|Controls|No|Yes|No|Yes|No|Yes|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|N|20703|20703|19298|19298|19298|19298|
|R-squared|0.763|0.763|0.762|0.762|0.762|0.762|
|Countries|38|38|38|38|38|38|

Notes: (1) The table shows the regression results for a sample of 2,182 districts in 653 regions across 38 countries in Africa during 2001–2012. (2) The regressions use the presence of mineral deposits and mining sites to explain spatial-temporal variations in lights Gini. (3) Gini index is at the district level and measured using night-time light intensity. (4) The standard errors, clustered at the country level, are in the brackets. (5) Prices (measured at constant 1998 US dollars and as annual averages) come from USGS. (6) Fixed effects include time fixed effects, district fixed effects, regional fixed effects, country fixed effects, and country-year fixed effects. (7) Controls include a proxy for agricultural productivity, rainfall, population sizes, lights pixels lit, and district geographical locations (measured in absolute latitudes).<sup>*</sup> p < 0.10.<sup>**</sup> p < 0.05.<sup>***</sup> p < 0.01. Source: authors’ estimations.

# Table 6: The effects of mining activities on lights Gini index

Dependent variable: district lights Gini index

||No|Prices|Constant|mineral prices|Average|mineral prices|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Model 1|Model 2|Model 3|Model 4|Model 5|Model 6|
|Active mines|0.087<sup>***</sup><br>[0.000]|0.081<sup>***</sup><br>[0.004]|0.190<sup>***</sup><br>[0.048]|0.180<sup>***</sup><br>[0.048]|0.176<sup>***</sup><br>[0.043]|0.166<sup>***</sup><br>[0.043]|
|Closed mines|0.314<sup>***</sup>|0.313<sup>***</sup>|-0.193<sup>**</sup>|-0.191<sup>**</sup>|-0.213<sup>***</sup>|-0.211<sup>***</sup>|
||[0.000]|[0.005]|[0.071]|[0.072]|[0.063]|[0.064]|
|High-value minerals|0.144<sup>***</sup><br>[0.000]|0.135<sup>***</sup><br>[0.006]|0.063<br>[0.158]|0.054<br>[0.157]|0.022<br>[0.135]|0.014<br>[0.135]|
|Low-value minerals|0.087<sup>***</sup><br>[0.000]|0.081<sup>***</sup><br>[0.004]|0.190<sup>***</sup><br>[0.048]|0.180<sup>***</sup><br>[0.048]|0.176<sup>***</sup><br>[0.043]|0.166<sup>***</sup><br>[0.043]|
|Small-scale mines|0.144<sup>***</sup><br>[0.000]|0.135<sup>***</sup><br>[0.006]|0.063<br>[0.158]|0.054<br>[0.157]|0.022<br>[0.135]|0.014<br>[0.135]|
|Large-scale mines|0.087<sup>***</sup><br> [0.000]|0.081<sup>***</sup><br>[0.004]|0.190<sup>***</sup><br>[0.048]|0.180<sup>***</sup><br>[0.048]|0.176<sup>***</sup><br>[0.043]|0.166<sup>***</sup><br>[0.043]|
|Mineral extraction|0.087<sup>***</sup><br>[0.000]|0.081<sup>***</sup><br>[0.004]|-0.444<sup>***</sup><br>[0.061]|-0.448<sup>***</sup><br>[0.061]|-0.462<sup>***</sup><br>[0.054]|-0.465<sup>***</sup><br>[0.055]|
|Mineral transformation|0.215<sup>***</sup>|0.203<sup>***</sup>|0.190<sup>***</sup>|0.180<sup>***</sup>|0.176<sup>***</sup>|0.166<sup>***</sup>|
||[0.000]|[0.012]|[0.048]|[0.048]|[0.043]|[0.043]|
|Log(Prices)|||0.005|0.005|0.007|0.007|
||||[0.009]|[0.009]|[0.008]|[0.008]|
|Fixed effects|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Controls|No|Yes|No|Yes|No|Yes|
|N|20703|20703|19298|19298|19298|19298|
|R-squared|0.763|0.763|0.762|0.762|0.762|0.762|
|Countries|38|38|38|38|38|38|

Notes: (1) The table shows the regression results for a sample of 2,182 districts in 653 regions across 38 countries in Africa during 2001–2012. (2) The regressions use the presence of active and closed mining activities to explain spatial-temporal variations in inequality measures. (3) Gini index is at the district level and measured using night-time light intensity. (4) The standard errors, clustered at the country level, are in the brackets. (5) Prices (measured at constant 1998 US dollars and as annual averages) come from USGS. (6) Fixed effects include time fixed effects, district fixed effects, regional fixed effects, country fixed effects, and country-year fixed effects. (7) Controls include a proxy for agricultural productivity, rainfall, population sizes, lights pixels lit, and district geographical locations (measured in absolute latitudes). (8) High-value refers to mining sites where high-value minerals are extracted, whereas low-value refers to places where low-value minerals are extracted. (9) Small-scale refers to sites with artisanal mining activities, while large-scale refers to sites where large-scale mining activities are taking place. (10) Mineral extraction refers to mining sites where extractive mining activities are taking place, and mineral transformation refers to sites where the value addition of raw minerals is performed.<sup>*</sup> p < 0.10.<sup>**</sup> p < 0.05. *** p < 0.01.

Source: authors’ estimations.

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