**<u>Table 1: Household characteristics</u>**

||**All**||**Region**||**Operato**|**r’s gender**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**Malawi**|**North**|**Central**|**South**|**Male**|**Female**|**t-test**|
|**Household characteristics & assets**||||||||
|Female head|0.29|0.25|0.26|0.32|0.06|0.49|***|
|Number of children|2.31|2.58|2.33|2.21|2.31|2.32||
|Number of adults|2.45|2.82|2.46|2.32|2.58|2.33|***|
|Number of old people|0.19|0.20|0.18|0.20|0.19|0.20||
|<br>Own radio|0.64|0.69|0.62|0.64|0.73|0.56|***|
|Own cell phone|0.13|0.18|0.11|0.12|0.12|0.13|**|
|Did not eat normally last 7 days|0.28|0.24|0.28|0.30|0.27|0.29|***|
|<br>Had members with serious sickness|0.19|0.19|0.21|0.18|0.19|0.19||
|Had member passed away last year|0.05|0.05|0.04|0.05|0.04|0.05|***|
|<br>Agricultural implements (US$)|16.43|30.54|17.86|10.54|20.30|12.91|***|
|<br>Livestock and poultry (US$)|321.28|885.89|320.26|131.84|530.40|131.14|*|
|<br>Owned cow|0.05|0.17|0.03|0.03|0.07|0.04|***|
|Owned goat|0.22|0.17|0.23|0.22|0.24|0.19|***|
|<br>Owned pig|0.09|0.20|0.09|0.05|0.11|0.07|***|
|Owned poultry|0.50|0.69|0.46|0.46|0.54|0.45|***|
|**Housing characteristics**||||||||
|<br>Grass roof|0.75|0.70|0.80|0.72|0.76|0.73|***|
|Iron sheets roof|0.25|0.30|0.19|0.28|0.23|0.26|***|
|Smoothed mud floor|0.79|0.76|0.82|0.76|0.79|0.78|**|
|Smoothed cement floor|0.17|0.23|0.14|0.18|0.16|0.18|***|
|Mud walls|009|011|009|008|009|009||
|<br>Compacted earth walls|.<br>0.17|.<br>0.24|.<br>0.32|.<br>0.02|.<br>0.19|.<br>0.15|***|
|<br>Mud brick walls|0.34|0.10|0.28|0.47|0.31|0.37|***|
|Burnt brick walls|0.38|0.51|0.29|0.41|0.39|0.37|*|
|**Respondent characteristics**||||||||
|<br>Female|0.52|0.48|0.49|0.57|0.00|1.00||
|Age|40.30|40.97|39.68|40.56|40.87|39.78|***|
|No schooling at all|0.29|0.12|0.31|0.34|0.21|0.37|***|
|<br>Primary 1-5|0.29|0.23|0.31|0.29|0.28|0.30|**|
|Primary 6-8|0.28|0.41|0.27|0.25|0.33|0.24|***|
|Secondary and above|0.14|0.23|0.12|0.12|0.19|0.09|***|
|<br>Born in the village|0.54|0.48|0.55|0.56|0.54|0.55|**|
|Main job non agriculture|0.34|0.39|0.36|0.32|0.34|0.35||
|**Land tenure & agriculture**||||||||
|Fear land will be taken away|0.22|0.18|0.25|0.20|0.24|0.20|***|
|Fear land will be encroached upon|0.21|0.19|0.25|0.18|0.22|0.20|***|
|Experienced crop theft last 5 years|0.30|0.28|0.30|0.32|0.31|0.30||
|Experienced livestock theft last 5 years|0.17|0.17|0.19|0.16|0.18|0.16|***|
|Had disputes over land in the past 10 years|0.15|0.17|0.17|0.14|0.17|0.14|***|
|If yes, share not resolved|0.14|0.18|0.14|0.13|0.14|0.15||
|If yes, share resolved by the household|0.18|0.18|0.15|0.21|0.19|0.17||
|If yes, share resolved by elders (husband side)|0.09|0.12|0.09|0.08|0.09|0.08||
|If yes, share resolved by elders (wife side)|0.27|0.08|0.29|0.34|0.26|0.29|*|
|<br>If yes, share resolved by traditional leaders|0.24|0.38|0.27|0.16|0.26|0.22|**|
|<br>If yes, share resolved by others|0.06|0.05|0.05|0.06|0.05|0.07||
|<br>Had land taken away last 10 years|0.014|0.011|0.017|0.012|0.015|0.012||
|<br>Had land encroached upon last 10 years|0.020|0.024|0.022|0.018|0.018|0.022|*|
|<br>Rent out some land|0.06|0.05|0.08|0.06|0.07|0.06|***|
|Rl US$/h|2055|2759|2283|1554|2203|1882||
|enta (a)|.|.|.|.|.|.||
|Participated in exchange work|0.20|0.31|0.24|0.14|0.21|0.20||
|Attended extension activities this season<br>|0.19<br>|0.32<br>|0.17<br>|0.16<br>|0.21<br>|0.17<br>|***<br>|
|Number of activities attended|0.56|0.97|0.48|0.49|0.64|0.49|***|
|Number of households|15472|2453|5739|7280|7368|8104||

_Source:_ Own computation from 2006/07 NACAL. Last column contains t-tests for difference in manse between males and females (*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1).

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