“communication” are most frequently used. The words “English” and “customer/client” are also commonly used, but are more prevalent among non-professional occupations. Keywords related to language skills and customer care appear more frequently in advertisements for non-professional jobs, while keywords related to problem-solving, leadership, analytical skills, work ethic, reliability, creativity and personality attributes tend to appear more often in professional-level job descriptions.

The data suggest that employers have more sophisticated and detailed expectations for professional-level hires in terms of non-cognitive and higher-order cognitive skills. However, the data also show that only a relatively small percentage of job advertisements highlight required non-cognitive skills. This finding differs from that of previous analytical work in India (Blom and Saeki, 2011) and in other countries (Cunningham and Villasenor, 2016), which reported employers’ emphasis on non-cognitive skills. This could be explained that employers may choose not to highlight non-cognitive skills in their job posts or preliminary job screenings due to the inherent subjectivity of these traits, and may instead choose to screen for non-cognitive skills during subsequent candidate interviews. However, although assessing noncognitive skills is often a challenge for employers, properly signaling both the expected non-cognitive and cognitive skills in job advertisements is an important step in establishing clear employee expectations.

**Figure 5: Text Clouds for Job Descriptions by Occupational Level, 2014**

<!-- Start of picture text --> Professional Non-professional<br>Smart<br>AccuracyTimelyPoliteEthicDegreeCreativeQualificationEnthusiasticGraduateIndependentMeticulous Time ManagementDiligent MotivatedCreativity FresherClientMannerNegotiableInitiativeIntelligentCommunicateDetailedLeadershipFemaleLeaderTrustworthyCommunicativeAttitudeCollaborativeExecutiveAnalyticalTeamwork Hard WorkingCertificateWomanLicence InnovationHardworkingCertificate CommunicativeInitiativeDetailed AbilityGraduateOutgoing EnthusiasticHard WorkingPoliteFriendlyBehaviorSolveSmartExcellentFresherCreativity DiplomaDegreeReliabilityWomanCommunicateLicenseCollaborativeMannerReliable AccurateTimelyCustomerHonestCooperative NegotiableTeamworkLicenceMeticulous Social<br>Social Knowledge Executive NegClient<br>RelevantAble<br>Independent<br>HonestResponsibilityOn TimeNegIdeaDiplomaInterpersonalEnglishReliableHindiResponsibleOutgoingReliabilityAbilitySolvingAccuratePersonalityCriticalInnovation ResearchSolutionCareful CooperativePassionateLicensePersonal SkillRelevantBehaviourWomenCooperationInnovativeCollaborationAnalysisBehavior IncentiveHardworking CustomerLeadResolutionExcellentFriendlyTeam WorkEnergeticPunctualSolve IdeaEthicBehaviourOn TimeSolutionIntelligentIncentivePunctualFemaleInterpersonalAccuracyLeaderSkillsResponsibleCollaborationTime ManagementCareful Critical LeadPersonalityHindiAttitudeLeadershipSolvingQualificationDiligentResearchEnergeticPersonal SkillAnalysisTrustworthyResponsibilityResolution CooperationCreative InnovativePassionateMotivatedTeam WorkAnalyticalWomen<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: Authors’ analysis using Babajob data.

Note: Text clouds are visual representations of the most frequently used words in job descriptions. The size of the word corresponds with the number of times it was used. Of the 186,829 job advertisements published on Babajob in 2014, 32,665 had job descriptions, 7,396 of which were for professional-level positions and 25,269 of which were for non-professional positions.

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