estimates that end up outside the [0,1] range.

Similarly, summary statistics of alternative estimates of intergenerational mobility that consider secondary education at the province and district levels can be found in the Appendix (see Table A8, A9, A11, and A12). They are consistent with the country-level estimates, in the sense that relative to my baseline estimates using primary education, they show lower levels of upward mobility, higher levels of downward mobility, smaller samples, and significant within-country variation.

**Table 3:** Summary Statistics: Province-Level Estimates of Educational IGM

|||||u|pward||||||d|ownwa|rd|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|country|provinces|mean|median|stdev|min|max|Nmin|Nmean|mean|median|stdev|min|max|Nmin|Nmean|
|Cuba|14|.917|.932|.056|.757|.972|63|146|.011|.011|.003|.006|.017|889|7104|
|Suriname|7|.897|.897|.095|.83|.965|56|73|.012|.013|.005|.005|.021|72|395|
|Jamaica|14|.888|.893|.029|.84|.936|106|322|.029|.028|.006|.018|.042|1193|2779|
|Trinidad and Tobago|4|.872|.871|.043|.822|.923|66|1763|.033|.034|.005|.027|.037|1272|8550|
|Chile|44|.773|.767|.066|.655|.915|93|1523|.064|.065|.019|.027|.113|256|4804|
|Peru|25|.749|.702|.115|.555|.93|298|5728|.07|.072|.028|.03|.139|699|8571|
|Argentina|24|.702|.691|.087|.545|.874|204|9763|.061|.058|.02|.021|.099|2329|34757|
|Costa Rica|7|.693|.693|.054|.623|.753|2261|4929|.083|.071|.023|.058|.112|5091|10369|
|Uruguay|19|.679|.677|.048|.598|.781|281|1418|.064|.065|.012|.04|.086|734|4294|
|Mexico|32|.674|.67|.079|.498|.899|2265|38282|.053|.052|.016|.015|.1|6269|49580|
|Bolivia|9|.651|.641|.097|.504|.814|534|9900|.071|.062|.025|.04|.125|968|13072|
|Ecuador|14|.622|.602|.057|.561|.718|1371|10618|.091|.082|.031|.06|.179|1322|16034|
|Panama|7|.596|.629|.108|.401|.744|802|3829|.084|.068|.051|.046|.197|481|8532|
|Venezuela|22|.545|.526|.079|.402|.708|801|10079|.131|.133|.025|.097|.193|707|13459|
|El Salvador|14|.538|.541|.062|.436|.669|1740|3346|.16|.158|.033|.098|.218|479|2754|
|Colombia|22|.519|.526|.094|.373|.724|164|19078|.118|.118|.033|.052|.179|897|21230|
|Saint Lucia|4|.474|.475|.049|.429|.516|325|446|.155|.155|.01|.148|.162|79|111|
|Paraguay|14|.458|.412|.118|.33|.777|1740|5381|.147|.138|.046|.04|.207|953|3701|
|Dominican Republic|23|.451|.469|.071|.302|.584|688|2176|.149|.149|.023|.109|.206|340|2693|
|Honduras|18|.381|.377|.094|.22|.575|211|4291|.219|.217|.066|.12|.397|255|1790|
|Nicaragua|12|.349|.366|.109|.205|.529|1211|5000|.211|.198|.063|.137|.35|246|2803|
|Brazil|25|.285|.249|.103|.144|.493|7290|332632|.21|.23|.052|.123|.299|5407|97580|
|Guatemala|22|.256|.256|.085|.099|.479|2399|8340|.229|.239|.037|.12|.282|548|2480|
|Haiti|4|.223|.218|.032|.191|.266|5399|20467|.341|.363|.052|.262|.375|832|5649|
|total|400|.587|.604|.203|.099|.972|56|29432|.112|.087|.076|.005|.397|72|17814|

Notes: This table shows summary statistics for province level estimates of IGM. Upward reflects the likelihood that children, aged 14-18, whose parents have not completed primary schooling will manage to complete at least primary education. Downward reflects the likelihood that children, aged 14-18, whose parents have completed primary schooling or higher will not manage to complete primary education. “Total” shows the unweighted summary statistics across all provinces. The columns “Nmin” and “Nmean” report respectively the smallest and average sample size across provinces. Countries are sorted from the highest to the lowest average level of upward IGM across provinces (column “mean”). Provinces with less than 50 observations are omitted.

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