# **Measures of Urban and Rural Congestion:**

Data on the share of the urban population living in slums (%) comes from UN-Habitat (2003), UN (2013) and WB (2013). A slum household is usually defined as a group of individuals living under the same roof lacking one or more of the following conditions (UN-Habitat 2003): (i) sufficientliving area, (ii) structural quality, (iii) access to improved water source, and (iv) access to improved sanitation facilities. We have data for 113 countries in total, but we only focus on 95 countries for which we also have data on urban natural increase in 2000. Data is available for a lower number of countries for some subcomponents of the slum variable. UN-Habitat (2003) reports the share of urban residents that lack “sufficient-living area” (%), i.e. who live in dwelling units with more than 3 persons per room. We use as a measure of “structural quality” the share of urban inhabitants who live in a residence with a finished floor (%). We reconstruct this variable using the _International Public-Use Microdata Series_ (IPUMS, 2013) and the stat compiler of the _Demographic and Health Surveys_ (DHS, 2013). Data on the share of urban inhabitants who have access to an improved water source and improved sanitation facilities (%) comes from WB (2013). A household is considered to have access to an improved water source if it has sufficient amount of water for family use, at an affordable price, available to household members without being subject to extreme effort, especially to women and children. A household is considered to have access to improved sanitation, if an excreta disposal system is available to household members. Data on the urban child dependency ratio (%), the urban aged dependency ratio (%), the urban total dependency ratio (%), and the urban share of 6-15 year-old children that are currently attending school (%) was recreated using the DHS (2013) and IPUMS (2013), for each country. The urban child dependency ratio is the ratio of the number of urban residents aged 0-14 over the number of urban residents aged 15-64 x 100. The urban aged dependency ratio is the ratio of the number of urban residents aged 65-+ over the number of urban residents aged 15-64 x 100. The urban total dependency ratio is the ratio of the number of urban residents aged 0-14 or 65-+ over the number of urban residents aged 1564 x 100. Data on our measure of particulate matter (PM) concentrations in residential areas of cities with more than 100,000 residents comes from WB (2013). Data on the urban employment structure in selected countries for 2000-2010 was recreated using various sources, as described for each country in Gollin, Jedwab and Vollrath (2013). Their two main data sources are IPUMS (2013), the _International Public-Use Microdata Series_ , and ILO (2013), the International Organization of Labor. They complement these datasets with data from the published reports of _Population and Housing Censuses, Labor Force Surveys and Household Surveys_ . For each country for which data is available, they estimate the employment shares (%) of all urban areas for the following 11 sectors: “agriculture”, “mining”, “public utilities”, “manufacturing”, “construction”, “wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants”, “transportation, storage and communications”, “finance, insurance, real estate and business services”, “government services”, “education and health” and “personal and other services” (our sector of analysis, since it often works as an urban refugee sector). Lastly, we use the same sources to recreate the same measures of congestion for the rural sector only in 2000-2010. Data is missing for three measures then: sufficient-living area, particulate matter (PM) concentrations and the employment share of the rural refugee sector, which is not necessarily the “personal and other services” sector. We also have data for a fewer number of observations for the rural sector than for the urban sector.

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