**Table 4: Survey of selected papers on the development impact of mobile phone adoption**

|**Author**|**Level of**<br>**Analysis**|**Country/**<br>**Region**|**Development**<br>**Indicators**|**Main Findings**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Edquist et al<br>(2018)*+|Country|Global|Economic<br>Growth|A 10% increase in mobile broadband adoption leads to an increase<br>in economic growth of between 0.6-2.8 percentage points.|
|Williams (2012)+|Country|14<br>countries<br>in various<br>income<br>groups|Economic<br>Growth|A 10% substitution of 2G with 3G in mobile broadband adoption<br>leads to an increase in economic growth of 0.15 percentage points.|
|Haftu (2019)+|Country|Africa|GDP|A 10% increase in mobile phone penetration results in a 1.2%<br>change in GDP per capita.|
|Calderon and Cantu<br>(2021)+|Country|Africa|GDP, Gini|A 10-percentage point increase in the number of broadband-<br>capable connections (3G+4G) would enhance the growth rate of<br>output per worker by 0.23 percentage point per year, and lead to a<br>decline in the Gini coefficient of 1.35 percent.|
|Atiyas and Dutz<br>(2021)|Firm|Senegal/<br>Africa|Employment,<br>Productivity|The use of 2G mobile phone is significantly positively associated<br>with employment, productivity, and sales.|
|Klonner and Nolen<br>(2010)+|Municipality|South<br>Africa|Employment|Employment increases by 15 percentage points when a locality<br>receives network coverage.|
|Aker et al (2012) *|Individual<br>student|Niger/<br>Africa|Education|Students in villages that received training on use of basic mobile<br>phones achieved higher test scores in both writing and<br>mathematics.|
|Aker (2010) *|Localities|Niger/<br>Africa|Food Security|The introduction of mobile phone service explains a 10 to 16<br>percent reduction in spatial consumer price dispersion for millet<br>grains.|
|Aker and Fafchamps<br>(2015) *|Market|Niger/<br>Africa|Food Security|Mobile phone coverage reduces spatial producer price dispersion,<br>with strongest effect for perishable crops in remote locations.|
|Jensen (2007) *|District|India/<br>South Asia|Food Security|The adoption of mobile phones led to a dramatic reduction in price<br>dispersion for fish, improving producer and consumer welfare.|
|Manacorda and Tesei<br>(2020) *+|Country|Africa|Social Capital:<br>Protests|Civic protests per capita when GDP falls, increased by 8-23 percent<br>in localities with full 2G coverage compared to those with none.|
|Pierskalla &<br>Hollenbach (2013) *+|Geospatial<br>pixels|Africa|Social Capital:<br>Conflict|The availability of cell phone coverage significantly and<br>substantially increases the probability of violent conflict.|

Source: Compiled by the authors.

Note: Findings column is based on the main finding of the paper. * represents peer-reviewed papers. Plus identifies papers following the instrumental variable approach.

These findings indicate that the impact of technology can differ substantially by the type of crop, the type of market, and the time of year, even within the same country. The importance of perishability in determining how ICT will affect agricultural market pricing dynamics is confirmed by Jensen’s 2007 study which investigates the major fishing industry in the Indian state of Kerala. Mobile coverage was introduced in Kerala between 1997 and 2001, and the adoption of mobile 13