Table 2 - Pre-treatment covariate balance

||Random|Sample(350|Schools)|Baseli|ne Data(292 S|chools)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Control<br>Means|Treatment<br>Means|Difference|Control<br>Means|Treatment<br>Means|Difference|
|**2013** **Covariates**|||||||
|Portuguese proficiency|257.4|260.8|-3.245|256.9|261.4|-4.454|
||[19.73]|[22.39]|[2.259]|[18.69]|[23.08]|[2.481]|
|Mathematicalproficiency|267.4|272.2|-4.679|267.7|273.3|-5.562|
||[23.81]|[29.77]|[2.882]|[22.67]|[30.72]|[3.199]|
|High School enrollment|641.4<br>[368.2]|588.9<br>[330.3]|55.15<br>[37.44]|676.3<br>[349.3]|575.3<br>[321.5]|101.0*<br>[39.27]|
|High school enrollment - vocational|46.63|68.21|-21.18|47.11|76.08|-28.97|
||[132.6]<br>|[154.1]<br>|[15.35]<br>|[136.0]<br>|[160.9]<br>|[17.58]<br>|
|Rural Area|0.0286|0.0517|-0.0229|0.0368|0.0577|-0.0209|
||[0.167]<br>|[0.222]<br>|[0.0210]<br>|[0.189]<br>|[0.234]<br>|[0.0251]<br>|
|Pass rate|83.33|84.56|-1.248|84.46|85.57|-1.115|
||[10.33]|[10.74]|[1.125]|[10.07]|[10.50]|[1.208]|
|Failure rate|6.938|6.311|0.649|6.398|6.051|0.347|
||[5.614]|[5.283]|[0.582]|[5.620]|[5.227]|[0.635]|
|Dropout rate|9.731|9.129|0.600|9.144|8.375|0.769|
||[7.179]|[7.002]|[0.757]|[6.896]|[6.637]|[0.793]|
|Students per class|34.06|34.00|0.0734|34.38|34.03|0.349|
||[4.939]|[5.198]|[0.541]|[4.941]|[5.317]|[0.604]|
|Female principals|0.520|0.511|0.00571|0.485|0.519|-0.0339|
||[0.501]|[0.501]|[0.0536]|[0.502]|[0.501]|[0.0588]|
|Experience as a principal (> 10 years)|0.543|0.517|0.0229|0.507|0.500|0.00735|
||[0.500]|[0.501]|[0.0535]|[0.502]|[0.502]|[0.0589]|
|Principal with graduate degree|0.994|0.994|0|0.993|0.994|-0.000943|
|Female teachers|[0.0756]<br>0.551|[0.0758]<br>0.515|[0.00808]<br>0.0341|[0.0857]<br>0.562|[0.0801]<br>0.515|[0.00971]<br>0.0476*|
||[0.180]|[0.181]|[0.0193]|[0.184]|[0.183]|[0.0216]|
|Temporary teachers|0.995|0.994|0.00114|0.995|0.994|0.000713|
||[0.0148]|[0.0188]|[0.00181]|[0.0155]|[0.0193]|[0.00207]|
|Teacher's age|35.00|30.34|4.609|35.34|30.15|5.197|
||[27.09]|[63.98]|[5.239]|[25.52]|[67.22]|[6.117]|
|Experience as a teacher (>10 years)|0.816|0.814|0.00194|0.819|0.812|0.00749|
||[0.0871]|[0.0850]|[0.00919]|[0.0858]|[0.0873]|[0.0102]|
|Low salary (< 2m.w.)|0.185|0.184|0.000229|0.194|0.183|0.0109|
||[0.141]|[0.152]|[0.0157]|[0.146]|[0.155]|[0.0177]|
|High Salary (> 5 m.w.)|0.225|0.200|0.0253|0.219|0.187|0.0327|
||[0.179]|[0.183]|[0.0194]|[0.183]|[0.179]|[0.0212]|
|Mother's education < middle school|0.472|0.485|-0.0115|0.490|0.488|0.00159|
||[0.104]<br>|[0.108]<br>|[0.0114]<br>|[0.0966]<br>|[0.109]<br>|[0.0122]<br>|
|Mothers with graduate degree|0.0507|0.0523|-0.00143|0.0548|0.0546|0.000228|
||[0.0301]|[0.0302]|[0.00322]|[0.0282]|[0.0305]|[0.00345]|
|**2014** **Covariates**|||||||
|Portuguese proficiency|252.8|256.5|-3.675|252.3|257.1|-4.764*|
||[17.72]|[20.53]|[2.053]|[17.76]|[21.24]|[2.311]|
|Mathematical proficiency|252.8|258.8|-5.972*|253.1|260.2|-7.082*|
||[21.58]|[27.66]|[2.655]|[21.79]|[28.59]|[3.009]|
|Age-Grade distortion|33.72|32.06|1.662|31.63|30.66|0.964|
||[15.21]<br>|[15.47]<br>|[1.642]<br>|[14.04]<br>|[15.18]<br>|[1.720]<br>|
|Proportion of students per teacher|0.0588|0.0593|-0.000576|0.0534|0.0586|-0.00526*|
||[0.0214]|[0.0215]|[0.00230]|[0.0142]|[0.0208]|[0.00212]|
|Proportion of black and brown teachers|0.298|0.302|-0.00400|0.281|0.302|-0.0209|
||[0232]|[0228]|[00246]|[0238]|[0231]|[00275]|
|Proportion of black and brown students|.<br>0.606|.<br>0.606|.<br>0.000215|.<br>0.595|.<br>0.607|.<br>-0.0115|
||[0.216]|[0.230]|[0.0239]|[0.220]|[0.229]|[0.0264]|
|Joint test (p-value) - All Variables|||0.620|||0.18|
|<br>Joint test (p-value) - Only proficiency varia|bles||0.120|||0.13|
|Joint test (p-value) - Other variables exclud|ing proficien|cy|0.850|||0.31|
|Number of schools<br>|175|175||136<br>|156<br>||
|Response Rate<br>p-value of the response rate difference||||78%|89%|0.11<br>0.00|

_Note:_ Numbers in parentheses are standard deviations in the column of means and standard errors in columns of differences. * p<0.05 ** p<0.01 *** p<0.001 8