rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
_Private Sector Approaches to Effective Famdly Planning_ _28_ TABLE 5

# Location of SOMARC contraceptive social marketing projects and contraceptive products sold

|COUNTRY|CONDOM|PILL|SPERMIC|IUD|INJ|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|_Latin America/Caribbean_||||||
|Bolivia|||D|||
|Brazil|||L|||
|Colombia|D|D,L|D|D|L|
|Costa Rica|D|||||
|Dominican Rep.||D|L||D|
|Eastern Caribbean|D|||D||
|Ecuador|||L|||
|El Salvador||D|D,L|||
|Guatemala||D|D|D||
|Haiti||D||||
|Honduras||D|D|||
|Jamaica||D|D|||
|Mexico||D||||
|Peru|||L|L||
|Trinidad||D||||
|_Sub-Saharan Africa_||||||
|Ghana||D|D|D||
|Kenya||D||||
|Liberia (project suspended)|D|D|D|||
|Nigeria||D|D|D||
|Zaire||D|||D|
|Zimbabwe||D|D||D|
|_Asia/North Africa_||||||
|Bangladesh||D|D|D||
|Egypt||D|D||D,L|
|India||L||||
|Indonesia||L|L|D|L|
|Morocco||D||||
|Nepal||D|D|D||
|Pakistan||D||||
|Sri Lanka||D|L|D||

# D = Donated product

# L = Locally manufactured or purchased product

Sales data for CSM products are routinely collected in all SOMARC projects; market data for oral contraceptives are available in countries which subscribe to the International Market Survey (IMS). Data on total sales of condoms are not available.

There is no question that CSM projects have succeeded in selling large volumes of contraceptive commodities. Table 6 presents sales volumes for oral contraceptives and condoms by country by year. However, since many of these projects had begun earlier, it is difficult to assess the evolution of the CSM market.
# **Chart 3: Restrictiveness index: GATS commitment, Doha offers, and current policy, 2007**

<!-- Start of picture text --> Restrictiveness Index: GATS Commitment, Doha Offers, and<br>Current Policy (2007)<br>GATS (1998)<br>100 89 Offers (2005)<br>80 73 Policy (2007)<br>59<br>55 54<br>60 51<br>40 42<br>40 29<br>21 21<br>16<br>20<br>0<br>Low income Lower middle Upper middle High income<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: Gootiiz and Mattoo, 2008 24
# **2 Empirical strategy**

Our main empirical specification identifies the conditional correlation between radicalization into violent extremism and internet access at the delegation-education-age level (see section 3 for a discussion of how the data are constructed). The dependent variable is the inverse hyperbolic sine (ihs) transformation of _Rdea_ , the number of recruits in district _d_ who joined Daesh in Syria and Iraq that have education level _e_ (primary or below, secondary, and tertiary and above) and belong to age group _a_ (where individuals have been grouped in 5-year age categories).<sup>2</sup> We estimate where _Internetdea_ is the share of men in delegation _d_ with education level _e_ in age group _a_ who have access to the internet, _Populationdea_ is the (log of the) total number of men in a delegation-age-education cell _{d, e, a}_ , and _Xdea_ is a vector of controls. All these independent variables are measured in 2014, the year the data on Daesh recruits are believed to be from (Dodwell et al., 2016a). The coefficient of interest, _α_ , measures the impact of internet access on the propensity to join the terrorist organization.

Theoretically, the sign of _α_ is ambiguous. On the one hand, the internet enables Daesh to spread propaganda and thus increase its “labor supply” (Bloom et al., 2017). It also reduces transaction costs associated with recruiting, similar to the effect internet has on licit recruitment efforts by regular firms (Autor, 2001). On the other hand, the internet facilitates law enforcement, repression of dissent (Greenberg, 2016; Conway et al., 2019; Gohdes, 2020) and can reduce grievances against the government by positively (re-)shaping citizens’ views (Gunitsky, 2015; Rød and Weidmann, 2015; King et al., 2017; Qin et al., 2017; Guriev and Treisman, 2019). Which channel dominates is, therefore, an empirical question; the reduced-form impact _α_ reflects the net effect of all these potential mechanisms.

> 2The ihs transformation approximates the natural logarithm of the variable for large values, while retaining 0 values (see, e.g., Burbidge et al., 1988; Bellemare and Wichman, 2020), and helps reduce the skewness of the dependent variable. Appendix Table A3 produces regression results with alternative transformations of the Daesh recruit count variable, including the linear _Rdea_ , log(1 + _Rdea_ ), and the dummy variable 1 _{Rdea >_ 0 _}._ Given that most cells do not have any recruits, the log transformation log _Rdea_ is not an appropriate alternative.

3
|**Corporate Governance Benchmark**|**Evaluation of DBSA**|
|---|---|
|The shareholder’s representative and the board<br>have agreed the_manner in which the costs of_<br>_undertaking activities on concessionary terms are_<br>_to be covered_(e.g. internal cross-subsidization<br>coupled with lower or no dividend payments, direct<br>fiscal transfers, etc.).<sup>89</sup>|As noted in section 1, the income tax exemption<br>and the large capital contribution by the<br>shareholder on which, in addition, no dividends<br>are required to be paid, serve as the key means by<br>which DBSA’s developmental activities are<br>funded. The Shareholder Compact records<br>relevant assumptions, including that DBSA will<br>remain financially sustainable while delivering<br>developmental impact, that the income tax<br>exemption will be maintained, and that a certain<br>percentage of profits will be contributed annually<br>to the DBSA Developmental Fund, DBSA’s sole<br>subsidiary, which provides grants for, and<br>otherwise is engaged in, municipal and<br>community capacity building.<sup>90</sup>Periodic fiscal<br>transfers are not required nor contemplated.|
|The shareholder’s representative has specified<br>_reporting requirements_that provide necessary,<br>accurate, timely information that enables it to<br>routinely monitor SFI activity and assess its<br>financial and non-financial performance and<br>financial situation.|Reporting requirements are specified in the PFM<br>Act and in the Companies Act provisions that<br>have been applied to DBSA. The Protocol<br>requires the Board to submit to the Minister, as<br>shareholder representative, a budget (defined),<br>Corporate Plan (defined) and borrowing plans, at<br>least one month before the beginning of a new<br>financial year.<sup>91</sup>The Shareholder Compact<br>addresses requirements for regular and<br>extraordinary reporting. In practice the Bank<br>makes quarterly reports to the National Treasury,<br>and responds to ad hoc requests by Treasury on<br>matters concerning the Bank’s operations and<br>performance. See section 4.|

> Minister of Finance (on behalf of the National Treasury), as well as by the CEO and the Chairman of the Audit Committee of the Board.

> 89 **_Good Practice_** : The ownership entity has agreed with the board the manner in which the cost of undertaking any non-commercial activities (fulfilling policy mandates by providing loans and other services on concessionary terms) are to be measured and reported.

> 90 _DBSA_ : The mission of DBSA Development Fund is to capacitate municipalities and communities for effective service delivery and local economic development in poorly resourced areas and improve the quality of lives.” Its specific objective is to address development failure by building capacity to manage development initiatives at various levels, particularly in the poorer local governments.

> 91 **_DBSA_** : Section 5.2.5.

38
as hiring, investment and growth.

We present results in Figure A16 and Figure A17. For this sample, we often observe differential trends before the reform: when comparing the sub-sample of immediately treated firms and onshores, it seems that onshores were catching-up in terms of employment, under several of our outcomes. Furthermore, point estimates for the DID coefficients post-reforms are often negative (although not always statistically different from zero). However, it is hard to distinguish these negative point estimates from the overall trend, already observed pre-reform, that onshores were converging towards the large offshores considered here. The results for revenue, wage bill and profits are more – similar to our baseline estimates we do not see any systematic pre-trends and results are mostly zero (with small negative effects in early years for offshores), while for profits we observe the same strong dip in 2014 and 2015, followed by a recovery in the later years of the sample.

Finally, we address the concern that the firm-level results are confounded by local shocks, such as changes in local labor market competition following the reduction in offshore entry documented in the industry-level analysis. To that end, we run the event studies including region-year effects. We experiment with two geographical units, “gouvernorat”—roughly a province, and the more granular “delegation”, identifiable as a municipality. Figure A18 and Figure A19 present the results for the full sample. Results are still unchanged for manufacturing firms only. A significant but small negative coefficient is observed for employment above two employees in panel (b). However, this effect takes place in 2017, three years after the reform. Thus, we conclude that the inclusion of region-year effects does not alter our conclusions.

# **6 Conclusion**

Given the large fiscal costs involved, tax benefits for the corporate sector are often scrutinized for potential benefits. In this paper, we provide evidence on the economic impacts of phasing out a sizable corporate tax incentives to the _offshore sector_ in Tunisia – a large 31
# **Table of Contents**

|**I**|**Moving Beyond Traditional Approaches to Political Analysis**|**1**|
|---|---|---|
|**II**|**How the Model Works**|**3**|
|**III**|**What the Model Can Do: Country Case Studies**|**7**|
||Upstream Strategy Development: Entry Points for Civil Service Reform in<br>Timor-Leste|**8**|
||Informing Analytical Work: Input to the Mongolia Mining Sector CGAC|**12**|
||Facilitating Project Implementation: Guidance and Risk Mitigation for the<br>Philippines NPSTAR|**15**|
|**IV**|**Key Insights from the ABSM Pilot**|**19**|
|**V**|**Conclusion**|**27**|

iii
Using these three categories of skills ( _Core Employability, Professional Skills_ , and _Communication Skills_ ), the remaining of this section responds to the three research questions on importance, satisfaction, and skill gaps.

# **5.2 Importance: Which Skills Do Employers Demand in Engineering Graduates?**

The level of importance attached to each skill reveals employers‘ valuation of, and demand for, that skill. Table 4 below summarizes the importance level of each skill under the three factors as perceived by the employers. Standard deviations are presented in Table A2-3 in Annex 2 which also contains statistical tests for statistically significant differences in importance scores as discussed below. All skills are on average rated from 3.5 (half way between ―Somewhat important‖ and ―very important‖) to 4.5 (half way between ―very important‖ and ―extremely important‖). Hence, all skills in the questionnaire are rated as important.

_Core Employability Skills_ show the highest level of importance on average. The high importance level of reliability and teamwork is consistent with the qualitative feedback from employers received during the pilot surveys. Many employers specifically look for engineers who are reliable and can effectively work with team members.

**Table 4: Importance Level by Three Factor Skills**

|**Core Employability**|**Mean **|**Professional Skills**|**Mean **|**Communication Skills**|**Mean **|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Integrity|4.48|Use of modern tools|4.08|Communication in English|4.26|
|Reliability|4.42|Apply Math/Sci/Engg know.|4.07|Written Communication|4.07|
|Teamwork|4.41|Creativity|4.07|Reading|4.04|
|Willingness to learn|4.40|Problem solving|3.93|Technical Skills|4.02|
|Entrepreneurship|4.35|System design to needs|3.84|Experiments/data analysis|4.01|
|Self-discipline|4.26|Contemporary issues|3.83|Verbal Communication|4.00|
|Self-motivated|4.22|Customer Service|3.51|Basic computer|3.95|
|Flexibility|4.15|||Advanced computer|3.71|
|Understand/take||||||
|directions|4.14|||||
|Empathy|3.92|||||
|**Average**|**4.27**|**Average**|**3.91**|**Average**|**4.01**|

Employers rated _Professional Skills_ the lowest on average among the three factor skills. This may be partly because employers think that engineering related skills can be partly remedied through in-house training even after graduation while _Core Employability Skills_ would require longer timeframe to be acquired.

Communication in English is ranked the most important skill under _Communication Skills_ . This could be explained by English being the preferred language in many economic sectors and firms. Azam, Chin, and Prakash (2010) also find that employers demand English skills. Specifically, they estimate based upon a large household survey that English communication skills increase the hourly wages of men by a whopping 34%. The return mainly accrues to young highly educated workers (such as engineers). As Indian economic activities go global, better command of English language is desired. In addition, the high ranking of Communication in English could be partially attributed to the fact that 14
|DOMAI<br>N|SUB-DOMAIN|ASSET AND OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE<br>INDICATORS|DEGREES OF EMPOWERMENT|INDICATORS|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|||•<br>Perceived levels of improvement in the status of<br>women’s rights since 1990||Women seek help from<br>relatives, friends, group<br>members, authorities and/or<br>others against such violence<br>Perceived levels of<br>usefulness of efforts to seek<br>help|
|SOCIETY|Community|•<br>Membership in (1) externally organized groups,<br>such as credit/saving group, users’ group,<br>women’s group, (2) traditional indigenous<br>organizations<br>•<br>Participation in training events on the rights of low<br>castes/ indigenous peoples<br>•<br>Literacy levels<br>•<br>Perceived levels of economic success of own<br>caste/ ethnicity<br>•<br>Perceived levels of improvement in the status of<br>indigenous people’s rights since 1990<br>•<br>Perceived levels of opportunity for improvement<br>relative to other castes/ethnicities<br>•<br>Perceived degree of security relative to other<br>castes/ethnicities|Frequency with which<br>respondents were verbally<br>harassed, threatened, or<br>physically assaulted by (1)<br>high-caste people, (2) police,<br>(3) other groups of people<br>Respondents were able to get<br>help regarding these<br>incidences with police or<br>authorities<br>Perceived levels of usefulness<br>of attempts to get help|Frequency with which<br>respondents were verbally<br>harassed, threatened or<br>physically assaulted over<br>the last year by (1) high<br>caste people, (2) police, (3)<br>other groups of people<br>Respondents were able to<br>get help regarding these<br>incidences with their<br>community, user group<br>members, police, or<br>authorities<br>Perceived levels of<br>usefulness of attempts to get<br>help|

_Source_ : MESI study survey instruments. Indicators here do not at all times reflect their actual categorization in the study. In this table, we have adapted the classification (not content) of indicators strictly to illustrate our analytic framework.

52
stat=3.51) for daughters and 0.02 (t stat= 0.51) for sons. The estimated effect of parent’s education on daughters educational attainment remains numerically and statistically significant even when the value of  goes up to 0.15. The results thus indicate that, in 1988, the observed effect of parent’s education on a daughter’s education is robust, and is unlikely to be driven solely by low to moderate levels of (positive) selection on unobservable genetic endowments. In contrast, the link between parents and sons is much weaker, and it can be easily explained away by very low levels of common genetic influences.

The sensitivity results for the year 2002 show a very different pattern compared to that in 1988; the intergenerational persistence in educational attainment seems to have become much stronger for sons in 2002, but it has remained largely static for daughters. The univariate probit estimates (  0 ) show that the marginal effects of parental education (having at least one parent with more than primary schooling) are similar for sons and daughters, with the effect on sons being slightly larger (0.14 for sons and 0.12 for daughters) in 2002. The second column shows that when  = 0 **:** 05, the estimates decline from 0.12 to 0.10 for daughters and from 0.14 to 0.12 for sons. The estimates for the case when  0.10 are 0.08 for daughters and 0.10 for sons, and they are statistically significant at 1 percent level (the t statistic is, however, much higher for sons). The results in Table 4 indicate that, for both sons and daughters, the estimated intergenerational link in educational attainment in the year 2002 is not wiped out by moderate levels of selection on genetically transmitted ability and preference, and the link for sons seems especially strong. The effect of parental education remains numerically substantial (0.05) and statistically significant at the 1 percent level (t = 2.93) for sons even with  0.20 , but the effect for daughters becomes close to zero and statistically insignificant.

The overall results from the biprobit sensitivity analysis thus indicate that (i) there is convincing evidence of an increase in intergenerational persistence in educational attainment of 20
SYS-REVIEW/HI-LMIC

# **<<A>>Introduction**

In a seminal study, Townsend (1994) showed that in rural India, a health crisis in a household induced significant declines in the level of household consumption that were more severe than those associated with other financial crises. Townsend examined households’ ability to “smooth consumption,” to maintain a stable consumption level over a period of time. The inability to smooth consumption over time because of a health crisis has been found in other developing countries, partly as a result of the inability to afford appropriate and effective care to ensure the recovery of health and partly as a result of the reduced labor supply (Gertler and Gruber 2002; Deaton 1997). Recent accounting methods indicate that for as many as 1.3 billion people in low- and middle-income countries, financial constraints are a major barrier to access to health care (Xu et al _._ 2003; Preker et al _._ 2004).

Among the solutions proposed within various low- and middle-income countries to reduce costs to households at the point of care are the establishment or extension of national or social health insurance (SHI) in which service providers are paid from a designated government fund, which is partially funded through taxes. These SHIs are primarily intended for those employed outside of the formal sector. The WHO (2010) and the World Bank (Hsiao and Shaw 2007) have endorsed the restriction of out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures for health care at the time of use through the prepayment of insurance as an important step toward averting the financial hardship associated with paying for health care. The impact of insurance, even when properly implemented, is not clear from the outset in low- and middle-income countries. Awareness of 1
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