Table 4: Propensity Score Matching Estimates, Bottom 40 percent

||Kernel<br>|Local linear<br>|Ra<br>|dius matchi<br>|ng<br>|Neares<br>|t-Neighbor <br>|matching<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||matching|matching|r = 1%|r = 5%|r = 10%|n = 1|n = 3|n = 5|
|ATT, _Consumption per cap._|0.030*|0.029*|0.037**|0.029*|0.030*|0.031|0.031|0.031|
||(0.016)|(0.017)|(0.019)|(0.017)|(0.016)|(0.029)|(0.025)|(0.022)|
|Median bias|2.4|8.7|3.7|2.3|3.7|8.7|2.0|4.6|
|Pseudo_R_<sup>2</sup>|0.001|0.019|0.004|0.001|0.004|0.019|0.007|0.007|
|<br>LR test (p-value)|1.000|0.476|0.997|1.000|0.998|0.476|0.976|0.977|
|Rosenbaum test|1.5|1.5|1.6|1.5|1.5|1.1|1.3|1.4|
|ATT, _Asset index_|2.571**|2.407**|2.583**|2.588**|3.163***|2.702|2.001|2.541*|
||(1.103)|(1.107)|(1.182)|(1.053)|(1.013)|(1.891)|(1.542)|(1.368)|
|Median bias<br>|2.4|8.7|3.7|2.3|3.7|8.7|2.0|4.6|
|Pseudo _R_<sup>2</sup>|0.001|0.019|0.004|0.001|0.004|0.019|0.007|0.007|
|LR test (p-value)|1.000|0.476|0.997|1.000|0.998|0.476|0.976|0.977|
|Rosenbaum test|1.4|1.3|1.3|1.4|1.5|1.2|1.2|1.3|
|ATT, _Poverty_|-0.079**|-0.082**|-0.095**|-0.076**|-0.073**|-0.125**|-0.083|-0.071|
||(0.040)|(0.039)|(0.045)|(0.039)|(0.037)|(0.062)|(0.053)|(0.046)|
|Median bias|2.4|8.7|3.7|2.3|3.7|8.7|2.0|4.6|
|Pseudo _R_<sup>2</sup>|0.001|0.019|0.004|0.001|0.004|0.019|0.007|0.007|
|LR test (p-value)|1.000|0.476|0.997|1.000|0.998|0.476|0.976|0.977|
|Rosenbaum test|1|1|1.3|1|1|1.3|1.2|1.1|
|ATT, _Extreme Poverty_|-0.033|-0.032*|-0.038*|-0.033*|-0.033*|-0.030|-0.030|-0.037|
||(0.021)|(0.019)|(0.023)|(0.020)|(0.020)|(0.037)|(0.030)|(0.026)|
|Median bias|2.4|8.7|3.7|2.3|3.7|8.7|2.0|4.6|
|Pseudo _R_<sup>2</sup>|0.001|0.019|0.004|0.001|0.004|0.019|0.007|0.007|
|LR test (p-value)|1.000|0.476|0.997|1.000|0.998|0.476|0.976|0.977|
|Rosenbaum test|_>_3|_>_3|_>_3|_>_3|_>_3|1|2.4|_>_3|
|ATT, _Poverty gap_|-0.017*|-0.017|-0.023*|-0.017*|-0.018*|-0.016|-0.020|-0.020|
||(0.010)|(0.010)|(0.012)|(0.010)|(0.010)|(0.017)|(0.015)|(0.013)|
|Median bias|2.4|8.7|3.7|2.3|3.7|8.7|2.0|4.6|
|Pseudo _R_<sup>2</sup>|0.001|0.019|0.004|0.001|0.004|0.019|0.007|0.007|
|LR test (p-value)|1.000|0.476|0.997|1.000|0.998|0.476|0.976|0.977|
|Rosenbaum test|1.7|1.7|1.7|1.7|1.7|1.2|1.6|1.6|
|ATT, _Food insufciency_|-1.755**|-1.727**|-1.851**|-1.735**|-1.657**|-2.325|-1.398|-1.770*|
||(0.770)|(0.774)|(0.847)|(0.781)|(0.788)|(1.504)|(1.220)|(1.039)|
|Median bias|2.4|8.7|3.7|2.3|3.7|8.7|2.0|4.6|
|Pseudo _R_<sup>2</sup>|0.001|0.019|0.004|0.001|0.004|0.019|0.007|0.007|
|LR test (p-value)|1.000|0.476|0.997|1.000|0.998|0.476|0.976|0.977|
|Rosenbaum test|_>_3|_>_3|_>_3|_>_3|_>_3|1.1|2|_>_3|
|ATT, _School enrollment_|9.319***|9.079***|11.278***|9.171***|8.959***|13.491***|13.580***|12.876***|
||(2.613)|(2.413)|(2.897)|(2.690)|(2.504)|(5.001)|(3.956)|(3.516)|
|Median bias<br>Pd_R_<sup>2</sup>|3.5<br>0001|10.1<br>0025|7.7<br>0010|3.6<br>0003|3.5<br>0004|10.1<br>0025|3.9<br>0003|4<br>0005|
|seuo <br>LR test (p-value)|.<br>0.94|.<br>0.648|.<br>0.986|.<br>1.000|.<br>1.000|.<br>0.648|.<br>1.000|.<br>0.999|
|Rosenbaum test|_>_3|_>_3|_>_3|_>_3|_>_3|1.8|_>_3|_>_3|
|Observations|1,052|1,052|1,052|1,052|1,052|1,052|1,052|1,052|
|# of Treated Obs.|200|200|200|200|200|200|200|200|
|# of Control Obs.|852|852|852|852|852|852|852|852|
|NtAth’llti|bdt|2011C|diSi|i|Bt|tdt|dd|bd500|
|oes: uors cacuaons<br>replications are reported in <br>|ase on <br>parenthesis. <br>|e am<br> *, ** and **<br>|oa oco-<br>* denote sta<br>|conomc <br>tistical sig<br>|urvey. oo<br>nifcance at t<br>|srappe sa<br>he 10%, 5% <br>|ar errors <br>and 1% leve<br><sup>2</sup>|ase on <br>l respectively.<br><sup>2</sup>|
|_ATT_: Average Treatment ef<br>fromtheestimationofthe|ect on the T<br>roensitsc|reated. _Media_<br>oreonthesa|_n bias_: medi<br>mleofar|an post-ma<br>enthouse|tching absol<br>holdsandth|ute bias. _Pseu_<br>eirmatched|_do R_: pseu<br>on-arment|do R derived<br>counterarts|
|<br>_LR test (p-value)_: p-value of|py <br> the likeliho|<br>od-ratio test o|p g<br>f the joint si|<br>gnifcance|<br>of all covaria|<br>tes in the logi|g <br>t model of t|p.<br>he propensity|
|score after matching. _Rosenb_<br>confdence level.|_aum test_: th|e level of _e_<sup>_γ_ </sup>(|see Section <br>|4.5) beyon|d which the|ATT is no lon|ger signifca|nt at the 10%|

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