|_Tenure Policy Research...........................................................................................................65_|
|---|
|Recommendations for ECA Housing Policy Realignment............................................................66|
|_Policy Directions.....................................................................................................................66_|
|_Implementation - Insufficient Budgets.....................................................................................67_|
|_Implementation—Institutional Gaps .......................................................................................68_|

# **Annexes**

|Annex 1. Knowledge Base on Housing Tenure Choice ............................................................................ 69|
|---|
|Annex 2. Design Outline for Rental Housing Survey ............................................................................... 85|
|**Figures**|
|Figure 1. Building Structure and Rental Tenure in Some Transition Economies........................................iv|
|Figure 2. Building Structure and Rental Tenure in Some Market Economies..............................................7|
|Figure 3. Home-ownership by Age in Some Market Countries....................................................................9|
|Figure 4. Households by Tenure in Some Market and Transition Economies ...........................................19|
|Figure 5. Urban Rental in Studied Countries by Housing Starters and Young Households.......................29|
|Figure 6. Income and Urban Apartment Tenure in Poland.........................................................................32|
|Figure 7. Income and Urban Apartment Tenure in Russia .........................................................................32|
|Figure 8. Income and Urban Apartment Tenure in Romania......................................................................33|
|Figure 9. Urban Bias: Income Distribution of Young Families in Romania ..............................................34|
|Figure 10. Income Tax Treatment of Homeowners and Small Landlords in Selected Countries...............52|
|Figure 11_._Building Structure and Rental Tenure in Selected Transition Countries...................................60|
|Figure 12. Tenure Demand, Life Cycle, and Rent-Mortgage Cost Ratio Distortion ..................................78|

|**Tables**|
|---|
|Table 1. Household Survey Data Descriptors.............................................................................................13|
|Table 2. Survey Specific Definitions of Dwelling Status ...........................................................................14|
|Table 3. Tenure Structure in Studied Countries by Settlement Category ...................................................16|
|Table 4. Ownership of Apartments and Buildings in Studied Countries as % of Housing Stock ..............21|
|Table 5. Tenure and Crowding in Studied Countries..................................................................................24|
|Table 6. Urban Tenure by Young Households in Studied Countries..........................................................28|
|Table 7. Tenure and Household Income in Studied Countries ...................................................................31|
|Table 8. City Rank and Size—Little Change during Transition.................................................................35|
|Table 9. Rents, Rent-to-Income and Cost-to-Income Ratios in Studied Countries ....................................38|
|Table 10. Rental Investor Categories and Activity Levels .........................................................................44|
|Table 11. Summary of Rental Laws in the Studied Countries....................................................................50|