# **Table 5: Empowerment regressions with jati identifiers, Bihar**

|||Input:||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Employed|Durables|Tuition|Livelihood|Politics|Store|Healthcenter|Friend|Bank|
|**Panel (a): SC-ST Jatis**||||||||||
|SC: Chamar|0.125***|-0.00461|-0.00392|0.102***|0.0221|0.126***|0.00781|0.00661|0.00429|
||(10.79)|(-0.52)|(-0.34)|(7.52)|(1.69)|(9.26)|(0.97)|(1.27)|(0.31)|
|SC: Dobha|0.0673**|-0.0264|0.0164|0.0667*|-0.0563|-0.00181|0.0291*|-0.00699|0.0154|
||(2.70)|(-1.35)|(0.70)|(2.25)|(-1.89)|(-0.06)|(2.20)|(-0.57)|(0.53)|
|SC: Dushad|0.0872***|0.0152|-0.00129|0.0975***|0.00896|0.0979***|0.0159|0.00948|0.0467**|
||(7.05)|(1.74)|(-0.11)|(6.75)|(0.67)|(6.84)|(1.84)|(1.87)|(3.19)|
|SC: Musahar|0.172***|-0.00449|-0.0312**|0.123***|-0.0102|0.156***|0.0189*|0.00109|-0.0219|
||(15.93)|(-0.47)|(-2.68)|(9.61)|(-0.78)|(11.56)|(2.14)|(0.19)|(-1.67)|
|SC: Sardar|0.0366|0.0112|-0.0160|0.141***|0.0944*|0.0180|0.00144|0.000129|0.0251|
||(0.93)|(0.31)|(-0.38)|(3.40)|(2.15)|(0.35)|(0.05)|(0.00)|(0.50)|
|SC: Others|0.0757**|0.0152|-0.0747**|0.143***|0.00961|0.0710*|-0.00892|-0.00359|-0.0389|
||(2.87)|(0.85)|(-2.64)|(5.29)|(0.32)|(2.37)|(-0.45)|(-0.28)|(-1.40)|
|ST|0.0976*|-0.0492|-0.0634|0.0830*|-0.0977*|0.149**|-0.0603|0.00741|0.0455|
||(2.47)|(-1.35)|(-1.55)|(2.05)|(-2.17)|(3.16)|(-1.52)|(0.39)|(0.96)|
|Observations|12584|8637|8637|8637|8637|8637|8637|8637|8637|
|Adjusted R-squared|0.300|0.087|0.123|0.117|0.136|0.204|0.090|0.023|0.088|
|**Panel (b): Non-SC Jatis**||||||||||
|OBC: Dhanuk|-0.0424|0.0244|0.0159|-0.0558|0.00743|-0.0872|-0.0922**|-0.00324|-0.0292|
||(-1.30)|(0.78)|(0.47)|(-1.43)|(0.18)|(-1.94)|(-2.62)|(-0.21)|(-0.76)|
|OBC: Kurmi|-0.0910**|0.0285|0.0571|-0.0394|0.00484|-0.0584|0.0179|0.00726|0.00790|
||(-2.84)|(1.29)|(1.89)|(-0.94)|(0.12)|(-1.50)|(0.85)|(0.72)|(0.19)|
|OBC: Yadav|-0.0877***|0.00336|0.0184|-0.0936***|0.0284|-0.157***|-0.00916|0.00732|-0.0104|
||(-5.36)|(0.26)|(1.20)|(-4.57)|(1.63)|(-7.20)|(-0.75)|(1.19)|(-0.54)|
|OBC: Other|-0.101***|-0.00327|0.0227|-0.109***|-0.0277|-0.104***|-0.0285*|-0.00269|0.00182|
||(-6.69)|(-0.29)|(1.55)|(-6.07)|(-1.64)|(-5.53)|(-2.38)|(-0.41)|(0.10)|
|EBC|-0.0801***|-0.00666|0.0173|-0.0913***|0.0165|-0.0423*|-0.000900|-0.00815|0.0202|
||(-4.63)|(-0.52)|(1.09)|(-4.41)|(0.86)|(-2.16)|(-0.08)|(-0.98)|(0.93)|
|FC: Brahmin|-0.336***|-0.00521|-0.0136|-0.238***|-0.0166|-0.255***|0.0253|-0.0184|-0.0906*|
||(-10.10)|(-0.25)|(-0.45)|(-5.34)|(-0.48)|(-5.60)|(1.41)|(-1.03)|(-2.28)|
|FC R|0218***|000985|000279|0165***|00491|0383***|000328|00279|00186|
|: ajput|-.|-.|.|-.|-.|-.|.|-.|-.|
||(-6.21)|(-0.47)|(0.10)|(-3.90)|(-1.37)|(-9.30)|(0.15)|(-1.55)|(-0.44)|
|FC: Others|-0.242***|-0.0195|0.00648|-0.120*|0.0510|-0.106*|-0.0264|-0.0113|-0.0421|
||(-5.51)|(-0.65)|(0.16)|(-2.22)|(1.33)|(-1.98)|(-0.92)|(-0.55)|(-0.79)|
|Muslims|<br>-0.190***|<br>0.000654|<br>-0.00842|<br>-0.133***|<br>-0.0325|<br>-0.118***|<br>0.000623|<br>-0.0130|<br>-0.0223|
||(-8.69)|(0.04)|(-0.40)|(-4.94)|(-1.36)|(-4.73)|(0.04)|(-1.12)|(-0.93)|
|Observations|12584|8637|8637|8637|8637|8637|8637|8637|8637|
|Adjusted R-squared|0.302|0.086|0.122|0.118|0.135|0.208|0.090|0.023|0.086|

Notes: (1) Source: Authors' calculations based on data collected by Social Observatory, World Bank and Government of Bihar. (2) In panel (a), Non-SC jatis are the excluded group while in Panel (b), SCs are the excluded group. (3) Each column represents a separate regression wherein an `empowerment indicator’ is regressed on variables that are reported as well as additional controls: age, age squared, marital status of the woman, age at marriage, and a dummy variable for some schooling of the female respondent; a dummy variable for whether it is female-headed household, per-capital expenditure, per-capita expenditure squared, landholdings, education of the household head, number of members in the household and panchayat level fixed-effects. The female employment is run for all female adults in the sample (individual level). (4) We report robust standard errors in the brackets. (5) We report the level of significance: * p value < .05 , ** p value < .01 and *** p value < .01.

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