through the Act’s mechanisms of using local leaders to resolve land disputes and allocate land, women can face practical difficulties in securing rights (Deininger et. al, 2017b) and having input in decision-making over the management of agricultural parcels (Andersson Djurfeldt et al., 2018).

# **2.2. Fourth Integrated Household Survey and Integrated Household Panel Survey: Respondent Selection and Overview of Data on Assets, with a Focus on Land**<sup>**9**</sup>

The Fourth Integrated Household Survey (IHS4) 2016/17 was a multi-topic, cross-sectional household survey that followed the approach of surveying the “most knowledgeable” household member(s) to provide information on household members’ ownership of and rights to selected physical and financial assets, namely dwelling (including the residential plot), agricultural parcels, and financial accounts. This approach corresponds to Treatment Arm 1 (“T1”) of MEXA. In line with the prevailing implementation protocols, the selection of the most knowledgeable household member(s) was a function of the adult individuals that were available at the time of the interview. This could have meant that the first choice for the most knowledgeable member was not interviewed if he/she was unavailable during the time that the field team was going to be in that enumeration area (EA). In the context of agricultural land specifically, a roster of all owned and/or cultivated agricultural parcels was created first, and the enumerator was instructed to interview the most knowledgeable household member for each parcel.

On the other hand, the Integrated Household Panel Survey (IHPS) 2016 was the third wave of a multi-topic, longitudinal household survey that attempted to carry out personal interviews of adult household members, inquiring about their personal ownership of and rights to assets in the aforementioned asset classes - corresponding to Treatment 5 (“T5”) of MEXA and leveraging the contextualized and improved versions of the MEXA T5 questionnaire instrument.<sup>10</sup> Appendix I includes the protocol for administering the IHPS individual questionnaire. The individual interviews were capped at four per household and it was ensured that the head of household and his/her spouse (if one exists) were among the interviewed individuals.<sup>11</sup> Within-household

> 9 The data, questionnaires and basic information document for the IHS4 2016/17 can be accessed here: <u>https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2936. The data, questionnaires and basic information document</u> for the IHPS 2016 can be accessed here: <u>https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/2939. Both the IHS4</u> 2016/17 and the IHPS 2016 were implemented with technical and financial assistance from the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study – Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA), using the World Bank Surveys Solutions Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) platform. The implementation of the individual interviews as part of the IHPS 2016 was made possible by technical and financial assistance from the World Bank LSMS Plus (LSMS+) initiative, which aims to improve in IDA countries the availability and quality of individualdisaggregated survey data on asset ownership, work and employment and entrepreneurship. For more information on - the LSMS+, please visit: http://surveys.worldbank.org/lsms/programs/lsms <u>plus.</u>

> 10 The IHPS additionally collected detailed information on individuals’ ownership of mobile phones.

> 11 This was an upper limit that only applied to 1 percent of the sampled household population that had more than four adults. If a sampled household had more than four adult household members, following the preference given to the head of the household, and his/her spouse if applicable, the remaining interview targets (2 or 3 depending on the presence of a spouse) were selected at random from the remaining pool of adult household members.

7