15

**Table 4.** Within Caste: Same Jati and Cross-Jati Effect

|**Dependent variable:**||**Agricultura**|**l production**||
|---|---|---|---|---|
||**(1)**|**(2)**|**(3)**|**(4)**|
|_Specification 1: Baseline—State dummies_|||||
|Head education level|0.0042<sup>*</sup>|0.0041<sup>*</sup>|0.0036|0.0040<sup>*</sup>|
||(0.0026)|(0.0025)|(0.0024)|(0.0024)|
|Same jati mean education level|0.030<sup>*** </sup>|0.030<sup>*** </sup>|0.033<sup>*** </sup>|0.029<sup>*** </sup>|
||(0.011)|(0.011)|(0.011)|(0.011)|
|Other jatis mean education level|0.0011|0.00068|−0.0041|−0.0046|
||(0.0087)|(0.0090)|(0.0090)|(0.0087)|
|Observations|3333|3333|3333|3333|
|_R_<sup>2</sup>|0.83|0.83|0.83|0.83|
|_Specification 2: Instrument for head’s educ_|||||
|Head education level|0.0029|0.0027|0.0025|0.0025|
||(0.0040)|(0.0040)|(0.0039)|(0.0039)|
|Same jati mean education level|0.031<sup>** </sup>|0.031<sup>** </sup>|0.034<sup>*** </sup>|0.031<sup>*** </sup>|
||(0.012)|(0.012)|(0.012)|(0.012)|
|Other jatis mean education level|0.0013|0.00082|−0.0040|−0.0044|
||(0.0087)|(0.0089)|(0.0089)|(0.0086)|
|Observations|3333|3333|3333|3333|
|_R_<sup>2</sup>|0.83|0.83|0.83|0.83|
|F statistic (KP)|1264|1183|1174|1175|
|_Specification 3: District dummies_|||||
|Head education level|0.0040<sup>** </sup>|0.0036<sup>*</sup>|0.0034<sup>*</sup>|0.0034<sup>*</sup>|
||(0.0019)|(0.0019)|(0.0019)|(0.0019)|
|Same jati mean education level|0.016<sup>** </sup>|0.016<sup>** </sup>|0.016<sup>** </sup>|0.017<sup>** </sup>|
||(0.0069)|(0.0069)|(0.0067)|(0.0067)|
|Other jatis mean education level|0.0058|0.0054|0.0029|0.0030|
||(0.0063)|(0.0062)|(0.0067)|(0.0068)|
|Observations|3238|3238|3238|3238|
|_R_<sup>2</sup>|0.88|0.88|0.88|0.88|
|Household level controls|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Agricultural controls|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Group controls|No|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Controls for other group|No|No|Yes|Yes|
|Additional group controls|No|No|No|Yes|

_Source_ : Author’s analysis based on the 2006 round of the Additional Rural Incomes Survey and Rural Economic & Demographic Survey (ARIS-REDS) from the National Council of Applied Economic Research. _Note_ :<sup>*</sup> _p <_ 0.1,<sup>**</sup> _p <_ 0.05,<sup>***</sup> _p <_ 0.01. Robust standard errors clustered at the village level are reported in parentheses. The coefficients on the other controls are reported in table S1.1 in the supplementary appendix S1. The reference group is defined as individuals from the same jati and the same occupation. The other group refers to individuals from the same caste that have agriculture as their main occupation, but not from the same jati. Group controls and controls for other groups include the number of individuals in each group (in log) and the mean value for the demographic characteristics in each group. Additional group controls include the average amount of land in each group and the amount of transfers within groups.

education spillovers on rice productivity and do not find any evidence that neighbors’ levels of education matter. This absence of education spillovers may be due to a lower learning potential in rice production. Table 5 provides separate estimations for rice and wheat, focusing on households that only cultivate wheat or rice. As before, the dependent variable is the agricultural output of the household, and the coefficients on demographic characteristics and farm characteristics are reported in table S1.1 in the