> 7 Elizabeth L Prado, Kathryn G Dewey; Nutrition and brain development in early life, Nutrition Reviews, Volume 72, Issue 4, 1 April 2014, Pages 267–284, https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12102

> 8 <u>http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/adversity-gets-brain</u>

> 9 WHO’s “igrowup” package for R was used to compute HAZ scores for all children in the NNS anthropometry dataset. https://www.who.int/childgrowth/software/en/

> 10 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. Levels and trends in child malnutrition: key findings of the 2018 Edition of the Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/2018-jme-brochure.pdf?ua=1

> 11 Since almost all stunting occurs within the first two years of life, the first “1,000 days” between conception and a child’s second birthday has become a leading organizing framework for nutrition interventions (https://thousanddays.org).

> 12 WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/height-forage, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006. https://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/technical_report/en/

> 13 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. Levels and trends in child malnutrition: key findings of the 2018 Edition of the Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/2018-jme-brochure.pdf?ua=1

> 14 This visual builds off UNICEF’s original conceptual framework, later adapted by the Lancet series for maternal and child health and nutrition in 2008 and 2013, and maps out potential, evidence-based mechanisms that can lead to stunting in children.

> 15 Small-for-gestational age is defined as lower than the 10th centile for fetal growth from the 1991 US national reference population.

> 16 National and regional estimates of term and preterm babies born small for gestational age in 138 lowincome and middle-income countries in 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70006-8

> 17 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey 2017. Quezon City, Philippines, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: PSA and ICF.

> 18 The INTERGROWTH-21st project established the first international, multiethnic standard including well-dated pregnancies from eight geographically defined populations, and enables a common single standard to describe optimal and aspirational fetal growth around the world.

> 19 Lee Anne CC, Kozuki Naoko, Cousens Simon, Stevens Gretchen A, Blencowe Hannah, SilveiraMariangela F et al. Estimates of burden and consequences of infants born small for gestational age in low and middle income countries with INTERGROWTH-21st standard: analysis of CHERG datasets BMJ 2017; 358 :j3677.

> 20 Chawanpaiboon S, Vogel JP[1], Moller AB, Lumbiganon P, Petzold M, Hogan D, Landoulsi S, Jampathong N, Kongwattanakul K, Laopaiboon M, Lewis C, Rattanakanokchai S, Teng DN, Thikhamthrop J, Watananirun K, Zhang J, Zhou W, Gülmezoglu AM. Global, regional and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling nalysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2018. 30 Oct. doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30451-0

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