Table 1: Baseline Descriptive Statistics and Balance, by Grade

|||Gra|de 2|||Gra|de 4||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Co|ntrol|Treat-|Control|Co|ntrol|Treat-|Control|
|Panel A: Test Scores|||||||||
|Percent Correct: French|0.42|(0.22)|-0.01|(0.02)|0.39|(0.17)|0.00|(0.01)|
|Percent Correct: Math|0.37|(0.23)|-0.00|(0.02)|0.33|(0.19)|-0.01|(0.02)|
|Percent Correct: Oral|0.22|(0.17)|0.01|(0.02)|0.55|(0.24)|-0.01|(0.02)|
|Index Score (standardized)|0.00|(0.98)|-0.00|(0.09)|0.02|(0.98)|-0.05|(0.09)|
|Panel B: Household Characteristics|||||||||
|Days of school missed last week|0.17|(0.86)|0.07|(0.07)|0.16|(0.75)|-0.07<sup>_∗_</sup>|(0.04)|
|Student works after school|0.01|(0.10)|0.01|(0.01)|0.02|(0.14)|-0.01<sup>_∗_</sup>|(0.01)|
|Household size|9.26|(4.06)|0.00|(0.32)|9.07|(4.05)|0.14|(0.33)|
|Number of children in household|5.25|(2.61)|-0.03|(0.20)|5.14|(2.77)|0.21|(0.22)|
|Head has any education|0.60|(0.49)|-0.02|(0.04)|0.56|(0.50)|-0.06|(0.04)|
|Percent of adult females with any education|0.37|(0.41)|-0.03|(0.03)|0.31|(0.39)|-0.01|(0.03)|
|Distance to school (km)|0.71|(0.91)|-0.07|(0.06)|0.76|(2.56)|-0.03|(0.12)|
|Parent involved in school|0.38|(0.49)|0.09<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|(0.04)|0.45|(0.50)|-0.07<sup>_∗_</sup>|(0.04)|
|Expenditure on household food (1,000s CFA)|21.83|(15.45)|1.26|(1.17)|22.11|(15.50)|0.51|(1.20)|
|Expenditure on uniform (1,000s CFA)|2.43|(1.19)|0.15|(0.36)|2.28|(1.13)|0.06|(0.35)|
|Expenditure on tuition (1,000s CFA)|1.10|(1.18)|-0.01|(0.09)|1.03|(1.01)|0.04|(0.09)|
|Expenditure on supplies (1,000s CFA)|3.85|(5.64)|-0.38|(0.29)|4.34|(4.16)|-0.38|(0.27)|
|Student has tutor|0.15|(0.36)|-0.01|(0.03)|0.14|(0.35)|-0.01|(0.03)|
|Home has electricity|0.47|(0.50)|0.03|(0.04)|0.45|(0.50)|0.02|(0.04)|
|Home has modern toilet|0.54|(0.50)|-0.01|(0.04)|0.50|(0.50)|0.01|(0.04)|
|Land owned (hectares)|2.37|(3.47)|0.43|(0.46)|2.89|(9.11)|-0.50|(0.43)|
|Interview conducted in French|0.12|(0.32)|-0.04<sup>_∗_</sup>|(0.02)|0.11|(0.31)|-0.01|(0.02)|
|Panel C: School and Teacher Characteris|tics||||||||
|Distance to nearest city (km)|18.38|(25.01)|-0.07|(2.18)|18.03|(24.56)|0.21|(2.20)|
|Locality population (100,000s)|1.38|(4.40)|0.04|(0.46)|1.41|(4.43)|0.03|(0.45)|
|Locality has health center|0.71|(0.45)|0.03|(0.04)|0.71|(0.45)|0.03|(0.04)|
|School located in South|0.18|(0.39)|-0.01|(0.04)|0.19|(0.39)|-0.01|(0.04)|
|School has Electricity|0.57|(0.50)|0.01|(0.05)|0.57|(0.50)|0.01|(0.05)|
|Number of Teachers|9.68|(4.97)|0.44|(0.51)|9.74|(4.93)|0.57|(0.52)|
|Number of Pupils|341.11|(252.39)|28.47|(25.60)|343.65|(253.37)|35.57|(26.05)|
|School has library|0.21|(0.40)|0.08<sup>_∗_</sup>|(0.04)|0.21|(0.41)|0.08<sup>_∗_</sup>|(0.04)|
|Number of computers|1.28|(4.39)|-0.01|(0.40)|1.30|(4.39)|0.01|(0.40)|
|Number of manuals in classroom|59.90|(45.18)|3.17|(4.58)|66.43|(51.96)|5.68|(5.40)|
|Percent teachers female|0.32|(0.24)|0.01|(0.02)|0.32|(0.23)|0.01|(0.02)|
|Average teacher age|33.12|(4.24)|-0.13|(0.39)|33.26|(4.23)|-0.10|(0.39)|
|Percent of teachers with Baccalaureate|0.41|(0.23)|-0.02|(0.02)|0.41|(0.22)|-0.02|(0.02)|
|Average teacher experience|6.56|(3.69)|0.08|(0.35)|6.61|(3.69)|0.13|(0.35)|
|Percent teachers with training in past 5 years|0.47|(0.50)|0.10<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|(0.05)|0.47|(0.50)|0.01|(0.05)|
|Percent of principals with Baccalaureate|0.74|(0.44)|-0.05|(0.04)|0.74|(0.44)|-0.06|(0.04)|

Notes: Grouped columns 2 and 4 report means and standard deviations of baseline characteristics in control schools for grades 2 and 4, respectively. Grouped columns 3 and 5 report dierences in characteristis between treatment and control schools at baseline and their standard errors, clustered by school.<sup>_∗_</sup> _p <_ 0 _._ 10 ,<sup>_∗∗_</sup> _p <_ 0 _._ 05 ,<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup> _p <_ 0 _._ 01 10