|Female|-0.149<sup>***</sup><br>(0.012)|||-0.094<sup>***</sup><br>(0.008)|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Household characteristics|||||||
|Female household head|0.022<br>(0.015)|0.047<sup>***</sup><br>(0.015)|-0.026<br>(0.029)|-0.004<br>(0.008)|0.034<sup>***</sup><br>(0.010)|-0.042<sup>***</sup><br>(0.013)|
|Married household head|0.010<br>|-0.014<br>|0.067<sup>*</sup><br>|0.030<sup>***</sup><br>|0.006<br>|0.052<sup>***</sup><br>|
||(0.019)|(0.017)|(0.036)|(0.009)|(0.010)|(0.015)|
|No. of young children|0.005|-0.008|0.019<sup>*</sup>|-0.007<sup>**</sup>|-0.014<sup>***</sup>|0.001|
|(below 6)|(0.006)<br>|(0.006)|(0.011)<br>|(0.003)|(0.004)<br>|(0.005)|
|No. of female adults|-0.019<sup>**</sup>|-0.016|-0.035<sup>**</sup>|-0.006|-0.013<sup>***</sup>|-0.010|
||(0.009)|(0.010)|(0.017)|(0.004)|(0.005)|(0.008)|
|No. of male adults|-0.033<sup>***</sup>|-0.002|-0.047<sup>***</sup>|-0.024<sup>***</sup>|-0.001|-0.030<sup>***</sup>|
||(0.007)|(0.007)|(0.012)|(0.003)|(0.004)|(0.005)|
|Education (reference: no ed|ucation)||||||
|<br>Primary|<br>0.018|0.014|0.025|-0.004|0.020<sup>**</sup>|-0.026<sup>**</sup>|
||(0.013)|(0.013)|(0.023)|(0.008)|(0.009)|(0.013)|
|Secondary|0.054<sup>***</sup>|0.046<sup>**</sup>|0.075<sup>**</sup>|0.068<sup>***</sup>|0.099<sup>***</sup>|0.056<sup>***</sup>|
||(0.018)|(0.020)|(0.030)|(0.015)|(0.027)|(0.020)|
|Tertiary|<br>0.403<sup>***</sup>|<br>0.406<sup>***</sup>|<br>0.447<sup>***</sup>|<br>0.179<sup>***</sup>|<br>0.143<sup>*</sup>|<br>0.199<sup>***</sup>|
||(0.033)|(0.057)|(0.041)|(0.038)|(0.076)|(0.046)|
|Internet access|<br>0.038<sup>**</sup>|<br>0.026<sup>*</sup>|<br>0.056<sup>**</sup>|<br>0.003|<br>0.010|<br>-0.007|
||(0.015)|(0.015)|(0.028)|(0.010)|(0.012)|(0.015)|
|Physical Safety|-0.043<sup>**</sup>|-0.068<sup>***</sup>|-0.022|-0.011|-0.007|-0.015|
||(0.018)<br>|(0.022)|(0.030)|(0.009)|(0.010)|(0.014)<br>|
|Remittance|-0.074<sup>**</sup>|-0.036|-0.106|-0.014|-0.004|-0.032<sup>*</sup>|
||(0.038)|(0.031)|(0.079)|(0.012)|(0.015)|(0.019)|
|Access to land|<br>-0.102<sup>***</sup>|<br>-0.063<sup>***</sup>|<br>-0.132<sup>***</sup>|<br>-0.028<sup>**</sup>|<br>-0.003|<br>-0.056<sup>***</sup>|
||(0.012)|(0.013)|(0.021)|(0.013)|(0.014)|(0.021)|
|Displacement duration (ref|erence: less||||||
|<br>than three years)|||||||
|Three to six years||||0.027<sup>***</sup>|0.033<sup>***</sup>|0.020|
|||||(0.010)|(0.012)|(0.015)|
|Greater than six years||||<br>0.030<sup>***</sup>|<br>0.027<sup>**</sup>|<br>0.033<sup>**</sup>|
|||||(0.010)|(0.013)|(0.016)|
|Refugee hosting regions|||||||
|<br>Gambella||||-0.036<sup>**</sup><br>(0.017)|0.013<br>(0.018)|-0.110<sup>***</sup><br>(0.031)|
|Somali|-0.031<sup>*</sup>|-0.028<sup>*</sup>|-0.029|<br>0.036<sup>***</sup>|<br>0.024<sup>*</sup>|<br>0.043<sup>**</sup>|
||(0.017)<br>|(0.017)|(0.030)<br>|(0.011)<br>|(0.014)|(0.017)<br>|
|Benishangul-Gumuz|-0.038<sup>**</sup>|-0.001|-0.086<sup>***</sup>|-0.025<sup>**</sup>|-0.010|-0.039<sup>**</sup>|
||(0.015)|(0.016)|(0.027)|(0.011)|(0.014)|(0.018)|
|Number of Obs.|3559|1896|1663|8205|4111|4094|

Notes: The dependent variables are male and female adult individual participation in paid employment. Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses. Asterisks indicate statistical significance at 1%<sup>*******</sup> , 5%<sup>******</sup> , and 10%<sup>*****</sup> levels.

Looking at household characteristics, having a female household head, access to land, and number of children aged below 6 in the household all significantly affect women’s participation in wage employment. Women in households headed by female are more likely to participate in 21