disaggregated into 15-minute intervals.<sup>9</sup> The recall diary (see Appendix Figure A1) is an adapted version of the time use module that had originally been developed as part of the IFPRI Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index. A similar module has also been introduced in several country contexts by the International Labor Organization (ILO) as an optional add-on module for labor force surveys (ILO, 2023). The same set of activity categories, including activity wording, were used across treatment arms to allow for one-to-one comparisons in the analysis — covering 56 different categories (see Appendix Table A1) that spanned agriculture, non-farm employment, unpaid domestic and care work, transport, leisure, schooling, personal care, sleeping and eating.

Finally, the 7-day recall module that was administered to both treatment arms on day 11 (see Appendix Figure A2) spanned a subset of 20 key activities that were selected out of the aforementioned 56 activities (i.e., excluding activities pertaining to transport, personal care, eating/drinking, and sleep). The design of the module was informed by similar stylized questions that have been included in labor force surveys and socioeconomic household surveys. The respondents were first asked whether they conducted a given activity in the last 7 days. Then, regarding each activity that they were involved in, respondents were asked to report the number of hours they were engaged in that activity in the last 7 days.

The study also allows for the examination of how each survey approach affects reporting of simultaneity - in terms of participation, combinations of activities, and time spent conducting different activities together. The two treatment arms accounted for simultaneity of activities in different ways. The smartphone app, for example, allowed respondents to select multiple activities they were involved in at the same time, and click off each activity as it was finished. The 24-hour recall diary, on the other hand, first asked respondents what their main activity was for a given time interval, and then whether any secondary activity was conducted simultaneously with it — so that only two activities could be recorded simultaneously for a given 15-minute interval, and that the minimum time activities could be conducted together was 15 minutes. As seen in Appendix Figure A1, the 24-hour recall diary also included a preface to help encourage respondents to think of these secondary activities, including childcare.

As seen in Figure 1, additional survey modules were also implemented for both treatment arms on Day 1 (household and individual questionnaires eliciting a wide range of socioeconomic and demographic attributes) and on Day 9 (on respondents’ agency and preferences as well as perceived norms over asset ownership). There was gender matching of respondents and interviewers to help reduce potential unit and item non-response. Table 2 provides means of key individual and household attributes across treatment arms, across education, employment, and ownership of and rights to different assets such as land, financial accounts, and durables.<sup>10</sup> Balance tests across showed that the randomization worked successfully, except for few statistically significant, albeit small, differences across treatment arms.

> 9 As a result, while the recall diary organizes the respondent’s reported time over the past day into 15-minute intervals, the interviewer does not ask the respondent to report on each 15-minute interval directly. Rather, the interviewer infers this information from the respondent’s narrative.

> 10 The design of the modules on ownership and rights to land, financial accounts and durables follows recent international guidance on individual-disaggregated asset ownership and rights (United Nations, 2019).

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