women who gave birth in the two years preceding the survey in the four provinces covered by our study (excluding the province of the capital city Kigali). The rates of women who received at least one antenatal consultation, initiated antenatal care within the first four months of their pregnancy and delivered in a health facility attended by a skilled health provider are identical at 98, 63 and 79 percent respectively. The rate of women who completed at least the suggested number of four antenatal consultations is 37 percent in our sample relative to 36 percent in the RDHS. The rate of women who reported receiving postnatal care within ten days after delivery, however, is much higher in our sample at 38 percent relative to 18 percent.

# **ii. Time Trends**

Between the time of the baseline and the follow-up surveys there has been an overall increase in coverage of the targeted health services independently of the demand-side conditional transfers. These trends can be best portrayed by comparing service utilization by the control group at baseline and follow-up. As presented in figure 2, the percentage of women who received their first antenatal consultation during the first four months of their pregnancy increased from 61.2 percent to 77 percent and that of women who received four or more consultations has risen from 37.2 to 43.4 percent. The rate of women who gave birth in health facilities increased from 78.4 to 94.6 percent.

Unlike the other rates, that of women who reported receiving postnatal care has decreased between the baseline and follow-up surveys. It is 39 percent in the baseline and 17 percent in the follow up. Given the discrepancy between our baseline survey and the RDHS 2010, we cannot conclude that there was an actual decrease in timely postnatal care initiation. According to the RDHS report there has been an increase in the rate of women who received postnatal care within the first six days after delivery from 18.5 percent in 2010 to 43.8 percent in 2015. It is important to note, though, that the way women were asked about postnatal care was different in the two surveys. The RDHS specifically asks about care provided immediately after delivery and those who report receiving such care are not asked about the timing of follow-up checks. The CBPF impact evaluation survey asks more generally about care after births as the program’s goal was to have women come back to the health centers after being discharged.

# **iii. Program Implementation**

Information on the program implementation was collected through the health centers and household surveys. As mentioned before, the last funding for the in-kind transfers was provided to health centers in February 2013. However, it was not announced that the program will terminate and some health centers still had available gifts (or resources for gifts) with which to endow the women who met the eligibility criteria. At the time of the follow-up survey, about 90 percent of the health centers’ in-charges in the treatment group reported that their facility usually provides women gifts if they meet each of the three targeted eligibility criteria. Among the control group, the percentages of health centers that reported providing gifts for timely ANC, delivery and timely PNC is 12, 16 and 9 percent respectively. It is important to remember that the health centers have the autonomy to independently implement such programs.

Although almost all health centers in the treatment group reported usually giving the gifts, most of them also reported experiencing stock outs of the gifts. Only 19 percent of the health centers reported not experiencing stock outs in the six months preceding the survey. Forty-nine percent reported 7