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sectors of the economys localisation had not always and everywhere been - efficiently handled. Thus it is evident particularly in the public and - parastatal sectors that key posts were sometimes filled by Zambians who had had insufficient training or experience. This problem became particularly - acute as regards deficiencies in management skills often at quite senior levels of the public service. Finally, those non-citizens who remained in employment were often concentrated in particular specialised or technical areas, requiring long periods of high-level training. Thus the process of localising the remaining jobs held by expatriates appears more problematic than has typically been the case in the past. Equally, the premature departure of such workers would generate problems that would be commensurately more difficult to solve.

Data on the characteristics of those in wage or salaried employment in Zambia tend to be unreliable, and inconsistent as between different sources. It is,. therefore, difficult to build up an accurate picture of the educational, sectoral and occupational composition of non-Zambian employment. Howeve- Table 8 shows the occupational breakdown of total employment as revealea by a recent manpower survey, which is of interest given the comparatively high coverage of the formal sector which it achieved.4 The table shows that, although non-citizens were, by 1983, a comparatively small - - proportion of total employment less than 5 per cent they were nevertheless proportionately much more important in professional and technical occupations, where they comprised 12 per cent of employment, and in administrative/managerial jobs where they accounted for more than one-fifth of total reported employment. It can be seen from Table 9, which shows all occupations with more than 130 non-Zambian workers, that some occupations in the professional group were still heavily dependent upon expatriate skills. The case of engineers is particularly startling, where more than 1000 expatriates were employed, comprising almost half of all such workers. Zambia also remained heavily dependent upon expatriate doctors. According to the survey, they comprised more than three-quarters of all doctors in the country (although this proportion is probably correct, the figures are significant under-estimates of the absolute number of doctors who were employed). Other occupations where at least one-quarter of all jobs were occupied by non-citizens include physical scientists, statisticians, accountants, university teachers, and managers. These data suggest, therefore, that there was in 1983 a significant training task ahead in order to localise all of these professional posts.

At first sight it may seem surprising that non-citizens still occupied a large number of jobs in the 'production, transport and related' occupational category: they comprised almost 4,200 workers, and accounted for one-third of all non-citizens employed (Table 8). Inspection of the more detailed tabulations from the survey reveals that, numerically, the largest single occupation in this category is miners (736 non-Zambian workers). Nevertheless, it can be seen from Table 9 that there were also substantial numbers of non-citizen production supervisors and foremen (597), machinery fitters and assemblers (435), electrical fitters (177), plumbers and welders (169), bricklayers and carpenters (259), transport equipment operators (425) and other labourers (741). Although the proportional importance of - non-citizens in these occupations is modest usually less than 5 per cent of