# **Appendix 4. Figures**

|Appendix Figure 1: Average effects of preprimary interventions on participation and skills_during and after_|
|---|
|the preprimary period .............................................................................................................................................. 20|
|Appendix Figure 2: Effect sizes on school participation and progression (preprimary) ................................ 21|
|Appendix Figure 3: Effect sizes on language skills in HICs (preprimary) ...................................................... 22|
|Appendix Figure 4: Effect sizes on language skills in LMICs (preprimary) .................................................... 23|
|Appendix Figure 5: Effect sizes on cognitive literacy skills (preprimary) ........................................................ 24|
|Appendix Figure 6: Effect sizes on cognitive math skills (preprimary) ............................................................ 25|
|Appendix Figure 7: Effect sizes on cognitive general skills (preprimary) ........................................................ 26|
|Appendix Figure 8: Effect sizes on executive function skills (preprimary) ...................................................... 27|
|Appendix Figure 9: Effect sizes on social-emotional skills in HICs (preprimary) ........................................... 28|
|Appendix Figure 10: Effect sizes on social-emotional skills in LMICs (preprimary) ...................................... 29|
|Appendix Figure 11: Effect sizes on behavioral skills (preprimary) ................................................................. 30|
|Appendix Figure 12: Effect sizes on school participation and progression (post-preprimary) ..................... 31|
|Appendix Figure 13: Effect sizes on school participation and progression (adulthood) ................................ 32|
|Appendix Figure 14: Effect sizes on language skills (post-preprimary) ........................................................... 33|
|Appendix Figure 15: Effect sizes on cognitive literacy skills (post-preprimary) ............................................. 34|
|Appendix Figure 16: Effect sizes on cognitive math skills (post-preprimary) ................................................. 35|
|Appendix Figure 17: Effect sizes on cognitive general skills (post-preprimary) ............................................. 36|
|Appendix Figure 18: Effect sizes on executive function skills (post-preprimary) ........................................... 37|
|Appendix Figure 19: Effect sizes on social-emotional skills (post-preprimary) .............................................. 38|
|Appendix Figure 20: Effect sizes on behavioral skills (post-preprimary and adulthood) .............................. 39|
|Appendix Figure 21: Effect sizes on teaching practices in HIC (preprimary) .................................................. 40|
|Appendix Figure 22: Effect sizes on teaching practices in LMICs (preprimary & post-preprimary) ........... 41|
|Appendix Figure 23: Effect sizes on health and motor outcomes (preprimary) .............................................. 42<br>Appendix Figure 24: Effect sizes on health and motor outcomes (post-preprimary and adulthood) .......... 43|

_<u>Note: These Appendix Figures present study-specific average treatment effects of preprimary programs on outcomes</u> expressed in terms of standard deviations. Results are drawn from 54 experimental and quasi experimental studies that report impacts on a wide variety of outcome categories. Effect sizes to the right of zero represent an improvement of the outcome, while effect sizes to the left of zero represent a worsening of the outcome. (*) indicates that the connotation of the outcome is negative, and the representation of the effect size has been adjusted to show either an improvement or worsening according to each specific case._