of experiencing psychological and/or economic violence without physical and/or sexual violence than those who do not. These variables are not statistically significant in the other categories of violence.

Additionally, women with disabilities have 1.6 times more risk of experiencing psychological and/or economic violence without physical and/or sexual violence and two times more risk of being the victim of physical and/or sexual violence accompanied with psychological violence than women who do not have disabilities. The high propensity that women with disabilities have to suffer multiple types of violence may be associated with a greater tolerance towards violence due to the different types of discrimination these women face.

Education level is negatively correlated with intimate partner violence. In other words, higher levels of education significantly reduce the risk of a woman experiencing any type of violence, particularly the risk of physical and/or sexual and psychological violence. In fact, women without a tertiary education are 3.3 times more likely to be victims of physical and/or sexual and psychological violence than those with that level of education.

The findings also reveal that being employed increases the likelihood that a woman experiences intimate partner violence. Women who report being employed have 1.4 times more risk of being the victim of psychological and/or economic violence without physical and/or sexual violence and 1.7 times more risk of experiencing physical and/or sexual violence along with psychological violence than those who are not working. Although counterintuitive, this result has also been reported in other studies (Casique, 2010; Bolis, 2015; World Bank Group, 2019). In fact, some studies suggest that when women perform paid work and are more economically empowered, some men may feel their masculinity and household power status threatened and consequently seek to regain their power and control over the woman by retaliating with violence.

Lastly, having been a victim of sexual abuse in childhood significantly increases the risk of experiencing all types of violence, especially the likelihood of being the victim of physical and/or sexual and psychological violence. Women who were victims of sexual abuse in childhood have a 1.9 times greater risk of experiencing psychological and/or economic violence without physical and/or sexual violence; 4.6 times more risk of physical and/or sexual violence without psychological violence; and 5.9 times more risk of physical and/or sexual violence along with psychological violence than those who were not victims of childhood sexual abuse.

Regarding the characteristics of the partners or ex-partners, the results of the estimates indicate that women whose partners or ex-partners have caused harm to third parties in public spaces or whose partners or ex-partners consume alcohol very frequently have a higher risk of experiencing multiple types of intimate partner violence. Indeed, the risk of experiencing physical and/or sexual and psychological violence is 10.6 times higher among women whose partners have caused harm to third parties in public spaces than among those whose partners have not shown this type of behavior, while the risk of physical and/or sexual violence without psychological violence is 5.2 times higher and the risk of psychological and/or economic violence without physical and/or sexual violence is 2.1 times higher.

The risk of experiencing physical and/or sexual and psychological violence is 6.1 times higher among women whose partners or ex-partners consume alcohol very frequently (six drinks per day at least once a week or almost daily) than among those whose partners or ex-partners do not consume alcohol or do so less than once a month. The risk of physical and/or sexual violence without psychological violence is 3.0 times higher, and the risk of psychological violence and/or economic violence without physical and/or sexual violence is 2.6 times higher.

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