**Similar results are observed when considering the sample of household heads who own (or work in) a household enterprise, namely income declines were most prevalent among heads owning a non-farm business** . While 75 percent of the sample of household heads experienced a decline in income, 83 percent of those who are self-employed or working in a family enterprise report household income loss as compared to 55 percent of those who are wage employees (Table 5). As in the sample that uses the household business definition, owners of non-farm household enterprises are more likely to experience an income decline than those that own farm businesses (89 versus 68 percent) (Table 5).

**Table 4. Share of urban household reporting income decline and use of coping strategies since the start of the pandemic (Household Business Definition)**<sup>29</sup>

||All|Farm<br>business|Non-<br>farm<br>business|Farm and<br>Non-farm<br>business|No<br>enterprise<br>ownership|Countries<sup>30</sup><br>(count)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|_Share Reporting an Income change, by_<br>_source of income_|||||||
|Total income decline|0.8|0.78|0.88|0.75|0.72|3|
||(0.033)|(0.074)|(0.042)|(0.026)|(0.105)||
|Farm income decline|0.55<br>(0.045)|0.46<br>(0.087)|n/a|0.47<br>(0.093)|n/a|9|
|Nonfarm income decline|0.84<br>(0.024)|n/a|0.83<br>(0.033)|0.83<br>(0.046)|n/a|9|
|Own business revenue decline|0.7<br>(0.035)|0.55<br>(0.081)|0.82<br>(0.038)|0.72<br>(0.069)|n/a|9|
|Wage income decline|0.5|0.58|0.51|0.47|0.51|9|
||(0.049)|(0.113)|(0.114)|(0.132)|(0.118)||
|_Share reporting Coping strategies, by_|||||||
|_type of coping strategy_|||||||
|Sold assets|0.05|0.06|0.03|0.04|0.08||
||(0.02)|(0.065)|(0.03)|(0.021)|(0.07)|4|
|Private assistance (cash or in-kind)|0.06|0.04|0.05|0.09|0.04||
||(0.015)|(0.013)|(0.019)|(0.05)|(0.021)|7|
|Public assistance (cash or in-kind)|0.07|0.03|0.03|0.05|0.05||
||(0.035)|(0.018)|(0.01)|(0.026)|(0.023)|7|
|Any assistance from any source|0.22|0.21|0.18|0.23|0.21||
||(0.055)|(0.132)|(0.118)|(0.117)|(0.134)|8|

Source: Own calculations based on HFPS-Wave 1.

Notes: Urban observations only. Standard errors in parentheses. n/a indicates that the statistic is not relevant for that cell, namely households that do not own an enterprise cannot report on income declines in a household enterprise.

> 29 The survey questions are: (i) "Has your Total Household Income changed since the pandemic started?" (ii) "Has this source of household income changed since last 12 month: Family farming, livestock or fishing?”, (iii) "Has this source of household income changed since the pandemic started: Non-farm family business?”, (iv) "Has this source of household income changed since the pandemic started: Wage employment of household members?”, and (v) “If someone in the household own a business, has the revenue from that business decreased since the pandemic started?”

> 30 Countries included: **Total income decline** (Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria), **Farm/nonfarm, wage** income and **business revenue** decline (Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Chad), **Sold assets** (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Sudan, South Sudan), **Private assistance** (Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Somalia, Chad), **Public assistance** (Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Somalia, South Sudan), **Any assistance from any source** (Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Chad).

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