Table 5 Impacts on Labor Supply and Time Use, Primary Woman and Man, Past Month

||Pri|mary Woman||P|rimary Man||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Control|||Control|||
||Mean (SD)<br>(1)|Level (SE)<br>(2)|p-value<br>(3)|Mean (SD)<br>(4)|Level (SE)<br>(5)|p-value<br>(6)|
|**Labor Participation**|0_._673<br>(0_._470)|0_._079***<br>(0_._025)|[0_._002]|0_._840<br>(0_._367)|0_._049***<br>(0_._019)|[0_._010]|
|Market Work Participation|0_._481<br>(0_._500)|0_._117***<br>(0_._028)|[0_._000]|0_._717<br>(0_._451)|0_._058**<br>(0_._025)|[0_._022]|
|Looked for Work|0_._505<br>(0_._500)|0_._021<br>(0_._029)|[0_._470]|0_._737<br>(0_._441)|0_._027<br>(0_._024)|[0_._268]|
|**Market Work Participation by A**|**ctivity**||||||
|HH Livestock|0_._157<br>(0_._364)|0_._156***<br>(0_._024)|[0_._000]|0_._121<br>(0_._327)|0_._061***<br>(0_._020)|[0_._002]|
|HH Agriculture|0_._065<br>(0_._246)|0_._005<br>(0_._014)|[0_._704]|0_._140<br>(0_._347)|0_._047**<br>(0_._021)|[0_._026]|
|HH Non-Agricultural Business|0_._084<br>(0_._278)|0_._023<br>(0_._016)|[0_._150]|0_._048<br>(0_._214)|0_._028**<br>(0_._013)|[0_._034]|
|Other Work|0_._336<br>(0_._473)|0_._001<br>(0_._027)|[0_._971]|0_._634<br>(0_._482)|0_._007<br>(0_._028)|[0_._807]|
|n*t (N)||1_,_614 (838)|||1_,_551 (822)||

_Notes._ This table reports Ordinary Least Squares estimates of treatment effects. All regressions include 133 randomization PRA controls and control for data collection rounds in which outcomes were collected. SEs are clustered at the household level. Outcomes are listed on the left and primary outcomes are described in detail in Online Appendix Text 1. (***) (**) (*) denotes significance at (1%) (5%) (10%) level. Column (1) reports the mean and the standard deviation (in parentheses) of each outcome for the primary woman (respectively, column (4) for the primary man) of the control group. Column (2) reports the treatment estimates in levels with robust standard errors (in parentheses) for the primary woman (respectively, column (5) for the primary man). Column (3) reports the naive p-values [in brackets] for the primary woman (respectively, column (6) for the primary man). Primary woman (respectively, primary man) sample size for each treatment estimate is reported at the bottom of the panels: it lists the total number of observations across all data collection rounds ( _n*t_ , where _n_ is the individual HH) and the number of unique HHs ( _N_ , in parentheses). All market work participation estimates are whether the HH member engaged in an activity over the past month. Labor force participation is defined by the International Labour Organization as the working-age population that engages actively in the labour market, either by working or looking for work. HH = household; PRA = participatory rural appraisal; SE = standard error; SD = standard deviation.

# **5.5 Household Income and Revenues**

Five years after the asset transfer, treatment households report higher and more diversified sources of income and revenues compared to their counterparts in the control group: our proxy for monthly household income and revenues is 32% (p-value = 0.001) larger than the control group (Table 6).<sup>26</sup> Most sources of income and revenues measured contribute to this increase, which is consistent with the positive impacts on participation in productive activities in the household described previously. However, these results also highlight an important role played by paid labor income from productive activities of the primary members outside of the household, which is 19% (p-value = 0.036) larger in treatment households than in control. This represents the largest share of income and revenues.<sup>27</sup> In addition to the overall

> 26Our proxy for income and revenues includes a subset of the sources of income and revenues identified in previous data collection rounds as the main sources. At midline, our proxy accounted for 76% and 67% of the total income and revenues for control and treatment households, respectively, for the endline sample (Table A11 in the Online Appendix).

> 27Estimates are included for both the primary man and the primary woman, when available. Missing values are imputed

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