rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
11

# **Table II:  Select Case Studies of Hacking Attacks**

|**Date**|**Location**|**Fraudster**|**M.O.**|
|---|---|---|---|
|Jan 2004|The Securities<br>Investor<br>Protection Corp.<br>(SIPC)|Investigation<br>Ongoing|Hackers created a website for the<br>fictitious International Brokerage<br>Association, copying the SIPC’s web<br>content to confuse investors into thinking<br>the fraudulent website was legit.<sup>18</sup>|
|Oct 2003|Stock market|Van Dinh|Dinh used keystroke loggers to steal U.S.<br>brokerage firm customer accounts, and<br>then used a victim’s account identity as a<br>means to unload Dinh’s falling stocks.<sup>19</sup>|
|Feb 26,<br>2003|Bloomberg L.P.|Oleg Zezev|Zezev acquired access to customer<br>financial data and attempted to extort<br>$200,000. <sup>20</sup>|
|2002|H&R Block|Ivy Johnson,<br>former H&R Block<br>manager|The former H&R Block manager has been<br>charged with mail and credit card fraud,<br>for the identity theft of at least 27<br>customers.<sup>21</sup>|
|Aug 2002|**Kore a**--Daewoo<br>Securities|Investigation<br>Ongoing|Hackers penetrated a bank’s security<br>system and illegally sold 5 million shares<br>of Delta Information and<br>Communications stock worth<br>approximately $21.7 million.<sup>22</sup>|
|Mar 4,<br>2002|UBS<br>PaineWebber|Roger Duronio,<br>former UBS<br>computer systems<br>administrator|Duronio detonated a “logic bomb”<br>program that caused more than $3 million<br>in damage to the brokerage's computer<br>network.<sup>23</sup>|
|Feb 7,<br>2002|U.S. Treasury<br>Direct|Louis Lebaga|$158 million—Lebaga was apprehended<br>only after attempting to steal $1.3 billion<br>more five days later.<sup>24</sup>|
|Nov 12,<br>2001|**India**--S.S.<br>Kantilal Ishwarlal<br>(SSKI) Securities<br>Pvt. Ltd., share<br>broker in India|Hemant Sheth,<br>former SSKI<br>sharebroker, and<br>accomplice<br>Bhavesh Pabari,|Sheth and Pabari gained access to the<br>Bombay Online Trading System (BOLT)<br>with Sheth’s trader ID and password<br>issued by SSKI. The two then<br>manipulated stockprices byutilizingtheir|

18 Associated Press, “Federal Web site copied in apparent fraud,” accessed on 17 June 2004 at <u>http://www.siliconvalley.com/mld/siliconvalley/news/editorial/7828271.htm.</u> 19 BBC News, “US Hacker Accused of Massive Fraud”, accessed on 10 Oct 2003 at <u>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3180358.stm.</u> 20 U.S. Dept. of Justice, “Kazakhstan Hacker Sentenced to Four Years Prison for Breaking into Bloomberg Systems and Attempting Extortion,” accessed on 21 June 2004 at <u>http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/zezevSent.htm</u> 21 The New York Times <u>http://nytimes.com/2003/01/03/nyregion/03THEF.html</u> 22 BBC News, “South Korea probes online dealing fraud,” 8/26/2002, accessed at: <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2217584.stm>.

23 CBS News, “‘Logic Bomb’ Dropped On Brokerage,” accessed on 21 June 2004 at <u>http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/12/18/tech/main533450.shtml.</u> 24 The National Infrastructure Protection Center reported that the worm was distributed from unknown sources and is said to have disrupted and infiltrated networks worldwide. <u>www.zdnet.com.</u>
Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR 4937

# **Abstract**

New data from the 2008 _World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Survey_ indicates a very strong and statistically significant relationship between entrepreneurship and a better business environment. Data for 100 countries on the number of total and newly registered corporations over an eight-year period (2000– 2007) were collected directly from registrars of companies around the world. Data were also collected on the functioning and structure of business registries. Empirical evidence suggests that greater ease in starting a business and better governance are associated with increased entrepreneurial activity. After controlling for economic development (gross domestic product per capita), higher entrepreneurial activity is significantly associated with cheaper, more efficient business registration procedures and better governance. Although the degree of progress in the modernization of business registries varies greatly, countries usually have a common goal to evolve from a paper-based business registry to a one-stop, automated, web-enabled registry capable of delivering products and services online via transactions involving authenticated users and documents. Tests show that business registry modernization (often a component of broader private sector reforms) has a positive impact not only on the ease of creating a business, but also on new business registration. Overall, the data show that a quick, efficient, and cost-effective business registration process is critical for fostering formal sector entrepreneurship.

This paper—a product of the Finance and Private Sector Team, Development Research Group, and Investment Climate Advisory Services Group—is part of a larger effort in the departments to study entrepreneurship. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The author may be contacted at lklapper@worldbank.org.

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent._ Produced by the Research Support Team
**<mark>simulated wages, and</mark> figure** **<mark>6 presents the changes in devoted home production time.</mark>** <mark>The first seven policies are analyzed in the following paragraphs, while the gender decomposition is examined later.</mark>

**<mark>Note that the presentation of the time use results in figure 6 is different from</mark> figure 4** **<mark>.</mark>** <mark>Because the working states have a fixed number of hours, if someone in the couple works or both are in nonworking states, then each spouse’s leisure time is always the complement of home production time and work time. For this reason,</mark> figure 6 <mark>only presents home production time as it represents similar information to the previous presentation in figure 4 and is more parsimonious in its display of the effects of the many policy experiments.</mark>

# **<mark>The first seven policy experiments have differential effects on Roma husbands and wives, and</mark>**

**<mark>sometimes heterogeneous time usage.</mark>** <mark>Focusing on husbands, increasing the frequency of receiving a job offer, decreasing the rate of lay-offs, and reducing the search cost are the policies that most increase the husband’s labor participation. Considering time usage, these three experiments increase the home production supply of husbands out of the labor market by about 3–5 percentage points. This result reflects the higher number of married worker wives than nonparticipant wives. The specialization of those couples requires more home production time from husbands (see</mark> table A <mark>2 in the appendix).</mark>

**Figure 5: Observed and simulated labor market status proportions**

<!-- Start of picture text --> Males without children Males with children<br>100% 100%<br>90% 90%<br>80% 80%<br>70% 70%<br>60% 60%<br>FT FT<br>50% 50%<br>40% PT 40% PT<br>30% UE 30% UE<br>20% NP 20% NP<br>10% 10%<br>0% 0%<br>Females without children Females with children<br>100% 100%<br>90% 90%<br>80% 80%<br>70% 70%<br>60% 60%<br>FT FT<br>50% 50%<br>40% PT 40% PT<br>30% UE 30% UE<br>20% NP 20% NP<br>10% 10%<br>0% 0%<br><!-- End of picture text --> _Source:_ Author’s calculations based on 2017 UNDP-WB-EC Roma Regional Survey.

_Note:_ Abbreviations: FT= employed full-time; PT= employed part-time; U= unemployed; NP= non-participant. Each bar represents the proportion of husbands and wives on each labor market state.

# **<mark>The policy that induces more wives to participate at higher rates in the labor market is increasing</mark>**

**<mark>Roma husbands’ and wives’ wages.</mark>** <mark>The nonparticipation rates of wives are magnitudes lower than</mark>

27
|P039154|1995|1998||4 Closed|Rwanda|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|P039161|1999|1999||2 Closed|Croatia|
|P039161|1999|2000|5/23/2000|4 Closed|Croatia|
|P039161|1999|2001|6/21/2001|7 Closed|Croatia|
|P039161|1999|2002|4/17/2002|9 Closed|Croatia|
|P039161|1999|2003|4/7/2003|11 Closed|Croatia|
|P039161|1999|2004|5/10/2004|13 Closed|Croatia|
|P039161|1999|2005|5/11/2005|15 Closed|Croatia|
|P039161|1999|2005|6/23/2005|16 Closed|Croatia|
|P039171|1998|1998||3 Closed|Yemen,Republic of|
|P039171|1998|1999||5 Closed|Yemen,Republic of|
|P039171|1998|2000|6/13/2000|7 Closed|Yemen,Republic of|
|P039171|1998|2001|6/21/2001|9 Closed|Yemen,Republic of|
|P039171|1998|2002|5/6/2002|11 Closed|Yemen,Republic of|
|P039171|1998|2003|5/15/2003|14 Closed|Yemen,Republic of|
|P039171|1998|2004|3/11/2004|16 Closed|Yemen,Republic of|
|P039196|1997|1997||1 Closed|Brazil|
|P039196|1997|1998||6 Closed|Brazil|
|P039196|1997|1999||8 Closed|Brazil|
|P039197|1998|1998||6 Closed|Brazil|
|P039197|1998|1999||9 Closed|Brazil|
|P039199|2000|2000|6/29/2000|2 Closed|Brazil|
|P039199|2000|2001|6/28/2001|4 Closed|Brazil|
|P039199|2000|2002|5/30/2002|6 Closed|Brazil|
|P039199|2000|2003|3/13/2003|9 Closed|Brazil|
|P039199|2000|2004|6/16/2004|12 Closed|Brazil|
|P039199|2000|2005|5/9/2005|14 Closed|Brazil|
|P039199|2000|2005|6/27/2005|15 Closed|Brazil|
|P039199|2000|2006|11/18/2005|16 Closed|Brazil|
|P039199|2000|2006|6/5/2006|17 Closed|Brazil|
|P039199|2000|2007|12/22/2006|18 Closed|Brazil|
|P039199|2000|2007|6/25/2007|19 Closed|Brazil|
|P039199|2000|2008|12/6/2007|20 Closed|Brazil|
|P039200|2000|2000|3/10/2000|1 Closed|Brazil|
|P039200|2000|2001|3/2/2001|4 Closed|Brazil|
|P039200|2000|2002|5/29/2002|7 Closed|Brazil|
|P039200|2000|2003|5/30/2003|9 Closed|Brazil|
|P039200|2000|2004|6/10/2004|12 Closed|Brazil|
|P039200|2000|2005|6/11/2005|14 Closed|Brazil|
|P039203|1997|1997||0 Closed|Uruguay|
|P039203|1997|1998||4 Closed|Uruguay|
|P039203|1997|1999||7 Closed|Uruguay|
|P039203|1997|2000|5/24/2000|12 Closed|Uruguay|
|P039203|1997|2001|6/12/2001|14 Closed|Uruguay|
|P039203|1997|2002|4/24/2002|17 Closed|Uruguay|
|P039203|1997|2003|2/21/2003|20 Closed|Uruguay|
|P039203|1997|2004|3/23/2004|24 Closed|Uruguay|
# **Figure 10.0: Educational Achievement and Economic Growth (1965-2015)**

<!-- Start of picture text --> KOR<br>TWN<br>SGP<br>THA<br>HKG<br>MLT CHN<br>CYPMYS ROU<br>EGY IRL JPN<br>GAB LSOUSADOMTTOAUSMARDNKTUNSWECANNLDPAKMUSPANLUXBRAINDDEUISLFRAISRGBRIDNCHLSYRITAAUTBELGRCTURCRIESPFINPRT<br>COG MOZ MWI NZL MEXCOLURYPRYECU<br>BENMLINPLZAFVENIRNNAMBDIDZA ARGUGAJORPHLPERSLVHNDTZA GTM<br>GHA<br>CIVTGO<br>SENGMB<br>-1.5 -1 -.5 0 .5 1 1.5 2<br>Conditional Test Scores<br>coef = 1.5173463, (robust) se = .1188602, t = 12.77<br>4<br>2<br>0<br>Conditional Growth<br>-2<br>-4<br><!-- End of picture text --> Note: Added-variable plot of a regression of the average annual rate of growth (in percent) of real GDP per capita in 1965-2015 on the initial level of real GDP per capita in 1960 and average scores on international and regional student achievement tests.

# **5. Limitations and Robustness Checks**

# _5.1. Limitations_

_5.1.1. Differences in distributions._ When we link assessments, we assume that our reference and anchor test have a similar distribution of scores. In practice, this assumption is tenuous. For example, if test items on SACMEQ are easier than on TIMSS, this would skew the distributions. In Table 6 we include various robustness tests to this effect. These tests show that indeed the distributions differ, especially when comparing the PASEC and SACMEQ to ISATs. We address this limitation by using the equipercentile method to link assessments according to percentile ranks, adjusting for differences in the distribution. Moreover, we generate an internationally standardized threshold of performance which is linked to matching underlying competencies. Notably, the use of international thresholds might not be relevant for developing countries, where small percentages of countries pupils might attain the upper benchmarks. In the future, we hope to use alternative thresholds. In this context, means scores are limited, and equipercentile thresholds are likely more meaningful, since they account for changes in the 35
**Table B.4: Cohen’s Kappa**

||**Gua**|**ngdong**|**S-**|**MTP**||**MET**|**U**|**TQ-A **|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Linear|Weighted|Linear|Weighted|Linear|Weighted|Linear|Weighted|
|**Positive Climate**|0.19|0.52|0.31|0.44|0.28|0.38|0.03|0.08|
|**Negative Climate**|0.04|0.06|0.41|0.55|0.36|0.47|0.07|0.13|
|**Teacher Sensitivity**|0.11|0.20|0.29|0.38|0.24|0.33|0.06|0.09|
|**Regard for Student**<br>**Perspectives**|0.04|0.28|0.24|0.36|0.21|0.31|0.11|0.21|
|**Behavior**<br>**Management**|0.10|0.03|0.38|0.51|0.31|0.48|0.08|0.14|
|**Productivity**|0.17|0.23|0.33|0.42|0.21|0.28|0.04|0.09|
|**Instructional**<br>**Learning Formats**|0.06|0.29|0.3|0.39|0.21|0.33|0.02|0.09|
|**Content**<br>**Understanding**|0.12|0.27|0.29|0.37|0.2|0.3|0.15|0.25|
|**Analysis and**<br>**Inquiry**|0.06|0.23|0.22|0.31|0.13|0.2|0.08|0.17|
|**Quality of Feedback**|0.11|0.35|0.28|0.38|0.24|0.35|0.06|0.1|
|**Instructional**<br>**Dialogue**|0.07|0.30|N/A|N/A|0.23|0.36|N/A|N/A|
|**Student**<br>**Engagement**|0.14|0.29|0.33|0.39|0.19|0.29|0.07|0.14|

Cohen’s kappa is a measure of inter-rater reliability that compares the observed outcome against a statistically expected outcome. Like a correlation coefficient, it ranges from -1 to 1, with a value of 1 implying perfect agreement. Negative values imply that the raters agree less than would be expected by chance; that is, they are in disagreement. Different levels of interpretation exist for ranges of values; less than 0.2 can be considered poor; 0.2 to 0.4 fair; 0.4 to 0.6 moderate; 0.6 to 0.8 good; and 0.8 to 1.0 very good. Weighting Cohen’s kappa considers the distance of disagreement between raters. Given that CLASS is more complicated than a yes/no coding, this has a significant effect on the calculation of the kappa.

The results from Guangdong did not imply strong agreement, but were in similar range to the comparator studies, and quite higher than many results from the UTQ-A study (table B.4). Guangdong’s weighted Cohen’s kappa ranged from 0.03 to 0.52, indicating low to moderate agreement distributed among the dimensions.<sup>6</sup> Given the subjective nature of classroom observations, as well as larger range of possible outcomes, it is not surprising that the Cohen’s kappa for CLASS is lower than might be observed in a simple yes/no diagnosis.

Across the three measures of inter-rater reliability, the analysis reveals sufficient reliability to proceed with further analyses.

# **CLASS Reliability**

Once the reliability of the raters was established, we then tested the internal consistency of the CLASS measures. Key tests included:

1. Correlations among CLASS dimensions and domains.

2. Cronbach’s alpha of the three CLASS domains.

> 6 Subsequent discussions with the coders revealed uncertainty regarding the coding of some dimensions; adjustments to the training program for coders should help improve the scores in the future.

36
<!-- Start of picture text --> Policy Research<br>Population, Health, and Nutrition<br>WPS 1007<br><!-- End of picture text --> This paper- a product of the Population Policy and Advisory Service, Population and Human Resources - Department was prepared as background for the Health Sector Priorities Review. Copies of this paper are available free from the World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433. Please contact Otilia Nadora, room S6-065, extension 31091 (October 1992, 83 pages).

Bulatao and Stephens report estimates and projections of deaths by cause for major world regions, based on data from country reports to the World Healt, Organization and regression models. They report mortality rates for seven major causes: infectious and parasitic diseases, neoplasms, circulatory system diseases, complications of pregnancy, certain perinatal conditions, injury and poisoning, and other causes. Some more specific causes are reported on. They give estimates for six age groups by sex for four years (1970, 1985, 2000, and 2015) and six country groups: industrial market economies, industrial nonmarket economies, Latin America and the Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, and Asia and the Pacific.

# Among their findings:

* The populadon over 45 in developing countries is projected to more than double between 1985 and 2015, rising from 17 to 24 percent of the population. Causes of death, which are closely related to age at death, must change accordingly.

* Infant mortality in developing countries is projected to fall from 78 per thousand in 1985 to 43 per thousand in 2015 and life expectancy at

birth in developing countries is projected to rise by five years.

> * The leading causes of death for the world as a whole for both 1970 and 1985 were infectious and parasitic diseases and circulatory system diseases - with the first more important in developing countries, and the second more important in developed countries. Certain perinatal conditions were also more important for developing countries, but accounted for only a fourth or a fifth as many deaths in 1985. Neoplasms were more important in developed than in developing countries.

* Deaths from infectious diseases are expected to decline as a percentage of deaths; proportionate deaths from diseases of the circulatory system are expected to rise.

* The greatest number of deaths will continue to be in Asia, where almost half of all deaths in the world take place. This proportion is not projected to change.

* Better data on causes of death are essential. The World Health Organization is working with countries to strengthen their cause-of-death information systems as an essential support for health monitoring.

ThePolicy Research Working Paper Series disseminates thefindings of work under way in the Bank. Anobjectiveofthe series is to get these findings out quickly, even if presentations are less than fully polished. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions in these papers do not necessarily represent official Bank policy.

Produced by the Policy Research Dissemination Center
Respondents in EAP are also more likely to agree with the statement that “EdTech helps all children learn equally” (50 percent) than respondents from outside the region (36 percent). Available data show that EdTech often augments inequality, as it tends to benefit children of higher-income families who have better access to devices and support for using them than children of lower-income families (Yarrow et al., 2022).<sup>8</sup> This is particularly true when used at home rather than at school, as was the case during the pandemic, indicating that at least half respondents are uninformed of the inequality enhancing risks of EdTech.

_Figure 6: Share of officials agreeing with statements on EdTech._ <!-- Start of picture text --> 100%<br>90%<br>80%<br>70%<br>60%<br>50%<br>40%<br>30%<br>20%<br>10%<br>0%<br>MNG PHL LAO IDN VNM EAP Non-EAP<br>average<br>Share of officials agreeing<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> "EdTech (e.g. Internet, TV, radio, or mobile) was effective in supporting student<br>learning during COVID-related school closures.”<br>"EdTech helps all children learn equally.”<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: Calculations from CDG–World Bank 2022 microdata.

Interestingly, the views expressed on the extent to which educational technology would help all children (thus not creating further inequalities) correlates with views on gender equity and children with disabilities; respondents who believe that EdTech is neutral are more likely to promote gender equality and favor inclusion toward children with disabilities. We find no correlation between per capita GDP and the views on EdTech, which is to say, officials in higher income countries do not tend to view EdTech differently.

# 4.3 Officials tend to support inclusion and assistance for children with disabilities.

On average, officials from EAP show more enthusiasm for inclusion of children with disabilities (72 percent of officials strongly support) than officials outside of the region (48 percent strongly support) (Figure 7).

8 There is substantial evidence that inequity in student learning outcomes is often exacerbated by EdTech and the transition to online learning. Evidence from China shows that students with access to a computer at home rather than only a smartphone benefited 60–75 percent more from online instruction during COVID-19-related school closures (Clark et al., 2021). Among students with access to educational TV in Bangladesh, 45 percent of those in the highest economic quartile reported watching educational TV, but only 36 percent for the lowest economic quartile. During the COVID-19 school closures, students from the top quartile also received more academic support from family members than the bottom one (39 vs. 62 percent; Biswas et al., 2020). It may be that when developers and implementers of EdTech interventions understand the specific needs of the communities they intend to serve, they can give the greatest advantage to the groups with the greatest needs (Reich, 2020).

10