**Figure 3:  Estimates of Total Employment Benefits by Types of Intervention for each US$ Billion Invested, by Sub-sector of Infrastructure**

<!-- Start of picture text --> Job Creation per $1B spent in INF<br>Induced Employment<br>25,000 Foreign Indirect Employment<br>Domestic Indirect Employment<br>Direct Employment 13,955<br>20,000<br>15,000 10,141<br>2,337<br>10,000<br>1,698 5,453<br>3,963<br>5,000<br>1,533<br>6,055<br>599 1,240 4,400<br>0 1,049450 326 1532,220<br>Wind Power Solar Power Hydro Power Highways<br>Jobs per year<br><!-- End of picture text --> Sources: Authors calculations, World Bank project documents, RDEL (2009) and USDOT.

Beyond the variant labor results, fast and significant expansion of infrastructure investments presents important practical challenges to the efficiency and the efficacy of investment. A shortlist of these challenges might include: Sorting and planning contradictions, Delayed disbursement and impact, Affordability of these packages, and Corruption risk.

**_Sorting and Planning Contradictions_** :  Under political duress and time constraints, governments may not make the most logical decisions related to investments and prioritization.  Infrastructure investments often contain complementarities (e.g., modes of transport assets along a supply chain) or substitution effects (e.g., rail versus road for transport or gas versus electricity supply for heating).  They might also contain contradictory character traits intended to meet different objectives.  For example, a stimulus program that seeks both environmental sustainability and reduced emissions might struggle to accommodate both goals.  A road investment component might meet employment goals, but could contribute to automobilization and higher carbon emissions in the long-term.  A renewable energy program or light rail component might meet environmental objectives but may not demonstrate significant employment benefits given the high import components.  Federated countries have the exacerbation of competing projects in different jurisdictions that rely on the same foundation for demand.  Regional ports (particularly down the eastern coast of Latin America where there is an overabundance of natural harbors), secondary airports and hydroelectric facilities feeding a national grid are all at risk of this redundancy.  On the other hand, long-term and short-term goals need not be mutually exclusive. Programs that strengthen existing road networks through rehabilitation and maintenance programs, but also finance increased access to electricity, water and sanitation through network expansions may combine both long-term growth objectives with short-term employment benefits—all with minimal (or positive) environmental impacts.  In energy generation, the construction of hydroelectric facilities typically generates 5 to 7 times the jobs of coal plants of equal cost.  Again, the long-term benefits—in this case, lower emissions levels and greater energy security—may coincide with the short-term goals of stimulus through employment generation.

In order to reach these goals, the efficacy of national, regional and local planning processes is paramount. Governments may wish to strengthen their capacity for _ex ante_ project evaluation; 9