|**WITCH**|Quantitative climate targets on global<br>temperature, on radiative forcing, on<br>atmospheric carbon concentration, on<br>greenhouse gas emissions or on carbon<br>budget. Carbon taxes and additional<br>subsidies taxes onenergy sources|Scenario analysis; a Monte Carlo<br>analysis was introduced in 2008.|Incentives and Stability of International Climate Coalitions<br>(Bosetti et al., 2012) A International energy R&D<br>spillovers and the economics of greenhouse gas<br>atmospheric stabilization (Bosetti et al., 2008)|
|---|---|---|---|
|**C3IAM**|Emission tax Emission pricing cap and<br>trade fuel taxes and subsidies|Deterministic (scenario analysis)|Self-preservation strategy for approaching global warming<br>targets in the post-Paris Agreement (Wei et al. 2020)|
|**BET EMF33**|Advanced technologies|Deterministic (scenario analysis)|Role of end-use technologies in long-term GHG reduction<br>scenarios (Yamamoto et al., 2013 and 2020)|
|**AIM-CGE**|Emission tax<br>Emission pricing Capacity targets<br>Emission standards<br>Energy efficiency standards<br>Cap and trade<br>Fuel taxes<br>Fuel subsidies|Deterministic (scenario analysis)|Consequence of Climate Mitigation on the Risk of Hunger<br>(Hasegawa et al., 2013), Assessment of CO3 reductions<br>and economic impacts considering energy-saving<br>investments (Masui et al., 2006). Local air pollutant<br>emission reduction and ancillary carbon benefits of SO2<br>control policies (Xu& Masui, 2009)|
|**GEM-E3-ICCS**|The analysis of market instruments for<br>energy-related environmental policy,<br>such as taxes, subsidies, regulations,<br>emission permits etc., at a degree of<br>detail that is sufficient for national,<br>sectoral and world-wide policy<br>evaluation. The assessment of<br>distributional consequences of programs<br>and policies, including social equity,<br>employment and cohesion.|Deterministic (scenario analysis)|The GEM-E3 model has been extensively used by several<br>DGs of the European Commission for policy analysis and<br>in a series of research projects funded by the European<br>Commission like the MEDPRO and the AMPERE project.|
|**IMACLIM**|Energy taxes, Emission trading,<br>technology subsidies or regulation|Scenario analysis|Infrastructures, technical inertia and the costs of low<br>carbon futures (Waisman et al., 2012). The transportation<br>sector and low-carbon growth pathways: modeling urban,<br>infrastructure, and spatial determinants of mobility<br>(Waisman et al., 2013) Sustainability, globalization, and the<br>energysector(Waisman et al.,2014).|
|**POLES**|GHG Policies, Energy taxation policies<br>(carbon pricing fossil fuel subsidies,<br>renewables) Support to specific<br>technologies (including electric vehicles<br>and modal shifts in passenger transport)|Scenario analysis|Pathways to Mexico’s climate change mitigation targets<br>(Veyseyet al., 2016), European climate—energy security<br>nexus (Criqui et al., 2012). A global stocktaking exercise<br>of the Paris pledges: Implications for energy systems and<br>economy. (Vandyck et al., 2016).|
|**TEA**|The TEA model allows sectoral and<br>international trading of emissions credits<br>(or allowances) that are accounted for<br>along with other trade flows.|Deterministic (scenario analysis)||
|**GRACE**|GRACE can simulate effects of policies<br>of climate mitigation (e.g. carbon tax,<br>carbon market, renewable subsidy, and<br>energy efficiency improvement), climate<br>adaptation measures (e.g. substitution<br>between goods/resources and market<br>responses), climate impact (e.g. climate<br>change impact on crop production and<br>forest growth). the policy options|Deterministic (scenario analysis)|<br>Europe’s climate goals and the electricity sector (Gunnar<br>et al., 2012), The effects of energy efficiency improvement<br>in China (GLOMSRØD, S. & WEI, T. 2016, EI, T. & LIU, Y.<br>2017)|

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