# **Table A1 – Summary Comparative Table of Subsidy Reforms (2010-2014)**

|||**North**|**Africa**|||**Middle**|**East**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**Morocco**|**Tunisia**|**Libya**|**Egypt**|**Jordan**|**Yemen**|**Djibouti**|**Iran**|
|Income level (World Bank Income<br>Data)|Lower-middle|Upper-middle|Upper-middle|Lower-middle|Upper-middle|Lower-middle|Lower-middle|Upper-middle|
|Net energy importer/exporter<br>(World Bank Energy Data)|Importer|Importer|Exporter|Exporter|Importer|Exporter|Importer|Exporter|
|Initial trigger of reforms|Removal of indexation<br>mechanism, budget<br>deficit|Budget deficit|n.a.|budget deficit; change of<br>regime|budget deficit; pressure<br>from IFIs|<br>budget deficit; IFIs<br>pressure|n.a.|Budget deficit; Political<br>strategy; International<br>sanctions|
|Reforms 2010|n.a.|n.a.|no reforms|n.a.|n.a.|Prices on gasoline,<br>diesel, and kerosene<br>gradually increased by<br>about 30 percent, and<br>prices of LPG by 100<br>percent|no reforms|Mjor increase in food<br>and energy prices|
|Reforms 2012|Diesel prices increased<br>by 14 percent, gasoline<br>by 20 percent, and<br>industrial fuel by 27<br>percent.|Gasoline, Diesel,<br>Electricity +7%|no reforms|Increases in gasoline<br>prices|Increase in price of<br>gasoline by 26% (June);<br>Cut in subsidies and<br>introduction of cash<br>program (Nov.)|Gasoline prices<br>increased by 66 percent<br>and diesel and kerosene<br>prices doubled.|no reforms|minor adjustments to<br>the 2010 reform|
|Reforms 2013|Reactivation of price<br>indexation for<br>petroleum products|Gasoline, Diesel,<br>Electricity +7%|no reforms|Electricity prices for<br>households increased by<br>16 percent; increases in<br>gasoline prices|Fuel indexation<br>mechanism resumed|Diesel price unified<br>across users, including<br>the electricity sector|no reforms|minor adjustments to<br>the 2010 reform|
|Reforms 2014|Indexation of fuel oil;<br>price increases for<br>electricity, water,<br>gasoline and diesel|Electricity +10% (2<br>rounds); Introduction of<br>price indexation formula<br>for gasoline|no reforms|Gasoline prices from LE<br>0.9 to LE 1.6 for 80<br>octane, from LE 1.85 to LE<br>2.6 for 92 octane, and<br>from LE 5.75 to LE 6.25 for<br>95 octane; natural gas for<br>cars from LE 0.45 to LE<br>1.1; diesel from LE 1.1 to<br>LE 1.8. Prices for natural<br>gas and fuel for<br>commercial uses also<br>|Electricity tariffs<br>increased|Full removal of subsidies<br>with partial reversal.<br>Prices of diesel and<br>gasoline increased by a<br>net 50 percent and 20<br>percent|no reforms|minor adjustments to<br>the 2010 reform|
|||||increased significantly.|||||
|Political changes (2011‐2014)|Stable, new constitution<br>and electoral system|<br>Revolution, new<br>constitution and political<br>system|Revolution, political<br>instability and civil war|Revolution, changes in<br>governments|Stable, changes in<br>governments|Political instability and<br>civil war|Stable|Stable|
|Extent of reform|piecemeal|piecemeal|no reforms|piecemeal|piecemeal|piecemeal|no reforms|piecemeal|
|Pace of reforms|gradual|gradual|nil|gradual/radical|radical|gradual/radical|nil|radical|
|Cash compensation|no|yes, poor<br>|no|no|yes, quasi universal|yes, poor|no|yes, quasi universal|
|Other parallel measures|yes, fiscal consolidation<br>measures|yes, introduction of a<br>low electricity tariff for<br>poor households;<br>increase in tax<br>deductions, new social<br>|no|yes, stable low<br>electricity tariffs for the<br>poor|no|no|no|yes, housing reforms|
|||housing program|||||||
|Use of indexation mechanisms|yes|yes|no|no|no|no|yes|no|
|Significant popular protests|no|no|no|no|no|yes|n.a.|no|
|Public information campaign|yes|no|no|no|no|no|n.a.|yes|

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