existing nationally representative surveys were used as a sample frame, the respondents tend to be household heads and are therefore more likely to be male and older. As a result, indicators measured at the individual level, such as job type, are likely to be biased and differ from other nationally representative surveys.

**The HFPS includes a range of questions related to the household and to the individual responding to the survey** . Questions about the household include household characteristics and behaviors related to health, managing COVID-19 protocol, household income changes, education decisions, and strategies to manage income loss, among others. The variables that are most relevant for this paper are: urban status, ownership of a household enterprise, prevalence of income declines or increases, and coping strategies employed by the household. Urban status is determined based on the location of the household in the baseline survey and verified by the enumerator. Notably, the data set does not include a household roster or the work activity of its individual members. A single respondent per household provides information on behalf of the entire household. The respondent also answered basic demographic questions about himself or herself (age, sex) as well as his or her work activity (self-employed, worked in a family business, wage employee, temporary employee). The respondent was not asked about his or her wages or earnings.

**We construct and use two alternative definitions to identify urban households that own enterprises in the HFPS data** . **The first definition uses household-level variables.** We generate a variable that takes a value of 1 if (i) anyone in the household owns a business,<sup>7</sup> and (ii) the household received farm or nonfarm enterprise income during the 12 months prior to the survey. We call this the “household business definition.” This definition allows us to differentiate between farm and non-farm entities, which are both relevant in urban SSA. We thus can classify a household into one of four categories: farm household enterprise (FHE) only, nonfarm household enterprise only (NFHE), farm and nonfarm household enterprise, and none. The data also allow us to explore heterogeneity by poverty-status of the household. The shortcoming of this definition is that we do not know the characteristics of the enterprise owner since the survey does not indicate if the enterprise owner is the survey respondent.

**The second definition uses the employment type of household head respondents to identify that the household owns an enterprise and characteristics of the enterprise owner.**<sup>**8**</sup> We would like to attribute changes in household enterprise earnings to characteristics of the owner, but the data do not allow us to directly observe these correlates. Further, the data do not provide information on the number of enterprises owned by a household nor on income changes in each enterprise.<sup>9</sup> By limiting the sample to respondents who are household heads and report that he or she is “self-employed,” or “working in a family business,” we attempt to address both shortcomings.<sup>10</sup> We only consider household heads because we assume that he or she owns the

> 7 The HFPS asks whether the respondent or any member of the household owns or operates a business, even if only partial equity ownership.

> 8 Only the single survey respondent per household provides information about his or her work activity, gender, and age and informs about the change in total income earnings from all the enterprises owned by the household (not the individual).

> 9 The HFPS surveys ask respondents to report on household enterprise income loss at the household level, not their particular enterprise.  Therefore, it is feasible that a respondent who reports loss of household enterprise income is informing on losses in a business owned by another household member rather than his or her own business.

> 10 The HFPS question is: What is the type of your current employment?

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