Source: authors’ estimations.

Table 16: The effects of the nature of mining activities on district inequality.

|||Constant m<br>|ineral prices<br>|||Average m<br>|ineral prices<br>|<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Gini|MLD|Theil|RLP|Gini|MLD|Theil|RLP|
|Mineral extraction|-0.448<sup>***</sup>|-0.603<sup>***</sup>|-0.530<sup>***</sup>|-3.395<sup>***</sup>|-0.465<sup>***</sup>|-0.630<sup>***</sup>|-0.564<sup>***</sup>|-3.726<sup>***</sup>|
||[0.061]|[0.111]|[0.118]|[0.741]|[0.055]|[0.096]|[0.104]|[0.907]|
|Mineral transformation|0.180<sup>***</sup>|0.277<sup>***</sup>|0.206<sup>**</sup>|17.504<sup>***</sup>|0.166<sup>***</sup>|0.255<sup>***</sup>|0.178<sup>**</sup>|17.240<sup>***</sup>|
||[0.048]|[0.095]|[0.091]|[2.040]|[0.043]|[0.085]|[0.082]|[1.914]|
|Log(Prices)|0.005|-0.003|0.003|-0.045|0.007|0.001|0.008|0.006|
||[0.009]|[0.017]|[0.018]|[0.049]|[0.008]|[0.014]|[0.015]|[0.059]|
|Fixed effects|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Controls|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|N|19298|19298|19298|23745|19298|19298|19298|23745|
|R-squared|0.762|0.625|0.676|0.463|0.762|0.625|0.676|0.463|
|Countries|38|38|38|38|38|38|38|38|

Notes: (1) The table shows the regression results for a sample of 2,182 districts in 653 countries across 38 countries in Africa during 2001–2012. (2) The regressions exploit the nature of mining activities to explain spatial-temporal variations in district inequality. (3) All inequality indicators are at the district level and measured using night-time light intensity. (4) The standard errors, clustered at the country level, are in the brackets. (5) MLD stands for mean logarithmic deviation, and RLP stands for relative lights per capita. (6) Constant (measured at constant 1998 US dollars) and average (measured as annual averages) prices come from USGS. (7) Mineral extraction refers to mining sites where extractive mining activities are taking place, and mineral transformation refers to sites where value addition to raw minerals is performed. (8) Fixed effects include time fixed effects, district fixed effects, regional fixed effects, country fixed effects, and country-year fixed effects. (9) Controls include a proxy for agricultural productivity, rainfall, population sizes, lights pixels lit, and district geographical locations (measured in absolute latitudes).<sup>*</sup> p < 0.10.<sup>**</sup> p < 0.05.<sup>***</sup> p < 0.01.

Source: authors’ estimations.

Table 17: The effects of the status of mining activities by mineral type on district inequality

|||Constant m|ineral prices|||Average m|ineral prices||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Gini|MLD|Theil|RLP|Gini|MLD|Theil|RLP|
|SITC_1 x Active x log(Price)|0.126<sup>***</sup>|0.207<sup>***</sup>|0.105<sup>***</sup>|9.333<sup>***</sup>|0.137<sup>***</sup>|0.201<sup>***</sup>|0.109<sup>***</sup>|13.313<sup>***</sup>|
||[0.006]|[0.020]|[0.014]|[1.080]|[0.015]|[0.047]|[0.035]|[2.704]|
|SITC_2 x Active x log(Price)|<br>0.141<sup>***</sup>|<br>0.296<sup>***</sup>|<br>0.366<sup>***</sup>|<br>0.404<sup>***</sup>|<br>0.201<sup>***</sup>|<br>0.560<sup>***</sup>|<br>1.332<sup>***</sup>|<br>0.025|
||[0.006]|[0.016]|[0.016]|[0.131]|[0.010]|[0.017]|[0.024]|[0.188]|
|SITC_3 x Active x log(Price)|0.014|-0.178|0.020|-0.873|0.023|-0.160|-0.045|-0.261|
||[0.089]|[0.223]|[0.129]|[0.808]|[0.085]|[0.194]|[0.161]|[0.882]|
|SITC_5 x Active x log(Price)|0.027|0.065|-0.002|0.611|0.032|0.081|0.008|0.619|
||[0.037]|[0.067]|[0.081]|[1.044]|[0.048]|[0.087]|[0.106]|[1.153]|
|SITC_5 x Closed x log(Price)|<br>-0.346<sup>***</sup>|<br>-0.821<sup>***</sup>|<br>-0.570<sup>***</sup>|<br>-0.796<sup>***</sup>|<br>-0.407<sup>***</sup>|<br>-0.976<sup>***</sup>|<br>-0.673<sup>***</sup>|<br>-0.911<sup>***</sup>|
||[0.002]|[0.003]|[0.004]|[0.068]|[0.002]|[0.004]|[0.005]|[0.080]|
|SITC_6 x Active x log(Price)|-0.063|-0.099|0.050|-7.762|0.003|-0.020|0.012|0.404|
||[0.089]|[0.135]|[0.168]|[6.670]|[0.065]|[0.095]|[0.091]|[1.054]|
|SITC_6 x Closed x log(Price)|<br>-0.282|<br>-0.412<sup>**</sup>|<br>-0.610<sup>**</sup>|<br>-1.658|<br>0.190<sup>***</sup>|<br>0.331<sup>**</sup>|<br>0.279<sup>***</sup>|<br>2.558<sup>**</sup>|
||[0.177]|[0.152]|[0.246]|[1.341]|[0.051]|[0.135]|[0.089]|[1.015]|
|SITC_7 x Active x log(Price)|-0.046<sup>***</sup>|-0.160<sup>***</sup>|-0.069<sup>***</sup>|-0.065|-0.039<sup>***</sup>|-0.135<sup>***</sup>|-0.058<sup>***</sup>|-0.049|
||[0.010]|[0.032]|[0.023]|[0.138]|[0.009]|[0.028]|[0.019]|[0.118]|
|SITC_9 x Active x log(Price)|<br>-0.003|<br>-0.018|<br>-0.012|<br>0.182<sup>*</sup>|<br>-0.003|<br>-0.019|<br>-0.009|<br>0.176<sup>*</sup>|
||[0.019]|[0.036]|[0.040]|[0.104]|[0.019]|[0.034]|[0.041]|[0.101]|
|SITC_10 x Active x log(Price)|-0.048|-0.090|-0.131|-0.562|-0.039|-0.076|-0.105|-0.481<sup>*</sup>|

35