# **Table A.1: Variable Definitions (2000-2016)**

|#|Name|Description|Souces|N|Mean|S.D.|Min|Max|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|1|Cyclicality<br>real<br>primary<br>spending*|Cylcicality of real primary general government<br>expenditures (HP filter λ=6.25).<br>|WEO (October, 2016) and Own<br>Construction.<br>|1,933|-20.66|5,755.94|-77,767.53|82,694.79|
|2|Cyclicality real GDP**|Cylcicality of real gross domestic product (HP<br>filter λ=6.25).<br>|WEO (October, 2016) and Own<br>Construction.|1,933|-26.67|4,832.80|-82,929.94|106,627.20|
|3|Volatility ToT|5y rolling window standard deviation of the<br>terms of trade (TT series).|WEO (October, 2016).|1,886|10.13|12.58|0.13|135.91|
|4|Real general government<br>total revenues***<br>|Total real revenue (% of GDP).|WEO (October, 2016) and Own<br>Construction.<br>|1,933|11.06|11.03|0.64|72.47|
|5|Real general government<br>total tax****|Total real tax (% of GDP).<br>|WEO (October, 2016) and Own<br>Construction.<br>|651|13.07|5.83|0.00|31.48|
|6|Revenue base variability|Annual absolute variation of real general<br>government total internal revenue.|WEO (October, 2016) and Own<br>Construction.|632|1.06|1.15|0.00|12.44|
|7|Credit to private sector|Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP).|WDI (February, 2017).|1,779|35.15|30.33|0.00|160.12|
|8|Kaopen|Index measuring the degree of capital account<br>openness|Chinn and Ito (2006).|1,688|0.48|0.35|0.00|1.00|
|9|Political corruption|Political corruption (v2x_corr series)<br>|V-dem vers. 6.2.|1,620|0.41|0.23|0.03|0.96|
|10|Public service corruption|Corruption of the public services (v2x_pubcorr<br>series)|V-dem vers. 6.2.|1,620|0.41|0.25|0.04|0.97|
|11|Rule of law|v2xcl_rol series.|V-dem vers. 6.2.|1,620|0.66|0.24|0.04|0.99|
|12|Political Power distribution|v2pepwrsocl series.|V-dem vers. 6.2.|1,620|0.48|1.08|-2.46|3.10|
|13|Distribution of resources|v2xeg_eqdr series.|V-dem vers. 6.2.|1,620|0.58|0.21|0.10|0.97|
|14|Ethnic<br>and<br>religious<br>Stability|Average between the indicator of ethnic<br>tensions and religious tensions.<br>|ICRG indicators, PRS group.<br>|1,530|4.11|1.09|0.00|6.00|
|15|Resource dependent|Binary variable if the country is ressource<br>dependent.|Adapted from Konuki and Villafuerte<br>(2016).|1,933|0.28|0.45|0.00|1.00|
|16|Resource rich|Binary variable if the country is ressource rich.|IMF (2012).|1,933|0.40|0.49|0.00|1.00|
|17|Bad times|Binary variable if the yearly growth rate is<br>negative.|Own Construction|1,932|0.09|0.29|0.00|1.00|
|18|Elections|Binary variable for the year of the highest level<br>national election.|DPI (2015) and Own Construction.|1,933|0.18|0.39|0.00|1.00|
|19|Debt ratio|Gross debt ratio over GDP.|WEO (October 2016).|1,892|40.83|51.99|1.01|789.83|

Notes: *: To compute real general government primary spending we substract GGEI series to GGX series and deflate it with the NGDP_D series. **: To compute real GDP spending we deflate the NGDP series with the NGDP_D series. ***: To compute real revenue over GDP we divide the GGR series to NGDP series. The series are deflated with the NGDP_D series. ****: To compute real internal revenue over GDP we subtract GGRG series to GGR series and divide it with the NGDP series. The series are deflated with the NGDP_D series. Information regarding variables used in the section of ``Potential solutions'' are available upon request.

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