policy objectives and available performance indicators. However, in sum, policies to improve connectivity with global markets could address:

- Traditional barriers to trade (from the negotiation of preferential market access to the reduction of domestic tariffs);

- Customs (efficiency and procedures, including rules of origin);

- Logistics; and

- Transportation and telecommunications (regulatory and infrastructure dimensions, with a greater focus on telecommunications for the offshoring of services, and transportation for goods).

**Table 1. Increasing connectivity with global markets: Policy objectives and performance indicators**

||**Policy objectives**|**Performance indicators**|
|---|---|---|
|**Sup**<br>**at t**|**pressing/reducing obstacles to trade**<br>**he border, including trade facilitation**<br>|•<br>Trade restrictiveness Indices – OTRI, TTRI (WTI 1.1)<br>•<br>Binding coverage and bound rates (WDI)<br>•<br>Share of tariff lines with peaks/specific rates (WDI, WTI 1.6)|
|•|Suppression of quotas and other<br>quantitative restrictions on imports<br>and exports|•<br>MFN applied tariffs – AV+AVE or AV only (WDI, WTI 1.2, 1.3)<br>•<br>Applied tariffs incl. preferences (WDI, WTI 1.4)<br>•<br>Tariff escalation (WTI 1.5)|
|•<br>•|Reduction of tariffs, suppression of<br>tariff peaks, tariff escalation or<br>simplification of tariff schedules<br>Customs modernization and reform,<br>harmonization of procedures and<br>cooperation across borders|<br>•<br>MFN 0 tariff lines / Import value (WTI 1.7)<br>•<br>Tariff bounds / Overhang (WTI 1.8)<br>•<br>Non-AV tariffs (WTI 1.9)<br>•<br>Non-tariff measures (WTI 1.10)<br>•<br>Customs duties (WTI 1.11)<br><br>|
|•<br>•|<br>Simplification of customs procedures,<br>including SPS, TBT, and other<br>certifications, rules of origin,<br>valuation, etc. to conform with<br>relevant agreements or international<br>best practices<br>Implementation of WTO or<br>regional/bilateral commitments (e.g.<br>common external tariff)|•<br>Export restrictions (WTI 1.13)<br>•<br>Logistics performance index and its indicators - efficiency of customs and other border<br>procedures (LPI, WTI 4.1)<br>•<br>Trading across borders – Doing business (IFC, WTI 4.2)<br>•<br>Trade Enabling and Global competitiveness indexes – goods market efficiency: burden of<br>customs procedures, prevalence of trade barriers, trade tariffs, efficiency of customs<br>administration, efficiency of import-export procedures, transparency of border<br>administration (WEF GCI 6.10, 6.11, 6.13, ETI 1.01-4.02)<br>•<br>Average time to clear exports through customs / time to export/import (WDI)<br>•<br>Documents to export/import(WDI)|
|**Incr**<br>**con**<br>**the**<br>**and**<br>**tele**|**easing the accessibility and**<br>**nectivity of the domestic market, and**<br>**security, predictability, reliability**<br>**efficiency of transports/logistics,**<br>**communications and ICT**|•<br>Logistics performance index and its indicators – quality of transports and IT<br>infrastructure, international transport costs, logistics competence, trackability and<br>timeliness of shipments, domestic transportation costs (WDI, LPI, WTI 4.1)<br>•<br>Trading across borders – Doing business (IFC, WTI 4.2)<br>•<br>Trade Enabling and Global competitiveness indexes – infrastructure: quality of<br>infrastructure overall roads railroads orts air transort available seats fixed|
|•|Reforms of the telecommunications<br>sector, including infrastructure,<br>regulation, competition, and access for<br>all segments to include fixed lines and<br>mobiles|, , , p, p, ,<br>telephone lines/100, mobile phone subscriptions/100, availability and quality of<br>transport infrastructure and services, availability and use of ICTs (WEF GCI 2.01-2.09,<br>WEF TEI 4.01-7.05, WDI);<br>– technological readiness (WEF GCI 9.01-9.06)<br>•<br>Africa infrastructure country diagnostic (AICD)|
|•|Development of the ICT sector and the<br>Internet (infrastructure, regulation,<br>competition, access)|•<br>Liner shipping connectivity index (UNCTAD, WTI 4.3)<br>•<br>Baltic Exchange Dry Index (WTI 4.3)<br>•<br>Lead time to export/import (WDI)|
|•|Reforms of the transport, logistics and<br>ancillary services, including<br>infrastructure, regulation, competition<br>for land (road and rail),<br>|<br>•<br>Port container traffic (WDI, WTI 4.3)<br>•<br>Total / air freight and costs (WTI, 4.3)<br>•<br>Number of seats available, airlines, international routes, airport passenger statistics<br>(IATA, WDI)|
|•|maritime/water and air<br>Regional infrastructure for trade<br>corridors, and other forms of<br>regulatory harmonization and<br>cooperation|•<br>World telecommunication/ICT indicators database and ICT Development Index (ITU)<br>•<br>Foreign participation / ownership in telecoms (ITU, WTI 1.14)<br>•<br>Competition index in telecoms (ITU, WTI 1.14)<br>•<br>Number of international gateways, landing stations, licenses for fixed and mobile phone,<br>Internet providers (national data, WB and OECD STRI)<br>•<br>Mobile and fixed-line telephone subscribers / population covered by mobile cellular<br>network (WDI, WTI 4.4)<br>•<br>Average cost of 3-minute call to US (WTI 4.4)<br>•<br>Personal computers (WTI 4.4)<br>•<br>Internet/broadband users / subscribers (WDI, WTI 4.4)<br>Internet bandwidth,secured servers(ITU,WDI)|

Source: Authors based on OECD, 2012a.

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