**Table 1: Health market attributes**

||**(1)**|**(2)**|**(3)**<br>**(4)**|**(5)**|**(6)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**M**<br>(5 dist|**adhya Prade**<br>ricts, 100 ma|**sh**<br>rkets)<br>**SP**<br>(3 dis|**Sample Vill**<br>tricts, 46 ma|**ages**<br>rkets)|
||All|Inside|Outside<br>All|Inside|Outside|
|||village|village<br>|village|village|
|**Panel A: Composition of markets based on**|**census of**|**providers**||||
|**Total**|11.68<br>|3.97<br>|7.71<br>16.02<br><br>|4.65<br>|11.37<br>|
||(12.06)|(4.49)|(12.17)<br>(15.81)|(5.41)|(16.42)|
|Public MBBS|0.45|0.05|0.40<br>0.50|0.02|0.48|
||(0.97)|(0.22)|(0.93)<br>(1.11)|(0.15)|(1.11)|
|Public alternative qualification|0.22|0.07|0.15<br>0.24|0.07|0.17|
||(0.48)|(0.29)|(0.39)<br>(0.52)|(0.33)|(0.44)|
|Public paramedical|1.58|1.13|0.45<br>1.98|1.30|0.67|
||(1.90)|(1.46)|(1.33)<br>(2.12)|(1.49)|(1.59)|
|Public unqualified|1.71|0.68|1.03<br>2.07|0.67|1.39|
||(1.75)|(1.04)|(1.54)<br>(2.05)|(1.12)|(1.94)|
|**Total public**|3.96|1.93|2.03<br>4.78|2.07|2.72|
||(3.20)|(2.28)|(2.63)<br>(3.53)|(2.45)|(3.17)|
|Private MBBS|0.40|0.00|0.40<br>0.59|0.00|0.59|
||(1.57)|(0.00)|(1.57)<br>(2.15)|(0.00)|(2.15)|
|Private alternative qualification|1.92|0.23|1.69<br>2.67|0.33|2.35|
||(3.65)|(0.66)|(3.65)<br>(4.86)|(0.90)|(4.89)|
|Private unqualified|5.40|1.81|3.59<br>7.98|2.26|5.72|
||(6.01)|(2.23)|(6.14)<br>(7.88)|(2.74)|(8.32)|
|**Total private**|7.72|2.04|5.68<br>11.24|2.59|8.65|
||(10.54)|(2.69)|(10.81)<br>(14.31)|(3.38)|(14.87)|
|**Panel B: Composition of demand from cen**|**sus of hous**|**eholds in sa**|**mpled villages**|||
|Fraction of households that visited a|046||058|||
|provider in last 30 days|.||.|||
||(0.50)||(0.49)|||
|Fraction provider visits inside/outside village||0.66|0.34|0.69|0.31|
|||(0.47)|(0.47)|(0.46)|(0.46)|
|Distance traveled to visited provider (km)|1.61|0.40|3.83<br>1.37|0.38|3.51|
||(2.14)|(0.65)|(2.14)<br>(2.37)|(1.16)|(2.84)|
|Fraction of visits to MBBS doctor|0.04|0.01|0.09<br>0.02|0.00|0.06|
||(0.19)|(0.09)|(0.29)<br>(0.13)|(0.00)|(0.23)|
|Fraction of visits to private sector|0.89|0.92|0.85<br>0.96|0.97|0.93|
||(0.31)|(0.28)|(0.36)<br>(0.21)|(0.18)|(0.26)|
|Fraction of visits to private sector|0.88|0.89|0.83<br>0.95|0.96|0.91|
|(conditional on public availability)|(0.33)|(0.31)|(0.38)<br>(0.22)|(0.20)|(0.28)|
|Fraction of visits to private sector|0.83|0.84|0.79<br>0.93|0.98|0.90|
|(conditional on public MBBS availability)|(0.37)|(0.36)|(0.41)<br>(0.25)|(0.15)|(0.30)|
|Fraction of visits to unqualified providers|0.77<br>|0.87<br>|0.55<br>0.82<br><br>|0.89<br>|0.64<br>|
||(0.42)|(0.34)|(0.50)<br>(0.39)|(0.31)|(0.48)|
|Fraction of visits to unqualified providers|0.74|0.82|0.54<br>0.81|0.86|0.64|
|(conditional on public availability)|(0.44)|(0.38)|(0.50)<br>(0.39)|(0.35)|(0.48)|
|Fraction of visits to unqualified providers|0.60|0.77|0.38<br>0.66|0.81|0.39|
|<br>(conditional on public MBBS availability)|(0.49)|(0.42)|(0.48)<br>(0.47)|(0.39)|(0.49)|
|**Panel C: Sample Characteristics from hous**|**ehold cens**|**us ofprovid**|**er choice**|||
|Number of villages|100||46|||
|Average village population|1,149||1,199|||
|Average number of households per village|233||239|||
|Number of reported provider visits|19,331||12,122|||
|Average number of visits per household per|0.83||1.10|||

Notes: Standard deviations in parentheses. The number of providers available to a village was determined by a provider census, which surveyed all providers in all locations mentioned by households in 100 sample villages, when asked where they seek care for primary care services, regardless of whether or not the particular provider was mentioned by households. Unqualified providers report no medical training. All others have training that ranges from a correspondence course to a medical degree. "Outside villages" are typically adjacent villages or villages connected by a major road. The 30-day visit rate was calculated from visits to providers reported by households in a complete census of households in the 100 sample villages. The type of provider they visited was determined by matching reported providers to providers surveyed in the provider census.