_Panel B. Growth gap between survey mean and GDP mean_

|||**All surveys**|||**Co**|**nsumption su**|**rveys**||**I**|**ncome sur**|**veys**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Group**|**Obs.**|**Bia**<br>**s**|**S.E.**|**Error**|**Obs.**|**Bias**|**S.E.**|**Error**|**Obs.**|**Bias**|**S.E.**|**Error**|
|All spells|16089 (155)|-0.19|0.19|2.45|5678 (127)|-0.43 **|0.19|2.53|10411 (67)|-0.09|0.26|2.03|
|All 1 year spells|10139 (145)|-0.09|0.17|1.96|3398 (117)|-0.27|0.17|2.02|6741 (62)|0.06|0.20|1.58|
|All 1 to 3 year spells|3464 (109)|-0.12|0.26|3.53|1186 (65)|-0.59 **|0.26|4.28|2278 (62)|0.21|0.25|2.87|
|All 4 to 6 year spells|3239 (135)|-0.41 *|0.23|2.54|1243 (107)|-0.60 **|0.23|2.73|1996 (65)|-0.19|0.24|1.83|
|Comparable spells only|8010 (136)|-0.40 **|0.18|2.45|2639 (92)|-0.94 ***|0.18|2.86|5371 (62)|0.05|0.17|2.04|
|Comparable, bal, 1-3 year spells|2767 (95)|-0.11|0.28|3.37|892 (50)|-0.99 ***|0.28|4.09|1875 (60)|0.32|0.28|2.88|
|Comparable, bal, 4-6 year spells|2116 (95)|-0.64 ***|0.20|2.10|662 (50)|-1.47 ***|0.20|2.70|1454 (60)|-0.06|0.16|1.64|
|1980s|85 (23)|0.11|0.96|3.21|27 (8)|-2.35 **|0.96|2.74|58 (15)|1.42|1.21|3.46|
|1990s|493 (84)|-1.28 ***|0.41|3.76|187 (60)|-1.55 ***|0.41|3.88|306 (42)|-1.02 *|* 0.42|3.05|
|2000s|2097 (118)|-0.17|0.23|2.79|851 (77)|-0.58 **|0.23|2.97|1246 (54)|0.71 *|* 0.32|2.69|
|2010s|2481 (103)|-0.29|0.23|2.21|741 (76)|-0.79 ***|0.23|2.34|1740 (58)|0.01|0.22|1.80|
|Low income|474 (49)|-0.44|0.49|3.53|460 (48)|-0.34|0.49|3.50|14 (3)|-2.61|2.08|2.89|
|Lower Middle Income|2676 (77)|-0.67 *|0.40|3.24|1363 (65)|-1.06 ***|0.40|3.37|1313 (18)|-0.45|0.76|3.23|
|Upper Middle Income|3135 (50)|-0.04|0.41|2.90|999 (35)|-0.27|0.41|2.87|2136 (28)|0.33|0.69|3.13|
|High Income|5955 (41)|0.11|0.18|1.54|817 (30)|-0.63 ***|0.18|1.75|5138 (39)|0.19|0.18|1.51|
|East Asia & Pacific|1129 (19)|-0.40|0.51|2.33|952 (15)|-0.62|0.51|2.29|177 (6)|-0.28|0.82|2.24|
|Europe & Central Asia|8501 (48)|-0.29|0.24|2.23|3301 (46)|-0.67 ***|0.24|2.43|5200 (33)|0.13|0.16|1.53|
|Latin America & Caribbean|4422 (23)|-0.03|0.68|2.98|133 (4)|-2.21 ***|0.68|4.54|4289 (22)|-0.04|0.71|2.80|
|Middle East & North Africa|338 (12)|-1.09 ***|0.32|1.69|212 (10)|-1.30 ***|0.32|1.80|126 (3)|-0.72|0.75|1.48|
|North America|1114 (2)|-0.56|0.41|0.73|496 (1)|-1.28 ***|0.41|1.34|618 (2)|-0.39|0.24|0.59|
|South Asia|<br>175 (7)|0.13|0.96|2.35|<br>175 (7)|0.13|0.96|2.35|||||
|Sub-Saharan Africa|410 (44)|0.14|0.42|2.79|409 (44)|0.17|0.42|2.76|||||

**Notes:** Robust standard errors clustered at the country level (based on robust sandwich estimator). Statistical significance of difference from zero, denoted by *p < = .1, **p < = .05, ***p < = .01. Within each group (sample) each country is given equal weight regardless of number of country-year observations. Number of countries in each group given in parentheses. Comparable spells are calculated only between surveys within a country that are deemed comparable for the purposes of international poverty monitoring. Details about the comparability indicator is available in Atamanov et al (2019). The subsamples labelled ‘balanced’ ensures the composition of countries across spell lengths is constant and useful for understanding how spell length affect estimates without affecting the composition of countries.