# **Acknowledgment**

This study benefited from funding by ANR through MUSCADE (ANR-09-VILL-0003-01) project. The authors are grateful to Didier Rouchaud and Alain Sauvant for their data on transport time in Ile de France, and to Nicolas Coulombel, Joël Hamann and participants to North American Regional Science Council (NARSC) 2013 conference, especially Harris Selod, for interesting discussions. Mook Bangalore, and Paolo Avner provided helpful comments.

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