Table 5. Export Weighted Average Tariffs

|||C|hina|||Indo|nesia|||Ja|pan||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||total|sector1|sector2|sector3|total|sector1|sector2|sector3|total|sector1|sector2|sector3|
|Russia|3.17|10.59|1.66|7.09|2.07|6.19|1.22|4.27|0.99|6.08|0.94|1.07|
|Belarus|33.91|72.97|20.35|39.84|4.70|5.40|0.74|6.72|1.77|16.94|1.01|1.92|
|Georgia|4.13|12.04|3.58|3.74|2.05|7.52|0.47|2.56|1.57|7.54|0.54|1.63|
|Kazakhstan|10.31|67.13|24.20|27.13|1.15|8.09|0.27|3.13|0.48|5.65|0.10|1.28|
|Tajikistan|42.79|69.26|19.75|38.00|1.99|6.03|4.88|1.10|2.58|9.81|0.35|1.17|
|Kyrgyz|10.77|12.12|4.52|10.98|7.10|5.19|0.37|7.93|4.14|5.14|0.68|3.94|
|Moldova|13.03|14.16|0.98|13.07|7.72|5.32|0.22|9.40|6.77|10.74|0.67|6.73|
|Uzbekistan|66.67|68.49|20.39|78.23|6.10|4.92|4.19|6.74|1.87|6.81|0.64|1.62|
|Turkmenistan|35.22|84.22|19.74|76.62|3.99|5.00|3.16|6.10|2.91|5.80|3.08|2.92|
|Azerbaijan|3.29|77.46|22.51|53.19|0.31|6.73|0.07|6.41|0.28|9.90|0.06|4.42|
|Armenia|6.18|8.22|0.45|6.10|5.28|3.86|5.00|6.28|2.43|2.45|3.92|2.42|
|Ukraine|7.76|14.39|4.02|8.07|4.13|5.00|1.45|4.47|1.60|13.82|0.70|1.54|
|||Ko|rea|||Ma|laysia||||EU||
||total|sector1|sector2|sector3|total|sector1|sector2|sector3|total|sector1|sector2|sector3|
|Russia|3.63|17.97|3.09|4.73|2.67|0.41|1.31|6.48|1.20|10.02|0.75|2.21|
|Belarus|5.28|74.92|4.27|4.57|4.84|1.38|0.18|7.17|2.25|10.69|2.58|2.05|
|Georgia|6.58|49.97|3.74|4.36|1.92|2.46|0.92|2.54|2.67|6.37|1.63|2.93|
|Kazakhstan|3.17|29.71|3.05|3.09|2.46|1.25|2.22|3.06|0.61|12.20|0.21|1.44|
|Tajikistan|12.18|57.33|1.17|3.31|1.70|3.75|0.00|1.33|3.72|8.26|0.01|2.92|
|Kyrgyz|17.21|58.49|4.00|5.97|6.33|3.20|0.66|7.47|5.24|8.73|2.08|4.83|
|Moldova|25.30|49.17|4.82|22.49|8.18|2.95|0.02|10.32|7.50|7.52|0.34|8.09|
|Uzbekistan|10.74|79.32|1.79|5.03|4.48|4.80|0.04|5.68|2.83|8.70|0.43|2.90|
|Turkmenistan|3.47|37.04|2.83|5.01|1.93|2.41|0.18|6.36|1.75|6.99|0.94|3.77|
|Azerbaijan|4.31|109.94|3.05|8.35|2.61|7.41|2.39|8.48|0.25|7.56|0.09|3.41|
|Armenia|7.40|19.40|2.17|6.68|4.74|1.83|0.00|5.85|2.97|4.94|0.02|2.90|
|Ukraine|18.27|47.18|3.44|19.46|7.70|1.16|0.26|8.83|2.18|7.81|1.63|2.23|

Source: Authors’ calculations using data on tariffs from UNCTAD and data on trade from UN Comtrade accessed through WITS (2012).

If we consider the case of China, we observe that countries such as Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, and Belarus face the highest levels of protection (see Appendix). In the case of Turkmenistan, exports of guts, bladders, and stomachs of animals, which represent 34.1% of the exports of group 1, have a tariff of 88.57%. Trade policy barriers faced by Azerbaijan are associated to tariffs of 70% on hazelnuts, tomatoes, and potatoes, which account for 40% of the exports of group 1. Belarus’s average tariff, 72.9%, reflects trade protection on exports of truffles (tariff of 75%), which explain 27% of the external sales of food. Tariffs on products that belong to group 3 are lower than that corresponding to group 1, but higher than the tariffs related to petroleum. Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are the countries that face a higher level of protection. In both cases, exports of cotton, not carded or combed, mostly explain the average tariffs of 78.23% and 76.62%, respectively. Exports of petroleum are associated to tariffs of 20%, approximately, for most of the non-WTO members.

The conclusions regarding Korea’s level of protection are similar to the ones drawn from China. However, contrary to the case of China, trade policy barriers do not seem to generate substantial differences between the average tariffs applied to products that belong to group 2 and those imposed on group 3. This fact is important, as it suggests the potential benefits of diversifying towards goods that are neither food nor petroleum. Countries such as Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and Belarus face average tariffs in food that exceed 74% (see Appendix). In the case of Azerbaijan, tariffs on potatoes, fresh or chilled (304%), and those on tomatoes, fresh or chilled (45%), explain the high level of protection, accounting for 21% of the exports of group 1. Moldova is the country with the highest level of protection 8