Table 6. OLS regressions, and association of gender on time use: full sample and by occupation status

|||Coeffi<br>|cients on|female dum|my va<br>|riable (fem|ale = 1) on m<br>|inutes<br>|spent in t|he last 24 h|ours:<br>||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||(1)|||(2)|||3)|||(4)||Number|Number|
||<br>Unpaid: d<br>(cookin|<br>omestic<br>g/cleani|work<br>ng)|Unpaid|<br>: child|care|<br>Off-farm|<br>or agr.|work||<br>Leisure||<br>of indiv.|<br>of HH|
||Coeff.|T-stat|R-sq.|Coeff.|T-stat|R-sq.|Coeff.|T-stat|R-sq.|Coeff.|<br>T-stat|R-sq.|||
|Full sample|||||||||||||||
|Model A|67.5***|[12.69]|0.45|41.2***|[6.60]|<br>0.32|-52.6***|[-4.84]|0.54|-33.2***|[-6.13]|0.45|3,382|1,381|
|Model B: HH FE|55.1***|[7.53]|0.46|47.4***|[5.77]|<br>0.20|-32.8***|[-2.78]|0.46|-25.6***|[-3.73]|0.14|3,382|1,381|
|Sub-samples by occupation<br>(from labor module):|||||||||||||||
|Non-farm enterprise|||||||||||||||
|(own/manage)|||||||||||||||
|Model A|69.6***|[6.59]|0.55|10|[1.17]|<br>0.46|-28.2|[-1.23]|0.52|-18.6*|[-1.73]|0.59|820|471|
|Model B: HH FE|65.3***|[4.29]|0.48|16.7|[1.63]|<br>0.18|-32.8|[-1.00]|0.22|-5.4|[-0.42]|0.16|820|471|
|Non-farm enterprise|||||||||||||||
|(supporting)|||||||||||||||
|Model A|68.8***|[7.02]|0.57|24.4**|[2.18]|<br>0.50|-24.4|[-1.03]|0.53|-17|[-1.51]|0.61|816|454|
|Model B: HH FE|58.7***|[4.78]|0.49|39.5**|[2.52]|<br>0.19|-41.4|[-1.40]|0.30|-8.6|[-0.63]|0.17|816|454|
|Wage|||||||||||||||
|Model A|43.7***|[8.15]|0.50|12.4***|[3.05]|<br>0.43|-35.5**|[-2.10]|0.41|-23.6***|[-2.92]|0.57|1,111|733|
|Model B: HH FE|42.0***|[5.62]|0.44|16.7***|[2.86]|<br>0.18|-21.8|[-1.08]|0.07|-15.1*|[-1.76]|0.07|1,111|733|
|Agriculture|||||||||||||||
|<br>Model A|85.6***|[11.88]|0.56|43.8***|[4.87]|<br>0.33|-91.4***|[-5.19]|0.48|-22.4***|[-2.63]|0.49|1,745|913|
|Model B: HH FE|77.8***|[9.34]|0.57|58.1***|[5.34]|<br>0.19|-82.4***|[-4.47]|0.38|-19.2*|[-1.94]|0.07|1,745|913|
|Not working in either|||||||||||||||
|sector|||||||||||||||
|Model A|65.5**|[1.98]|0.66|81.4**|[2.00]|<br>0.78|-|-|<br>-|-95.8**|[-2.51]|0.81|426|331|
|Model B: HH FE|<br>34.7|<br>[0.82]|<br>0.49|<br>110.4***|<br>[2.79]|<br> <br>0.68|-|-|<br>-|<br>-92.7***|<br>[-2.89]|0.59|426|331|
|<br>Notes:(1) Separate regressio<br>without household fixed eff|<br>ns were ru<br>ects. Mode|<br>n with ti<br>l A, disc|<br>me use c<br>ussed ab|<br>ategories (1<br>ove, is OLS|<br>), (2), (<br>includi|<br> <br>3) and (4)<br>ng individ|as the depend<br>ual househol|ent var<br>d, distri|iable, and<br>ct, and in|<br>for each ti<br>terview con|<br>me use cat<br>trols. Mo|<br>egory, OLS<br>del B incl|<br>regressions<br>udes househ|<br>with and<br>old fixed|
|effects, as well as individual<br>effects are indicated by aster|controls. (<br>isks; ***p<|2) All es<br>0.01 **|timates<br>p<0.05 *|weighted by<br>p<0.10|house|hold sampl|ing weight. S|tandard|errors ar|e clustered|at the enu|meration|area level. Si|gnificant|

Tables 7 and 8 present the results from the estimations of equations 1a and 1b separately for women and men, respectively, across the same time use categories reported in Table 6. The findings across equations 1a and 1b are overall consistent. In Tables 7 and 9, we see that labor force participation, as opposed to staying at home, has the largest association with time use. For off-farm (wage or NFE) work, the negative association with unpaid work is particularly large. Looking at the household fixed effects estimates for women (Table 7), working in an NFE is associated with roughly 50 minutes less time spent in in childcare; for wage workers, the decline is nearly 120 minutes. For women agricultural workers, however, the household fixed effects estimates do not show a significant association with unpaid work. The more muted association of agricultural work, compared to off-farm work, with time use is consistent with other findings discussed in this section. In general, we also find that labor participation has a much stronger association with women’s time use as opposed to men’s — for example, larger negative effects of off-farm work on unpaid domestic and childcare; and greater effects on off-farm and agricultural activity. The coefficients on other variables are also larger for women as compared to men, including significant negative effects of having a larger share of annual earned income in off-farm activities on unpaid work, particularly domestic (cooking and cleaning) activity; a negative effect of being in an older age group on unpaid work, an increase in domestic work from having other elderly household members, as well as greater increases in unpaid 23