# **Table 3: Information, Incentives and Alignment**

## **Dependent Variable: Z-score of errors across all policy domains in all columns OLS Estimates**

**Standard Errors: Clustered at the district government-sector level**

||||<br>**Incentives**|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**(1) Management practices**|**(2) Noise controls**|**(3) Combined**|**(4) Interaction Decentralized**|**(5) Interaction Manager**|
|**District Government [Yes=1]**|||-0.27|-0.34|-0.27|
||||[0.16]|[0.16]|[0.16]|
|**Manager [Yes=1]**|0.011|-0.026|-0.029|-0.021|-0.035|
||[0.070]|[0.076]|[0.076]|[0.077]|[0.076]|
|**Management Practice: Monitoring**|-0.17|-0.21|-0.20|-0.14|-0.17|
||[0.067]|[0.067]|[0.067]|[0.080]|[0.067]|
|**Management Practice: Other**|0.28|0.31|0.32|0.32|0.31|
||[0.097]|[0.11]|[0.11]|[0.10]|[0.11]|
|**District Government x Management Practice: Monitoring**||||-0.19<br>[0.14]||
|**Manager x Management Practice: Monitoring**|||||-0.10<br>[0.090]|
|**Sector, indicator, percentile fixed effects**|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|**District government fixed effects**|No|No|No|No|No|
|**Region fixed effects**|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|**Individual controls**|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|**Marginal costs and noise controls**|No|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|**Adjusted R-squared**|0.034|0.061|0.063|0.064|0.063|
|**Observations [clusters]**|1455 [92]|1455 [92]|1455 [92]|1455 [92]|1455 [92]|
|**Central government respondents [percentage]**|429 [62%]|429 [62%]|429 [62%]|429 [62%]|429 [62%]|
|**Districtgovernment respondents[percentage]**|258[38%]|258[38%]|258[38%]|258[38%]|258[38%]|

Notes: Clustered standard errors are in parentheses. Standard errors clustered at the district government-sector interacted level, allowing for error correlation within regions, sectors, and districts.All columns report OLS estimates.The unit of analysis in all columns is the claim.The tiers of government are grouped into District Government and Centralized Government which incorporates both Federal and Regional tiers, hence the omitted category for tier in the regressions is Centralized Government.The sample used for the analysis is the set of respondents that make claims about the same districts.The dependent variable is the z-score of absolute errors across all policy domains.Sector fixed effects are indicators for whether the claim is within an agriculture, education, health, revenue, or trade organization.Percentile fixed effects are indicators for the 75th, 50th or 25th percentile for the respective indicator for the respective region.District government fixed effects identify the district that the respondent is making claims about.Indicator fixed effects control for the service delivery indicator within which the claim is made.Management practice: Monitoring is the organization-average z-score for the monitoring practice of management as per Bloom and Van Reenen (2007); Management practice: Other is the mean of the organization average z-scores for targeting, incentives, roles, flexibility, staffing, and staff involvement. Manager is equal to one if the claim is from a manager.Individual characteristics included in the specification:tenure in the civil service of the respondent making the claim;tenure in the position; tenure in the organization;an indicator for whether the respondent is female; an indicator for whether the respondent holds an undergraduate degree; an indicator for whether the respondent holds a masters degree; and an indicator for whether the respondent is a manager. Marginal costs include the proportion of managers in the organization that state that a management information system is in place; the organization average response to "In what proportion of projects would you say information flows effectively between individuals in the same organization?"; the organization average response to "In what proportion of projects would you say Information flows effectively between organizations?"; the organization average response of managers to "How many personnel do you manage?"; the organization average response of employees to "How many people would you say regularly give you tasks as part of your formal work duties?";alignment (the z-score of the row mean of the organization-average response to "To what extent do you believe that your organization's mission is aligned to your own mission?" and the organization proportion of selecting "I am contributing to fulfilling that mission on an everyday basis" to "How consistent with your mission are the various tasks and activities assigned to you on a day-to-day basis?").Noise controls include the time of day of the survey, day-of-survey fixed effects, enumerator fixed effects, an indicator for the enumerator's subjective assessment of the quality of the interview; an indicator for the duration of the interview (decile of duration fixed effects); controls for the average tenure of the managers in the organization and the proportion of female managers in the organization.Figures are rounded to two significant figures.