|Malasya & Tailand<br>(circa 2005)|Average wage returns to on-the-job training are 7.7% for<br>Malaysia and 4.5% for Thailand. Returns are higher for<br>males than for females in Malaysia and that, for both<br>|PSM|Almeida and<br>Faria (2014)|
|---|---|---|---|
|Studies showing no di|countries, returns are higher for workers with at least<br>secondaryeducation.<br>fference or mixed results|Mincerian earnings|Ribd|
|India (2004)|Returns to formal vocational training are approximately<br>8%, comparable to returns to general education at 8.4%.|regression (not<br>controlling for<br>selectivitybias)|ou,<br>Savchenko,<br>Tan (2007)|
|East Germany (1984-<br>1996)|No advantage in earnings or employment among<br>graduates of public-sector-sponsored continuous<br>vocational training and retraining in the first years<br>following training.|Propensity matching<br>score techniques|Lechner<br>(2000)|
|Romania (1995-2000)|No significant differences exist in labor market<br>participation or earnings between vocational and<br>general education students.|Regression<br>discontinuity|Malamud and<br>Pop-Eleches<br>(2008)|
|Tanzania (1997-2000)|Returns are higher for high levels of academic education<br>than for vocational or lower levels of academic<br>education; the returns to vocational or technical<br>education are lower the higher the level at which it is<br>entered.<sup>2</sup>|Mincerian earnings<br>fixed effects<br>regression|Kahyarara and<br>Teal (2008)|
|Indonesia (1993,<br>1997, 2000, 2007)|No significant differences exist in labor market outcomes<br>between public general and public vocational school<br>graduates. Private vocational school graduates have<br>same (OLS) or higher (LAD) rates of return than public<br>school graduates.<sup>3</sup>|Mincerian earnings<br>regression (OLS and<br>LAD) (1st stage:<br>multinomial logit<br>regression)|Newhouse<br>and<br>Suryadarma<br>(2009)|
|Turkey (2009-2012)|Small and insignificant effect of trainings on employment<br>and earnings|RCT|Hirshleifer et<br>al (2014)|
|Studies showing less f|avorable results for TVET than for general education|Mincerian earnins||
|Pakistan (2004)|Returns to formal vocational training are 8.1%, while<br>returns to general education are slightly higher at about<br>9%.|g<br>regression (not<br>controlling for<br>selectivitybias)|Riboud,<br>Savchenko,<br>Tan (2007)|
|Rwanda (1999-2001)|Returns to vocational education are 12.5%, while returns<br>to general secondary education are 29.0%.|Mincerian earnings<br>regression (1<sup>st</sup><br>stage: multinomial<br>logit)|Lassibille and<br>Tan (2005)|
|Suriname (1990, 1992,<br>1993)|Returns to general language and mathematics tracks<br>exceed returns to technical or vocational education for<br>both males and females.<sup>4</sup>|Mincerian earnings<br>regression (1<sup>st</sup><br>stage: probit<br>regression)|Horowitz and<br>Schenzler<br>(1999)|

1. No first stage because selectivity bias is controlled by comparing vocational education graduates employed in matched or study-related occupations versus their general education counterparts.

2. The returns for those who enter vocational schools after primary school are estimated at 9.6% compared with 8.8% for those who enter after completing lower secondary school, and only 3.2 % for those who enter after completing upper secondary school. Similarly, the returns for those that enter technical colleges after completing lower secondary school are estimated at 10.5% compared with 7.3% for those that enter after completing upper secondary school.

3. Private general school graduates earn 27.8 percent less wages than public school graduates while private vocational 6