|Park et al. (2019)|A bottom-up approach is used to<br>estimate the energy consumption and<br>cost of small (50 L and 100 L)<br>refrigerators.|The refrigerator electricity use can be reduced by<br>about 50% and 70% using commercially available<br>energy-efficient components at an incremental cost<br>of about $45–$60 and $100–$120 per unit,<br>respectively.|
|---|---|---|
|Witt et al. (2019)|Based on a project of exchanging<br>LED bulbs for 181 households in<br>low-income areas in Salt Lake City,<br>Utah over the period of 8 months.|A saving of approximately US$18,219 is estimated<br>in electricity bills for the residents. This is an<br>equivalent of about US$100 savings per household<br>per year.|
|Alfattah et al.<br>(2017)|An econometric approach is used for<br>field survey of residential sector in<br>Amman and Zarqa, Jordan.|The net saving by implementing EE measures<br>(refrigerators) from 2011 to 2020 is estimated at<br>about 4451 GWh which translate into saving of<br>electricity bills by 320 million JD.|
|Krati and Dubey<br>(2017)|An optimization analysis is used to<br>evaluate economic and<br>environmental benefits of a wide<br>range of EE technologies for new<br>and existing buildings in Oman.|The implementation of a government funded large<br>scale energy retrofit program for the existing<br>residential building stock is highly cost-effective<br>and provide a reduction of 957 GWh in annual<br>electricity consumption.|
|Jacobsen et al.<br>(2012)|A cross-sectional probit model is<br>used based on a green electricity<br>program for households in Memphis,<br>Tennessee from 2003 to 2008.|Participating households that enroll at the minimum<br>level (i.e., 150 kWh/month) of green electricity<br>program, increase their electricity consumption by<br>2.5%.|
|Kneifel (2010)|A life cycle cost analysis is used for<br>a total of 576 energy simulations are<br>run for 12 prototypical buildings in<br>16 cities, with 3 building designs for<br>each building-location combination.|EE technologies, such as installation of smaller and<br>cheaper HVAC equipment, can be used to decrease<br>energy use in new commercial buildings by 20-30%<br>on average and up to over 40% for some building<br>types and locations.|

# **4.5 Agriculture sector**

Unlike in other sectors, studies examining the impacts of the adoption of clean energy technologies are limited in the agriculture sector. We are highlighting here a few studies available. Efficiency for Access Coalition (2019) reports that an application of solar water pumps for irrigation in remote areas increases farmers' yields by as much as three-fold compared to relying solely on rainfall. Based on an interview of 375 solar water pump users in three African countries (Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda), the report also finds that majority of the farmers (75%) saying their productivity, such as working less time, increased yields, lower farm operating costs, and improved income, have increased since using their solar water pump, have increased. In Kenya, solar irrigation shows a high return on investment for horticultural crops compared to diesel alternatives (IFC, 2019). The report finds that for a typical farm in Kenya, the total cost over five years to irrigate one acre area is estimated at US$3,000 when using a solar water pump compared to US$6,000 when using an equivalent diesel pump. Li et al. (2021c) find that the energy use by efficient tillage mode (ridge cultivation with no-till) compared to conventional cultivation with 35