(particularly for cooking and cleaning in rural areas). One takeaway is that where there is interest in areas around employment, unpaid work, transport and other non-leisure activities, the recall arm provides greater estimates of reported time, but among a smaller, less representative subset of participating individuals.

Table 6. Treatment effects of 24-hour recall diary on participation and daily time allocation

|||||Unpaid|work:|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Agri-<br>culture|Nonfarm<br>employ-<br>ment|Obtaining<br>services/<br>resources<br>for HH|Cooking,<br>cleaning<br>in house|Care of<br>children,<br>elderly|TOTAL<br>UNPAID<br>WORK|Transport|School/<br>studying|Leisure|Com-<br>munity<br>Activities|Personal<br>care|Sleep|<br>Eating/<br>drinking|
||(1)|(2)|(3a)|(3b)|(3c)|(3d)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|(9)|(10)|
|PARTICIPATION (Y=1 N=0)||||||||||||||
|All areas||||||||||||||
|Total (obs=4,108)|-0.06***|-0.01|-0.08***|-0.03*|-0.04**|-0.02|0.01|-0.03***|0.02***|-0.07***|0.05***|0.04***|0.04***|
|Women (obs=2,049)|-0.06***|-0.03|0.00|0.03***|-0.04*|0.06***|0.01|-0.03***|0.02***|-0.05***|0.06***|0.02***|0.03***|
|Men (obs=2,059)|-0.06***|0.00|-0.16***|-0.09***|-0.04**|-0.11***|0.01|-0.02|0.02***|-0.09***|0.05***|0.06***|0.05***|
|Rural||||||||||||||
|Total (obs=2,081)|-0.04|-0.03|-0.13***|-0.08***|-0.07***|-0.06***|0.00|-0.03**|0.01*|-0.09***|0.05***|0.04***|0.04***|
|Women (obs=1,042)|-0.04|-0.00|-0.06*|0.03*|-0.09**|0.05***|0.01|-0.04***|0.01|-0.06***|0.08***|0.03***|0.03***|
|Men (obs=1,039)|-0.03|-0.06**|-0.21***|-0.19***|-0.04**|-0.17***|-0.01|-0.02|0.01|-0.11***|0.03|0.05***|0.04***|
|Urban||||||||||||||
|Total (obs=2,027)|-0.08***|-0.00|-0.03|0.04*|-0.02|0.01|0.01|-0.03*|0.03***|-0.05***|0.06***|0.04***|0.05***|
|Women (obs=1,007)|-0.07***|-0.07**|0.06*|0.03**|-0.01|0.07***|0.01|-0.03|0.03***|-0.04**|0.04**|0.02***|0.04***|
|Men (obs=1,020)|-0.10***|0.05|-0.12***|0.01|-0.04*|-0.06*|0.01|-0.02|0.03**|-0.06***|0.07***|0.06***|0.06***|
|DAILY TIME, UNCONDITIONA|L (MINS)|||||||||||||
|All areas||||||||||||||
|Total (obs=4,108)|26.2***|28.8***|0.1|-5.3|18.4***|23.8***|-30.8***|6.1**|141.2***|-2.3*|-2.6|11.3**|<br>6.6***|
|Women (obs=2,049)|18.7***|8.8|6.3**|-0.1|32.1***|53.5***|-11.4**|3.8|108.2***|-0.3|-3.0|10.8*|<br>3.4*|
|Men (obs=2,059)|34.8***|49.4***|-5.6|-13.1***|4.5*|-9.6|-50.9***|8.9*|170.1***|-3.9*|-2.7|14.0*|10.1***|
|Rural||||||||||||||
|Total (obs=2,081)|55.5***|14.4*|1.3|-8.7|23.9***|29.5***|-34.5***|3.1|106.6***|-2.7|3.0|19.7***|11.0***|
|Women (obs=1,042)|38.7***|4.7|1.9|5.0|43.3***|66.3***|-10.8|-1.2|73.3***|-2.7|4.5|13.5|<br>9.6***|
|Men (obs=1,039)|76.7***|22.9*|2.4|-17.5***|6.7*|-2.0|-59.1***|6.5|130.4***|-2.2|2.7|28.1***|12.1***|
|Urban||||||||||||||
|Total (obs=2,027)|-0.7|39.7***|-4.1|-2.1|8.7|11.2|-26.9***|10.1*|179.0***|-1.4|-8.0*|2.6|<br>2.4|
|Women (obs=1,007)|0.3|8.7|9.8**|-7.8|15.1|29.9|-11.3*|8.2|151.4***|2.2|-9.2|9.7|<br>-2.8|
|Men (obs=1,020)|-3.4|75.4***|-16.7*|-7.7|1.8|-18.5*|-41.7***|11.3|207.5***|-4.9|-6.5**|-1.7|<br>6.7*|

<u>Notes:</u> (1) OLS regressions controlling for EA and day of the week Fes; the standard errors are clustered at the household-level. ***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.10. Grey shading = recall arm yields significantly lower estimates.

(2) Based on a pooled individual-level sample for days 5, 8 and 10 (each individual appeared three times in the sample).

(3) Descriptive statistics on conditional minutes are in Appendix Table A5.

# 4.2 Comparisons with time use data based on stylized questions with a 7-day recall

In this section, we compare average daily minutes based on stylized questions on time use with a 7-day recall (obtained by dividing the total reported weekly hours by 7) with the average daily minutes under the 24-hour recall and smartphone treatments (computed across days 5, 8 and 10). The comparisons are provided for the activity categories that were common across the three survey approaches. Table 7 shows that the reliance on stylized time use questions with a 7-day recall leads to higher average daily time across 17