rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
Three Feet Under : The Impact of
            Floods on Urban Jobs, Connectivity, and Infrastructure
This paper analyses the degree to which
            infrastructure reliability and urban economic activity in
            several African cities is impacted by flooding. It combines
            firm-level micro data, flood maps, and several spatial data
            layers across cities through a harmonized geospatial network
            analysis. The analysis shows that a significant share of
            jobs in cities is directly affected by floods. It further
            details how transport infrastructure is subjected to
            significant flood risk that disproportionally affects main
            roads in many cities. While direct flood effects are
            revealed to be significant, this work further shows how
            knock-on implications for the entire urban economy might be
            even larger. Regardless of the direct flood exposure of
            firms, flooded transport networks mean that disruptions
            propagate across the city and drastically reduce the
            connectivity between firms. Access to hospitals is also
            found to be reduced significantly -- even during relatively
            light flooding events: From a third of locations in Kampala,
            floods mean that people would no longer be able to reach
            hospitals within the "golden hour" -- a rule of
            thumb referring to the window of time that maximizes the
            likelihood of survival after a severe medical incident.
            Overall, this study showcases the use of high-detail
            city-level analyses to better understand the localized
            impacts of natural hazards on urban infrastructure networks.
Resilience and Critical Power System
            Infrastructure : Lessons Learned from Natural Disasters and
            Future Research Needs
Resilience against infrastructure
            failure is essential for ensuring the health and safety of
            communities during and following natural hazard situations.
            Understanding how natural hazards impact society in terms of
            economic cost, recovery time, and damages to critical
            infrastructure is essential for developing robust approaches
            to increasing resilience. Identifying specific
            vulnerabilities allows for better communication, planning,
            and situation-specific interventions. This is particularly
            relevant in areas recovering from a natural hazard that have
            the opportunity to build back their infrastructure, and for
            those currently planning infrastructure expansions. This
            study considers recent hurricanes, earthquakes, droughts,
            heat waves, extreme wind and rainfall events, ice and
            thunder storms as well as wildfires. For many of these, data
            are available for the same type of hazard in different
            geographies which provides information not only on specific
            vulnerabilities, but whether the impacts are location
            dependent. Where available, specific design considerations,
            cost information for repairs, and the recommendations for
            'building back better' are presented. Above-ground
            transmission systems were the most commonly affected power
            system component, with fuel and maintenance supply chains
            representing a major vulnerability for isolated regions and
            islands. Generation systems were most commonly affected when
            a hazard exceeded design limits, particularly in relation to
            water temperature or wind speeds. Institutional capabilities
            are important throughout the sector. In all case studies
            analyzed, the design standards of the infrastructure asset,
            and the ongoing maintenance of assets and the organized
            response (or lack of) has major implications for the
            performance of the electricity grid.
Infrastructure Disruptions : How
            Instability Breeds Household Vulnerability
This review examines the literature on
            the welfare impacts of infrastructure disruptions. There is
            widespread evidence that households suffer from the
            consequences of a lack of infrastructure reliability, and
            that being connected to the grid is not sufficient to close
            the infrastructure gap. Disruptions and irregular service
            have adverse effects on household welfare, due to missed
            work and education opportunities, and negative impact on
            health. Calibrating costs of unreliable infrastructure on
            existing willingness to pay assessments, we estimate the
            welfare losses associated with blackouts and water outages.
            Overall, between 0.1 and 0.2 percent of GDP would be lost
            each year because of unreliable infrastructure --
            electricity, water and transport.
Implementing Adaptive Approaches in
            Real World Scenarios : A Nigeria Case Study, with Lessons
            for Theory and Practice
How does adaptive implementation work in
            practice? Drawing on extensive interviews and observations,
            this paper contrasts the ways in which an adaptive component
            of a major health care project was implemented in three
            program and three matched comparison states in Nigeria. The
            paper examines the bases on which claims and counterclaims
            about the effectiveness of these approaches were made by
            different actors, concluding that resolution requires any
            such claims to be grounded in a fit-for-purpose theory of
            change and evaluation strategy. The principles of adaptive
            development may be gaining broad acceptance, but a complex
            array of skills, expectations, political support, empirical
            measures, and administrative structures needs to be deftly
            integrated if demonstrably positive operational results are
            to be obtained, especially when undertaken within
            institutional systems, administrative logics, and political
            imperatives that are predisposed to serve rather different purposes.
Linking Top-Down and Bottom-UP
            Models for Climate Policy Analysis : The Case of China
Top-down economic models, such as
            computable general equilibrium models, are the common tools
            to assess the economic impacts of climate change policies.
            However, these models are  incapable of representing the
            detailed technological characteristics of the sources of
            greenhouse gas emissions. The economic impacts measured by
            the top-down economic models are likely to be overestimated.
            This study attempts to quantify the overestimation by
            measuring the economic impacts linking the top-down model
            with a bottom-up engineering model for the energy sector.
            The study uses meeting China's pledges under the Paris
            Agreement for testing this hypothesis. The study shows that
            the economic impacts measured by the stand-alone top-down
            model are almost three times as high as those resulting from
            the model after linking it with the bottom-up model.
            However, the findings are sensitive to the assumptions and
            existing or planned policies on energy technologies
            considered in the bottom-up model.
Willingness to Pay for Electricity
            Access in Extreme Poverty : Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
Improving electricity access in
            low-income countries is a challenging problem because of the
            high costs of grid extension and low demand for grid
            electricity in rural areas. This study elucidates these
            constraints by analyzing poor households'
            willingness-to-pay for different types of electricity
            access, including lower cost off-grid technologies. The
            theoretical model illustrates how consumer preferences,
            operational and capital costs of electricity service
            delivery, and availability of power supply affect
            households' decisions to acquire electricity
            technology. These effects are then assessed empirically by
            estimating beneficiaries' willingness-to-pay for
            electricity in three low-income countries that have pockets
            of households living in extreme poverty -- Burkina Faso,
            Senegal, and Rwanda. Consistent with the theoretical model,
            the results indicate very low household willingness-to-pay
            for electricity access, and that willingness-to-pay
            diminishes as households' income declines. Therefore,
            the study recommends concentrating in the nearer term on
            ultra-low-cost decentralized off-grid solar technologies in
            programs to provide household electricity to the poor in
            rural areas.
How Much Would China Gain from Power
            Sector Reforms An Analysis Using TIMES and CGE Models
Many countries have undertaken
            market-oriented reforms of the power sector over the past
            four decades. However, the literature has not investigated
            whether the reforms have contributed to economic
            development. This study aims to assess the potential
            macroeconomic impacts of an element of the power sector
            reform process that China started in 2015. It uses an energy
            sector TIMES model and a computable general equilibrium
            model. The study finds that the price of electricity in
            China would be around 20 percent lower than the country is
            likely to experience in 2020, if the country follows the
            market principle to operate the power system. The reduction
            in the price of electricity would spill over throughout the
            economy, resulting in an increase in gross domestic product
            of more than 1 percent in 2020. It would also increase
            household income, economic welfare, and international trade.
Implications for Provincial
            Economies of Meeting China's NDC through an Emission
            Trading Scheme : A Regional CGE Modeling Analysis
This study analyzes the potential
            impacts of a national emission trading scheme on provincial
            economies in China of meeting China's emission
            reduction pledges, the Nationally Determined Contributions
            announced under the Paris Agreement. The study developed a
            multiregional, multisectoral, recursive-dynamic computable
            general equilibrium model and calibrated it with the latest
            provincial-level social accounting matrices (2012). The
            study shows that meeting China's Nationally Determined
            Contributions through an emission trading scheme would
            reduce almost 30 percent of the emission reduction from the
            business as usual scenario in 2030. If the baseline is
            corrected based on information from a bottom-up energy
            sector model, TIMES, the required reduction of emissions
            from the baseline in 2030 drops by half, to 15 percent. At
            the national level, the emission trading scheme would cause
            a 1.2 to 1.5 percent reduction in gross domestic product
            from the business as usual scenario in 2030. If the baseline
            is corrected, the impact on gross domestic product drops by
            two-thirds. The emission trading scheme would cause some
            provincial economies to gain and others to lose. The
            economic impacts are highly sensitive to the allowance
            allocation rules. Not only the magnitudes, but also the
            directions of the economic impacts alter when the allocation
            rules change. The provinces that rely on coal mining or
            coal-intensive manufacturing industries are found to
            experience relatively larger economic losses irrespective of
            the allowance allocation rules.
International Migration and
            Household Well-Being : Evidence from Uzbekistan
As one of the most pivotal ways that
            labor markets adjust to changing economic conditions,
            international migration is never far from the center of the
            national discussion in Uzbekistan. This paper summarizes the
            relationship between recent international migration trends
            and household well-being using a combination of
            administrative records and unique panel survey data from the
            Listening to the Citizens of Uzbekistan study. The panel
            design provides data on changes in well-being leading up to
            and following a migrants' departure. This feature
            enables analysis that controls for unobserved time-invariant
            respondent and location characteristics. The findings show
            that weak local labor markets drive labor migration from
            Uzbekistan. Beginning to consider migration is associated
            with low life satisfaction, job loss, and unemployment. In
            contrast, actually migrating is associated with a remarkable
            improvement in labor market outcomes, alongside strong
            recovery in subjective and monetary measures of household
            welfare. The results further show that current migrants are
            more likely to send remittance payments when household
            members have deteriorating life satisfaction and/or
            subjective reports of worsening economic conditions at home.
            In the absence of remittance income, the poverty rate in
            Uzbekistan (measured at $3.2/day purchasing power parity)
            would be expected to rise from 9.6 to 16.8 percent, or to
            about 12.2 percent assuming (implausibly) that all current
            migrants were to find formal employment at the local
            prevailing median wage.
The Impact of Mobile Money on Poor
            Rural Households : Experimental Evidence from Uganda
Mobile money lowers the costs of
            financial transactions, making it a promising tool for
            brining financial services to rural areas. This paper
            studies the effects of rolling out mobile money agents in
            poor and remote areas in Northern Uganda. The authors
            randomly assigned 329 areas to receive an agent in 2017,
            using 329 areas as a control group. Data from a 2018
            household survey and administrative transactions data show
            little effect of the rollout. Mobile money transactions
            remained low, suggesting policies focused only on opening
            mobile money agents will not lead to transformative effects
            in poor and remote areas.
Climate Finance, Carbon Market
            Mechanisms and Finance "Blending" as Instruments
            to Support NDC Achievement under the Paris Agreement
This paper considers the impacts of
            "finance blending" whereby climate finance is
            added to international carbon markets for offset trading.
            The paper first discusses climate finance and the carbon
            market as free-standing finance solutions by high-income
            countries to increase mitigation in low-income countries.
            Climate finance solutions have advantages for high-income
            countries due to their greater flexibility and general
            efficiency. A favorable aspect of well-functioning offset
            markets is that all participating countries face a similar
            and robust carbon price. With finance blending and "all
            attribution to the carbon market," the market
            equilibrium is inefficient, as mitigation is excessive in
            low-income countries and too low in high-income countries.
            Instead, mitigation outcomes in the offset market should be
            attributed to the two finance types in proportion to their
            finance shares provided to the low-income countries through
            this market. When climate finance is added to the carbon
            market, the ambition level for emissions reductions for
            donor countries should be raised equivalently; otherwise,
            the added climate finance leads to no increase in global
            mitigation. When low-income country market participants have
            limited access to credit markets, climate finance can
            increase mitigation by supplying the capital required to
            implement efficient mitigation projects.
Measuring Social Norms About Female
            Labor Force Participation in Jordan
This study conducted a large-scale,
            representative survey of social norms for female labor force
            participation in three governorates of Jordan. The social
            norms measures are disaggregated into thematic clusters,
            empirical and normative expectations, and interpersonal
            expectations within the household. The measurements satisfy
            reasonable tests for internal consistency, external
            validity, and test-retest reliability. The survey shows that
            the great majority of men and women favor women's labor
            force participation, although support falls under specific
            scenarios. Most non&#x2013;working women would like a
            job. Among married women, the strongest correlates of
            working are the woman~^!!^s expectations of her
            husband~^!!^s views and the husband~^!!^s personal beliefs.
            Among unmarried women, empirical expectations of the number
            of women working correlate strongest with labor force
            participation. The study findings indicate that information
            campaigns highlighting hidden support for women working
            could be effective, although distinct messages for men,
            married women, and unmarried women may be useful.
Co-Location, Socioeconomic Status
            and Perceptions of Environmental Change in the Indian Sundarbans
Research on the determinants of
            collective action in the commons generally focuses on
            interest-group heterogeneity, implicitly assuming that
            groups perceive the same problems but have different
            priorities. This paper changes the focus to the role played
            by perceptions themselves. Within localities, collective
            action may be easier if elite and non-elite households have
            similar perceptions of environmental problems. Regionally,
            collective action may be aided by common perceptions among
            local elites who communicate across village lines. This
            paper uses regression analysis to explore variations in
            environmental perceptions across classes and localities,
            using new survey data from the Indian Sundarbans. The paper
            finds that perceptions vary significantly across localities.
            Within localities, perceptions among elite households vary
            significantly more than perceptions among non-elite
            households. The results therefore favor locally-oriented
            collective action in the region, along with local governance
            that promotes non-elite participation.
The Nollywood Nudge : An
            Entertaining Approach to Saving
This paper investigates the immediate
            and medium-term behavioral response to an emotional trigger
            designed to affect biases in intertemporal financial
            decisions. The emotional trigger is provided by a narrative
            portraying the catastrophic consequences of poor financial
            choices. Even when people are fully aware of the most
            appropriate action to take, cognitive biases may prevent
            this knowledge from translating into action. The paper
            contributes to the literature by directly testing the
            importance of linking emotional stimulus to financial
            messages, to influence borrowing and saving decisions, and
            identifying the interaction between emotional stimulus and
            the opportunity to act on this stimulus. The study randomly
            assigned individuals to a featured production -- a Nollywood
            (the Nigerian Hollywood) movie -- on the financial
            consequences of poor borrowing and saving behavior. This
            treatment is interacted with the option of opening a savings
            account at the screening of the movie. At the exit of the
            screening, individuals in the financial education movie
            treatment are more likely to open a savings account than
            individuals in the placebo movie treatment. However, the
            effects dissipate quickly. When savings and borrowing
            behavior is measured four months later, the study finds no
            differences between treatments. The paper concludes that
            emotional triggers delivered in the context of a one-time
            feature film might not be enough to secure sustained changes
            in behavior.
Assessing Urban Policies Using a
            Simulation Model with Formal and Informal Housing :
            Application to Cape Town, South Africa
Building on a two-dimensional discrete
            version of the standard urban economics land-use model, this
            paper presents a tractable urban land-use simulation model
            that is adapted to developing country cities, where formal
            and informal housing submarkets coexist. The dynamic
            closed-city framework simulates developers'
            construction decisions and heterogeneous households'
            housing and location choices at a distance from various
            employment subcenters, while accounting at the same time for
            land-use regulations, natural constraints, exogenous
            amenities, and dynamic scenarios of urban population growth
            and of State-driven subsidized housing. Designed and
            calibrated for Cape Town, the model is used to assess the
            impact of an urban growth boundary and of changes in the
            scale of subsidized housing schemes, informing a discussion
            of the potential trade-offs in policy objectives and of
            policy effectiveness.