||Ha|vingonline|sales|Sha|re of online|sales|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|
|Having own website|0.064<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.064<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.060<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|1.557<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|1.552<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|1.382<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|
||(0.016)|(0.017)|(0.017)|(0.625)|(0.629)|(0.630)|
|Spending on RD|-0.001|0.001|0.001|0.151|0.238|0.262|
||(0.021)|(0.021)|(0.022)|(0.801)|(0.804)|(0.837)|
|Banking account|0.022|0.022|0.026<sup>_∗_</sup>|1.170<sup>_∗_</sup>|1.187<sup>_∗_</sup>|1.240<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|
||(0.015)|(0.015)|(0.016)|(0.603)|(0.615)|(0.620)|
|Exporter|-0.010|-0.008|-0.005|1.103<sup>_∗_</sup>|1.134<sup>_∗_</sup>|1.260<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|
||(0.017)|(0.017)|(0.017)|(0.642)|(0.639)|(0.634)|
|Productivity quantile (1-100)|-0.000|-0.000|-0.000|-0.004|-0.003|-0.005|
||(0.000)|(0.000)|(0.000)|(0.009)|(0.009)|(0.009)|
|Electrical outage (region)||-0.010|||-0.594||
|||(0.016)|||(0.632)||
|Finance constraint (region)||-0.001|||-0.025||
|||(0.001)|||(0.023)||
|Age 5-9 years|-0.001|-0.003|-0.010|0.830|0.784|0.550|
||(0.064)|(0.065)|(0.067)|(3.370)|(3.414)|(3.468)|
|Age 10+ years|-0.011|-0.014|-0.014|-0.980|-1.042|-1.014|
||(0.060)|(0.061)|(0.062)|(3.247)|(3.290)|(3.346)|
|Medium (20-99)|0.021|0.021|0.022|-1.632<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|-1.610<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|-1.585<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||(0.017)|(0.017)|(0.017)|(0.590)|(0.589)|(0.576)|
|Large (100+)|0.039<sup>_∗_</sup>|0.039<sup>_∗_</sup>|0.037<sup>_∗_</sup>|-1.210<sup>_∗_</sup>|-1.187<sup>_∗_</sup>|-1.327<sup>_∗_</sup>|
||(0.021)|(0.021)|(0.021)|(0.701)|(0.702)|(0.695)|
|Const and utilities|-0.062<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|-0.064<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|-0.058<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|-0.688|-0.749|-0.652|
||(0.025)|(0.025)|(0.025)|(0.793)|(0.794)|(0.758)|
|Retail and wholesale|0.116<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.116<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.115<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|2.872<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|2.836<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|2.764<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||(0.023)|(0.023)|(0.023)|(0.673)|(0.675)|(0.647)|
|Transp and storage|0.014|0.011|0.008|2.961<sup>_∗_</sup>|2.894<sup>_∗_</sup>|2.834<sup>_∗_</sup>|
||(0.042)|(0.043)|(0.041)|(1.638)|(1.652)|(1.550)|
|Accomm|0.195<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.196<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.223<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|7.402<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|7.453<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|8.717<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||(0.050)|(0.050)|(0.051)|(2.687)|(2.699)|(2.676)|
|Food prep serv|0.165<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.165<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.163<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|5.783<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|5.755<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|5.504<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||(0.045)|(0.045)|(0.043)|(1.906)|(1.899)|(1.889)|
|ICT|0.083<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|0.083<sup>_∗_</sup>|0.078<sup>_∗_</sup>|6.807<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|6.828<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|6.721<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||(0.042)|(0.042)|(0.042)|(2.166)|(2.181)|(2.168)|
|Other serv|-0.030|-0.029|-0.035|-0.096|-0.066|-0.371|
||(0.036)|(0.036)|(0.036)|(1.215)|(1.214)|(1.214)|
|Constant|-0.231<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|-0.227<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|0.524<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|-5.022|-4.688|23.159<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||(0.096)|(0.096)|(0.108)|(4.210)|(4.220)|(4.836)|
|Observations|6324|6295|6324|6324|6295|6324|
|_R_<sup>2</sup>|0.082|0.082|0.101|0.099|0.100|0.115|

Note. Results from linear probability model. Clustered standard errors at the country-region-size-sector in parentheses. Specifications (1)-(2) and (4)-(5) include country dummies. Specifications (3) and (6) include country-region dummies. All specifications control for the severity of the crisis based on Google mobility (See section 2).<sup>_∗_</sup> _p <_ 0 _._ 10,<sup>_∗∗_</sup> _p <_ 0 _._ 05,<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup> _p <_ 0 _._ 01. ‘Electrical outage (region)’ refers to the share of firms experiencing electrical outages during the previous fiscal year in the same sub-national region. ‘Finance constraint (region)’ refers to the share of firms identifying access to finance as a major constraint in the same sub-national region. ‘Banking account’ refers to having checking or saving account.

Table 2: Factors associated with increasing in online sales A second hypothesis is related to access to finance and the fact that many firms were financially constrained to invest in digital technologies to respond to the pandemic. While the data set has 21