**<u>Table 5: Yield functions for small farms</u>**

||**Maize**|**Cassava**|**Sorghum**|**Peanuts**|**Rice**|**Sugarcane**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Farm size (ln)|-0.386***|-0.463***|-0.498***|-0.453***|-0.482***|-0.839***|
||(0.016)|(0.024)|(0.032)|(0.024)|(0.034)|(0.258)|
|Farm size (quadratic ln)|<br>0.037***|<br>0.029**|<br>0.039*|<br>0.020|<br>0.088***|<br>0.173|
||(0.011)|(0.011)|(0.020)|(0.017)|(0.015)|(0.142)|
|Hired workers permanent|0.129***|0.251**|0.223*|0.115|0.163|0.070|
||(0.049)|(0.097)|(0.128)|(0.071)|(0.131)|(0.549)|
|Hired workers seasonal|0.345***|0.138***|0.297***|0.285***|0.336***|0.093|
||(0.024)|(0.047)|(0.042)|(0.036)|(0.056)|(0.315)|
|Used animal traction|<br>0.111**|<br>0.151***|<br>0.079|<br>0.042|<br>-0.081|<br>0.215|
||(0.045)|(0.052)|(0.107)|(0.049)|(0.170)|(0.699)|
|Used improved seed|<br>-0.019||<br>0.007|<br>-0.004|<br>-0.140||
||(0.042)||(0.118)|(0.058)|(0.159)||
|Used fertilizer|<br>0.108|||<br>-0.037|<br>0.283|1.747|
||(0.096)|||(0.222)|(0.204)|(1.178)|
|Used pesticide|<br>-0.128|||<br>0.286|<br>0.803***||
||(0.264)|||(0.287)|(0.209)||
|Did crop rotation|<br>0.083***|0.055|0.059|<br>0.088**|<br>0.067|0.075|
||(0.022)|(0.039)|(0.045)|(0.035)|(0.054)|(0.308)|
|Did inter-cropping|<br>0.155***|<br>0.010|<br>0.096*|<br>0.116***|<br>0.085|<br>0.319|
||(0.031)|(0.054)|(0.055)|(0.042)|(0.060)|(0.359)|
|Used irrigation|0.060|0.562***|||0.162|0.518|
||(0.108)|(0.205)|||(0.203)|(0.451)|
|Did line sowing|<br>0.121***|<br>0.137***|0.104**|0.091***|<br>0.086|<br>0.409|
||(0.023)|(0.037)|(0.047)|(0.033)|(0.058)|(0.302)|
|Number of children|<br>0.017***|<br>0.022**|<br>0.012|<br>0.010|<br>0.001|<br>-0.025|
||(0.005)|(0.009)|(0.012)|(0.009)|(0.014)|(0.062)|
|Number of adults|0.032***|0.055***|0.031|0.016|0.037**|0.111|
||(0.007)|(0.012)|(0.019)|(0.011)|(0.014)|(0.087)|
|Number of old people|0.016|0.015|0.018|-0.070**|0.032|0.508|
||(0.024)|(0.042)|(0.048)|(0.031)|(0.053)|(0.388)|
|Highest education|<br>0.011***|<br>0.012*|<br>0.016**|<br>0.016***|<br>0.035***|<br>-0.017|
||(0.003)|(0.006)|(0.006)|(0.005)|(0.007)|(0.052)|
|Female head|-0.159***|-0.075**|-0.185***|-0.180***|-0.186***|-0.189|
||(0.026)|(0.037)|(0.051)|(0.034)|(0.058)|(0.246)|
|Head’s age|0.001*|0.003*|0.001|0.004***|-0.001|0.005|
||(0.001)|(0.001)|(0.002)|(0.001)|(0.002)|(0.012)|
||Z| of rainfall|-0.012|-0.091|-0.019|-0.076*|0.108*|0.364|
||(0.038)|(0.056)|(0.041)|(0.044)|(0.061)|(0.400)|
|Negative z of rainfall|<br>0.033|<br>0.267***|<br>-0.066|<br>-0.014|<br>-0.008|<br>1.336***|
||(0.044)|(0.098)|(0.077)|(0.059)|(0.085)|(0.466)|
|Year 2012|<br>0.183***|<br>0.211***|<br>0.270***|<br>0.285***|<br>-0.053|<br>0.652**|
||(0.042)|(0.080)|(0.059)|(0.058)|(0.062)|(0.292)|
|Year 2014|<br>0.324***|<br>0.176**|<br>0.353***|<br>0.374***|<br>0.178**|<br>1.167**|
||(0.033)|(0.078)|(0.068)|(0.051)|(0.076)|(0.525)|
|Observations|14,128|9,289|4,275|7,086|2,338|260|
|R-squared|0.189|0.124|0.179|0.208|0.271|0.589|

_Note:_ Data from 2008, 2012, and 2014 are used. Dependent variable is ln output quantity in kg/ha for maize, cassava, sorghum, peanut and rice and ln output value in MT/ha for sugarcane. Control variables include household composition (no. of children, adults and old people), headship, head’s age, and highest education in the household. District fixed effects are included but not reported throughout. Standard errors are clustered by district. Estimates for 2012 and 2014 with EA fixed effects are qualitatively similar and available upon request. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1.

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