||[0.024]|[0.047]|[0.046]|[1.020]|[0.022]|[0.043]|[0.041]|[0.957]|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Log(Prices)|0.005|-0.003|0.003|-0.045|0.007|0.001|0.008|0.006|
||[0.009]|[0.017]|[0.018]|[0.049]|[0.008]|[0.014]|[0.015]|[0.059]|
|Fixed effects|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Controls|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|N|19298|19298|19298|23745|19298|19298|19298|23745|
|R-squared|0.762|0.625|0.676|0.463|0.762|0.625|0.676|0.463|
|Countries|38|38|38|38|38|38|38|38|

Notes: (1) The table shows the regression results for a sample of 2,182 districts in 653 regions across 38 countries in Africa during 2001–2012. (2) The regressions use the presence of mineral deposits and mining sites to explain spatial-temporal variations in lights Gini. (3) All inequality indicators are at the district level and measured using night-time light intensity. (4) The standard errors, clustered at the country level, are in the brackets. (5) MLD stands for mean logarithmic deviation, and RLP stands for relative lights per capita. (6) Constant (measured at constant 1998 US dollars) and average (measured as annual averages) prices come from USGS. (7) Fixed effects include time fixed effects, district fixed effects, regional fixed effects, country fixed effects, and country-year fixed effects. (8) Controls include a proxy for agricultural productivity, rainfall, population sizes, lights pixels lit, and district geographical locations (measured in absolute latitudes).<sup>*</sup> p < 0.10.<sup>**</sup> p < 0.05.<sup>***</sup> p < 0.01.

Source: authors’ estimations.

Table 13: The effects of the status of mining activities on district inequality

|||Constant m<br>|ineral prices<br>|<br>||Average m<br>|ineral prices<br>|<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Gini|MLD|Theil|RLP|Gini|MLD|Theil|RLP|
|Active mines [1=Active]|0.180<sup>***</sup>|0.277<sup>***</sup>|0.206<sup>**</sup>|17.504<sup>***</sup>|0.166<sup>***</sup>|0.255<sup>***</sup>|0.178<sup>**</sup>|17.240<sup>***</sup>|
||[0.048]|[0.095]|[0.091]|[2.040]|[0.043]|[0.085]|[0.082]|[1.914]|
|Closed mines [2=Closed]|-0.191<sup>**</sup>|-0.463<sup>***</sup>|-0.407<sup>***</sup>|-4.435<sup>***</sup>|-0.211<sup>***</sup>|-0.496<sup>***</sup>|-0.447<sup>***</sup>|-4.822<sup>***</sup>|
||[0.072]|[0.129]|[0.141]|[1.014]|[0.064]|[0.112]|[0.124]|[1.209]|
|Log(Prices)|0.005|-0.003|0.003|-0.045|0.007|0.001|0.008|0.006|
||[0.009]|[0.017]|[0.018]|[0.049]|[0.008]|[0.014]|[0.015]|[0.059]|
|Fixed effects|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Controls|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|N|19298|19298|19298|23745|19298|19298|19298|23745|
|R-squared|0.762|0.625|0.676|0.463|0.762|0.625|0.676|0.463|
|Countries|38|38|38|38|38|38|38.|38|

Notes: (1) The table shows the regression results for a sample of 2,182 districts in 653 regions across 38 countries in Africa during 2001–2012. (2) The regressions use the presence of active and closed mining activities to explain spatial-temporal variations in inequality and welfare measures. (3) All inequality indicators are at the district level and measured using night-time light intensity. (4) The standard errors, clustered at the country level, are in the brackets. (5) MLD stands for mean logarithmic deviation, and RLP stands for relative lights per capita. (6) Constant (measured at constant 1998 US dollars) and average (measured as annual averages) prices come from USGS. (7) Fixed effects include time fixed effects, district fixed effects, regional fixed effects, country fixed effects, and country-year fixed effects. (8) Controls include a proxy for agricultural productivity, rainfall, population sizes, lights pixels lit, and district geographical locations (measured in absolute latitudes).<sup>*</sup> p < 0.10.<sup>**</sup> p < 0.05.<sup>***</sup> p < 0.01.

Source: authors’ estimations.

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