on the education variables of interest, estimated over the set observations of women with no formal education, are the same as those estimated over the set of observations of women with some formal education. Second, we introduce an alternative specification of the education variables, where the level of education of the spouse and other household members is measured as the deviation from the woman’s education (with a lower bound of zero), such that 0 if _Spouse_ = 0 _SpouseEdu_ ' =  0if _Spouse_ = 1and _SpouseEdu_ ≤ _WomEdu_  _SpouseEdu_ − _WomEdu_ otherwise . 0 if _Oth_ 1 = 0 _Oth_ 1 _Edu_ ' =  0if _Oth_ 1 = 1and _Oth_ 1 _Edu_ ≤ _WomEdu Oth_ 1 _Edu_ − _WomEdu_ otherwise  (The variables _Oth_ 2 _Edu_ , _Oth_ 3 _Edu_ and the relevant interaction variable sare similarly defined) As this specification cannot be represented as a restricted version of the original model, a test for non-nested models is performed.

# **4. Data and Variables**

The empirical analysis is based on the 1996/97 Mozambique National Household Survey on Living Conditions (IAF) _._<sup>11</sup> The survey was designed and implemented by the National Statistics Institute in Mozambique, and was conducted from February 1996 to April 1997. The sample was selected in three stages and is geographically stratified to ensure representativeness at both the provincial level and for urban/rural areas. The overall sample consists of 39,961 individuals in 7,920 households.<sup>12</sup> For the analysis of maternity services, the relevant subsample consists of women between 12 and 49 years old who report having delivered a child in the 12 months preceding the survey (1,584 individuals in 1,509 households). Conversely, the analysis of childhood immunizations is based on the subsample of children between 12 and 48 months old (3,647 individuals in 3,046 households).<sup>13</sup> However, for the decisions concerning immunizations, the education variable of primary interest relates to the mother or guardian. As some women have more than one child in the relevant age group, the subsample of mothers or guardians is smaller than the relevant subsample of children (3,113 individuals).<sup>14</sup>

> 11 Inquérito Nacional aos Agregados Familiares Sobre as Condições de Vida (IAF). Details concerning the survey can be found in Datt and others (2000) and Ministry of Planning and Finance (1998).

> 12 Given that the research focuses on intrahousehold relationships, we opted to drop complete households when relevant data were missing for any of the individuals in the household. Approximately 6 percent of the original sample was dropped for this reason.

> 13 The analysis focuses on whether children have received a _complete_ set of immunizations. Children under 12 months are therefore excluded. Moreover, considering that some of the independent variables are time-variant, it is important to limit the time-gap between the measurement of the outcome and of the independent variables. With this in mind, children between 48 and 60 months old were excluded from the subsample.

14 For most children, the mother is residing in the household. In cases where the mother is absent, the spouse of the head of household (or the head of household in the case of a female head) is assigned 10