Colombia: The ILO reports that 2,522,830 workers are covered by the system in 1989. The World Bank reports a workforce of 10,576,000 for 1990 which is adjusted downward by 2% (population growth rate) to 10,394,000. This yields a ratio of 24.5 percent.

Costa Rica: Data from Caja Costariccense de Seguro Social, Annual Report 1988, Table 6 page 22 suggests coverage of around 48 percent. The figure from Szalchman and Uthoff (1992) is 54.2 and includes over a dozen special schemes outside the CCSS.

Ecuador: Table 6 from Ojeda, G. in Szalchman and Uthoff, 1992 (p.82) reports a total active membership of 1,342,369 in 1989 and a labor force of 3,551,042 persons. The membership includes private sector workers, banking sector workers, domestic help, construction, arts, and the special scheme for peasants. Data from World Bank report entitled, "Public Sector Reforms for Growth in the Era of Declining Oil Output", cites a lower coverage ratio of around 26 percent of the labor force which may not include one or more of these programs. Mesa-Lago (1986) reports a coverage ratio of 23 percent in 1980 while Ojeda reports 24.4 percent coverage in 1980.

El Salvador: Data from the Annual Statistical Bulletin of the Salvadoran Social Security Institute (ISSS) 1989.

Guatemala: "Trabajadores afiliados" appear to be active members in the Guatemalan Social Security Institute's numbers. The economically active population covered by the IGSS system is listed as 27% in the IGSS Annual report for 1986. According to the USSSA (1993), some of the public employees are covered by their own special scheme so the figure may be a slight underestimate. Mesa-Lago reports 33 percent for 1980.

Honduras: Table I from Actuarial report of Bayo, Actuary to the IHSS reports 249,200 affiliates in 1990. The ILO provides a figure for government employees covered in a special scheme for 1986. These are assumed to maintain a constant ratio to the private sector affiliates and are projected for 1990 and added to the IHSS figure. This total is divided by the 1.58 million workers listed in the World Bank's Social Indicators of Development to arrive at the figure 18.7 percent. Mesa-Lago 1986 reports the coverage ratio to be 13 percent for 1980.

Jamaica: Data provided by the Jamaican Embassy in Chapter 23 of the Statistical Yearbook entitled "Social Security and Welfare". The Yearbook reports 500,000 active contributors in 1991 which is divided by the labor force estimate of 1.246 million for 1990 yields a coverage rate of 40.1.

Nicaragua: Data for active members taken from 1989 Anuario Estadistico of the INSS.

Panama: Data for active members taken from the Memoria de la Caja de Seguro Social de Panama, 1989-1990 which gives a total of 344,950 active members for 1990. The ILO reports 372,750 for the same year. Public employees are covered under the general scheme as well as a special public employees' complementary scheme. Dividing by the World Bank estimate of 1990 labor force of 872,600 workers yields a coverage ratio of 39.5%.

Paraguay: Data for active members taken from Estadisticas Instituto de Prevision Social, Paraguay as reported by Cruz-Saco 1994.

Uruguay: Szalchman and Uthoff eds. 1992 present a table on page 178 which shows total number of contributors to the Caja de Prevision Social of 922 thousand in 1989 and an economically active population of 1,341,000 (about 10 percent higher than the World Bank SID estimate in 1990). This yields a ratio of 68.8 percent (down from 81% in 1975). The figure includes public employees, state enterprises, private sector employees and even the military. Venezuela: Figure taken directly from Gustavo Marquez in Gestion Fiscal y Distribucion del Ingreso, unpublished. Marquez uses the Anuario Estadistico of the IVSS (Instituto Venezolano de Seguros Sociales) as his main source.

# China

China: ILO estimates workers covered at 159,430,000 while the World Bank Social Indicators estimate 680 million active workers for the same year. This yields a ratio of 23.44 percent. Another source is Lilian Liu in Handbook on Old Age Security, 1991. Liu's estimates are about 23 percent as well for an earlier year. Includes state enterprise workers, collectives and central government employees. New rural pension scheme coverage was not included. In 1994, an estimated 50 million farmers belonged to these (voluntary?) programs about which little is known.

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