|Author (Year)|Study Type &<br>Location|Participants|Diet Assessed|Nutrition, health<br>outcomes assessed|Key Findings|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Babio et al. (2022) †|SRM of cross-<br>sectional and<br>prospective cohort<br>studies (most in<br>HICs but included<br>China, Mexico &<br>Lebanon)|Children 2-21 y<br>(n=28,740 for total<br>dairy and obesity)|Dairy product<br>consumption|Overweight, obesity|_Cross-sectional studies:_Total dairy<br>consumption inversely associated<br>with risk of obesity (OR 0.66, 95% CI<br>0.48, 0.91) but not overweight (OR<br>1.04, 95% CI 0.73, 1.49); no evidence<br>of association with milk or yogurt<br>consumption.<br>_Prospective studies_: total milk<br>consumption associated with<br>overweight (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.01,<br>1.26)|
|Vanderhout et al.<br>(2020) †|SRM of 28 studies<br>(20 cross-<br>sectional, 8<br>cohort), 7 countries<br>(6 HICs, 1 in Brazil)<br>14 studies in meta-<br>analysis (11 cross-<br>sectional, 3 cohort)|Children 1-18 y<br>(n=20,897 in meta-<br>analysis)|Whole (3.25% fat) vs<br>reduced fat (0.1-2%)milk<br>consumption<br>[assessed using FFQ,<br>24HR, multiday food<br>record, other]<br>Regular consumption<br>defined as typically, daily,<br>or≥4 timesper week|Overweight and obesity<br>[assessed by BMI z-score<br>(n=19), body fat<br>percentage (n=4), other<br>(n=5)]|Regularly consuming whole (3.25%<br>fat) vs reduced-fat milk associated<br>with lower risk of overweight and<br>obesity (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.52, 0.72)|
|W. Wang, Wu, and<br>Zhang (2016) ‡|SRM of 17 studies<br>for total dairy<br>products (14 cross-<br>sectional, 2 case-<br>control, 1 cohort)<br>and 16 for milk (12<br>cross-sectional, 4<br>cohort), 10 in Asia,<br>2 in South America|Children 6-19 y<br>(13 studies)|Milk and dairyproducts<br>consumption<br>[assessed using FFQ<br>(n=12) and/or 24HR (n=7)<br>or questionnaire (n=9)]|Obesitydefined using<br>waist circumference or<br>BMI (with cutoffs of≥25,<br>28 or 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)|Lower risk of obesity in children<br>associated with consumption of dairy<br>products (pooledOR 0.54; 0.38,<br>0.77) and milk (pooledOR 0.87; 95%<br>CI 0.80, 0.95)|
|Other health outcome|s|||||
|Leyvraz et al. (2018)|SRM of 85 studies<br>(14 experimental,<br>60 cross-sectional,<br>6 cohort and 5<br>case-control<br>studies)|Children and<br>adolescents 0-18 y<br>(n=58,531)<br>(meta-analysis<br>included 3406)|Saltconsumption, g/day|Systolic and diastolic BP|For every additional gram of sodium<br>intake per day, systolic blood<br>pressure increased by 0.8 mmHg<br>(95% CI: 0.4, 1.3) and diastolic blood<br>pressure by 0.7 mmHg (95% CI: 0.0,<br>1.4).|

Abbreviations: 24HR 24-hour recall; ASF animal source foods; BFP body fat percentage; BMI body mass index; BP blood pressure; CI confidence interval; FFQ food frequency questionnaire; F&V fruit and vegetable; HIC high-income country; LMIC low and middle-income country; OR odds ratio; OWOB overweight and obesity; RR relative risk; SSB sugar-sweetened beverages; SRM systematic review and meta-analysis; T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus; UPF ultra processed food; WC waist circumference; WMD weighted mean difference † Study also included in Table 5 for children <5 y due to age range of participants.

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