- <u>Table 4: FIML estimation of expenditure equations of the system (1 3)</u>

|**Domestic M**|**igration**|**International**|**Migration**|**No Mig**|**ration**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Coeff.|_Std.Err._|Coeff.|_Std.Err._|Coeff.|_Std.Err_|
|_Household Demographics (before migration)_<br>||||||
|Household size<br>-0.120<sup>***</sup>|_0.014_|-0.101<sup>***</sup>|_0.017_|-0.074<sup>***</sup>|_0.006_|
|Share of children 0-3:_Omitted variable_||||||
|Share of children 4-7<br>0.319<br>|_0.217_|0.137<br>|_0.162_|0.175<sup>*</sup><br>|_0.093_|
|Share of children 8-15<br>0.278<sup>*</sup>|_0.159_|0.613<sup>***</sup><br>|_0.125_|0.359<sup>***</sup><br>|_0.069_|
|Share of men 16-64<br>0.161|_0.188_|0.386<sup>**</sup><br>|_0.190_|0.228<sup>**</sup><br>|_0.094_|
|Share of women 16-64<br>0.272|_0.180_|0.493<sup>**</sup>|_0.219_|0.748<sup>***</sup>|_0.091_|
|Share of elderly<br>-0.180|_0.201_|0.222|_0.245_|0.260<sup>**</sup>|_0.131_|
|<br>Number of married couples<br>0.150<sup>***</sup>|_0.040_|0.081<sup>**</sup>|_0.036_|0.067<sup>***</sup>|_0.018_|
|Maximum education of women<br>0.034<sup>**</sup>|_0.017_|0.081<sup>***</sup>|_0.015_|0.086<sup>***</sup>|_0.007_|
|_Ethnicity: Reference Category:_Brahman \ Chhetri||||||
|Dalit<br>-0.151<sup>*</sup>|_0.088_|-0.233<sup>***</sup>|_0.058_|-0.170<sup>***</sup>|_0.033_|
|Newar<br>0.049|_0.070_|0.074<br>|_0.100_|-0.002<br>|_0.031_|
|Terai-Hill Janajatis<br>-0.075|_0.053_|-0.125<sup>***</sup>|_0.047_|-0.217<sup>***</sup>|_0.022_|
|<br>Muslim \ Other Minorities<br>0.024|_0.059_|-0.151<sup>***</sup>|_0.052_|-0.132<sup>***</sup>|_0.025_|
|_Land holdings a year ago: Reference Category:_No fa|rm plot|||||
|Farm plot < 0.5 ha<br>-0.003|_0.053_|0.007|_0.051_|0.062<sup>***</sup>|_0.022_|
|Farm plot 0.5-1 ha<br>0.215<sup>***</sup>|_0.066_|0.055|_0.062_|0.143<sup>***</sup>|_0.028_|
|Farm plot: 1-2 ha<br>0.181<sup>***</sup><br>|_0.070_|0.120<sup>*</sup><br>|_0.064_|0.206<sup>***</sup><br>|_0.032_|
|Farm plot > 2 ha<br>0.266<sup>***</sup>|_0.088_|0.320<sup>***</sup>|_0.081_|0.330<sup>***</sup>|_0.040_|
|_Lagged durable asset index: Reference Category:_No<br>|durables|||||
|Asset poor (1 – 33<sup>th</sup>percentile)<br>0.053|_0.051_|0.070|_0.047_|0.004|_0.022_|
|(33<sup>th</sup>- 66<sup>th</sup>percentile)<br>0.175<sup>***</sup>|_0.052_|0.185<sup>***</sup>|_0.047_|0.167<sup>***</sup>|_0.023_|
|<br>Asset rich (66<sup>th</sup>- 100<sup>th</sup>percentile)<br>0.558<sup>***</sup>|_0.066_|0.518<sup>***</sup>|_0.064_|0.491<sup>***</sup>|_0.028_|
|Total pensions per capita<br>0.019<sup>**</sup>|_0.009_|0.022<sup>***</sup>|_0.005_|0.015<sup>***</sup>|_0.003_|
|_Geography dummies: Reference Category:_Katmandu||||||
|Other urban areas<br>-0.103|_0.106_|-0.044|_0.136_|0.195<sup>***</sup>|_0.041_|
|Rural west mount/hills<br>-0.063|_0.136_|-0.284|_0.176_|0.240<sup>***</sup>|_0.059_|
|Rural eastern mount/hills<br>-0.101|_0.123_|-0.225|_0.139_|0.114<sup>**</sup>|_0.048_|
|Rural western Terai<br>0.039|_0.131_|-0.199|_0.153_|0.218<sup>***</sup>|_0.053_|
|Rural eastern Terai<br>-0.071|_0.124_|0.002|_0.149_|0.299<sup>***</sup>|_0.049_|
|Log of distance to market center<br>-0.024|_0.019_|-0.017|_0.016_|-0.023<sup>***</sup>|_0.008_|
|_Ward level variables_||||||
|% illiterate, among age 15+<br>-0.250|_0.208_|-0.239|_0.195_|-0.369<sup>***</sup>|_0.089_|
|% literate or 1-4 years of education<br>0.029|_0.301_|-0.354|_0.289_|-0.115|_0.136_|
|% completed 5-7 years of education<br>0.516|_0.337_|-0.329|_0.316_|-0.603<sup>***</sup>|_0.148_|
|% employed in wage job<br>0.099|_0.274_|-0.080|_0.185_|-0.117|_0.098_|
|% self employed<br>-0.333<sup>**</sup>|_0.149_|-0.144|_0.125_|-0.223<sup>***</sup>|_0.064_|
|<br>Log of average hh expenditure, 1995<br>0.149<sup>**</sup>|_0.073_|0.261<sup>***</sup>|_0.062_|0.320<sup>***</sup>|_0.032_|
|<br>Gini coefficient, 1995<br>0.339|_0.301_|0.213|_0.258_|0.052|_0.144_|
|Casualties from conflict, district level<br>0.081<sup>*</sup>|_0.042_|0.027|_0.030_|-0.010|_0.014_|
|<br> Constant<br>-0.506|_0.751_|-1.757<sup>**</sup>|_0.759_|-2.782<sup>***</sup>|_0.314_|
|Number of observations||3,620||||
|Log-Likelihood||-4,263.9|8|||

Note:<sup>*</sup> is significant at 10% level;<sup>**</sup> at 5% level;<sup>***</sup> at 1% level;<sup>♣</sup> indicates joint significance of coefficients at 10% level.

35