# _4.3 Ease of Implementation and Remote Supervision_

In conflict and capacity constrained environments, such as Mogadishu, the ease of implementation and options for remote supervision were also necessary considerations in the selection of the final methodology. Satellite mapping requires little specialized training beyond the use of a GPS device for navigation as target households were selected in the office. The Qibla and random walk methods similarly require the ability to navigate with a GPS to the selected point, but also require additional training for interviewers to correctly implement household selection protocols, which are substantially more complex with random walk. The proxy weights version of the Qibla methods also require interviewers to be training on using GPS for field measurements. Segmentation and grid methods are the most difficult to implement in the field as they require interviewers to identify the boundaries of sub‐sections, which in the case of the grid method may not follow landmarks and may cross through structures.

For the purposes of remote verification, the two main GPS‐based tools available to for supervision are waypoints and tracks. Waypoints record the latitude and longitude coordinates of a given location while track records the path of the GPS from the time it was activated. The satellite mapping can be effectively supervised remotely with waypoints. The point recorded by the interviewer when they arrive at the household can be compared to the coordinates of the selected household to ensure they correspond to the same structure. This would be most effective in sparsely populated spaces with little overhead obstruction. Verification would be more difficult in dense urban areas where the minimum of � 15 feet (5 meters) accuracy of the GPS could lead to multiple possible structures, or if heavy overhead cover of metal roofs blocks GPS signals. The Qibla and random walk methods would both use a way point to identify the starting point then the track to confirm the path taken. Grid and segmentation can both use waypoints to confirm points are within selected areas, and it may also be possible to use tracks to confirm the listing process if strict protocols are used (ie. Start in the NE corner and continue clockwise) though the intersection of the interviewers paths may make results less clear.

# _4.4 Replacements_

Due to high transportation costs, most surveys in the developing world use replacements for non‐ response due to refusals or out of sample selections. This is done either through selecting additional households from the PSU listing exercise, as is recommended in the World Bank’s Living Standards Measurement Study (Grosh and Munoz, 1996), or selecting a neighboring structure based on field protocols, such as selecting the dwelling immediately to the right (Lowther et al, 2009). While replacements for out of sample selections with new random points does not introduce bias, it is inefficient and increases costs. For non‐response due to refusal, it is likely to be non‐random, and therefore replacements will create at least some degree of bias in the data. The reason and method for the replacement may influence the degree. If refusals tend to come from households in the highest and lowest wealth quintiles, as the opportunity cost of their time is high, and replacements come from the main part of the distribution, the use of replacements will attenuate the variation in the sample. This may cause the results to underestimate measures such as inequality that depend on accurately capturing the extremes of the distribution. When using a replacement method that uses near neighbors, if structures