and layoff arrival rates, and parameters that characterize the wage offer distribution. All the labor market parameters and leisure preferences are gender specific. Home production productivities are spouse specific where gender distributions over the productivities are defined. The estimated parameters show that males receive more frequent job offers, have extended periods without unilateral layoff, and perceive higher costs to participate in the labor market. Households give more weight to male leisure than to female leisure, and males substitute less leisure at different labor market states. More females belong to the high productive type, making them less likely to participate in the labor market.

**The model adjusts the household utility parameters that weight consumption, leisure of each spouse, and the home production level to reflect how the number of children in a household changes labor market decisions.** Hence, when a couple has a child, the spouses will reoptimize their choices regarding time allocation, wages (if quitting or staying in the current job), and labor force participation. When Roma couples have children, the share of husbands who work full time increases by 6 percentage points and husbands’ non-participation rate drops by 13 percentage points. The labor market participation of Roma wives does not change dramatically, but they nevertheless work less, both full and part time. Irrespectively of their labor market status, husbands and wives increase home production supply when there are more children in the household.

# **The paper contributes to the emerging literature in three ways.**

**First, the paper estimates for the first time a structural labor model for the marginalized Roma population with a gender perspective.** The model assumes that the household head and the spouse are the primary household decision makers, or equivalently, that they are the main providers of goods and services inside the family. This assumption was made because of simplicity. Estimating the joint decisions of several members regarding labor market status and time allocation is a complex exercise. Even with this simplifying assumption, the model exhibits the spouses’ optimal strategies when facing utility maximization over time usage and labor income. Following this idea, the model includes the distributions of home production productivity by gender. The identification of these distributions relies on the mean and variance of home production time reported by husbands and wives in the RRS survey, conditional on labor market states.

**Second, the paper provides a methodological contribution within the search literature; the model presented here goes beyond the existing search model literature that either focused on intensive and extensive labor market decisions while ignoring household production (Flabbi and Mabli 2018), or focused on the simple binary choice between employment or household production (Choi 2018** ). This paper combines these two strands of search literature in a dynamic model that explains the intensive and extensive margins of spouses’ decisions, as well as spouses’ time allocation over the full range of activities available to them (work in the market, work in the household, and enjoying leisure time).

**Finally, the model allows us to decompose gender gaps from two potential sources: the structural labor market and the preference parameters.** Therefore, the model can measure the effects of gender roles on males’ and females’ willingness to participate in the labor market.

**Additionally, our estimated structural model is useful for evaluating the ex-ante impact of gender-specific policies on labor market gender gaps, including the gender-disaggregated labor market status and time allocations of Roma couples.** These may include gender policies affecting

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