rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
Johnson, Simon, Kaufmann, Daniel and Shleifer, Andrei (1997), The Unofficial Economy in Transition. Bookings Papers on Economic Activity, fall 1997. Washington DC: Brookings Institution.

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Krugman, Paul (1987), The Narrow Moving Band, the Dutch Disease, and the Competitive Consequences of Mrs Thatcher: Notes on Trade in the Presence of Dynamic Scale Economies. _Journal of Development Economics_ , 37, 41-55.

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McKinley, Terry (2005), Why is “the Dutch Diesase” Always a Disease? The Macroeconomic Consequences of Scaling up Aid. International Poverty Centre Working Paper no 10. Brasilia: United National Development Programme.

Mosley, Paul, Hudson, John, and Horrell, Sara (1992), Aid, the Public Sector and the Markt in Less Developed Countries: A Return to the Scene of Crime. _Journal of International Development_ , 4, 139150.

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Oxfam (2007), Adapting to Climate Change: What’s Needed in Poor Countries, and Who Should Pay. Oxfam Briefing Paper 104.

Papyrakis, E. and Gerlagh, R. (2004), The Resource Curse Hypothesis and its Transmission Channels. _Journal of Comparative Economics_ , 32, 181-193.

Point Carbon (2008), Carbon Market Monitor. _The 2007 Carbon Market in Review_ . Oslo: Point Carbon Research.

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Project Catalyst (2009), _Adaptation to Climate Change: Poential Costs and Choices for a Global Agreement_ . London: ClimateWorks and European Climate Foundation.

33
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|P062837|1999|2019|5/7/2019|2 Closed|Yemen,Republic of|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|P062840|2000|2000|2/9/2000|1 Closed|Chad|
|P062840|2000|2001|5/11/2001|3 Closed|Chad|
|P062840|2000|2002|6/4/2002|5 Closed|Chad|
|P062840|2000|2003|6/25/2003|7 Closed|Chad|
|P062840|2000|2004|6/28/2004|9 Closed|Chad|
|P062840|2000|2005|5/12/2005|11 Closed|Chad|
|P062916|2003|2003||0 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2004|3/31/2004|2 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2005|5/17/2005|4 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2006|12/15/2005|5 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2006|6/8/2006|6 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2007|12/22/2006|7 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2007|6/15/2007|8 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2008|11/16/2007|9 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2008|6/6/2008|10 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2009|12/15/2008|11 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2009|6/15/2009|12 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2010|12/28/2009|13 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2010|5/13/2010|14 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2011|12/10/2010|15 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2012|7/6/2011|16 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2012|1/4/2012|17 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2013|7/6/2012|18 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062916|2003|2013|12/22/2012|19 Closed|Bangladesh|
|P062932|2000|2000|6/27/2000|1 Closed|Peru|
|P062932|2000|2001|6/28/2001|4 Closed|Peru|
|P062932|2000|2002|6/3/2002|6 Closed|Peru|
|P062932|2000|2003|6/11/2003|10 Closed|Peru|
|P062932|2000|2004|6/14/2004|12 Closed|Peru|
|P062932|2000|2005|4/26/2005|14 Closed|Peru|
|P062932|2000|2006|7/1/2005|15 Closed|Peru|
|P062932|2000|2006|3/28/2006|16 Closed|Peru|
|P062932|2000|2020|2/19/2020|17 Closed|Peru|
|P062936|1999|1999||1 Closed|Bosnia and Herzegovin|
|P062936|1999|2000|6/15/2000|4 Closed|Bosnia and Herzegovin|
|P062936|1999|2001|6/28/2001|6 Closed|Bosnia and Herzegovin|
|P062936|1999|2002|6/27/2002|8 Closed|Bosnia and Herzegovin|
|P062936|1999|2003|6/23/2003|10 Closed|Bosnia and Herzegovin|
|P062936|1999|2004|6/23/2003|10 Closed|Bosnia and Herzegovin|
|P062936|1999|2020|9/18/2019|11 Closed|Bosnia and Herzegovin|
|P062991|1999|1999||2 Closed|Argentina|
|P062991|1999|2000|5/10/2000|5 Closed|Argentina|
|P062991|1999|2001|7/14/2000|6 Closed|Argentina|
|P062991|1999|2002|7/14/2000|6 Closed|Argentina|
|P062991|1999|2003|7/14/2000|6 Closed|Argentina|
|P062992|1999|1999||2 Closed|Argentina|
psychosocial treatment needs in Colombians internally displaced by armed conflict: A mixed-method evaluation." Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy **3** (4): 384.

Saxon, L., N. Makhashvili, I. Chikovani, M. Seguin, M. McKee, V. Patel, J. Bisson and B. Roberts (2017). "Coping strategies and mental health outcomes of conflict-affected persons in the Republic of Georgia." <u>Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences</u> **26** (3): 276-286.

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Steele, J. R. and N. Ambady (2006). "“Math is Hard!” The effect of gender priming on women’s attitudes." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology **42** (4): 428-436.

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Tay, A. K., S. Rees, J. Chen, M. Kareth, S. Lahe, R. Kitau, K. David, J. Sonoling and D. Silove (2015). "Associations of conflict-related trauma and ongoing stressors with the mental health and functioning of West Papuan refugees in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (PNG)." PLoS One **10** (4): e0125178. Tourangeau, R. and T. Yan (2007). "Sensitive questions in surveys." Psychological bulletin **133** (5): 859. Van de Walle, S. and G. G. Van Ryzin (2011). "The order of questions in a survey on citizen satisfaction `‐` with public services: lessons from a split ballot experiment." Public Administration **89** (4): 1436-1450. Young, A. (2017). Consistency without Inference: Instrumental Variables in Practical Application. Zaller, J. and S. Feldman (1992). "A simple theory of the survey response: Answering questions versus revealing preferences." American journal of political science: 579-616.

19
ALLOCATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC SPENDING

# The Importance of Budget Process and Presentation

20. Managing public finances In SSA has become typically an exercise in crisis control. In a crisis atmosphere, horizon **s** horten and there is a tendency also to narrow the group of effective decision takers. In the long run, however, better public expenditure management requires a more public process. Indeed, the process of planning may be at least as valuable as the budget/planning documents that are Its visible product. The opportunities for educating opinion about economic alternatives, for building consensus, and for spreading responsibilities for public expen#lture choices more widely are lost If the process Is always conducted in secrecy and in haste.

21. The task of rehabilitating budgetary systems may be long and difficult, especially where current dilapidation is particularly extensive. **Tt** may be some time, for example, before government accounts can be restored to the point of providing a reliable benchmark for each year's budget exercise. At the same time some Improvements are available that are relatively simple and straightforward to Implement. The way information is presented to (ostensible) decision makers Is often a case in point.

22. Thus, for example, budgets (and Annual Plans - see Box 4) that are presented to parliaments and published are often remarkably uninformative documents. A simple shortcoming (though it may on occasion be less an oversigh **t** han a reflection of the state of monitoring and accounting records) Is the failure to show previous years' actuals and/or future yeaLs' projections alongside the current year's estimates. This is particularly common where projects In the development budget are concerned. Estimates commonly give a so-called "one-year time-slice" of a proJect without indicating its fund!'.g requirements in subsequent years or revealing its previous expenditures (or if these are shown, the period covered may be unspecified or Inconsistent among projects). Very often projects exist for yeaxs without more description in the budget documents than a short title. rn such circumstances, parliamentary discussion of the budget is almost bound to be perfunctory and superficial. The less information Is provided In the budget documents, the less effective they are as a means of controlling and directing actual expenditure.

Page 12
to grow at a constant annual rate, which is set equal in the first case to the average rate of growth over the period 1995-2002, and in the second to 2 percent per annum. Finally, the effective tax rate, although endogenous, is assumed to increase permanently by 0.5 percentage points in 2003. This increase is meant to capture a slight improvement in tax collection, rather than an increase in statutory tax rates.

The trend-based projections are shown in Table 1 for the period 2003-15. The results show relatively high growth rates in net domestic output in the initial years, but declining growth rates in real GDP per capita and real consumption per capita. Part of the reason is that domestic prices grow at relatively high rates during most of the period, and population grows at a rate of almost 3 percent per annum. Private savings (as a share of GDP) increase significantly during the period, but private investment rises only slightly (from 9.7 percent in 2002 to 11.6 percent in 2015). This is the consequence, in part, of the relatively small increase in the share of public investment in GDP (by about 2.4 percentage points between 2002 and 2015). Public consumption rises also during the period (from about 29 percent to 35 percent) and, despite the increase in domestic tax revenue, the overall fiscal deficit remains high throughout the period. As a result, public foreign borrowing remains also high, leading to a sharp increase over time in the ratio of external debt to GDP, and the ratio of external debt service to exports. The real exchange rate (defined as the ratio of import prices measured in domestic-currency terms to the composite price index) appreciates at first and then depreciates; this tends to reduce exports initially and to increase them subsequently. The share of educated labor in the population falls steadily over time, as a result of both insufficient public investment and high population growth.

The projections reveal also that, given the above assumptions about Ethiopia’s policies and international environment, prospects for reducing poverty by 2015 are mixed. The table shows the evolution of the headcount index obtained by linking the model to a household survey, using the methodology described earlier. In addition, the table shows the response of the poverty rate to a change in the growth rate of consumption per capita, using three alternative partial elasticities, as discussed 34
# I. Introduction

What will the distributional welfare impacts of climate change be? Despite its importance for climate policy, this is a question for which there is as yet relatively little empirical evidence.

Recent work documenting significant welfare impacts of temperature stress on the human body – operating through health, productivity, and consumption disamenities – raises the question of whether and to what extent the increased heat stress from a warmer world will occur in such a way that systematically biases certain socioeconomic groups over others.

The distributional consequences of climate damages informs at least two policy decisions. First, the within‐ and across‐country distribution of climate damages will affect the decisions regarding _climate mitigation_ , informing in particular the question of how much mitigation is desirable. Second, irrespective of future mitigation decisions, understanding the ways in which climate change may affect the world’s most vulnerable populations will be crucial in enabling policy makers to target adaptation investments toward the right geographies and technologies.

Previous research has indicated substantial heterogeneity in climate‐related economic impacts, with a suggestion of poorer regions such as South Asia and Sub‐Saharan Africa bearing outsized impacts proportional to their respective national income levels (Nordhaus 2011; Hsiang and Jina, 2014). However, much of this work focuses on impacts as they operate through agriculture or storms.

A wave of recent research explores the climate‐welfare impact as they operate through thermal stress of human beings, and suggests that temperature‐productivity relationships may comprise a substantial share of the overall welfare burden (Heal and Park, 2015). The focus of this literature so far has been on establishing causal inference and average effect magnitudes. There is very little work on the distributional dimensions of added extreme heat stress arising from climate change.<sup>1</sup> This study attempts a first pass at addressing this question, by using detailed data on household wealth in developing countries. Combining household wealth data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for 52 developing countries with weather data from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU), this paper provides a provisional distributional breakdown of heat‐related climate impacts both across and within countries in the present, as an informative proxy for what we might expect from climate change in the future.

We find that, 1) poorer households are more likely to be engaged in occupations with greater potential heat exposure (e.g. agriculture, unskilled manual labor), and that, 2) for the vast

> 1 Hsiang (2011), Dell, Jones, and Olken (2013; 2014), and Heal and Park (2014) show that hotter‐than‐average years tend to reduce per capita income in hot and poor countries, and go on to suggest that, without convergence in adaptation levels, poorer countries would suffer larger impacts from extreme heat stress due to climate change.

2
13 survey, including only time period dummy variables as independent variables. The first version corresponds approximately to modelling absolute declines in child mortality and the second to modelling relative declines in child mortality. Models have been estimated for all births, and for births to women living in urban areas, living in rural areas, with no education, with primary education, with secondary or higher education, living in urban areas and with no education (the urban poor), and living in rural areas and with no education (the rural poor). Results of the regression equations are shown in table 2.
60 Kozmetsky, G.; Gill, M.; and Smilor, R. Financing and Managina Fast-Growth Companies: The Venture Capital Process. Lexington: Lexington Books, 1985.

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- Liles, P. Sustainina the Venture Capital Firm. Management Analysis Center, Cambridge, MA., 1977.

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- Maskall, M.E. "Legal Requirements and Taxation of Venture Capital in Europe: Finland, Greece, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden." Tax Planning International Review 13, October 1986.

- McLaughlin, Marc. "Proceed with Caution." New Enaland Business, March 1989.

- Mears, W. "Corporate Venture Capital: Can it be Successful?" Unpublished MA thesis, Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1981.

- National Council for Urban Ecouomic Development. "The Venture Capital Process: A Guide for Economic Development Practitioners." CUED Information Service No 30. Washington, D.C., 1985.

- Oakey, R. High Technoloav Small Firms: Inovation and Regional Development in Britain and the United States. New York: St. Martin's, 1984.

- Oakey, R. "High Technology, Industry and Agglomeration Economies." In P. Hall and A. Markusen (Ede.) Silicon Landscapes. Boston: George Allen and Unwin, 1985.

- Olofsson, Christer and Wahlbib, Clas. "The Swedish Venture Capital Market - An Early Appraisal." In Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference Proceedings. Edited by the Center for Entrepreneurial Studies of Babson College. Wellesley, 1985.

- Ooghe, H.; Bekaert, A.; and van den Boseche, P. "Venture Capital in the U.S.A., Europe and Japan." Management International Review. Vol 29, 1989.

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- Piol, Elserino. "Corporate Venture Capital The Olivetti Approach." In Stanley E. Pratt (Ed.) Guide to Venture Capital Sources. Wellesley: Capital Publishing Corporation, 1986.

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# **Table 13.  Consolidated Financial Statement of SPMS SHGs**

|_Particulars_|_2000-01_|
|---|---|
|**Income**||
|Interest on loans|5,214,850|
|Interest on Deposits|133,945|
|Service charges/Fees|648,400|
|Sundry Income|22,810|
|Total|6,020,005|
|**Expenditure**||
|Interest on loan|2,390,795|
|Interest on deposits|1,282,440|
|Service charges/Fees|767,333|
|Administration|86,223|
|Donations|59,475|
|Printing and Stationery|65,000|
|Sundry expenses|122,603|
|Profits|1,246,136|
|Total|6,020,005|
|**Equity and Liabilities**||
|Reserves and Surplus|10,138,066|
|Savings|21,102,350|
|Loans<br>Total|13,743,057<br>44,983,472|
|**Assets**||
|Land and Fixtures|119,758|
|Deposits|3,892,678|
|Loans|39,694,918|
|Advances|679,022|
|Cash|597,095|
|Total|44,983,472|

Item heads in original statements reorganized and relabeled for easier comparison.

- 35 -
This last finding also has implications for domestic policies: the reduction in internal distance can also be interpreted as an improved domestic infrastructure that facilitates the access to the sea for the inland states. However, as our results point out, policy makers aiming at regional development need to be aware that due to the country’s integration into the world economy the effects of their measures can be reinforced or opposed by events happening outside of the country.

CONCLUSION This paper shows that workers move away from states with low market access and prefer states with higher market access. By controlling for region and sector-specific wages, we can identify the direct impact that market access has on the migration decision beyond the wage channel. We further find differences in the sensitivity of migration rates to changes in foreign demand across sectors and educational levels. This heterogeneity can reinforce the industrial specialization of regions and explain differences in migration patterns between groups of workers.

Our findings highlight the importance of interactions with foreign countries in shaping the internal spatial distribution of the labor force. This aspect is generally excluded from regional migration studies, which rely only on purely domestic migration determinants. This paper employs household survey data, which has the advantage of considering the informal sector that represents over one third of the Brazilian workforce. However, our data doesn’t allow us to identify the main driving force behind the observed direct effect of foreign market access. Linked employer-employee data could be used to study the evolution of the wage profile after migration, a potential improvement of matching between firms and workers, or to assess nonpecuniary aspects of the jobs (e.g., job tenure) and how they are linked to the export activity of a region.

REFERENCES Adamson, D., D. Clark, and M. Partridge. 2004. “Do Urban Agglomeration Effects and Household Amenities Have a Skill Bias?” _Journal of Regional Science_ 44 (2): 201–23.

Aguayo-Tellez, E., M.-A. Muendler, and J. P. Poole. 2010. “Globalization and 31
**Table 4a: The Impact of Expected Local Elections on District Government Expenditures per capita** Treatment: T =1 if district held direct election in 2006 or 2007; T =0 if district did not have direct election during 2005-2007

|_Variable_|_Coeffi-_<br>_cient_|_Administration_|_Public Works_|_Transport_|_Health_|_Education_|_Housing_|_Agriculture_|_Industry_|_Total_<br>_(all sectors)_|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Dependent v**<br>*|**ariable: P**|**er capita total expe **<br>**|**nditure(real ter**<br>**|**ms)**<br>||*|**|**|*|**|
|TD06||129,244|227,473|-28.10|14,562|71,919|35,087|33,648|7,009|526,141|
|||(62,521)|(92,267)|(14,569)|(9,849)|(42,642)|(16,522)|(14,113)|(4,009)|(219,858)|
|# obs||598|546|583|594|594|572|594|576|598|
|# districts||133|131|132|133|133|132|133|133|133|
|**Dependent v**<br>|**ariable: P**|**er capita developm **<br>|**ent expenditure**<br>|**(real terms)**<br>|||||||
|T*D06||68,352*|227,993**|499.5|6,746|31,929*|28,722*|24,707**|5,367|329,402**|
|||(40,315)|(95,717)|(14,559)|(5,949)|(16,383)|(15,256)|(11,800)|(3,991)|(146,076)|
|# obs||594|511|578|587|589|570|586|570|596|
|# districts||133|128|132|133|133|132|133|133|133|
|**Dependent v**<br>|**ariable: P**|**er capita routine ex**<br>|**penditure(real t**<br>|**erms)**<br>|||||||
|T*D06||63,648**|2,904|741.3|7,948*|46,414|7,060***|10,587***|1,873***|194,073**|
|||(25,171)|(1,853)|(694.4)|(4,791)|(28,329)|(2,044)|(3,038)|(501.9)|(77,148)|
|# obs||592|533|559|585|585|542|584|547|597|
|# districts||133|131|131|133|133|131|133|131|133|

Note:

*: 10% level of significance; **:  5% level of significance; ***: 1% level of significance Standard errors in parentheses estimated based on fixed-effects model with an AR(1) disturbance (Baltagi and Wu, 1999)

37