**Table 2.** Difference-in-difference estimation (household level) between 2013 and 2019

||Acc|ess to Elect|ricity|Amou|nt Paid for El<br>(US$)|ectricity|Re|gular Black|outs|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|(9)|
|**Post × Treat**|**0.057**<sup>*******</sup>|**0.059**<sup>*******</sup>|**0.057**<sup>*******</sup>|**0.019**|**1.618**|**0.779**|**-0.179**|**-0.216**<sup>*****</sup>|**-0.193**|
||**(0.000)**|**(0.000)**|**(0.000)**|**(0.996)**|**(0.723)**|**(0.884)**|**(0.141)**|**(0.080)**|**(0.184)**|
|Post|0.016<sup>**</sup>|0.008|0.009|-4.177|-6.223|-5.215|0.029|0.040|0.008|
||(0.010)|(0.323)|(0.241)|(0.295)|(0.138)|(0.304)|(0.805)|(0.738)|(0.954)|
|Treat|0.152<sup>***</sup>|-0.017|-0.062|4.215|6.735|-0.470|0.112|0.145|0.003|
||(0.000)|(0.143)|(0.117)|(0.320)|(0.190)|(0.957)|(0.216)|(0.148)|(0.983)|
|Urban||0.291<sup>***</sup>|0.257<sup>***</sup>||-2.600|-0.783||-0.039|0.017|
|||(0.000)|(0.000)||(0.380)|(0.790)||(0.561)|(0.814)|
|Distance to||-0.001|-0.002<sup>***</sup>||0.302|0.504<sup>*</sup>||-0.003|0.005|
|Road||(0.361)|(0.009)||(0.135)|(0.071)||(0.351)|(0.135)|
|Grass roof||0.010|0.018||-5.818<sup>***</sup>|-3.727||0.048|-0.028|
|||(0.457)|(0.191)||(0.008)|(0.201)||(0.722)|(0.849)|
|Dwelling||-0.048<sup>**</sup>|-0.045<sup>**</sup>||0.808|0.829||0.014|0.022|
|Owned||(0.013)|(0.022)||(0.576)|(0.588)||(0.692)|(0.562)|
|Male head||0.004|0.004||0.056|0.087||-0.022|0.003|
|||(0.703)|(0.763)||(0.978)|(0.963)||(0.609)|(0.952)|
|Age (head)||0.000|0.000||0.060|0.043||0.001|0.001|
|||(0.200)|(0.143)||(0.294)|(0.464)||(0.670)|(0.608)|
|Secondary||0.151<sup>***</sup>|0.146<sup>***</sup>||2.523|2.610||0.015|-0.011|
|educ. (head)||(0.000)|(0.000)||(0.102)|(0.137)||(0.711)|(0.800)|
|HH size dummies||yes|yes||yes|yes||yes|yes|
|Material dummies||yes|yes||yes|yes||yes|yes|
|District FE|||yes|||yes|||yes|
|Observations|2,960|2,943|2,943|364|363|363|388|387|387|
|R-squared (within)|0.038|0.031|0.032|0.026|0.043|0.037|0.093|0.128|0.142|
|R-squared (overall)|0.076|0.368|0.387|0.034|0.092|0.175|0.040|0.098|0.197|

_Notes_ : Difference-in-difference regressions with robust standard errors. * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. p-values in parentheses. Full sets of control dummies are included for household size and the type of construction material used for the dwelling (permanent, semipermanent or traditional). The dependent variable in columns (7) to (9) is a dummy that equals one for households that report to have experienced blackouts at least several times a month over the last 12 months.

_Source:_ Authors’ analysis using data from the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS).

According to the point estimates of the interaction term in columns (7) to (9) of Table 2, the project was associated with a decrease in the share of households reporting regular blackouts of 17.9 to 21.6 percentage points (from the baseline of 94.5 percent in 2013 in treated areas; see Table 1). However, only the coefficient (0.216) in column (8) is statistically significant at the 10-percent significance level (the same holds when standard errors are clustering at the stratum level). One reason for the low (or lack of) significance in the regressions in columns (7) to (9) might be the relatively small number of observations, which is due to the small share of households with access to electricity in our sample (the survey only asked households with electricity in their homes about the frequency of blackouts).

Table 3 presents the results of estimating equation (1) for the two outcome variables capturing whether households relied on electricity as the main source of energy for lighting and cooking or not, 11