|**Table 1: Characteristics of sample communities**|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**Total**<br>**Sample**|**Tigray**|**Amhara**|**Oromia**|**SNNPR**|**Prog**<br>**Yes**|**ram**<sup>**1**</sup><br>**No**||
|**General characteristics**|||||||||
|Mean elevation (m)|2134|1785|2330|2171|1926|2146|2129||
|Average annual rainfall (mm)|1199|1191|995|859|2358|1029|1258||
|No. of sub-kebeles|5.37|8.75|3.00|5.69|5.67|7.65|4.71|*|
|Kebele population|5851|6898|7276|5137|5275|6761|5586||
|Households in kebele|1200|1484|1765|883|1108|1366|1151||
|Depending on agriculture only (%)|89.75|93.25|92.63|90.12|84.00|93.42|88.67||
|<br>With members self-employed (%)|9.51|2.91|10.88|11.78|6.09|10.32|9.28||
|With salaried members (%)|4.84|5.33|5.89|5.18|2.50|7.04|4.20||
|Female headed (%)|16.13|27.25|19.31|14.04|11.50|18.32|15.51||
|With illiterate head (%)|56.33|56.92|45.70|56.83|65.17|54.17|56.90||
|With radio (%)|50.79|46.82|45.25|60.04|38.13|51.58|50.57||
|With iron roof (%)|46.23|37.67|63.93|50.40|21.58|55.92|43.40||
|With 2 or more oxen (%)|43.49|47.58|55.00|47.21|20.92|50.35|41.47||
|**Infrastructure and factor markets**|||||||||
|Distance to main road (km)|3.48|12.89|2.26|2.67|1.77|3.46|3.49||
|Type is gravel|40.87|41.67|40.74|32.69|58.33|0.31|0.44||
|Type is asphalt|44.35|41.67|51.85|48.08|29.17|0.65|0.38|*|
|Distance to woreda capital (km)|6.86|10.83|6.85|6.97|4.63|8.17|6.47||
|<br>Distance to nearest market (km)|4.76|7.29|5.23|4.59|3.32|5.04|4.67||
|Seed distribution center exists|33.91|41.67|74.07|21.15|12.50|0.38|0.33||
|Fertilizer distribution center exists|40.87|41.67|59.26|42.31|16.67|0.54|0.37||
|Institutions providing short term credit exist|87.83|100.00|96.30|90.38|66.67|0.88|0.88||
|<br>Institutions providing long term credit exist|60.87|100.00|85.19|48.08|41.67|0.77|0.56||
|Mean wage for land preparation (B/day)|9.23|10.83|12.48|8.25|6.59|11.88|8.42|*|
|**Land endowment**|||||||||
|Total land area in kebele (ha)|2075|3076|2411|2092|1161|2819|1858|*|
|Area individually cultivated (ha)|1627|2141|2010|1798|585|2013|1513||
|Share individually cultivated|83.86|70.71|84.23|89.25|78.36|78.47|85.45||
|Land area per individual|0.29|0.33|0.33|0.33|0.15|0.33|0.28||
|Land area per household|1.42|0.98|1.47|1.85|0.68|1.48|1.40||
|Share under perennials (%)|17.06|4.27|5.22|21.53|27.65|7.41|19.82|*|
|Any communal land (%)|90.43|100.00|92.59|90.38|83.33|0.96|0.89||
|<br>if yes area (ha)|221.0|556.5|404.2|94.3|88.4|369.99|173.84|*|
|<br>Any government land (%)|60.87|75.00|66.67|48.08|75.00|0.69|0.58||
|<br>if yes area (ha)|395.5|502.7|149.8|338.5|666.6|650.03|307.33||
|Any land redistribution since end of Derg (%)|52.17|83.33|92.59|25.00|50.00|0.73|0.46|*|
|if yes, number|1.47|1.30|1.44|1.92|1.17|1.42|1.49||
|if yes, years since last redistribution|9.44|12.90|9.04|8.46|8.36|10.63|8.88||
|No of observations(kebeles)|115|12|27|52|24|26|89||

_Source:_ Own computation from 2006 EEA/WB Land certification survey. 1Program kebles are defined as having had certificates issued 12 months before the survey date, the indicator used in regressions table 8 below. Stars indicate significance of differences between the two groups; * significantly different at 5% and ** significantly different at 1%.

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