SOUTH SUDAN’S INFRASTRUCTURE: A CONTINENTAL PERSPECTIVE

|Indicators|Units|South Sudan|East Africa|Low-income,<br>nonfragile<br>countries|Middle-<br>income<br>countries|Resource-<br>rich<br>countries|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Collection rate|% billing|40|94|92|91|70|
|Revenue per unit|US cents/ kWh||10.5|14|13|13|
|System losses|% of generation|50|23|24|20|52|
|||South Suda|n<br>Predom|inantly thermal|Other devel|oping regions|
|Average effective tariff|US cents/ kWh|18|–29|14.5||5.0–10.0|

_Source:_ All data unless specified are for 2005 and based on AICD calculations; Data for South Sudan access to electricity are from 2010 and were obtained from World Bank (2011); data for Installed capacity for South Sudan are from 2009 and were obtained from Platts (2009); data for power outages were derived from Vennemo and Rosnes (2009); data for emergency generation from Eberhard and others (2008); data for firms that find power to be a constraint and firms with own generators are from 2007 and were obtained from World Bank (2009b); data on Sudan collection rate, revenue per unit, and system losses are for 2010 and were taken from World Bank (2011); data for average effective tariff for South Sudan are taken from World Bank (2011). For the thermal benchmark, data represent primarily residential users. _Note:_ Access to electricity data for urban and rural access in South Sudan are estimates based on calculations from the AICD economic model for power investment needs. Installed capacity per million people was calculated based on Platts (2009). * The aggregate is based on manufacturing firms.

South Sudan also records very limited usage of modern fuels for domestic consumption purposes across all income levels; in fact, usage is among the lowest in Africa. Recent poverty assessments for South Sudan found that less than 1 percent of the richest household quintile used modern fuels for cooking. Around 70 percent of the wealthiest household quintile and around 86 percent of the country on average used firewood for cooking (World Bank 2010a and 2010b). Comparing South Sudan to other countries in Africa indicates that the country records extremely limited usage of modern fuels overall (table 12).

**Table 12. Even the richest households in South Sudan do not use modern fuels for cooking**

|Usage of modern fuels (%)||
|---|---|
|All|Richest|
|<br>households|<br>households|
|Sudan (2009)<br>36.1|64.9|
|Kenya (2003)<br>3.45|16.52|
|Nigeria (2003)<br>1.19|5.51|
|Uganda (2001)<br>0.87|4.34|
|Ethiopia (2005)<br>0.31|1.48|
|**South Sudan (2009)**<br>**0.3**|**0.8**|
|Tanzania (2005)<br>0.24|1.22|
|_Source:_DHS various years and World Bank<br>World Bank 2010b.|2010a and|

Modern fuel usage for other purposes such as lighting Tanzania (2005) 0.24 does not vary significantly across urban and rural areas _Source:_ DHS various years and World Bank 2010a and (table 12). Around 63 to 70 percent of lighting is fueled by World Bank 2010b. firewood, paraffin lamps/lanterns, candle wax, or biogas. Around 7.4 percent of lighting in urban areas is provided by electricity or gas. Less than 2 percent of lighting in rural areas is powered by nontraditional fuels (table 13).

**Table 13. Gas and electricity powers very low levels of lighting even in urban South Sudan in 2010**

||Electricity|Gas|Public generators|Solar<br>power|Traditional fuels|No lighting|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Total|1.20|0.40|1.80|0.90|68.80|26.90|
|Urban|7.10|0.30|9.60|2.50|63.60|16.90|
|Rural|0.20|0.40|0.40|0.50|69.80|28.70|

_Source:_ Southern Sudan Center for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, 2010.

Businesses record limited access to power in South Sudan and indicate that power is a major impediment to growth and productivity. One hundred percent of firms in Malakal and 87 percent of firms 29