experienced certain behaviors from their husband/partner including pushing, slapping, arm twisting, punching, kicking, choking, attacking with weapon, forceful sexual intercourse, forceful performance of other sexual acts. When an ever-partnered woman reports experiencing physical or sexual IPV, they are asked when the first episode occurred in years after marriage or having a partner. They are also asked if there were any episodes in the 12 months preceding the survey.<sup>19</sup> Because we exploit the timing and location of IPV in the BH affected area, our analysis focuses on women’s experiences of physical or sexual IPV in the year preceding the survey – commonly taken to mean that women are currently experiencing violence (Abramsky et al. 2011). Using this information, we create a dichotomous variable measuring past year physical or sexual IPV, which equals 1 if a woman answers yes to experiencing any behaviors about physical or sexual IPV from her husband/partner in the past 12 months and 0 otherwise.

We use information on men’s controlling behavior and women’s autonomy in decision-making to examine key drivers of IPV. Both the 2008 and 2013 NDHS contain some information on women’s autonomy in household decision-making and individual behaviors that are related to gender norms that can be used to examine BH’s impact on these behaviors. We explore whether women’s experiences of controlling behavior from her husband/partner, women’s household decisionmaking autonomy and women’s decision-making autonomy over her own earnings are affected by the BH insurgency. To determine if a woman experiences controlling behavior from her husband/partner, the NDHS asks if a husband/partner gets jealous when she talks to other men, accuses her of unfaithfulness, does not permit her to meet female friends, limits her contact with family or insists on knowing where she is at all times. Using this information, we create the variable for controlling behavior, which equals 1 if a woman answers yes to any of these questions and 0 otherwise.Women’s household decision-making autonomy is measured by a woman’s involvement in three types of household decisions: her ability to decide to access health care services for herself; her ability to make decisions about major household purchases; and, her ability to decide when to visit her family or relatives. A woman has household decision-making autonomy if she makes decisions alone or jointly with her husband/partner. The variable capturing women’s household decision-making autonomy is an index that ranges from 0 to 3, corresponding to the number of household decisions in which a woman is solely or jointly involved with her husband/partner. A higher score indicates a higher level of empowerment (NPC 2014). To determine earnings decision-making autonomy, women who earned cash for work in the 12 months preceding the survey are asked who usually decides how their earnings are spent. The variable capturing women’s earnings decision-making autonomy is equals 1 if a woman makes decisions alone or jointly with her husband/partner and 0 otherwise.

> specified acts or outcomes has taken place, she is considered to have experienced physical or sexual violence. By asking separately about specific acts of violence, the NDHS measure of physical or sexual violence using the modified CTS approach is not affected by different perceptions of what constitutes violence by women (Sunita and Johnson, 2004). Sunita and Johnson (2004) state that _“for example, a woman has to specify if she was ever “slapped,” not whether she has ever experienced violence. All women would probably agree what constitutes a slap, but what constitutes a violent act or what is understood as violence may vary among women and across cultures.”_

> 19 Although the 2013 NDHS reports the woman’s location of residence at the time of the survey, information about any previous location and reasons for relocation is not collected, which means that information about migration due to the BH insurgency is not available from the survey.

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