Table 2 shows summary statics of Brazilian and Venezuelan children enrolled in school up to grade 12. The di↵erences in averages are posted in columns (3) and (6) and the standards errors are clustered at the province level. Out of the 38,000 Venezuelan children attending regular schools, about 22,000 are in Roraima and Amazonas. In line with Venezuelan refugees and migrants population having a balanced gender distribution, about 48.5% of Venezuelans enrolled are female compared to 49% of Brazilians enrolled. Venezuelans across Brazil, on average, attend larger class-sizes, but both Venezuelans and Brazilians attend same class sizes in Roraima and Amazonas. Di↵erences in teacher student ratios seem to be not significant between the two nationalities. About 31% of Brazilians, compared to 37% of Venezuelans attend public schools . Among the private schools, most Venezuelans attend community or philanthropic schools. Table 20 shows that among public schools, 3% of Federal schools, 25% of Provincial schools and 12% of Municipal schools have Venezuelan students and on average federal and municipal schools have better trained teachers, while the private schools have better access to amenities. More Venezuelans than Brazilians attend schools that have simultaneous access to public services like water and sewage and access to internet services in Roraima but overall Brazilians seem to attend schools with better access to public services. These schools are more likely to have teachers who have either an undergraduate or a MA degree. Only about 3% of the teacher in Roraima and Amazonas, at schools with Venezuelan children, are proficient in Spanish language, which might be a major deterrent for Venezuelan children, who only speak Spanish and understand little or no Portuguese. While Venezuelans attend schools with higher enrollment than Brazilians on average across Brazil, they attend schools with lower enrollment in Roraima and Amazonas. This partly may reflect the fact that on average schools in Roraima and Amazonas are bigger than the average school in Brazil. Another interesting finding is that higher proportion of Venezuelans (68%) are attending classes that are below the grades consistent with their age than the Brazilian cohort (53%). This phenomenon may discourage students from attending schools, that may lead to inappropriate behavior like bullying, which will exaggerate the challenges that they already face in integrating. However, the average age of Venezuelans is lower since more Venezuelans are enrolled in grades below 4. About 20% of Venezuelans enrolled in school are enrolled in grade 1. Figure 16 shows that the grade distribution of Venezuelans are skewed to the left compared to the grade distribution of Brazilians.

Overall, descriptive statistics reveal that being demoted to lower class and shortages in having Spanish speaking teachers are major obstacles for Venezuelans to access education and Brazilian government and the international organizations are in the right direction to train teachers and school sta↵s Spanish language (Selee & Bolter, 2020) and o↵er Portuguese language courses to Venezuelan students. At the same time, resources needs to be diverted to increase capacity of schools. Another factor that is not observed in the data is the knowledge of Venezuelans about their rights and low attendance of Venezuelan in school may reflect the lack of knowledge about the education system in Brazil and constraints in accessing equivalence certificates. So, facilitation of credentials certification and provision of information on how to enroll and which documents are needed to enroll may promote more Venezuelans to access education.

# **4.2.2 Labor Market**

As of December 2019, about 29,000 Venezuelans are in RAIS, with about 19,000 employed, compared to 47 million Brazilians.Table 3 shows the summary statistics of the characteristics of Venezuelans and Brazilians, who are employed in the formal sector and represented in the RAIS dataset. The di↵erences in averages are posted in columns (3) and (6) and the standard errors are 20