Solutions cloud servers daily. The choice of CAPI was guided, on the one hand, by the finding that this technology greatly reduces the number of errors relative to pen‐and‐paper interviewing (e.g. Caeyers's et al., 2012). On the other hand, this technology was essential to the near real‐time monitoring of data collection (section 3.2) and quality control (section 3.3), which were deemed necessary in the Somali context where insecurity and remoteness make close supervision challenging and follow‐up visits costly.

# 3.1. Survey instrument

The consumption modules were the central components of the SHFS wave 2 survey questionnaire. The questionnaire also contained other key components of a multi‐topic household survey, particularly those relevant to the Somali context. These included an individual‐level module with information on education, employment, and health, household characteristics, remittances, displacement, perceptions and subjective welfare, and shocks. The questionnaire was designed in line with best practices (Deaton and Grosh, 2000) and went through several iterations of internal and external expert revision.

The food consumption module consisted of 114 food items drawn from a list of CPI items provided by statistical authorities. To meet the requirements of the Rapid Consumption Methodology (section 4), items were divided in one core and four optional modules, with most commonly consumed items assigned to the core module. The list of items was highly specific (e.g. apples, pears rather than fruits) and selected to cover the basic food categories and adequately reflect the local diet (Smith et al., 2014; Zezza et al., 2017). The list of food items contained various items for food away from home, accounting for both food bought away from home and consumed at home and food consumed outside of the home. Further, to facilitate food quantity reporting for respondents, a list of non‐standard units, along with their conversion to kilograms, was developed for each item, with inputs from regional experts and experience from the accompanying market price survey (Oseni et al., 2017).<sup>5</sup> The questionnaire was designed to capture purchased food, home production, and gifts.

The nonfood consumption module consisted of 90 items, which were assigned to core and optional modules in the same manner as the food items. The choice of nonfood items followed the COICOP classification system, with all relevant COICOP categories represented in the list of nonfood items.

# 3.2. Fieldwork and monitoring

The fieldwork strategy was designed to facilitate high‐quality data collection and safety of field teams.<sup>6</sup> All enumerators and team leaders attended rigorous training sessions and had to sit a final exam to be hired. Forty‐five teams were assembled for fieldwork, staffed each with one team leader, three regular enumerators, and two reserve enumerators. The large number of teams was essential, on the one hand, for security reasons. It allowed teams to enter and exit an area swiftly before their presence would draw too much suspicion and endanger their safety and that of survey respondents. On the other hand, this arrangement allowed teams to be composed of enumerators native to the areas which they covered.

The survey was piloted in each region before the beginning of fieldwork. Fieldwork was monitored in near real‐time to verify data collection progress, data quality, and enumerator performance. To implement

> 5 The Market Price Survey (MPS) is a component of the SHFS. The MPS collects weekly exchange rates and prices of a broad range of 91 products and services as well as exchange rates from 14 key markets across all Somali regions. 6 The Somali High Frequency Survey was implemented by Altai Consulting in coordination with the respective statistical authorities. The team worked closely with the Directorate of National Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Investment and Economic Development of the Federal Government of Somalia.

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