# Appendix A – Detailed Data Description

## Street Networks

Data for the street networks for pedestrians for both Rio de Janeiro and Kinshasa were extracted from OpenStreetMap (OSM). A global collaborative community of mappers who all contribute and maintain publicly available data related to roads, points of interest and administrative boundaries (OpenStreetMap, 2022). Researchers estimate that approximately 80% of the street grid is accounted for on OSM and it is widely accepted as a reliable source of road network data (Barrington-Leigh & Millard-Ball, 2017). A base walking speed of 3.6km/h was used across the road network. Digital Elevation Models (DEM) for both cities were also incorporated into the street networks to account for the impact that slopes might have on walking speed with these being adjusted through Conveyal’s R5 engine using Tobler’s hiking function.<sup>17</sup>

## Transport Networks

Transit networks in both cities are described in the General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) format. GTFS is a standardized framework for transit service schedules and geographic information. It was created with the intention of standardizing the way public transit data is published and used (particularly for software applications) globally and utilizes a series of relational .txt files to efficiently store this data (Google, 2021). It includes data related to the stops, schedule (frequency-based or specific schedules), and routing related to different services within a transit system and can often include other supplementary information such as fares or details regarding informal modes of transit. It is generally used to support navigation for familiar software applications such as Google Maps, Waze, CityMapper, etc. and has also been used extensively in the study of transit networks (Barbeau & Antrim, 2013).

Rio’s feeds were provided by transport operators (Fetranspor and SuperVia) and represent a typical day of operations in November 2018 for the metro, rail, light rail, BRT, municipal bus, and ferry services operating within the municipal boundaries. The municipal buses provide the most comprehensive service across all areas of the city acting as both trunk and feeder services, however, the metro, rail and BRT services provide more efficient access along key trunk routes. Fare information was incorporated based on the fares in effect in December 2021.<sup>18</sup> Rio’s transit users can use a smartcard to enjoy fare discounts partly subsidized by the municipal and state government, but this study considered the full undiscounted fares to understand how climate change-related fuel taxing policies may affect transit affordability and accessibility without government intervention. Unfortunately, the available GTFS data does not extend across Rio’s greater metropolitan region, meaning that the study needed to focus on the municipal boundary rather than the functional labor market.

Data for Kinshasa was provided by GoMetro, a service provider specializing in the mapping and quantification of transit networks - particularly in environments with high informality and data scarcity as part of work carried for a study completed for the World Bank (He et al., 2021). Kinshasa has several transit services including a public bus operator (Transco), public minibus operators (Esprit de Vie), private

> 17 Details of which are described on the Conveyal website and github repository. Available at <u>https://docs.conveyal.com/learn-more/generalized-cost and</u> https://github.com/conveyal/r5/blob/43068e168138bc5636d895861209c1c0049e0f1a/src/main/java/com/convey al/r5/rastercost/ToblerCalculator.java#L32

> 18 Please refer to the Riocard Mais website for the full set of up-to-date fares. Available at https://www.cartaoriocard.com.br/rcc/institucional/tarifas

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