<!-- Start of picture text --> Venezuela Brazilian<br>Fundamental High School Brazilians Venezuelans<br>(a) enrollment rate by school level (b) Average Age by Grade<br>grade 1 grade 2 grade 3 grade 4 grade 5 grade 6 grade 7 grade 8grade 10grade 11grade 12<br>1 20<br>.8 15<br>.6<br>10<br>.4<br>5<br>.2<br>0<br>0<br><!-- End of picture text --> Figure 4: Individual level characteristics Table 2: Summary statistics of enrolled students in schools by nationality

|||All Brazil|||RR & A|M|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|
||Venezuelans|Brazilians|Di↵erence (1)-(2)|Venezuelans|Brazilians|Di↵erence (4)-(5)|
|Total Students|37,738|42,930,024||22,481|1,194,065||
|Female|0.481<br>|0.49<br>|-0.009<sup>_⇤_</sup><br>|0.481<br>|0.487<br>|-0.006<br>|
||(.5)|(.5)|(.004)|(.5)|(.5)|(.009)|
|Age|10.219|10.711|-0.492<sup>_⇤⇤_</sup>|10.511|11.498|-0.987|
||(4.06)|(4.78)|(.195)<br>|(3.849)|(4.915)|(.279)|
|White|0.153|0.335|-0.182<sup>_⇤⇤⇤_</sup>|0.091|0.085|0.006|
||(.36)|(.472)|(.049)|(.288)|(.279)|(.005)|
|Overage|0.681<br>|0.535<br>|0.146 <sup>_⇤⇤⇤_</sup><br>|0.727<br>|0.651<br>|0.077<br>|
||(.466)|(.499)|(.03)|(.445)|(.477)|(.038)|
||||School Cha|racteristics|||
|Public|0.373<br>|0.313<br>|0.059 <sup>_⇤⇤⇤_</sup><br>|0.379<br>|0.403<br>|-0.024<br>|
||(.484)|(.464)|(.019)|(.485)|(.49)|(.026)|
|Classsize|26.145|24.696|1.449 <sup>_⇤⇤_</sup>|26.966|26.307|0.66|
||(6.056)|(7.571)|(.694)|(5.859)|(8.781)|(.955)|
|Teacher - Student Ratio|0.915|0.954|-0.039|0.854|0.873|-0.019|
||(.515)|(.684)|(.056)|(.421)|(.766)|(.098)|
|Public Services|0.488|0.677|-0.189<sup>_⇤⇤_</sup>|0.295|0.129|0.166|
||(.5)|(.468)|(.088)|(.456)|(.335)|(.057)|
|Amenities|0.159|0.181|-0.022|0.143|0.177|-0.035|
||(.366)|(.385)|(.019)|(.35)|(.382)|(.009)|
|Science Lab|0.203|0.259|-0.056<sup>_⇤⇤_</sup>|0.176|0.22|-0.044|
||(.402)|(.438)|(.021)|(.381)|(.414)|(.009)|
|Computer Lab|0.634|0.562|0.072<sup>_⇤_</sup>|0.637|0.535|0.102|
||(.482)|(.496)|(.04)|(.481)|(.499)|(.05)|
|Internet|0.946|0.94|0.005|0.923|0.772|0.151|
||(.227)|(.237)|(.023)|(.266)|(.42)|(.036)|
|Library|0.608<br>|0.524<br>|0.084<br>|0.638<br>|0.609<br>|0.029<br>|
||(.488)|(.499)|(.051)|(.481)|(.488)|(.075)|
|Spanish Profcient Teacher|2.025|0.695|1.33|3.104|1.973|1.131|
||(8.77)|(3.18)|(1.119)|(11.126)|(8.179)|(1.623)|
|Portugese Profcient Teacher|38.028<br>|32.969<br>|5.059<sup>_⇤⇤_</sup><br>|41.901<br>|37.774<br>|4.127<sup>_⇤_</sup><br>|
||(28.526)|(25.752)|(1.871)|(29.564)|(28.158)|(.513)|
|Teachers with Undergraduate Degrees|93.931|88.641|5.291<sup>_⇤⇤_</sup>|94.028|87.307|6.721|
||(12.581)|(20.027)|(2.467)|(12.302)|(25.001)|(2.207)|
|Teachers with MA|3.324|3.102|0.222|3.096|2.374|0.723|
||(5.64)|(6.822)|(.325)|(5.402)|(6.951)|(.397)|
|Total enrollment|638.219|553.232|84.988 <sup>_⇤⇤⇤_</sup>|672.15|706.492|-34.342|
||(407.149)|(436.999)|(24.8)|(394.792)|(725.409)|(16.813)|
|Ln(Concentration)|-4.805|-8.983<br>19|4.178<sup>_⇤⇤_</sup>|-2.418|-4.632|2.215|
||(3.306)|(1.183)|(1.612)|(1.944)|(1.319)|(.995)|

> _⇤ p <_ 0 _._ 05, _⇤⇤ p <_ 0 _._ 01, _⇤⇤⇤ p <_ 0 _._ 001. The standard error is in parentheses and is clustered at the province level. All refers to all of Brazil, RR stands for Roraima and AM stands for Amazonas. The di↵erence in column (3) refers to the di↵erence between column (1) and column (2), while the di↵erence in column (6) refers to the di↵erence between column (4) and column (5) . The sample is restricted to only regular schools. Overaged refers to students who are going to a lower grade compared to his or her age cohort