|(11)<br>Asset<br>index<br>2.585**<br>(1.263)<br>0.939***<br>(0.299)<br>0.379**<br>(0.172)<br>1.661<br>(2.977)<br>6.732**<br>(3.370)<br>-0.048***<br>(0.018)<br>9.740**<br>(4.269)<br>2.792*<br>(1.672)<br>154<br>13.024<br>24.60<br>0.108<br>Yes<br> *** denote<br> per capita<br>penditures;<br>nsport and<br>p...etc.; (9)<br>re of goods<br> bicycle; iv)<br>lectric iron;<br>_nces_: total<br>f the head;<br>_Dependency_<br>individuals<br>ts: average|
|---|
|(10)<br>Durables<br>-0.238<br>(0.411)<br>0.122<br>(0.123)<br>0.009<br>(0.036)<br>-0.131<br>(0.468)<br>-0.571**<br>(0.253)<br>-0.011*<br>(0.006)<br>-0.048<br>(0.758)<br>-0.097<br>(0.252)<br>58<br>1.315<br>2.15<br>0.465<br>Yes<br> *, ** and <br>re monthly <br>ducation ex<br>_nication_ tra<br>lothing, soa<br>rcentage sha<br>evision; iii) <br> phone; x) e<br>_ment remitta_<br> education o<br>s male; vi) <br>e members (<br>. Instrumen|
|(9)<br>Others<br>0.333***<br>(0.095)<br>0.050**<br>(0.021)<br>0.016<br>(0.012)<br>-0.305<br>(0.421)<br>-0.007<br>(0.292)<br>-0.002***<br>(0.001)<br>0.351***<br>(0.131)<br>0.064<br>(0.182)<br>154<br>0.736<br>24.60<br>0.517<br>Yes<br>ovince level. <br>t variables a<br>3) _School_: e<br>; (6)_Commu_<br>, including c<br>_et index_: pe<br> radio; ii) tel<br>tove; ix) cell <br>bles: i) _Gar_<br>r of years of <br>o 1 if head i<br> working-ag<br>to electricity|
|(8)<br>Personal<br>0.049<br>(0.144)<br>0.035<br>(0.031)<br>0.004<br>(0.010)<br>-0.152<br>(0.163)<br>0.187<br>(0.169)<br>-0.003***<br>(0.001)<br>-0.068<br>(0.144)<br>0.404***<br>(0.125)<br>154<br>0.615<br>24.60<br>0.336<br>Yes<br>ed at the pr<br> Dependen<br>enditures; (<br>and cooking<br>xpenditures<br>les; (11)_Ass_<br>including i) <br>en or gas s<br>. RHS varia<br>_ion_: numbe<br>mmy equal t<br>d older) and<br> has access <br>red error.|
|(7)<br>Entertain-<br>ment<br>0.104<br>(0.141)<br>0.023<br>(0.036)<br>0.009<br>(0.011)<br>0.651**<br>(0.262)<br>-0.900***<br>(0.195)<br>-0.001<br>(0.001)<br>-0.340<br>(0.355)<br>0.461***<br>(0.146)<br>107<br>0.661<br>17.60<br>0.581<br>Yes<br>s are cluster<br>l regressions.<br>_od_: food exp<br>ge, lighting, <br>l use goods e<br>res on durab<br>e household, <br> kitchen kitch<br> xv) bed sets<br>_ars of educat_<br>_eadship_: du<br>e 65 years an<br> if household <br>ot mean squa|
|(6)<br>Communi-<br>cation<br>-0.239*<br>(0.128)<br>0.041<br>(0.029)<br>-0.005<br>(0.012)<br>-0.731**<br>(0.287)<br>0.882***<br>(0.168)<br>-0.001<br>(0.001)<br>0.367<br>(0.239)<br>-0.065<br>(0.116)<br>138<br>1.017<br>9.56<br>0.078<br>Yes<br>andard error<br>re used in al<br>ption; (2) _Fo_<br>cluding sewa<br>_nal_: persona<br>_es_: expenditu<br>o date by th<br> viii) electric <br>batteries and <br> ii) _Head’s ye_<br>ed; v) _Male h_<br>niors who ar<br>y equal to 1 <br>_oot MSE_: ro|
|(5)<br>House<br>services<br>0.014<br>(0.055)<br>0.038***<br>(0.011)<br>-0.003<br>(0.003)<br>-0.403**<br>(0.171)<br>0.081<br>(0.124)<br>-0.001***<br>(0.000)<br>0.125<br>(0.147)<br>0.213***<br>(0.052)<br>154<br>0.437<br>24.60<br>0.065<br>Yes<br> Survey. St<br>g weights a<br>otal consum<br>nditures, in<br>s; (8) _Perso_<br>(10)_Durabl_<br>cumulated t<br>electric fan; <br>r axe; xiv) <br>n riels, logs;<br>ead is marri<br>nger, and se<br>_city_: dumm<br>mpicillin. _R_|
|(4)<br>Health<br>1.822*<br>(0.942)<br>-0.128<br>(0.207)<br>0.111**<br>(0.052)<br><br>-0.192<br>(0.722)<br>-1.486<br>(1.197)<br>-0.005<br>(0.007)<br>1.021<br>(0.752)<br>-0.407<br>(0.813)<br>60<br>2.727<br>2.30<br>0.914<br>Yes<br>o-Economic <br>y. Samplin<br>_umption_: t<br>rvices expe<br>xpenditure<br>d, charity;<br>le goods ac<br>rator; vii) <br>oe, spade o<br>igrant(s), i<br>al to 1 if h<br>ld and you<br>viii) _Electri_<br>, price of a|
|(3)<br>School<br>0.871***<br>(0.180)<br>0.120***<br>(0.046)<br>0.049**<br>(0.023)<br>-2.695***<br>(0.182)<br>1.537***<br>(0.144)<br>-0.006**<br>(0.003)<br>0.710<br>(0.486)<br>0.271<br>(0.225)<br>98<br>1.442<br>8.28<br>0.323<br>Yes<br>bodia Soci<br> respectivel<br>_regate Cons_<br> housing se<br>creational e<br>gifts receive<br>tural durab<br>r; vi) refrige<br>row, rake, h<br> garment m<br>dummy equ<br>e 14 years o<br>household; <br>rring money|
|(1)<br>(2)<br>Dependent variable<br>Aggregate<br>Food<br>Consumption<br>Garment remittances<br>0.091***<br>0.075**<br>(0.035)<br>(0.036)<br>Head’s years of education<br>0.031**<br>0.015<br>(0.015)<br>(0.009)<br>Head’s age<br>0.004<br>0.002<br>(0.003)<br>(0.002)<br>Head’s married<br>-0.452**<br>-0.352*<br>(0.216)<br>(0.204)<br>Male headship<br>0.223*<br>0.252**<br>(0.118)<br>(0.117)<br>Dependency ratio<br>-0.002***<br>-0.002***<br>(0.000)<br>(0.000)<br>Urban<br>0.101<br>0.157*<br>(0.093)<br>(0.083)<br>Electricity<br>0.138*<br>0.000<br>(0.081)<br>(0.067)<br>Observations<br>154<br>154<br>Root MSE<br>0.324<br>0.298<br>Kleibergen-Paap F-stat<br>24.60<br>24.60<br>Hansen J p-value<br>0.183<br>0.460<br>Zone FE<br>Yes<br>Yes<br>Notes: Authors’ calculations based on the 2011 Cam<br>statistical signifcance at the 10%, 5% and 1% level <br>expenditures in Phnom Penh prices, in logs: (1) _Agg_<br>(4) _Health_: health expenditures; (5) _House services_: <br>communications expenditures; (7) _Entertainment_: re<br>_Others_: other expenditures such as domestic salaries,<br>owned out of a list of 15 agricultural and non-agricul<br>motorcycle; v) video, VCD or DVD recorder or playe<br>xi) desktop or laptop computer; xii) plough; xiii) har<br>value of remittances received by a household from its <br>iii) _Head’s age_: age of the head; iv) _Head’s married_: <br>_ratio_: the ratio between dependents (children who ar<br>aged 15-64); vii) _Urban_: dummy equal to 1 if urban <br>age of garment migrants, cost of domestically transfe|

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