**Figure 8: Kernel densities of non‐cognitive measures by educational attainment**

<!-- Start of picture text --> A. Conscientiousness B. Emotional stability<br>Z-Score of Goldberg Big 5 factor - z_gldconsc Z-Score of Goldberg Big 5 factor - z_gldemotstab<br>-4 -2 0 2 -4 -2 0 2<br>Score Score<br>Primary complete or incomplete Secondary incomplete Secondary complete Primary complete or incomplete Secondary incomplete Secondary complete<br>Higher education incomplete Higher education complete Higher education incomplete Higher education complete<br>. .<br>C. Kindness D. Cooperation<br>Z-Score of Goldberg Big 5 factor - z_gldkindness Z-Score of Goldberg Big 5 factor - z_gldcooperat<br>-6 -4 -2 0 2 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4<br>Score Score<br>Primary complete or incomplete Secondary incomplete Secondary complete Primary complete or incomplete Secondary incomplete Secondary complete<br>Higher education incomplete Higher education complete Higher education incomplete Higher education complete<br>. .<br>E. Extraversion F. Openness to experience<br>Z-Score of Goldberg Big 5 factor - z_gldextrav Z-Score of Goldberg Big 5 factor - z_gldopeness<br>-4 -2 0 2 -4 -2 0 2<br>Score Score<br>Primary complete or incomplete Secondary incomplete Secondary complete Primary complete or incomplete Secondary incomplete Secondary complete<br>Higher education incomplete Higher education complete Higher education incomplete Higher education complete<br>. .<br>G. Perseverance of effort (grit) H. Consistency of interest (grit)<br>Z-Score of Duckworth Grit factor - z_grt2persist Z-Score of Duckworth Grit factor - z_grt2consist<br>-4 -2 0 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 3<br>Score Score<br>Primary complete or incomplete Secondary incomplete Secondary complete Primary complete or incomplete Secondary incomplete Secondary complete<br>Higher education incomplete Higher education complete Higher education incomplete Higher education complete<br>. .<br>.5<br>.5<br>.4 .4<br>Density.3.2 Density.3.2<br>.1 .1<br>0 0<br>.6 .6<br>.4 .4<br>Density Density<br>.2 .2<br>0 0<br>.5 .5<br>.4 .4<br>Density.3.2 Density.3.2<br>.1 .1<br>0 0<br>.5 .5<br>.4 .4<br>Density.3.2 Density.3.2<br>.1 .1<br>0 0<br><!-- End of picture text --> Note: In the cases of openness to experience and perseverance of effort all densities are significantly different from the others except those for individuals with primary school compared to those with secondary incomplete, and those for individuals with incomplete higher education compared with complete higher education. The densities for individuals with complete secondary education are significantly different than those for individuals with primary education in the case of kindness and extraversion and significantly different than that for individuals with incomplete higher education in the case of extraversion. The densities for individuals with either incomplete or complete higher education are significantly different than those for individuals with primary or incomplete secondary education in the case of conscientiousness, emotional stability, kindness, extraversion and consistency of interest. These densities are also significantly different than those for individuals with complete secondary education in the case of kindness, emotional stability, and consistency of interest. In addition, the density for individuals with complete higher education is significantly different than that for individuals with complete secondary education and incomplete higher education in the case of extraversion.

**29 |** P a g e