the lowest social spending in LCR but it tends to have higher returns per dollar of social spending (Vargas et al, forthcoming).<sup>19</sup> On average, there are only 33% of kilometers of roads built relative to pre-defined targets (as set in the National Road Plan, 2032).

Panel B present summary statistics for the variables proxying social norms and attitudes towards women. The average share of women in high-paying public jobs (in central administration) is 57%. We hypothesize this larger share of women with respect to men could be related with the occupations women and men have.<sup>20</sup> There are, on average, 6 reported cases of intrafamily violence against women per 1,000 women in the municipality. On average 9 percent of men agree with having gender parity in Congress or in the Judicial system per 10 percent of people agreeing in the entire population.

Panel C presents summary statistics for municipal characteristics related with the local labor markets. On average, a municipality has a per capita GDP of US$ 4,200. On average, the male employment rate is 3.5 times higher than that of women. This is proxying the potential gender discrimination in the labor market. Primary activities are the main source of jobs for men (46%), followed by services (36%). All the variables in Table 2 vary significantly across municipalities. For instance, the rate of intrafamily violence against women is 1.67 in the 25<sup>th</sup> percentile municipality, while it is 8.3 in the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile.

Table II.3 Descriptive statistics at the municipality and department level in Guatemala, 2017/2018

|<br>Panel A: Policy|p25<br><br>Variables|Mean<br>|p75<br>|N<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Public preprimary centers in 2017 (per 100 children 4-6)|0.98|1.47|1.90|333|
|Public per capita spending on education in 2017 (in USD 2007 PPP)|169.07|200.78|214.49|22|
|Public per capita spending on health in 2017 (in USD 2007 PPP)|60.94|101.12|117.73|22|
|Municipal Road Acessibility|0.15|0.33|0.45|333|
|<br>Panel B: Socia|l Norms||||
|Share of Females among High Wage Workers in Central Government|0.51|0.57|0.64|22|
|Intrafamily VAW in 2017 (per 1,000 women aged 15+)|1.67|5.98|8.30|333|
|Men-to-all agreement with gender parity in Parliament|0.87|0.94|1.01|22|
|Men-to-all agreement with gender parity among judges|0.85|0.90|0.99|22|
|<br> <br>Panel C: Demand-S|ide Variables||||
|Per capita GDP in 2017 (in USD 2007 PPP)|6,079.34|8,127.58|9,325.32|333|
|Male / Female employment ratio|2.37|3.47|4.02|333|
|Share of male employment in primary activities|0.30|0.46|0.62|333|
|Share of male employment in construction|0.06|0.10|0.12|333|
|Share of male employment in manufacturing|0.03|0.08|0.10|333|
|Share of male employment in white collar services|0.07|0.11|0.14|333|
|Share of employment in other services|0.16|0.25|0.34|333|
|Crime rate (per 1,000 inhabitants)|0.66|1.81|2.38|333|

19 Such as poverty rate, Gini coefficient, literacy rates, upper secondary completion rate, and infant measles immunization.

20 The data does not offer information on occupations held by Central Government employees but has information on level of education. Among workers earning high salaries, the share of men with college education or higher is 65% against a share of 59% for women.

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