||||girls confront particular challenges as they need to search further from home<br>for water and are exposed to the risk of gender violence.|**Voice and Agency:**<br>Gender Based Violence|
|---|---|---|---|---|
||||Extreme rainfall is associated with a large increase in the murder of “witches”,||
|Miguel 2005|Tanzania|Rainfall|<br>elderly women often killed by relatives. As violence increase during crisis,<br>income shocks rather than cultural norms is a key factor driving the result.|**Voice and Agency:**<br>Gender Based Violence|
|Mueller, Gray, and<br>Kosec 2014|Pakistan|Rainfall and<br>temperature<br>shocks|Flooding shocks, associated with large relief efforts, have modest impacts on<br>migration, Heat stress, however -which has attracted relatively little relief-<br>increases the long-term migration of men, driven by a negative effect on farm<br>and non-farm income but not of women.|**Economic opportunities:**<br>Labor|
|||Disasters such as<br>|Natural disasters on average kill more women than men directly, and<br>||
|Neumayer and<br>Plumper 2007|World|volcanos,<br>hurricanes,<br>extreme rainfall,<br>|indirectly via related post disaster events.|**Endowments:**Health|
|Nico and Azzarri<br>2022|31 African<br>countries|etc.<br>Temperature<br>shocks and<br>rainfall|Both droughts and heat waves reduce the number of hours worked in<br>agriculture, however the reduction is lower for women.|**Economic opportunities:**<br>Labor|
|Nübler et al. 2021|Kenya|Rainfall|Early life rainfall shocks reduce both achievement and cognitive test score for<br>both boys and girls.|**Endowments:**Education|
|Park et al 2020|United States|Temperature<br>shocks|<br>Cumulative heat exposure inhibits cognitive skill development as measured<br>by reduced test scores with no gender differences.|**Endowments:**Education|
|Pereira et al. 2017|Portugal;<br>Greece|Hurricane|Gender distribution of fatalities shows a higher vulnerability of men than<br>women, linked to their more active stance in the face of risk for several<br>reasons, including performing labor duties, rescuing or assisting, retrieving<br>property and livestock.|**Endowments:**Health|
||||<br>In Bangladesh, flood and drought shocks have a negligible gendered impact||
|Quisumbing,<br>Kumar, and<br>Behrman 2018|Bangladesh and<br>Uganda|Rainfall|on land and asset ownership, possibly owing to effective emergency assistance<br>and the low level of women’s ownership and control of agricultural assets.<br>Drought shocks have a negative and significant impact on wife’s non- land<br>assets in Uganda, appearing that households affected are coping by disposing<br>of wife’s non-land assets|**Economic opportunities:**<br>Asset ownership|
|Rabassa, Skoufias,<br>and Jacoby 2014|Nigeria|Rainfall|Rainfall shocks have a statistically significant impact on child health but there<br>are no gender differences.|**Endowments:**Health|
|Rakib and Matz<br>2016|Bangladesh|Rainfall|Shocks that occur due to climatic variability reduce the asset base of men more<br>strongly than of women, as men own more frequently assets involved in the<br>agricultural activities (land, tools, vehicles).|**Economic opportunities:**<br>Asset ownership|
|Rocha and Soares<br>2015|Brazil|Rainfall|<br>Rainfall fluctuations during the gestational period have similar impact among<br>girls and boys in terms of infant mortality, weight at birth and length of<br>gestational period.|**Endowments:**Health|
|Shah and Steinberg<br>2017|India|Rainfall|<br>Positive productivity shocks lead to lower school enrollment and test scores<br>for school-aged children and to an increase in human capital investment in<br>early life. However, there are no significant differences among boys and girls|**Endowments:**Education|

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