# VIII. Appendix: Impact evaluation evidence tables

**Table A1. Gender and legal and policy reforms and interventions: Evidence from impact evaluations in Africa**

|**_Intervention_**|**_Country_**|**_Rural /_**<br>|**_Author(s) &_**<br>|**_Method_**|**_Quality of_**<br>|**_Gender outcome(s)_**|**_Key gender findings for policy_**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||**_Urban_**|**_year(s)_**||**_evidence_**|||
|Family law reform|Ethiopia|Rural &<br>urban|Hallward-<br>Driemeier &<br>Gajigo (2013)|Difference-in-<br>difference<br>estimation|Medium|Labor market<br>participation|Reform of Ethiopia’s Family Code (which included<br>greater mobility rights and the joint administration<br>of marital property for females) led women –<br>particularly younger women – to work more<br>outside the home and to obtain paid employment.|
|Inheritance law<br>reform|Kenya|Rural &<br>urban|Harari (2014)|Difference-in-<br>difference<br>estimation|Medium|Educational attainment;<br>female genital<br>mutilation; fertility;<br>intra-household<br>bargaining|Kenya’s 1981 Law of Succession resulted in higher<br>human capital investment for females, delays in<br>marriage, and greater say for married women<br>within the household.|
|Inheritance law<br>reform|Ghana|Rural|La Ferrara &<br>Milazzo<br>(2014)|Difference-in-<br>difference<br>estimation|Medium|Educational attainment|An inheritance reform that affected matrilineal<br>households led to a drop in schooling investment<br>for boys, whose inheritance rights improved<br>following the change. No similar effect is observed<br>among girls.|
|Dispute resolution|||||||Women report a higher degree of satisfaction with|
|for property rights<br>disputes & other<br>conflicts|Liberia|Rural|Sandefur &<br>Siddiqi (2013)|Randomized<br>control trial|Strong|Perceptions of dispute<br>outcome|mediated outcomes than men, suggesting a<br>preference<br>for<br>formal<br>property<br>dispute<br>mechanisms.|
|Dispute resolution<br>for property rights<br>disputes & other<br>conflicts|Liberia|Rural|Blattman et<br>al. (2014)|Randomized<br>control trial|Strong|Land conflict;<br>destruction of property;<br>norms on women|Alternative dispute mechanism led to reduced<br>conflict and property violence, but this impact did<br>not vary by gender. In addition, no impact was<br>detected on index measure of norms on women's<br>rights.|
|Community-based<br>legal aid program<br>_*The evidence for this t_|Tanzania<br>_able was drawn_|Rural<br>_from acad_|Mueller et al.<br>(2015)<br>_emic and policy pap_|Randomized<br>control trial<br>_ers that meet the fol_|Strong<br>_lowing criteria: i_|Knowledge; perception<br>of rights<br>_) evaluated the impact of a lan_|The provision of free legal aid and education by<br>paralegals induced a modest changes in knowledge<br>of legal rights for women and men and women's<br>perceptions on inheritance.<br>_d-related intervention in Africa; ii) employed an_|

_*The evidence for this table was drawn from academic and policy papers that meet the following criteria: i) evaluated the impact of a land-related intervention in Africa; ii) employed an experimental (e.g., RCT, natural experiment) or quasi-experimental (e.g., discontinuity design, propensity score matching, difference-in-difference, IV) design; iii) identified a credible counterfactual group to account for selection bias and other potential confounders of program impact; and iv) reported the impact on women and/or gender differences in impact._ 43