Table 10: The impact of PAL on child labor

|_Outcome =_|(1)<br>Works & attends school|(2)<br>Only works|(3)<br>Only attends|(4)<br>Neither works nor<br>attends|(5)<br>Hours of work<br>(including 0)|(6)<br>Average number of<br>working days per week|(7)<br>At least 1 hour per day<br>of help with domestic<br>work|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|In-kind|-0.001|-0.009|0.004|0.006|-0.653|0.683|0.176|
||(0.009)|(0.017)|(0.040)|(0.029)|(0.863)|(0.420)|(0.166)|
|Cash|0.011|0.030|-0.062|0.021|1.555|1.313**|0.195|
||(0.013)|(0.023)|(0.049)|(0.033)|(1.411)|(0.593)|(0.191)|
|State FE|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|
|Year FE|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|
|Grade FE|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|
|Pre-program controls|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|
|Observations|986|986|986|986|988|310|113|
|Outcome mean in control group|0.01|0.05|0.84|0.1|2.06|1.12|0.21|
|**_Effect size:_ In-kind - Cash**|-0.01|-0.04|0.07|-0.02|-2.21|-0.63|-0.02|
|**_H 0 :_ In-kind = Cash (p-value)**|0.33|0.05|0.09|0.54|0.07|0.30|0.91|
|**_H 0 :_ In-kind = Cash (Randomization**<br>**Inferencep-value)**|0.30|0.04|0.10|0.59|0.03|0.37|0.96|

Notes: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 (1) Standard errors are clustered at the village level.

(2) Pre-program controls include gender, age, and indicators for whether the household head is married, whether the house has running water, and whether the closest school offers morning shift. (3) The outcomes in columns (1) to (5) are based on the information collected in the 2005 follow-up survey and refer to the week prior to the survey; the sample includes children age 12 and 13 who are reported to be enrolled in primary school. The outcomes in columns (6) and (7) are based on the Enlace de Contexto which asks information on the average number of working days for all years between 2008-13 and information on household chores for years between 2011-13.

Table 11: The impact of PAL on school characteristics

|_Outcome =_|(1)<br>General<br>school|(2)<br>Distance<br>between 0<br>and 5km|(3)<br>Distance<br>between 5<br>and 10km|(4)<br>Distance<br>between 10<br>and 30km|(5)<br>Distance<br>more than<br>30km|(6)<br>Total cost|(7)<br>Student-<br>teacher<br>ratio|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|In-kind|0.022|-0.032|-0.055|0.029|0.057|98.704|0.381|
||(0.061)|(0.056)|(0.038)|(0.020)|(0.038)|(433.096)|(1.485)|
|Cash|-0.083|-0.067|-0.026|0.052|0.041|-505.683|2.155|
||(0.075)|(0.071)|(0.041)|(0.038)|(0.047)|(537.149)|(2.286)|
|State FE|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|
|Year FE|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|
|Pre-program controls|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|YES|
|Observations|10,852|10,852|10,852|10,852|10,852|10,740|10,344|
|Outcome mean in control group|0.77|0.81|0.08|0.02|0.08|5674|28.71|
|**_Effect size:_ In-kind - Cash**|0.10|0.04|-0.03|-0.02|0.02|604.4|-1.77|
|**_H 0 :_ In-kind = Cash (p-value)**|0.07|0.61|0.26|0.60|0.76|0.14|0.44|
|**_H 0 :_ In-kind = Cash**||||||||
|**(Randomization Inference p-**<br>**value)**|0.07|0.60|0.35|0.56|0.77|0.14|0.38|

Notes: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 (1) Standard errors are clustered at the village level.

(2) Pre-program controls include gender, age, and indicators for whether the household head is married, whether the house has running water, and the whether the closest school offers morning shift.

(3) Outcome variable in column (1) is an indicator variable that equals to 1 if student attends general SEP school. Outcome variables in column (2)-(5) are indicator variables that equal 1 if driving distance from village to school is within the specified range. Outcome variable in column (6) is the total cost that includes contributions to the school, materials and uniforms. Outcome variable in column (7) is the average number of students per teacher in the school.

38