15 2018;6: e316–e329. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30005-6 16. Luby SP, Rahman M, Arnold BF, Unicomb L, Ashraf S, Winch PJ, et al. Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Bangladesh: a cluster randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Global Health. 2018;6: e302–e315. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30490-4 17. Humphrey JH, Mbuya MN, Ntozini R, Moulton LH, Stoltzfus RJ, Tavengwa NV, et al. Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and improved complementary feeding, on child stunting and anaemia in rural Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet Global Health. 2019;7: 132–147.

18. Patil SR, Arnold BF, Salvatore AL, Briceno B, Ganguly S, Jr JMC, et al. The Effect of India’s Total Sanitation Campaign on Defecation Behaviors and Child Health in Rural Madhya Pradesh: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. PLOS Medicine. 2014;11: e1001709. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001709 19. Bowen A, Agboatwalla M, Luby S, Tobery T, Ayers T, Hoekstra RM. Association between intensive handwashing promotion and child development in Karachi, Pakistan: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2012;166: 1037– 1044.

20. Briceño B, Coville A, Gertler P, Martinez S. Are there synergies from combining hygiene and sanitation promotion campaigns: Evidence from a large-scale cluster-randomized trial in rural Tanzania. PLOS ONE. 2017;12: e0186228. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186228 21. Cameron LA, Shah M, Olivia S. Impact evaluation of a large-scale rural sanitation project in Indonesia. World Bank policy research working paper. 2013 [cited 30 May 2024]. Available: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep26254.pdf 22. Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, et al. Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet Global Health. 2014;2: e645–e653. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9 23. Du Preez M, Conroy RM, Ligondo S, Hennessy J, Elmore-Meegan M, Soita A, et al. Randomized Intervention Study of Solar Disinfection of Drinking Water in the Prevention of Dysentery in Kenyan Children Aged under 5 Years. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45: 9315– 9323. doi:10.1021/es2018835 24. Galiani SG, Orsola-Vidal P, Alexandra. Promoting Handwashing Behavior in Peru: The Effect of Large-Scale Mass-Media and Community Level Interventions. Policy Research Working Papers The World Bank. 2012. doi:10.1596/1813-9450-6257.

25. World Bank. WASH Poor in a Water-Rich Country: A Diagnostic of Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2017.

26. Quattrochi JP, Coville A, Mvukiyehe E, Dohou CJ, Esu F, Cohen B, et al. Effects of a community-driven water, sanitation and hygiene intervention on water and sanitation infrastructure, access, behaviour, and governance: a cluster-randomised controlled trial in rural Democratic Republic of Congo. BMJ global health. 2021;6: e005030.

27. Programme National Ecole et Village Assaini (PNEVA). Atlas 2018 : Acces a L’eu potable, a l’hygeine et a l’assainaissement pour les commautes rurales et periurbaines de la republique democratique du Congo. 2018. Available:

- https://www.unicef.org/drcongo/media/2806/file/COD-Atlas2018.pdf

28. Gronewold AD, Sobsey MD, McMahan L. The compartment bag test (CBT) for enumerating fecal indicator bacteria: basis for design and interpretation of results. Science of the Total Environment. 2017;587: 102–107.

29. Gomila R. Logistic or linear? Estimating causal effects of experimental treatments on binary outcomes using regression analysis. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2021;150: 700–709. doi:10.1037/xge0000920