inexperienced potential migrants, ‘low’ death information treatment increased migration by 7 percentage points. This effect, significant at 5 percent level, is almost 30 percent of the migration rate in the control group. For this group, death ‘high’ information also increases migration slightly (9 percent) but the effect is insignificant. Note that since missing data (Attrition-M) is not correlated with death interventions, these points estimates similar to the preferred measure of migration. However, since missing data (Attrition-M) is correlated with wage information treatments, the point estimate for wage information treatments is lower and not significantly different from zero at conventional levels. This is precisely what one would expect if wage interventions led the inexperienced potential migrants to not migrate and therefore more likely to be found during the follow-up survey. Similarly, for the experienced migrants, ‘low’ death information, which increased attrition, has a smaller effect than for other measures. Again, this is what one would expect if ‘low’ death information led the experienced potential migrants to migrate more and therefore less likely to be found during the follow-up survey.

Lee (2009) bounds on effect of the information treatments on the basic measure of migration (MigratedB), also supports that attrition (Attrited-M) captures unobserved migration. As Table 6 shows, the bounds on the effects of the death information treatments for inexperienced potential migrants are tight and similar in magnitude as the effect on the preferred measure of migration (second panel, columns 1 and 2). However, the lower bound on the effect of wage information on migration is similar to the effect on the preferred measure (Migrated-P) whereas the upper bound on the effect is similar to the effect on the basic measure (Migrated-B). That is, selectively dropping a random subset of those who migrated and are from the wage information treatment group, in order to balance attrition, produces an estimate not too different from the effect on the basic measure (Migrated-B). However, selectively dropping a random subset of those who did not migrate and are from the wage information treatment group to balance attrition produces an estimate different from the effect on the basic measure and very similar to the effect on the preferred measure (Migrated-P). This also suggests that attrition is likely to be more among migrants than non-migrants.

## **5.3 on other outcomes**

I also investigate the effect of the information treatments in other outcomes that were collected using the full follow-up survey.<sup>31</sup> I find that the information treatments did not affect whether the potential migrants choose the same country or region (Persian Gulf versus others) as they did during the initial survey. Furthermore, none of the information treatments changed whether households, particularly those of inexperienced migrants took out new loans, paid back old loans, or bought new assets (bottom panel).

However, I find that wage information increases the chance that inexperienced potential migrants seek new manpower companies. The inexperienced migrants receiving wage information are 6 percentage points more likely to consult different manpower companies after the initial survey. This effect is 26 percent of the likelihood in the control group. This probably reflects an action that inexperienced potential migrants can take upon realizing that they had been misinformed. However, none of the information treatments affect whether they consult with family members or friends. Similarly, none of the information treatments affects any of these outcomes for the experienced potential migrants.

# **6 Estimates of VSL**

Since the information treatments are effective in changing the expectations of inexperienced potential migrants concerning both earnings and mortality rate associated with migration, I estimate the value of a statistical life (VSL) for this group by using the information treatments as instruments. The first part of this section describes the methodology and the contribution of this paper in estimating VSL, the second presents the estimates for the pool of inexperienced potential migrants, and the third explores robustness. The final part estimates the VSL for various subgroups.

> 31Full result on these available on request.

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