# **Table** **<u>8: Impact of tenure insecurity on crop output</u>**

||**Fe**<br>**|**Ind**<br>**ar of land l**<br>***|**icator of te**<br>**oss**<br>***|**nure insecur**<br>**Fear**<br>|**ity**<br>**of encroach**<br>|**ment**<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Fear|-0.052|-0.119|-0.122|0.010|-0.044|-0.038|
||(0.026)|(0.045)|(0.045)|(0.026)|(0.044)|(0.045)|
|Fear*male resp.||0.105*|0.101*||0.090*|0.072|
|||(0.055)|(0.055)||(0.054)|(0.054)|
|Did crop rotation|||0.112***|||0.111***|
||||(0.034)|||(0.034)|
|Crop area|0.406***|0.406***|<br>0.404***|0.407***|0.407***|<br>0.404***|
||(0.016)|(0.016)|(0.016)|(0.016)|(0.016)|(0.016)|
|Manure value|0.058***|0.058***|0.057***|0.058***|0.058***|0.056***|
||(0.012)|(0.012)|(0.012)|(0.012)|(0.012)|(0.012)|
|Fertilizer value|0.120**|0.119**|0.120**|0.118**|0.118**|0.120**|
||(0.050)|(0.050)|(0.051)|(0.050)|(0.050)|(0.051)|
|Seed value|0.105***|0.104***|0.100***|0.106***|0.105***|0.101***|
||(0.029)|(0.029)|(0.029)|(0.029)|(0.029)|(0.029)|
|Ag. asset value|0.065***<br>|0.065***<br>|0.056***<br>|0.065***<br>|0.065***<br>|0.057***<br>|
||(0.014)|(0.014)|(0.015)|(0.014)|(0.014)|(0.014)|
|No. of male hh members who worked on the plot|<br>0.017***|<br>0.017***|<br>0.017***|<br>0.017***|<br>0.017***|<br>0.017***|
||(0.004)|(0.004)|(0.004)|(0.004)|(0.004)|(0.004)|
|No. of female members who worked on the plot|<br>0.013***|<br>0.013***|<br>0.013***|<br>0.013***|<br>0.013***|<br>0.013***|
||(0.004)|(0.004)|(0.004)|(0.004)|(0.004)|(0.004)|
|No. of kids who worked on the plot|0.011***|0.011***|0.011***|0.011***|0.011***|0.011***|
||(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.003)|
|No. of temp. employees|0.008***|0.008***|0.007***|0.008***|0.008***|0.007***|
||(0.001)|(0.001)|(0.001)|(0.001)|(0.001)|(0.001)|
|No. of members sick>= 3 months|<br>-0.042**|<br>-0.041**|<br>-0.043**|<br>-0.043**|<br>-0.042**|<br>-0.044**|
||(0.020)|(0.020)|(0.021)|(0.020)|(0.020)|(0.021)|
|Participated in exchange work|0.085***|0.085***|0.083***|0.084***|0.085***|0.083***|
||(0.027)|(0.027)|(0.027)|(0.027)|(0.027)|(0.027)|
|# of extension activities attended|0.007|0.007|0.006|0.007|0.007|0.007|
||(0.006)|(0.006)|(0.007)|(0.006)|(0.006)|(0.007)|
|Inh. matrilineal and matrilocal/neolocal|<br>0.054|<br>0.053|<br>0.060|<br>0.055|<br>0.055|<br>0.062|
||(0.041)|(0.041)|(0.056)|(0.041)|(0.041)|(0.056)|
|Inh. matrilineal and matrilocal/neolocal*Male resp.|||-0.000<br>|||-0.000<br>|
||||(0.058)|||(0.058)|
|Inh. patrilineal and patrilocal/neolocal|-0.162***<br>|-0.162***<br>|<br>-0.108<br>|-0.159***<br>|-0.159***<br>|<br> <br>-0.105<br>|
||(0.059)|(0.059)|(0.076)|(0.059)|(0.059)|(0.077)|
|Inh. patrilineal and patrilocal/neolocal*Male resp.|||<br>-0.085<br>|||<br>-0.086<br>|
||||(0.072)|||(0.072)|
|Inh. do not know/other|0.021|0.022|0.061|0.022|0.022|0.058|
||(0.066)|(0.066)|(0.102)|(0.067)|(0.067)|(0.102)|
|Inh. do not know/other*Male resp.|||-0.048|||-0.041|
||||(0.122)|||(0.121)|
|Basic controls|Yes|Yes|<br>Yes|Yes|Yes|<br>Yes|
|Determinants of tenure insecurity|No|No|Yes|No|No|Yes|
|<br>Observations|7,601|7,601|7,601|7,601|7,601|7,601|
|R-squared|<br>0.413|<br>0.414|<br>0.420|<br>0.413|<br>0.413|<br>0.419|
|<br>**Tests:**Fear + Fear*Male=0||0.21|0.45||2.02|1.01|
|Matrilineal+Matrilineal*Male=0|||1.83|||1.92|
|Patrilineal+Patrilineal*Male=0|||9.73***|||9.43***|
|Unknown+ Unknown *Male=0|||0.03|||0.04|

_Note:_ Dependent variable is logarithm of output value. Basic controls at plot, household, and village level as well as district fixed effects are included throughout but not reported. Basic controls include topography and terracing at plot, number of children, adults, and old people in the household, head’s characteristics (gender, age, education, birth place, main job), asset & livestock ownership, housing conditions at household; and indicator variables for access to all season road at village level. Determinant of tenure insecurity include the variables reported in table 6.

Robust standard errors in parentheses clustered by village. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 23