rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
Does respondent reticence affect the
            results of corruption surveys evidence from the world bank
            enterprise survey for Nigeria
A potential concern with survey-based
            data on corruption is that respondents may not be fully
            candid in their responses to sensitive questions. If
            reticent respondents are less likely to admit to involvement
            in corrupt acts, and if the proportion of reticent
            respondents varies across groups of interest, comparisons of
            reported corruption across those groups can be misleading.
            This paper implements a variant on random response
            techniques that allows for identification of reticent
            respondents in the World Banks Enterprise Survey for
            Nigeria fielded in 2008 and 2009. The authors find that 13.1
            percent of respondents are highly likely to be reticent, and
            that these reticent respondents admit to sensitive acts at a
            significantly lower rate than possibly candid respondents
            when survey questions are worded in a way that implies
            personal wrongdoing on the part of the respondent.
Does respondent reticence affect the
            results of corruption surveys evidence from the world bank
            enterprise survey for Nigeria
WPS5415 Policy Research Working Paper 5415 Does Respondent Reticence Affect the Results of Corruption Surveys?

Evidence from the World Bank Enterprise Survey for Nigeria _Bianca Clausen Aart Kraay Peter Murrell_ The World Bank Development Research Group Macroeconomics and Growth Team September 2010
The economic impact of international
            remittances on poverty and household consumption and
            investment in Indonesia
This paper analyzes the impact of
            international remittances on poverty and household
            consumption and investment using panel data (2000 and 2007)
            from the Indonesian Family Life Survey. Three key findings
            emerge. First, using an instrumental variables approach to
            control for selection and endogeneity, it finds that
            international remittances have a large statistical effect on
            reducing poverty in Indonesia. Second, households receiving
            remittances in 2007 spent more at the margin on one key
            consumption good -- food -- compared with what they would
            have spent on this good without the receipt of remittances.
            Third, households receiving remittances in 2007 spent less
            at the margin on one important investment good -- housing --
            compared with what they would have spent on this good
            without the receipt of remittances. Households receiving
            international remittances in Indonesia are poorer than other
            types of households, and thus they tend to spend their
            remittances at the margin on consumption rather than
            investment goods.
China : global crisis avoided,
            robust economic growth sustained
This paper explores how the ongoing
            crisis, the policy responses to it, and the post-crisis
            global economy will impact China's medium-term
            prospects for growth, poverty reduction, and development.
            The paper reviews China's pre-crisis growth experience,
            including its relationship to global economic developments.
            It discusses the pace, composition, sources, and financing
            of growth during 1995-2007, and the impact of key external
            and domestic influences. The paper also analyzes the
            immediate impact of the global crisis on China's
            economic performance in 2009 and its likely impact in the
            short run. It then discusses the government's policy
            response, with a particular focus on the fiscal and monetary
            stimulus measures. Finally, the paper explores China's
            medium-term growth prospects in light of the crisis and the
            key policies for moving to a robust and sustainable growth
            path post-crisis.
China : global crisis avoided,
            robust economic growth sustained
WPS5435 Policy Research Working Paper 5435

# China

Global Crisis Avoided, Robust Economic Growth Sustained _Gallina Andronova Vincelette Alvaro Manoel Ardo Hansson Louis Kuijs_ The World Bank Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network Economic Policy and Debt Department & East Asia and Pacific Region Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department September 2010
Taking stock of antidumping,
            safeguards, and countervailing duties, 1990-2009
This paper examines the evolving,
            cross-country use of antidumping, safeguard, and
            countervailing duty policies -- temporary trade barriers
            (TTBs) -- over the period 1990-2009. The author constructs
            two new measures of imported products subject to the
            combined use of these TTBs before applying these measures to
            new data drawn from the World Bank's Temporary Trade
            Barriers Database. The research establishes a number of
            facts regarding trends in historical use to benchmark
            against policy activity during the global economic crisis of
            2008-2009. The 2008-2009 economic shock mostly accentuates
            patterns and trends already visible in the pre-crisis data:
            e.g., while the major users of such policies overall
            combined to increase the product lines subject to TTBs by 25
            percent during the crisis, this was driven almost entirely
            by developing economies which increased their product
            coverage by 40 percent. On the export side, a previously
            unidentified feature of the data is that a much larger share
            of China's exports to other developing economies is
            subject to foreign-imposed antidumping than its exports to
            developed economies. The evidence confirms this feature is
            shared by a number of other major developing economy
            exporters, deepening concern that these discriminatory trade
            barriers are increasingly a "South-South" phenomenon.
Identification strategy : a field
            experiment on dynamic incentives in rural credit markets
How do borrowers respond to improvements
            in a lender's ability to punish defaulters? This paper
            reports the results of a randomized field experiment in
            rural Malawi that examines the impact of fingerprinting
            borrowers in a context where a unique identification system
            is absent. Fingerprinting allows the lender to more
            effectively use dynamic repayment incentives: withholding
            future loans from past defaulters while rewarding good
            borrowers with better loan terms. Consistent with a simple
            model of borrower heterogeneity and information asymmetries,
            fingerprinting led to substantially higher repayment rates
            for borrowers with the highest ex ante default risk, but had
            no effect for the rest of the borrowers. The change in
            repayment rates is driven by reductions in adverse selection
            (smaller loan sizes) and lower moral hazard (for example,
            less diversion of loan-financed fertilizer from its intended
            use on the cash crop).
In aid we trust : hearts and minds
            and the Pakistan earthquake of 2005
Winning "hearts and minds" in
            the Muslim world is an explicitly acknowledged aim of U.S.
            foreign policy and increasingly, bilateral foreign aid is
            recognized as a vehicle towards this end. The authors
            examine the effect of aid from foreign organizations and
            on-the-ground presence of foreigners following the 2005
            earthquake in Northern Pakistan on local attitudes. They
            show that four years after the earthquake, humanitarian
            assistance by foreigners and foreign organizations has left
            a lasting imprint on population attitudes. Measured in three
            different ways those living closer to the fault-line report
            more positive attitudes towards foreigners, including
            Europeans and Americans; trust in foreigners decreases 6
            percentage points for every 10 Kilometers distance from the
            fault-line. In contrast, there is no association between
            distance to the fault-line and trust in local populations.
            Pre-existing differences in socioeconomic characteristics or
            population attitudes do not account for this finding.
            Instead, the relationship between trust in foreigners and
            proximity to the fault-line mirrors the greater provision of
            foreign aid and foreign presence in these villages. In
            villages closest to the fault-line, foreign organizations
            were the second largest providers of aid after the Pakistan
            army (despite reports to the contrary aid provision by
            militant organizations was extremely limited, with less than
            1 percent of all respondents reporting any help from such
            organizations). The results provide a compelling case that
            trust in foreigners is malleable, responds to humanitarian
            actions by foreigners and is not a deep-rooted function of
            local preferences.
Macroeconomic volatility after trade
            and capital account liberalization
What are the equilibrium effects of
            trade and capital liberalization on consumption smoothing?
            This question is addressed by studying the response to
            productivity shocks in a baseline two country, two goods,
            incomplete market model, where foreign borrowing is secured
            by collateral. The paper shows that international financial
            integration, modeled by relaxing a borrowing constraint a la
            Kiyotaki in the domestic country, worsens consumption
            smoothing; international trade integration, modeled by a
            reduction of non linear iceberg transportation costs,
            improves it. As a measure of consumption smoothing, the
            analysis uses the ratio between the simulated standard
            deviation of consumption growth and the simulated standard
            deviation of output growth. These results are qualitatively
            consistent with the empirical evidence provided by Kose,
            Prasad and Terrones (2003).
Banking sector stability,
            efficiency, and outreach in Kenya
Although Kenya's financial system
            is by far the largest and most developed in East Africa and
            its stability has improved significantly over the past
            years, many challenges remain. This paper assesses the
            stability, efficiency, and outreach of Kenya's banking
            system, using aggregate, bank-level, and survey data.
            Banks' asset quality and liquidity positions have
            improved, making the system more resistant to shocks, and
            interest rate spreads have declined, in part due to
            reduction in the overhead costs of foreign banks. Outreach
            remains limited, but has improved in recent years, driven by
            mobile payments services in the domestic remittance market.
            Fostering a level regulatory playing field for all
            deposit-taking institutions is a key remaining challenge.
            Specifically, an effective but not overly burdensome
            framework for regulation and supervision of microfinance
            institutions and cooperatives is a priority. Maintaining an
            openness to new, and non-bank, providers of financial
            services, which has enabled the success of mobile payments,
            could also further outreach.
The impact of the global financial
            crisis on off-farm employment and earnings in rural China
This paper examines the effect of the
            financial crisis on off-farm employment of China's
            rural labor force. Using a national representative data set
            collected from across China, the paper finds that there was
            a substantial impact. By April 2009 the reduction in
            off-farm employment as a result of the crises was 6.8
            percent of the rural labor force. Monthly earnings also
            declined. However, while it is estimated that 49 million
            were laid-off between October 2008 and April 2009, half of
            them were re-hired in off-farm work by April 2009. By August
            2009, less than 2 percent of the rural labor force was
            unemployed due to the crisis. The robust recovery appears to
            have helped avoid instability.
The impact of the financial crisis
            on new firm registration
The authors use panel data on the number
            of new firm registrations in 95 countries to study the
            impact of the business environment and 2008 financial crisis
            on new firm registration.  The data show that more dynamic
            formal business creation occurs in countries that provide
            entrepreneurs with a stable legal and regulatory regime,
            fast and inexpensive business registration process, more
            flexible employment regulations, and low corporate taxes.
            The data also show that nearly all countries experienced a
            sharp drop in business entry during the crisis. This drop is
            more pronounced in countries with higher levels of financial
            development and countries more affected by the crisis.
Payment systems, inside money and
            financial intermediation
This paper assesses the impact of
            introducing an efficient payment system on the amount of
            credit provided by the banking system. Two channels are
            investigated. First, innovations in wholesale payments
            technology enhance the security and speed of deposits as a
            payment medium for customers and therefore affect the split
            between holdings of cash and the holdings of deposits that
            can be intermediated by the banking system. Second,
            innovations in wholesale payments technology help establish
            well-functioning interbank markets for end-of-day funds,
            which reduces the need for banks to hold excess reserves.
            The authors examine these links empirically using payment
            system reforms in Eastern European countries as a
            laboratory. The analysis finds evidence that reforms led to
            a shift away from cash in favor of demand deposits and that
            this in turn enabled a prolonged credit expansion in the
            sample countries. By contrast, while payment system
            innovations also led to a reduction in excess reserves in
            some countries, this effect was not causal for the credit
            boom observed in these countries.
Second best investment climate and
            performance in Africa's special economic zones
As an instrument of trade and investment
            policy, special economic zones have played a catalytic role
            in processes of industrialization, diversification, and
            trade integration in many countries, particularly in East
            Asia. However, in the African context, anecdotal evidence
            suggests the experience has been disappointing on the whole.
            Among the reasons why many zones underperform may be that
            they fail to establish a high quality investment environment
            -- this is, after all, one of the main promises that
            economic zones hold for investors. Drawing on original
            survey research, this paper presents a systematic analysis
            of the outcomes and the investment climate of economic zones
            programs in six African countries and four developing
            countries outside the region. The analysis finds that
            although performance across zones is mixed -- with Ghana and
            Lesotho in particular performing well on some measures --
            African zones programs on the whole are underperforming in
            terms of attracting investment, facilitating exports, and
            creating jobs. Economic zones in Africa offer an improved
            business environment relative to what is available to firms
            based outside the zones; however, in comparison with the
            non-African countries in the survey, both absolute
            investment climate performance and relative improvements
            fall well short.
Banking sector competition in Russia
The Russian banking sector includes
            approximately 1,000 banks, but is it competitive? This paper
            analyzes bank competition in Russia during 2002-2008. The
            authors examine indicators of concentration and
            contestability, and compute non-structural measures of
            competition. They compare competition in Russia to that in
            Brazil, China, and India, and contrast competition across
            different groups of banks within Russia. Contestability in
            Russia is obstructed by uneven supervisory practices and an
            unclear exit process. Non-structural measures reveal that
            banks in Russia are less competitive than those in Brazil.
            Within Russia, large banks and state-owned banks exert more
            market power than the smaller and privately-owned
            institutions. Finally, business-oriented banks are more
            competitive than those concentrating on lending to individuals.
Subnational taxation in developing
            countries : a review of the literature
This paper reviews the literature on tax
            assignment in decentralized countries. Ideally, own-source
            revenues should be sufficient to enable at least the richest
            subnational governments to finance from their own resources
            all locally-provided services that primarily benefit local
            residents. Subnational taxes should also not unduly distort
            the allocation of resources. Most importantly, to the extent
            possible subnational governments should be accountable at
            the margin for financing the expenditures for which they are
            responsible. Although reality in most countries inevitably
            falls far short of these ideals, nonetheless there are
            several taxes that subnational governments in developing
            countries could use to help ensure that decentralization
            yields more of the benefits it appears to promise in theory.
            At the local level, such taxes include property taxes and,
            especially for larger cities, perhaps also a limited and
            well-designed local business tax. At the regional level, in
            addition to taxes on vehicles, governments in some countries
            may be able to utilize any or all of the following -- a
            payroll tax; a simple surcharge on the central personal
            income tax; and a sales tax, in some cases perhaps taking
            the form of a well-designed regional value-added tax. The
            "best" package for any particular country or
            subnational government is likely to be not only
            context-specific and path-dependent, but also highly
            sensitive to the balance struck between different political
            and economic factors and interests.
Comprehensive wealth, intangible
            capital, and development
Existing wealth estimates show that in
            most countries intangible capital is the largest share of
            total wealth. Intangible capital is calculated as the
            difference between total wealth and tangible (produced and
            natural) capital. This paper uses new estimates of total
            wealth, natural capital, and physical capital for a panel of
            countries to shed light on the constituents of the
            intangible capital residual.  In a development-accounting
            framework, the authors show that factors of production are
            very successful in explaining the variation in output per
            worker when they use intangible capital instead of human
            capital as a factor of production. This suggests that
            intangible capital captures a broad range of assets
            typically included in the total factor productivity
            residual.  Human capital is an important factor, both in
            statistical and economic terms, in regressions decomposing
            intangible capital.
The great crisis and fiscal
            institutions in eastern and central Europe and central Asia
This paper examines fiscal outcomes in
            Eastern and Central European countries before and during the
            global crisis of 2008-2010. These outcomes are evaluated in
            the context of overall changes in fiscal institutions and
            global market conditions. Eastern and Central European
            countries situations improved dramatically in the
            pre-crisis period as tax revenues boomed, and fiscal
            institutions were reformed. Expenditures increased quite
            significantly in real terms for some of the countries in the
            pre-crisis era so that when tax revenues collapsed in the
            wake of the crisis, the countries were left with large
            deficits. Institutional reform helped countries manage their
            fiscal situations better, but the crisis also exposed
            shortcomings of the status quo. In the post-crisis period,
            fiscal institutions aimed at promoting fiscal discipline are
            being strengthened. Governments will also need to take a
            closer look at the sustainability of current expenditure
            patterns, particularly the strong emphasis on social expenditures.
Beyond market access : the new
            normal of preferential trade agreements
This paper takes stock of the growing
            success of preferential trade agreements. It revisits what
            are the defining characteristics of modern preferential
            trade agreements, which are typically pursued for a diverse
            array of motives. In particular, the market access
            justification traditionally used to analyze the desirability
            and impact of preferential trade agreements misses
            increasingly important dimensions. The "Beyond Market
            Access" agenda of preferential trade agreements
            presents a new and broad set of deep regulatory and policy
            issues that differs in substance from the removal of tariff
            and quantitative barriers to trade. Issues related to
            preferences and discrimination, as well as the nature and
            implementation of commitments acquire a different meaning in
            deep preferential trade agreements. This change of paradigm
            presents significant opportunities and challenges for
            reform-minded developing countries to use preferential trade
            agreements to their own advantage.