4 illustrates that water deprivation is the largest though slowly decreasing personal concern for the bestoff children in Nigeria. On the other hand, up until wave 3 rising shares of children at the top of the consumption distribution are severely shelter deprived. Also, the share of sanitation deprived children at the top of the income distribution displays a rising pattern though with shares in wave 3 already lower again than in wave 2. This may suggest that monetary and deprivation-based poverty may be in large shares transient and during the second wave potentially affected by the economic crisis.

Overall, the results in Table 4 however suggest that the majority of the children in top income households still facing at least one deprivation, seem to be facing just one deprivation, as the share of children facing more than one, thus at least two deprivations is much lower. Moreover, results not presented here show that no children in the top 10 percent income level are deprived along all dimensions. Hence, even though still a remarkable share of children at the top of the income distribution is severely deprived on some dimension, the extensiveness of multi-dimensional deprivation-based poverty rises with lower income. This further stresses the importance to look beyond monetary poverty. Results in Table A.2 display unweighted observations. Comparing the total number of individuals in each income group with the column of missing information, however stresses the need to treat especially the results of GHS wave 1 with caution, as up to 20 percent of the individuals in the respective wave’s income categories have been excluded given the lack of information on one or more deprivations.

Table 4: Deprivation Status among children living in top consumption level households (weighted)

|||||||**Multi-Dimensional Pove**<br>**At least one**|**rty in %**<br>**At least one**|**At least one**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**Monetary Pove**|**rty USD 1.90**|**Not**<br>**Deprived**|**At least one**<br>**Deprivation**|**At least two**<br>**Deprivations**|<br>**Deprivation**<br>**(incl. Sanitation)**|<br>**Deprivation**<br>**(incl. Shelter)**|<br>**Deprivation**<br>**(incl. Water)**|**Missing**<br>**Information**|
||_Top 1%_<br>_consumption_|_Not Monetary_<br>_Poor_|_45%_|_48%_|_7%_|_12%_|_20%_|_21%_|_6%_|
|_Wave 3_|_Top 5%_<br>_consumption_|_Not Monetary_<br>_Poor_|_67%_|_30%_|_5%_|_6%_|_10%_|_16%_|_3%_|
||_Top 10%_<br>_consumption_|_Not Monetary_<br>_Poor_|_65%_|_32%_|_6%_|_8%_|_9%_|_18%_|_3%_|
|_2_|_Top 1%_<br>_consumption_|_Not Monetary_<br>_Poor_|_49%_|_46%_|_21%_|_21%_|_16%_|_25%_|_5%_|
|_Wave_|_Top 5%_<br>_consumption_|_Not Monetary_<br>_Poor_|_58%_|_28%_|_11%_|_12%_|_8%_|_17%_|_13%_|
||_Top 10%_<br>_consumption_|_Not Monetary_<br>_Poor_|_58%_|_29%_|_11%_|_12%_|_8%_|_18%_|_13%_|
|_1_|_Top 1%_<br>_consumption_|_Not Monetary_<br>_Poor_|_49%_|_22%_|_6%_|_3%_|_7%_|_15%_|_28%_|
|_Wave_|_Top 5%_<br>_consumption_|_Not Monetary_<br>_Poor_|_44%_|_30%_|_7%_|_9%_|_6%_|_19%_|_25%_|
||_Top 10%_<br>_consumption_|_Not Monetary_<br>_Poor_|_40%_|_39%_|_11%_|_12%_|_11%_|_23%_|_21%_|

Source: Authors’ estimates based on GHS Wave 1-3.

Note: For each age group the respective maximum number of deprivations is considered. If a child is not deprived along any dimension, it is considered not deprived, if it is deprived along one or more dimensions it is considered deprived, irrespective of missing information on some other dimensions. However, if a child has missing information for one or more deprivations applicable in its age category and is not deprived in the remaining applicable deprivations, it is excluded, as it is unknown whether 52