users and non-users of the chosen inputs. While household consumption levels are clearly endogenous to the input use decision, these descriptive statistics help us to start to untangle patterns of agricultural inputs use across SSA. Consumption aggregates are compiled by the individual World Bank country offices using the LSMS-ISA surveys. Because methodologies may differ slightly, we use quintiles, rather than purchasing power parity-adjusted real monetary values, as a way of ranking households for inter-country comparison, under the assumption that any methodological differences in construction of the consumption aggregate preserve the ordering among households.

Table 14: Mean consumption per capita quintile split by users and non-users of each input type

||Inorg|anic fert|ilizer|Imp|roved se|ed|Agro|-chemi|cals|I|rrigation||M<br>e|echaniz<br>quipme|ed<br>nt|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Not|||Not|||Not|||Not|||Not|||
||<br>Use|Use|sig|<br>use|Use|sig|<br>Use|Use|sig|<br>use|Use|sig|<br>use|Use|sig|
|Ethiopia|2.9|**3.2**|**|3.0|**3.3**|**|2.8|**3.5**|***|3.0|**3.2**||2.9|**3.1**||
|Malawi|2.5|**3.2**|***|-|-|-|**3.1**|2.9||3.0|**3.1**||3.0|**3.9**|***|
|Niger|3.0|**3.3**|**|3.1|**3.4**||3.0|**3.3**|**|3.0|**3.5**|***|**3.2**|3.0|**|
|Nigeria|**3.1**|2.9|*|-|-|-|3.0|**3.1**||3.0|3.0||**3.0**|2.6|***|
|Tanzania|2.9|**3.4**|***|-|-|-|2.9|**3.7**|***|3.0|**3.7**|***|2.8|**3.9**|***|
|Uganda|2.7|**3.4**|***|-|-|-|2.6|**3.3**|***|2.7|**2.9**||2.6|**3.1**|***|
|_Average _|_2.9_|_3.2_|_-_|_3.1_|_3.4_|_-_|_2.9_|_3.3_|_-_|_3.0_|_3.2_|_-_|_2.9_|_3.3_|_-_|

Note: Consumption aggregates created by each country using their own methodology where 1 is the lowest group and 5 the highest. In Nigeria, there is one consumption aggregate created using the post-planting survey and another made using the post-harvest survey. For our purposes, we create a simple average of the two. In Niger, we observe a “welfare quintile” instead of a consumption quintile, which is used in its place. *, **, and *** denote that difference in mean between groups is statistically significant using t-values of 1.645, 1.96, and 2.58 respectively. The “average” row includes simple (unweighted) averages across the statistics reported at the country level.

Table 14 shows the average consumption quintile by the binary input use decision, where 1 is the poorest/lowest and 5 is the highest. In most – but not all – cases and on average across the multicountry data, modern input users enjoy a higher average consumption quintile than do non-users, with the relationship most pronounced for inorganic fertilizer. This simple statistical association does not control for any other factors that might affect both consumption level and input use, but the association confirms the common belief that households with higher consumption levels are more likely to use modern inputs.

Table 15: Percent of households using each type of input by sex of household head

||Inorg|anic fe|rtilizer|Im|proved s|eed|Agr|o-che|micals|I|rrigati|on|Mecha|nized eq|uipment|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||M|F|sig|M|F|sig|M|F|sig|M|F|sig|M|F|sig|
|Ethiopia|**57**|48|***|**23**|17|***|**31**|28||**9**|6|**|**80**|56|***|
|Malawi|**79**|73|***|**-**|-|-|**3**|2|***|**<1**|<1|**|**1**|<1|***|
|Niger|17|**20**||**3**|1|**|**8**|2|***|**7**|2|***|**79**|64|***|
|Nigeria|**44**|19|***|-|-|-|**36**|9|***|**4**|2|***|**10**|1|***|
|Tanzania|**18**|14|*|**-**|-|-|**14**|8|***|**4**|3||**20**|7|***|
|Uganda|**4**|1|***|**-**|-|-|**12**|6|***|3|**5**||**16**|8|***|
|_Average _|_37_|_29_|_-_|_13_|_9_|_-_|_17_|_9_|_-_|_5_|_4_|_-_|_34_|_27_|_-_|

Note: We use the head of the household variable created by the CLSP project. These data are not yet available for Uganda 2010/11, so we use the variable for Uganda 2009/10 in its place. *, **, and *** denote that difference in mean between groups is statistically significant using t-values of 1.645, 1.96, and 2.58 respectively. The “average” row includes simple (unweighted) averages across the statistics reported at the country level.

Beyond household finances, other socio-demographic attributes of the household are often associated with modern input uptake patterns. The headship of the household is one 22