# **_Health Service Outcomes_**

The three health service outcomes of interest in this paper are measured as binary variables, indicating whether a particular service was used or not. First, women (between the age of 12 and 49) who report having delivered a child in the last 12 months were asked whether they had attended any pregnancy controls, and whether they delivered their child in a hospital, health center, or maternity clinic. Second, in households with children under five years of age, respondents were asked about the number of doses of polio, DTP, measles, and BCG vaccinations that each child has received. A child is considered fully immunized if he/she has received three doses each of polio and DTP, and one dose each of measles and BCG. Subsample means for the relevant dependent variables are reported in Table 2.

**Table 2. Health Service Outcomes**

|_Variable_|_Percent of_<br>_relevant_<br>_subsample_|_Su_<br>_n_|_bsample_<br>_Percent of_<br>_sample_|
|---|---|---|---|
|Women had pregnancy control during last pregnancy (last<br>12 months)|63.81|1,584|4.31|
|Women delivered child in hospital or health center (last 12<br>months)|40.09|1,584|4.31|
|Children more than 12 months but less than 48 months old<br>fully immunized|45.41|3,647|9.18|
|_n=39,961_||||

# **_Characterizing Household Education and Structure_**

Both female education and the education of other household members feature as key variables in the analysis. Education is measured by the highest grade of schooling completed. Under the current educational system in Mozambique, primary education is comprised of the first seven grades. It is subdivided in to two levels, with EP1 ( _Escola Primária 1_ ) covering the first five years, and the EP2 ( _Escola Primária 2_ ) covering the following two years. Many of the children who start primary education only complete one or two years before dropping out. Secondary education is offered in secondary, technical, and agricultural schools. It is only a small proportion of students from primary education go on to this level. Of these, a large proportion receive basic technical education lasting for three years. However, in order to enter tertiary education it is necessary to complete five full years of general secondary school.<sup>15</sup> Data on educational attainment for the sample as a whole and for the relevant subsamples are summarized in Table 3. A large proportion of the Mozambican population has no formal education. This is particularly true for women. In 1997, less then 20 percent of the population had completed the first level of primary education (12.3 percent for women), and only a very small proportion had received any form of secondary education. The educational characteristics of the women in the respective sub-samples appear similar to that of women in the sample as whole (in the relevant as the primary guardian. If such a person was not present in the household, the child was matched with the oldest female household member.

15 This brief characterization of the Mozambican educational system refers to its current structure. Many of the individuals in the sample attended school during the colonial era, or prior to the educational reform that created the current system. Data on grades completed can therefore not be straightforwardly mapped onto levels of the educational system.

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