|_Share who are 35 and older_|59.3|65.8|48.8|
|---|---|---|---|
||(1.4)|(0.7)||
|_Share who have less than secondary_|4.1|54.4|55.1|
|_education_|(0.6)|(1.0)||
|_Share who report working in past week_|59.7|37.0|31.9|
||(1.5)|(0.7)||
|_Share who are refugees_|46.5|42.1|42.2|
||(1.4)|(2.0)||

Notes: All survey sample shares are of individuals aged 18 and older. Clustered standard errors are reported in parentheses for survey estimates. Population shares by region, gender, and age are derived from population projections provided by PCBS in early 2022 and refer to individuals aged 18 and older. Population shares by educational attainment are based on population projections published by PCBS for 2021 and refer to individuals aged 15 and older. Population shares by labor force status originate in the 2021 Palestinian Labor Force Survey and refer to individuals aged 15 and older; the share reported here is of employed individuals. Population shares by refugee status come from 2017 estimates published by PCBS and refer to all individuals.

# Precision-comparability tradeoffs in calibrating the Facebook weights to population proportions

The initial weighting strategy for the Facebook survey imposed a substantial set of calibration constraints to try to maximize comparability with the PPCS and correct for a skewed achieved sample. PPCS weights were calibrated to population proportions using two sets of constraints based on population projections based on the most recent census: (1) the number of households by governorate and urban/rural/camps, and (2) the number of adults by region, five-year age groups, and gender. The weighting approach for the Facebook survey followed a slightly simplified version of this calibration structure using population proportions by governorate, ten-year age groups, and gender (marginal totals only). It also added educational attainment as a constraint to correct for the overrepresentation in the raw sample of Palestinians who had completed secondary or higher education.

This may have been an overly ambitious calibration structure to impose on the Facebook survey sample size, as it resulted in very small cell sizes and widely distributed weights. For example, the sample to which weights were assigned contained only one man aged 18 to 24 years living in Jenin with primary education. The cells created by the initial calibration constraints range in size from 1 to 38 respondents, with almost 80 percent of the cells having 5 or fewer respondents. The standard deviation of the resulting weights is almost 5.5 times that of the PPCS weights (8,439.25 relative to 1,534.971).

Given these drawbacks of the initial calibration approach, a reasonable alternative might calibrate the Facebook survey weights only on region (West Bank/Gaza) and gender—sacrificing some comparability for decreased variability and increased precision. Weights calibrated using this more minimalist set of constraints have a standard deviation about one-third as large as the standard deviation of weights calibrated using the more ambitious constraints, and a median weight a little over four times the median weight of the initial set.

For most of the core indicators, the alternative weights tend to reduce the difference between the Facebook estimates and the PPCS estimates without changing the qualitative direction of difference. The exception to this trend is in the share of people (in Gaza) who report personal exposure to at least one 13