37

**Table 9. OLS Regression Analysis of Household Expenditure in Ghana, With Remittance** **<u>Variables</u>**

|**Variable**|**Food**|**Consumer**<br>**goods,**<br>**durables**|**Housing**|**Education**|**Health**|**Other**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Reciprocal of total per capita<br>expenditure (αi/EXP)|-1438.66<br>(-0.10)|-4023.43<br>(-0.55)|5031.15<br>(1.99)|-13803.24<br>(-2.52)*|<br>1907.98<br>(0.45)|<br>12002.51<br>(1.47)|
|Log total annual per capita household<br>expenditure (log EXP)|-.021<br>(-1.56)|.0162<br>(2.46)*|<br>-.021<br>(-12.05)**|-.013<br>(-6.81)**|.002<br>(2.70)*|.035<br>(5.08)**|
|Internal remittances dummy (INTREM)|-.238<br>(-2.08)|.178<br>(2.25)*|.006<br>(0.19)|-.074<br> (-2.21)*|-.015<br>(-0.74)|.176<br>(3.02)**|
|(Internal remittances dummy) x (Total|.015|-.012|.001|.0050619|<br>.001|-.011|
|household expenditure) (INTREM) (log<br>EXP)|(2.01)|(-2.27)*|(0.95)|(2.26)*|(0.84)|(-2.94)*|
|International remittances dummy|.212|-.194|-.024|.048|.053|<br>-.124|
|(EXTREM)|(0.67)|(-0.94)|(-1.10)|(0.34)|(0.99)|(-0.51)|
|(International remittances dummy) x|-.016|.014|-.0007|-.002|-.003|.008|
|(Total household expenditure)<br>(EXTREM) (logEXP)|(-0.79)|(1.08)|(-0.31)|(-0.23)|(-0.95)|(0.48)|
|Household size (HS)|-.011|-.001|-.006|.0174531|<br>.0003|<br>.001|
||(-3.22)**|(-0.86)|(-12.81)**|(6.85)**|(0.67)|(1.16)|
|Household size/total expenditure|5393.43|<br>2096.06|<br>419.02|<br>-7401.94|66.52|-971.18|
||(2.14)|(1.14)|(1.16)|(-7.71)**|(0.14)|(-0.53)|
|Age of household head (AGEHD)|.001|-.001|.00002|<br>-.0002|<br>.00008|-.0004|
||(5.31)**|(-4.11)**|(0.62)|(-1.67)|(1.84)|(-2.52)*|
|Age household head/total expenditure|-515.46|158.52|<br>30.39|<br>209.27|<br>-30.6281|<br>171.02|
||(-1.66)|(0.84)|(0.40)|(1.29)|(-0.33)|(1.13)|
|Number of males in household over 15|.024|<br>-.007|.0002|-.008|-.002|-.010|
|years (MALE15)|(5.85)**|(-1.68)|(0.28)|(-3.17)**|(-1.87)|(-4.92)**|
|Number males/total expenditure|-15829.21|4468.46|3250.75|<br>1559.22|<br>1117.97|<br>7052.44|
||(-1.64)|(0.88)|(1.96)|(0.33)|(0.67)|(2.68)*|
|Number of children in household less|-.031|-.007|.003|.027|-.001|.009|
|than 5 years (CHILD5)|(-5.47)**|(-1.80)|(3.24)**|(13.70)**|(-1.16)|(2.62)*|
|Number children/total expenditure|33640.48|<br>-2751.26|-5402.62|<br>-8373.98|<br>-664.15|-17101.32|
||(3.69)**|(-0.76)|(-3.21)|(-1.67)|(-0.34)|(-3.25)**|
|Number household members with|.002|-.003|-.002|-.002|.003|.003|
|primary education (EDPRIM)|(0.16)|(-0.58)|(-1.75)|(-0.33)|(1.65)|(0.87)|
|Number primary education/total|-30481.5|13335.25|<br>-626.33|<br>18447.71|<br>-3821.63|<br>2839.56|
|expenditure|(-2.96)**|(1.79)|(-0.45)|(2.04)|(-1.36)|(0.68)|
|Number household members with junior|-.028|.010|-.0003|.008|.0007|<br>.010|
|secondary education (EDJSS)|(-3.42)**|(2.05)|(-0.30)|(1.99)|(0.65)|(3.06)**|
|Number junior secondary|2028.76|-11765.98|<br>-2650.43|<br>16105.99|<br>952.24|-4535.05|
|education/total expenditure|(0.17)|(-1.25)|(-0.94)|(2.44)*|(0.27)|(-0.98)|
|Number household members with senior|-.042|.015|-.003|.039|-.003|-.006|
|secondary education (EDSSS)|(-2.70)*|(2.33)**|(-1.39)|(3.63)**|(-1.87)|(-0.94)|
|Number senior secondary|255.18|-8311.38|<br>13386.74|-21755.07|<br>716.20|17264.95|
|education/total expenditure|(0.01)|(-0.63)|(1.45)|(-1.19)|(0.16)|(1.01)|
|Number household members with|-.118|.065|.012|.027|-.002|.015|
|university education (EDUNIV)|(-5.01)**|(3.51)**|(2.45)*|(1.79)|(-1.12)|(1.27)|
|Number university education/total|116600.6|<br>-143834.9|-22639.34|<br>-32043.12|<br>-86.25|81026.76|
|expenditure|(1.57)|(-1.50)|(-1.27)|(-0.64)|(-0.01)|(1.20)|
|Constant|.892|<br>-.079|.3851864|<br>.277|-.016|-.362|
||(4.31)**|(-0.78)|(14.06)**|(10.36)**|(-1.07)|(-3.23)|
|Adj. R<sup>2</sup>|.3135|.1122|.4362|.3324|.0366|.2424|

Notes: N=3884 households. Numbers in parentheses are t-statistics (two-tailed). All regressions also included: sex of the household head, the interaction between expenditure and sex of household head, per capita household income in