Next we review whether the results we have found are robust across databases and across different definitions of globalization and governance. The results are shown in Table 5 below. Overall, we observe higher levels of governance in global cities, although the magnitude of the differences between local and global cities varies depending on the type of governance variable used. These results are similar irrespective of whether one considers the full sample of 412 cities (shown in table 5 below), or when the samples are segmented into non-OECD and OECD cities (not shown).

**TABLE 5: Average governance ratings by multiple city/country factors**

|||Low Bribery<br>in Utility|Low Informal<br>Money<br>Laundering|Absence of<br>street crime|% Red Tape<br>Cost of<br>Imports|<br>Low Bribery<br>to affect laws|Low Illegal<br>Financing|Low<br>Diversion of<br>Public Funds|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||1-7|1-7|1-7|%|1-7|1-7|1-7|
|Global cit (Talor)|Local|4.39|3.46|3.78|23.8|3.61|3.14|3.06|
|y y|Global|5.64|4.46|4.84|14.2|4.76|3.93|4.42|
|Size ratio cit/countr|Low|4.95|3.72|4.27|17.4|3.99|3.33|3.44|
|yy|High|5.05|4.00|4.32|18.2|4.24|3.53|3.76|
|Cit oulation|Low|5.06|3.85|4.32|16.4|4.11|3.46|3.66|
|y pp|High|4.94|3.92|4.27|19.7|4.17|3.43|3.59|
|Caital Cit|No|5.01|3.85|4.26|17.2|4.14|3.45|3.63|
|p y|Yes|4.99|3.92|4.33|19.2|4.11|3.42|3.60|
|Website has information on|No|4.90|3.76|4.16|18.5|4.04|3.37|3.50|
|how to start business|Yes|6.19|5.19|5.42|10.7|5.18|4.26|5.02|
|Kearney Country|Low|4.69|3.58|4.00|20.6|3.90|3.03|3.16|
|Globalization Index|High|6.21|4.88|5.46|9.6|5.11|4.36|5.04|
|Countr Urbanization|Low|4.40|3.58|3.93|21.5|3.65|3.12|3.10|
|y|High|5.84|4.26|4.77|13.0|4.79|3.88|4.34|

_All variables range from 1 (bad) to 7 (good) with exception of cost of imports which is shown in percentage terms_ The synthesis results of the full set of econometric specifications is presented in table 6 below, and the full regression results appear in Table 4 of the paper. We find that globalization at both city and country level (Kearney Globalization Index) is positively correlated with all the measures of governance. Globalization at a country level, as measured by the Kearney Globalization Index is significant and positive against all the governance indicators, except cost of imports where it is significant and negative. Per capita income is also positively correlated with all dimensions of governance.

The results shown in Table 6 are relatively robust and significant. With some specifications, country level globalization seems to dominate the city globalization variable. Partly this may be the fact that country level globalization in the more fundamental (macroeconomic and trade) sense vis-à-vis the rest of the world is even more important than city-specific measures or city specific attractiveness. Yet in part this result may also reflect the fact that the country globalization variable was constructed specifically for the purpose to have a globalization indicator, while the city globalization variables we are utilizing are indirect (and partial) proxies. Thus, the measurement errors may differ, with the city variables being more (statistically) ‘noisy’.

29