years.<sup>20</sup> This time in the field is seen as having two purposes. First, the volunteers may provide assistance to the village groups in deciding how to use their IDT funds. Second, the time is expected to be an educational experience for the graduates, and _DEPNAKER_ hopes that they will be able to identify new business opportunities during their work in the village.<sup>2</sup> ' This program is currently in its first year of operation, and has 450 participants involved in 10 provinces. Over the next five years, _DEPNAKER_ hopes to pass 50,000 graduates through its program.

If successful in generating a new generation of entrepreneurs, these training programs may have employment implications even beyond the list of participants. Even so, the immediate effects will be felt by a rather limited group that actually receives the training. Thus, while education and training may represent a valid strategy for addressing the long-term needs of the labor market in the informal sector, it is important to note that these programs do not provide a significant amount of income security for the broader community in the short-run.

_BAPPENAS_ (National Planning Agency): Although _DEPNAKER_ has primary responsibility for issues relating to the Indonesian labor force, other ministries are also involved in projects that affect the labor market. In 1994, BAPPENAS began implementing a new anti-poverty program called _Inpres Desa Tertinggal_ (IDT, for Presidential Decree Program for Least Developed Villages). The program is designed to channel roughly US$200 million each year to the poorest households in the least developed villages.<sup>22</sup> By the end of 1997, IDT will have covered more than 28,000 villages and provided assistance to more than 12 million poor households.<sup>23</sup> Clearly, IDT was designed with the objective of poverty alleviation, not income security, and the two are different economic phenomenon. But while programs designed to improve income security may not alleviate poverty, successful poverty alleviation programs by definition diminish the danger of income insecurity.<sup>2 4</sup> Higher income levels, 20 Although they are referred to as "volunteers," each participant is provided a monthly stipend of Rp. 250,000 during their assignment.

21 In fact, the selection of candidates involves some assessment of the candidate's ability to become a private entrepreneur after completing the program, as indicated by the candidate's family's positions in the private sector, and its ability to provide seed capital at a later date.

22 Villages were selected based on their score on an index of indicators of social and infrastructure development. Households are selected by community groups (POKMAS), and are intended to include the poorest families. For a more detailed description of the village selection process, see Identification of Poor Villages 1994: A Brief Explanation, Biro Pusat Statistik, 1995.

23 On January 11, 1996, the Population Ministry announced the development of a new program to provide assistance to poor households located in non-IDT villages. Large corporations known locally as conglomerates) have been asked to set aside funds which will be channeled into savings accounts held by poor households, and which will be used as seed capital for new rural investments by the poor.

24 Since income security is related to both income levels (positively) and fluctuations in incomes (negatively), a program which raises incomes among the poor also increases their income security, assuming that income variability remains at least the same as before. If that program raises incomes by introducing new economic opportunities whose pattern of fluctuations is unrelated to the patterns of 19