Table 8: Multinomial probit estimation of moving for work, control function approach

||Moved to<br>bigger<br>city|Moved to<br>smaller<br>city|Moved to<br>Moved to<br>bigger<br>smaller<br>city<br>city|
|---|---|---|---|
||(1a)|(1b)|(2a)<br>(2b)|
|Moved for college|-0.3498<br>(0.3452)|0.7930<br>(0.1275)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.5339<br>0.9146<br>(0.2522)<sup>_∗∗_</sup><br>(0.1600)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|Standardized Saber 11|0.0658<br>(0.0409)|-0.0436<br>(0.0211)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|0.0333<br>-0.0460<br>(0.0586)<br>(0.0252)<sup>_∗_</sup>|
|Low household income|-0.1564<br>(0.0424)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|-0.0911<br>(0.0316)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|-0.1226<br>-0.0890<br>(0.0430)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>(0.0328)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|Moderate household income|-0.1983<br>(0.0607)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|-0.0761<br>(0.0425)<sup>_∗_</sup>|-0.1823<br>-0.0757<br>(0.0630)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>(0.0446)<sup>_∗_</sup>|
|High household income|-0.1383<br>(0.0715)<sup>_∗_</sup>|-0.0940<br>(0.0563)<sup>_∗_</sup>|-0.1495<br>-0.0949<br>(0.0774)<sup>_∗_</sup><br>(0.0587)|
|Very high household income|-0.0729<br>(0.1073)|-0.0813<br>(0.0573)|-0.1612<br>-0.0875<br>(0.1778)<br>(0.0602)|
|Mother, high school degree|0.0660<br>(0.0216)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.0196<br>(0.0220)|0.0554<br>0.0185<br>(0.0235)<sup>_∗∗_</sup><br>(0.0247)|
|Mother, associates degree|0.0956<br>(0.0298)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.0327<br>(0.0286)|0.0667<br>0.0302<br>(0.0313)<sup>_∗∗_</sup><br>(0.0301)|
|Mother, college degree|0.1032<br>(0.0443)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|0.0103<br>(0.0341)|0.0359<br>0.0049<br>(0.0754)<br>(0.0360)|
|Medium city during high school|1.7711<br>(0.4415)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.6841<br>(0.0973)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|1.6389<br>0.6659<br>(0.6895)<sup>_∗∗_</sup><br>(0.1493)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|Small city during high school|2.2315<br>(0.4371)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|1.0029<br>(0.0868)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|1.7392<br>0.9398<br>(0.6329)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>(0.1658)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|Public high school|0.1214<br>(0.0286)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.1152<br>(0.0295)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.1274<br>0.1161<br>(0.0337)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>(0.0336)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|Female|-0.1289<br>(0.0208)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|-0.1306<br>(0.0138)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|-0.1079<br>-0.1290<br>(0.0242)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>(0.0174)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|Ethnic origin|0.2617<br>(0.1659)|0.3770<br>(0.1178)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.2284<br>0.3739<br>(0.2023)<br>(0.1187)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|Birth order #2|0.0201<br>(0.0133)|0.0197<br>(0.0104)<sup>_∗_</sup>|0.0136<br>0.0192<br>(0.0145)<br>(0.0101)<sup>_∗_</sup>|
|Birth order #3 or higher|0.0621<br>(0.0261)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|0.0783<br>(0.0273)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.0373<br>0.0763<br>(0.0340)<br>(0.0319)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|
|Residual, moved for college|||-0.6099<br>-0.0834<br>(0.2108)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup><br>(0.0971)|
|Observations|212,|023|212,023|

_Notes_ : All specifications include a constant and indicators of age and wave year. Coefficients are reported with robust standard errors in parenthesis, which are clustered by urban area of college.<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup> ,<sup>_∗∗_</sup> , and<sup>_∗_</sup> indicate significance at the 1, 5, and 10 percent levels. Columns (2a)–(2b) report residuals of a first stage estimation on the probability of moving for college, as shown in table 6. In columns (2a)–(2b), standard errors are bootstrapped with 200 iterations. ‘Mother, less than high school’, ‘Very low household income,’ and ‘In a big city during high school’ are the excluded categories.

(given that they did not move the first time, they do not move the second time either), as well as a willingness to move again on the part of college movers (given that they moved the first time, they are willing to move the second time as well). Individuals who moved for college are also more likely to move to a smaller city, which is partly a reflection of ‘return moves.’ In accordance with our naive mnps, the estimates and marginal effects also show that individ22