rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
|**Box 4: Summary of variables derived f**|**rom CLASS observation instrument**|
|---|---|
|Domains(Level 1)<br>Dimensions(Level 2)|Description|
|Emotional Support<br>Positive Climate|Reflects the emotional connection between the teacher and<br>students and among students.|
|Teacher Sensitivity|Encompasses the teacher’s awareness of and responsiveness to<br>students’academic and emotional needs.|
|Regard for<br>Adolescent<br>Perspectives|Captures the degree to which the teacher’s interactions with<br>students and classroom activities place an emphasis on students’<br>interests, motivations, and points of view and encourage student<br>responsibility and autonomy.|
|Classroom<br>Organization<br>Negative<br>Climate|Reflects the overall level of expressed negativity in the classroom<br>(scale reversed).|
|<br>Behavior<br>Management|Encompasses the teacher’s ability to provide clear behavioral<br>expectations and use effective methods to prevent and redirect<br>misbehavior.|
|Productivity|Considers how well the teacher manages instructional time and<br>routines and provides activities for students so that they have the<br>opportunity to be involved in learning activities.|
|Instructional<br>Support<br>Instructional<br>Learning Formats|Focuses on the way in which the teacher maximizes students’<br>interest, engagement, and ability to learn from lessons and<br>activities.|
|Content<br>Understanding|The depth of the lesson content and the approaches used to help<br>students comprehend the framework, key ideas and procedures in<br>an academic discipline.|
|Analysis and Inquiry|Assesses the degree to which students are engaged in higher level<br>thinking skills through the application of knowledge and skills to<br>novel and/or open-ended problems.|
|Quality of Feedback|Assesses the degree to which the teacher provides feedback that<br>expands learning and understanding and encourages continued<br>participation.|
|Instructional<br>Dialogue|Content-focused discussion among teachers and students that is<br>cumulative, with the teacher supporting students to chain ideas<br>together in ways that lead to deeper understanding.|
|Student<br>Engagement<br>Captures the degree to<br>learning activity presen|<br>which all students in the class are focused and participating in the<br>ted or facilitated by the teacher.|
|Source: These descriptions are from Coflan,<br>and Mintz (2012).|Hasan, and Raggatz (2018) which are derived from Pianta, Hamre,|

# **_Teach classroom observation instrument_**

The videos clips were subsequently also coded using the _Teach_ instrument. For Teach, raters observe the 20-minute clips and code the totality of this observation according to 9 “dimensions” (these include items such as “supportive learning environment,” “checks for understanding,” and “social and collaborative skills”). Each dimension is scored on a 5-point scale, ranging from low (=1) to high (=5). The _Teach_ manual provides detailed descriptions and examples of behaviors that fit each of these scores. After the training each rater had to pass an exam which requires them to be within 1 point of three expert-scored videos at 11
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the data. Section 3 discusses the identification strategy, its potential shortcomings due to the data problems and the proposed solutions to address these shortcomings. Section 4 presents the results. Section 5 discusses robustness checks and rules out an alternative explanation. Section 6 concludes.

# **2. The data**

The success of rigorously assessing the impact of adolescent childbearing hinges on the availability of a dataset that reports not only birth histories, but miscarriages and abortions as well. ENADID is a nationally representative survey, containing a wide variety of demographic, social and health information. Of particular interest to this work is the detailed questionnaire administered to women aged 15 to 54, including questions on birth histories, medical care during pregnancy and delivery, as well as knowledge of and use of contraception. The module also records all pregnancies that resulted in live birth, stillbirth and abortion. Fortuitously for this study, the survey administered in 2006 distinguishes between spontaneous and induced abortions for the last reported abortion. Although it is not possible to determine whether any abortion prior to the last reported one was spontaneous or induced, the data show that very few women in the sample had more than one abortion.<sup>6</sup> ENADID data contain a number of socio-demographic characteristics, such as marital status, age at the first union, participation in social programs, number of hours worked in the last week, social assistance income, income from labor and others. Unfortunately, ENADID does not include a consumption module, and consequently we are unable to determine the welfare status of the respondents. To address this problem, we construct an asset index based on principal component analysis. Following Filmer and Pritchett (2001), we consider the asset index to be a proxy of the household‟s long-run wealth; assuming that the long-run wealth of the household explains the maximum variance and covariance in the assets used for the construction of the index (summarized in Table A1).

> 6 Of all women who reported ever experiencing a pregnancy, 1.56 percent had more than 1 abortion (spontaneous or induced). Of them, 1.35 percent reported having had two abortions, 0.2 percent and 0.01 percent reported having had three and four abortions, respectively.

4
Since April 2004 some critical reforms have been rolled back,<sup>26</sup> revealing the structural risks to fiscal adjustment and sustainability.<sup>27</sup> Strong revenue growth has enabled the state to absorb the current expenditure impact of the reform reversals momentarily. In 2004/05, overall revenue was greater than originally projected by the government. The increase was driven by stronger than anticipated growth in state’s own tax revenue, due to a strong upturn in the state’s economy, and much more robust devolution from the center. On the expenditure side, higher than projected subsidies and transfers due to the reform rollbacks were more than compensated by lower than projected outlays on salaries and pensions as the government withheld inflation-indexed salary and pension increases.

# **4. Subnational Fiscal Sustainability Analysis**

This section analyzes the sustainability of Tamil Nadu’s fiscal policy using the framework in section 2. We analyze debt dynamics and fiscal sustainability scenarios in the context of India’s macroeconomic policies and intergovernmental revenue-sharing system. We keep unwarranted optimism in check by discussing key risks to subnational fiscal sustainability and examining the sensitivity of the baseline projections to changes in the underlying baseline assumptions.

# **_4.1 Baseline analysis_**

We start by assessing fiscal sustainability in a baseline covering the period 2003/042026/27, based on World Bank projections of real interest and inflation rates in India, and the state government’s projections for real GSDP growth rates and primary fiscal balances as specified in the state government’s Medium-Term Fiscal Plan as of September 2005 (see Box 1).

The results suggest that Tamil Nadu has embarked on a fiscally sustainable path. Government debt is projected to decline from 28 percent of GSDP in 2003/04 to 16 percent of GSDP by 2026/27. The projected continuation in the state’s fiscal adjustment, strong economic performance and favorable macroeconomic conditions, as manifested in relatively low real interest rates, are the main reasons for reducing Tamil Nadu’s projected debt burden (Table 3). The analysis suggests that Tamil Nadu’s fiscal policy promises to be sustainable in the long-run (after year 2021/22).

> 26 The rollback included restoring free power to all farmers, reducing power tariffs for domestic consumers, restoring free/subsidized bus services to private schools and college students, withdrawing income ceiling for public distribution system access, and eliminating rice coupons.

> 27 The exogenous shock to the state from the Tsunami in 2004 has been cushioned mainly through grants from the central government, hence it has had little impact on the borrowing requirement of the state.

19
with missing data, outliers, and firms with less than three annual observations for our variables of interest, we are left with a sample of 23,366 firms from 58 economies covering the period 1991-2005, totaling 201,543 firm-year observations.<sup>7,8</sup> Of these firms, 14,228 issued securities in public markets over the sample period according to SDC, while the remaining 9,138 did not raise capital in public capital markets over this period.<sup>9</sup> Throughout the paper we group issues into equity and debt. Equity issues include initial public offerings (IPOs) and seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). Debt issues include convertible and non-convertible debt issues and preferred shares issues. Preferred shares have features of both equity and debt securities and therefore could be classified in either of the two categories. Given that these issues represent a relatively low percentage of capital raisings, the criterion used to classify them does not affect the observed patterns of capital raising activity. All the results reported in the paper classify preferred shares issues as debt issues. As a robustness test, we classified preferred shares issues as equity issues and obtained results similar to those reported throughout the paper.

# **3. Which Firms Raise Capital Abroad?**

This section analyzes the extent of internationalization of capital raising activity around the world and the characteristics of those firms that issue securities in international capital markets.

In particular, we address three questions. First, what is the role of international capital markets

> capital in international markets. As a robustness test, we included the small sample of U.S. firms with firm-level data available from Worldscope and obtained results similar to those reported below.

> 7 Appendix Table 3 shows the number of observations and firms classified by their capital raising activity by region and income level.

> 8 Firms from Japan and the U.K. represent about 22 and 12 percent of the observations in our dataset of firm-level characteristics, respectively. This reflects mostly Worldscope’s data coverage. We re-did all our analyses excluding firms from both countries and reached the same conclusions reported below.

> 9 The number of firms with capital raising activity in our merged dataset is lower than the number of firms included in the SDC dataset because the merged dataset excludes U.S. firms and because several firms that raise capital through security issuances according to SDC do not have accounting data available from Worldscope.

11
In this paper our approach is similar to Micco and Panizza (2006) and Iannotta et al. (2011), but unlike these two studies we control for possible endogeneity of GDP growth to credit growth by using system GMM estimation. In addition, we consider a large worldwide sample of banks for the period from 1999 to 2010, including the recent global banking crisis. Furthermore, unlike previous papers we consider the dynamics of the main categories of bank funding and of the accounting for non-performing loans and loan loss provisioning to better understand the various „channels‟ that influence state bank lending over the business cycle. Finally, we also examine differences in lending behavior among domestic private banks versus foreign banks for a large number of countries.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the data including our bank ownership classification. Section 3 presents the econometric methodology, and the empirical results. Section 4 concludes.

# **2. Data**

The empirical analysis is based on an international sample of 1,633 banks from 111 countries for the period 1999-2010. See Table A1 in the Appendix for details on the number of banks per country. The main data source is Bureau van Dijk‟s Bankscope, which provides information on statements of banks and their ownership structure.<sup>3</sup> To create time series information on the ownership of banks, we used Bankscope CDs starting from 1999 and Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS) for recent years. The CDs include snapshots of ownership structures in relevant years. In addition, we use various websites to classify the owner as private or state including Bankscope‟s online database, Factiva, Banker‟s Almanac and company websites of the banks. In our sample, we only include banks that we can identify to be owned by another entity with a 50 percent or higher ownership share. Thus, a bank is categorized as a state bank if it is majority-owned by a state-owned entity.<sup>4</sup>

> 3 For all banks, we consider the financial statements at the highest level of consolidation within a country to avoid duplication of the data. 4 Alternatively, La Porta et al. (2002) and  Cornett et al. (2010) use a 20% government ownership threshold to identify state banks yielding  comparable data.

5
as non-sensitive and 3,750 are classified as sensitive products. The tariff preferences offered by the general arrangements differ according to the sensitivity of the products concerned: nonsensitive products enjoy duty free access to the EU market, while sensitive products benefit from a tariff reduction. These arrangements provide, as a rule, for a reduction of MFN _ad valorem_ duties by a flat rate of 3.5 percentage points. An important exception to this rule of a flat rate reduction is granted to the textiles and clothing sectors which enjoy a percentage reduction of 20%. For specific duties a percentage reduction of 30% is the general rule. Where duties include _ad valorem_ and specific duties, only the _ad valorem_ duties are reduced.

A special arrangement under the Everything but Arms (EBA) initiative, which is incorporated into the GSP preference scheme, is provided for least developed countries (LDCs). The EBA scheme provides duty-free access for all products covered and originating in the beneficiary country, with the exception of imports of fresh bananas, rice, and sugar.<sup>10</sup> This scheme is more generous in terms of duty reduction than the Cotonou scheme; however in some other aspects, such as cumulation rules, it is less generous.

# **Importance of preferences for ACP countries**

To examine the relationship between trade and preferential treatment we use information of EU member states' imports eligible for preferences under the Cotonou agreement for the period 2001 from non-least developed ACP countries at the 8-digit level. This raw trade data was obtained from Eurostat and includes both total imports from ACP countries and imports requesting preferential treatment. Using information on tariffs and preferential quota applicable on each 8- digit product for the year 2001 we then identified those products which were eligible for preferences and calculated the _ad valorem_ tariff rates.

Figure 1 shows the developments of EU imports from non-least developed ACP countries during the last decade.<sup>11</sup> While the value of the imports had been increasing during the period, the share of imports from these countries in total EU imports had been decreasing.

**Figure 1 Share of imports from non-LDC ACP countries in total EU imports and value of imports**

> 10 For a detailed discussion on the impact of EU preferences for LDCs under Everything But Arms see Brenton (2003).

> 11 Nauru, Niue and the Cook Islands were not included in the analysis due to data limitations.

7
**Table 1. Shares of Disaggregated Services in Other Commercial Services Exports, 2005 and 2011–13, (percent)**

||**Br**|**azil**|**Ch**|**ina**|**Indo**|**nesia**|**In**|**dia**|**Me**|**xico**|**Ru**|**ssia**|**Tu**|**rkey**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**2005**|**2011‐13**|**2005**|**2011‐13**|**2005**|**2011‐13**|**2005**|**2011‐13**|**2005**|**2011‐13**|**2005**|**2011‐13**|**2005**|**2011‐13**|
|Construction|0.1|0.1|2.9|7.1|3.7|3.2|0.7|0.6|0|0|11.6|7.9|3.2|3|
|Financial|3.7|7.4|0.2|0.7|2.8|1.4|2.2|4.3|0|0|1.4|2.2|1.3|1.4|
|Insurance|1|1.4|0.6|1.7|0.1|0.1|1.8|1.8|9.9|13.1|1.1|0.7|1.2|2.1|
|Intellectual property|0.7|1.5|0.2|0.5|2|0.3|0.4|0.2|0.4|4.3|0.9|1|0|0|
|Maintenance & repair|0|0|0.7|0.7|0.3|0.4|0|0|0|0|3.2|2.8|0|0|
|Manufacturing services|‐3.4|0|19.8|9.6|4.4|3.4|0|0|0.0|0|4.9|3.6|0|0|
|Other business|44.4|54.8|22.4|26.1|21.8|30.4|23.9|19.1|0.0|0|20.2|26.3|0.7|.7|
|Personal, cultural, &<br>recreational|0.4|0.1|0.2|0.1|0.4|0.8|0.2|0.4|2.4|0.5|0.7|1|3.9|2.9|
|Telecom|2.3|1.9|2.6|7.9|8.7|6.7|43.7|47.4|3.5|1.4|3.6|5.7|1.5|1|
|Transportation|22.8|15|17.4|19.6|21.5|16.4|12.6|12.9|8.6|5.6|31.9|30.5|18.5|28.3|
|Travel|28.0|17.8|33|26|34.3|36.9|14.5|13.1|75.2|75.2|20.5|18.2|69.8|60.7|

_Source_ : IMF, _Balance of Payments Statistics._ 61
WPS3483 Parental Education and Children’s Schooling Outcomes: Is the Effect Nature, Nurture, or Both? Evidence from Recomposed Families in Rwanda

**Damien de Walque**

<u>ddewalque@worldbank.org</u>

**Development Research Group The World Bank**

# World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3483, January 2005

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._

# **_______________**

I thank Harold Alderman, Pedro Carneiro, Jishnu Das, Monica Das Gupta, Raphael De Coninck, Jed Friedman, Menahem Prywes, Halsey Rogers, Corinne Siaens, Filip Verwimp and seminar participants at the World Bank for useful discussions and advice.
**Figure 5: Nominal exchange rate against the USD, annual and monthly**

<!-- Start of picture text --> 30<br>30<br>25 28<br>26<br>20 24<br>22<br>15<br>20<br>18<br>10<br>16<br>5 14<br>12<br>0<br>10<br>Source: Data from NBE.<br>2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 Jul. 13 Nov. 14 Mar. 14 Jul. 14 Nov. 14 Mar. 14 Jul. 15 Nov. 15 Mar. 15 Jul. 16 Nov. 16 Mar. 16 Jul. 17 Nov. 17 Mar. 17 Jul. 18 Nov. 18<br><!-- End of picture text -->

**Figure 6: U.S. Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) index**

<!-- Start of picture text --> 125<br>120<br>115<br>110<br>105<br>100<br>95<br>Source: US Federal Reserve.<br>Jan. 12 Apr. 12 Jul. 12 Oct. 12 Jan. 13 Apr. 13 Jul. 13 Oct. 13 Jan. 14 Apr. 14 Jul. 14 Oct. 14 Jan. 15 Apr. 15 Jul. 15 Oct. 15 Jan. 16 Apr. 16 Jul. 16 Oct. 16 Jan. 17 Apr. 17 Jul. 17 Oct. 17 Jan. 18 Apr. 18 Jul. 18 Oct. 18 Jan. 18 Apr. 18<br><!-- End of picture text -->

**Figure 7: Ethiopia: Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) Index**

<!-- Start of picture text --> 210<br>190<br>170<br>150<br>130<br>110<br>90<br>70<br>Source: Data from NBE.<br>2000M1 2000M7 2001M1 2001M7 2002M1 2002M7 2003M1 2003M7 2004M1 2004M7 2005M1 2005M7 2006M1 2006M7 2007M1 2007M7 2008M1 2008M7 2009M1 2009M7 2010M1 2010M7 2011M1 2011M7 2012M1 2012M7 2013M1 2013M7 2014M1 2014M7 2015M1 2015M7 2016M1 2016M7 2017M1 2017M7 2018M1<br><!-- End of picture text -->

**Figure 8: REER of Ethiopia and Selected Countries (2014-15) (Jan. 2014 = 100)**

7
<!-- Start of picture text --> Table 2. Summary of evidence in studies supporting positive impact of NCDDP<br>before NCDDP 84 85 86 87 88<br>(most around<br>1980)<br>% ever used ORS<br>National Data (b) 27 (a) 50 64 68 66<br>Menoufia (c) 80<br>% of mothers who can mix correctly<br>National Data (b) 12 (d) 53 73 81 88<br>Menoufia (c) 86<br>Dakahlia (e) 90<br>% use of ORT in last episode<br>Menoufia (c) 39 (f) 52<br>Dakahlia (e) 81<br>% of children being breastfed, with breastfeeding continuing through episode<br>National Data (b) 42 (g) 68 83 86 83<br>Menoufia (c) 93<br>Dakahlia (e) 72<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: references: _5,_ 6, 14

- a. Dakahlia control group (n =105)

- b. NCDDP commissioned KAP household cluster survey (n = _1,500)_

- c. Menoufia follow-up study 1988

- d. Dakahlia control group (n=410)

- e. first round Dakahlia follow up study (control and outreach)

- f. first round Dakahlia 1980 study (control and outreach)

- g. 3 surveys in Menoufia govemorate, pooled (n = 1,062 episodes)

6
been incidences of Nikkei returning from working in Japan being targeted for crime. These characteristics are shared by many other migrant groups of interest, such as undocumented migrants and migrants from other urban areas, making this case study an application similar to many other practical applications of interest. In common with common practice in surveys of migrants elsewhere, we made an effort to gain the trust and support of the local community. This was done through communications with Nikkei associations, collaboration with the representatives of the bank _Sudameris_ who deal with the Nikkei community, and the use, where possible, of Nikkei interviewers.

# **4. Implementation of the Three Sampling Methods**

This section discusses in detail how the stratified random sample survey, intercept survey, and snowball survey were implemented. All three surveys were implemented by the same survey firm, _Sensus Data World_ , an experienced Brazilian survey firm, and were carried out at the same point in time, allowing comparability between the three methods. The same questionnaire was used for both the stratified random sample and snowball surveys, while a much shorter questionnaire with a subset of the questions was used for the intercept survey.

# **4.1 Stratified Random Sample of Nikkei Households in São Paulo and Parana**

Brazil’s population in the 2000 Census was 169.8 million. However, it is estimated that 80 percent of the Nikkei population lives in just two states: 54 percent in the state of São Paulo (population 37.0 million), and 26 percent in Parana state (population 9.6 million).<sup>4</sup> We therefore decided to only survey these two states, which combined have a population approaching 50 million people. The sampling process then consisted of three stages. First, a stratified random sample of 75 census tracts was selected. Second, interviewers carried out a door-to-door listing within each census tract in order to determine which households had a Nikkei member. Third, the survey questionnaire was then administered to households identified as Nikkei. We now describe the details of each step.

> 4 Population numbers from the 2000 Census are taken from <u>http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/estatistica/populacao/censo2000/</u> [accessed February 8, 2007].

11

-  -
Table A11: Questions Used to Enroll Caregivers

|No.|Question|Response options|Eligibility criteria|
|---|---|---|---|
|1|Name|||
|2|Gender|Male / Female||
|3|Cell phone number|||
|4|Mobile company|Tigo / Claro / Movistar / Digicel||
|5|Do you have Tigo money account in the cell phone number?|Yes / No|Tigo|
|6|Authorize Glasswing to provide your number to Tigo El Salvador<br>so that they can contact you in order to activate your Tigo Money<br>account and be able to receive the benefts|Yes / No|Yes|
|7|E-mail|||
|8|Municipality of residence|List of municipalities||
|9|Age||18-45|
|10|Do you have a girl or boy 8 years old or less under your care?|Yes / No|Yes|
|11|Do the boys (or girls) live in the same house with you?|Yes / No|Yes|
|12|Of the children under the age of 8 in your care, how old is the oldest child?|Less than 1 / 1 - 8||
|13|Do you share this phone with another adult in your household?|Yes / No||

_Notes:_ This table lists the questions –and their respective response options– used to enroll caregivers. Our minimum age was 18, however we have 5 younger observations.

48