most lucrative enterprise in the household, which is therefore likely responsible for most of the reported variation in household enterprise earnings.<sup>11</sup> Respondents who are self-employed also report basic demographic information, which allow us to consider age and gender of firm owners.<sup>12</sup> Thus, to identify if a household owns an enterprise, we generate a variable that takes a value of 1 if the respondent is (i) self-employed or works in a family business and (ii) a household head. When we consider demographics of the firm owner, we further limit the sample to only those respondents who are self-employed. The variable is treated as missing if the respondent is not a household head. We call this the “household head definition.” Given the importance of separating farm and non-farm businesses in the analysis, we use the sector of employment of the respondent to limit the sample to only agricultural (or non-agricultural) enterprise when considering the behavior of farm (or non-farm) enterprises.

**The outcome variables of interest are income changes and use of coping strategies.** Some countries provide information on total income decline in the household, while others ask about income decline in farm enterprises, non-farm enterprises, and wage earners. The respondent provides a subjective response to the perception of income change since the pandemic began; the results are not triangulated with actual earnings data. We use four variables to capture the use of coping strategies: sold assets, received cash or in-kind assistance from government entities, received cash or in-kind assistance from private (non-governmental) entities, and received any kind of assistance from any entity. These variables are reported at the level of the household. Again, they are subjective responses that are not triangulated with data monitoring actual use of coping strategies. Each variable is asked separately; none are imputed. Not all variables are included in the surveys of all countries in the sample. The variables of interest that are reported for each country are provided in Annex A.

**We use both definitions to identify enterprise-owning households in the analysis** . The household business definition provides greater precision on the presence of an enterprise in the household (farm or non-farm) and income changes attributable to those enterprises. The household head definition, when limited to respondents who are self-employed, allows us to observe how trends differ by gender and age of a household head who is likely to be the owner of a household enterprise (farm or non-farm). We use a broad definition of household enterprise, which includes both a recognized household enterprise as well as self-employed service providers, namely casual workers who are not in an employer-employee relationship.<sup>13</sup>

**We also use a subset of HFPS data from 27 Sub-Saharan African countries to explore how households fared in the first year of the pandemic.** In this exercise, we are interested in how

> 11 Using the first wave of the HPFS data, heads comprise 75 percent of the respondents in the sample and 79 percent of heads are self-employed or work in a family business.

> 12 The gender composition of the sample reflects that of data reported for female self-employed household heads in the same 11 countries in the Global Monitoring Database (GMD). Specifically, women are 32 percent of the GMD sample and 27 percent of the HFPS survey. The average age is the same between surveys for women (45 years) while HFPS men are three years older than men in the GMD sample. Women’s households are 0.5 people smaller (4.6) among HFPS female heads than GMD female heads while men’s households are 0.2 people larger in the HFPS, as compared to male heads who are self-employed in the GMD data. 13 Nearly all respondents identified as living in a household that owns an enterprise (household Business Definition) also report being self-employed. However, 25 percent of those who report being self-employed do not identify as living in a household that owns an enterprise. We may understand the latter as casual workers who are not employees and also do not consider themselves as owning a business, such as freelance construction workers.

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