# **Table 1. Countries included in the analysis**

||Country|Name of survey|Year collected|Total<br>Numb|Rural<br>er of obser|Urban<br>vation|Per Capita GDP,<br>PPP Constant 2005,|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Ethiopia|Ethiopia Rural Socioeconomic Survey|2011/12|3969|3969|N/A|454|
||Ghana|Ghana LivingStandard SurveyRound|1992|4552|2913|1639|949|
||Ghana|Ghana LivingStandard SurveyRound|1998|5998|3799|2199|1051|
||Ghana|Ghana LivingStandard SurveyRound|2005|8687|5069|3618|1222|
|es|Kenya|Integrated household budget survey|2005|13,212|8,487|4,725|1340|
|ntri|Madagascar|Enquete Permanente Aupres des Menages|1993-1994|4,504|2,652|1,852|895|
|ou|Malawi|Integrated Household Survey|2004-2005|11280|9840|1440|640|
|an C|Malawi|Integrated Household Survey|2010-2011|12,271|10,038|2,233|785|
|fric|Nigeria|LivingStandard Survey|2004|17,425|13,634|3,791|1707|
|A|Nigeria|LivingStandard Survey|2010|4,682|3,182|1,500|2120|
||Niger|National Surveyon Household LivingConditions and Agriculture|2011|3,968|2,430|1,538|535|
||Uganda|The Uganda National Household Survey|2005-2006|7,424|5,714|1,710|966|
||Uganda|The Uganda National Household Survey|2009-2006|2,975|2,206|769|1130|
||Tanzania|National Panel Survey|2009|3,265|2,063|1,202|1240|
||Albania 2002|LivingStandards Measurement Study|2002|3 599|1 640|1 959|4710|
||Albania 2005|LivingStandards Measurement Study|2005|3 640|1 640|2 000|5463|
||Bangladesh 2000|Household Income-Expenditure Survey|2000|7 440|5 040|2 400|901|
||Bangladesh 2005|Household Income-Expenditure Survey|2005|10 080|6 400|3 680|1068|
||Bolivia 2005|Encuesta de Hogares|2005|4 086|1 751|2 335|3758|
||Bulgaria 1995|Integrated Household Survey|1995|2 468|824|1 664|6930|
||Bulgaria 2001|Integrated Household Survey|2001|2 633|877|1 756|7348|
||Ecuador 1995|Estudio de Condiciones de Vida|1995|5 810|2 532|3 278|5658|
||Ecuador 1998|Estudio de Condiciones de Vida|1998|5 801|2 535|3 266|5862|
||Guatemala 2000|Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida|2000|7 276|3 852|3 424|3966|
|ies|Guatemala 2006|Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida|2006|13 693|7 878|5 808|4178|
|ntr|Indonesia 1993|FamilyLife Survey- Wave 1|1993|7 216|3 786|3 430|2487|
|Cou|Indonesia 2000|FamilyLife Survey- Wave 3|2000|10 435|5 410|5 025|2724|
|can|Nepal 1996|LivingStandards SurveyI|1996|3 370|2 655|715|829|
|Afri|Nepal 2003|LivingStandards SurveyIII|2003|5 071|3 655|1 416|926|
|on|Nicaragua 1998|Encuesta de Medición de Niveles de Vida|1998|4 236|1 963|2 273|1961|
|N|Nicaragua 2001|Encuesta de Medición de Niveles de Vida|2001|4 191|1 839|2 352|2145|
||Nicaragua 2005|Encuesta de Medición de Niveles de Vida|2005|6 864|3 400|3 464|2311|
||Pakistan 1991|Integrated Household Survey|1991|4 792|2 396|2 396|1719|
||Pakistan 2001|Integrated Household Survey|2001|15 927|9 978|5 949|1923|
||Panama 1997|Encuesta de Niveles de Vida|1997|4 945|2 496|2 449|7554|
||Panama 2003|Encuesta de Niveles de Vida|2003|6 363|2 945|3 418|8267|
||Tajikistan 2003|LivingStandards Survey|2003|4 156|2 640|1 520|1283|
||Tajikistan 2007|LivingStandards Survey|2007|4 860|3 150|1 710|1656|
||Vietnam 1992|LivingStandards Survey|1992|4 800|3 840|960|997|
||Vietnam 1998|LivingStandards Survey|1997-1998|6 002|4 272|1 730|1448|
||Vietnam 2002|LivingStandards Survey|2002|29 380|22 621|6 909|1780|

Following Davis et al. (2010), income is allocated into seven basic categories: (1) crop production; (2) livestock production; (3) agricultural wage employment, (4) non-agricultural wage employment; (5) non-agricultural self-employment; (6) transfer; and (7) other.<sup>5</sup> Non-agricultural wage employment and non-agricultural self-employment income have been further disaggregated by industry using standard industrial codes—though we do not take advantage of this disaggregation in this study.

The seven categories of income are aggregated into higher level groupings depending on the type of analysis. One grouping distinguishes between agricultural (crop, livestock, and agricultural wage income) and non-agricultural activities (non-agricultural wage, non-agricultural self-employment, transfer, and other income), and in a second, crop and livestock income are referred to as on-farm activities, non-agricultural wage and self-employment income as non-farm activities, and agricultural wage employment, transfer, and other income are left as separate categories. Finally, we also use the concept of off-farm activities, which includes all non-agricultural activities plus agricultural wage labor.

Income shares can be analyzed as the mean of income shares or as the share of mean income. In the first instance, income shares are calculated for each household, and then the mean of the household shares of each income category. In the second case, income shares are calculated as the share of a given source of income over a given group of households.

5 All income is net; agricultural income values all production, both consumed on farm and marketed; transfers include both public and private sources, such as remittances; and other covers a variety of non-labor sources of income, such as rental income or interest from savings.

5