# _APPENDIX 3. ADJUSTMENTS TO THE DATA_

This appendix describes the adjustments made to the data for the former Soviet Union and Germany.

# _Former Soviet Union_

Censuses for the Soviet Union for 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989 were collected to address the data issues created by the dissolution of the Soviet Union. These censuses all use ethnicity to identify migrants. Crucially, for 1989, comparable country of birth data exist for all 15 republics. The censuses based on ethnicity document intra-Soviet migrants (Uzbeks in Turkmenistan, for example) and external nationalities (such as Afghans). In addition, there are miscellaneous Soviet nationalities (such as the Chuvash, Tatars, and Uyghurs), many of whose homelands span several Soviet republics/countries and who should therefore not be counted as international migrants since they were born on one side of the border or the other as opposed to moving across it.

First, people of these miscellaneous nationalities were broadly aggregated to one or more of the 15 former Soviet republics on the basis of country by country research and a close inspection of the numbers over time. Similarly, external nationalities were assigned, with particular attention to determining whether these people were actually migrants. For example, people recorded as Germans will likely be ethnic Germans who migrated long before the census period examined in this study. Those recorded as Poles, however, are more likely to have been forcibly deported. Once the aggregations were completed, the ratios of foreign-born migrants to migrants defined by ethnicity in 1989 were calculated for people who were both born in one of the 15 former Soviet republics and resided there. These ratios were then applied to these republics/countries in every census period before adding the ―external‖ migrants. These corrections captured a large proportion of the most important migrants to and between the Soviet republics. This process adds many millions of migrants to the totals in the early decades and avoids the problem of a very large artificial jump in international migration between 1980 and 1990, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

# _Germany_

The 2005 German micro-census includes data on emigrants of German origin from Eastern Europe who arrived between 1944 and 1950 (referred to as expellees, _Vertriebene_ ) or between 19502005 (referred to as resettlers, _Aussiedler_ ). These data are recorded by year of birth and year of migration; country of birth is not recorded. As of 1950, there were 11.96 million expellees and 4.48 million resettlers residing in Germany. According to the data provided by the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, 3.61 million were still in Germany as of 2005. Mortality data from the United Nations Population Division (United Nations, 2010) on Germany for each decade and age group were used to calculate the number of migrants who would have been residing in Germany at the beginning of each decade from 1960 to 2000, taking into account migrants‘ age and year of entry. After calculating the total number residing in Germany in each decade, shares were estimated by country of origin using the nationality 28