**Table 3 – Clove Cigarettes: Price Elasticities, by Decile**

|_Price elasticity_|||||_Dec_<br>|_iles_<br>|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||_1_|_2_|_3_|_4_|_5_|_6_|_7_|_8_|_9_|_10_|
|Lower bound|−0.440|−0.386|−0.354|−0.334|−0.318|−0.302|−0.293|−0.283|−0.272|−0.256|
|Medium bound|−0.640|−0.586|−0.554|−0.534|−0.518|−0.502|−0.493|−0.483|−0.472|−0.456|
|Upper bound|−0.840|−0.786|−0.754|−0.734|−0.718|−0.702|−0.693|−0.683|−0.672|−0.656|

_Source:_ Estimates based on Indonesia National Socioeconomic Surveys 2015–16. _Note_ : Deciles were created using per capita household expenditure. Lower- and upper-bound elasticities show average differences of −0.2 and +0.2, respectively, with the medium-bound elasticity. Demographic controls include: the age, education, and gender of the household head, the share of individuals by age-group in each household, and urban status. The model also controls for year fixed effects. Only 2015– 16 survey years were used to estimate price elasticities because previous surveys asked about the number of cigarette packs consumed, whereas the most recent years ask about quantities of individual cigarettes.

**Table 4 – All Cigarette Products: Price Elasticities, by Decile**

|_Price elasticity_|_1_|_2_|_3_|_4_|_De_<br>_5_|_ciles_<br>_6_|_7_|_8_|_9_|_10_|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Lower bound|−0.447|−0.345|−0.313|−0.293|−0.276|−0.261|−0.251|−0.241|−0.230|−0.213|
|Medium bound|−0.647|−0.545|−0.513|−0.493|−0.476|−0.461|−0.451|−0.441|−0.430|−0.413|
|Upper bound|−0.847|−0.745|−0.713|−0.693|−0.676|−0.661|−0.651|−0.641|−0.630|−0.613|

_Source:_ Estimates based on Indonesia National Socioeconomic Surveys 2015–16. _Note_ : Deciles were created using per capita household expenditure. Lower- and upper-bound elasticities show average differences of −0.2 and +0.2, respectively, with the medium-bound elasticity. Demographic controls include: the age, education, and gender of the household head, the share of individuals by age-group in each household, and urban status. The model also controls for year fixed effects. Only 2015–16 survey years were used to estimate price elasticities because previous surveys asked about the number of cigarette packs consumed, whereas the most recent years ask about quantities of individual cigarettes.

**Figure 3 – White Cigarettes: Price Elasticity, Indonesia**

**Figure 4 – Clove Cigarettes: Price Elasticity, Indonesia**

<!-- Start of picture text -->
-0.2 -0.2<br>-0.4 -0.4<br>-0.6 -0.6<br>-0.8<br>-0.8<br>-1.0<br>-1.0<br>1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10<br>1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10<br>Decile<br>Decile<br>Lower bound Medium bound Upper bound<br><!-- End of picture text -->

_Source:_ Estimates based on Indonesia National Socioeconomic Surveys 2015–16. _Note:_ Deciles were created using per capita household expenditure. Lower- and upper-bound elasticities show average differences of −0.2 and +0.2, respectively, with the medium-bound elasticity.

# **Mortality and morbidity**

Data on mortality, years of life lost, and morbidity are obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study.<sup>8</sup> Ischemic heart disease, chronic respiratory diseases, and tuberculosis are among the most prevalent diseases among men and women in Indonesia. In 2016, approximately 153,108 deaths were attributed to tobacco-related diseases, of which nearly 88 percent were men (135,368) (table 5). Nearly 2.2 million cases of tobacco-related disease were reported in Indonesia the same year (table 6). A total of 4,155,652 years of life lost were estimated for all tobacco-related deaths in 2016 (table 7).<sup>9</sup>

> 8 See GBD Results Tool (database), Global Burden of Disease Study 2016, Global Health Data Exchange, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool.

> 9 Years of life lost is the estimated average number of years a person would have lived if he or she had not died prematurely.

8