Before discussing some conceptual principles guiding the definition of the deprivation mapping (see Section 3.2), we present in the remainder of section 3.1 what this mapping looks like in our illustration.

Table 1 defines our deprivation mappings for the baseline and preferred designs. Consider first our baseline design. We begin with the monetary dimension. In Nigeria, the monetary aggregate is defined as the market value of consumption. In 2019, the national poverty line was $1.93 per person per day in 2011 PPPs (see page 19 of World Bank, 2022b). The national monetary line was thus almost equal to the World Bank’s extreme poverty line, which is $1.9 per person per day (2011 PPPs). The deprivation mapping for the baseline design assumes that an individual is extremely monetary deprived if her consumption is below the national poverty line, otherwise she is not monetary deprived. Given that an extreme deprivation automatically confers (multidimensional) poverty status, this assumption is equivalent to the one used by the WB’s MPM, which automatically classify as (multidimensionally) poor individuals who are below the extreme monetary line.

We succinctly describe the non-monetary deprivations used in the baseline design. In the health dimension, individuals are extremely deprived in three cases: they suffer from a heavy disability, they are an underweight woman between 15 and 49 years old (age-window and gender for which we have data) or they are a stunted child.<sup>1</sup> In turn, individuals who are not extremely health deprived are moderately health deprived in two cases: they suffer from a mild disability, or they suffer from severe over-weight (obesity). In the security dimension, an individual is extremely security deprived if her household has been victim of an insecurity event with “physical” consequences or if she lives in a district where at least a quarter of the households have been victim of an insecurity event with “physical” consequences. In turn, an individual who is not extremely security deprived is moderately security deprived if her household has been victim of an insecurity event with “material” consequences or if she lives in a district where at least a quarter of the households have been victim of an insecurity event with “material” consequences. In the housing dimension, we consider whether an individual lives in a household that has access to electricity, limited-standard drinking water, limited-standard sanitation and whose dwelling is made of appropriate materials. An individual is extremely housing deprived if her household is deprived in the four housing indicators and moderately housing deprived if her household is deprived in three housing indicators.

The deprivation mapping for the preferred design is the same as that of the baseline design, except that the former additionally considers a moderate monetary deprivation status and the education dimension. An individual is moderately monetary deprived if her consumption is above the national poverty line but below the WB’s societal poverty line in her state.<sup>14</sup> An individual is extremely education deprived if she is a child not enrolled in school. An individual is moderately education deprived if she lives in a household where no adult has completed primary education and no adult can read or write.

14 The WB societal poverty line is a (weakly) relative monetary line whose monetary threshold increases with median income but is never smaller than the extreme poverty line (Jolliffe and Prydz, 2021). Considering individuals whose income is between the extreme and societal poverty lines as moderately monetary deprived is consistent with the view that being absolutely income poor is worse than being only relatively income poor (Decerf, 2017; Decerf and Ferrando, 2022).

> 1 Data-constraints imply that we don’t have information on underweight men. Therefore, our indicator, which we construct for illustrative purposes, cannot be used to compare low well-being across men and women. For parallel reasons, it cannot be used to compare low well-being across children and adults.

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