# Table 4.10

<!-- Start of picture text --> Structure of World Trade In Major Product Categories, By RegIon, 1985 and 2000<br>(Percentage)<br>r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Of which _ _ _ _ _ _<br>Developed Developing East & Southeast Latin America & Middle East & Sub-Saharan<br>Countrle a CEEb Countries' Aab Caribbean North Atrica Ahica<br>Product' 1985 2000 1985 2000 1985 2000 1985 2000 1985 2000 1985 2000 1985 2000<br>Primary products 38.0 40.4 0.E 3.6 61.2 56.0 10.4 9.5 12.5 13.2 21.4 20.9 5.4 4.'<br>Manufactures based on<br>natural resouraes 68.7 68.2 1.4 5.2 29.8 26.6 8.4 11.7 7.0 6.5 4.9 3.9 1.7 1.3<br>Manufactures not based<br>on natural resources 81.9 66.8 0.6 2.4 17.5 30.8 10.8 226 2.6 4.6 0.8 1.1 0.4 0.2<br>Low-technology 66.4 49.7 1.2 3.6 32.4 46.6 22.9 334 3.2 5.3 1.6 2.7 0.5 0.4<br>Mecdium-technology 89.2 78.6 05, 2.6 10.4 18.8 4.7 11.7 2.5 5.0 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.3<br>High-technology 83.2 63.4 0.2 1.3 16.6 35.4 10.9 29.1 2.1 36 0.3 0 0.3 0.<br>Othertransartons 71.2 58.4 0.2 1.2 28.6 40.4 5.3 8.6 4.2 4.8 0.9 0.9 4.1 1.9<br>Totat 68.9 6853 0.8 2.9 30.3 33.6 10.1 18.7 5.8 6.0 8.3 4.0 1.9 1.0<br>Based on a 3-year average for 1985 (1984.1 986) and a 2-year average for 2000 (1999.2000).<br>These three regions add up to 100 percent for each export category.<br>IndILudes the ASEAN countries plus China. Hong Kong (China). Macau (China), Mongolia, North and South Korea, and Taiwan.<br>See Appendix for desalption of product categories.<br>The share of CEE (Central and Eastern Europe) in exports is understated for 1985 because data are laidrng in a number of countries. This aeio overstates the relatve gain<br>in Source: the group's UNCTAD, market World shares Investment over time. Report 2002. Table VI.I., p148.<br><!-- End of picture text --> A country/region that experiences an increase in market shares over time reveals its dynamic comrnetitiveness and its ability "to keep up with changing technologies and trade patterns."<sup>1</sup> 67 UNCTAD's list of economies that have raised their world market shares by at least 0.1 percent (so-called "export winners") between 1985 and 2000 reveals that China was at the top of the list (of developing countries) in all categories of exports, except resource-based manufactures in which it was third. Hong Kong is on the list in only resource-based manufactures while South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan are in the top 10 of several categories. Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines are also prominent in the list for all sectors.'<sup>08</sup> Three industrial sectors that have in recent years figured largely in international production networks involving developing countries are clothing, electronics and automobiles.'<sup>09</sup> In the clothing industry, production relocation has taken place largely through subcontracting. In East Asia, the NIEs were the first to be involved in this process. They began with the simple assembly of imported inputs and, after a short time, came to concentrate on skill-intensive activities at home while outsourcing the laborintensive activities of production to lesser-developed East Asian countries having lower wages. End products would then be exported from there back to the home country or to third countries. In essence, there was a movement from "bilateral interregional trade flows to a more fully developed intraregional division of labour incorporating all phases of production and marketing." 1<sup>0</sup> There is reason to believe this type of regional networking will continue in the future, except that the players may change somewhat as competition increases from other East Asian countries, which will undoubtedly upgrade from assembly to full-package manufacturing.

The electronics industry is more globalized than the clothing industry and is driven by TNCs. Japan and the U.S. have played major roles as investors while East 38