**Namibia (NAM).** Namibia is ranked sixth in terms of per capita GDP and ACR (2007) (Table C.1). Productivity of firms is negatively affected by shipment losses in customs while exporting, the number of power outages, and the average duration of transport by road (see figure 6.16). These results are common to Botswana and Swaziland since the countries are pooled together for estimation. Country-specific results show that the impact of infrastructure on the productivity of manufacturing firms in Namibia mainly comes from problems in customs while exporting—this factor represents 9 percent of the average log productivity. Problems from electricity provision (power outages) and from use of alternative power infrastructure (such as a generator) represent 2.2 percent and 3 percent of the average log productivity, respectively, in absolute terms (figure 6.16).

# _High-growth countries in North Africa_

**Algeria (DZA).** Algeria is ranked fifth in terms of per capita GDP, and seventh in terms of firm perceptions and demeaned aggregate productivity. The results on the **productivity impact** of infrastructure (see figure 6.1) show the total effect on absolute value is as large as 48.6 percent of average log TFP. The quality of infrastructure variables affecting TFP are: cost of exports, having an own generator, number of power outages, losses due to water outages, having an own well, the cost of water from the public system, having e-mail, and low-quality supplies. The largest and most positive effect comes from having e-mail, which could represent 14.5 percent of average log TFP.

**Egypt (EGY).** Egypt is ranked seventh based on per capita GDP, sixth in terms of ACR (2007), fourth in terms of demeaned aggregate TFP, and third in firms’ perceptions of infrastructure quality. From the econometric analysis, the contribution of infrastructure to the average log productivity in Egypt is only 26 percent. The main infrastructure factors affecting firms’ productivity are the average duration of water and power outages (both with negative effects), the percentage of firms with their own generator (positive effect), the dummy for own transportation (positive), shipment losses in exports (negative), and days of inventory of the main supply (negative) (figure 6.6).

**Morocco (MAR).** The perceptions of the managers of the Moroccan firms suggest that infrastructure is not a major concern when compared to other IC constraints; it is ranked first in Table C.1. But according to figure 6.15, the contribution of infrastructure to average log productivity is 31.3 percent, with the largest impacts coming from (a) the average time to clear customs to import, and (b) the time wasted to obtain a phone connection. A 20 percent reduction of average customs delays for imports could increase average productivity by 1.6 percent and allocative efficiency by 0.4 percent. Notice, that the ranking based on the econometric analysis (demeaned aggregate productivity) is consistent with the ranking based on per capita GDP (see Table C.1), which establishes that Morocco is in eighth position, not first.

# _Low-growth countries in central-west Africa_

**Cameroon (CMR).** Cameroon is rank ninth in term of per capita GDP, which is somehow surprising if we compare it with the results of the rest of the rankings based on DBR (2007), ACR (2007), firms’ perceptions, and demeaned aggregate productivity. We found that the productivity of manufacturing

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