The survey questionnaires of LSMS-ISA supported surveys typically consist of:

- An **agricultural questionnaire** , which is most often divided between post-planting and postharvest questionnaires. These questionnaires usually elicit information on land ownership and use; land use and agriculture income tax; farm labor; use of inputs; GPS land area measurement and coordinates of household fields; agricultural capital; irrigation; and crop harvest and utilization. An additional livestock questionnaire usually collects information on animal holdings and costs, production, and costs and sales of livestock by products. While base units of observation may change between modules and surveys, these data are typically observed at the parcel, plot, or plot-crop levels – or livestock type level in the case of the livestock modules.

- A **household questionnaire** , which contains information about the household (household modules) and the individual household members (individual modules). The household questionnaire typically starts with a roster of all members of the household. Information about the household members, collected at individual level includes demographics; education; health (including anthropometric measurement for children); financial inclusion; labor. Information about the household, collected at the household level includes food and non-food expenditure; consumption; household nonfarm activities; food security and shocks; safety nets; housing conditions; assets; information and communication technology; credit, tax, and income; and other sources of household income.

- A **community questionnaire,** which contains information on infrastructure; community organizations; resource management; changes in the community; key events; community needs, actions and achievements; and local retail prices. While this information is not included in the HP, data users can, in most cases, merge in community-level data using EA (enumeration area) identifiers.

In addition to the survey questionnaires, a set of **geospatial variables** are derived by the data producers at the household and plot levels and provided to data users as part of the raw data files. These typically include measures of distance, climatology, soil and terrain. A selected set of these geospatial variables are included in the HP’s plot and household-level datasets. Household GPS locations are also provided as part of the public data releases on which the HP data is based. Note that the household geolocations are slightly offset from the true locations, in order to preserve the anonymity of households and survey villages. An offset range of 0-2 km is used for urban areas, while a range of 0-5 km is used in rural areas, where communities are more dispersed, and risk of disclosure may be higher. An additional 0-10 km offset for 1% of rural clusters (10% in Mali) effectively increases the known range for all rural points to 10 km while introducing only a small amount of noise (Central Statistical Agency and Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS), World Bank, 2021; Ministry of Finance and National Institute of Statistics, 2016; Ministry of Rural Development, 2019; National Bureau of Statistics, 2021a, 2021b; National Statistical Office, 2020). The publicly available raw data is typically structured according to questionnaire modules (e.g. agriculture questionnaire, module 1).

Harmonized Panel datasets and variable creation 8