low-income families, which can be used to identify vulnerable people in the society and develop appropriate benefits for them. _CadUnico_<sup>_ ́_</sup> aims to include families with monthly income of up to half a minimum wage per person, or total monthly income of up to three minimum wages. Families with an income above half a minimum wage can also be registered, as long as their inclusion is linked to receipts of social programs, implemented by municipalities, states or the federal government. _CadUnico_<sup>_ ́_</sup> enrollment records show a significant increase in the total number of Venezuelans enrolled in the register, jumping from 1,969 in January 2018 to 74,185 in July 2020 and 77,291 in September 2020. Due to unavailability of recent census data and PNAD surveys not including nationality, there is not enough information at present on the Venezuelans to explore the determinants of registering, thus, this paper concentrates on the determinants of receiving treatment under _Bolsa Familia_ , once registered in _Cad Unico_<sup>_ ́_</sup> .

_Bolsa Familia_ is one of the social assistance programs that uses the _Cadastro Unico_ to identify the low-income families and assess their socioeconomic conditions. _Bolsa Familia_ is a conditional cash transfer for households living in poverty and extreme poverty. In July 2020, 13.5 million families, reaching 44.5 million people - approximately 21% of Brazil’s total population - benefited from _Bolsa Fam ́ılia_ . The total amount disbursed is approximately R$ 30.6 billion (USD$ 6.1 billion) per year, equivalent to 0.45% of the national GDP.

_Bolsa Familia_ benefits are given depending on the family’s composition and per capita income. The basic benefit is equal to R$ 89.0 (USD$ 18.0) and is paid only to extremely poor families, whose income per capita does not exceed 89.0 reais per month. Variable benefits are R$ 41.0 (USD$ 8.2) and are available for families with children between 0 and 6 months of age, children under 15, pregnant women and nursing mothers, up to a maximum of 5 beneficiaries per family. The variable youth benefit has a cash transfer of 48 reais (USD$ 9.2), and is intended for families with adolescents aged between 16 and 17 years, and has a maximum limit of 2 beneficiaries per family. Both variable benefits and variable youth benefits depend on compliance with conditions related to minimum school attendance, vaccination, in the case of children of vaccination age, and the use of health services for pregnant women. It also comprises of the Benefit of Overcoming Extreme Poverty (BSP), which is a variable amount paid to those families under _Bolsa Fam ́ılia_ , who even after receiving other types of benefits do not achieve per capita monthly family income of R$ 89.0. The average monthly payment of _Bolsa Fam ́ılia_ is equivalent to approximately R$ 170.0 (USD$ 34.0) per family, as of March 2020.

This paper is interested in analyzing whether there is a gap in the coverage rate of PBF between Venezuelans and Brazilians, who are registered in CadUnico. We then analyze the underlying causes of the gap using the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique for non-linear regression models, developed in Oaxaca and Ransom (1994). The below model is estimated using both OLS and Probit model.

where _Iijz_ is an indicator variable taking the value of 1 if household _i_ living in municipality _j_ and province _z_ is PBF beneficiary and 0 otherwise. _Mijz_ is a vector including household characteristics like income per capita, household size, dummy equal to 1 if family has children between 0 and 6 years old, 7-15 years old and 15-17 year old respectively, dummy for access to public services like 16