tent with the reports of humanitarian and news agencies on the ground.22 Furthermore, the regions that the WFP survey identifies as receiving the most assistance roughly align with the population-level estimates of the prevalence of food assistance (e.g., Tandon and Vishwanath 2019).

And lastly, for the empirical analysis, it is important to verify that access to mobile phones and the likelihood of responding to the survey does not change in response to the shocks that are the focus of the analysis. Table 1 reports summary statistics of respondent characteristics and the number of active mobile phone numbers owned by the respondent before and after each shock in the affected regions. For each shock, there is little difference in each variable following the shock- the magnitude of each difference is small, and only one coefficient out of 16 estimated is marginally statistically significant. Furthermore, none of the differences between pre- and post-shock is jointly significant (p-values of 0.518, 0.769, 0.202, and 0.615 respectively ).23 Combined, there is little evidence that the shocks significantly affected the characteristics of those who responded to the WFP mobile phone survey.

# **Section 4. Correlation between School Attendance and Violence in the District of Residence**

Using the WFP survey, we first analyze the correlation between poor school attendance and violence in the district of residence. Specifically, we estimate the following specification: (1) _Poor School Attendhgdmy_ = _ψh_ + _τmy_ + _ρg_ + _βV iolenc_ _~~e~~ Severitygdmy_ + _αXhgdmy_ + _igdmy_ where h denotes household, g denotes governorate, d denotes district, m denotes month, and y denotes year; _Poor_ _~~S~~ chool_ _~~A~~ ttend_ denotes an indicator equaling one if not all school-aged children attended school in the past month; _X_ denotes a vector of household control variables24; and _V iolence_ _~~S~~ everity_ denotes a number of measures of severity used in different empirical specifications, including an indicator equaling one if there was a conflict fatality in the month of the survey in the district, the number of conflict incidents in the district, and the number of conflict fatalities in the district.

Estimates of _β_ are reported in Table 2. In all specifications, there is little evidence of a relationship between school attendance and the location of violence. Column (1) demonstrates that there is no relationship using the indicator equaling one if there was a conflict fatality in the district as the measure of severity, column (2) demonstrates there is no relationship using

> 22Comparisons between the WFP survey to estimates of mobile phone users in the 2014 HBS data demonstrate that every single indicator of food security collected that is replicable in the 2014 HBS dramatically declined, consistent with the reports of widespread food insecurity (e.g.,  IPC 2017;  FEW NET 2018;  etc.);  and access to a wide range of other basic services also declined, which is consistent with the reporting of humanitarian needs (e.g., OCHA 2020).

> 23The p-values were obtained from a regression of the post indicator on each of the variables reported in table 1. For each shock, the sample is restricted to observations from the two months before and the months during each shock in the region that the shock affected.

> 24Control variables include the gender of the household head, the age of the respondent, and the household size.

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