– The intervention consists of two treatment groups one which receives informa– tion only, and one which receives information plus cash and a control group. We implement a stratified randomized cluster design; within each district, we randomly assign each Village Development Committee<sup>3</sup> (VDC) to one of the three treatments. Henceforth, we will refer to VDC’s as counties and COs as villages for ease of interpretation.<sup>4</sup> Within a county, we randomly select up to four villages (out of about 30 villages within a county) to be in our sample. Every village in a county receives the same treatment status. The total sample contains 184 counties across the four districts, with a total of 591 villages. Within a village, every household where a woman was either pregnant or had a child aged 2 years or under at baseline was surveyed and invited to participate in the intervention. Figure 1 shows the administrative levels and where randomization occurred.

The county is chosen as the unit of randomization for two primary reasons. First, randomizing at the village level would have led to potential for spillovers based on geographic proximity; counties are large enough units geographically that it is unlikely that a member of a village in a control county would be able to attend or even know of the information treatment occurring in a village of a neighboring county. Second, Social Mobilizers (SMs), who led the information sessions, are responsible for all villages within a county, including non-experimental villages. Asking an SM who had undergone training for the information arm of the intervention to withhold that information in some of her meetings would have both been unethical and led to a higher likelihood of contamination.<sup>5</sup> Due to differential attrition in the first endline survey wave, discussed in greater detail in section 3, our primary analysis will only focus on the 139 counties that were part of the second endline survey wave, 45 of which are control counties, 48 of which are information only counties, and 46 of which are information plus cash counties. Table 1 shows the baseline means for all families, with the number in

> 3The VDC is an administrative unit below the district, and is similar to a municipality or county.

> 4VDC’s are quite similar to counties in that both are administrative regions at a larger geographic entity than a village but a smaller geographic entity than a state. The CO and village comparison is slightly less apt. A Community Organization is created by PAF and is the specific group within a village that meets once a month. It is not itself an administrative unit. However, for the purposes of interpretation, this distinction is not important.

> 5Indeed, in discussions with local SM’s, some noted that they found the information so helpful and valuable that they planned to implement it in _all_ of the villages that they worked in. This reflects the potential benefits from scaling the intervention, in that there are economies of scale in having an SM implement the information in all 30 villages she is responsible for, as opposed to the maximum of 4 that took place in the evaluation. It additionally shows the importance of randomizing at the county level to minimize spillovers.

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