job types.<sup>43</sup> The CMMHH data on job and employment status transitions from before COVID to the winter of 2020 reveal that net levels of non- “PFPS” jobs were much better sustained than those of PFPS jobs. Job losses persisted into the winter, accelerating for non-PFPS workers slightly more than for PFPS ones to a higher level during the 60 days prior to the CMMHH survey. As shown in Table 5-4, 20.6 percent of temporary workers in the formal sector and 19.3 percent of informal workers were permanently laid off or suspended without pay relative to 15.1 percent of PFPS workers. Still, on a net basis, informal and temporary jobs in the _Table 5-4 Jordan: Labor Market Impacts of COVID-19 in 2020-2021 by Employment Type in March 2020 (Percentage of those Employed Pre-COVID Reporting Impacts in the previous 60 days)_

|By pre-COVID employment status in<br>2020|Temporary<br>layoff/<br>suspension<br>(withoutpay)|Permanent<br>layoff/<br>suspension|Reduced<br>hours|Reduced<br>pay|Delay in<br>wage|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|PFPS|5.7|15.1|14.1|10.9|15.8|
|Private sector formal non-permanent<br>workers|14.1|20.6|20.4|18.5|28.6|
|Private sector informal workers|18.9|19.3|21.0|23.6|23.3|
|Public sector workers|3.2|2.3|18.6|4.7|4.4|
|Total|8.8|10.9|18.3|12.2|13.4|

Source: CMMHH Jordan, 2021 Notes: These numbers do not reflect net job losses or gains by type of employment, reported above for the period since March 2020, because they are not offset by job gains. The question asks: “In the last 60 days, have you experienced any of the following because of Covid19/coronavirus or related restrictions? (Enumerator: read all responses one by one and mark all that apply)”.

private sector actually increased, as some workers were able to transition to them to post a net gain in such jobs of 4.2 percent, as workers entered the labor force, moved from unemployment, and found such work after losing PFPS and other jobs. In addition, formal private sector jobs were lost at a slower rate outside of the core productive sectors included in the CFUWBES than PFPS jobs, at 17.5 percent (relative to 23.3 percent). The public sector saw an estimated net job loss rate of 3.5 percent (Table 5-4).

# **5.3.2 Georgia**

Georgia experienced a similar level of job losses early in the pandemic as Jordan, according to our estimates. As shown in Table 5-5, our model estimates the rate of PFPS job losses in the core WBES sectors of 19.0 percent by July 2020, which includes jobs lost in permanently closed firms of only about 0 percent. However, unlike in Jordan, as shown, by the time of the CFUBWES2, Georgia’s PFPS jobs had rebounded, producing a predicted cumulative 5.9 percent rate of loss relative to December 2019. Permanent firm closures were 43 CMMHH (2020). Just prior to the pandemic, 20.6 percent of employed individuals of working age in Jordan were employed in PFPS jobs, representing 42 percent of private sector wage workers. In addition, 37.6 percent of employed individuals worked for a public or government entity;2.2 percent worked irregularly but in formal work arrangements. Many (26.1 percent) worked informally, whether in a regular or irregular job, and 12.9 percent were self-employed. Recall that the survey excludes “other” nationalities. In 2016, this percentage was 22.5 (LMPS 2016), and slightly more when all nationalities are included.

The numbers reported in this paragraph differ from those reported in Section 3.2 above, because these do not include “other” nationalities, for the purposes of comparability with the CMMHH.

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