**Table 10** :  Life Expectancy at Birth Effects on Lifetime Earnings with Correction for Selection Due to Participation in Labor Force

||**Pooled S**|**ample**|**M**|**ale**|**Fem**|**ale**|**Ru**|**ral**|**Ur**|**ban**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Selection<br>Equation|Earnings<br>Equation|Selection<br>Equation|Earnings<br>Equation|Selection<br>Equation|Earnings<br>Equation|Selection<br>Equation|Earnings<br>Equation|Selection<br>Equation|Earnings<br>Equation|
|Household size|-0.039***<br>[0.001]||0.002<br>[0.001]||-0.075***<br>[0.001]||-0.022***<br>[0.001]||-0.056***<br>[0.001]||
|**Respondent is**|0.787***||0.862***||0.538***||0.721***||0.810***||
|**household head**|[0.003]||[0.007]||[0.004]||[0.006]||[0.004]||
|**Life**e**xpectancy at**<br>b**irth**|**_0.003***_**<br>**_[0.000]_**|**_0.014***_**<br>**_[0.004]_**|**_0.002**_**<br>**_[0.001]_**|**_0.018***_**<br>**_[0.007]_**|**_0.007***_**<br>**_[0.000]_**|**_0.012***_**<br>**_[0.003]_**|**_-0.006***_**<br>**_[0.001]_**|**_0.014***_**<br>**_[0.005]_**|**_0.016***_**<br>**_[0.001]_**|**_0.010***_**<br>**_[0.003]_**|
|Age|0.204***<br>[0.001]|0.045***<br>[0.005]|0.203***<br>[0.002]|0.035***<br>[0.009]|0.209***<br>[0.001]|-0.005<br>[0.016]|0.199***<br>[0.002]|0.046***<br>[0.006]|0.209***<br>[0.002]|0.043***<br>[0.006]|
|Age-squared*(1/100)|-0.3***|-0.0***|-0.3***|0|-0.3***|0|-0.3***|-0.0***|-0.3***|-0.0***|
||[0.000]|[0.000]|[0.000]|[0.000]|[0.000]|[0.000]|[0.000]|[0.000]|[0.000]|[0.000]|
|Rural|0.106***<br>[0.003]|-0.378***<br>[0.062]|-0.061***<br>[0.006]|-0.351***<br>[0.076]|0.172***<br>[0.003]|-0.401***<br>[0.037]|||||
|Male|<br>1.691***<br>[0.003]|<br>0.154***<br>[0.036]|||||1.851***<br>[0.006]|0.301***<br>[0.047]|1.630***<br>[0.004]|0.105**<br>[0.041]|
|Marital status, never<br>married|0.070***<br>[0.004]|-0.116***<br>[0.031]|-0.914***<br>[0.007]|-0.026<br>[0.035]|0.558***<br>[0.005]|-0.122**<br>[0.056]|-0.030***<br>[0.007]|-0.108***<br>[0.036]|0.109***<br>[0.005]|-0.121***<br>[0.030]|
|Cohort Size||-2.286***||-2.471***||-0.666||-1.761***||-2.120**|
|(Proportion of birth-<br>year cohort in labor||[0.749]||[0.839]||[0.950]||[0.273]||[0.972]|
|force)|||||||||||
|Parents’ life|0.007***|0.004**|-0.001|0.008***|0.010***|-0.001|0.012***|0.005|-0.002***|0.007***|
|expectancy|[0.000]|[0.002]|[0.001]|[0.003]|[0.000]|[0.001]|[0.001]|[0.003]|[0.000]|[0.002]|
|Inverse Mills Ratio||-0.742***<br>[0.278]||-1.575***<br>[0.566]||-1.077***<br>[0.390]||-0.443**<br>[0.214]||-0.849**<br>[0.325]|
|Constant|-3.420***|5.356***|-0.742***|5.262***|-4.003***|6.872***|-3.137***|5.034***|-3.747***|5.497***|
||[0.038]|[0.297]|[0.084]|[0.511]|[0.045]|[0.569]|[0.058]|[0.483]|[0.050]|[0.266]|
|N|4453600|2478294|2149376|1434525|2304224|1043769|1831164|822189|2622436|1656105|
|Adjusted. R square||0.9||0.919||0.871||0.888||0.907|
|F-statistics||344.508||130.152||319.203||61.128||201.815|

Note: Standard errors in brackets. Significance levels: *p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. From the selection equation, we calculate the linear predicted probabilities, and then convert these into normal densities to calculate the inverse Mills ratio. The group-specific inverse-mills ratios are used in the earnings specifications, which is estimated only on those who are in the labor force, to correct for the selection.

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