tickets, 28 pence goes to the Lottery “good causes.” Lottery funders are the organizations that distribute the “good causes” money. The largest of the UK’s Lottery funders, the Big Lottery Fund, has contributed £213 million (US$310 million) for projects in developing countries since 1995, of which £15 million was contributed in 2007 alone.

# _Recovery of Stolen Assets_

3.5 **_Recovery of stolen public assets_ from developing countries is a first step in reclaiming considerable resources that could have supported poverty reduction. Luxembourg is channeling resources recovered from illicit activities to bilateral ODA.** The cross-border flow of the global proceeds from criminal activities, corruption, and tax evasion is estimated at US$1– 1.6 trillion per year. Since its establishment in 1993, Luxembourg’s Anti-Drug Trafficking Fund has approved projects worth more than €11 million in developing countries. The Stolen Assert Recovery (StAR) initiative, supported by the World Bank and the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC), also shows promise but is in its early days. While there are no formal estimates of resources channeled back as a result of the initiative, anecdotal evidence suggests up to US$134 million was returned to Mexico and Zambia in 2008.

# _Global Solidarity Levies for Global Priorities_

3.6 **In addition to new national revenues that support country-based aid, new global taxes have been instituted to support global priorities.** The levy on airline tickets and a share of proceeds on Certified Emission Reductions (CER) sales constitute noteworthy efforts to tap new revenue sources. In both cases, revenues are “ring-fenced” for specified global programs in health and the environment.

3.7 **Revenues from the** **_solidarity levy on airline tickets_ —which total US$600 million to date—are expanding access to drugs and diagnostics critical to treatment for HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis.** France opted for a progressive mechanism based on destination and class and instituted the tax in July 2006. Ninety percent of the 2007 tax product of US$359 million was dedicated to UNITAID, which is responsible for implementing efforts to leverage quality drug- and diagnostic-price reductions and accelerating the pace at which these are made available. Prospects for broadening the base of support for programs funded by this tax are high. Several beneficiary countries, including Brazil, Chile, Mauritius, and Niger, have implemented the tax and raised modest sums for UNITAID.<sup>20</sup> 3.8 **_Proceeds of sales of a share of certified emission reductions_ will shortly begin to finance the Adaptation Fund (AF), which has been launched to support climate change adaptation projects and programs.** The AF’s primary funding comes from a 2 percent share of proceeds of certified emission reductions (CERs) issued by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol. The CDM registry forwards 2 percent of CERs issued for each CDM project activity to the AF’s registry account. The AF’s financial base is thus a precedentsetting international “tax” with a global base arising from an international treaty.

3.9 **Considered a “developing country fund,” the AF is expected to generate approximately US$68 million in its first year based on 3.73 million CERs collected to date at mid-December 2008 market prices.** Its growth will depend on CER volumes through 2012. The World Bank serves as the Fund’s trustee and the GEF as its secretariat. Supporting the AF as trustee is consistent with the Bank’s current work on climate change.

> 20 Air ticket levy funds also support IFFIm.

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