# **<mark>Table 10: Agricultural Labor Use</mark>**

|<br>Coefficients, standard errors|<br>in parentheses|Pooled|Mean|Impa|ct by Round|(OLS)|Pooled|Impac|t by Round (S|AR)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||N|R3|R1|R2|R3|Impact|R1|R2|R3|
|||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|(9)|
|**_Panel A: Plots Controlled b_**|**_y Women_**||||||||||
||Land preparation|1,411|73.8|-28.7*|-2.77|-39.7**|-23.2**|-16.8|4.70|-26.6|
|||||(17.3)|(17.9)|(19.0)|(10.6)|(16.9)|(17.4)|(18.5)|
||Field management|1,411|128|-42.9**|22.0|-69.6***|-28.9**|-38.5*|34.2|-44.1*|
|Agricultural labor use by||||(21.3)|(22.0)|(23.3)|(13.0)|(20.7)|(21.3)|(22.7)|
|<br>task [in hours]|Harvesting|1,411|69.5|<br>-4.27|<br>3.50|<br>-22.8*|<br>-7.20|<br>3.80|<br>12.8|<br>-10.3|
|||||(12.5)|(12.9)|(13.7)|(7.62)|(12.1)|(12.5)|(13.3)|
||Post-harvest|1,411|37.8|<br>-9.41|<br>6.54|<br>-16.1*|<br>-6.02|<br>-4.51|<br>12.2|<br>-9.84|
|||||(8.87)|(9.16)|(9.73)|(5.42)|(8.65)|(8.91)|(9.46)|
||Land preparation|1,285|126|-41.9|-.271|28.1|27.9|-4.11|-10.5|-0.30|
|||||(55.1)|(58.6)|(57.9)|(19.3)|(50.7)|(52.7)|(51.0)|
|Agricultural labor use by|Field management|1,285|208|<br>-124<br>|<br>77.0<br>|<br>-57.8<br>|<br>7.95<br>|<br>-18.2<br>|<br>39.5<br>|<br>-20.8<br>|
|<br>h d b k i||||(75.9)|(80.8)|(79.8)|(12.6)|(67.2)|(69.9)|(67.5)|
|ectare an y tas [n<br>h|Harvesting|1,285|128|-39.2|23.1|-20.8|10.1|12.6|-6.99|-11.5|
|ours]||||(43.8)|(46.6)|(46.0)|(11.5)|(15.5)|(16.2)|(15.6)|
||Post-harvest|1,285|49.4|<br>-27.0|<br>44.2*|<br>5.91|<br>9.61|<br>-0.048|<br>-5.99|<br>-7.73|
|||||(23.7)|(25.3)|(24.9)|(6.29)|(13.9)|(14.5)|(13.9)|
|**_Panel B: Plots Controlled b_**|**_y Men_**||||||||||
||Land preparation|1,689|110|-78.5***|-31.5|-49.6**|-53.7***|-66.0***|-21.7|-31.1|
|||||(21.0)|(21.5)|(22.1)|(12.6)|(20.5)|(21.0)|(21.7)|
||Field management|1,689|99.2|<br>-52.1**|<br>-22.7|<br>-40.9*|<br>-38.7***|<br>-40.4*|<br>-20.1|<br>-28.7|
|Agricultural labor use by||||(23.5)|(24.0)|(24.7)|(14.1)|(23.0)|(23.5)|(24.2)|
|task [in hours]|Harvesting|1,689|80.6|-28.1**|-15.5|-31.0**|-24.8***|-25.1**|-12.0|-21.0|
|||||(13.2)|(13.5)|(13.9)|(7.95)|(12.8)|(13.1)|(13.5)|
||Post-harvest|1,689|40.6|<br>-11.2|<br>-8.70|<br>-12.8|<br>-10.9**|<br>-8.08|<br>-10.3|<br>-8.01|
|||||(8.71)|(8.91)|(9.17)|(5.24)|(8.45)|(8.66)|(8.90)|
||Land preparation|1,612|101|43.3|-47.8|-27.2|-2.29|-17.0|90.5***|19.9|
|||||(60.9)|(63.4)|(64.4)|(30.8)|(32.6)|(32.2)|(32.6)|
|Ailtl lb b|Field management|1,612|84.2|3.32|-6.38|-30.8|-.0009|-27.5|56.9***|-2.87|
|grcuura aor use y<br>||||(41.8)|(43.5)|(44.2)|(40.8)|(21.3)|(21.1)|(21.4)|
|hectare and by task [in|Hi|1612|694|533|359|186|154|169|524***|150|
|h|arvestng|,|.|.|.|-.|-.|-.|.|-.|
|ours]||||(39.3)|(40.9)|(41.5)|(9.46)|(19.5)|(19.2)|(19.5)|
||Post-harvest|1,612|38.6|<br>8.05|<br>-4.00|<br>-22.4|<br>-3.83|<br>-4.73|<br>38.1***|<br>-3.12|
|Notes: Standard errors are r|eported in parenthesis and ar|<br>e clustered at the i|ndividual level.|(26.7)<br>*** denotes sig|(27.8)<br>nificance at|(28.2)<br>1%, ** at 5% and|(8.38)<br>* at 10%. Standard|(10.6)<br>errors are cluster|(10.5)<br>ed by respond|(10.6)<br>ent and|

Notes: Standard errors are reported in parenthesis and are clustered at the individual level. *** denotes significance at 1%, ** at 5% and * at 10%. Standard errors are clustered by respondent and are shown in brackets. All outcome variables in Panel A (B) are measured conditional on the existence of a female (male) plot. Control variables include household structure, household size, number of females in the household, number of household members under five years of age, dummy variable for household head being male, age of household head, dummy for whether household head has ever been to school, three different dummies for the predominant chieftaincy institution in the community, number of sampled households situated around respondents’ house within a 200m radius (household density), distance between the house of the respondent and the main road demarcation.

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