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# **TECHNICAL NOTES ON DATA**

## **Per Capita Income Levels, Adult Uteracy, and** Female **Labor Force Participation (mid-1980s)**

i) World Development Reports, 1987 and 1989, (Basic indicators). The per caoita GNP 1985 $ figures are calculated according to the World Bank Atlas method, using 1983.85 as the base period. (rho use of official exchange rates to convert national<sup>currency figures to the U.S. dollar does not attempt to</sup> measure the relative domestic purchasing powers of currencies.) li) UNESCO Statistical Yearbook, 1988 (Table 1.3). Lfteracv rates refer to' oercentage of literate population In the age group 15 years and over. lii) World Tables, 1989. Female labor force participation pertains<sup>to female labor force as a percentage</sup> of total labor force.

**Gross Enroment Ratios in Education, Female** En.ollment, **and Total Fertility Rate (mid-1980s)**

i) UNESCO S&atistical Yearbook, 1988 (Table 3.2); and World Development Report, 1989 (Indicators Table 29). Gross enrollment ratio **for** a given level of education<sup>Is obtained by dividing the total enrollment</sup> for that **level of** education, regardless of age, by the population of the age group which according to national regulations should be enrolled at that level. (Hence the ratio will exceed 100<sup>if the actual age distribution</sup> of pupils spreads over outside the official school ages.) These ratios have been calculated taking<sup>into accoun</sup><sup>**t**he differing national systems and the</sup> duratlon of schooling at the first and second level...<sup>At the third level, the figures for the population</sup> aged 20-24 have been used throughout.

Ii) World Development Report, 1987 (Indicators Table 28). Total fertility rate represen **t** s he number of children that would<sup>be born per woman, ifshe were to live to the end of her</sup> childbearing years and bear children at each age in accordance with prevailing age-specific fertility rates.

## **Healh Indlcators (mid-1980s)**

World Development Reports, 1987 (Indicators Table 1), and 1989 (Indicators Tables 32 and 28). Life exoectancv indicates the years a newborn infant would live If patterns<sup>of mortality prevailing</sup> for all people at the **time** of its birth were to stay the same throughou i s life. **t** Infant mortality rate is the number of infants who die before<sup>reaching one year of age, per thousand</sup><sup>**lve**births in a year.</sup> Matemal mortalitv usually refers to the number of female deaths<sup>that occur during childbirth, per 100,000</sup> **live** births. Because 'childbirth' Is defined more widely in some countries,<sup>to Include complications</sup> of pregnancy or of abortion, matemal mortality Is difficul **t** o measura consistently and reliably across countties. (The figures here are<sup>reproduced</sup> from the 1986 WHO publi^ation, 'Maternal Mortality Rates"<sup>supplemented</sup> by UNICEF's 'The State of the World's Children 1989'.) Physicians, Inaddition to tle total number of registered practitioners, Include medical assistants (and 'barefoot doctors') who dispense medical services. Nursina persons include<sup>qualified nurses, as well as paraprofessional</sup> personnel such as first aid worken and x,3ditional birth attendants Because definitions of doctors and nursing personnel vary, the data **are not** strictly comparable across countries.

**Central Govemrmer1 Spiending on Education and** Health **(mid-1980s), and Reai Per Capia Expenditures on Education and Healh (19808D**

I) The data on central govemment finance are from the IMF Government Finance Statistics Yearbook, 1988. The accounts of each country are reported using a system of common<sup>definitions and classifications</sup> found in the IMF Manual on Govemment Finance Statistics (1986).