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facility, the purchase of foreign vehicles usually will<sup>be required. To achieve</sup> efficiency in collection operations, it is essential to<sup>match truck type and size</sup> with local conditions, particularly the prevailing solid<sup>waste characteristics</sup> (density and composition), road conditions, maintenance<sup>capacity, availability</sup> of spare parts, and labor rates. Due to the complexities of vehicle specifications and procurement, project designers<sup>should insist on loan</sup> conditions that require only agreed upon vehicles<sup>to be purchased for the</sup> component. Project designers should also stress appropriate<sup>vehicle selection</sup> and direct attention to the size and manageability of<sup>the procurement packages.</sup> Moreover, the initial procurement of collection vehicles<sup>should include</sup> provisions for spare parts (about 20 percent of vehicle cost)<sup>to ensure that the</sup> Bank-financed vehicles will be operable beyond the initial<sup>period of project</sup> implementation. An effective MSWM component also<sup>should include workshops and</sup> training for vehicle maintenance and repair. For<sup>useful information to support</sup> vehicle investment decisions, see "Refuse Collection Vehicles<sup>for Developing</sup> Countries," a recent UNCHS (Habitat) publication.<sup>In addition, a simple</sup> spreadsheet model for analyzing the unit costs of alternative collection schemes is available from INURD.

# Street Sweeping

4.09 The cleaning or sweeping of streets is an important aspect<sup>of MSWM.</sup> According to Flintoff, many cities spend between a third<sup>and a half of their</sup> solid waste budgets on this activity. Moreover, the<sup>cost of removing wastes</sup> which have been scattered on the street is considerably<sup>higher than the cost of</sup> collecting waste placed in containers.V In planning<sup>MSWM components, therefore,</sup> project designers should stress the provision of primary<sup>collection services,</sup> reduction of street litter through public education, as<sup>well as the adoption of</sup> systems that incorporate the development and use of effective tools and equipment that can achieve high labor productivity. Transfer<sup>depots and stations also</sup> should be included for the effective management of street<sup>sweepers and for the</sup> transfer of waste collected. As an alternative to transfer stations, arrangements can be made for collection vehicles to pick<sup>up the waste from the</sup> sweepers several times a day. Nonetheless, this approach<sup>does not obviate tne</sup> need for transfer depots which provide parking areas<sup>for handcarts, tool a.nd</sup> equipment storage, and hygiene facilities.

# Transfer

4.10 Where haul distances from the collection area to the disposal<sup>site</sup> are greater than 15-20 kilometers or where vehicle<sup>travel times exceed 30</sup> minutes, transfer stations should be considered among the<sup>MSWM improvements and</sup> included in feasibility studies. Although most municipalities<sup>give these</sup> facilities low priority, transfer stations can maximize<sup>the productivity of</sup> collection vehicles and crews and increase the useful<sup>life of the collection</sup> vehicles. To achieve economies of scale, project designers<sup>should ensure that</sup> V Frank Flintoff, Management of Solid Wastes in Developing<sup>Countries. WHO</sup> Regional Publications South-East Series no. 1 (New<sup>Delhi: World Health</sup> Organization, 1984), p.<sup>85</sup> .