# **<u>Appendix A: Variables used & definitions</u>**

# WDI variables:

|**Indicator Name**|**Definition**|_Original source_|
|---|---|---|
|Trade (% of GDP)|Trade is the sum of exports and imports of goods and services measured as a share of<br>gross domestic product. Variable gives average decadal value per country.|_World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National_<br>_Accounts_ _data_ _files._|
|Urbanization|Average growth rate of urban population/total population by decade for each<br>country.|_Fraction of the orginal variables in grey below._|
|Conflict|Average conflict intensity level by decade for each country. Intensity level is<br>categorized into:no conflict, minor conflict or war.|_UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset v.4‐2014a, 1946 –_<br>_2013_|
|Urban population|Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national<br>statistical offices. It is calculated using World Bank population estimates and urban<br>ratios from the United Nations World Urbanization Prospects. Aggregation of urban<br>and rural population may not add up to total population because of different country<br>coverages.|_World Bank Staff estimates based on United Nations,_<br>_World_ _Urbanization_ _Prospects._|
|Population, total|Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all<br>residents regardless of legal status or citizenship‐‐except for refugees not|_(1) United Nations Population Division. World_<br>_Population_ _Prospects,_ _(2)_ _United_ _Nations_ _Statistical_|
||permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of<br>the population of their country of origin. The values shown are midyear estimates.|_Division._ _Population_ _and_ _Vital_ _Statistics_ _Report_ _(various_<br>_years),_ _(3)_ _Census_ _reports_ _and_ _other_ _statistical_<br>_publications_ _from_ _national_ _statistical_ _offices,_ _(4)_|
|||_Eurostat:_ _Demographic_ _Statistics,_ _(5)_ _Secretariat_ _of_ _the_<br>_Pacific_ _Community:_ _Statistics_ _and_ _Demography_<br>_Programme,_ _and_ _(6)_ _U.S._ _Census_ _Bureau:_ _International_<br>_Database._|

# Indicator definitions:

|Years:<br>Representation|Low|Med<br>**De**<br>**1970s**<br>1970‐1979|High<br>**finitions** **for**|Low<br> **relative** **le**|Med<br>**vels** **of** **coun**<br>1980‐1989<br>**1980s**|High<br>**try** **indicator**<br>**Decade**|Low<br>**s** **of** **trade,**|Med<br> **urbanizatio**<br>1990‐1999<br>**1990s**|High<br>**n,** **conflict**|Low|Med<br>2000‐2009<br>**2000s**|High|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Trade (average level,<br>in share of GDP)|10.9‐44.3|44.8‐84.2|84.4‐294.6|13.5‐50.1|50.6‐91.6|93.2‐346.2|2.9‐56.8|57.4‐87.2|87.7‐326.7|0.6‐68.27|68.36‐94.82|95.82‐389.55|
|Urbanization (change<br>in urbanization rate)|0.03‐0.31|0.32‐0.56|0.57‐1|0.05‐0.34|0.35‐0.64|0.65‐1|0.07‐0.39|0.4‐0.68|0.69‐1|0.09‐0.43|0.44‐0.68|0.69‐1|
|Conflict (average<br>level)|0‐0|0.33‐0.44|0.5‐1.79|0‐0|0.33‐0.5|0.54‐2|0‐0|0.33‐0.67|0.74‐2|0‐0|0.33‐0.59|0.67‐1.64|

Note: Each definition above provides the ranges of the observation values assigned to each category. Cutoffs based on terciles, except for conflict, where "low" is no conflict (no minor or major conflict for one country during that decade.

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