_Page 19_ Centra' aovernment expenditure comprises the expenditure by all government offices, departments, establishments, and other bodies that are agencies or Instruments ofthe central authority of a country. It includes both current and capital (development) expenditure. Education exeenditure refers to expenditure on the provision, management, Inspection, and support of pre-primary, primary, and secondary schools; of universities and colleges; and of vocational, tech,nical, and other training institutions. Also included is expenditure on the general administration and regulation of the education system; on research Into its objectives, organization, administration, and methods; and on such subsidiary services as transport, school meals, and school medical and dental services. Health expenditure covers public expenditure on hospitals, maternity and dental centers, and clinics with a major medical component; on natlonal health and medical insurance schemes; and on family planning and preventive care.

ii) Growth Rates of real per capita expenditures (1980-85) are calculated from constant (1980) price series, and have been computed using the least-squares method.

# **Irnrasecloral Emphasis of Central** Govemment's Current Expenditures on Education (mid-1980s)

UNESCO Statistical Yearbook, 1988 (Tables 4.1-4.3). Current educational excenditure includes expenditure on administration, emoluments of teachers and supporting teaching staff, school books and other teaching materials, scholarships, welfare services, and maintenance of school bulldings.

Salary are emoluments of teaching and administrative staff. Scholarsh **i** p ncludes scholarships as well as provision of teaching materials. Welfare consists mainly of school meals and board. Other expenditure contains administration (other than personnel) and subsidies not distributed.

Studert-Teacher Ratios, by Level of Education (mid-1980s) UNESCO Statistical Yearbook, 1988 (Tables 3.4, 3.5, and 3.7).

**Dis bubo of** University-Level Education enrollments **by** field (mid-1980s) UNESCO Statistical Yearbook, 1988 (Tables 3.9 and 3.10). Humanitles: humanitles, religion and theology, education science and teache t **r** aining, and fine and applied arts. Social Science: social and behavioral science, including economics, political science, geography, and psychology. Science and Technoloav: natural science, mathematics and computer science, engineering, architecture, and agriculture. Other: Mass communication, home economics, service trades, and trade, craft, and industrial programs.

**R&D Exendrxures,** and Reseatch Personnel (mid-1980s) UNESCO Statistical Yearbook, 1988 (Tables 5.19 and 5.4). R&D expenditures refer to all domestic expenditure (current and capital) made for this purpose in the course of a reference year In institutions and established inthe national territory as well as in installations physically situated abroad. R&D Is defined as any creative systematic activity undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this knowledge to devise new applications. It includes fundamental research (i.e. experimental ortheoretical work undertaken with no immediate practical purpose In mind), applied research In such fields as agriculture, medicine, industrlal chemistry, etc. (I.e., research directed primarily towards a special practical aim or objective), and experimental development work leading to new devices, products or processes. Research Personnel. The following categories of scientific and technical personnel are defined according to the work they are engaged In and their qualifications. Scientists and Engineers, comprising persons working in those capacities, I.e. as persons with scientific or technological training (usually completion of third level education) In any field of science, who are engaged in professional work oni R&D activities, administrators and other high-level personnel who direc **t** he execution of R&D activities. Technicians comprising persons engaged In that: capacity in R&D activities who have received vocational ortechnical training in any branch of knowledge or technology of a specified standard (usually at leas **t** hree years after the first stage of second-lev **e** l ducation). Data concerning personnel are normaily calculated In full-tI!m **e** auivalent. This Is a measurement unit representing one person working full-time for a given period; this unit Is used to convert figures relating to the number of part-time workers into the equivalent number of full-time