of the 13 individual questions on types of IPV experienced, no more than eight respondents out of the 3,945 refused to answer; and most respondents answered all questions, with only 45 respondents out of 3,945 not answering all the 13 questions on instances of IPV on which the empirical analysis focuses.<sup>22</sup> As described in the Background Section, the summary statistics illustrate a dire IPV situation in the country.<sup>23</sup> The prevalence of men answering that it is acceptable for a husband to beat their wife varies between 18.1 percent and 61.6 percent of men, depending on the scenario; and the share of men that reported it was acceptable for a husband to beat their wife in _all_ scenarios is 10 percent. Although the questionnaire does not ask men about IPV in which they participated, the high share of acceptability illustrates a climate in which IPV is likely common.

The high shares of acceptability of IPV translates into a high share of women who reported experiencing IPV in the past year. The share of women who experienced less severe forms of physical violence captured- pushing, slapping, or twisting an arm- was between 29 and 35 percent; and the share of women who experienced more severe forms of physical violence captured- punching, beating up, choking, or attacking with a knife or a gun- was between 10 and 22 percent. The share of women experiencing sexual violence was also very high, with between 10 and 22 percent of women reporting to have been forced to have intercourse or perform other sex acts in the past year.<sup>24</sup> The share of women who experienced forms of emotional IPV in the past year is also high and varies between 25 and 37 percent of women. As discussed in the background section, 63 percent of women report having experienced at least one IPV incident over the past year, which is much larger than the 10 percent of women globally who reported experiencing IPV in the past year and the 26 percent of women globally who reported experiencing IPV in their lifetimes.

However, as described in the documentation of the survey implementation, Figure 2 illustrates that the DHS progressively reached more and more rural areas over time. The share of the population that was rural in the first three phases, which were conducted before the disaster, was 15 percentage points lower than that in the fourth phase. Figure 2 illustrates that the survey implementation is important for interpreting the resulting estimates, where Figures 2b and 2c illustrate that IPV

> 22But because of the small numbers of non-response, there are slight differences in the sample size for different dependent variables. The results report keeping all observations and treating individual non-responses as missing observations. However, all results are qualitatively identical if the sample is restricted to the 3,900 households that had responses recorded for each violence question.

> 23An expanded list of summary statistics for all additional variables used in the analysis is available from the authors upon request.

> 24The categorization of IPV into less severe, severe, and sexual violence is one that was used in the DHS questionnaire (DHS 2019).

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