35

**Table 8. OLS Regression Analysis of Household Expenditure in Ghana, Without Remittance Variables**

|**Variable**|**Food**|**Consumer**<br>**goods,**<br>**durables**|**Housing**|**Education**|**Health**|**Other**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Reciprocal of total per capita<br>expenditure (αi/EXP)|-4880.80<br> (-0.31)|-860.241<br>(-0.11)|<br>4755.29<br>(1.93)|<br>-14879.53<br>(-2.91}*|1502.378<br>(0.37)|<br>11392.25<br>(1.39)|
|Log total annual per capita|-.019|.015|-.020|-.011|.002|.032|
|<br>household expenditure (log<br>EXP)|(-1.61)|(2.79)*|(-13.42)**|(-5.25)**|(2.27)*|(6.20)**|
|Household size (HS)|-.011<br> (-3.22)**|-.001<br> (-0.84)|-.007<br> (-12.83)|`.0172`<br>`(6.72)**`|<br>.0002<br>(0.55)|<br>.001<br> (0.75)|
|Household size/total|`5028.05`|<br>2280.17|<br>`370.12`|-7158.027|<br>58.95|-488.5701|
|expenditure|`(2.13)`|(1.28)|`(1.10)`|(7.45)**|(0.12)|(-0.27)|
|Age of household head|`.001`|<br>-.0005|.00001|<br>-.0002023|<br>.0001|<br>-.0003|
|(AGEHD)|`(4.92)**`|(-4.16)**|(0.32)|(-1.90)|(2.14)*|(-2.46)*|
|Age household head/total|-499.59|<br>140.27|<br>`30.97`|198.28|<br>-28.07|`192.60`|
|expenditure|(-1.51)|(0.70)|`(0.42)`|(1.26)|(-0.31)|`(1.26)`|
|Number of males in household|.024|-.007|`.0003`|-.0045336|<br>-.002|-.010|
|over 15 years (MALE15)|(6.14)**|(-1.81)|`(0.35)`|(-1.20)|(-1.85)|(-4.77)**|
|Number males/total expenditure|.024<br>(6.14)**|5098.42<br>(1.04)|<br>3081.63<br>(1.94)|<br>-305.7313<br>(-0.05)|<br>1106.20<br>(0.67)|`5885.01`<br>`(2.37)*`|
|Number of children in|-.032|-.004|.003|.0258126|<br>-.001|.009|
|household less than 5 years<br>(CHILD5)|(-5.58)**|(-1.35)|(3.45)**|(11.26)**|(-1.30)|(2.49)*|
|Number children/total<br>expenditure|34614.02<br>(3.98)**|-3807.65<br>(-1.09)|<br>-5443.32<br>(-3.34)**|-8101.319<br>(-1.55)|<br>-540.13<br>(-0.28)|-16471.79<br>(-3.07)**|
|Number household members<br>with primary education<br>(EDPRIM)|.002<br>(0.20)|-.003<br>(-0.63)|-.002<br>(-1.60)|<br>-.0027774<br>(-0.50)|<br>.003<br>(1.62)|.003<br>(0.72)|
|Number primary education/total<br>expenditure|-30837.5<br>(-3.04)**|13960.9<br>(1.89)|<br>-672.98<br>(-0.46)|18689.95<br>(2.10)|<br>-3883.16<br>(-1.39)|3940.16<br>(0.88)|
|Number household members<br>with junior secondary education<br>(EDJSS)|-.028<br>(-3.27)**|.001<br>(1.91)|-.0004<br>(-0.34)|.0079176<br>(1.98)|<br>`.001`<br>`(0.70)`|<br>.011<br>(3.30)**|
|Number junior secondary|2892.6|-11856.52|<br>-2474.09|15938.3|<br>887.25|`-7196.60`|
|education/totalexpenditure|(0.23)|(-1.20)|(-0.88)|(2.75)*|(0.25)|`(-1.66)`|
|Number household members|-.0438377|<br>.016|-.004|.039|`-.003`|-.001|
|with senior secondary education<br>(EDSSS)|(-2.74)*|(2.30)*|(-1.49)|(3.37)**|`(-1.86)`|(-0.82)|
|Number senior secondary|6538.6|-11789.25|<br>14456.58|<br>-22210.54|<br>538.71|`14070.61`|
|education/totalexpenditure|(0.17)|(-0.80)|(1.53)|(-1.12)|(0.13)|`(0.86)`|
|Number household members|-.123|.069|<br>.012|.0265458|<br>`-.003`|`.018`|
|with university education<br>(EDUNIV)|(-5.16)**|(3.74)**|(2.44)*|(1.71)|`(-1.46)`|`(1.51)`|
|Number university|129785.7|-155531.7|<br>-21752.46|<br>-29042.83|<br>878.92|`72636.17`|
|education/totalexpenditure|(1.67)|(-1.59)|(-1.17)|(-0.55)|(0.10)|`(1.02)`|
|Constant|.833|-.044|.377|.250|-.020|-.303|
||(4.60)**|(-0.51)|(15.60)**|(8.14)**|(-1.30)|(-3.63)**|
|Adj. R<sup>2</sup>|.3089|.1023|.4334|.3321|.0344|.2401|

Notes: N=3884 households. Regressions also included: sex of household head, the interaction between expenditure and the sex of household head, per capita household income in ethno-religious group in 1998/99, inhabitants per square meter in ethno-religious group in 1998/99, the square of the previous variable, fraction of population in top three religions in the ethno-religious group in 1998/99, fraction of households receiving internal remittances (from Ghana) in ethno-religious group in 1998/99, fraction of households receiving international remittances (from African or other countries) in ethno-religious group in 1998/99, a dummy for rural areas and seven regional