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# **APPENDIX**

# **A. Robustness**

This appendix describes the robustness checks performed to assess the sensitivity of the presented results to changes in the composition and aggregation methodology underlying the construction of the variables used in the DEA.

First, we test the robustness of our results to alternative weighting schemes which assign double weight to one of the four indicators included in the DEA input index (recall that our baseline specification uses equal weights).<sup>24</sup> For example, one alternative specification assigns a weight of 2/5 to trade openness while the other three indicators are assigned a weight of 1/5 each (and analogously for the other alternative specifications). To assess the similarity of the resulting outcomes with our baseline

> 24 This approach mirrors the robustness checks with respect to weighting performed in Afonso et al. (2005).

25