The 4P program primarily includes an education grant and a health grant. The education grant is provided to every child who complies with the education conditions of the program, i.e., child is enrolled in school and attends 85 percent of the school days every month. Children enrolled in daycare/kindergarten or elementary schools receive 300 pesos (approximately $6) per month while children enrolled in high school receive 500 pesos (approximately $10) per month. These grants are provided for a period of 10 months per year. The program maintains a limit of three child beneficiaries for the education grants. The health grant amounts to 500 pesos per month and is given to households subject to compliance of all health conditionalities. These conditionalities include, (i) all children under the age of five must regularly visit a health center or rural health unit for growth monitoring, vaccines and preventive health check-ups; (ii) pregnant women must visit their health center monthly for antenatal and postnatal care, and must deliver in a health facility attended by a trained health professional; (iii) all school-aged children (6-14 years old) are to comply with de-worming protocol at schools; and (iv) among households with children 0-14 years old, the household grantee (mother) and/or spouse must attend Family Development Sessions (FDS) at least once a month. The family development sessions include discussions on reproductive health, family planning and intra-household dynamics.

To be eligible for the program, households must be identified as poor by the _Listahanan,_<sup>_5_</sup> formerly known as National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction Program (NHTS-PR). They must also have a pregnant member in the household or at least one child aged 0-18 years old at the time of selection and must be willing to commit to meeting the program conditionalities. The _Listahanan_ targets beneficiaries through a household assessment and application of a Proxy Means Test (PMT) methodology to predict income of households based on characteristics such as household composition, education, housing conditions, access to basic services, ownership of assets, etc. Predicted incomes are then compared with poverty thresholds at the provincial level to identify households below (poor) or above (non-poor) these thresholds. Households that are below (above) the threshold are assigned a beneficiary (non-beneficiary) status. We exploit this variation in eligibility to identify a causal effect of the CCT program on women’s, i.e., the primary grantees’, exposure to gender-based violence.

# 2.2 Gender Based Violence in the Philippines

GBV in the Philippines, like in several other countries, has surfaced as one of the most pervasive social problems. According to the 2017 National Demographic and Health Survey, 15 percent of evermarried/partnered women aged 15-49 years old reported to have ever experienced some form of physical or sexual violence by their intimate partner, and 7 percent reported to have experienced such violence in the past 12 months.<sup>6</sup> Further, 20 percent of the respondents reported to have experienced some form of

> 5 _Listahanan_ is an information management system developed by DSWD, which seeks to establish a database of poor households to serve as a basis for identifying beneficiaries of various social protection programs and services rolled out in the country. 6 Physical violence includes slapping, pushing, kicking, punching, being threatened with a knife/gun or some other weapon. Sexual violence includes being forced or threatened into unwanted sex or performing an unwanted sexual act.

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