appropriately deflated with regional prices of a basket of food items collected at the time of the surveys; durable goods and dwelling conditions were aggregated by principal components into a composite indicator of household assets—see Filmer and Pritchett (2001) for a discussion of these methods.<sup>2</sup> The main outcome measure for schooling in this paper is a dummy variable that takes on the value of one if a child is enrolled in school in the current school year. Child work is defined using household responses to two questions: The first asks respondents whether a given child worked for pay in the last week, and the second asks whether she worked as an unpaid laborer in the family farm or business. In both cases, follow-up questions ask about the number of hours worked. The main outcome measures for work used in this paper are a dummy variable that takes on the value of one if a child worked in the last week, regardless of whether work was paid or not, and a variable for the number of hours she worked.

The follow-up evaluation survey included a module on access to and perception of the BDH program. Ninety-seven percent of households in the sample had heard of the BDH program, and 61 percent stated that they received transfers. The survey also asked respondents whether they believed that households had to comply with any requirements or conditions in order to receive transfers. Respondents were not prompted for answers, but approximately onequarter (27 percent) stated that parents were expected to “ensure that children attend school”. We refer to these households as “conditioned” households in the analysis; they include both lottery winners (55 percent of all conditioned households) and lottery losers (45 percent).

The survey data were supplemented with data obtained from _Banred_ on total BDH transfers collected by households in the sample between January 2004 and July 2005. It is therefore possible to construct two measures of BDH treatment—one, on the basis of household responses in the survey, the other, on the basis of the banking records.<sup>3</sup> Discrepancies between

> 2 This indicator is based on the number of rooms in the house, dummy variables for earth floors, access to piped water, and access to a flush toilet (three variables), and count variables for the number of household durables based on responses to twenty-two separate questions in the survey; results are similar when a simple count of household assets, rather than principal components, is used to aggregate these variables, or if the measures of household conditions and assets are not aggregated at all, but enter individually in the regressions.

> 3 When a BDH beneficiary attempts to collect a transfer at a bank, her national identification number is used to check whether she is eligible for transfers, and a record is made of the amount of money she receives.  National identification numbers of respondents and other adults in the household were collected in the baseline and follow-up surveys, and the private banks in _Banred_ provided data on the payments made to all persons with these identification numbers, on a monthly basis.  A household is defined as treated using the banking records if a member withdrew BDH funds at least once.  Transfers can be collected on a monthly basis, or they can accumulate for up to four

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