household survey that collects information on a wide range of aspects covering the main demographic, social and economic characteristics of the population. The sample consists of approximately 13,500 households (equivalent to over 69,000 individuals) and is representative at the national, urban, rural, regional and state levels.<sup>2</sup> The survey is collected every 4 to 5 years between March and August, which means that the post-shock survey (2011) was fielded between 10 and 15 months after Agatha hit Guatemala, allowing for identification of its shortto medium-term impacts.

We pool the 2006 (pre-shock) and 2011 (after-shock) waves of _Encovi_ to run a D-D analysis, which constitutes the basis for our research design (discussed in more detail in the next section). The two surveys used the same sampling frame drawn from the 2002 National Housing and Population Census<sup>3</sup> and collected data using the same field protocols and questionnaires. The same survey design for the two waves allows us to define a fully comparable set of variables before and after the shock. We construct outcome variables to measure household well-being (consumption and income per capita,<sup>4</sup> binary indicators to distinguish households below and above the national poverty threshold,<sup>5</sup> and measures to capture the depth and severity of poverty) as well as other dimensions through which households may have attempted to cope with the shock (adult and child labor supply, school participation and changes in asset ownership). The richness of the data also allows including as control variables a standard set of household-level socioeconomic and demographic characteristics.

The climate data –the second main source of information– was compiled from a historical registry administered by the Guatemalan Institute of Seismology, Volcanology, Meteorology

> 2 Guatemala is administratively divided into eight regions and 22 states.

> 3 The 2002 Census is comprised of 15,511 primary sampling units (PSUs) corresponding to 2,127,915 occupied dwellings. The sample for the survey consists of 1,184 (2006) and 1,200 (2011) PSU's –selected from random clusters of the 2002 Census– and 14,400 dwelling or secondary sampling units (SSU's), selected randomly within the cluster. The PSU’s overlap in 2006 and 2011.

> 4 Household expenditures captured in the survey include expenses on food, rent, durable goods, payment of basic services and education, and health services. Unit prices to value the official consumption basket to measure poverty are obtained from the household questionnaire. A consumption price index is constructed to account for geographical differences across municipalities.  In 2011, the Guatemalan Statistics Bureau (INE) modified the methodology to construct the consumption aggregate for households, making it incomparable with the consumption measure produced in 2006. To ensure full comparability, we applied the same methodology (2006 definition of the consumption aggregate) to both years.

> 5 Guatemala uses consumption as the welfare indicator to measure poverty based on two official poverty lines:  9 Quetzales/person/day for extreme poverty and 18 Quetzales/household/month for moderate poverty in 2006.  The values for 2011 correspond to 12 and 25, respectively. The extreme poverty represents the cost of acquiring the minimum calories required to sustain life. The value of the moderate poverty line accounts for a minimum consumption of basic goods and services.

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