**Table 4.4a** **<u>(continued). Overall bias in HFPS</u>**

|||**Ethiop**|**ia**||**Malaw**|**i**||**Nigeria**|||**Ugand**|**a**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**ESS**|**Inte**|**HFPS**<br>**rviewed**|**IHPS**|**H**<br>**Inter**|**FPS**<br>**viewed**|**GHS-P**|**H**<br>**Inter**|**FPS**<br>**viewed**|**UNPS**|**Int**|**HFPS**<br>**erviewed**|
||||_Overall bias†_|||_Overall_|||_Overall_|||_Overall bias†_|
||_Mean_|_Mean_|<br>_(2) - (1)_|_Mean_|_Mean_|_bias†_<br> _(5) -(4)_|_Mean_|_Mean_|_bias†_<br> _(8) -(7)_|_Mean_|_Mean_|<br>_(11) - (10)_|
|**Characteristic**|(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|(9)|(10)|(11)|(12)|
|**_Consumption_**|||||||||||||
|Mean expenditure(LCUper capita)|14,943|17,186|2242.546***||||221123|236970|15847**|373,830|404,428|30598.098**|
|**_Quintiles_**<sup>**_a_**</sup>|||||||||||||
|Quintile 1 -poorest|0.200|0.133|-0.067***|0.201|0.082|-0.12***|0.205|0.164|-0.041***|0.156|0.130|-0.026*|
|Quintile 2 -poorer|0.200|0.164|-0.036**|0.199|0.141|-0.058***|0.210|0.196|-0.014|0.174|0.163|-0.011|
|Quintile 3 - middle|0.200|0.210|0.009|0.200|0.191|-0.009|0.191|0.197|0.006|0.195|0.190|-0.005|
|Quintile 4 - richer|0.200|0.242|0.042***|0.200|0.266|0.066***|0.195|0.210|0.015|0.221|0.234|0.013|
|Quintile 5 - richest|0.200|0.251|0.051**|0.200|0.320|0.12***|0.200|0.234|0.034**|0.245|0.273|0.028|
|**_Housing_**|||||||||||||
|Improved roof|0.689|0.798|0.109***|0.589|0.722|0.133***|0.881|0.916|0.035***|0.797|0.844|0.047***|
|Improved floor|0.177|0.264|0.088***|0.333|0.472|0.139***|0.768|0.825|0.057***|0.466|0.522|0.056***|
|Improved toilet|0.313|0.398|0.085**|0.043|0.063|0.021|0.581|0.673|0.092***|0.400|0.441|0.041**|
|Improved water source|0.747|0.828|0.081**|0.844|0.837|-0.007|0.761|0.817|0.056***|0.787|0.800|0.014|
|Access to electricity|0.559|0.707|0.148***|0.150|0.242|0.092***|0.545|0.642|0.096***|0.257|0.297|0.04**|
|**_Asset ownership_**|||||||||||||
|Solar|0.153|0.154|0.001|0.207|0.265|0.057**||||0.404|0.441|0.037*|
|Generator|||||||0.262|0.324|0.062***||||
|TV|0.178|0.291|0.113***|0.152|0.241|0.089***|0.455|0.553|0.098***|0.257|0.299|0.042**|
|Refrigerator|0.072|0.118|0.046***|0.080|0.131|0.051**|0.180|0.234|0.054***|0.071|0.077|0.006|
|Bicycle|0.012|0.022|0.010|0.416|0.479|0.063*|0.147|0.138|-0.009|0.261|0.282|0.021|
|Motorbike|0.009|0.011|0.002|0.044|0.073|0.029**|0.302|0.333|0.031*|0.114|0.126|0.012|
|Car or other vehicle|0.009|0.014|0.004|0.025|0.043|0.018|0.098|0.125|0.026**|0.039|0.042|0.003|
|Mobile Phone|0.553|0.797|0.243***|0.582|0.850|0.267***|0.769|0.839|0.07***|0.796|0.888|0.092***|
|**_Other activities_**|||||||||||||
|Owns land|0.824|0.752|-0.072***|0.890|0.857|-0.033|0.665|0.636|-0.029*|0.608|0.603|-0.006|
|Cropfarming|0.658|0.572|-0.086**|0.812|0.748|-0.064*|0.695|0.656|-0.039**|0.725|0.709|-0.016|
|Owns anylivestock|0.684|0.600|-0.083**|0.476|0.494|0.019|0.479|0.454|-0.025|0.559|0.560|0.000|
|Operates nonfarm enterprise|0.229|0.280|0.051**|0.409|0.482|0.073**|0.556|0.607|0.051***|0.023|0.024|0.001|
|Anymember has financial account|0.457|0.624|0.167***|0.339|0.458|0.118***|0.502|0.609|0.107***|0.595|0.659|0.064***|
|Income from remittance (int'l &|||||||||||||
|domestic)|0.145|0.151|0.006|0.528|0.541|0.013|0.327|0.334|0.008|0.340|0.348|0.008|

aFor Malawi, the quintiles are based on a wealth index, not consumption expenditures.

†The results of an adjusted Wald test comparing weighted means are presented (*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.10).

29