rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
The Technology-Employment Trade-Off
            : Automation, Industry, and Income Effects
New technologies can both substitute for
            and complement labor. Evidence from structural vector
            autoregressions using a large global sample of economies
            suggests that the substitution effect dominates in the
            short-run for over three-quarters of economies. A typical 10
            percent technology-driven improvement in labor productivity
            reduces employment by 2 percent in advanced economies in the
            first year and 1 percent in emerging market and developing
            economies (EMDEs). Advanced economies have been more
            affected by employment-displacing technological change in
            recent decades but the disruption to the labor market in
            EMDEs has been more persistent. The negative employment
            effect is larger and more persistent in economies that have
            experienced a larger increase, or smaller fall, in
            industrial employment shares since 1990. In contrast,
            economies where workers have been better able to transition
            to other sectors have benefited more in the medium run from
            the positive ``income effect'' of new
            technologies. This corresponds with existing evidence that
            industrial jobs are most at risk of automation and
            reduced-form evidence that more industrially-focused
            economies have tended to create fewer jobs in recent
            decades. EMDEs are likely to face increasing challenges from
            automation as their share of global industry and production
            complexity increases.
Measuring Poverty Rapidly Using
            Within-Survey Imputations
Poverty is an indicator of paramount
            importance for gauging the socioeconomic well-being of a
            population. Especially during or after a shock, poverty
            estimates are invaluable for assessing the severity of the
            impact and for identifying which parts of the population
            were most affected. The measurement of consumption-based
            monetary poverty, however, has traditionally been very time
            consuming. A household consumption questionnaire usually
            includes more than 200 items, including food and nonfood
            items, often requiring more than two hours to administer.
            This paper proposes a new methodology that combines an
            innovative questionnaire design with standard imputation
            techniques. It substantially shortens the time required to
            administer a household consumption questionnaire to less
            than 60 minutes by imputing deliberately absent consumption
            values for items that are not explicitly asked. The proposed
            methodology makes it possible to derive poverty estimates
            without compromising the credibility of the resulting
            estimate, and it performs considerably better than
            alternative approaches based on reduced consumption
            aggregates and cross-survey imputations. This new
            methodology is particularly useful in fragile states given
            the significant risks associated with lengthy interviews, as
            well as to rapidly assess the impact of a shock or of a
            project. It can also be useful to reduce enumerator and
            respondent fatigue, or to mitigate the problem of high
            nonresponse rates.
Taming Private Leviathans :
            Regulation versus Taxation
This paper explores the interplay
            between concentration of wealth and policies, namely
            regulation and taxation. The paper exploits variation in
            exposure to international commodity prices. Using a global
            panel data set of the net worth of billionaires, the results
            point to a positive relationship between commodity prices
            and the concentration of wealth at the top. Regulation
            especially pertaining to competition is found to limit the
            effects of commodity price shocks on the concentration of
            wealth, while taxation has little effect. Moreover,
            commodity price shocks crowd out non-resource tax revenue,
            hence limiting the scope for income transfers and
            redistribution. The results are consistent with the primacy
            of ex ante interventions over ex post ones for addressing
            wealth inequality.
The Demand for Advice : Theory and
            Empirical Evidence from Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa
Low levels of investment into modern
            technologies, and limited use of measures that have low
            monetary cost but the potential for high yields, are often
            regarded as obstacles to further agricultural development.
            This paper investigates farmers’ demand for one such
            measure, namely agricultural advisory services. These have
            modest (most frequently zero) monetary user cost but,
            according to some recent research, have the potential to
            result in large increases of yields. Yet, demand for these
            extension services is often low. This study proposes that
            costly attention may be part of the explanation for this. In
            the model, advisory services are available free of charge,
            but positive effects on production are only realized if
            farmers devote attention to listening to and implementing
            the provided advice. Modeling farmers as rational decision
            makers facing scarce attention, the study identifies the
            circumstances under which farmers may optimally abstain from
            demanding advisory services. The model complements the
            insights of other theories commonly used to explain
            suboptimal farm decisions and outcomes, and generates
            testable predictions, which are consistent with empirical
            evidence based on a large farm-level panel dataset from
            Sub-Saharan Africa.
The Impact of Living Arrangements
            (In-Camp versus Out-of-Camp) on the Quality of Life : A Case
            Study of Syrian Refugees in Jordan
Refugee camps are believed to represent
            safe havens for forcibly displaced persons, but studies
            looking at refugees' quality of life in camps are few.
            This paper explores how Syrian refugees’ quality of life in
            camps in Jordan differs from that of Syrian refugees
            residing outside camps. Using data from the Syrian Refugee
            and Host Community Survey, the study measures life quality
            through indicators of subjective life experience and
            material living conditions. Data are analyzed using advanced
            statistical methods (difference-in-difference and propensity
            score matching) to control for selection bias that could
            skew estimates of causal effects. The results show that
            refugees living outside camps enjoy a higher quality of life
            than those living in camps. Out-of-camp refugees are less
            likely to live below the national abject poverty line or in
            overcrowded houses. They possess more household assets, are
            more satisfied with access to services, and report higher
            life satisfaction. Refugee camps appear to serve as safe
            havens for refugees who lack the capability to exit camps,
            and camps could be redundant for those who possess adequate
            capabilities and freedom to function in the urban and
            peri-urban areas.
Experience in Financial
            Decision-Making : Field Evidence from Malawi
Fifty-three percent of subjects who
            owned a high-fee account with a local bank in Malawi did not
            switch to a new, lower-fee account when given the choice. In
            contrast, holders of high-fee accounts who had been induced
            to make more transactions in the past were significantly
            more likely to adopt the new, cheaper account. Using
            estimates from a structural model, we find that the
            different propensity to switch is better explained by
            differences in the valuation of the new account rather than
            differences in the cost of switching. Experience using
            financial products can thus improve financial decision making.
Services Globalization in an Age of
            Insecurity : Rethinking Trade Cooperation
Decades of services trade negotiations
            have produced a plethora of rules and commitments but
            limited real liberalization. One reason is a form of
            "negotiating tunnel vision," which has led to a
            focus on reciprocal market opening rather than on creating
            the regulatory preconditions for liberalization. This paper
            makes four points. First, current trade disciplines are a
            useful but inadequate restraint on regulatory protection.
            Second, proposed disciplines on domestic regulation would
            add value but would not solve problems with the application
            of existing trade law and could create a hold-back problem
            in securing new liberalizing commitments.  Third, insulating
            domestic consumers from international market failure is a
            precondition for further liberalization in many services
            sectors, and the relevant international bargain needs to be
            an exchange of regulatory commitments by exporters in return
            for market access commitments by importers. Fourth, such
            bargains create a risk of exclusion for nonparticipants that
            can and should be addressed. The paper illustrates these
            arguments drawing upon recent developments relating to data
            privacy, financial services, labor mobility, and competition policy.
Nonstandard Forms of Employment in
            Developing Countries : A Study for a Set of Selected
            Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and Europe and
            Central Asia
The objective of this paper is to study
            the evolution of the incidence and profile of nonstandard
            workers in selected countries in Latin America and the
            Caribbean and Europe and Central Asia in the past two
            decades. The analysis of the profile of this group of
            workers focuses on three key characteristics that could
            approximate their productivity: education level, labor
            income, and task content (manual/cognitive or
            routine/nonroutine) performed by the workers in their
            occupations. While in Latin America most of the countries
            show a stable prevalence in recent decades, in Europe and
            Central Asia there is not any common pattern across
            countries. In contrast, from the point of view of the
            profile of nonstable employment, there are several common
            characteristics among these types of workers across
            countries, such as improved level of education, performance
            of more intensive nonroutine cognitive tasks, and higher
            variance of labor income. The findings suggest that
            nonstandard workers are a heterogeneous group. The increase
            in the incidence of nonstandard employment and its
            heterogeneity generates concern about the lower level of
            insurance against certain risks that workers face.
            Therefore, a greater understanding of the trends in the
            prevalence and characteristics of nonstandard workers is
            needed to design regulation and policies oriented to these
            types of workers.
Electrification and Household
            Welfare : Evidence from Pakistan
As many as 50 million people in Pakistan
            may still live without connection to the electric grid.
            Pakistan also has some of the world's worst power
            outages. Using data from a nationally representative
            two-period panel survey, this paper presents the first
            empirical evidence on the cost of unreliable electricity
            supply to households in Pakistan. The results show that lack
            of connectivity and poor reliability may be costing the
            country at least $4.5 billion (1.7 percent of gross domestic
            product) a year. Addressing the problem requires energy
            sector reforms to correct regulatory and institutional
            distortions in the gas and electricity sectors.
Incorporating Resilience in
            Infrastructure Prioritization : Application to the Road
            Transport Sector
Disruption of infrastructure services
            can cause significant social and economic losses,
            particularly in the event of a natural disaster. The World
            Bank Group and the Government of Japan established the
            Quality Infrastructure Investment Partnership to focus
            attention on the quality dimensions of infrastructure in
            developing countries, with a focus on promoting disaster
            resilience. Moreover, to support infrastructure investment
            decision making for sustainable and resilient development,
            the World Bank and Kyoto University have operationalized key
            resilience concepts at the project level and developed
            quantitative indicators capturing key aspects of
            infrastructure resilience related to the road transport
            sector. These indicators estimate resilience, expressed as
            functionality loss and recovery time across four dimensions:
            travel time, economic benefit, provision of life-saving
            services, and provision of relief goods. The paper applies
            indicator calculations to three case studies of proposed
            bypass roads in Japan and provides an example comparison of
            calculated indicators across the three projects for each
            resilience dimension. Further piloting of the approach will
            help refine the indicators, test their relative utility in
            decision making, and offer a better understanding of the
            data and analytical demands.
Revisiting the Poverty Trend in
            Rwanda : 2010/11 to 2013/14
According to the official statistics
            published by the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda,
            the country registered a decline in poverty from 46 percent
            in 2010/11 to 39 percent in 2013/14. This declining poverty
            trend was broadly debated and repeatedly questioned in
            national and international forums, which provided the
            primary motivation for this study. Using data from the third
            and fourth rounds of the Integrated Household Living
            Conditions Surveys, this paper revisits the national poverty
            numbers and corroborates the poverty rates published by the
            National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. Underlying the
            paper’s conclusions is a detailed theoretical and analytical
            framework for making poverty comparisons over time.
            Furthermore, the paper shows that after adjusting for
            spatial and temporal price differences, the poverty rate
            based on the international poverty line of $1.90 per day per
            capita shows that there was a reduction in poverty between
            2010/11 and 2013/14.
Comparison of Deep Regional
            Integration in the Melitz, Krugman and Armington Models :
            The Case of The Philippines in RCEP
This paper estimates the impacts on The
            Philippines of deep integration in a modern
            mega-preferential trade agreement, the Regional
            Comprehensive Economic Partnership. The paper assesses how
            the results differ with three versions of market structure:
            (i) perfect competition, Armington style; (ii) monopolistic
            competition Krugman style; and heterogeneous firms, Melitz
            style. The paper develops a new numerical model of foreign
            direct investment with heterogeneous firms where firms
            produce in the host country and demand corresponds to the
            “proximity burden,” and is the first to apply a
            heterogeneous-firms model of foreign direct investment to
            preferential trade analysis. It also develops an extension
            of the Krugman model that allows small countries to impact
            the number of varieties. Both of these model extensions, as
            well as market structure, are crucial to the results. The
            trade and foreign direct investment responses are held
            constant across the three market structures. Lowering trade
            costs is examined from: (i) the reducing non-tariff barriers
            in goods; (ii) lowering barriers against foreign services
            providers, from foreign direct investment and cross-border;
            and (ii) facilitating trade. The results show that in all
            three market structures, there are substantial gains from
            deep integration, but virtually no gains from preferential
            tariff reduction.  Both Krugman and Melitz style models
            produce significantly larger welfare gains than the
            Armington structure, especially in the impacts of foreign
            direct investment or with wider spillover effects on non-
            Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership regions. The
            relationship between the welfare gains in the Krugman versus
            Melitz models is complex.
More Than Schooling : Understanding
            Gender Differences in the Labor Market When Measures of
            Skill Are Available
This paper uses measures of cognitive
            and noncognitive skills in an expanded definition of human
            capital to examine how schooling and skills differ between
            men and women and how those differences relate to gender
            gaps in earnings across nine middle-income countries. The
            analysis finds that post-secondary schooling and cognitive
            skills are more important for women's earnings at the
            lower end and middle of the earnings distribution, and that
            men and women have positive returns to openness to new
            experiences and risk-taking behavior and negative returns to
            hostile attribution bias. Especially at the lower end of the
            earnings distribution, women are disadvantaged not so much
            by having lower human capital than men, but by institutional
            factors such as wage structures that reward women's
            human capital systematically less than men's.
Bank Runs and Moral Hazard : A
            Review of Deposit Insurance
Deposit insurance is a widely adopted
            policy to promote financial stability in the banking sector.
            Deposit insurance helps ensure depositors' confidence
            in the financial system and prevents contagious bank runs,
            but it also comes with an unintended consequence of
            encouraging banks to take on excessive risk. This paper
            reviews the economic costs and benefits of deposit insurance
            and highlights the importance of institutions and specific
            design features for how well deposit insurance schemes work
            in practice.
Management and Bureaucratic
            Effectiveness : Evidence from the Ghanaian Civil Service
A burgeoning area of social science
            research examines how state capabilities and bureaucratic
            effectiveness shape economic development. This paper studies
            how the management practices of civil service bureaucrats
            correlate to the delivery of public projects, using novel
            data from the Ghanaian Civil Service. This paper combines
            hand-coded progress reports on 3,600 projects with a
            management survey in the government ministries and
            departments responsible for these projects. The analysis
            finds that management matters: practices related to autonomy
            are positively associated with project completion, yet
            practices related to incentives/monitoring of bureaucrats
            are negatively associated with project completion. The
            negative impact of incentives/monitoring practices is partly
            explained by bureaucrats having to multi-task, interactions
            with their intrinsic motivation, their engagement in
            influence activities, and project characteristics such as
            the clarity of targets and deliverable outputs. The paper
            discusses the interplay between management practices and
            corruption, alternative methods by which to measure
            management practices in organizations, and the external
            validity of the results. The findings suggest that the focus
            of many civil service reform programs on introducing
            stronger incentives and monitoring may backfire in some
            organizations, and that even countries with low levels of
            state capability may benefit by providing public servants
            with greater autonomy in some spheres.
Global Dataset on Education Quality
            : A Review and Update (2000-2017)
This paper presents the most expansive
            and current cross-country dataset on education quality. The
            database includes 164 countries/territories covering over 98
            percent of the global population from 2000-2017. Of these
            countries, 111 are low or middleincome economies. Harmonized
            learning outcomes are produced using a conversion factor to
            compare international and regional standardized achievement
            tests. These tests include PISA, TIMSS, PIRLS, SACMEQ, LLECE
            and PASEC. In addition, this paper includes the Early Grade
            Reading Assessment (EGRA) for the first time. This enables
            extension of the database substantially. This methodological
            update paves the way to include a series of assessments that
            are increasingly common in developing countries that are
            often excluded from large international assessments. The
            database includes mean scores and disaggregates the data by
            subject, level, and gender. This paper further presents a
            series of methodological improvements including measures of
            uncertainty, fixed conversion factors for greater
            comparability over time and year-by-year data.
Survey of the Kenyan Private Equity
            and Venture Capital Landscape
This paper discusses the landscape for
            private equity and venture capital financing in Kenya. It
            provides an overview of the private equity and venture
            capital market in the country, describing key players,
            including funds, fund managers, investors, and public sector
            entities. The paper provides an analysis of key market
            drivers and impediments, as well as
            legal/regulatory/taxation drivers and impediments that
            affect Kenya’s private equity and venture capital industry.