rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
|||_2008_<br>85|<br>82|<br>2|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||_Diff. over_<br>_Im_<br>|_time_<br>9<br>_munization ca_<br>|<br>7<br>_rds_<br>|2<br>|<br>_Breastfeeding_<br>||
||_IKP_<br>_particip_|_Non-partic_|_Difference_<br>_partic. vs._<br>_non-partic._|_IKP_<br>_particip_|_Non-partic_|_Difference_<br>_partic. vs._<br>_non-partic._|
|_2003_|90|87|3|86|92|-6|
|_2008_|88|96|-8***|83|92|-9***|
|_Diff. over time_|-2|9|-11|-3|0|-3|

Note: The data refer to households that had deliveries or small children in the two years prior to each survey. The results are for all poverty categories and lengths of exposure combined, with regression adjustments. Because the number of HH who had children in both periods is small, we do not calculate differences-in-differences.

Indicators of maternal and child health do not show much improvement either. Knowledge of diarrhea treatment increased marginally; knowledge of modern contraceptive methods increased but still no more than a fifth of all women had knowledge about modern contraceptive methods; and the percentage of women visited by Family Planning workers actually declined (Table 17). None of the differences between participants and non-participants are significant, nor are there meaningful differences by length of exposure or poverty category (not reported).

**Table 17: Knowledge** **<u>of diarrhea treatment and family planning, FP worker visits</u>**

||_Dia_<br>|_rrhea treat_<br>|_ment_<br>|_M_<br>|_odern metho_<br>|_ds_<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||_IKP_<br>_particip_|_Non-_<br>_partic_|_Difference_<br>_partic. vs._<br>_non-_<br>_partic._|_IKP_<br>_particip_|_Non-_<br>_partic_|_Difference_<br>_partic. vs._<br>_non-_<br>_partic._|
|2003|41|37|4|5|9|-4|
|2008|45|43|2|22|24|-2|
|Diff. over time|4|6|2|17|15|2|

|||_FP visit_||
|---|---|---|---|
||_IKP_<br>_particip_|_Non-_<br>_partic_|_Difference_<br>_partic. vs._|
||||_non-_<br>_partic._|
|2003|79|77|2|
|2008|60|53|7*|
|Diff. over time|-19|-24|5|

Note: The data refer to households that responded in both surveys. The results are for all poverty categories and lengths of exposure combined, with regression adjustments.

Virtually all indicators moved similarly for participants and non-participants. This is perhaps not surprising, as there were essentially no health-related interventions under IKP up to 2008. But the findings do suggest that the strong focus placed by the program, beginning in 2007, on 17
||||(tea cultivators were<br>typically female).||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|DasGupta<br>(1987)|What factors are<br>associated with<br>female child<br>mortality in<br>Ludhiana district,<br>Punjab?|1984 baseline<br>census of villages<br>originally<br>surveyed for the<br>1950s Khanna<br>study. Census was<br>supplemented<br>with complete<br>maternity histories<br>for ever-married<br>women ages 15-<br>49|Descriptive<br>statistics to illustrate<br>associations<br>between covariates<br>and sex differentials<br>in child mortality<br>and health<br>(associative study)|Women’s education<br>was associated with<br>higher mortality for<br>daughters of higher<br>birth order|
|Amin (1990)|How is mother’s<br>education related to<br>sex differentials in<br>child mortality in<br>rural South Asia?|Narangwal Health<br>Project conducted<br>in rural Punjab,<br>India<br>Sample of 8,050<br>children 0-36<br>months old<br>between 1969-74|Multivariate hazard<br>model to measure<br>risk of dying<br>(associative study)|First-daughters of<br>educated mothers<br>have lower post-<br>neonatal mortality<br>compared to sons<br>than first-daughters<br>of uneducated<br>mothers. However,<br>second order or<br>higher daughters of<br>educated mothers<br>have higher post-<br>neonatal mortality<br>compared to sons<br>than second order or<br>higher daughters of<br>uneducated mothers.|

# **_4.2 Advocacy_**

As highlighted in the previous section, legislative actions, while important, may not bring about immediate changes in individuals’ gender-specific attitudes and behavior. In addition to this, there might be several dimensions of gender inequity outside the purview of the law that governments cannot change (or have limited leverage to change). For example, in Vietnam, the importance of sons for ancestor worship rituals continues even though women can also perform those rituals (UNFPA Vietnam 2013). Similarly, while women have attained higher status in the different countries studied here, the practice of patrilocal marriage, and the unequal gender arrangements it entails, perseveres. In China, the “Care for Girls” campaign tried to introduce the concept of uxorilocal marriages; however, uxorilocal arrangements are typically looked down upon, and the formal program never included the provision (Li 2007; Guilmoto 2012a).

36
<!-- Start of picture text --> average price number of sales<br>in the sample per month<br>FCFAV/kg180 per400village<br>170 | |<br>160+ +300<br>150<br>140 200<br>130<br>120 100<br>110<br>100 so| LLL LS Lo<br>1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12<br>time in month<br>PLOT2 #@ sales<br>PLOT = +> price<br><!-- End of picture text -->
de la Torre, A. and Schmukler, S., 2004. Coping with Risks through Mismatches: Domestic and International Financial Contracts for Emerging Economies, _International Finance_ 7:3, 349–90.

Demirgüç-Kunt, A., and Maksimovic, V., 1998. Law, Finance, and Firm Growth. _Journal of Finance_ 53, 2107-2137.

FELABAN (Latin American Federation of Bankers), 2007. Tracking Study of the Willingness Shown by Financial Institutions from Latin America and the Caribbean to Finance Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Bogota, Colombia.

Fundación Capital, 2006. PyMEs, Inversión y Crédito: Presentación de la Encuesta EFI-PyMEs, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Heritage Foundation, 2008. _Index of Economic Freedom._ Washington, DC.

IADB (Inter-American Development Bank), 2004. _Unlocking Credit: The Quest for_ _Deep and Stable Lending_ . The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.

Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., and Mastruzzi, M., 2008. Governance Matters VII: Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators, 1996-2007. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4654.

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Schiffer, M. and Weder, B., 2001. Firm Size and the Business Environment: Worldwide Survey Results. International Finance Corporation Discussion Paper 43.

29
<!-- Start of picture text --> Local polynomial smooth<br>40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85<br>Age<br>kernel = epanechnikov, degree = 0, bandwidth = .72, pwidth = 1.08<br>1<br>.8<br>.6<br>.4<br>.2<br>Share of Receiving Individuals<br>0<br><!-- End of picture text --> Figure 1: Share of People who Received UCT by Age <!-- Start of picture text --> 1999/2000 2001/2002<br>50 60 70 80 50 60 70 80<br>Age<br>.1<br>Density .05<br>0<br><!-- End of picture text --> Figure 2: Histogram in Age Person Closest to Eligibility 24
International, and is correlated at .49 with the percentage supporting aid in Eurobarometer. Support for aid in Gallup and Eurobarometer, however, are correlated at only .18. The two donors with the weakest support for foreign aid in both the WVS and Gallup International are the U.S. and Japan; neither of them is included in Eurobarometer.

# _Sample Composition_

The DAC survey includes only 54 aid recipients, but coverage on the donor side is fairly comprehensive. Appendixes 4a and 4b, respectively, list the percentage of all aid reported in the SMPD accounted for by donor and by recipient. All DAC donors, bilateral and multilateral, are included, as well as vertical funds (e.g. the Global Fund and the GAVI Alliance) and several non-DAC bilateral donors. The various UN agencies are treated as a single donor in the survey, with their data collected and reported by the UNDP. Aid volumes to the 54 recipients as reported in the DAC survey closely approximate the corresponding aid totals in the DAC’s official aid database, compiled from an entirely separate reporting system.

Recipient governments decide whether or not to volunteer their country for the survey. The 54 self-selected recipients potentially differ systematically from other aid recipients. For larger countries, the costs of government participation in data collection may be relatively low. Countries more dependent on development aid are likely to have an interest in monitoring their progress on Paris Declaration provisions over time and in comparison to other countries. We therefore expect inclusion in the survey to be associated with lower income per capita and higher aid per capita. Countries already intensively engaged with donors to qualify for debt relief may have a greater interest in results, as well as lower participation costs, so a dummy for countries reaching the HIPC completion point should be positively related to survey participation.

Table 3 reports probit regression results, with the dependent variable coded 1 for countries participating in the SMPD and coded 0 for all other aid recipients. As expected, countries that are larger, more aid dependent, poorer, and that have completed the HIPC process have significantly higher probabilities of inclusion in the SMPD.

Controlling for these four variables, survey participation is unrelated to other plausible determinants, such as political openness (measured by the well-known Freedom House indexes). Nor does geography matter. Although 63% of aid-recipient countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are in the SMPD, compared to only 26% from other regions, this difference is accounted for by income, aid and HIPC status. An Africa dummy, if added to the probit regression, produces a small and insignificant coefficient.

The fact that larger, poorer, more aid dependent and HIPC-completion countries are better represented in the SMPD suggests caution in interpreting the findings presented below.

19
# Figure 8. ECA: Potential output growth and its drivers

<!-- Start of picture text --> A. Potential GDP growth<br>Percent<br>8 2000-10<br>2011-21<br>6 2022-30<br>2000-21<br>4<br>2<br>0<br>EMDEs ECA<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> A. Potential GDP growth B. Investment growth<br>Percent Percent<br>8 2000-10 14 ECA Median<br>2011-21<br>12<br>6 2022-30<br>2000-21 10<br>4 8<br>6<br>2<br>4<br>0 2<br>EMDEs ECA 0<br>2000-21 2000-10 2011-21<br>C. Labor force participation rate D. Working-age population growth<br>Percent of working age population Percent<br>3 ECA Median<br>80 Male Female<br>70<br>60 2<br>50<br>40<br>1<br>30<br>20<br>0<br>2000-2021 2000-2010 2011-2021<br>E. Share of population aged 30-34 years F. Quality-adjusted years of higher<br>with tertiary education education<br>Percent of population 30-34 Years<br>75 2.0<br>1.5<br>50<br>1.0<br>25<br>0.5<br>0 0.0<br>ECA CA CE EE RUS SCC TUR WBK ECA CA CE EE RUS SCC TUR WBK<br>ECA CA CE EE RUS SCC TUR WBK<br><!-- End of picture text --> Sources: European Commission; Eurostat; Penn World Tables; UN Population Prospects; World Bank, World Development Indicators database.

Note: CA = Central Asia; CE = Central Europe; ECA = Europe and Central Asia; EE = Eastern Europe; EMDEs = emerging market and developing economies; RUS = Russian Federation; SCC = South Caucasus; TUR = Türkiye; WBK = Western Balkans. GDP-weighted averages (using average real U.S. dollar GDP at average 2010-19 prices and market exchange rates). Period averages.

A. Estimates based on production function approach. Sample includes 53 EMDEs, of which 9 are from ECA (Türkiye, 2 in Central Asia, 4 in Central Europe, 1 in South Caucasus, and 1 in Western Balkans). The Russian Federation and Ukraine are excluded.

B. Bars show averages. Orange whiskers show min-max ranges. Sample includes 13 ECA economies, including Türkiye, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine.

C. Figure shows share of population age 15 and older by gender that is economically active. Unweighted averages. D. Bars show averages. Median marker and whiskers show median and min-max ranges of EMDE regions. Working-age population refers to population aged 15-64 year. Sample includes 22 ECA economies.

E.F. Aggregates calculated as simple averages of country-level data as calculated in World Bank (2020e).
In the estimation of _direct_ costs, annual incidence of malaria in each country and the cost for treating each incidence were considered. The annual incidence of malaria is published by the WHO for each country. Available data indicate that on average $5 is spent as a treatment cost for each incidence of malaria (MicrobiologyBytes, 2009). The incidence of malaria was multiplied by the treatment cost to estimate the total cost of treatment of malaria in each country. The results show that if malaria can be eradicated fully in the identified countries using DDT, it will result in a cost savings of $1.08 billion needed as the cost of malaria treatment. Since more than half of the malaria incidence occurs in the high malaria endemicity areas, the elimination of malaria from such areas with the use of DDT will reduce treatment costs by nearly $0.55 billion.

The estimate of _indirect_ costs or welfare loss from malaria induced morbidity and mortality is once again based on the DALY lost from malaria. Following the process discussed earlier in the DALY estimations from the use of DDT, the monetary value of the DALY lost from malaria in each country was evaluated by multiplying the lost DALY with each country’s per capita PPP GDP. Estimates based on the results show that the complete eradication of malaria with the use of DDT can lead to a reduction of indirect costs of $67.94 billion from lower morbidity and mortality in the affected countries. The elimination of malaria through the use of DDT in high malaria endemicity areas can result in reduction in indirect cost of more than $34 billion.

# **6.** **_Discussion and Conclusion_**

The estimates presented in this paper indicate that the use of DDT can provide large benefits from the effective control of mosquito vectors in malaria endemic countries.

# **[Insert Table 4]**

Current estimates of the economic losses from malaria show that such losses exceed $69 billion in 2010 U.S. dollar annually. A major part of the loss is incurred primarily in three regions of the world, Sub-Saharan Africa (78%), South Asia (13%), and East Asia Pacific (8%). The analysis here reveals that in some Sub-Saharan countries, the losses caused by Malaria may even exceed 10% of the GDP. The use of DDT can be an effective means of lowering this loss in these affected 15
Milgrom, Paul, and John Roberts, 1992. Economics. Organization. and Management. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. :Prentice-Hall.

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54
With reason the government decision was actually contested in court, by Reach Out Mobile, Telia, and Telenordia.

Table 5. Multiple Criteria in Swedish Beauty Contest for 3G Licenses

|||1st stage<br>|Swedishg|overnment|evaluation<br>2nd s<br>|tage||Autho<br> <br>(1|r's hypothe<br> <br>)|tical scen<br>(2<br>|ario 1/<br>)<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Bidder name|Crit|eria|Decision||Criteria||Decision|Equal w|eights|Equal|weights|
||Number<br>of|Invest-<br>ment||Area<br>coverage|Population<br>coverage|Roll-out<br>seed||over<br>crite|five<br>ria|over la<br>crit|st three<br>eria|
||stations|(SEK bil.)||(km2)|(%)|p||Ranking|Decision|Ranking|Decision|
|Broadwave communications AB|4,700|14.7||32,750|81|09/2002||6.8||6.3||
|Europolitan AB|20,000|27.5|Qualified|165,259|100|01/2001|Awarded|2.8|x|3.3||
|HI3G Access AB|20,814|36.9|Qualified|224,724|100|01/2002|Awarded|2.8|x|4.0||
|Mobility4Sweden AB|8,760|15.3||395,520|100|01/2002||3.2|x|2.3|x|
|Orange Sweden AB|8,635|19.7|Qualified|364,528|100|08/2001|Awarded|2.8|x|2.0|x|
|Reach Out Mobile AB|5,238|15.8||259,944|100|04/2001||4.6||2.7|x|
|Tele 2 AB|10,186|17.7|Qualified|112,666|100|10/2001|Awarded|4.2||4.7||
|Telenordia Mobil AB|7,200|14.0|Qualified|181,346|98|01/2002||5.8||4.7||
|Telia AB|4,100|6.8||308,661|100|01/2002||5.8||3.0|x|
|Tenora networks AB|7,550|11.2||290,038|100|01/2002||5.0||3.3||

Source: Andersson et al. (2005); and author's calculation. 1/ The hypothetical scenarios do ignore bidders' financial miscalculations and technical infeasibility, which were accounted for in the actual evaluation by the Swedish Government.

Guasch (2004) also describes a similar story in the context of Guatemalan mobile telecommunications auctions. The award decision was based on the new technology development, area coverage and payment to the government. In the first evaluation, the winning firm was not an entity incorporated. The authorities seem to have changed the evaluation method, given the winning firm’s financial and operational uncertainty of the firm. But the second highest bidder was not selected in the second round evaluation (Table 6); the reason remains unclear. The top two losers filed lawsuits.

Table 6. Multiple Criteria Evaluation for Second Mobile Operator in Guatemala

|Bidder name|First round<br>evaluation|Second round<br>evaluation|Decision|
|---|---|---|---|
|Mastec|88.75|Disqualified||
|Londrina|84.90|84.49||
|Guacel|69.01|85.46|x|
|Companias Electricas|51.42|56.10||
|Unicom|Disqualified|33.37||
|Semelec|Disqualified|33.20||
|BSC|Disqualified|Disqualified||

Source: Guasch (2004).

Another example is provided by Torta (2005), which investigates an Italian new highway (Brescia-Milan) contract. It is found that the implied construction cost to obtain a single point of construction period might be overestimated. In this case, there were only two bidders. Two criteria were dropped from the originally announced list. This is 14
- 4.7 Support for gender equality in EAP is consistent with lower rates of domestic violence against women and legal contexts

There is a clear correlation between officials’ support for gender equality in schools and the average rate of domestic violence against women using WHO figures. This suggests that officials’ preferences for gender equality are consistent with lesser violence toward women. As can be seen in Figure 12, countries where officials tend to agree with the promotion of gender equality in schools also display lower rates of women reporting violence from their partner over their lifetime.

All EAP countries but Mongolia are in the upper-left corner, where support for gender equality is strong and domestic violence rates are lower than average. Mongolia is the only country where support for gender equality in schools is not as high among surveyed officials.

_Figure 12: Violence toward women and promotion of gender equality_ <!-- Start of picture text --> 4.8 Philippines<br>Lao PDR<br>4.7<br>4.6 Vietnam Peru<br>DRC<br>4.5<br>Ind...<br>4.4<br>Ghana Nigeria<br>4.3<br>Bangladesh<br>4.2 Mongolia<br>4.1 Pakistan<br>Uganda<br>4<br>0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70<br>Share of women 15-49 reporting violence from intimate partner over lifetime<br>"Strongly agrees, 1=strongly disagrees)<br>School should promote gender equality (5<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: CGD–World Bank 2022 survey and WHO, Global Database on the Prevalence of Violence Against Women.

There is also a strong correlation between officials’ level of support for gender equality in school and the overall legal and business contexts in the surveyed countries. In countries where the legal and business context is more favorable to women, officials are more likely to agree with statements about gender equality in schools (see Figure 13). Survey findings suggest that gender equity transcends sectors and is linked to broader social beliefs and practices in school, business, home and beyond.

16