Table 1 report individual characteristics by gender and household direct and indirect migration experience. The latter is detected in terms of the presence of any _current international migrant_ in the household (who left the country more than 12 months prior the survey) and _past migration_ either of respondent himself or of someone else in the household.

**<u>TABLE 1: Individual characteristics and migration experience by gender</u>**

|||**Total Populat**<br>|**ion **<br>|**Wor**<br>|**king age popu**<br>|**lation**<sup>**a**</sup><br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**Male**|**Female**|**Total**|**Male**|**Female**|**Total**|
|_Individual characteristics:_|||||||
|Married (%)|0.62***|0.59***|0.61|0.68**|0.70**|0.69|
|Single (%)|0.36***|0.30***|0.33|0.31***|0.25***|0.28|
|Age – Years|32.50**|33.32**|32.92|37.98***|36.99***|37.46|
|Household size|4.9|4.91|4.9|4.8|4.76|4.78|
|# of children (age<15)|1.32***|1.39***|1.36|1.03***|1.09***|1.06|
|Years of education|8.21***|7.62***|7.9|9.90***|9.35***|9.62|
|_Migration status_<sup>b</sup>_:_|||||||
|Current migrants in the hh (%)|0.27***|0.30***|0.28|0.28***|0.33***|0.30|
|Past indiv.migration (%)|0.23***|0.03***|0.13|0.27***|0.03***|0.15|
|Past migration of hh members(%)|0.13***|0.28***|0.21|0.12***|0.32***|0.23|

* significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1% _Notes:_ (a) Persons aged 16 to 64 year. (b) The last 3 binary variables capturing migration experience are respectively: (i) individual has at least one household member currently migrated abroad; (ii) individual has migrated abroad at least once; (iii) individual has never migrated abroad but someone else in his/her household did at least once.

The figures show that 28 percent of the total sampled individuals have at least one migrant household member currently living abroad and there is a small but significant difference between women and men (higher in magnitude if we consider working age population only, i.e. persons aged 16 to 64 year). On average, 13 percent of the sample has migrated abroad at least once (since turned 16 years old), the vast majority of which are male (only 3 percent of female report having migrated abroad).<sup>19</sup> On the contrary, 28 percent of women report having experienced international migration through someone else in the household, while a halved percentage of male report having a household member migrated abroad in the past. Both last figures are consistent with the anecdotic argument that Albanian international migration has been widely male-dominated.

In Table 2 we present some individual demographic characteristics of the working age population of Albania differentiated by direct or indirect migration experiences. People having current international migrants in their family are mainly female, above 40 years old, with smaller household size (likely as a result of migration itself), grown-up children, and lower education than the remaining sample. This is consistent with the idea that these are parents of (educated) grown-up children who have migrated permanently most likely with their new family.

People with individual past foreign experience, are mainly young males, married and with an average level of education higher than those who never migrated in their adult life. Among individuals with household members migrated abroad (at least once) in the past, most of them are female (74%), 10