exports as a result of (a) products already exported in the past but going to new destination markets or (b) the appearance of export flows of new products not exported before to any market).<sup>18</sup> To begin with, although the share of non-traditional products in total exports fell to 23% in the period ending in 2009, in nominal terms the value was multiplied by a factor of six ($6.2 billion in 2009 versus $1.0 billion in 1993) and the number of subheading-country relations (i.e., total association of exports by subheadings with countries of destination in one year) increased from 9,826 in 1993 to 28,307 in 2009. In addition, the number of 10-digit subheadings of non-traditional exports that account for 50% of the nominal value increased from 22 to 61 tariff lines, while those that account for 70% from 61 to 143 (see Annex III for more details on the subheadings). Furthermore, the number of 10-digit subheadings channeling non-traditional exports grew from 2,298 to 4,262 (an increase of 1,964 subheadings).<sup>19</sup> Of this total, 2,401 tariff lines reflect new non-traditional export products, which gives an idea of the increase of the extensive margin.<sup>20</sup> The information from SIC groups also reveals that new export products have developed in established categories of non-traditional exports. This is the case of fabrics and knitwear, which were exported through 19 10-digit subheadings in 2009 and only through 4 subheadings in 1993; fruit processing and preservation (16 versus 5), apparel (27 versus 8) or products of copper and other minerals (15 versus 5).<sup>21</sup> A preliminary idea of the increase in the intensive margin between 1993 and 2009 can be derived from the increase of the value exported through the 1,861 subheadings that have active export shipments in both years. That value grew from $0.9 billion to $2.1 billion, indicating a healthy 5% annual average growth. The 4-digit SIC groups of manufacturing sectors that contributed most to this growth were apparel (except fur), fish products, primary products of precious metals and refined petroleum products (see Figure 10). However, significant increases have occurred across the board for a very large amount of products. Figure 11 compares exports of the leading 6-digit tariff lines in 2009 (70% of the exported value) to the values in 1993 (in many cases exports are low or zero). When ordering the values from high to low, clockwise, for exports in 2009, it is seen that greater export value increases have occurred (in descending order) in T-shirts and singlets of cotton, knitted or crocheted; fresh or chilled asparagus; men‟s shirts of cotton, knitted or crocheted; fine copper wire; processed or preserved asparagus, not 18 It has to be noted that in the recent literature there is no uniformity in the definition of the terms “intensive margin” and “extensive margin”. For a more detailed discussion on the definitions, see Besedes and Prusa (2007). 19 One might think that 10-digit comparisons between distant years may overestimate the extensive margin because of the changes in the nomenclature of the World Customs Organization (WCO) every year at the 6-digit level or of the Andean Community of Nations (CAN) at 8-digit level, which eliminate and add subheadings in these two cases; nonetheless, this risk is low insofar as the Peruvian 10-digit nomenclature of 1992 had 6,483 subheadings and that of 2007 7,370 (the changes of the WCO and CAN were made in these years), i.e. a net increase of only 887 subheadings; of these headings, the increase in non-traditional subheadings only was 874, which is lower than the increase of 1,964 subheadings between 1993 and 2007 under non-traditional exports. 20 A more complicated exercise consists in comparing the leading products already exported in 1993 and which in 2009 are exported to other countries of destination, particularly because when looking at annexes II and III, it is clear that, except for some tariff subheadings (e.g. asparagus, mangos, copper wire etc.) the composition of the leading tariff lines is different in the two years. By way of example, we could mention that fresh or chilled asparagus were exported to 19 countries in 1993 and to 41 countries in 2009; or mangoes and mangosteens to 9 countries in 1993 and to 22 in 2009.

21 These increases of subheadings do not seem to be associated to the “administrative unfolding” of 10-digit tariff subheadings with the purpose of being able to continue enjoying the benefit of an export drawback (in view of the heading-company limit of $ 20 million), as the number of these unfolding was not significant over years 1993-2009.

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