gender effects of mobile use activity on non-agricultural enterprises. In the 2SLS, gender is also positive and insignificant while marital status is negative and insignificant. Estimate for the interaction between MOBILE and gender is similar and insignificant. While the estimate for the interaction between MOBILE and gender (i.e., female) is not significant, the negative sign highlights that women have been more vulnerable to the mandatory SIM registration exercise. This can be explained by the fact that women tend to disproportionally work in non-farm selfemployments.

**<u>Table 6: OLS: Effect of mobile activity on aspects of business enterprise</u>**

|<br>DV|<br>(1)<br>Transform<br>Agr. product|<br>(2) Make<br>clothing|<br>(3) Own<br>construction|<br>(4) Any<br>profession<br>for own|<br>(5) Own<br>bus<br>service|<br>(6) Own<br>commercial<br>transport|(7) Own<br>restaurant<br>or bar|(8) Own<br>small<br>activity|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|MOBILE|0.0319*|0.00286|0.00313|-0.00180|0.0142|-0.00975|-0.00262|-0.0338*|
||(0.0173)|(0.0105)|(0.0105)|(0.00740)|(0.00970)|(0.00597)|(0.00540)|(0.0189)|
|Constant|0.188***|0.0348***|0.0375***|0.0329***|0.0277***|0.0181***|0.0158***|0.223***|
||(0.0150)|(0.00588)|(0.00555)|(0.00482)|(0.00462)|(0.00440)|(0.00424)|(0.0167)|
|# of OBS|2,785|2,785|2,785|2,785|2,785|2,785|2,785|2,784|
|# of|258|258|258|258|258|258|258|258|
|Clusters|||||||||
|Controls|No|No|No|No|No|No|No|No|
|Cluster FEs|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Year FESs|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|

_Notes_ : Table reports estimates from regressions of the various aspects of engagement in non-agricultural business enterprises on mobile use and activity. Columns differ based on the combination of the dependent variable, model type and fixed effects included. All standard errors are clustered at the region level and shown in parentheses. Significance levels <u>are indicated by *** 1%, ** 5%, *10%.</u> _<u>Unit of Analysis</u>_ <u>:</u> **<u>cluster-level</u>** <u>.</u>

**<u>Table 7: OLS: Effect of mobile activity on aspects of business enterprise</u>**

|<br>DV|<br>(1) Transform<br>Agr. product|<br>(2) Make<br>clothing|<br>(3) Own<br>construction|<br>(4) Any<br>profession<br>for own|<br>(5) Own<br>bus<br>service|<br>(6) Own<br>commercial<br>transport|(7) Own<br>restaurant<br>or bar|(8) Own<br>small<br>activity|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|MOBILE|0.0284*|0.00432|0.00302|-0.000682|0.0137|-0.0132**|-0.00447|-0.0362*|
||(0.0169)|(0.0106)|(0.0108)|(0.00765)|(0.00986)|(0.00613)|(0.00532)|(0.0200)|
|Constant|0.147***|0.042***|0.0454***|0.0204**|0.0190|0.0138*|0.0197**|0.184***|
||(0.0227)|(0.0112)|(0.0113)|(0.0103)|(0.0154)|(0.00723)|(0.00832)|(0.0289)|
|# of OBS|2,677|2,677|2,677|2,677|2,677|2,677|2,677|2,676|
|# of Clusters|258|258|258|258|258|258|258|258|
|Controls|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Cluster FEs|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Year FESs|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|

_Notes_ : Table reports estimates from regressions of the various aspects of engagement in non-agricultural business enterprises on mobile use and activity. Columns differ based on the combination of the dependent variable, model type and fixed effects included. All standard errors are clustered at the region level and shown in parentheses. Significance levels are indicated by *** 1%, ** 5%, *10%. _Unit of Analysis_ : **clusterlevel** <u>.</u> ‐ 16 ‐