9 case, the sample is limited to stayee households in the 2011 round of the main survey that we used for the empirical analysis.<sup>3</sup> A third of respondents agree that emigration makes life harder for those who stay behind, 62% do not agree that Burundians abroad still contribute to the country of origin and a quarter agreed that they have abandoned Burundi. Panel C of Table 1 provide responses to questions that are specific about returnees. Close to a quarter of respondents agree that returnees do not fit in, and close to 67% agree that they get preferential treatment.

As explained below, in the analysis we also explore how the results change depending on the ethnic composition of the communities. The initial expectation (Hypothesis 3) is that in less diverse communities refugee return can have a more adverse effect on social cohesion.

Regarding ethnic composition in Burundi, the Hutu group accounts for close to 85% of the country’s population, with Tutsis and the Twa accounting for 14% and 1%, respectively. We consider a community less ethnically diverse if the majority group accounts for 90% or more of the population. The information on ethnic diversity comes from the community survey. Close to 45% of the respondents in our sample live in less ethnically diverse communities.

Table 1 suggests that some attitudes towards emigration, remittances and return are different for less and more ethnically diverse communities, although the direction of the difference changes across questions. For instance, the share agreeing that returnees help the country is lower in less ethnically diverse communities (54% versus 61%). Individuals in these communities are also more likely to indicate that returnees do not fit in (25% versus 22%). However, those in more ethnically homogeneous communities are less likely to say that returnees receive preferential treatment (64% versus 69%).

Table 1 – Attitude towards emigration and return (share agree %, 2011, stayees only)

|||Ethnic d<br>|iversity<br>|Land av<br>(pre-19<br>|ailability<br>93 war)<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||All|Less|More|Less|More|
||Panel<br>|A:When<br>|people le<br>|ave the c<br>|ountry<br>|
|It makes life harder for those who stay|32.01|22.10|39.34|29.41|35.39|
|They still contribute to the country of origin|38.24|39.61|37.15|34.84|42.52|
|They are able to support families in country of origin|68.38|64.34|71.51|67.08|70.43|
|They abandon their country|25.42|24.65|26.01|22.55|27.83|
|They get rich|59.54|60.15|59.09|57.70|61.61|
||Panel B|: When p|eople rec<br>abroad|eive mon|ey from|
|They become lazier|18.48|16.36|20.06|16.97|19.87|
|It leads to resentment from others|64.17|63.77|64.46|61.79|66.36|
|They get rich|51.91|54.04|50.38|52.02|51.62|
|It helps develop our country|48.33|42.63|52.44|47.42|49.32|
|<br>|Pane<br>|l C: Whe<br>abroad<br>|n people<br>come ba<br>|who have<br>ck they<br>|lived<br>|
|Help the country|57.98|53.85|61.01|58.50|56.85|
|Do not fit in|23.47|25.00|22.32|23.47|23.83|
|Bring new ideas, knowledge and technology|68.65|68.35|68.87|68.28|68.59|
|Receivepreferential treatment|66.83|64.62|68.51|66.45|67.00|

3 In the main analysis we focus on the 2015 round of the survey.