For each crop that the household has cultivated in the past 12 months, the questionnaire enquires about who in the household has worked the most on the crop and about up to two other individuals who worked on the crop in the past 12 months. There are also questions about the amounts sold and the amounts of the crops consumed by the household over the past 12 months to determine whether production was for the market or for subsistence purposes.

Finally, for the production of other agricultural products such as dairy, eggs, oil, or fish, the questionnaire only enquires about sales of these products over the past 12 months and about up to three household members who may have been involved in their production. Unfortunately, the questionnaire does not enquire about those engaged in this other agricultural production exclusively for purposes of household consumption.

In our analyses, any household member that is mentioned as being involved in either a nonagricultural household enterprise, in the production of a type of livestock or crop that has been sold by the household in the previous 12 months, or in the production of the other agricultural products, is considered to be engaged in “market added” work or “added employment” even if they were not reported as being employed in the individual questionnaire. This is therefore our most comprehensive measure of “market work” or employment.

Any individual engaged in the production of livestock or crops exclusively for household consumption in the past 12 months is included in the “extended added” work category even if they did not report being involved in subsistence work in the individual questionnaire. By necessity, the “market added” and “extended added” statuses are for a 12-month reference periods since these were the reference periods used in the crops and other agricultural products modules.<sup>9</sup> Our main focus in this paper is to compare these “added” employment and work definitions using project data to the market and extended work definitions obtained exclusively from an approach that focuses on individual responses on their activities.

The various measures of work presented in the paper are laid out conceptually in Figure 2, which is not drawn to scale. The market 7-day definition of work is the narrowest and corresponds to the definition of employment currently used in the Egyptian LFS and the Tunisian Employment Survey. It is subsumed in all the other work definitions. The extended 7-day definition of work adds to the market 7-day definition those engaged in subsistence activities as ascertained by the individual questionnaire, while the market 3-month definition adds those who were employed in the three months reference period, but not in the 7-day reference period, again as ascertained by the individual questionnaire. This may include some individuals engaged in subsistence but not market work in the 7-day reference period. The extended 3-month definition of work includes all those engaged in market work or employment in the three-month reference period, as well as those engaged in subsistence work in the 7-day reference period.<sup>10</sup> The added market definition (12 months) is our most comprehensive definition of employment. It adds to the market 3-month definition those who reported to be engaged in household agricultural or non-agricultural

> 9 Due to the absence of information about individual household members’ involvement in crops and other agricultural products in Tunisia, our “added” measures only include added involvement in non-agricultural enterprises and livestock rearing in the Tunisia setting.

> 10 As mentioned earlier, we do not have a separate measure in the individual questionnaire for those engaged in subsistence work in the three-month period but not in the 7-day period.

8