# **Table of contents**

|1.<br>Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3|
|---|
|A brief literature survey .................................................................................................. 4|
|Should the quest to achieve the 100 percent of access to rural roads at less than 2<br>kilometers be continued? ................................................................................................ 9|
|2.<br>What should the objective of roads investment strategy be to ensure the highest<br>|
|benefits? ............................................................................................................................ 14|
|Uganda road network investment strategy .................................................................... 15|
|The impact of roads investment on agricultural production ......................................... 18|
|An analysis based on UNS household surveys ............................................................. 18|
|An analysis based on household surveys in three Ugandan districts ............................ 23|
|3.<br>What is the transport requirement from a farmer’s and trader’s perspective? .......... 25|
|The farmer’s perspective ............................................................................................... 25|
|The service provider and trader’s perspective .............................................................. 29|
|What would be the transport requirement in case of dramatic increased production? . 31|
|4.<br>How much to invest in roads to ensure rural growth? The public policy perspective<br>32|
|Current low efficiency of spending and incentives to expand rural roads network ...... 33|
|The sustainability issue of the current investment strategy .......................................... 39|
|5.<br>What could a more effective road allocation maintenance be? ................................ 40|
|6.<br>How to foster loads consolidation? ........................................................................... 43|
|Strong incentives not to consolidate ............................................................................. 44|
|One option: selling directly to markets ......................................................................... 45|
|The usual option: market intermediaries ....................................................................... 46|
|To which yield/farming size consolidation is a must? .................................................. 47|
|How to break out of the coordination trap? .................................................................. 48|
|7.<br>Policy recommendations on the approach on roads investment strategy in Uganda 52|
|Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 55|
|Annex 1: Overview of the selected districts in Uganda .................................................... 60|
|Annex 2: Definitions for the UNSHS surveys ................................................................. 61|
|Annex 3: Assumptions regarding the cleaning of the GPS data from the household|
|surveys .............................................................................................................................. 63|
|Annex 4: Mean of consumption of each quintile of distance compared to distance to the<br>|
|nearest city ........................................................................................................................ 64|
|Annex 5: Definitions, calculations & rationale for the three districts household surveys 65|
|Annex 6: Descriptive statistics on modes of transport in Uganda .................................... 68|
|Annex 7: Variables definition and sources ....................................................................... 70|
|Annex 8: Agro-ecological zones methodology................................................................ 71|
|Annex 9: Methodology to calculate agricultural potential .............................................. 73|
|Annex 10: Transport prices in the selected districts ......................................................... 74|
|Annex 11: The ten-year district, urban and community access roads expenditure ......... 75|
|Annex 12: Investment needs per types of work and per district ...................................... 76|
|Annex 13: Maps of Uganda .............................................................................................. 77|
|Annex 14: Uganda road network ...................................................................................... 79|

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