# **Table 3 Extended labor force by proximity to formal employment. Selected European countries, 2008-2009**

|||<br>**Em**<br>**t**|**Formal**<br>**ployme**<br>**t**|<br>**nt**|**Info**<br>**t**|**rmal Em**<br>**t**|**ploym**|**ent**|**Un**<br>**Willi**|**employ**<br>**ng to W**<br>|**ed**<br>**ork**|**sed**<br>**ent rate**|**_%_**<br>**d who**<br> <br>**ployed c**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Country**|**Core**<br>**Period**<sup>**b**</sup>|**ependent**<br>**mploymen**|**elf-**<br>**mploymen**|**OTAL**|**ependent**<br>**mploymen**|**elf-**<br>**mploymen**|**amily**|**OTAL**|**eeking**<br>**ork**|**ot seeking**<br>**ork**|**OTAL**|**LFS-ba**<br>**nemploym**|**on-employe**<br>**cently were**<br>**formally em**|
|||**D**<br>**e**|**S**<br>**e**|**T**|**D**<br>**e**<br>**Sout**|**S**<br>**e**<br>**hern Eu**|**F**<br>**rope**|**T**|**S**<br>**w**|**N**<br>**w**|**T**|**u**|**N**<br>**re**<br>**in**|
|Cyprus|2008/q4|38.8|4.3|43.1|35.2|14.5|3.3|53.0|2.0|1.9|3.9|3.6|3.7|
|Greece|2009/q3|37.0|2.3|39.3|18.2|26.2|2.3|46.7|8.0|6.0|14.0|9.5|5.7|
|Israel|2009/q1|46.0|4.4|50.4|25.5|10.7|0.6|36.8|8.6|4.1|12.7|6.8|12.3|
|Italy <sup>a</sup>|2006/q1|59.0|3.7|62.7|2.9|19.2|0.3|22.4|9.3|5.5|14.8|7.1|4.1|
|Portugal|2009/q1|62.9|1.3|64.2|7.6|13.8|1.0|22.4|10.1|3.3|13.4|8.5|2.8|
|Spain|2008/q4|68.4|2.2|70.6|4.4|13.9|0.5|18.8|7.8|2.9|10.7|13.0|1.3|
||||||**East**|**ern Eu**|**rope**|||||||
|Poland|2008/q4|65.9|2.0|67.9|4.1|16.6|0.9|21.6|7.1|3.5|10.6|6.8|4.4|
|Ukraine|2009/q1|73.9|0.9|74.8|6.9|7.3|0.2|14.4|8.4|2.4|10.8|9.5|5.1|
|Slovenia|2008/q4|74.4|1.3|75.7|6.2|7.2|0.7|14.1|4.9|5.3|10.2|4.3|5.8|
|Bulgaria|2009/q1|65.2|1.7|66.9|5.3|6.7|1.2|13.2|13.9|5.9|19.8|6.4|5.0|
|Czech R.|2009/q2|77.3|2.7|80.0|1.3|10.7|0.5|12.5|4.9|2.5|7.4|6.6|2.7|
|Slovakia|2008/q4|77.4|2.9|80.3|1.2|11.0|0.0|12.2|6.2|1.3|7.5|9.3|2.2|
|Russia|2008/q4|78.8|1.5|80.3|6.1|5.4|0.5|12.0|4.4|3.3|7.7|7.4|4.2|
|Romania|2009/q1|78.0|1.6|79.6|5.1|5.9|0.8|11.8|5.5|3.1|8.6|6.7|2.9|
|Estonia|2009/q1|78.0|2.2|80.2|3.2|6.3|0.3|9.8|6.8|3.1|9.9|10.3|4.2|
|Hungary|2009/q1|71.6|1.0|72.6|2.6|6.2|0.6|9.4|12.4|5.6|18.0|9.7|2.4|
|Latvia|2009/q2|69.4|1.8|71.2|3.7|3.6|0.7|8.0|13.9|6.8|20.7|17.0|5.9|
|Lithuania|2009/q4|74.2|1.4|75.5|2.2|4.2|0.0|6.4|12.6|5.6|18.1|15.6|3.0|
||||||**West**|**ern Eu**|**rope**|||||||
|Ireland|2009/q4|45.8|2.4|48.2|18.1|13.4|1.5|33.0|13.8|5.0|18.8|12.6|15.1|
|UK|2008/q4|67.8|2.5|70.3|9.6|11.0|1.1|21.7|6.0|2.0|8.0|6.2|5.2|
|Austria<sup>a</sup>|2007/q3|73.7|2.4|76.1|8.5|9.9|1.3|19.7|2.6|1.6|4.2|4.3|3.4|
|Switzerland|2008/q4|79.1|2.4|81.5|1.9|11.5|0.3|13.7|3.8|0.9|4.7|4.0|1.8|
|Netherland|2008/q4|79.7|4.3|84.0|2.4|9.1|1.1|12.6|2.1|1.3|3.4|3.1|2.2|
|Germany|2008/q4|75.4|4.5|79.9|1.6|10.1|0.2|11.9|5.9|2.3|8.2|7.1|2.5|
|Belgium|2008/q4|74.9|4.2|79.1|1.6|8.4|0.5|10.5|5.4|5.1|10.5|7.2|2.4|
|France|2008/q4|79.0|1.2|80.2|2.7|7.1|0.5|10.3|7.7|1.8|9.5|8.3|1.0|
||||||**Nort**|**hern Eu**|**rope**|||||||
|Norway|2008/q3|82.6|2.6|85.2|4.7|7.2|0.4|12.3|2.0|0.6|2.6|2.5|2.5|
|Denmark|2008/q4|82.2|2.4|84.6|3.9|7.5|0.1|11.5|2.9|1.0|3.9|3.5|1.9|
|Finland|2008/q4|80.0|2.9|82.9|0.9|10.1|0.2|11.2|3.7|2.2|5.9|6.2|1.0|
|Sweden|2008/q4|84.6|2.8|87.4|0.8|7.1|0.3|8.2|3.5|1.1|4.6|6.3|1.2|

_Notes:_<sup><u>a</u></sup> Results are based on round 4 of ESS. Results of round 4 were not available for Italy and Austria; the latest available results are presented instead.<sup>b</sup> ̳Core period‘ is the quarter during which _most_ of the field work has been performed; it is given for the reference only; by contrast, LFS-based unemployment rate has been calculated as weighted average of quarterly unemployment rates for quarters covering the whole field work period.<sup>c</sup> Due to data limitations (only year but not month of the last job is known for non-employed respondents), the shares of non-employed who were recently informally employed (see the last column) are not perfectly comparable across countries. Average 'recent' period varies as follows: 10-16 months in the South, 1118 months in the East, 11-15 months in the West, and 10-12 months in the North. Experiments with the data show, however, that changing this period by few months do not change the results significantly. _Source:_ Calculation with ESS data.

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