_Page 4_ Enrollment in higher education in all cases<sup>is less than40%of the specific age-group (20-24). The figures vary</sup> from approximately 35% (Argentina, Korea,<sup>the Philippines, Swaden, and Uruguay)--which Is roughly the average for</sup> Industrial market economies--to a low of<sup>around 15% (Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Turkey). The low enrollment ratios</sup> In higher education in Malaysia (9%) and<sup>Taiwan (10%) possib;y do not take Into account a relatively large number of</sup> their students studying abroad. Again, In<sup>some instances, female enrollment in higher education Is greater than country</sup> aVbrage: Argentina (42%) and the Philippines (40%).

Total Fertility Rate. Among the sample<sup>countries, Latin America as a region has the highest fertility rate of 3.5,</sup> compared to the averages of 3.0 and 2.1<sup>respectively for Asia and Europe (see figure 3)--reflecting the probable linkage</sup> between high female secondary school<sup>enrollment and low fertility. (Usually, the effects of education on fenillty are</sup> complicated. At low levels of education<sup>a few extra years of schooling may actually lead to Increased fertility; but after</sup> that there Is a strong negative effect).

Female Labor Force Participation. Regression<sup>results show, not surprisingly, that female participation In the</sup> labor force Is negatively correlated wlth<sup>high fertility. As figure4shows, East Asian countries have the highest</sup> participation rate for women; contrast Thailand<sup>(46%)and Taiwan(44%)with Brazil(27%)and Colombia (22%).</sup>

# Welfare Indicators In the Health Sector

Life Expectancv. The regional averages<sup>for all countries (from65 to 74years) are almost approaching those</sup> for Industrialized market economies as a group<sup>(76years).</sup> Infant Mortality (per thousand live births).<sup>Infant mortality rates arc widely considered to be among the most</sup> sensitive Indicators of the extent of poverty<sup>(and the Inequality of income distributio ;. Regression results also reiterate</sup> that high fertility Is positively correlated<sup>with a high Infant mortality rate.</sup> Among the sample countries, the figures<sup>are vastly disparate. Contras</sup><sup>**t**he following numbers: Sweden (6),</sup> Taiwan (7), Spain (10), Costa Rica (19),<sup>Chile (22), Korea (27), Argentina (34), Mexico(50),Brazil (67), and Peru (94).</sup> (See figure 5.) Maternal Mortality (per 100,000 live binhs).<sup>Considerable differences prevail In the case of matemal mortality</sup> rates: Sweden (4), Spain (10), Costa Rica<sup>(26),Chile (55), Korea (34), Argentina (85), Mexico(92),Brazil (150), and</sup> Peru (310). (See figure 6.) Th3se statistics<sup>say a lot about the quality and distribution of health care.</sup> Provision of Primarv Health Care. The published<sup>indicators commonly used, populations per physician and</sup> paramedic staff, do not vary much among<sup>countries with similar per capita Income levels. Specifically, the per</sup> population availability of medical personnel<sup>In Korea, Taiwan, or Malaysia, Is not very different from that In Chile, Costa</sup> Rlca, or Brazil. The problems reflected<sup>In the above infant and maternal mortelity data for some Latin American</sup> countrles are perhaps also pertain to the<sup>spatial distribution and the quality of medlcal personnel and facilities, as well</sup> as the avallability of medicines and the<sup>education of mothers.</sup>