**Table 5: Individual preferences for reducing inequality – extended models**

|(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|I. Gapbetwe|en rich andpo|or should be re|duced|II. Inequalit|yaversion(1-10|scale)||
|**Pooled**|**Western E.**|<br>**New EU**|**Non-EU**|**Pooled**|**Western E.**|<br>**New EU**|**Non-EU**|
|_Main determinant of success in society (effort and hard work is baseline)_||||||||
|Intelligence and skills<br>-0.064*|0.038|-0.142**|-0.066|-0.114***|-0.013|-0.148**|-0.125**|
|(0.035)|(0.067)|(0.061)|(0.054)|(0.036)|(0.060)|(0.061)|(0.058)|
|Political connections<br>0.202***|0.439***|0.176**|0.143**|0.059|0.270**|0.011|0.050|
|(0.050)|(0.144)|(0.079)|(0.071)|(0.049)|(0.135)|(0.076)|(0.069)|
|Breaking the law<br>0.234***|0.699***|0.262***|0.113|0.051|0.219|0.001|0.060|
|(0.065)|(0.228)|(0.099)|(0.091)|(0.063)|(0.296)|(0.105)|(0.081)|
|Other<br>0.130*|0.438***|-0.000|0.128|0.180***|0.405**|0.292**|0.030|
|(0.068)|(0.132)|(0.119)|(0.095)|(0.067)|(0.161)|(0.117)|(0.095)|
|_Main determinant of need in society (inevitable part of modern life is baseline)_||||||||
|Unlucky<br>-0.050|-0.011|-0.083|-0.071|0.162***|0.077|0.306***|0.087|
|(0.049)|(0.104)|(0.084)|(0.077)|(0.051)|(0.110)|(0.077)|(0.084)|
|Laziness<br>-0.092**|-0.284***|-0.070|-0.067|-0.073*|-0.242***|0.026|-0.084|
|(0.043)|(0.078)|(0.075)|(0.070)|(0.044)|(0.089)|(0.075)|(0.070)|
|Injustice<br>0.250***|0.508***|0.314***|0.092|0.245***|0.441***|0.364***|0.109*|
|(0.041)|(0.087)|(0.068)|(0.063)|(0.041)|(0.096)|(0.064)|(0.064)|
|Other<br>-0.038|-0.123|0.077|-0.097|-0.138**|-0.163|-0.051|-0.200**|
|(0.067)|(0.114)|(0.121)|(0.103)|(0.061)|(0.136)|(0.102)|(0.092)|
|Ladder position 4 years ago<br>0.017|0.067***|0.042*|-0.013|-0.006|0.027|0.000|-0.018|
|(0.012)|(0.025)|(0.022)|(0.017)|(0.012)|(0.023)|(0.022)|(0.016)|
|<br>Ladder position now<br>-0.066***|<br>-0.089**|<br>-0.102***|<br>-0.028|<br>-0.025|<br>-0.045|<br>-0.040|<br>-0.006|
|(0.016)|(0.039)|(0.031)|(0.022)|(0.016)|(0.034)|(0.029)|(0.022)|
|Expected ladder position 4 years hence<br>-0.027**|-0.064**|-0.051**|-0.011|-0.061***|-0.108***|-0.071***|-0.049***|
|(0.012)|(0.030)|(0.025)|(0.016)|(0.013)|(0.027)|(0.021)|(0.018)|
|Not affected by the financial crisis<br>-0.170***|-0.164**|-0.173**|-0.166***|-0.021|-0.014|-0.103|0.012|
|(0.035)|(0.070)|(0.068)|(0.049)|(0.038)|(0.071)|(0.067)|(0.055)|
|_Expressed risk preference ("would take the risk" is baseline)_||||||||
|<br>Would not take the risk<br>0.057*|-0.032|0.041|0.090*|-0.091**|0.088|-0.002|-0.188***|
|(0.034)|(0.072)|(0.057)|(0.051)|(0.036)|(0.070)|(0.057)|(0.055)|
|Could not answer<br>-0.028|0.159|-0.127|0.040|0.132**|0.487***|0.193**|0.048|
|(0.054)|(0.214)|(0.096)|(0.067)|(0.057)|(0.165)|(0.097)|(0.070)|
|Market economy preferred<br>-0.135***|-0.366***|-0.210***|-0.000|-0.107***|-0.268***|-0.203***|0.009|
|<br>(0.033)|(0.073)|(0.056)|(0.048)|(0.034)|(0.072)|(0.055)|(0.050)|
|<br>Asset index<br>-0.015|<br>-0.047**|<br>0.012|<br>-0.020|<br>-0.094***|<br>-0.094***|<br>-0.146***|<br>-0.070***|
|(0.012)|(0.022)|(0.024)|(0.017)|(0.012)|(0.025)|(0.022)|(0.016)|
|Individual/HH controls<br>Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Pseudo R-squared<br>0.033|0.051|0.038|0.027|0.035|0.036|0.053|0.027|
|Observations<br>27687|5020|8529|14138|27705|5023|8558|14124|

Notes: Estimates from ordered logistic regressions reported. Robust standard errors, clustered at CEA level in parentheses. Dependent variable in panel I. is a 5-step measure of the preference for a smaller gap between the rich and the poor, ranging from 1 – strongly disagree to 5 – strongly agree. Dependent variable in panel II is a 1-10 scale measure where 1 corresponds to the belief that larger income differences incentivize effort and 10 corresponds to the belief that incomes should be made more equal. All individual and household characteristics from the baseline model, as well as country dummies included in all models, but not reported. Significance: * 0.10; ** 0.05; *** 0.01.

19