# **Table of Contents**

|1.<br>|Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 5|
|---|---|
|2.<br>|Recent Developments in the Utilities Sector ...................................................................................... 6|
|2.1|<br>Sector Reform............................................................................................................................. 6|
|2.2|Peace Accords........................................................................................................................... 10|
|3.<br>|Impact on Service Coverage............................................................................................................. 13|
|3.1|<br>The coverage situation.............................................................................................................. 13|
|3.2|International context ................................................................................................................. 16|
|3.3|<br>Historical context...................................................................................................................... 18|
|3.4|<br>The remaining deficit................................................................................................................ 24|
|3.5|<br>Obstacles to expanding coverage.............................................................................................. 26|
|4.|Affordability of Modern utilities ............................................................................................... 28|
|4.1|<br>Electricity.................................................................................................................................. 29|
|4.2|<br>Water......................................................................................................................................... 34|
|5.|Benefits of Access to Modern Utilities.......................................................................................... 36|
|5.1|<br>Productivity benefits................................................................................................................. 36|
|5.2|<br>Health benefits .......................................................................................................................... 45|
|6.|Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................................................ 49|
|Data|Annex ............................................................................................................................................... 54|
|A.|Summary Statistics for Regressions................................................................................................ 54|
|B.|Summary Statistics Underlying Figures Presented in Text............................................................. 60|
|C.|Standard Summary Tables .............................................................................................................. 65|
|D.|Explanations of Coverage, Take-Up and Availability.....................................................................78|

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