**Table 4.2: Relative efficiency and luminous efficacy factors used to adjust from gross to net energy consumption**

|Ligh|ting|App|liances|
|---|---|---|---|
|<br>Fuel|<br>Relative luminous<br>efficacy|<br>Fuel|<br>Relative efficiency|
|Electricity|1.00|Electricity|1.00|
|<br>Kerosene|0.01|<br>Batteries|0.90|
|Candles|0.02|Car batteries|0.90|
||_Source_: Foster|and Tre, 2000.||

**Table 4.3: Gross and net unit prices for different fuels (US$ per kWh)**

||Lighting<br>Gross|Net|Ap|pliances<br>Gross|Net|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Electricity|0.08|0.08|Electricity|0.08|0.08|
|Kerosene|0.05|5.87|Batteries|0.59|0.53|
|Candles|0.26|13.00|Car batteries|2.57|2.31|

_Notes_ : The unit price is based on the assumption that the batteries are used to power a 16 watt radio. The unit price is based on the assumption that the batteries are used to power a 16W black and white television set. _Source_ : Foster and Tre, 2000 The much higher implicit energy prices faced by households without electricity translate into very low levels of energy consumption. For example, households in the lowest consumption quintile without access to electricity consume only 1.4 net kilowatt-hours of energy per month on lighting and appliances compared with 40.0 kilowatt-hours per month consumed by households in the lowest consumption quintile who have electricity (Table 4.4). Interestingly, both of these groups of households spend a very similar monthly amount on energy for lighting and appliances; just over Qz.30 (US$4) per month.

**<u>Table 4.4: Energy consumption patterns of those with and without electricity</u>**

||Natio|nal||Bya|rea||||||By qu|intile|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||||Urba|n|Rur|al|1||2||3||4||5||
|Electricity coverage<br>rate(%)|73||94||57||40||64||77||89||95||
|Connected to<br>electricity|Y|N|Y|N|Y|N|Y|N|Y|N|Y|N|Y|N|Y|N|
|Energy<br>expenditure(Q/mo.)|90<sup>***</sup>|33|119<sup>***</sup>|31|52<sup>***</sup>|34|37|31|41<sup>***</sup>|33|60<sup>***</sup>|38|82<sup>***</sup>|36|174<sup>***</sup>|40|
|Percentage of budget<br>(%)|3|3|3|2|3|3|3|3|3|3|3<sup>*</sup>|3|3<sup>***</sup>|2|3<sup>***</sup>|2|
|Energy consumption<br>•Gross kwh/mo.<br>•Net kwh cons|101<sup>***</sup><br>101<sup>***</sup>|21<br>2.1|132<sup>***</sup><br>132<sup>***</sup>|58<br>.81|11<sup>***</sup><br>11<sup>***</sup>|23<br>2.2|40<sup>***</sup><br>40<sup>***</sup>|22<br>1.4|46<sup>***</sup><br>46<sup>***</sup>|23<br>2.0|71<sup>***</sup><br>71<sup>***</sup>|23<br>2.6|100<sup>***</sup><br>100<sup>***</sup>|15<br>2.4|182<sup>***</sup><br>182<sup>***</sup>|15<br>7.6|
|Implicit energy price<br>•Q/gross kwh/mo.<br>•Q/net kwh cons|1.0<sup>***</sup><br>1.0<sup>***</sup>|5.5<br>85|.94<sup>***</sup><br>.94<sup>***</sup>|9.1<br>233|1.1<sup>***</sup><br>1.1<sup>***</sup>|5.1<br>69|1.1<sup>***</sup><br>1.1<sup>***</sup>|4.5<br>69|1.1<sup>***</sup><br>1.1<sup>***</sup>|5.5<br>84|1.0<sup>***</sup><br>1.0<sup>***</sup>|6.1<br>89|.95<sup>***</sup><br>.95<sup>***</sup>|7.9<br>153|.92<sup>***</sup><br>.92<sup>***</sup>|8.9<br>121|

_Notes_ : For those with electricity, energy refers to electricity and for those without electricity, energy refers to electricity substitutes (i.e. candles, kerosene and batteries).

The averages for expenditure and prices excluded households that are connected to the electricity network but did not pay for the service. If significantly different from those without electricity at: * 90%, ** 95%, *** 99%.

_Source:_ World Bank calculations using the ENCOVI 2000, Instituto Nacional de Estadística – Guatemala 33