|SITC_9 x Extraction x log(Price)|0.003|[0.019]|0.003|[0.019]|0.004|[0.019]|0.004|[0.018]|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|SITC_9 x Transform x log(Price)|-0.109<sup>***</sup>|[0.001]|-0.108<sup>***</sup>|[0.001]|-0.099<sup>***</sup>|[0.001]|-0.098<sup>***</sup>|[0.001]|
|SITC_10 x Extraction x log(Price)|-0.043|[0.068]|-0.043|[0.068]|-0.037|[0.055]|-0.038|[0.055]|
|SITC_10 x Transform x log(Price)|-0.068<sup>**</sup>|[0.030]|-0.069<sup>**</sup>|[0.030]|-0.041<sup>*</sup>|[0.024]|-0.041<sup>*</sup>|[0.024]|
|SITC_11 x Extraction x log(Price)|-0.070|[0.043]|-0.071|[0.043]|-0.064|[0.039]|-0.065|[0.039]|
|SITC_11 x Transform x log(Price)|-0.003|[0.103]|-0.002|[0.105]|-0.001|[0.095]|-0.000|[0.096]|
|SITC_12 x Extraction x log(Price)|-0.019|[0.023]|-0.019|[0.023]|-0.018|[0.021]|-0.018|[0.021]|
|SITC_12 x Transform x log(Price)|0.024<sup>**</sup>|[0.010]|0.024<sup>**</sup>|[0.010]|0.025<sup>**</sup>|[0.011]|0.025<sup>**</sup>|[0.011]|
|SITC_13 x Extraction x log(Price)|-0.170<sup>***</sup>|[0.007]|-0.170<sup>***</sup>|[0.008]|1.293<sup>***</sup>|[0.003]|1.294<sup>***</sup>|[0.003]|
|SITC_13 x Transform x log(Price)|0.205<sup>***</sup>|[0.006]|0.204<sup>***</sup>|[0.006]|0.203<sup>***</sup>|[0.004]|0.196<sup>***</sup>|[0.009]|
|SITC_14 x Extraction x log(Price)|-0.008|[0.011]|-0.007|[0.011]|0.016|[0.022]|0.016|[0.021]|
|SITC_14 x Transform x log(Price)|0.070<sup>***</sup>|[0.001]|0.069<sup>***</sup>|[0.001]|0.127<sup>***</sup>|[0.001]|0.124<sup>***</sup>|[0.002]|
|SITC_15 x Extraction x log(Price)|-0.154<sup>***</sup>|[0.003]|-0.154<sup>***</sup>|[0.003]|-0.138<sup>***</sup>|[0.003]|-0.138<sup>***</sup>|[0.003]|
|SITC_16 x Extraction x log(Price)|-0.110|[0.106]|-0.112|[0.104]|-0.098|[0.092]|-0.099|[0.091]|
|SITC_17 x Extraction x log(Price)|0.042<sup>***</sup>|[0.005]|0.042<sup>***</sup>|[0.005]|0.042<sup>***</sup>|[0.003]|0.043<sup>***</sup>|[0.003]|
|SITC_17 x Transform x log(Price)|-0.028<sup>***</sup>|[0.000]|-0.028<sup>***</sup>|[0.001]|-0.024<sup>***</sup>|[0.000]|-0.024<sup>***</sup>|[0.001]|
|SITC_18 x Extraction x log(Price)|0.044<sup>**</sup>|[0.019]|0.044<sup>**</sup>|[0.019]|0.038<sup>**</sup>|[0.016]|0.038<sup>**</sup>|[0.016]|
|SITC_18 x Transform x log(Price)|-0.054<sup>***</sup>|[0.001]|-0.053<sup>***</sup>|[0.001]|-0.047<sup>***</sup>|[0.000]|-0.047<sup>***</sup>|[0.000]|
|Fixed effects|Yes||Yes||Yes||Yes||
|Controls|No||Yes||No||Yes||
|N|19298||19298||19298||19298||
|R-squared|0.763||0.763||0.763||0.763||
|Countries|38||38||38||38||

Notes: (1) The table shows the regression results for a sample of 2,182 districts in 653 countries across 38 countries in Africa during 2001–2012. (2) The regressions use the nature of mining activities to explain spatial-temporal variations in inequality. (3) Gini index is at the district level and measured using night-time light intensity. (4) The standard errors, clustered at the country level, are in the brackets. (5) Constant (measured at constant 1998 US dollars) and average (measured as annual averages) prices come from USGS. (6) Extraction refers to mining sites where extractive mining activities are taking place, and transform refers to sites where value addition to raw minerals is performed. (7) Fixed effects include time fixed effects, district fixed effects, regional fixed effects, country fixed effects, and country-year fixed effects. (8) Controls include a proxy for agricultural productivity, rainfall, population sizes, lights pixels lit, and district geographical locations (measured in absolute latitudes). (9) SITC_1: helium. (10) SITC_2: garnet (industrial). (11) SITC_3: stones (crushed, dimension), limestone, gypsum, marble, and silicon. (12) SITC_5: diamond. (13) SITC_6: barite, bentonite, clay, dolomite, fluorspar, graphite, salt, vermiculite, fluorine, and graphite. (14) SITC_7: iron ore. (15) SITC_9: cobalt, chromium, niobium (columbium), tantalum, titanium, zirconium, and tungsten. (16) SITC_10: arsenic trioxide, lithium, manganese, pyrophyllite, soda ash, sodium silicate, and wollastonite. (17) SITC_11: phosphate rock and phosphoric acid. (18) SITC_12: cement. (19) SITC_13: diatomite. (20) SITC_14: platinum. (21) SITC_15: nickel. (22) SITC_16: zinc. (23) SITC_17: tin. (24) SITC_18: gold.<sup>*</sup> p < 0.10.<sup>**</sup> p < 0.05.<sup>***</sup> p < 0.01.

Source: authors’ estimations.

Table 12: The effects of mineral deposits’ and mining sites’ presence on district inequality

||Gini|Constant m<br>MLD|ineral price<br>Theil|s<br>RLP|Gini|Average<br>MLD|mineral pric<br>Theil|es<br>RLP|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Equation [2]:|||||||||
|Deposits [1=present]|0.180<sup>***</sup>|0.277<sup>***</sup>|0.206<sup>**</sup>|17.504<sup>***</sup>|0.166<sup>***</sup>|0.255<sup>***</sup>|0.178<sup>**</sup>|17.240<sup>***</sup>|
||[0.048]|[0.095]|[0.091]|[2.040]|[0.043]|[0.085]|[0.082]|[1.914]|
|Equation [3]:|||||||||
|Mining sites|0.090<sup>***</sup>|0.139<sup>***</sup>|0.103<sup>**</sup>|8.752<sup>***</sup>|0.083<sup>***</sup>|0.127<sup>***</sup>|0.089<sup>**</sup>|8.620<sup>***</sup>|

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