Among those working, average hours worked in the last 7 days, as reported in the labor module, are also high.<sup>21</sup> Men and women NFE owners/managers worked about 50 hours in the last 7 days, with women working slightly greater hours than men, particularly in rural areas. Within wage work, men and women also worked similar hours (about 47 hours) in the last week. And within agriculture, women worked about 16 hours in the last week, compared to 21 hours for men. On average, across all activities, women worked about 39 hours in the last week, and 45 hours for men, with greater total hours worked in urban areas. Despite long workweeks, however, women’s share of total annual household off-farm earnings was significantly less than men’s, reflecting important disparities in how women’s time is valued. Among those who were working in any off-farm activity, women’s share of household earnings was about 44 percent, on average, compared to 51 percent for men — with wider gender gaps in urban areas.<sup>22</sup> Table 3. Labor market activities of men and women

||To|tal|Urb|an|Rur|al|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Men|Women|Men|Women|Men|Women|
|Participation (Y=1, N=0)<sup>(2)</sup>|||||||
|Any activity (across agr. and off-farm work)|0.88***|0.77***|0.86***|0.74***|0.88***|0.78***|
|Among those working: more than one activity (Y=1, N=0)|0.27***|0.21***|0.18**|0.13**|0.30***|0.23***|
|Specific activities:|||||||
|(A) Any agricultural activity (crops/livestock/fishing)|0.46*|0.43*|0.21**|0.17**|0.55|0.53|
|<br>(B) Off-farm: owner/manager of NFE|0.16*|0.18*|0.27|0.29|0.12**|0.14**|
|(C) Off-farm: supporting work in NFE|0.07|0.07|0.11|0.10|0.06|0.05|
|(D) Off-farm: wage employment|0.44***|0.26***|0.44***|0.28***|0.44***|0.25***|
|Among those working: hours in the last 7 days|||||||
|Agriculture|20.9***|15.5***|22.1***|15.1***|20.7***|15.6***|
|NFE owner|46.5**|50.1**|52.2|52.8|41.6***|48.2***|
|NFE supporting work|27.0|29.0|33.6|29.8|22.7|28.4|
|Main wage employment|46.9|46.7|48.0|48.1|46.5|46.2|
|<br>Across all activities (all)|45.3***|38.7***|50.5**|46.3**|43.4***|36.1***|
|Across all activities (just those in multiple activities)|56.2|56.9|64.7|66.5|54.3|55.0|
|Among those in off-farm (NFE and wage) work:<br>annual earnings|||||||
|<br>Share of individual earnings/total HH earned income|0.51***|0.44***|0.48***|0.38***|0.53***|0.47***|
|Total Observations|1,845|2,093|573|655|1,272|1,438|
|Notes:|||||||

(1) Sample includes men and women reporting in the LSMS+ labor module, aged 18 and older. All estimates are weighted using the household sampling weight. Statistically significant differences between men and women are indicated by asterisks (***p<0.01, ***p<0.05, * p<0.10).

(2) 442 men respondents and 319 women respondents engaged in more than one activity across (A)-(D).

(3) The results include 188 men and 111 women that reported by proxy.

Figures 1 and 2 shed light on the total work burdens that women with and without an off-farm or agricultural occupation face, compared to men. Figure 1 presents locally weighted regressions of minutes spent in the last 24 hours across unpaid work, agricultural or off-farm work, and leisure by age and occupation as reported in the labor module (NFE work, wage work, agriculture, or not working in these 21 Average weekly hours worked from the labor module is consistent with average daily hours reported in the time use diary, under the assumption that individuals work similar hours for 5 business days.

> 22 Off-farm earnings were calculated by adding annual wage earnings with annual non-farm enterprise earnings collected in the survey.

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