observable individual attributes correlated with female labor supply, i.e. by age profile, education and family structure.

# Table 9 about here

As shown in Panel A, labor market outcomes of working age _older_ women (i.e. more than 33 years old) are robust to previous average results. They are more precisely estimated than it is the case for youth, as they are less likely to be confounded by the human capital bias (i.e. as a result of household migration, young women may stay longer in school, that is out of the labor force). Panel B shows that results differ when splitting the whole sample by education, though. Household migration status changes labor market outcomes of less educated women, but has a small and statistically insignificant effect on those with a secondary education degree or higher. This finding suggests that migration empowerment implications for female members left behind are higher for less educated women, as we would expect provided the strong positive correlation between human capital and female (paid) employment outcomes. Finally, Panel C shows that our results are more precisely estimated in the sub-group of women without young children (less than 4 years old), even though the signs of migration effects are stable also for the other sub-sample. This finding is also consistent with the large evidence on women’s work choices constrained by children presence (in the absence of child care services).

Overall our evidence is consistent with the literature showing that more disadvantaged groups (such as women with respect to men, on average, or less educated adult women compared to young or skilled ones) are especially responsive to new market opportunities made available by ‘economic globalization’ and the opening of the borders (Mushi and Rosenzweig, 2006; Luke and Munshi, 2007).

# **7. Conclusions**

This paper examines the role of male-dominated international migration in shaping labor market outcomes by gender in migrant-sending households at origin. Using detailed information on family migration experience from the latest Albanian LSMS, we find that there is a different pattern in the occupational distribution of female and male work force back home. Unlike earlier studies, we distinguish the ‘disruptive’ effect of household members’ departure from the income effect of two forms of family migration experience, and investigate their impact on paid and unpaid labor market status of household members left behind. Estimates show that male and female labor supplies respond differently to current and past migration episodes, and the migration effects are robust to the income (remittance) effect. Accounting for the endogeneity of migration behavior by using an IV estimation strategy, we find that having household members currently living abroad decreases the probability of women engaging in paid employment and increases their unpaid work supply. On the contrary, having household members migrated abroad in the past significantly increases female labor supply in selfemployment while decreasing unpaid work supply. We do not find evidence of the same pattern for the male labor force population. Moreover, by accounting for key factors (related to age, education and 22