# **Supplementary** Country Notes

# OECD

Canada: The ILO reports the Canadian Pension Plan and the Quebec Pension Plan together covering around 12,752,750 workers. Taking the estimated workforce for 1989 as 1.1% less than the 1990 workforce estimate given by the World Bank SID, results in a coverage ratio of 97.4 percent.

Japan: ILO data reports 65,677,000 "persons protected" from old age in 1989. This included the Employees' Pension Scheme, The National Pension, the Agriculture scheme, Private school personnel scheme, and local public employees' scheme adjusted for double-counting. Given that this figure is significantly higher than the estimated total labor force from the World Bank's Social Indicators of Development (around 62 million in 1990), coverage was estimated at 100 percent.

Spain: Government sources reported that as of July 1992, there were 12,743,000 active members of the various pension schemes, including the one for public employees and other professions. The ILO Yearbook of Labor Statistics provides an estimate of the active labor force in Spain for 1991 of 15,073,100 of whom 138,500 are over 65, the normal retirement age. Adjusting for these workers, the total is 14,934,600. The coverage rate estimate is therefore 85.3 percent for 1992. A separate estimate using the total number of contributors in the various schemes covering the private sector employees in 1989 and the ILO's estimate of the number of public sector employees covered in the special scheme in 1986 yielded a similar percentage of about 86 percent.

Switzerland: The ILO reports that over 3.7 million Swiss are protected by the general scheme alone. Since the World Bank reports the workforce at less than 3.3 million, and since schemes other than the general scheme were excluded, the figure for Switzerland was set at 100 percent. Independent Swiss figures verify that the number of contributors is greater than the estimated labor force.

Turkey: Data on active contributors to the three main funds taken from an unpublished, World Bank internal report on Turkish pension system. The report also mentioned that only I percent of self-employed persons were contributing to the special fund for self-employed workers, the Bag-Kur. U.S.: 1989 figure from ILO put active members of the OASDI, Railroad and Public Employee schemes at 118,110,000 out of an economically active population of about 122 million yielding the 96.7 percent listed above.

## Latin America

Argentina: ILO data for 1989 suggests that 6,064,000 workers are "protected". The World Bank's Social Indicators list the workforce in that year as being 11,548,000 which is adjusted downward by 1.3 percent (the general population growth rate) to 11,398. This yields a coverage ratio of 53.2 percent. Fiscella (1990) lists 5,502,000 active members of the scheme in 1989 which would suggest a lower coverage ratio of about 47.6 percent. Still another source (IDB 1993) shows only 4.98 million contributors out of an economically active population of 12.527 million for a coverage rate of only 39.7 percent in 1992. Discrepancies are largely due to the treatment of evaders. Bolivia: Mesa-Lago (1990) Table 13, page 41A provides a figure for 1985 of 16.7. The number here comes from the CISS (1993) report which cites the Fondo de Pensiones Basicas and the Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas as its sources and pertains to "cotizantes activos" over labor force for 1991. Actual numbers are not given.

Brazil: Data for contributors and active population both come from an unpublished World Bank internal report on titled The Brazilian Social Security System, 1994. Rural pensions, which were basically non-contributory, are not included here and would raise coverage substantially.

Chile: Mujica (1993) lists the contributors/labor force ratio as 55.9 percent in 1990 and 52.6% in June 1992. For further discussion of coverage in Chile's new scheme, see Acuna and Iglesias (1992).

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