We match the survey data spatio-temporally with conflict event data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), using detailed geo- and time-tagged information on events of violence, including one-sided violence, and fatality numbers.

**Limitations.** The collection of large-scale data in such a challenging environment itself is a great achievement, but quite naturally, the data set has limitations. First, no IDPs were sampled from urban and peri-urban areas outside the Abu Shouk and El Salam areas. Yet about a quarter of the population in these areas are IDPs (JIPS, 2019a). Thus, our analyses refer only to IDPs who live outside these areas. Second, data quality issues prevent analyzing certain dimensions, which could benefit our analyses, such as more detailed information on access to services or time spent on household chores. Third, some information that would benefit our analyses was not collected. This specifically includes fine-grained individual measures of poverty and income. Fourth, information on local conflict events is a coarse and imperfect proxy for household-level ‘conflict exposure’, due to reporting and measurement error, among other concerns (Baliki, 2017). Yet, we do not expect these issues to vary systematically and create statistical biases in our results.

# **4 Results**

## **4.1 Descriptive statistics**

**Study sample.** Of all the 18,533 surveyed individuals, 64% live in IDP households, located in equal parts in the Abu Shouk and El Salam areas ( **Table A1** ). The remaining 36% of individuals live in the surveyed peri-urban (18%) and urban areas of El Fasher (18%).

As shown in **Figure 2** , the age-sex profiles are extremely similar across the IDP and non-IDP groups. In both groups, about 20% are female minors, defined by ages 0-14 (bars on the left), close to 30% are adult females, another 20% are male minors, and about 30% are male adults. **Figure A2** shows more detailed age distributions of the IDP and non-IDP sub-samples, which are also nearly identical. In either group, about 45% are minors and just about 5% are older than 64 years.

**The displaced** . **Table 1** provides background and displacement information. Due to the large number of young people, the mean age is fairly low, at 22 years. **Figure 3a** displays the detailed age distribution of displaced individuals. The average IDP arrived in El Fasher at 11 years old, yet there is a lot of variation in age at arrival and a substantial share of young persons was born in El Fasher (29%). **Figure 3b** shows the distribution of individuals’ age when their household arrived in El Fasher, where a negative value means that an individual’s family had arrived in El Fasher before their birth. The distribution reveals that many of those who were not born in El Fasher arrived at young ages. As also displayed in **Table 1** , the average household was both first displaced and arrived in El Fasher more than a decade ago, and 86% of IDP households had access to land before displacement.

**Figure A3** illustrates the origin of IDPs at the district level, based on information gathered as part of the survey. The map demonstrates that the large majority of displaced persons in El Fasher originate from areas near the city. **Figure A4** illustrates the spatial variation of our three constructed indices of conflict exposure at the district level. **Figure A5** provides intensity distributions for each index.

**Table 2** shows information on our key employment outcomes. We find that 55% of respondents had engaged in at least one economic activity in the past 7 days (row 1). Respondents were asked to answer five categories of different forms of employment separately (listed in the rows 2-6), and thus multiple answers were possible. The two most common categories are paid work (25%) and unpaid labor in a family-run off-farm business (31%). Among workers, the average IDP performed close to two separate activities. Focusing on the main activity, employed IDPs work about 35 hours per week and were engaged in that activity in about 8 of the past 12 months. For 35% of working IDPs, the main activity is in the agriculture sector.

9