||targeting on specific sectors can be<br>introduced in GRACE as it is a multi-<br>sectoral model.|||
|---|---|---|---|
|**IFs**|Prepackaged scenario intervention files<br>also allow integrated analysis of scenario<br>sets including the UNEP GEO-4 set and<br>the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway<br>(SSP) set|Deterministic (scenario analysis)|ICT Contribution to Increased Carbon Emissions (Moyer<br>et al., 2012). Scenarios for Vulnerability: Opportunities and<br>Constraints in the Context of Climate Change and<br>Disaster Risk (Birkmann, et al., 2013.) Eradicating Poverty<br>in Fragile States (Burt et al. 2014)|
|**PHOENIX**|||Impacts of long-term temperature change and variability<br>on electricity investments (Khan et al., 2021)|
|**WorldScan2**||Deterministic (scenario analysis &<br>sensitivity analysis)|‘Four Futures of Europe’ (De Mooij and Tang, 2003, and<br>Lejour, 2003) and its companion ‘Four Futures of Energy<br>Markets and Climate Change’ (Bollen, Manders and<br>Mulder, 2004)|

**Table 4.b Representation of policy, uncertainty and application for Partial Equilibrium**

|**Model**|**Policy**|**Uncertainty**|**Application**|
|---|---|---|---|
|**DNE21+**|Based on the scenario setup, energy- and<br>climate-related policies are explicitly<br>represented in DNE21+. This includes carbon<br>pricing, emission cap and trade system, carbon<br>tax, preferred tax on specific energy sources,<br>fuel subsidies, fuel standards and energy<br>standards. In general, these policies are<br>implemented via constraints or a price mark-up<br>on energy sources.|Deterministic (scenario analysis<br>& sensitivity analysis)|Estimates of GHG emission reduction potential by country,<br>sector, and cost (Akimoto et al. 2010) Comparison of marginal<br>abatement cost curves (Akimoto et al. 2012)|
|**global TIMES**|A variety of energy and climate policies,<br>including emission taxes, permit trading, specific<br>technology subsidies, technology and resource<br>constraints/targets|Deterministic scenario analysis<br>with Stochastic Programming<br>extension|Bouckaert, S., Assoumou, E., Selosse, S., & Maïzi, N. (2014). A<br>prospective analysis of waste heat management at power plants<br>and water conservation issues using a global TIMES model.<br>Energy, 68, 80–91|
|**global ETP-TIMES**|Emission Tax/Pricing, Cap and Trade, Fuel<br>Taxes, Fuel Subsidies, Feed-in-Tariff, Portfolio<br>Standards, Capacity Targets, Emission<br>Standards, Energy Efficiency Standards|Deterministic (scenario analysis<br>& sensitivity analysis);<br>stochastic (Monte Carlo<br>analysis)|IEA ETP reports|
|**COFFEE**||Deterministic (scenario analysis<br>& sensitivity analysis)|Development of a global integrated energy model to evaluate<br>the Brazilian role in climate change mitigation scenarios<br>(Rochedo, 2016). The role of biomaterials for the energy<br>transition from the lens of a national integrated assessment<br>model(de Oliveira et al.,2021)|
|**AIM-Enduse**|Emission tax<br>Emission standards<br>Energy efficiency standards<br>Fuel taxes<br>Fuelsubsidies|Deterministic (scenario analysis<br>& sensitivity analysis)|Applications to China, India, Japan & Vietnam (Kainuma et al.,<br>2003) Consequence of Climate Mitigation on the Risk of Hunger<br>(Hasegawa et al., 2015)|
|**GCAM**|Emission tax, Emission pricing Capacity targets,<br>Emission standards<br>Energy efficiency standards,<br>Agricultural producer and consumer subsidies<br>Land protection, Pricing carbon stocks<br>Cap and trade, Fuel taxes, Fuel subsidies Feed-<br>in-tariff,Portfolio standard|Deterministic (scenario analysis<br>& sensitivity analysis)|Power sector investment implications of climate impacts on<br>renewable resources in Latin America (Silvia et a;., 2021). Biojet<br>fuels and emissions mitigation in aviation (Wise et al., 2017).|

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