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**PHN** 1992 Sector Review

interventions. It is also reflected in the emergence of a number of more carefully conceived, culturally appropriate and better targeted programs aimed at encouraging the poor to seize opportunities to participate in their own development and at stimulating among this group latent demand for basic social services. The following paragraphs give examples of how some projects have done this.

3.23 _Involvement of Beneficiaries, NGOs and Other Grassroots Organizations in Program Design and Implementation._ By design, two Sector Funds approved during the year (Honduras and Guyana) are largely demand-driven interventions. These funds, intended to address the basic needs of the poor, finance subprojects which are designed, developed and implemented by NGOs, community groups, and/or local government agencies. A national agency is given responsibility to manage the funds, to solicit proposals for subprojects, and to appraise, approve, supervise and evaluate them. The labor-based public works component of the Rwanda Food Security and Social Action project has a similar design, whereby communes (local administrative units) are invited to submit proposals for small public works subprojects, which would provide temporary income-earning opportunities for the poor.

3.24 Over and above the special demanddriven design of social funds, virtually all FY92 projects provide for the participation of the poor in some form. One particularly good example of thoughtful, well-designed and extensive participation is the India Family Welfare (Urban Slums) project. A major activity of this project is to increase the participation of urban slum communities in the design, implementation and supervision of the family welfare services being provided to these communities. Under this project community groups will undertake and/or participate extensively in beneficiary/needs assessmentsinitiatedbyeachmunicipalitytargeted for project assistance. In order to elicit and encourage community inputs to project design, as a part of project preparation each municipality undertook a series of workshops during which participants, drawn directly from the targeted slum communities, commented on and recommended changes to project design.

3.25 Four methods for community participation will be employed under this project: (a) the establishment of neighborhood communities; (b) the promotion of PVO partnerships; (c) the organization of supplementary health support schemes such as sanitation and nutrition awareness; and (d) the support of community-initiated ideas with financial, material and staff resources. And six community involvement strategies have been identified: persuasion, education, information feedback, consultation, joint planning of design, and delegated authority.

3.26 A plan for operationalizing community participation was prepared by each municipality. The plan itemizes for each of the six strategies: implementation methods; government inputs; community inputs; joint management structures; associated problems/issues risks; requirements to increase demand; expected benefits; evaluation indicators; and additional funding required. This project may provide a good model for other PHN operations striving to initiate and institutionalize community participation in the design and implementation of basic social services, particularly in an urban setting.

3.27 The following are yet other examples of community participation initiatives included in FY92 projects. Promoting regular consultations with beneficiaries is a general objective of the Equatorial Guinea Health Improvement project; management of a new pilot drug system, supported under this project, will involve community participation through facility-level management committees comprising representatives of the beneficiaries. The Sao Tome and Principe Health and Education project will finance a study on community involvement in the social sectors as well as an IEC campaign to stimulate community participation in malaria