3.4. Industrial In order to analyze the exposure of industrial activity to natural hazards, a dataset of 372 industrial zones in Vietnam was obtained (World Bank, 2020). Of these industrial zones, 15 percent are within 10 kilometers of the coast, and 127 industrial zones are located within coastal provinces.

# 3.5. Hotels

In recent years, the importance of the tourism sector for the Vietnamese economy has increased steadily, with coastal tourism contributing an important share. However, reliable spatial data is sparse: regional breakdowns of visitor numbers are difficult to source and must be approximated (World Bank, 2019). For a detailed risk analysis, such data is insufficient.

This analysis circumvents the lack of available data sources by using data from the OpenStreetMap (OSM) project. OSM is an open and free initiative that aims to create and continuously update a map of the world that is created entirely from user-contributed data. Next to detailed street networks, the locations of various points of interests are published by community volunteers. From this source, a dataset of 5,658 hotels, hostels, guest houses, and motels was downloaded in early 2019 (OpenStreetMap, 2019). Each datapoint includes an exact point location. Of the hotels, 3,309 are located in coastal provinces and 1,531 are located within 5 kilometers of the coastline.

This dataset is not a complete dataset of all hotels in the country. Considering that there were about 25,600 accommodations in Vietnam in 2017, the OSM dataset used here contains between a fifth and a quarter of the complete set of hotels in the country (Vietnam National Administration of Tourism, 2019). This incompleteness is not a problem per se for the validity of the hazard analysis, as the OSM set could be a randomly drawn subsample of the total population of hotels. Unfortunately, in the absence of a “true” dataset of all hotels, it is impossible to know which hotels are present in the OSM subset and which are not. Some biases might arise from the fact that the data is crowd-sourced; if the contributors are mostly Europeans, for example, the dataset could overrepresent hotels frequented by international tourists. Another potential bias might arise from differing spatial distributions in ground data and the OSM subset. Between provinces, the distribution of hotels seems to be fairly accurate; the correlation coefficient of the provincial tourism GDP in 2016 and the number of hotels per province from OSM is 0.77. However, the spatial representativeness of hotels within a province cannot be tested without more granular data.

Despite these caveats, the OSM hotel dataset remains the only large and geolocated dataset of tourist hospitality locations in Vietnam. Using it as the basis for the assessment of the exposure of the tourism sector to hazards such as flooding and coastal erosion can provide new insights into the natural risk environment of the Vietnamese economy.

3.6. Health care facilities and schools Insights into the exposure of health care facilities are based on a dataset provided by a collaboration between the Government of Vietnam, the World Bank, and the World Health Organization. The dataset contains 1,583 geocoded public hospitals and district health centers. Not included are regional polyclinics, commune health centers, and private sector facilities (Government of Vietnam, WHO, & World Bank, 2019).

Schools are vital to every community, enabling the future prosperity of its members. If they are destroyed by a natural disaster, the impact on the livelihoods of the children inhibited in their education can persist 13