rich data on voting for green parties since 2002. Europe has a thriving green party movement in 32 countries. We codify a novel dataset of “green voting” across Europe based on party platforms. Many political parties around the world have broad mandates, and are thus too general to explore specific climate voting patterns. In contrast, green parties have an explicit environmental agenda, enabling identification of pro-climate voting.

Table 1 shows the climate outcomes we consider in our analysis and Table A2 in the Online Appendix includes the parties we classify as “green” in each country. Each climate outcome is transformed into a binary ‘pro-climate’ indicator if the response is equal to or above the median. For example, a response is ‘pro-climate’ if the respondent answered “strongly in favor” or “somewhat in favor” when asked about policies to subsidize renewable energy, since the median response is “somewhat in favor”. Alternatively, we also consider a continuous outcome, where 1 is the most pro-climate response and 0 is the least.

In addition to analyzing individual outcomes, we aggregate climate outcomes into three indices: beliefs, behaviors, and policy preferences. Table 1 lists each question and denotes the index to which it belongs; indices are simple within-individual averages. Our main results also include an indicator for whether respondents voted for a member of a green party in the last election for countries where such a party exists.

Table 1: **Climate Outcomes – Beliefs, Behaviors, Policy Preferences, and Voting**

|Question|Beliefs|Behaviors|Policy|Voting|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Do you think the world’s climate is changing|✓||||
|Climate change good or bad impact across world|✓||||
|How worried about climate change|✓||||
|How much electricity should be generated from coal/hydro/solar|✓||||
|How worried too dependent on fossil fuels|✓||||
|How much thought about climate change before today||✓|||
|How likely to buy most energy efcient home appliance||✓|||
|How often do things to reduce energy use||✓|||
|Favor increase taxes on fossil fuels to reduce climate change|||✓||
|Favor subsidize renewable energy to reduce climate change|||✓||
|Favor ban of inefcient household appliances to reduce CC|||✓||
|Voted for green party in last national election||||✓|

_Notes_ . Each outcome is grouped by index category. Each index is computed as an average for each individual across the indicated questions. The final outcome, green voting, is a stand-alone binary outcome not aggregated with others into an index. For beliefs about the source of electricity, we create a sub-index: the ESS has questions about individuals’ opinions on electricity generation from coal, gas, hydroelectric, nuclear, solar, wind, and biofuel. Given these outcomes are highly inter-related, we average pro-hydroelectric, pro-solar, and anti-coal beliefs. We exclude indicators which might be collinear with renewables captured by solar and hydro-electric, such as wind, as well as indicators with more ambiguous climate interpretations, such as nuclear.

We restrict our analysis to respondents at least 25 years old at the time they were surveyed to capture effects for those who have completed their schooling. In particular, we analyze outcomes for cohorts who received schooling and were affected by education reforms in the 1960s through the 4