Table 5: Summary statistics of households registered in _Cadastro Unico_<sup>_ ́_</sup> , who are receiving _Bolsa Familia_

|||All Brazil|||RR & A|M|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)<br>Venezuelans|(2)<br>Brazilians|(3)<br>Di↵erence (1)-(2)|(4)<br>Venezuelans|(5)<br>Brazilians|(6)<br>Di↵erence (4)-(5)|
|Income per Capita|46.445|52.625|-6.18<sup>_⇤_</sup>|49.392|51.144|-1.752|
||(55.479)|(64.375)|(3.361)|(47.943)|(59.27)|(2.258)|
|Extreme Poverty|.855|.838|.017|.851|.833|.019|
||(.353)|(.369)|(.021)|(.356)|(.373)|(.013)|
|Poverty excluding extreme poor|.022|.036|-.014<sup>_⇤⇤_</sup>|.014|.03|-.016<sup>_⇤_</sup>|
||(.145)|(.186)|(.006)|(.117)|(.171)|(.002)|
|Infrastructure|.517|.443|.073|.486|.279|.207|
||(.5)|(.497)|(.061)|(.5)|(.449)|(.038)|
|Tertiary|.258|.012|.246<sup>_⇤⇤⇤_</sup>|.233|.012|.221<sup>_⇤⇤⇤_</sup>|
||(.437)|(.108)|(.019)|(.423)|(.109)|(.002)|
|Secondary|.622|.435|.187<sup>_⇤⇤⇤_</sup>|.633|.505|.128<sup>_⇤⇤⇤_</sup>|
||(.485)|(.496)|(.018)|(.482)|(.5)|(.002)|
|Children - 0_<_Age _<_=5|.264|.367|-.074 <sup>_⇤⇤⇤_</sup>|.242|.466|-.14<sup>_⇤⇤_</sup>|
||(.441)|(.482)|(.011)|(.428)|(.499)|(.005)|
|Family Members|2.959|3.136|-.177|2.801|3.812|-1.011|
||(1.725)|(1.52)|(.178)|(1.637)|(1.819)|(.174)|
|Head-Months Worked|4.853|7.32|-2.467<sup>_⇤⇤⇤_</sup>|4.854|7.342|-2.488<sup>_⇤⇤_</sup>|
||(3.897)|(4.312)|(.229)|(3.921)|(4.482)|(.152)|
|Head-White|.138|.222|-.084<sup>_⇤⇤_</sup>|.11|.055|.055<sup>_⇤⇤⇤_</sup>|
||(.345)|(.416)|(.033)|(.312)|(.228)|(0)|
|Head-Female|.635|.887|-.252<sup>_⇤⇤⇤_</sup>|.634|.878|-.243<sup>_⇤⇤_</sup>|
||(.482)|(.316)|(.012)|(.482)|(.328)|(.011)|
|Head Age|36.741|37.336|-.595<sup>_⇤⇤_</sup>|36.795|35.187|1.608<sup>_⇤⇤_</sup>|
||(11.393)|(11.268)|(.264)|(11.614)|(10.635)|(.104)|
|Head Employed|.519|.558|-.039|.587|.631|-.043<sup>_⇤_</sup>|
||(.5)|(.497)|(.044)|(.492)|(.483)|(.005)|
|Head Self-Employed|.454|.392|.062|.572|.448|.124<sup>_⇤⇤_</sup>|
||(.498)|(.488)|(.077)|(.495)|(.497)|(.002)|
|Head - Agriculture|.016|.214|-.197<sup>_⇤⇤⇤_</sup>|.015|.268|-.253<sup>_⇤⇤_</sup>|
||(.126)|(.41)|(.03)|(.122)|(.443)|(.012)|
|Observations|6,372|11,373,380||4,246|369,958||

> _⇤ p <_ 0 _._ 05, _⇤⇤ p <_ 0 _._ 01, _⇤⇤⇤ p <_ 0 _._ 001. The standard error is in parentheses and is clustered at the province level. All refers to all of Brazil, RR stands for Roraima and AM stands for Amazonas. The di↵erence in column (3) refers to the di↵erence between column (1) and column (2), while the di↵erence in column (6) refers to the di↵erence between column (4) and column (5) . The sample is restricted to those, who have updates information in the last 24 months.

Overall, the descriptive statistics show that Venezuelans who register in the single registry are poorer but more educated than their Brazilian counterparts. However, the lower registration rate in _Cadastro Unico_<sup>_ ́_</sup> may signal that many Venezuelan refugees and migrants may not be aware of their rights and guarantee accesses, suggesting a need to provide continued information assistance and language training.

# **4.3 Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic**

The COVID-19 pandemic has a↵ected millions of people, causing disruptions on all branches of the economy as countries imposed travel restrictions and lockdowns to subdue the spread of the virus and prevent it from overwhelming the health care system. Reports show that vulnerability to the COVID-19 virus varies with age, health and social conditions (Garcini et al., 2020). Mazza (2020) describes that beginning mid-March 2020, all South American countries officially closed their borders and there was a dramatic reduction in cross-border movements. Figure 2 supports this 26