proposed methodology is a
            promising avenue for studying urban issues.
Business Environment and Dual-Track
            Private Sector Development : China's Experience in Two
            Crucial Decades
A void in the literature on the business
            environment is how it evolves over time. Focusing on China
            during its crucial two decades of transition (from the early
            1990s to the early 2010s), this paper documents how the
            country's business environment and the characteristics
            of entrepreneurs evolved, along with the role played by
            local governments. Relying on multiple comprehensive data
            sets, the paper shows that many aspects of local business
            environments improved: infrastructure, development of the
            court system, and access to external finance. Meanwhile, the
            share of politically connected private firms remained large,
            and their advantage in accessing key resources increased.
            Under this dual-track private sector development, private
            firms became larger and more innovative and adopted more
            formal corporate governance mechanisms. Entrepreneurs became
            much better educated, with more diverse sectoral experience.
            Market competition increased over time, especially after
            China's World Trade Organization entry. The paper
            offers suggestive evidence that this dual track development
            had negative consequences, such as a lower tendency to
            innovate by politically connected firms.