including the low-end jobs that native workers don't want to fill. The South will be a kind of long-distance bedroom community furnishing workers for these jobs. This arrangement will satisfy many of the conventional criteria for development in the South: "increased income," "poverty reduction," and "improvements in living standards." There seems to be a subterranean fault line running under the field of "migration and development" concerning this "3 D's deal" between North and South. Usually the deal is not stated in such bald terms-euphemisms, blinkered vision, and Pollyanna scenarios abound. Some supporters _of_ the 3 D's deal emphasize the benefits to governments in the South; they can export their unemployment problems and import the hard currency to relieve their balance of payments problems. Some keep their eyes riveted on the improved living standards of the individual temporary migrants and their families, and ignore the lock-in to a pattern of economically sterile bedroom communities in the South. Some ignore decades of disappointed hopes for gastarbeiter-remittance-led development in order to embellish the lingering hope that these patterns "could" lead to real development in the South. Others cut that Gordian knot and in effect redefine "development" in terms of "poverty reduction" and "improvements in living standards." To this reviewer, the debate, implicit or explicit, over the 3 D's deal is fundamental to policy questions in the field of migration and development.

## **Complicating the Discourse on Migration and Globalization**

Needless to say, globalization is a complex issue that needs to be approached from many sides. Often globalization is praised as being unambiguously positive on the grounds of the marketdriven logic of exit, the equalizing dynamics of convergence, and individual visions of success. The brunt of the conceptual framework used here is to complicate the discourse and to show that the usual approach to globalization is rather one-sided. The logic of commitment and transformation which embodies a group-focused or collective-action vision of success has an equal claim as a strategy for social improvement. Moreover, to the extent that the underlying mechanism for the north-south interaction is the dynamics of divergence, then the logic of exit to' obtain individual success will work to perpetuate and aggravate the North-South Divide.

# **Summary of Policy Research Issues**

## **South-South Migration**

Overall the brunt of the message on migration and development is that "migration studies" is not an isolated field with separate developmental solutions. The development issues that arise with migration are basic to the issues facing late-developing countries as a whole.

> In the case of south-south migration, the principal issues arise when the economically beneficial migration cuts across post-colonial boundaries. Such boundaries, when originally laid out, paid little attention to the future economics of agglomeration that might drive, say, interior-to-coast migration across borders that nation-states are trying to "harden." Here policy research quickly spills over into political questions of changing immigration and citizenship restrictions and of broader regional cooperation.

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