Table <u>6a: Robustness checks – the local economic impacts of the presence of mineral deposits.</u>

||_U_<br>|_SGS avera_<br>|_ge prices_<br>|<br>|_Wor_<br>|_ld Bank GE_<br>|_M realp_<br>|_rices_<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|_Dependent variables:_|_Per_<br>_capita_<br>_Growth_|_Pop._<br>_density_|_Spatial_<br>_Gini_|_Sen_<br>_Index_|_Per_<br>_capita_<br>_Growth_|_Pop._<br>_density_|_Spatial_<br>_Gini_|_Sen_<br>_Index_|
||_(1)_|_(2)_|_(3)_|_(4)_|_(5)_|_(6)_|_(7)_|_(8)_|
|Post_x_Deposit|0.041|111.856|-0.017|0.645<sup>**</sup>|0.076|-30.848|-0.033|0.674<sup>*</sup>|
||[0.069]|[88.718]|[0.016]|[0.242]|[0.110]|[26.118]|[0.020]|[0.380]|
|No Deposit_x_Year 2000|-0.057|7.403|-0.008|0.114<sup>**</sup>|-0.134|-1.795|0.007|0.148<sup>***</sup>|
||[0.142]|[6.880]|[0.009]|[0.049]|[0.195]|[3.128]|[0.011]|[0.047]|
|Log(Prices)|0.106|-44.683|-0.009|0.438|0.154|23.617|-0.022|0.876<sup>**</sup>|
||[0.075]|[57.909]|[0.013]|[0.277]|[0.194]|[22.835]|[0.015]|[0.392]|
|Climate|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Fixed effects|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Conflict dummy|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|_N_|22764|22864|18378|18378|21451|21547|17201|17201|
|R-squared|0.076|0.969|0.791|0.950|0.076|0.972|0.796|0.953|
|Dep. Variable [mean]|0.029|283.912|0.247|3.626|0.030|273.537|0.240|3.642|

Notes: (1) The table shows the regression results across districts in Africa during 2002–2007. (2) The results show the local economic impacts of China’s WTO accession in the presence of mineral deposits in Africa. (3) The standard errors, clustered at the country level, are in brackets; * _p_ < 0.10, ** _p_ < 0.05, *** _p_ < 0.01. (4) Growth, Spatial Gini, and Sen Index are measured using lights data as described in the data section. (5) Population density is measured as population per square kilometer. (6) Prices are reported as average US dollars. (7) Fixed effects include time-fixed effects, district-fixed effects, and country-year-fixed effects. (8) Climate is measured using the standard deviation of rainfall distribution at the district level. (9) Analysis based on World Bank GEM data has fewer observations because the GEM prices data covers fewer mineral products than in the USGS data. Source: Authors’ estimations Table 6b: Robustness checks – the local economic impacts of active mining.

||<br>|_USGS avera_<br>|_ge prices_<br>||_Worl_<br>|_d Bank GE_<br>|_M realpr _<br>|_ices_<br> <br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|_Dependent variables_|_Per_<br>_capita_<br>_Growth_|_Pop._<br>_density_|_Spatial_<br>_Gini_|_Sen_<br>_Index_|_Per_<br>_capita_<br>_Growth_|_Pop._<br>_density_|_Spatial_<br>_Gini_|<br>_Sen_<br>_Index_|
||_(1)_|_(2)_|_(3)_|_(4)_|_(5)_|_(6)_|_(7)_|_(8)_|
|Post x Active mines|0.055|134.561|-0.018|0.671<sup>**</sup>|0.068|-24.982|-0.034|0.787<sup>**</sup>|
||[0.072]|[93.083]|[0.015]|[0.267]|[0.114]|[28.253]|[0.020]|[0.355]|
|Inactive mines x Year 2000|-0.121|8.969|-0.002|0.121<sup>**</sup>|-0.169|-2.349|0.005|0.132<sup>**</sup>|
||[0.145]|[7.503]|[0.007]|[0.051]|[0.211]|[3.553]|[0.011]|[0.057]<br>|
|Log(Prices)|0.108|-47.181|-0.010|0.469|0.171|16.011|-0.024|0.850<sup>*</sup>|
||[0.074]|[57.252]|[0.014]|[0.279]|[0.197]|[23.692]|[0.015]|[0.433]|
|Climate|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Fixed effects|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Conflict dummy|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|_N_|22764|22864|18378|18378|21451|21547|17201|17201|
|R-squared|0.076|0.969|0.791|0.950|0.076|0.972|0.796|0.953|
|Dep. Variable [mean]|0.029|283.912|0.247|3.626|0.030|273.537|0.240|3.642|

Notes: (1) The table shows the regression results across districts in Africa during 2002–2007. (2) The results show the local economic impacts of China’s WTO accession in the presence active mining activities in Africa. (3) The standard errors, clustered at the country level, are in brackets;<sup>*</sup> _p_ < 0.10,<sup>**</sup> _p_ < 0.05,<sup>***</sup> _p_ < 0.01. (4) Population density is measured as population per square kilometer. (5) Prices are reported as both average and real US dollars. (6) Growth, Spatial Gini, and Sen Index are measured using lights data as described in the data section. (7) Fixed effects include time-fixed effects, district-fixed effects, and country-yearfixed effects. (8) Climate is measured using the standard deviation of rainfall distribution at the district level. (9) Analysis based on World Bank GEM data has fewer observations because the GEM prices data covers fewer mineral products than in the USGS data.

Source: Authors’ estimations 31