**<u>Table 4: Parcel-level descriptive statistics</u>**

||<br>**Total**|**Title**|**Chief**|**t-test**|**No**|**t-test**|**5-20**|**>20 ha**|**t-test**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||||**Cert.**||**doc.**||**ha**|||
|**Panel A: Owned parcels**||||||||||
|<br>**Head’s characteristics**||||||||||
|Male head|0.84|0.80|0.83||0.85|***|0.85|0.83|*|
|Age|54.12|56.57|54.01|***|53.35|***|52.71|55.62|***|
|<br>Head is literate|0.75|0.82|0.79||0.72|***|0.73|0.78|***|
|Head is member of farmers group|0.41|0.50|0.31|***|0.42|***|0.39|0.44|**|
|Head leader in local organization|0.29|0.32|0.26|**|0.29||0.28|0.30||
|<br>**Land endowment & characteristics**||||||||||
|Parcel area in ha|15.26|27.70|14.84|***|11.35|***|8.40|22.66|***|
|Cultivated land in ha|4.49|4.66|4.64||4.40||3.69|5.36|***|
|Titled land|0.20|1.00|-||-||0.20|0.20||
|State land|0.17|0.85|-||-||0.17|0.17||
|Previously customary land|0.03|0.15|-||-||0.03|0.03||
|<br>Document in name of male only|0.69|0.69|||||0.70|0.69||
|<br>Document in name of female only|0.23|0.23|||||0.21|0.25||
|Document joint male/female|0.08|0.08|||||0.09|0.06||
|<br>Parcel with chief certificate|0.18|0.00|1.00||-||0.17|0.20|***|
|Document in name of male only|0.74||0.74||||0.76|0.72||
|<br>Document in name of female only|0.18||0.18||||0.17|0.20||
|Document joint male/female|0.08||0.08||||0.07|0.09||
|State land w/o document|0.11|-|-||0.17||0.13|0.08|***|
|Customary land w/o document|0.51|-|-||0.83||0.51|0.51||
|**Perceived rights**||||||||||
|Has the right to sell land|0.33|0.51|0.26|***|0.29|***|0.36|0.29|***|
|<br>Self-assessed land value (ZMK/ha)|10,632|14,317|11,320|*|9,214|***|10,394|10,888||
|<br>Likelihood of disagreement|<br>0.02|<br>0.02|<br>0.02||<br>0.03||<br>0.02|<br>0.03||
|Would like to have a title?|0.81|-|0.84||0.80||0.82|0.79||
|Would like to pay for a title?|0.94|-|0.94||0.95||0.95|0.94||
|<br>Amount willing to pay (ZMK/ha)|227|-|149||252||249|202|**|
|**Land use**||||||||||
|Share of fallowed land|0.15|0.16|0.16||0.15||0.14|0.16|*|
|Left land fallow in past 5 years (y/n)|0.06|0.07|0.05||0.06||0.05|0.07|***|
|Has SWC measures (y/n)|0.17|0.19|0.14|**|0.17||0.16|0.18||
|Has trees (y/n)|0.40|0.39|0.40||0.40||0.40|0.39||
|<br>Number of trees per ha|<br>2.83|<br>2.44|<br>2.70||<br>3.00||<br>3.17|<br>2.46||
|<br>Got access to credit (holding level)|0.17|0.20|0.20||0.15|***|0.15|0.19|**|
|**Tenure status at acquisition**||||||||||
|<br>Titled at acquisition|0.09|0.39|0.01|***|0.02|***|0.07|0.12|***|
|<br>Title under process at acquisition|0.04|0.10|0.01|***|0.03|***|0.04|0.04||
|Chief certificate at acquisition|0.21|0.04|0.82|***|0.08|***|0.18|0.24|***|
|<br>State land w/o tile at acquisition|<br>0.15|<br>0.37|<br>0.01|***|<br>0.13|***|<br>0.20|<br>0.11|***|
|<br>Customary w/o doc. at acquisition|0.49|0.08|0.15|***|0.73|***|0.50|0.49||
|<br>Number of parcels|3072|614|566||1892||1592|1480||
|<br>**Panel B: Operated parcels**|,||||,||,|,||
|<br>Crop output (ZMW/ha)|3,378|3,570|3,237||3,406||3,296|3,471||
|<br>Purchased inputs (ZMW/ha)|<br>2,114|<br>2,113|<br>1,972||<br>2,224||<br>2,102|<br>2,128||
|<br>Gross profit (ZMW/ha)|<br>1,264|<br>1,457|<br>1,264||<br>1,183|*|<br>1,194|<br>1,343||
|<br>Cultivated area (ha)|<br>6.12|<br>6.33|<br>6.25||<br>6.00||<br>5.64|<br>6.64|***|
|<br>Use manure?|0.13|0.20|0.11|***|0.12|***|0.14|0.12||
|Years since acquisition|23.06|23.18|23.64||23.45||21.42|24.89|***|
|<br>Titled land|0.18|1.00|-||-||0.19|0.18||
|State land|0.16|0.85|-||-||0.16|0.15||
|Previously customary land|0.03|0.15|-||-||0.03|0.03||
|<br>Parcel with chief certificate|0.17|-|1.00||-||0.15|0.19|***|
|State land with no document|0.09|-|-||0.17||0.11|0.07|***|
|Customary land with no document|0.46|-|-||0.83||0.45|0.47||
|<br>Number of parcels|2,737|503|456||1,512||1,444|1,293||

_Source:_ Own computation from 2020 Zambia Eastern Province Farm Survey.

22