services that are consistent with the reports of humanitarian and news agencies on the ground.<sup>25</sup> Furthermore, the regions that the WFP survey identifies as receiving the most assistance roughly align with the population-level estimates of the prevalence of food assistance (e.g., Tandon and Vishwanath 2021).

And lastly, our sample is limited to only those displaced households reached both prior to and following displacement (1116 households). It does not include households reached only after displacement (6910 households); and if such households differ from our sample, it would limit the generalizability of our results. Thus, we examine differences in these samples by pooling all displaced households (8026 households) and regressing an indicator for whether the household was reached before and after displacement on averages of all the 14 food security variables collected in the WFP survey.<sup>26</sup><sup>_,_27</sup> Table 2 demonstrates that one cannot reject the hypothesis that there is no joint difference in all food security information between the primary sample and all other displaced households; a test of all coefficients jointly equaling zero has a p-value of 0.352.<sup>28</sup>

# **Section 4. Empirical Strategy**

We estimate how food access indicators were changing leading up to and following displacement. Specifically, we estimate variants of the following baseline specification:

> 25Appendix 3 compares key variables from the WFP survey to population estimates of mobile phone users from the 2014 HBS data. Every single comparable food security indicator dramatically declined since the 2014 HBS survey, consistent with the reports of wide-spread food insecurity (e.g., IPC 2017; FEWNET 2018; etc.). Home ownership declined, the prevalence of renting increased, and the size of households increased, which are all consistent with the widespread issue of internal displacement (e.g., TFPM 2019). And access to services declined dramatically, where essentially no households had access to an electricity network and only 25 percent had access to a water network, which is consistent with the reporting of humanitarian agencies (e.g., OCHA 2018).

> 26The sample excludes the month of displacement (so as to avoid capturing impacts of displacement), but the results are qualitatively identical when the month of displacement is included, when only postdisplacement rounds are included, and when only post-displacement rounds well after displacement are included. There were 8,086 displaced households in the total WFP survey, but 60 of the households only responded to a single survey in the month of displacement and were excluded from the specification.

> 27The specifications also include month-year indicators and district fixed effects. The violence data are not included because households that only answered post-displacement rounds do not provide their origin districts.

> 28Alternatively, in specifications not reported, when regressing each food security variable separately on the indicator for whether the displaced household was reached both before and after first displacement, only one variable out of 14 is statistically significant at the five percent level, which is similar to what would be expected by chance.

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