lack of specialist employment providers with expertise to support people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds (Tahiri, 2017).<sup>19</sup> Consequently, refugees experience greater socio-economic disadvantage than other migrants, particularly in the labor market.

# **References**

- Colucci, E., Minas, H., Szwarc, J., Guerra, C., & Paxton, G. (2015). In or out? Barriers and facilitators to refugee-background young people accessing mental health services. _Transcultural Psychiatry_ , _52_ (6), 766-790.

- Correa‐Velez, I., Sundararajan, V., Brown, K., & Gifford, S. M. (2007). Hospital utilisation among people born in refugee‐source countries: an analysis of hospital admissions, Victoria, 1998–2004. _Medical Journal of Australia_ , _186_ (11), 577-580.

- Deloitte (2019). Interim evaluation of the Career Pathways Pilot for Humanitarian Entrants. Department of Home Affairs.

- Flatau, P., Smith, J., Carson, G., Miller, J., Burvill, A., & Brand, R. (2015). The housing and homelessness journeys of refugees in Australia. Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute: Melbourne, Australia.

- Kenny, M.A. (2015). FactCheck: Does Australia take more refugees per capita through the UNHCR than any other country? Retrieved from: <u>https://theconversation.com/factcheck-does-australia-take-more-refugees-per-capitathrough-the-unhcr-than-any-other-country-47151</u>

- Murray, S. B., & Skull, S. A. (2005). Hurdles to health: immigrant and refugee health care in Australia. _Australian Health Review_ , _29_ (1), 25-29.

- Phillips, J., & Simon-Davies, J. (2016). Migration to Australia: a quick guide to the statistics. Canberra: Parliamentary Library.

- Shergold, P., Benson, K., & Piper, M. (2019). Investing in refugees, investing in Australia. Department of Home Affairs (Australia).

- Slewa-Younan, S., Rioseco, P., Guajardo, M. G. U., & Mond, J. (2019). Predictors of professional help-seeking for emotional problems in Afghan and Iraqi refugees in Australia: Findings from the Building a New Life in Australia Database. _BMC Public Health_ , _19_ (1), 1-11.

- Spike, E. A., Smith, M. M., & Harris, M. F. (2011). Access to primary health care services by community‐based asylum seekers. _Medical Journal of Australia_ , _195_ (4), 188-191.

- Steel, Z., Momartin, S., Silove, D., Coello, M., Aroche, J., & Tay, K. W. (2011). Two year psychosocial and mental health outcomes for refugees subjected to restrictive or supportive immigration policies. _Social Science & Medicine_ , _72_ (7), 1149-1156.

- Tahiri, S. (2017). Not working: experiences of refugees and migrants with Jobactive. Sydney, NSW: Fairfield Multicultural Interagency in partnership with Refugee Council of Australia.

- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2017). Projected Global Resettlement Needs 2017. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

> 19 Some other refugee employment programs such as _Career Pathways Pilot_ (for newly arrived humanitarian refugees) and _Youth Transition Support_ (for young people) have been shown to be ineffective in terms of participation rates and outcomes achieved. For example, the number of clients enrolled in the _Career Pathways Pilot_ program was 65% of the expected amount, and only 11% to 17% of participants having found employment in the same job as their pre-arrival occupation (Deloitte, 2019). In fact, many refugees find themselves unable to obtain this assistance and continue to rely on family and friends for employment opportunities (Shergold et al., 2019).

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