**Table 4: How do the different methods compare in terms of Balance on Future Outcomes?**

|||_Sa_|_mple Size o_|_f 30_||||_Sample Si_|_ze of 300_|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Single|Stratified|Pairwise|Big|Draw with|Single|Stratified|Stratified|Pairwise|Big|Draw with|
||Random<br>|on 2<br>|Greedy<br>|Stick<br>|<br>minmax<br>|Random<br>|<br>on 2<br>|<br>on 4<br>|<br>Greedy<br>|Stick<br><br>|<br>minmax<br>|
||Draw|variables|Matching|Rule|t-stat|Draw|variables|variables|Matchin|Rule|t-stat|
|**Panel A: Average difference in FOL**|**LOW-UP**|<br>**between**|<br>**treatment**|**and cont**|**rol means (i**|**n std. dev**|<br>**.)**|||||
|Microenterprise profits (Sri Lanka)|0.001|0.000|0.002|-0.003|0.002|0.000|0.001|0.001|0.000|0.000|0.000|
|Child schooling (Indonesia)|-0.005|-0.010|-0.005|0.004|-0.006|0.002|0.003|-0.001|0.000|-0.002|-0.002|
|Household expenditure (Indonesia)|0.000|0.002|-0.001|0.000|-0.006|-0.001|-0.001|0.000|-0.001|-0.001|-0.001|
|Labor income (Mexico)|-0.003|0.000|0.003|0.003|-0.002|0.001|0.000|0.001|-0.001|0.001|-0.002|
|Height z-score (Pakistan)|0.007|0.001|0.001|-0.003|0.001|-0.001|0.000|0.000|0.000|0.002|0.000|
|Math test score (Pakistan)|0.001|0.002|-0.001|-0.003|0.005|-0.001|0.000|0.000|-0.001|-0.001|0.001|
|**Panel B: 95th percentile of differen**|**ce in FO**|**LLOW-UP**|**between t**|**reatment**|**and control**|**means (in**|**std. dev**|**.)**||||
|Microenterprise profits (Sri Lanka)|0.713|0.627|0.592|0.705|0.708|0.220|0.210|0.209|0.211|0.216|0.224|
|<br>Child schooling (Indonesia)|0.834|0.745|0.556|0.556|0.556|0.213|0.219|0.212|0.227|0.227|0.196|
|Household expenditure (Indonesia)|0.721|0.643|0.503|0.677|0.590|0.226|0.194|0.196|0.200|0.219|0.198|
|<br>Labor income (Mexico)|0.755|0.546|0.642|0.705|0.529|0.227|0.196|0.198|0.149|0.213|0.195|
|Height z-score (Pakistan)|0.710|0.620|0.568|0.620|0.443|0.222|0.186|0.189|0.189|0.212|0.225|
|Math test score (Pakistan)|0.717|0.448|0.361|0.648|0.525|0.227|0.180|0.184|0.167|0.209|0.175|
|**Panel C: Proportion of p-values <0**<br>**pure randomization was used (e.g.**|**.1 for test**<br>**no adjus**|**ing differ**<br>**tment for**|**ence in FO**<br>**strata or**|**LLOW-U**<br>**match du**|**P means wit**<br>**mmies)**|**h inferenc**|**e as if**|||||
|Microenterprise profits (Sri Lanka)|0.105|0.059|0.045|0.101|0.109|0.100|0.080|0.080|0.085|0.092|0.103|
|Child schooling (Indonesia)|0.052|0.113|0.033|0.041|0.010|0.121|0.087|0.082|0.098|0.111|0.096|
|Household expenditure (Indonesia)|0.102|0.069|0.011|0.083|0.046|0.101|0.056|0.052|0.064|0.092|0.059|
|<br>Labor income (Mexico)|0.106|0.012|0.049|0.029|0.009|0.100|0.056|0.062|0.011|0.087|0.028|
|Height z-score (Pakistan)|0.097|0.056|0.031|0.059|0.007|0.097|0.044|0.049|0.049|0.081|0.097|
|<br>Math test score (Pakistan)|0.101|0.006|0.000|0.072|0.022|0.101|0.038|0.042|0.028|0.076|0.032|
|**Panel D: Proportion of p-values <0**<br>**takes account of randomization m**|**.1 for test**<br>**ethod (i.e**|**ing differ**<br>**. controls**|**ence in FO**<br>**for stratu**|**LLOW-U**<br>**m, pair, o**|**P means wit**<br>**r re-random**|**h inferenc**<br>**izing varia**|**e which**<br>**bles)**|||||
|Microenterprise profits (Sri Lanka)|0.103|0.091|0.104|0.103|0.122|0.098|0.103|0.133|0.103|0.102|0.101|
|<br>Child schooling (Indonesia)|0.103|0.117|0.033|0.098|0.108|0.098|0.102|0.104|0.098|0.104|0.104|
|<br>Household expenditure (Indonesia)|0.102|0.098|0.102|0.101|0.094|0.099|0.100|0.099|0.101|0.105|0.100|
|<br>Labor income (Mexico)|0.083|0.107|0.101|0.079|0.067|0.100|0.095|0.101|0.104|0.100|0.112|
|Height z-score (Pakistan)|0.100|0.097|0.104|0.100|0.103|0.094|0.097|0.097|0.098|0.095|0.102|
|Math test score(Pakistan)|0.099|0.102|0.106|0.098|0.098|0.101|0.097|0.099|0.097|0.100|0.102|

Notes: Panels A and B coefficients are for specifications without controls for stratum or pair dummies. Statistics are based on 10,000 simulations of each method. Details on methods and variables are in Table A2.