**Table 6: Main Reforms of Utility Governance and Decision-Making in the Power Sector in 17 Case Studies**

|**Country/State**|**Main Reforms to Utility Governance and Decision-Making in the Power Sector**|
|---|---|
|Colombia|1995: Creation of wholesale market; subsequently privatization of one distribution utility<br>(CODENSA); continuation of nationally and regionally state-owned vertically integrated utilities.|
|Dominican Republic|Between 1997-98: Unbundling and privatization of distribution utilities; Privatization of two<br>utilities reversed in 2003 and of the third in 2009.|
|Egypt, Arab Rep.|2001 onwards: Limited private sector participation in generation, otherwise no privatization|
|India - Andhra Pradesh|1999: State electricity board unbundled in generation, transmission, and four distribution<br>companies; no privatization.|
|India – Odisha|1996: Unbundling into two generation and one T&D entities; establishment of regulatory<br>commission (but with little political independence); 1999: Privatization of four distribution<br>companies; 2001: One of the discoms walked out of the contract; 2015: Revocation of license of<br>the private operator of remaining three discoms.|
|India – Rajasthan|2000: Unbundling of Rajasthan State Electricity Board; No privatization.|
|Kenya|1995: Tendering initiated for the first two IPPs; 1997: Partial vertical unbundling (Generation –<br>KenGen - separated from KPLC); 2008: KETRACO; 2006: KenGen 30% stocks IPO.|
|Morocco|Partial unbundling: generation opened to IPPs and distribution utilities largely privatized,<br>although the state-owned transmission and system operation company—ONE—still remained in<br>parts of generation and distribution, and also continued to be the single buyer of electricity.|
|Pakistan|1992-1998: Unbundling of the Water and Power Development Authority into 12 state owned<br>entities (3 GENCOs, 1 transmission and dispatch, and 8 DISCOs); later 1 more GENCO and 2<br>DISCOs created; 1994: Generation opened up to IPPs; 2005: Privatization of one of the<br>distribution utilities (KESCO).|
|Peru|1993: Electricity regulatory framework;; 1994-97: Vertical and horizontal unbundling and<br>privatization of the power sector; by 1997, ~70 percent of generation, 100 percent of<br>transmission and 45 percent of distribution was transferred to private ownership; creation of a<br>power market and system operator; adoption of a 4-year distribution tariff setting methodology;<br>2003/4 onwards: Reorganization of system operator; Reform in generation and transmission<br>planning and regulation; Improvements in the administration of the electricity market; Regular<br>auctions for generation supply|
|Philippines|Unbundling and partial privatization.|
|Senegal|IPPs in generation; failed attempts to privatize vertically integrated state-owned utility SENELEC.|
|Tajikistan|No substantial institutional reform; state-owned vertically integrated utility.|
|Tanzania|Vertically integrated state-owned utility; IPPs in generation; 2002-2006: Private Management<br>Contract for the utility, discontinued afterwards.|
|Uganda|2001: Vertical unbundling of utility; 2003: Private concession for generation company (Eskom);<br>2005: Private concession for distribution company (Umeme); 2012: Umeme listed on the<br>Uganda Stocks Exchange.|
|Ukraine|1995: Vertical and horizontal unbundling; 1996: Wholesale electricity market created; 1998:<br>Beginning of privatization of some distribution and supply companies.|
|Vietnam|Partially unbundled utility – most of generation and nearly all of transmission and distribution<br>under a national holding company (EVN), which is also the single buyer of electricity; IPP<br>participation in generation (~39% of generation capacity in 2015).|

_Source:_ World Bank Staff.

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