seems to be inversely related to per capita income. With few exceptions, low-income countries and Sub-Sahara Africa tend to have the highest degree of escalation. In some cases however, (LDCs parts and accessories relative to capital goods) there is reverse escalation. Among sectors, automobiles and food processing have the highest escalation. By comparison, tariff escalation in developed countries, while still present in some sectors, is minimal compared to that of developing countries.

**Table 4: Tariff Escalation in Developed and Developing Countries by Income Group and Region in 2010 (unweighted average in %)**

||Food &|Bevprodu|cts<br>|Industr|ialprodu|cts<br>|Capi|talgoods||Tr|ansport e|quipment|||Consume|rgoods||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Country Group|Final gds F|oodprimFo|od proc F|inal gds In|d prim I|nd proc|All Cap<br>C|ap gds P|ts & acc Al|l Transp|Auto|Others<br>P|ts & acc A|ll Cons|Durable S|emi-Dur N|on-Dur|
|**BY INCOME LEVEL**||||||||||||||||||
|Developed economies|7.3|6.2|7.9|3.0|2.0|3.0|1.7|1.7|1.8|2.8|2.9|3.8|2.5|6.0|3.8|7.1|5.3|
|Developing economies|14.9|13.1|15.7|8.7|6.7|8.8|6.2|6.0|6.6|11.0|21.7|9.9|10.3|14.8|14.1|16.4|13.0|
|High income developing econ.|10.6|11.6|10.4|7.4|6.4|7.5|7.4|7.4|7.5|8.5|13.0|6.6|8.5|9.2|9.1|9.6|8.5|
|Upper middle income econ.|13.8|12.4|14.3|7.6|5.0|7.7|5.7|5.6|5.7|11.5|26.3|11.0|10.8|16.1|14.0|17.9|14.2|
|Lower middle income econ.|17.1|14.0|18.5|8.7|7.4|8.8|5.5|5.2|6.0|10.9|22.2|9.9|10.0|14.9|14.2|16.7|13.0|
|Low income economies|15.5|13.4|16.3|10.8|8.1|10.9|7.3|6.9|8.0|11.6|20.1|10.1|11.0|16.2|16.8|17.9|13.9|
|Of which: Least developed co.|16.4|14.6|17.0|11.7|9.8|11.7|8.0|7.6|8.9|12.4|20.8|10.7|11.7|16.6|17.1|18.1|14.3|
|**BY REGION**||||||||||||||||||
|World|13.9|12.2|14.6|7.9|6.1|8.0|5.6|5.4|5.9|9.9|19.1|9.0|9.2|13.6|12.7|15.1|11.9|
|Developing economies|14.9|13.1|15.7|8.7|6.7|8.8|6.2|6.0|6.6|11.0|21.7|9.9|10.3|14.8|14.1|16.4|13.0|
|Asia|14.5|13.9|14.9|7.4|6.7|7.4|5.4|5.1|5.8|11.1|28.0|10.3|10.1|11.4|10.3|12.6|10.2|
|Latin America & Caribbean|13.7|12.8|14.0|7.9|5.0|8.1|6.2|6.3|5.9|10.6|21.4|9.9|10.0|15.2|15.0|16.4|13.5|
|Europe, Middle East & N. Africa|15.4|10.2|17.8|6.9|5.7|7.0|5.6|5.4|5.9|8.7|12.9|8.1|8.4|12.8|11.6|14.5|11.2|
|Sub-Saharan Africa|15.9|14.1|16.5|11.2|8.6|11.3|7.2|6.7|8.1|12.2|21.8|10.4|11.5|18.2|17.4|20.3|15.6|
|**Memo:**||||||||||||||||||
|BRICS-5|15.9|12.3|17.5|7.7|4.4|7.9|6.1|6.2|6.0|10.2|34.1|13.1|8.1|13.6|10.0|15.4|12.2|
|OPEC-12|12.1|9.8|13.1|7.7|5.4|7.8|5.8|5.8|5.7|8.2|19.0|8.7|7.5|15.0|13.0|17.2|13.3|
|WTO-50|16.4|13.5|17.7|8.2|5.4|8.3|5.2|4.9|5.6|10.7|23.7|10.4|9.8|14.7|13.1|16.4|12.9|

Note: The product categories are defined as BEC on food & beverages in Section 1 where food primary (111) and food processed (112); industrial products in Section 2 where industrial primary (221) and industrial processed (222); capital goods in Section 4 where capital goods (441) and parts & accessories (442); transport equipment in Section 5 where automobiles (551), other transport equipment (552), and parts & accessories (553); consumer goods in Section 6 where durable goods (661), semi-durable (662), and non-durable (663). Data are based on the latest year available in applied rate from country.

Sources: UNCTAD TRAINS databases.

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