|**Table 2a: The Determinants of Adult Time**|**Ue(Housew**<br>**Total**|**ork and To**<br>**Work'C**|**tal Work)**|**in****_Rural_Pe**<br>**Hous**|**ru, 1994 an**<br>**ework3**|**d 1997a**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||||Partici|pation "|Individua<br>|l Shar<br>|
|__ _ __<br>___<br>_i1li~~~|Female<br>~~~~~~|Male<br>~~1<br>(2L|Female<br>3L|Male<br>i4L|Female<br>_5~_~(|Male<br>6)|
|Child Sick**f**|-0.168|-0.052|--|-0.178|0.032 1|0.120"*|
||_(-1.30)_|_(-0.30)_<br>|___|_(-0.74)_|_(0.68)_|_(2.12)_<br>|
|Adult Sick|-0.299|-0.374|-|-0.350|0.217"|-0.126"|
||_(-1.21)_|_(-.19)_<br>|______(0.81)_||__(2.42)_|_(-1.22)_|
|Female /Male unemployment<sup>8</sup>|0.295|1.168|-|0.732|-0.112~|-0.091|
|________(1.31)||_(1.82)_||_12.L79|_(-1.26)_|_(-.6_|
|=I if individual is household head|0.181|0.197|--|0.357|-0.270'*|-0.013|
||_(0.80)_|_(0.88)_||_(.16)_|_(-L3.33 _-_|_0.17)_|
|=1 if household is female headed|-0.130|0.139|--|-0.146|0. 170"|0.029|
|_________|~~~~~~|~~~(-0.68<br>_(0.57)_|)|_(-0.44)_|_(2.43)_|_(0.3 7)_|
|Age|0.077"|0.036"|--|-0.034|_-0.015"_|-0.013"1|
||_(7.06)_|_(2.14)_||_(-.40)_|_(-3.70)_|_(-2.50)_|
|Square of age (-**_10-3)_**<br>|-1.02"|-0.498"|--|0.246|0.199"*|0.159"|
|Ijif<br>householdis of native origin|0.108|-0.111|--|0.132|-0.066"*|0.011|
||_(1.26)_|_(-1.12)_||_(0.97)_|_2.22 __|<br>_(0.3 7)_|
|Euain(years)|-0.001|-0.029'|--|-0.0 12|-0.007|_0.005_|
||_-(-0.01)_|_(-1.93)_||_(-0. 60)_|_(-1.42)_|___1.-08)_|
|_#_of children-under 4 years|0.064|0.022|-|0.090|-0.032'|-0.030|
|________________________<br>|_(1.41)_<br>|_(0.35)(10)_<br>|||_(.8j_<br>|_(15)_<br>|
|# of adolescent females between**5 &**14|-0.046<br>|-0.044<br>|--|-0.067<br>|0.014<br>|-0.027<br>|
||_(-0. 99_|_(-0.71)_||_(-.77)_|_(083)_<br>-|_-. 32)_|
|# faul<br>**eales**betweenL**15****_&_**_60_|-0.048|-0.008|-|-0.078|-0.047"|-0.027|
||_(-1.06)_|_(-0.13)_<br>___|_____(-0.88)_||_(-2.80)_<br>_j_|_I-1.25)_|
|# fedryfemales, over 60|0.058|-0.049|--|-0.416"|-0.067<br>|-0.058|
|___________<br>__________<br>__________|_(0.52)_|_(-0.35)_||_(-2.16)_|__El 6)__|_(130)_|
|=1 if household energy is fuielwood/coal|-0.024|**-0.015**|-|0.067|0.081"|0.053|
|Duration of public water supy(mins/day)|-0.019|**_-0.050_**|--|-0.087|0.010|0.007|
||(-~~~~~~|~~~~~~<br>_(-1.41)_|~~~~0.6|8)<br>_(-1.57)_|_(0 0)_|_( 65_|
|=1 if water source is outside the household.|-0.164|-0.214|--|-0.13 1|0.035|-0.02|
|-|(-~~~~~~~|~~~~~~0.85<br>__(-0.88)_|)|_(-0.34)_|_(0.46)_|_(0.31)_|
|_jN_|_615_|_614_||_6)4_|_600_|_436_|
|_Wald statistic ( with 24~J_<br>|_238.09_|_86.71_||_43.10_|_117.93_|_56.26_|
|_p(~~~~o/[~~~~+oj)~~~0.40_||_0.13_||_0.00_|_0.17_|_0.09_|
|_1? within)_<br>_.0.09_<br>||_0.05_|||_0.07_|_0.02_|
|_R_<sup>_2 _</sup>_(betweezQ._|_0.41_|_0.20_|||_0.24_|_0.17_|
|_[R2(overall)_|_0.33_|_0.13_<br>_|__|___|_0.18_|_0.12_|

aOnly the estimation results with respect to selected variables are presented here. The larger regression also included year dummy, cluster wages and proportion of cluster employment in formnal sector. Standard errors are given in below coefficient estimates. b The decision to participate in the activity. Estimated using a random-effects probit.

**di** Individual's time in **thie** activity as a % of the individual's total work time. Random-effects regression. Limit values were excluded. Includes time allocated to housework, self-employment and work for wages. In log of hours per week.

fBoth child and adult sickness are considered endogenous. See the appendix fbr details.

Cluster male (female) unemployment rate in female (male) regression.

32