**Table 1.** Definition of variables

|**Variable**<br>|**Description**<br>|
|---|---|
|_Performance indicator_<br>Labor productivity|_s_<br>Value of total sales/revenues (in Ghana cedis) divided by total number of workers (paid and unpaid), plus<br>owner/manager, in the last month of operation (GH¢/person).|
|Profits|Total profit during the last month of operation (GH¢)|
|_Main explanatory vari_|_ables_|
|Gender role attitudes<br>|A_Zscore_indexderivedfrom responses to14questions ongender norms<br>|
|Personality groups|Responses:_Strogly agee/Agree/ Neither agree nor disagree/disagree/ strongly disagree_|
|<br>Impulsiveness|<br>Iplantasks carefully (_reverse coded_);I make upmymind quickly;Isaveregularly (_reverse coded_)|
|Work centrality|I look forward to returning to my work when I am away from work;|
||The most important thing that happens in life involves work.|
|Tenacity|I can think of many times when I persisted with work when others quit;<br>|
||I continue to work on hard projects even when others oppose me.|
|Polychronicity|<br>I like to juggle several activities at the same time;<br>I would rather complete an entire project every day than complete parts of several projects (_reverse coded_); I believe<br>itis best to complete one taskbefore beginning another(_reverse coded_)|
|Locus of control|It is difficult to know who my real friends are (reverse code); I never try anything that I am not sure of (reverse code);<br>A person can get rich by taking risks.|
|Achievement|<br>It is important for me to do whatever I’m doing as well as I can even if it isn’t popular with people around me; Part<br>of my enjoyment in doing things is improving my past performance; When a group I belong to plans an activity, I<br>would rather direct it myself than just help out and have someone else organize it; I try harder when I’m in<br>competition with other people; It is important to me to perform better than others on a task.|
|Power motivation<br>|I enjoy planning things and deciding what other people should do; I find satisfaction in having influence over others;<br>I like to have a lot of control over the events around me.<br>|
|Organized|Myfamily andfriends would sayIama very organized person.|
|Optimism|In uncertain times I usually expect the best; If something can go wrong for me, it will (_reverse coded_); I’m always<br>optimistic about my future; I hardly ever expect things to go my way (r_everse coded_); I rarely count on good things|
||<br>haenin to me (_reverse coded_) Overall I exect more ood thins to haen to me than bad|
|_Owner Characteristics_|ppg ; p g g pp .|
|Male|1 if the business owner is male|
|Age|Ageofbusinessowner incompletedyears|
|Secondary education|<br>1 if the owner has completed at least a secondary school education|
|Married|1 if the owner is married (monogamous/ polygynous) or living with a partner|
|Muslim|1 if the owner is a muslim|
|_Household characteris_|_tics_|
|Poor|1 ifthe business ownerbelongs to the poorest and poorerasset-based wealthquintiles|
|Under 5|Number of children under 5 years present in the household|
|Under 15|Numberofchildrenunder 15 years presentinthehousehold|
|_Business characteristic_|_s_|
|Registered|1 if the business is registered with the Registrar General, Department of Cooperatives, District Assemblies, or the<br>GhanaRevenueAuthority|
|Business tenure|Length of time that the business has been actively operating or operated (years)|
|Businesses operated|Number of businesses operated in the household<br>|
|Home|1 if the business usually operated at home-inside or outside the residence|
|Traditional market|<br>1 if the business usuall oerated in a traditional market|
|<br>Commercial|y p<br>1 ifthe businessislocatedinan industrialora commercialarea|
|Roadside|1 if the business is located on a roadside or other fixed place|
|Mobile|1 if the business is mobile or has no fixed location|
|Separate expenses|1 if business expenses are kept separately from the household expenses|
|<br>Apprenticeship|<br>1 if the Main owner/manager of business has ever been an apprentice in line with her/his current activity|
|Credit|1 ifthe credit was used to operate the businessinthelast12 months|
|Business account|The owner has a bank account to run the business|
|COVID support|Since the outbreak of COVID-19, this business has received any national or local government support issued in<br>response to the crisis|
|Literate employees|<br>How many of the people working in this business (including [owner]) can read and write?|
|<br>Social media|<br>The owner/manager uses any digital application/technology such as instagram, WhatsApp, emails, Facebook, etc. to<br>operate the business|
|Association|<br>1 if the business is a member of or part of any organized association such as a market association, a professional<br>association a trade union etc.|
|Subsistence|, ,<br>1 if the household consumes some of the goods and services produced by the business|
|Manufacturing<br>|1 if the business is in the manufacturing sector<br>|
|Retail<br>_Geographic controls_|1 ifthe businessisintheretailsector|

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