**Table 4.1a (continued): Coverage bias in HFPS**

|||**Ethiopia(**|**ESS)**||**Malawi(**|**IHPS)**|**N**|**igeria(GHS-**|**Panel)**||**Uganda(U**|**NPS)**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**All**|**With C**|**ontact info**|**All**|**With C**|**ontact info**|**All**|**With C**|**ontact info**|**All**|**With C**|**ontact info**|
||||_Coverage_|||_Coverage_|||_Coverage_|||_Coverage_|
||_Mean_|_Mean_|<br>_bias_†<br>_(2) -(1)_|_Mean_|_Mean_|<br>_bias†_<br>_(5) -(4)_|_Mean_|_Mean_|<br>_bias†_<br>_(8) -(7)_|_Mean_|_Mean_|<br>_bias†_<br>_(11) -(10)_|
|**Characteristic**|_(1)_|_(2)_|_(3)_|_(4)_|_(5)_|_(6)_|_(7)_|_(8)_|_(9)_|_(10)_|_(11)_|_(12)_|
|**_Consumption_**|||||||||||||
|Mean expenditure(LCUper capita)|14,943|16,247|1303.597*||||219408|220234|826|373,830|399,209|25379.198*|
|**_Quintiles_**<sup>**_a_**</sup>|||||||||||||
|Quintile 1 -poorest|0.200|0.166|-0.034|0.201|0.106|-0.096***|0.201|0.197|-0.004|0.156|0.135|-0.021|
|Quintile 2 -poorer|0.200|0.186|-0.014|0.199|0.161|-0.037**|0.199|0.200|0.001|0.174|0.164|-0.010|
|Quintile 3 - middle|0.200|0.207|0.006|0.200|0.208|0.008|0.200|0.201|0.001|0.195|0.196|0.001|
|Quintile 4 - richer|0.200|0.214|0.014|0.200|0.250|0.05**|0.200|0.201|0.001|0.221|0.226|0.005|
|Quintile 5 - richest|0.200|0.228|0.028|0.200|0.275|0.075**|0.200|0.201|0.001|0.245|0.269|0.024|
|**_Housing_**|||||||||||||
|Improved roof|0.689|0.739|0.050|0.589|0.681|0.092***|0.886|0.887|0.001|0.797|0.833|0.036***|
|Improved floor|0.177|0.228|0.051**|0.333|0.421|0.088**|0.776|0.780|0.003|0.466|0.512|0.046**|
|Improved toilet|0.313|0.367|0.053*|0.043|0.056|0.013|0.602|0.603|0.001|0.400|0.435|0.034*|
|Improved water source|0.747|0.785|0.039|0.844|0.852|0.009|0.765|0.766|0.000|0.787|0.802|0.015|
|Access to electricity|0.559|0.634|0.074**|0.150|0.207|0.057*|0.554|0.558|0.004|0.257|0.288|0.031*|
|**_Asset ownership_**|||||||||||||
|Solar|0.153|0.148|-0.005|0.207|0.252|0.045*|||||||
|Generator|||||||0.246|0.247|0.002|0.404|0.425|0.021|
|TV|0.178|0.234|0.056**|0.152|0.208|0.056**|0.451|0.454|0.003|0.257|0.291|0.034*|
|Refrigerator|0.072|0.095|0.024**|0.080|0.112|0.032|0.173|0.174|0.001|0.071|0.076|0.005|
|Bicycle|0.012|0.016|0.004|0.416|0.453|0.037|0.157|0.157|0.000|0.261|0.275|0.014|
|Motorbike|0.009|0.012|0.003|0.044|0.061|0.016|0.306|0.305|0.000|0.114|0.126|0.012|
|Car or other vehicle|0.009|0.012|0.003|0.025|0.034|0.009|0.096|0.097|0.001|0.039|0.041|0.002|
|Mobile Phone|0.553|0.706|0.153***|0.582|0.784|0.201***|0.760|0.764|0.004|0.796|0.872|0.076***|
|**_Other activities_**|||||||||||||
|Owns land|0.824|0.779|-0.045**|0.890|0.854|-0.036|0.669|0.667|-0.002|0.608|0.598|-0.010|
|Cropfarming|0.658|0.611|-0.048|0.812|0.755|-0.057*|0.699|0.697|-0.002|0.725|0.712|-0.013|
|Owns anylivestock|0.684|0.636|-0.048|0.476|0.498|0.022|0.469|0.466|-0.003|0.559|0.557|-0.002|
|Operates nonfarm enterprise|0.229|0.259|0.030|0.409|0.459|0.05*|0.595|0.596|0.001|0.023|0.023|0.000|
|Anymember has financial account|0.457|0.547|0.09***|0.339|0.419|0.08***|0.493|0.496|0.004|0.595|0.643|0.047**|
|Income from remittance(int'l & domestic)|0.145|0.161|0.016|0.528|0.532|0.004|0.319|0.321|0.002|0.340|0.347|0.006|

- aFor Malawi, the quintiles are based on a wealth index, not consumption expenditures. †The results of an adjusted Wald test comparing weighted means are presented (*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.10).

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