||**Latin**<br>**America &**<br>**Caribbean**|**South**<br>**Asia**|**East**<br>**Asia &**<br>**Pacific**|**Sub-**<br>**Saharan**<br>**Africa**|**PEN**<br>**total**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Livestock cash income [US$ pc/year]|45|18|25|12|15|
|Share livestock income in total income [%]|9|8|11|10|11|
|Cash share in livestock income [%]|56|46|62|67|61|
|Forest income [US$ pc/year]|198|107|64|32|42|
|Forest cash income [US$ pc/year]|81|19|35|8|12|
|Share forest income in total income [%]|22|21|17|18|18|
|Cash share in forest income [%]|41|18|54|24|29|
|Non-forest environmental income [US$ pc/year]|56|18|34|25|27|
|Non-forest environmental cash income [US$ pc/year]|5|2|8|3|4|
|Share non-forest environmental income in total income|6|4|9|14|12|
|[%]||||||
|Cash share non-forest environmental income[%]|9|13|23|12|15|
|Wage income [US$ pc/year]|211|147|61|20|29|
|Share wage income in total income [%]|24|29|16|11|13|
|Household size|7|6|6|7|7|
|Number of households|228|223|270|875|1596|

Table 3 now instead features the top-20 quintile. It should be remembered that only few of these households could genuinely be called “rich”, even by their own developing country standards, since our rural smallholder sample by definition is focused on the poor. The results here mirror the ones from the poorest quintile, with the opposite sign: three fourths of all income is cash; wage income (by definition, cash-based) is unsurprisingly at 946 US$/pc/year more than thirty times higher than in the poorest quintile (29 US$/pc/year). Perhaps less expected is it that extractive incomes are also high in absolute terms for the top-quintile: non-forest environmental incomes are at 27 US$/pc/year for the lowest and 343 US$/pc/year for the top quintile; for forest incomes the quintile relationship is even more disparate (though again boosted by Latin America in particular): 43 US$/pc/year vs. 1111 US$/pc/year. There is thus no indication that extractive products would display a marked pattern of ‘inferior products’ that were to decline markedly in importance when turning to the upper income scales.

**Table 3: Highest income quintile: annual household incomes for the top-20% income households in PEN sites. PPP converted 2005 USD adult equivalent units (aeu)**

||**Latin**<br>**America &**<br>**Caribbean**|**South**<br>**Asia**|**East**<br>**Asia &**<br>**Pacific**|**Sub-**<br>**Saharan**<br>**Africa**|**PEN**<br>**total**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Total income [US$ pc/year]|12639|3184|4005|3166|5299|
|Total cash income [US$ pc/year]|10322|2221|3221|2085|4008|
|Cash share in total income [%]|82|70|80|66|76|
|Crop income [US$ pc/year]|1984|715|821|1182|1183|
|Crop cash income [US$ pc/year]|1417|302|500|670|722|
|Share crop income in total income [%]|16|22|21|37|22|
|Cash share in crop income [%]|71|42|61|57|61|
|Livestock income [US$ pc/year]|1171|586|777|263|582|
|Livestock cash income [US$ pc/year]|1058|338|649|192|464|
|Share livestock income in total income [%]|9|18|19|8|11|
|Cash share in livestock income [%]|90|58|84|73|80|
|Forest income [US$ pc/year]<br>|3223|277|649|456|1111|
|Forest cash income [US$ pc/year]|1888|56|393|289|656|
|Share forest income in total income [%]|26|9|16|14|21|

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