**Table S13:** Association of market access on outcome variables using OLS, panel data

||N|TL|Urb|an|Cropl|and|N|TL|U|rban|Cro|pland|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|(9)|(10)|(11)|(12)|
|MA|_−_0_._01|_−_0_._03<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._01<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._003|_−_0_._0003|0_._001|0_._02|_−_0_._02|_−_0_._02<sup>_∗_</sup>|_−_0_._07<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._01|_−_0_._003|
||(0_._01)|(0_._01)|(0_._002)|(0_._002)|(0_._002)|(0_._002)|(0_._02)|(0_._03)|(0_._01)|(0_._02)|(0_._01)|(0_._01)|
|MA_×NTL_96 Low||0_._06<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._02<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._004||0_._10<sup>_∗∗_</sup>||0_._02||0_._01|
|||(0_._02)||(0_._01)||(0_._004)||(0_._04)||(0_._02)||(0_._01)|
|MA_×NTL_96 Med||0_._12<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._03<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||_−_0_._003||0_._15<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._09<sup>_∗_</sup>||0_._01|
|||(0_._04)||(0_._01)||(0_._005)||(0_._05)||(0_._05)||(0_._01)|
|MA_×NTL_96 High||0_._20<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._25<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||_−_0_._06<sup>_∗∗_</sup>||0_._14<sup>_∗_</sup>||0_._48<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||_−_0_._07|
|||(0_._04)||(0_._05)||(0_._02)||(0_._08)||(0_._14)||(0_._07)|
|Unit|_Keb._|_Keb._|_Keb._|_Keb._|_Keb._|_Keb._|_Wor._|_Wor._|_Wor._|_Wor._|_Wor._|_Wor._|
|Year FE|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|
|Unit FE|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|
|Observations<br>|329,973|329,973|329,973|329,973|329,973|329,973|16,380|16,380|16,380|16,380|16,380|16,380|
|R<sup>2</sup><br>|0.70|0.70|0.90|0.90|0.99|0.99|0.91|0.91|0.96|0.97|1.00|1.00|
|Adjusted R<sup>2</sup>|0.69|0.69|0.89|0.90|0.99|0.99|0.90|0.90|0.96|0.96|1.00|1.00|

Standard errors clustered on Woredas when using Kebeles as the unit of analysis and standard errors clustered on Zones when using Woredas as the unit of analysis. MA is the logged value of market access. _NTL_ 96 Low, Medium, and High are dummy variables for different groups of baseline nighttime lights; groups are formed using 3-quantiles of the maximum value of nighttime lights within Woredas that had some positive nighttime lights. The excluded group is Woredas where the maximum value of nighttime lights at baseline was 0. NTL is the average nighttime lights within units (Kebeles or Woredas), Urban is the total urban area within units, and Cropland is the total cropland area within units; we use the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation on all outcome variables, which has a similar interpretation as logs.<sup>_∗_</sup> p _<_ 0.1;<sup>_∗∗_</sup> p _<_ 0.05;<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup> p _<_ 0 _._ 01

**Table S14:** Association of market access on outcome variables using 50km doughnut IV, panel data

||N|TL|Urb|an|Crop|land|N|TL|Ur|ban|Cro|pland|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|(9)|(10)|(11)|(12)|
|MA|_−_0_._002|_−_0_._04<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0_._02<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._002|_−_0_._001|0_._003|0_._04|_−_0_._04|0_._05<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._05<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|_−_0_._01|0_._004|
||(0_._01)|(0_._01)|(0_._004)|(0_._003)|(0_._005)|(0_._01)|(0_._03)|(0_._04)|(0_._03)|(0_._02)|(0_._01)|(0_._01)|
|MA_×NTL_96 Low||0_._08<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._02<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._005||0_._19<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._03||0_._01|
|||(0_._03)||(0_._01)||(0_._01)||(0_._06)||(0_._03)||(0_._01)|
|MA_×NTL_96 Med||0_._18<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._05<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||_−_0_._01||0_._22<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._12<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||_−_0_._001|
|||(0_._05)||(0_._01)||(0_._01)||(0_._07)||(0_._05)||(0_._01)|
|MA_×NTL_96 High||0_._25<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0_._37<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||_−_0_._09<sup>_∗∗_</sup>||0_._21<sup>_∗_</sup>||0_._71<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||_−_0_._09|
|||(0_._06)||(0_._08)||(0_._04)||(0_._11)||(0_._17)||(0_._08)|
|Unit|_Keb._|_Keb._|_Keb._|_Keb._|_Keb._|_Keb._|_Wor._|_Wor._|_Wor._|_Wor._|_Wor._|_Wor._|
|Year FE|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|
|Unit FE|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|_Y_|
|Observations|329,973|329,973|329,973|329,973|329,973|329,973|16,380|16,380|16,380|16,380|16,380|16,380|
|R<sup>2</sup>|0.70|0.70|0.90|0.90|0.99|0.99|0.91|0.91|0.96|0.96|1.00|1.00|
|Adjusted R<sup>2</sup>|0.69|0.69|0.89|0.90|0.99|0.99|0.90|0.90|0.96|0.96|1.00|1.00|

Standard errors clustered on Woredas when using Kebeles as the unit of analysis and standard errors clustered on Zones when using Woredas as the unit of analysis. MA is the logged value of market access. Market access is instrumented with a 50km MA Doughnut variable; that is, in calculating market access, units within 50km are excluded. _NTL_ 96 Low, Medium, and High are dummy variables for different groups of baseline nighttime lights; groups are formed using 3-quantiles of the maximum value of nighttime lights within Woredas that had some positive nighttime lights. The excluded group is Woredas where the maximum value of nighttime lights at baseline was 0. NTL is the average nighttime lights within units (Kebeles or Woredas), Urban is the total urban area within units, and Cropland is the total cropland area within units; we use the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation on all outcome variables, which has a similar interpretation as logs.<sup>_∗_</sup> p _<_ 0.1;<sup>_∗∗_</sup> p _<_ 0.05;<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup> p _<_ 0 _._ 01 S24