<mark>experiments that allow us to evaluate the ex-ante impact of policies aiming to close the Roma gender gaps. The first experiment e</mark> quates all the structural gender-specific parameters to the males’ values.

**Table 10: Policy experiments definitions**

|**Label**|**Meaning**|
|---|---|
|Benchmark||
|= gender|All female parameters have the males' values|
|LabMarFri|Female job offers and termination shocks have the males' values|
|WageDist|Female wage distribution parameters and PT proportions have the males' values|
|Home_P|Female home productivity distribution have the males' values|
|Leisure|Female leisure flow utility parameters have the males' values|
|Search|reduce search costs 10%|

**<mark>The second experiment is directly affected by the policies affecting labor demand.</mark>** <mark>For instance, a decrease in the expected months to receive a job offer or an increase in expected months to receive a laid-off shock reflect the impact of polices such as a Roma quota law, affordable credit lines for business employing Roma, tax breaks and subsidies. EPL mainly increases the expected months to receive a laidoff shock and P</mark> ESs will mainly <mark>decrease in the expected months to receive a job offer as they aim to improve the labor market efficiency. Better tools for skill assessment, such as education opportunities and on-the-job training, mainly increase the expected wages offered to the Roma population. Increasing the part-time offer was shown to corroborate the effects, if any, of labor market flexibility that allows a combination of market and home-based work on Roma labor market decisions.</mark>

**<mark>The third experiment is a direct application of equal pay policies between Roma spouses.</mark>** <mark>Some international examples</mark><sup>35</sup> <mark>of policies to increase females’ wages offered to set the wage offers to male values. Other policy interventions required large enterprises to disclosure the earnings of the employees to promote transparency and close wage gender gaps (Oelz, Olney, and Tomei 2013).</mark>

**Policies 4 to 6 are directly affected by labor supply policies, and specifically, changing the gender roles over home production, leisure valuation, and search cost.** Although the pass-through for policies for specific parts of the labor supply is difficult, this exercise should be interpreted as an attempt to understand spouses’ behavior and how each factor helps explain the observed gender gaps.

**A combination of women’s self-help measures and promotional campaigns that highlight the success stories of Roma women can shift social norms and gender preferences for leisure and home production.** Changing gender-based cultural norms is hard, but there is a broad research strand in behavioral economics that studies how influencing cultural norms can change behaviors in certain contexts and situations.<sup>36</sup> Also, a qualitative study carried out in Serbia by the World Bank <mark>(2019)</mark> highlights the need for integrating Roma women into self-help groups of women from diverse communities, but similar socioeconomic backgrounds. Such groups can help women—Roma women in particular—to build social capital and new capabilities through a new network. Using these capabilities and capital, Roma women can have a long-term positive impact: they can strengthen their voices; alter the bargaining power within households in ways that deeply defy entrenched conventions of gender, and more importantly increase notions of self-worth among Roma; and potentially increase access to

> 35 Examples include Germany in 2018 and the United Kingdom in 2019.

> 36 A systematic review of over 90 empirical studies that have applied behavioral change interventions based on social norms in field settings is presented in Yamin et al (2019).

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