rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
**<u>Table 2:  Data Sources</u>**

|**Indicadors**|**Source**|
|---|---|
|_Health_||
|Infant (0 a 1 ano) and<br>post-neonatal (1-12<br>months) mortality|Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) -_Síntese_<br>_de Indicadores Sociais 2003_-_Diretoria de Pesquisas,_<br>_Coordenação de População e Indicadores Sociais, Estatísticas do_<br>_Registro Civil 2002_. www.ibge.gov.br<br>|
|Share of 0-10 year<br>olds, 11-17 year olds<br>and 18-24 year olds<br>with AIDS.|Ministry of Health._Programa Nacional de DST e Aids – Dados e_<br>_Pesquisas_. Data from 2002.www.aids.gov.br<br>.|
|_Behaviors_||
|Adolescent pregnancy<br>rate – live births (age<br>15-19)|<br>Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) -_Síntese_<br>_de Indicadores Sociais 2003._ _Diretoria de Pesquisas,_<br>_Coordenação de População e Indicadores Sociais, Estatísticas do_<br>_Registro Civil 2002_. www.ibge.gov.br<br>on 10/09/2004|
|Adolescent suicide<br>and homicide<br>victimization rate<br>(age15-24)|UNESCO –_Mapa da violência IV: Os Jovens do Brasil_<br>www.ibge.gov.br<br>,12/06/2004|
|Adolescent morbidity<br>rate due to “external<br>causes” (age 15-19)|Ministry of Health-_Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS_<br>(SIH/SUS) – 2002.<br>www.tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?sih/cnv/eruf.def,<br>06/09/2004|
|Ever used alcohol,<br>tobacco, marijuana,<br>cocaine (age 12-17)|Carlini, et. al. (2002)_I Levantamento sobre o Uso de Drogas_<br>_Psicotrópicas no Brasil – 2001_.|
|_Educational Performa_|_nce_|
|Share of 4th, 8th, and<br>11th graders who<br>complete the grade<br>level|Ministry of Education/INEP/EDUDATABRASIL –_Sistema de_<br>_Estatísticas Educaçionais_– 2002.<br>www.edudatabrasil.inep.gov.br<br>,06/09/2004|
|Scores of 8th and<br>11th graders on<br>Portuguese and math<br>standardized tests|Ministry of Education (MEC)/_Instituto Nacional de Estudos e_<br>_Pesquisas Educaçionais/Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da_<br>_Educação Básica_(SAEB)- 2001.<br>www.inep.gov.br/basica/saeb/estados_2004.htm<br>, 28/08/2004|
|Average years of<br>education of the 14<br>year old population|Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) -_Síntese_<br>_de Indicadores Sociais 2003 - Diretoria de Pesquisas,_<br>_Coordenação de População e Indicadores Sociais, Pesquisa_<br>_Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios_2002.www.ibge.gov.br<br>,<br>10/09/2004.|
|_Institutional connected_|_ness_|

17
# **Table 3: Awareness about and participation in local budget processes**

_Percentage of responses_

|**Indicator**|No|Yes|Yes su|b-categori|es|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||||Very|Fair|Little|
|Informed about the local budget|65.5|34.5|1.2|10.1|23.2|
|Interested in how the local budget is spent|48.6|51.4|4.8|22.5|24.0|
|Knows that local government should provide info<br>about local budget|69.0|31.0||||
|Information on local budget is accessible|57.5|42.5|1.3|8.8|32.4|
|An ordinary citizen can influence budget process|88.3|11.7||||
|Someone from my household tried to influence<br>local budget process in the last 12 months|96.5|3.5||||
|Knows the date of the last budget hearing in the<br>local government|94.7|5.3||||
|Participated in budget hearing of Aiyl Aimak<br>during the last 12 months|96.0|4.0||||

Source: LiK 2012

# **5. RESULTS**

In our descriptive and regression analysis we separate the awareness and interest questions from the participation questions. First, we consider the awareness and interest questions. For clarity and succinctness, we look at descriptive statistics using binary responses.

# **_Interest in and knowledge about local budget issues_**

Personal characteristics and labor market status play a significant role in knowledge about and interest in local budget processes (Table 4 below; see also table A.1 in the Appendix for exact wording of the survey questions referring to interest and knowledge). The individuals who are knowledgeable and interested tend to be 2-5 years older than those who responded ‘No’. Females tend to know and be interested less compared with males. With the context of rural areas, there seems to be disproportionally fewer individuals from non-Kyrgyz ethnic groups that have knowledge and interest. Level of education seems to be an important factor in both knowledge and interest: the respondents who self-report interest and knowledge tend to have about one more year of schooling compared with individuals who responded negatively. It is also worth noticing, that there is a difference in subjective risk-taking attitudes: positive responses are given by more risk-taking individuals.

11
**Figure 4. Testing the viability of the crop business**

<!-- Start of picture text --> Production costs Crop yields<br>Operating profit margin<br>Operating losses<br>Minimum capital requirements<br>Self-insurance Non-catastrophe Catastrophe<br>insurance insurance<br>Reserve load Non-catastrophe Catastrophe<br>insurance costs insurance costs<br>Hedging costs<br>(Non)-Viability of<br>the crop business<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> Source: Authors.<br><!-- End of picture text -->

# **Box 4.  Crop business viability**

Detrended data on cocoa yields from 1961 to 2002 in a South American country are used for the sake of illustration.

Without access to external capital, cocoa production would be a viable business only for large asset-base farmers given the high level of minimum capital requirements (see Box 2). On the contrary, banana production is less variable and thus the minimum capital requirements are lower, allowing asset poor farmers to be involved in a viable business (see Box 2).

Access to external capital (through insurance) may enhance or restore the viability of the crop business. The cost of hedging against catastrophic losses and hedging/self-retaining non-catastrophic losses is assessed from the 13
# The Effect of Formal Credit on Output and Employment in Rural India

by Shahidur R Khandker and Hans P. Blnswanger

# Table of Contents

|I.|Introduction|3|
|---|---|---|
|II.|An Econometric Framework|6|
|III.|Data and Variable Description|10|
|IV.|The Results|12|
|V.|Conclusions|17|
|Foo|tnotes|19|
|Ref|erences|21|
|Tab|les|23|
In terms of the value of trade covered, trade policy changes in medical goods outweigh those in food products by a factor of 3 or higher (Table 2, panel a). At the same time, trade reforms in both product groups outweigh the newly erected barriers in our sample. We estimate that the export curbs in medical goods and medicines covered international trade worth $135 billion. Whereas the many import reforms in the same sector covered $165 billion of 2019 trade. In the case of food and agri-food products, the comparable totals are $39 billion and $42 billion, respectively. The instability of trade patterns is an important caveat for the estimates presented above. Basing our estimates on trade values in medical supplies and equipment that pre-date the COVID-pandemic may misrepresent the scale of the problem. Global demand for medical supplies and equipment spiked when the pandemic encompassed ever more countries. The estimates presented for these products below may thus understate the magnitudes of implicated trade.

Table 2 (panel b) disaggregates the information by policy measure, while Table 3 looks at the share of 2019 trade affected by the trade interventions over time.<sup>12</sup> The data show the importance of export bans as trade restrictive measures in medical goods and tariff changes among the trade liberalizing measures. In terms of the evolution of the share of trade covered by policy interventions over time, we observe a surge in February-March-April 2020 for both trade liberalizing and restrictive measures on medical and food products. Thereafter, the trade coverage of trade restrictive measures slightly declines, while the coverage of liberalizing measures stabilizes.

**Table 2: trade coverage of measures tracked by GTA database (US$ bn)**

Panel a: Annualized totals of 2019 world trade

||**Export restraints**<br>|**Import reforms**<br>|
|---|---|---|
|Medical|134.6|165.2|
|Food|39.4|42.2|
||Panel b: Medicalgoods only||
|**Trade restrictive measures**||Worldwide export coverage|
|All included instruments||134.6|
|Of which:|||
|Export ban||101.8|
|Export licensing requirement||66.2|
|Export quota||1.4|
|**Trade liberalizing measures**|||
|All included instruments||165.2|
|Of which:|||
|Import ban||0|
|Import licensing requirement||6.3|
|Import quota||0|
|Import-related non-tariff measure|, nes|7.5|
|Import tariff||145.7|
|Import tariff quota||12.5|
|Internal taxation of imports||88.6|

> 12 Trade data are for 2019 given 2020 trade data are not yet available. The intention is simply to give a sense of the coverage of the trade measures used. The figures in Table 2 estimate the total value of 2019 trade in essential goods that were affected at least once according to the GTA data. The percentages reported in Table 3 are based on al interventions in force at the end of the given month, using as denominator the total value of 2019 world trade in the food or medical essential goods, respectively.

6
32 It will take time for Slovenia to work out and pass a new competition law, and even longer for a working enforcement agency to be set up. Opening the economy to international trade can go far in promoting competition in the tradeable goods sectors, especially given the small size of Slovenia's economy. However, domestic antimonopoly regulation is also needed to promote competition in nontradeables sectors and more generally to help set standards for acceptable commercial behavior, especially given the anticompetitive socialist legacy and the deep-seated distrust of competition that this legacy created in the population.

# Judicial Institutions

The many parts of the legal framework discussed above will take on true meaning only as they are interpreted and enforced through judicial institutions, including courts and arbitration panels that resolve disputes and attorneys who advise and educate clients about legal norms in their dayto-day work. Although far more exposed to market-oriented norms and principles then some of their socialist neighbors, Slovene legal institutions still have far to go in gaining the experience and expertise to fulfill the promise of the evolving legal framework.

# The Legal Profession

There are many trained legal professionals in Slovenia, but few who are well-trained for the needs of a newly-emerging private market economy. Yugoslavia has traditionally had a very high number of law students relative to other countries,"'9 in part because it was one of the very few countries offering a short (two-year) first degree program. However, its number of lawyers is proportionately much lower because a high percentage of law students do not graduate. Although still high by international standards, Slovenia has traditionally had fewer law students and a higher graduation ratio than other Yugoslav republics. Now around 300 new second degree law students graduate from the two Slovene law schools per year.

Despite the sizeable number of law students and graduates, there have traditionally been relatively few practicing professional lawyers in Yugoslavia and Slovenia. Most law graduates have been employed in general business or government administration, with only betweer. 5 and 10 percent of law graduates going into law practice or the judiciary.12 ' Attorneys have tended also to work for the social sector, and private lawyers, although

**"1** In fact, in the early 1980s Yugoslavia had the highest number of law students relative to its population of any country in the world (Stiblar, 1984).

120 Stiblar (1984).

**121** Out of 80,000 lawyers in Yugoslavia in 1988, about 6000 were judges and roughly the same number were attorneys. Statistical Yearbook of Yugoslavia 1989.
output concentration and the debt-to-equity ratio —but also the interaction between trade openness and output concentration as well as financial openness and the ratio of debt-toequity. In this framework, the impact of openness on RER volatility will depend on the measures of real and financial vulnerabilities: where TO and FO represent trade and financial openness, _H_ ( _y_ ) is the Herfindahl index of output concentration, and ( _D_ / _E_ ) is the debt-equity ratio (proxied by the ratio of debt liabilities to total foreign liabilities). We expect that the more vulnerable the economy is to either real or financial shocks —as captured by higher output concentration or higher debtto-equity ratio —the poorer is the ability of trade and financial openness to smooth shocks to the RER. That is, we expect  1,  1 < 0 and  2,  2 > 0.

Table 7 reports the regression analysis including the vulnerabilities and their interaction with openness using the 5-year non-overlapping sample over the period 1975-2005 and for the sake of brevity we will discuss the IV estimates. Our estimates show that RER volatility would be lower in more open economies with less diversified economic structure. The interaction between trade openness and output concentration is positive and significant in most of the cases, thus rendering the expected result.

The response of RER volatility to doubling the extent of trade openness conditional on the Herfindahl index of output concentration is presented in the panel I of Figure 3. We observe that trade openness can mitigate shocks to the RER in countries with welldiversified structures of production. Our Herfindahl index takes values between 0.13 and 0.50 and the turning point when trade openness amplifies RER volatility fluctuates between 0.27 and 0.29. We should also emphasize that approximately 95 percent of our sample lies below the turning point specified above. This implies that for most country observations in our sample, the integration to international markets of goods may help reduce the volatility of RERs. Economically speaking, doubling the extent of trade openness would lead to a reduction in RER volatility of 33 percent for countries with very diversified production structure (10<sup>th</sup> percentile in the distribution of the Herfindahl index of output = 0.145), while RER volatility declines only 14 percent for countries with very concentrated structures of production (90<sup>th</sup> percentile in the distribution of the Herfindahl index of output = 0.236).

On the other hand, we find that the coefficient of financial openness is negative and significant while the interaction between financial openness and the debt-to-equity ratio is 25
# Table 1. Evolution of the ILO’s October Inquiry

||Number of<br>occupations|Number of countr<br>In a given year|ies reporting<br>G<br>Cumulative<br>reporting|ender breakdown<br>Number of<br>occupations|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|1924|18|15|15|0|
|1925-28|18|16-19|20|0|
|1929|30|17|20|0|
|1930-50|30|16-37|69|0|
|1951|41|19|69|0|
|1952|41|48|77|0|
|1953|48|47|82|6|
|1954-82|48|54-103|181|6-12|
|1983|161|56|181|108|
|1984-97|161|58-76|197|150-161|
|1998|161|53|197|161|
|1999|161|45|197|153|

The October Inquiry results were published chronologically by the ILO as follows.

Data for 1924-45 _International Labour Review_ (Geneva), Vols. 10 (No. 5, Nov. 1924) to 54 (No. 3 and 4, Sept.-Oct. 1946). Data for 1934-57 _Year Book of Labour Statistics,_ First Issue (Vol. II, 1934-35) to Eighteenth Issue (1958). Data for 1951-63 _International Labour Review_ (Geneva), separate monthly _Statistical Supplement,_ Vols. 66 (July 1952 supplement) to 89 (July 1964 supplement). Data for 1964-90 _Bulletin of Labour Statistics_ (Geneva), relevant issues: second quarter in each year, 1965-85 (1984 results); separate annual edition, _Bulletin of Labour Statistics: October Inquiry Results_ , 1985 (1983-84 results) to 1991 (1989-90 results). Data for 1990 + _Statistics on occupational wages and hours of work and on food prices,_ special supplement to the _Bulletin of Labour Statistics,_ 1992 + . Data for 1983 + Also available on-line on the ILO’s website, at http://laborsta.ilo.org.

35
**Figure 4 - Energy-Intensive Sectors Take Up to 40 Percent of Value Added in ECA**

Cumulative percentage of value added, by sector, 2008 <!-- Start of picture text --> 100%<br>energy intensive<br>50%<br>industries<br>20.30%<br>11.48%<br>2.96%<br>2.24%<br>0%<br>Mining Elec, Gas, Water Transport Manuf Hotel & Rest<br>Health Education Finance Public Admin Agriculture<br>Constr Retail Real Estate<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: Authors’ calculation based on UN Data Note: The figure is a representation of unweighted averages across ECA countries. The names of the sectors had been shortened to fit the axis. See previous note for full names of sectors.

ECA countries are significantly more vulnerable than the more developed countries in Western Europe, with the exception of Norway being an oil producer (Figures 5 and 6). There is significant variation within the ECA region in the exposure or vulnerability of countries to an energy price shock.

Looking at the potential price increase data and assuming the long-run marginal cost of generation is determined by the average cost of building a gas-fired combined cycle power plant, the average cost recovery price of electricity supply in ECA will be around 12.5 cents per kWh.<sup>13</sup> Also assume an energy price at $15 per tones of CO2 equivalence. We estimate the potential price hikes facing individual countries. As shown in Figure 5, some CIS countries, notably Ukraine, Russia and Armenia, need to make the largest adjustments in order to move tariff close to cost recovery. Meanwhile, some EU and EU accession countries, such as Estonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia that rely more heavily on fossil fuel fired generation, are likely to be hit hard once an energy price is fully implemented. At the other end of the scale, Latvia, Lithuania and Hungary already have prices higher than the social price adopted in the analysis.

> 13 World Bank (2009); World Bank (2012)

9
the role of exports and harvests. Section 5 briefly discusses policy implications. Section 6 concludes the paper.

# **2. The price data**

This section describes the price data and highlights price differences and long-run relationships between the price series. We have compiled a database of monthly prices for all three countries (Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam) for the period January 2001 to December 2012. All prices have been converted to US dollar per kilogram.

The Lao price denotes the average consumer price for first quality glutinous rice. Since the Lao rice market is not perfectly integrated, it should be noted that our price series is more representative for Central and Southern regions than the Northern region where prices are usually lower. Less than 20% of the rice is cultivated in the Northern provinces and most of it is for self-consumption. The Thai and Vietnamese prices are also consumer prices. The Thai series is from the Northeast of Thailand, where glutinous rice is the staple food. For Vietnam our price data are at the province level. We use these data to compute a an index based on the average of the consumer prices for the provinces from the Northern region of Vietnam, the region with the closest ties to Lao PDR, by appealing to principal component analysis. Prices in 2010 correspond to those in Hanoi, the by far largest city. Other measures were also explored but provided similar results. The data appendix provides detailed information about the price series used.

Fig. 1 shows the glutinous rice prices for Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam for January 2001 - December 2012. Overall, the price series show a similar pattern; they are stable until 2005 when they uniformly start increasing, arguably in line with world market 7
dramatic increase from 27 to 174 took place between 2009 and 2010, presumably under the effect of a Health Insurance Law sub-legal document issued in 2009. Thus in this sample, already in 2011, capitation was implemented in 361 of 605 district hospitals (60% - the target level set for 2013).

Table 1 also shows the number of district hospitals given autonomy status and the number that received both autonomy and capitation by year (columns 3 and 4, respectively). Already in 2005, 173 of 432 district hospitals had implemented the autonomization policy (40%). By 2009, all hospitals in the sample had been autonomized. Throughout the period, most capitated hospitals had also been autonomized, although some have been autonomized but not yet capitated.

# **_Outcome variables_**

We are interested in the effects of capitation on efficiency, quality and equity in use of services. The hospital inventory survey contains data on a large number of variables that could be, more or less, grouped into these three categories. In addition, the merged data set with additional information from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys was used to assess separately the effects on user-fee versus insured patients. Each group of outcomes is described in detail below.

**Efficiency** : Efficiency variables used in this analysis include total recurrent expenditure, total expenditure per case, drug costs per case, and total lab test and imaging services per case. Additional variables to get at efficiency include domestically produced share of the value of

drugs used, average length of inpatient admission, and C-section share of all deliveries. The last variable, C-section rate is not exactly an efficiency indicator, but rather an indicator of how hospitals respond to the cost constraint. Specifically, because district hospitals under capitation 14
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45