# **Table A6:  Business Environment Risk Intelligence (BRI, QLM)**

**Data Provider Description Website Data Source**

**Type Respondents Frequency Coverage Public Access**

**Description**

BERI S.A. Commercial risk rating agency headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland www.beri.com Political Risk Index and Operational Risk Index (BRI), Quantitative Risk Measure in Foreign Lending (QLM) Expert assessments Permanent panel of experts convened by BERI Three times per year since 1980 for BRI and annual since 1996 for QLM Global sample of countries Full dataset is commercially available. Averages of sub-indicators are publicly available in this spreadsheet.

PRI measures eight causes and two symptoms of political risk on a 7-point scale. ORI measures 15 obstacles to business development on a 5-point scale. QLM measures risk factors in foreign lending on a 100-point scale. We use data from latest trimester in each year. We treat BRI and QLM as separate sources in our aggregation procedure as BRI is a "non-representative" source and QLM is a "representative source". See Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004) for an explanation of how this distinction matters for aggregation.

|**Voice and Accountability**|2007|2006|2005|2004|2003|2002|2000|1998|1996|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|NA<br>**Political Stability and Absence of Violence**|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|Political Risk Index: External Causes of Political Risk: Dependence on/Importance to a<br>Hostile Major Power|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political Risk Index: External Causes of Political Risk: Negative Influences of Regional<br>Political Forces|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Social Conditions: Wealth Distribution,<br>Population|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Fractionalization of political spectrum<br>and the power of these factions.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Fractionalization by language, ethnic<br>and/or religious groups and the power of these factions.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Restrictive (coercive) measures<br>required to retain power.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Organization and strength of forces<br>for a radical government.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political Risk Index: Symptoms of Political Risk: Societal conflict involving demonstrations,<br>strikes, and street violence.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Political Risk Index: Symptoms of Political Risk: Instability as perceived by non-<br>constitutional changes, assassinations, and guerilla wars.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Government Effectiveness**||||||||||
|Operation Risk Index: Bureaucratic delays|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Regulatory Quality**<br>NA|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|
|**Rule of Law**||||||||||
|Operation Risk Index: Enforceability of contracts|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Direct Financial Fraud, Money Laundering and Organized Crime (QLM)|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Control of Corruption**||||||||||
|Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Mentality, including xenophobia,<br>nationalism, corruption, nepotism, willingness to compromise.|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Indirect Diversion of Funds (QLM)|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|**Country Coverage (BERI)**|**50**|**50**|**50**|**50**|**50**|**50**|**50**|**50**|**53**|
|**Country Coverage (QLM)**|**115**|**115**|**115**|**115**|**115**|**115**|**115**|**115**|**115**|
|**Year of Publication**|**2007**|**2006**|**2005**|**2004**|**2003**|**2002**|**2000**|**1998**|**1996**|

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