(18% to 30%). Re-employment was quite high in each country, with 75% to 93% entering work again at some point between July and October 2020. The average number of months without work for people that lost their job between April and July 2020 in Nigeria and Ethiopia was 1.2 months.<sup>8</sup> But a large share of re-employment involved a change in industry, especially in Ethiopia. These rates are particularly high given the fact that we distinguish only six industries. For the four countries, 38 percent of respondents were reemployed in an industry that is different from the one in which they were working prior to the onset of the pandemic.

**Figure 5: Early-phase labor market indicators**

<!-- Start of picture text --> 5A: Job loss (up to July 5B: Re-employed (July-Oct 5C: Changed industry (July-<br>2020), conditional on 2020), conditional on job Oct 2020), conditional on re-<br>working pre-COVID-19 loss employment<br>100%<br>100% 93% 93% 100%<br>86%<br>83%<br>80% 80% 75% 80%<br>61%<br>60% 60% 60% 55% 58%<br>46%<br>40% 30% 28% 40% 40%<br>18%<br>20% 20% 20%<br>0% 0% 0%<br><!-- End of picture text --> _Source_ : Figure 5A is based on HFPS R1-3 for Ethiopia and Nigeria, R1-2 for Malawi, and R1 for Uganda. Figures 5B and 5C are based on HFPS R1-6 for Ethiopia and Nigeria, R1-4 for Malawi, R1-3 for Uganda. Figure 5C also uses pre-COVID LSMS-ISA surveys for industry of work.

To analyze the medium-run impacts on the labor market, we construct 3 additional indicators. First, oneyear job loss captures whether the respondent was jobless at any point between the start of the pandemic and February/March 2021, based on all available HFPS rounds up to March 2021. The second indicator is joblessness in February/March 2021, which captures whether the respondent was jobless a year after the onset of the pandemic. And finally, we measure the total number of months without work during the first year of the pandemic.<sup>9</sup> As for the early-phase job loss indicator, the one-year indicators are all conditional on the respondent working before the pandemic, as self-reported in the first HFPS round. Although it is less clear to what extent the one-year indicators capture the impacts of the pandemic, as opposed to usual (seasonal) fluctuations in work, they allow us to assess how the labor market developed during the first full year of the pandemic.

An important caveat is that there was substantial attrition in the HFPS in all countries. For the one-year labor market indicators we use only the sub-sample of respondents who participated in all of the HFPS rounds up to March 2021. In this balanced panel, we lose 52 percent of respondents from the early phase job loss sample (i.e., those surveyed in R1 who were working before the pandemic). However, attrition is not significantly related to early-phase job loss or income loss (see Appendix Table A5), which is somewhat reassuring that the one-year labor market indicators are not biased due to selective attrition. We do see that women - particularly women with young children – are less likely to be included in the medium-run

> 8 Unlike in Ethiopia and Nigeria where the surveys were conducted every month, in Malawi and Uganda the surveys were not conducted as frequently. 9 For the case of Malawi and Uganda we used the rounds that were closer in timing to the Nigeria and Ethiopia surveys for months when there was no data collection. This assumption was applied for May 2020 in Malawi, and for May 2020 and July 2020 in Uganda.

8