which included 500 firms. The first follow-up survey took place in September 2014, followed by a second in January 2015, a third in September 2015 and a fourth in September 2016. We included data for control group firms from all five survey rounds and excluded firms that were in the agricultural sector, resulting in the inclusion of 499 firms at baseline into our sample.

In each of the follow-up rounds, we coded _survival_ to one, it the owner reported to still be working for the enterprise he or she operated in the previous round, and to zero if the owner said he or she was not working for this enterprise anymore, either because it was closed down or because of another reason. In round five, we additionally used information for owners, who refused to participate in the survey or could not be located, to code _survival_ . If the proxy respondent said that the owner was still working for the enterprise he or she operated in the previous round, we coded _survival_ to one, and if the proxy respondent said that the owner was not working for this enterprise anymore, we coded _survival_ to zero. _Newfirmstart_ was coded to one if the owner was operating a business and was not working for the previous business anymore, and to zero, if the owner was engaged in a different activity than operating a business and not working for the previous business anymore. For rounds 3 to 5, in a final step, we then recoded _survival_ to zero, if it had been coded as zero in a given round and a new firm start had been coded in the same round or later, so that it reflected survival since baseline.

_Uganda Women’s Income Generating Support Impact Evaluation Survey (UGWINGS)_ The Uganda Women’s Income Generating Support Impact Evaluation Survey (UGWINGS) was conducted to evaluate individual business training, a one-time unconditional cash grant of US$150, supervision, and business advising, provided to very poor Ugandans, mostly women. Details of the intervention and experimental design are described in Blattmann et al. (2016). The baseline survey was conducted on a sample of 1,800 individuals from April to June 2009 who had been selected for the intervention. Of these, 896 were randomized to receive either training, or cash and supervision (phase 1 treatment group), and 904 were randomized to waitlist treatments (phase 2). The first follow-up survey was conducted between November 2010 and February 2011. Phase 2 participants then all received business training and cash and in addition supervision and advise, which was randomized among them. They received a short follow-up survey between September and October 2011 (roughly a month after receiving the grant), and a further, more detailed, follow-up survey between June and August 2012.

Individuals were not asked whether they were already operating a small business at baseline, but in the follow-up surveys conducted between November 2010 and February 2011, and between June and August 2012, respondents were asked whether they had started a small business between the last time they had been surveyed and the current survey. In particular they were asked how many small businesses they had started or had tried to start within this period. They were then asked how many of these were still being operated. We used this information to construct the variables _newfirmstart_ and _survival_ . In particular, we constructed them in the following way:

- We coded _newfirmstart_ to 1 if the individual reported to have started or tried to start at least one new small business since the last time he or she was surveyed.

- We coded _survival_ to 1 if the individual reported to have started or tried to start at least one new small business since the last time he or she was surveyed and at least one of these businesses was still active. If none of these businesses was active anymore, we coded _survival_ to zero.

In the endline for phase-2 individuals (June and August 2012), individuals were not asked if they had started a business between the baseline and the midline survey (conducted between November 2010 and February 2011), so it was not possible to follow the businesses they had 57