|l.Knowledge upgradingandmanagement<br>systemreachingallsector specialists)from<br>Community Specialists)toDistrict/Regional<br>specialists|Ensureinclusivevertical/horizontal<br>transmissionofqueries,answers,<br>knowledge, technologies<br>Empowerallthe lowerlevelspecialists<br>with answers<br>Helpsbuild commonvaluesand<br>propagategoodpractices among<br>stakeholdersatalllevels|
|---|---|
|2.Technical Sourcebooksfordifferentlevels|Providechoiceandqualitydesign|
|3.Technical M&E (includingaPME<br>component) atlocalanddistrictlevel|Feedbacktotechnicalagencies,and<br>technicalprogram improvements|

x-efficiency gains from quality improvements, timeliness; reduced opportunity costs of poor technology choicestpractices Improved x-efficiency, saves TA costs, reduced sub-project failure rate X-efficiency gains from Quality improvements Insert Annex **3:** Steps 1, 2 and 3 of Stakeholder<sup>Analysis</sup> Source: Participation and Social Assessment:<sup>Toolsand Techniques , pp.85-87</sup> ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The authors wish to thank Violeta Manoukian<sup>forvaluable suggestionsthat</sup> have been incorporated in this paper, and Tuu-Van<sup>Nguyenfor Assemblingthe References.</sup> R1E2RNC Binswanger, Hans and Deininger, Klaus "Explaimng agricultural and agrarnan policies in developing<sup>countries".</sup> Journal of Economic Literature. 35:1958-2005,<sup>December1997</sup> Cagatay, Nilufer, Mumtaz Keklik, "Budgets as if People Mattered: Democratizing<sup>Macroeconomic</sup> Radhika Lal, and James Lang Policies", UNDP/SEPED Conference Papers<sup>#4,New York, May</sup> 2000 [www.undp.lorg/seped/publicationstconf<sup>pub.htm].</sup> CIDA Grameen Telecom's Village Phone Programme: A<sup>Multi-Media Case</sup> Study. TeleCommons Development Group. 2000 http://www.telecommons.comtvillaeephone/mdex.html Drosdoff, Daniel "Del sufragio al presupuesto: En algunas ciudades<sup>latinoamericanas</sup> los votantes han comenzado a decidir el destino<sup>de los fondos</sup> p6blicos", Inter-American Bank, Washington<sup>D.C., n.d.</sup> [www.iadb.org/idbamerica/archive]. Edstrom, Judith "Indonesia's Kecamatan Development Project, Is It<sup>Replicable?Design</sup> Considerations in Community Dnven Development"<sup>in Social</sup> Development Papers, No. 39, World Bank, Washington<sup>D.C.,Mar.2002.</sup> Estrella, Marisol, et al, (Eds.) Learning from Change: Issues and experiences<sup>in participatory</sup> monitorine and evaluation, Intermediate<sup>TechnologiesPublications,</sup> London, 2000. Famngton, John and Cnspino, Lobo Scaling up Participatory Watershed Development in India;<sup>Lessonsfrom</sup> the Indo-German Watershed Development Program.<sup>NaturalResource</sup> Perspectives, No. 17, Feb 1997 Fernando Nimal and Richard Meyer ASA-the Ford model of Micro-Finance. ADB Finance<sup>for the Poor, Vol 3,</sup> No. 2, 2002. Gaventa, John and Jutta Blauert "Learning to Change by Learningfrom Change:<sup>Going to Scale</sup> with Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation"<sup>in Learning from</sup> Change: Issues and experiences in participatory<sup>monitoringand</sup> evaluation, Ed. Marisol Estrella et<sup>al</sup> Hancock, Jim "Scaling Up Issues and Options: Supporting Good<sup>Practices and</sup> Innovation". Draft Working Paper, 2003.

IIRR Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation: Experiences<sup>andLessons,</sup> Workshop Proceedings, International Institute of<sup>Rural</sup> Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite, Philippines,<sup>1998</sup> 42