# **Figure 19. MNA: Infrastructure, health, and education indicators**

_Infrastructure investment needs are high, especially in electricity and transport. While the Middle East and North Africa performs well relative to other EMDEs on basic health measures, it is at or below the EMDE average in terms of education indicators, despite considerable long-term gains._

# **A. Infrastructure investment needs**

<!-- Start of picture text --> US$, billions Oil importers<br>25 Non-GCC oil exporters<br>GCC<br>20<br>15<br>10<br>5<br>0<br>Electricity Transport ICT Water and<br>sanitation<br>C. Selected health care indicators<br>Per capita Percent of population<br>4500 120<br>4000<br>100<br>3500<br>3000 80<br>2500<br>60<br>2000<br>1500 40<br>1000 Range AE 20<br>500 EMDE MNA<br>0 0<br>Health Improved Improved<br>expenditure sanitation water<br>(LHS) (RHS) source<br>(RHS)<br><!-- End of picture text -->

# **B. Quality of infrastructure**

<!-- Start of picture text --> Index, 1-7 (7=best)<br>Oil importers Non-GCC oil exporters<br>6 GCC EMDE<br>5<br>4<br>3<br>2<br>D. Selected education indicators<br>Percent of per capita<br>income, ratio<br>45<br>40 Range AE<br>35 EMDEs MNA<br>30<br>25<br>20<br>15<br>10<br>5<br>0<br>Government expenditure Pupil-teacher ratio<br>2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016<br><!-- End of picture text --> Sources: Estache et al. (2013), World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Index, World Bank. A. Values are constant 2005 U.S. dollars and indicate annual investment needs for 2011-20. Oil importers include Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, and Tunisia. Non-GCC oil exporters include Algeria, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Libya, Syria, and the Republic of Yemen. GCC countries include Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

B. Unweighted averages of survey data. Data was collected using the question: “How would you assess general infrastructure (e.g., transport, telephony, energy) in your country? (1 = extremely underdeveloped—among the worst in the world; 7 = extensive and efficient—among the best in the world).” Oil importers include Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, and Tunisia. Non-GCC oil exporters include Algeria, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Libya, and the Republic of Yemen. GCC countries include Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

C. Blue bars denote range of unweighted regional averages across EMDE regions. Health expenditure per capita in purchasing power parity terms, unweighted averages of 199 EMDEs, 34 AEs, and 17 MNA economies. Access to improved sanitation facilities (in percent of population), unweighted averages for 150 EMDEs, 33 AEs, and 19 MNA economies. Access to improved water sources (in percent of population), unweighted averages for 148 EMDEs, 34 AEs, and 18 MNA economies. Latest data available during 2011-15.

D. Blue bars denote range of unweighted regional averages across EMDE regions. Government expenditure per primary student (in percent of per capita income), unweighted averages of 87 EMDEs, 32 AEs, and 8 MNA economies. Pupil-teacher ratio in primary education (headcount basis), unweighted averages for 165 EMDEs, 31 AEs, and 14 MNA economies. Latest data available during 2011-15.

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