# **Annex A: Overview of variables, definitions, and sources**

|**Definition**|**Description**|**Source**|
|---|---|---|
|Digital platform to participate in<br>decision-making I30(2020 and<br>2022 data)|Are there national platforms that allow citizens to participate in policy decision-<br>making? It takes the value 1 if such a platform exists and 0 otherwise.|GovTech Maturity<br>Index (GTMI) 2022|
|A digital platform to participate<br>in the enhancement of the<br>quality of public service delivery<br>I31(2020 and 2022 data)|Are there government platforms that allow citizens to provide feedback (e.g.,<br>compliments, complaints, suggestions, info requests) on service delivery? This<br>captures the availability of a platform that allows citizens to provide feedback, make<br>suggestions, collect information, or complain about the delivery of public services. It<br>also takes 1 if such aplatform exists and 0 otherwise.|GovTech Maturity<br>Index (GTMI) 2022|
|GovTech (2020 and 2022 data)|This variable indicates whether at least one of I30 or I31 exists for the country. It<br>takes 1 if at least I30 or I31 exists and 0 otherwise.|Authors’ computation<br>based on GTMI 2022|
|Civil Society Participation|It measures the level of civil society participation in policymaking and political<br>processes, with a focus on major Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) being routinely<br>consulted by policymakers, the level of people's involvement in CSOs, the extent to<br>which women participate, and the process for nominating legislative candidates<br>within party organizations. The CSPI ranges from 0 to 1 and can be transformed into<br>three different ordinal versions with three(_3C),four(_4C),and five(_5C)levels.|Varieties of<br>Democracy (V-Dem)|
|Engaged society|It measures how wide and how independent are public deliberations, when<br>important policy changes are being considered.|Varieties of<br>Democracy (V-Dem)|
|Democracy (Polity 2)|The Polity2 index is a revised and combined version of the POLITY score index, which<br>captures the spectrum of the authority of the political regime on a scale from -10<br>(hereditarymonarchy)to 10(consolidated democracy).|Polity V|
||Presented in constant 2017 international USD, it refers to gross domestic product<br>that is converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates, which||
|GDP per capita PPP in 2017<br>International USD constant|equalize the purchasing power of different currencies. The calculation includes the<br>sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the country plus any product<br>taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products, without<br>deductions for depreciation or depletion of natural resources.|World Development<br>Indicators (WDI)|
|Fixed broadband subscriptions<br>per 100 inhabitants|Fixed-broadband subscriptions refers to fixed subscriptions to high-speed access to<br>the public Internet (a TCP/IP connection); at downstream speeds equal to; or greater<br>than; 256 kbit/s. The variable represents the ratio of Fixed broadband subscribers to<br>population,multiplied by100.|The International<br>Telecommunication<br>Union (ITU)|
|Public sector corruption|It measures the extent to which public sector employees grant favors in exchange for<br>bribes, kickbacks, or other material inducements, and how often do they steal,<br>embezzle, or misappropriate public funds or other state resources for personal or<br>familyuse.|Varieties of<br>Democracy (V-Dem)|
|Population aged between 15 and<br>44years|Percentage of the population aged between 15 and 44 years.|World Development<br>Indicators(WDI)|

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