36 assemble cars and trucks for protected domestic markets, the 2000s witnessed the emergence of firms producing parts both for exports and domestic consumption as well as cars destined for foreign markets.

**Table 22:** _Total automobile and ICT network trade and share of markets other than PanEuropean free trade area in 1995, 2000 and 2004(in million of US dollars and percent)_

||**Auto**|**mobile Ne**|**twork**<br>|**ICT **|**Network**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Producer-Driven Network Product|1995|2000|2004|1995|2000|2004|
|Total network exports ($ million)|954|2,125|9,641|255|1,008|2,930|
|Share of ROW(otherthan Pan Euro area)|39|34|23|17|17|8|
|Exports of network final products ($ mill)|439|1,041|6,950|239|944|2,817|
|Share of ROW(otherthan Pan Euro area)|44|34|19|14|13|7|
|Total network imports ($ million)|2,033|6,742|12,952|1,677|5,522|6,200|
|Share of ROW(otherthan Pan Euro area)|24|20|18|42|31|52|
|Imports of network parts ($ million)|1,289|2,863|5,943|646|1,753|2,830|
|Share of ROW(otherthan Pan Euro area)|19|29|20|40|36|46|
|Total Exports as % of total Imports (%)|47|32|74|15|18|47|
|Imports ofparts as % of total exports(%)|135|135|62|253|174|97|

Source: Computations based on Turkey’s data reported to the UN COMTRADE Statistics.

Last but not least, as it was signaled earlier, there is a difference in geographical patterns of external interaction. Producers in ICT networks rely more on imported inputs from other than pan-European suppliers and their exports are more concentrated on pan-European markets. Respective shares in imports of parts of the ROW in 2003 were 36 percent for the ICT network and 20 percent for the automotive network and in exports of final products 9 percent and 23 percent respectively.

# **C** **_. Turkey’s producer-driven network trade in regional perspective_**

Among EU candidates, Turkey is the only country whose firms appear to participate in division of labor driven by production fragmentation. The level of their participation appears to be higher than of two of EU-8, Latvia and Lithuania. The share of ‘producer-driven’ network products in exports of manufactures as well as its pace of growth was much stronger than in those two countries (Table 23).

**Table 23:** _Features of ‘producer-driven’ network trade of EU-8 and EU-candidates in 1995, 2000 and 2004 (in million of US dollars and percent)_

||Exports<br>US doll|(in millio<br>ars)|n of|LS Gro<br>(%)<br>Auto+<br>ICT|wth<br>Parts|Share<br>of Man<br>exclud<br>Chemi|in Exp<br>ufactu<br>ing<br>cals(|orts<br>res<br>%)|Share<br>Autom<br>Netwo|of Par<br>obile<br>rk (%)|ts in<br>|Share<br>ICT N|of Par<br>etwork|ts in<br>(%)|Share<br>Netwo<br>Produ<br>Expor|of ICT<br>rk in T<br>cer-Dr<br>ts(%)|<br>otal<br>iven|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||||1995-|1995-|||||||||||||
|Country|1995|2000|2004|04|04|1995|2000|2004|1995|2000|2004|1995|2000|2004|1995|2000|2004|
|Czech R.|1,919|6,655|15,355|23.1|23.1|14.8|28.5|34.9|42.9|42.6|55.2|68.3|45.5|31.5|14.4|17.9|35.0|
|Estonia|152|997|1,150|22.6|20.4|17.6|41.9|29.0|21.4|45.9|35.8|94.6|29.1|74.7|69.2|90.3|65.6|
|Hungary<br>|2,191|12,851|22,026|22.8|17.2|26.1|56.9|59.6|85.2|66.4|80.0|51.7|17.5|13.2|29.4|59.0|62.4|
|Latvia|31|57|129|8.7|13.6|5.4|5.3|7.0|24.3|43.5|51.2|24.5|33.5|23.5|37.5|68.0|63.8|
|Lithuania|80|190|517|17.9|14.3|10.2|11.1|14.7|62.7|35.9|52.3|95.5|79.4|51.5|91.5|80.1|78.1|
|Poland|1,790|5,376|13,186|22.3|28.3|13.7|24.9|30.6|29.9|56.3|60.3|71.1|32.1|46.0|22.1|20.7|19.4|
|Slovakia|904|2,603|9,383|24.5|18.8|15.1|30.8|46.3|49.1|25.8|30.3|47.3|56.0|31.4|12.3|14.0|15.7|
|Slovenia|1,131|1,442|2,302|7.2|9.9|18.2|21.8|23.3|38.0|39.4|42.0|44.9|38.0|40.0|7.9|11.3|7.4|
|Bulgaria|91|93|167|3.8|6.9|4.8|3.8|3.2|52.1|67.2|69.8|45.7|51.2|55.7|16.2|43.3|55.1|
|Croatia|69|100|221|7.7|9.4|3.5|5.7|6.2|90.6|96.4|91.7|50.2|51.1|45.2|<br>9.1|43.8|35.7|
|Romania|189|669|1,546|26.1|29.6|3.8|8.4|8.7|43.4|72.6|89.5|57.0|63.4|32.2|<br>7.9|68.0|36.0|
|**Turkey**|**1,079**|**3,205**|**11,209**|**25.1**|**16.8**|**8.1**|**15.9**|**25.3**|**68.1**|**54.0**|**30.2**|**14.5**|**8.5**|**4.7**|**23.8**|**33.8**|**23.0**|

Source: Computations based on UN COMTRADE Statistics.