41 in Table 2 are: (a) most of the taxes on international trade<sup>andtransactioasareimposed</sup> to curtail imports; **(b)** two-thirds of the<sup>developingcountriesforwhichdataareavailable</sup> impose implicit import tariff rates of **10** percent or more;<sup>and(c)thedutyrateonexports</sup> are relatively low though its incidence is still high.

Table **8:** Distribution of "Implicit Tariff Rates" "Implicit Tariff Rate" (Total Duties **%** Total Goods<sup>**&**NonfactorServices)</sup>

|Range(%)|**1980(%)**|**1981(%)**|1982(%)|**1983(%)**|1984(%)|**1985(%)**|**1986(%)**|**1987(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**0.0-5.0**|**21(263)**|23(28.4)<br>|24(31.6)<br>|**22 (28.6)**<br>|**23(28.4)**<br>|**20(26.3)**<br>|**19(29.7)**<br>|**8(27.6)**<br>|
|**5.1-10.0**|33(41.3)|42(51.9)<br>|32(42.1)<br>|**37(48.1)**<br>|**35**(43.2)<br>|**38(50.0)**<br>|30(46.9)<br>|**11(37.9)**<br>|
|**_10.1-15.0_**<br>**15.1-20.0**|**17(21.3)**<br>**7(8.8)**|**11(13.6)**<br>**5(6.2)**|14**_(18.4)_**<br>**5(6.6)**|**12(15.6)**<br>4(5.2)|**16(19.8)**<br>4(4.9)|**10 (13.2)**<br>**5(6.6)**|9(14.1)<br>3(4.7)|**8(27.6)**<br>**0(0.0)**|
|20.1-25.0|1(1.2)|**0(0.0)**|**1(1.3)**|**1(1.3)**|**3(3.7)**<br>|**3(3.9)**<br>|**1(1.6)**<br>|**1**(3.4)<br>|
|**>25.0**|**1**(1.2)|**0(0.0)**|**0(0.0)**|**1(1.3)**|**0(0.0)**|**0(0.0)**|**2(3.1)**|**_1(3.4)_**|
|Total|80|**81**|**76**|**77**|**81**|**76**|64|**29**|
||"ImpilcitImBo|rtTariffRat|e"(Import|Duties**%**Imp|orts<sup>Goods</sup>|<sup>**&**Nonfactor</sup>|<sup>Services)</sup>||
|Range**(%)**|**1980(%)**|**1981(%)**|**1982(%)**|**1983(%)**|1984(%)|**1985(%)**|**1986(%)**|**1987(%)**|
|**0.0-5.0**|**5(7.6)**|7(10.4)|**5(7.8)**<br>|**6(9.5)**<br>|**7(10.3)**<br>|**7 (11.1)**<br>|4(7.5)<br>|1(4.3)<br>|
|**5.1-10.0**|9(13.4)|**9(13.4)**|**11(17.2)**<br>|**7 (11.1)**<br>|**7(10.3)**<br>|**7(11.1)**<br>|**6(11.3)**<br>|**0(0.0)**<br>|
|**_10.1-15.0_**|11(16.4)|15(22.4)|**16(25.0)**|16(25.4)|15(22.1)|**12(19.0)**<br>|**10(18.9)**<br>|**7**(30.4)<br>|
|**15.1-20.0**|**16(23.9)**|**21(31.3)**|14(21.9)|**19(30.2)**|**17(25.0)**|**17(27.0)**|**17(32.1)**<br>|**5(21.7)**<br>|
|20.1-25.0|**12(17.9)**|**8(11.9)**|**11(17.2)**|9(14.3)|**11(16.2)**|12(19.0)|**6(11.3)**|**5(21.7)**|
|**>25.0**|14(20.9)|**7****_(10.4)_**|**7(10.9)**|**6(9.5)**|**11(16.2)**|**8 (12.7)**|**10(18.9)**|**5(21.7)**|
|Total|**67**|**67**|64|**63**|**68**|**63**|**53**|**23**|

"Implicit Export Tariff Rate" (Exnort Duties **%** Exports Goods **&**<sup>NonfactorServices)</sup>

|Range**(%)**|**1980(%)**|1981(%)|**1982(%)**|**1983(%)**|1984(%)|1985**(%)**|**1986(%)**|**1987(%)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**_0.0-5.0_**<br>**_5.1-10.0_**|**40(63.5)**<br>**16(25.4)**|48**_(77.4)_**<br>**11(17.7)**|**48(78.9)**<br>**11(18.0)**|46(76.7)<br>**9(15.0)**|53**(80.3)**<br>**8(12.2)**|**50(82.0)**<br>**6(9.8)**|40(81.6)<br>4(8.2)|**18(78.3)**<br>**2(8.7)**|
|**_10.1-15.0_**|<br>**0(0.0)**|<br>1**(1.6)**|<br>**0(0.0)**|**3(5.0)**|**1(1.5)**|**2(3.3)**|2(4.1)|1(4.3)|
|15.1-20.0|3(4.8)|**1(1.6)**|**0(0.0)**|**0(0.0)**|**1(1.5)**|**0(0.0)**|**1**(2.0)|**1**(4.3)|
|**20.1-25.0**|<br>**0(0.0)**|**0(0.0)**|**1(1.6)**|1**(1.6)**|**2(3.0)**|**0(0.0)**|**0(0.0)**|**0(0.0)**|
|**>25.0**|<br>4(6.3)|**1(1.6)**|**1(1.6)**|**1(1.6)**|**_1(1.5)_**|3(4.9)|2(4.1)|**1**(4.3)|
|Total|**63**|**62**|**61**|**60**|**66**|**61**|49|**23**|

Source: Taxes on international trade are from the IMF Govt. Finance<sup>statisticsfile;</sup> Exports and Imports of goods and nonfactor services are from **IEC** data file.