area. They have 6.75 years of education, which is slightly above primary school completion. On average, respondents worked 32.5 hours in the week prior to the interview.

The GHS-Panel also collects information on household-level adverse events, which we describe as shocks, deaths, and conflicts. We disaggregate shocks into two categories: idiosyncratic and covariate shocks. Idiosyncratic shocks include a variety of scenarios, including death or disability of an adult working member of the household, death of someone who sends remittances to the household, or illness of an income earning member of the household.<sup>8</sup> Covariate shocks include poor rains and floods that caused harvest failure, pest invasion that caused harvest failure or storage loss, loss of property due to fire or flood, and more.<sup>9</sup> Deaths include a death of anyone in the household (from illness, accident, injury, murder, suicide, or other reasons).<sup>10</sup> Finally, conflicts are defined if any family member of or if an individual was killed (in a non-natural death), suffered physical aggression, was injured or disabled, suffered sexual violence, or more.<sup>11</sup> Although the GHS-Panel has more detailed information on the adverse events, our analysis will primarily focus on binary indicators of whether a household has suffered from a shock (idiosyncratic or covariate), conflict event, or death. Table 1 summarizes experience of adverse events between 2014 and 2016 among sampled households. Seventeen percent of households in our sample experienced one or more covariate shocks, 19 percent experienced one or more idiosyncratic shocks, 11 percent experienced one or more deaths of household members, and 4 percent experienced one or more conflict event.

In addition to the data collected on standard welfare measures and information about adverse events, the survey included a module collecting certain symptoms of depression of the primary respondent.<sup>12</sup> The questions asked of the primary respondent are directly taken form the Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression (CES-D) scale. Versions of the CES-D, first developed in the 1970s, have been found to be reliable and valid in epidemiological studies as a populationlevel measure of depression correlated with major depressive disorders, and have been found 8 Additional idiosyncratic losses include the loss of an important contact, job loss, departure of income earning member by separation or divorce, departure of income earning member of the household by marriage, nonfarm business failure, theft of crops, cash, livestock or other property, destruction of harvest by fire, dwelling damaged or demolished, loss of land, death of livestock due to illness, kidnapping, hijacking, robbery or assault, and other personal shocks such as job opportunity, reduction of pension, and police arrest.

9 Additional covariate shocks include an increase in the price of inputs, fall in the price of output, increases in the price of major food items consumed, early stoppage of rain, and communal crisis.

10 Note that there are fewer than 150 cases in which there may be some overlap between the variables of shocks and deaths. In other words, there is a potential that a household member who reported a death in the shocks module may have reported the same death in the deaths module.

> 11 Additional conflicts include a family member being forced to work (for free), captured, kidnapped, abducted, robbed (money or assets), internally displaced, dwelling suffered from robbery or burned down or destroyed, land occupied, expropriated or made unproductive, and had assets intentionally destroyed or damaged.

12 This is the primary respondent providing information for the household. The protocols for the GHS-Panel specify that the primary respondent should be an adult member of the household who is intimately familiar with the economic activities of the household. The respondent is not predetermined and thus not randomly selected from a list of eligible household members.

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