Regarding _FPY_ , low-income countries, whose school systems are typically of lower quality, experienced severe learning losses due to extended school closures. Their relatively young populations further imply that a large fraction of the total population was affected by these learning losses. The estimate of _FPY_ declines monotonically with national income despite the corresponding increase in the quality of education.

**Table 1: Estimates of Years of Lives Lost (** **_YLL_ ), discounted Future Poverty Years (** **_FPY_ ), and Current Poverty Years (** **_CPY_** **<u>) per 100 people by country income groups</u>**

||**Not we**|**ighted by popu**<br>|**lation**|**Weig**|**hted by popula**<br>|**tion**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**Excess**<br>**mortality**<br>**_YLL_ per 100**|**School**<br>**closures**<br>**_FPY_ per 100**|**Current**<br>**poverty**<br>**_CPY_ per 100**|**Excess**<br>**mortality**<br>**_YLL_ per 100**|**School**<br>**closures**<br>**_FPY_ per 100**|**Current**<br>**poverty**<br>**_CPY_ per 100**|
|LICs|0.9|13.5|4.4|1.0|15.5|5.3|
|LMICs|1.6|10.4|6.3|2.6|8.7|9.4|
|UMICs|3.9|9.4|3.9|1.8|6.8|1.6|
|HICs|1.6|4.8|1.0|2.1|7.4|-1.2|
|World|2.0|9.0|3.7|2.1|8.4|4.7|

_Note: Income groups are classified according to World Bank FY23 income classification. Acronyms: LIC – low income country; LMIC – lower middle income country; UMIC – upper middle income country; HIC – high income country. FPY represents the sum of additional (future) poverty years over 2020–2100 due to school closures in 2020 and 2021, discounted at 3%. YLL estimates are also discounted at 3%._ From a global perspective, the wellbeing loss from school closures dominates the loss from _CPY_ with the global _FPY_ estimate more than twice as large as _CPY_ . This dominance also holds within all country income categories, except for lower-middle income countries when adjusted for the population size. The wellbeing loss from _YLL_ equals or exceeds that from _CPY_ in both high- and upper-middle income countries for any calibration that exceeds one in the value of a year of life lost relative to a year in poverty (i.e. for all . Among lower- and lower-middle-income countries, the _CPY_ estimates are far higher than _YLL,_ indicating that higher valuations of are necessary for the wellbeing loss from _YLL_ to surpass that from _CPY_ αα≥1) . αα Finally, while the global averages do not appreciably change if we weight the cross-national average estimates by population, the relative size of each dimensional loss can shift within income categories when impacts are population weighted. In high-income countries, the US and other larger countries actually experienced declines in contemporaneous poverty, and hence a negative _CPY_ , due to effective social protection policies. This lowers the high-income _CPY_ estimate after weighting by population. China experienced very low excess mortality over 2020-2021 in part because of its restrictive zero-COVID-19 policy (only experiencing an increase in excess deaths in the second half of 2022, outside our timeframe, when some of these restrictions were relaxed), thereby appreciably lowering the _YLL_ among uppermiddle-income countries once weighted for population. India experienced one of the largest increases in 8