Table 2: Description of the model’s variables

|**Variable**|**Question**|**Coding**|
|---|---|---|
|**Variables**|**measuring satisfaction with performance/outcomes (Hypothesis 1)**||
||To what extent are you satisfed with the government’s response to the following demands<br>/concerns of Moroccan citizens (not at all, not very much, quite, very) :||
|**Satisfaction with security services**|- Security and order?|1-4 (not at all-very)|
|**Satisfaction with social services (index)**||1-4 (not at all-very)|
|- Satisfaction with education services<br>- Satisfaction with health services|- Management of public primary schools, middle schools and high schools?<br>- Management of public hospitals, health centres and dispensaries?||
|**Satisfaction with water and sanitation**|- Public provision of water and sanitation services?||
|**Satisfaction with economic performance (index)**||1-4 (not at all-very)|
|- Satisfaction with poverty reduction<br>- Satisfaction with job creation|- Improvement of the living conditions of the poorest?<br>- Creation of job opportunities?||
|**Va**|**riables measuring satisfaction with processes (Hypothesis 2)**||
|**Perceptions of public integrity (index)**||1-4|
|- Transparency of public revenue management<br>- Satisfaction with anti-corruption fght<br>- Corruption perceptions<br>- Bribery incidence|To what extent do you believe that the government manages public resources in a transparent<br>and trustworthy manner?<br>To what extent are you satisfed with the government’s e↵orts to fght corruption?<br>(not at all, not very much, quite, very)?<br>From your point of view, is corruption a practice that is very frequent, quite frequent,<br>not very frequent or not frequent at all in Morocco?<br>How often is it necessary to pay a bribe, make a favor or give a gift to get better<br>services from the public administration?<br>(very often, quite often, rarely, never)|1-4 (not at all-very)<br>1-4 (not at all-very)<br>1-4 (very - not all frequent)<br>1-4 (often-never)|
|**Policy credibility**|Do you think that public policy announcements are never, sometimes, often,<br>or always followed by actions?|1-4 (never-always)|
||In the last three years, at what frequency have you had the feeling of being treated||
|**Equity of treatment by the public administration**|inequitably by the public administration<br>(never, sometimes, often, always)|1-4 (never-always)|

Annex 1 provides more detailed descriptive statistics for all key variables. Descriptive statistics show that the country’s reformist drive in the post-Arab Spring has not yet fully delivered on citizens’ expectations with regards to policy performance. Satisfaction with economic performance and the delivery of social services is relatively low: 27 percent of respondents are quite or very satisfied with the government’s economic performance with regards to job creation or poverty reduction; and 30 percent of the population is quite or very satisfied with the management of public health and 35 percent with that of public education. Perceptions of public integrity, equity and policy credibility are also poor. For example, corruption and lack of transparency in the management of public resources remain core concerns of Moroccan citizens: 62 percent of respondents perceive that the management of public resources is not trustworthy, and only a third of the population (33 percent) is satisfied with Government of Morocco’s e↵orts to fight corruption. In addition, the lack of credibility of official policy statements is a salient issue. Only 21 percent of respondents think that policy announcements are often or always followed by actions. Finally, feelings of inequity also mar state-citizen relations: 42 percent of respondents report having been treated inequitably by the public administration.

# **3.4 Results**

Table 4 reports the results of an ordered logit regression of trust in the executive (the dependent variable in our model (1)) on the above-mentioned independent variables. The outcome-based variables include satisfaction with security services, satisfaction with health and education services, and satisfaction with government’s economic performance (both in terms of job creation and poverty reduction). The process-based variables include perceptions of the integrity of public institutions (including corruption perceptions, bribery incidence, and perceptions of transparency in resource management), of policy 13