**Table 4. Drivers of the trends in the skill content of jobs, all countries**

||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|(9)|(10)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Non‐routin|e analytical|Non‐routine|interpersonal|Routine|cognitive|Routine|Manual|Non‐routi|ne manual|
||O*NET|STEP|O*NET|STEP|O*NET|STEP|O*NET|STEP|O*NET|STEP|
|GDP (log), change|0.0179|‐0.00186|‐0.00751|‐0.0214|0.108***|‐0.0139|0.105*|0.0480*|0.138**|0.0381|
||(0.0641)|(0.0310)|(0.0553)|(0.0299)|(0.0281)|(0.0158)|(0.0545)|(0.0260)|(0.0592)|(0.0240)|
|GDP (lagged, log)|0.000862|0.000606|0.00178|0.00173|‐0.00350|8.34e‐05|0.00328|0.00203|0.00319|0.00162|
||(0.00849)|(0.00411)|(0.00733)|(0.00396)|(0.00372)|(0.00209)|(0.00722)|(0.00345)|(0.00784)|(0.00318)|
|Industry VA (% of GDP), change|0.275|0.136|0.223|0.134|‐0.0715|‐0.0886*|0.0743|0.104|0.164|0.0894|
||(0.212)|(0.102)|(0.183)|(0.0986)|(0.0927)|(0.0522)|(0.180)|(0.0860)|(0.195)|(0.0793)|
|Services VA (% of GDP), change|0.129|0.0468|0.289**|0.0661|‐0.0737|‐0.0678|‐0.129|‐0.0269|‐0.0982|0.00905|
||(0.167)|(0.0810)|(0.145)|(0.0780)|(0.0734)|(0.0413)|(0.142)|(0.0680)|(0.155)|(0.0627)|
|Skilled (% of working age population), change|‐0.0587|‐0.0505|‐0.0501|‐0.0617*|0.0421|0.0198|‐0.00473|‐0.0306|‐0.0246|‐0.00977|
||(0.0721)|(0.0349)|(0.0622)|(0.0336)|(0.0316)|(0.0178)|(0.0613)|(0.0293)|(0.0666)|(0.0270)|
|Females (% of employment), change|‐0.492***|‐0.205**|‐0.372**|‐0.132|‐0.0357|0.139***|0.227|0.0424|0.154|‐0.101|
||(0.180)|(0.0869)|(0.155)|(0.0837)|(0.0787)|(0.0443)|(0.153)|(0.0729)|(0.166)|(0.0673)|
|Working age population (% of population), change|‐0.481|‐0.0845|‐0.228|0.184|‐1.034***|0.238|‐0.304|‐0.132|‐0.603|‐0.243|
||(0.640)|(0.310)|(0.552)|(0.298)|(0.280)|(0.158)|(0.544)|(0.260)|(0.591)|(0.240)|
|Older than 65 years (% of population), change|‐1.662|‐0.856|0.100|‐0.373|‐1.602**|0.318|‐1.664|‐1.036|‐2.199|‐1.136*|
||(1.781)|(0.862)|(1.537)|(0.830)|(0.780)|(0.439)|(1.515)|(0.723)|(1.645)|(0.667)|
|Internet users (% of population), change|0.218***|0.0881**|0.276***|0.0964***|‐0.0817**|‐0.0615***|‐0.143**|‐0.0465|‐0.149**|0.0559*|
||(0.0801)|(0.0388)|(0.0691)|(0.0373)|(0.0351)|(0.0197)|(0.0682)|(0.0325)|(0.0740)|(0.0300)|
|Imports (% of GDP), change|0.134|0.0583|0.0686|0.0583|‐0.159***|‐0.0313|0.0520|0.0759**|0.111|0.0263|
||(0.0845)|(0.0409)|(0.0730)|(0.0394)|(0.0370)|(0.0208)|(0.0719)|(0.0343)|(0.0781)|(0.0317)|
|Exports (% of GDP), change|‐0.260***|‐0.118***|‐0.188**|‐0.103**|0.163***|0.0762***|0.137*|0.00397|0.0750|‐0.00318|
||(0.0891)|(0.0431)|(0.0769)|(0.0415)|(0.0390)|(0.0220)|(0.0758)|(0.0362)|(0.0823)|(0.0334)|
|Constant|‐0.246|‐0.220|‐1.770|‐1.474|2.900|‐0.202|‐4.760|‐2.606|‐4.695|‐2.078|
||(8.977)|(4.344)|(7.749)|(4.183)|(3.934)|(2.213)|(7.640)|(3.646)|(8.293)|(3.364)|
|Observations|529|529|529|529|529|529|529|529|529|529|
|R‐squared|0.311|0.268|0.295|0.224|0.256|0.300|0.286|0.277|0.286|0.224|

Note: OLS coefficients from a cross-country regression using the skill content of jobs (in first differences) as the dependent variable (multiplied by 100).

The results in Table 4 could be affected by the O*NET and STEP indexes not being appropriate measures for developing countries and developed countries, respectively. To overcome this limitation, we estimate the same equation using only the STEP indexes and restricting the sample to developing countries (Table 5). The three main findings still hold in this sample. First, trends in the skill content of jobs are not related to economic growth or income levels once we control for other factors. Second, higher internet use is correlated with an increase in share of jobs intensive in non-routine cognitive skills, and with a decrease in the share of jobs intensive in routine tasks. Third, an increase in the exports-to-GDP ratio has exactly the opposite relationship than internet use has with the skill content of jobs. More precisely, the ratio is linked to a decline in the share of jobs intensive in non-routine skills, and with an increase in the share of jobs intensive in routine tasks.

These associations are also large in magnitude. An increase of 50 percentage points in the share of internet users – roughly the increase experienced by developing countries since the early 1990s - is associated with an increase in the non-routine interpersonal task intensity of jobs equivalent to about 5 percent of its standard deviation during the period. As a reference, such level is about a third of the increase experienced by Vietnam in this skill measure from 1992 to 2010. Accordingly, 22