Table 12 also provides descriptive statistics on both the share of individuals and average daily shared time (in minutes) in conducting activities simultaneously, across different activity combinations — and, with a focus on how unpaid work, transport and employment were conducted with other activities. With a few exceptions, the share of individuals conducting activities simultaneously across men and women is significantly higher in the smartphone arm. Looking strictly at non-leisure activities, 74 percent of women and 60 percent of men in the smartphone arm conducted non-leisure activities together, compared to 37 and 13 percent of women and men in the recall sample (these shares for the recall arm were 84 and 85 percent, respectively, for all activities). This reinforces the role of leisure in simultaneous activity reporting in the recall diary approach. Within the smartphone arm, 31 percent of women and 17 percent of men also conducted unpaid work with transport. These shares were 10 and 15 percent, respectively, for transport with either agricultural or nonfarm employment. The shares in the recall arm, on the other hand, were much lower. Unpaid work and agricultural or nonfarm employment were conducted together among 15 percent of women and 7 percent of men in the smartphone sample, compared to 9 and 1 percent of women and men, respectively, in the recall arm.

Only for women’s care work is participation significantly higher in the recall arm, regardless of whether the other activity was in leisure or non-leisure. This may be due to the preface of the 24-hour diary, specifically suggesting care work as a potential secondary activity that the respondents could include (see Appendix Figure A1). For women, cooking/cleaning with any other activity was significantly higher in the recall arm, but much of this is due to leisure being the other activity, since the trend flips in Table 12 (B2). On reported time, however, since activities in the recall sample could be conducted together for a minimum of 15 minutes, the recall arm often reveals significantly higher time conducted together in simultaneous activities – though, the magnitude of the differences is quite small given the substantially lower participation rates, and, in the case of men, often not significant. An understudied area, however, that the smartphone data provides some initial insights on, is the prevalence of passive care, where children are present with adults but not directly engaged in their activities (Folbre et al., 2005). Through the _TimeTracker_ pop-up data on whom activities were conducted with (Table 13), we find that about 16 percent of women’s daily time, or about 144 minutes daily, is spent with young children (aged 0-9 years) in activities that are not actively reported as care or sleep (and thus over and above the direct time reported earlier in childcare). Most of these activities are in other areas of unpaid work, transport, or leisure, and while performing these activities, women spend roughly twice as much time with young children compared to men. Gender differences in the extent of time devoted to activities in the presence of older children (aged 10-17 years), however, are narrower, reflecting important differences in the way we need to consider passive care in time use data collection. Although the _TimeTracker_ pop-ups provide an imperfect view of passive care, the data shed some light on a significantly less-understood dimension of childcare that may not be wellcaptured by simply asking individuals whether they were involved in childcare provision.

Table 14 also presents treatment effects, using the same structure as Equation (1), and looking at the recall arm’s effect on whether (1) activities were conducted together under different combinations, and (2) shared minutes across those activities. The estimates are presented for the total, women, and men samples, as well as by all areas/urban/rural. The results underscore the significantly lower incidence simultaneous activities in the recall arm, even when including leisure activities in column (A1). This holds 28