rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
MULTILINGUAL CHILD ASSESSMENT

- <mark>Demuth, K. (2003). The acquisition of Bantu languages. In D. Nurse & G. Philippson (Eds.),</mark> _<mark>The Bantu languages</mark>_ <mark>(pp. 209–222). London, England: Routledge.</mark>

- <mark>Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, D. M. (1997).</mark> _<mark>PPVT-III: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test</mark>_ <mark>. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.</mark>

- <mark>Dunn, L. M., Dunn, D. M., & Styles, B. (2009).</mark> _<mark>British Picture Vocabulary Scale</mark>_ <mark>, 3rd ed. London, England: GL Assessment.</mark>

- <mark>Fernald, L. C., Prado, E., Kariger, P., & Raikes, A. (2017).</mark> _<mark>A toolkit for measuring early</mark>_

- _<mark>childhood development in low and middle-income countries</mark>_ <mark>. Washington, DC: The World Bank.</mark>

- <mark>Gibson, T. A., Jarmulowicz, L., & Oller, D. K. (2017). Difficulties using standardized tests to identify the receptive expressive gap in bilingual children’s vocabularies.</mark> _<mark>Bilingualism: Language and Cognition</mark>_ <mark>,</mark> _<mark>21</mark>_ <mark>, 1–12.</mark>

- <mark>Gladstone, M., Lancaster, G. A., Umar, E., Nyirenda, M., Kayira, E., van den Broek, N. R., & Smyth, R. L. (2010). The Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool (MDAT): The creation, validation, and reliability of a tool to assess child development in rural African settings.</mark> _<mark>PLoS Med, 7</mark>_ <mark>(5).</mark>

- <mark>Gove, A., & Wetterberg, A. (2011).</mark> _<mark>The early grade reading assessment: Applications and interventions to improve basic literacy</mark>_ <mark>. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International.</mark>

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- <mark>(2010). Use of family care indicators and their relationship with child development in Bangladesh.</mark> _<mark>Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 28</mark>_ <mark>(1), 23–33.</mark>

- <mark>Haman, E., Łuniewska, M., & Pomiechowska, B. (2015). Designing cross-linguistic lexical tasks (CLTs) for bilingual preschool children. In S. Armon-Lotem, J. de Jong, & N. Meir (Eds.),</mark>

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_MACHINE LEARNING AND HIGH-FREQUENCY SURVEYS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA 19_ <!-- Start of picture text --> Mt. Hagen − Cabbage−English (1 unit) 2009−01−01 / 2022−07−01<br>6<br>5<br>4<br>3<br>2<br>1<br>0<br>Price Inflation (Year on year, %) 50.41<br>500 500<br>400 400<br>300 300<br>200 200<br>100 100<br> 0 0<br>−100 −100<br>Trust Level 8.4<br>10 10<br> 8 8<br> 6 6<br> 4 4<br> 2 2<br>2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022<br>Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan Jan<br>2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022<br><!-- End of picture text --> Figure 3. Estimated price dynamics for cabbages in PNG, 2009-2022.

_Note:_ Price of cabbages in Mt. Hagen in local currency. The candle-chart on top shows the estimated Open, High, Low and Close prices for the month. Red candles indicate months where end-of-month prices are lower than start-of-month prices. The size of the candle is an indicator of intra-month price variation. Along with estimates of prices, the shows the 12-month moving averages as a dotted line, as well as Bollinger Bands in the grey shaded area, which can help assess whether prices are high or low, and whether prices increases are sharp or smooth, on a relative basis. The middle chart shows the 12-month percentage change rate in prices, as a measure of inflation. The trust score at the bottom is a metric that factors in both data availability and accuracy of imputations to express confidence in the estimates on a scale of 1-10. _Source:_ Figure prepared by the authors for this paper.
Policy Research Working Paper 6845

# **Abstract**

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the degree of co-movement among the nominal price returns of 11 major energy, agricultural and food commodities based on monthly data between 1970 and 2013. A uniform-spacings testing approach, a multivariate dynamic conditional correlation model and a rolling regression procedure are used to study the extent and the time-evolution of unconditional and conditional correlations. The results indicate that (i) the price returns of energy and agricultural commodities are highly correlated; (ii) the overall level of co-movement among commodities increased in recent years, especially between energy and agricultural commodities and in particular in the cases of maize and soybean oil, which are important inputs in the production of biofuels; and (iii) particularly after 2007, stock market volatility is positively associated with the co-movement of price returns across markets.

This paper is a product of the Finance and Private Sector Development Unit, Africa Region. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The author may be contacted at fdenicola@worldbank.org.

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent._ Produced by the Research Support Team
assumptions) the SAE methodology can potentially produce estimates of prevalence at a more disaggregated geographical level than the DHS.<sup>27</sup> As argued above, it is worth noting that the “gold standard” of population-based surveys testing for HIV is also subject to error, considering that significant adjustments to the survey data might still be needed to account for non-response. Hence, the SAE methodology could potentially be used as a tool to verify DHS-based results.

In closing it is important to emphasize that the SAE methodology outlined here should be further tested in countries where direct testing for HIV was undertaken in order to provide further verification of the approach. Further work is also needed to develop more complete estimates of the precision of predicted prevalence rates. A potential area of further research might also be to explore how HIV prevalence obtained via this approach can predict HIV _incidence_ compared to conventional estimates from surveillance and DHS surveys.

> 27 For example, if one makes the predictions based on the census sample.

19
occupation have at least some college), low (20‐39% have some college), medium (40‐59% have some college), high (60‐79% have some college), and very high (80‐100% have some college). Our findings help underscore the importance of national trends, the variation between U.S. metro areas, and the diverse pathways that inclusive growth policies may need to pursue:

# _1. Occupations in which most workers lack college education are disappearing fast._

Between 2000 and 2011, the very‐low skill category lost nearly 16 million jobs nationwide and the low‐skill category gained only 2 million jobs, compared with gains of almost 12 million middle‐skill jobs, 4.6 million high‐skill jobs, and nearly 11 million very high skill jobs (Figure 1). These changes are driven by at least two main forces. First, the fastest‐growing occupations are those that have long required at least some college attainment. Second, educational expectations are rising, so that occupations that once had low levels of college attainment—including many low‐wage jobs—now are held by people with medium skill levels, even if the objective requirements for carrying out many of these jobs have not changed.

in IPUMS‐USA (Ruggles et al., 2010), EDSCOR90, which indicates the percentage of people in the respondent's occupational category who had completed one or more years of college.

13
OECD (2000): Trends in international migration, Paris: OECD Editions. OECD (2002): Trends in international migration, Paris: OECD Editions.

Rapoport, H. and F. Docquier (2004): The economics of migrants’ remittances, in L.-A. Gerard-Varet, S.C. Kolm and J. Mercier-Ythier, eds.: Handbook of the economics of giving, reciprocity and altruism, Amsterdam: North-Holland, forthcoming.

Rauch, J.E. and V. Trindade (2002): Ethnic chinese networks in international trade, Review of Economics and Statistics, 84, 1: 116-30.

Rauch, J.E., Casella, A. (2003) Overcoming informational barriers to international resource allocation: Prices and Ties, Economic Journal, 113, 484: 21-42.

Saxeenian, A. (2001) Bangalore, the Silicon Valley of India?, CREDPR Working Paper No 91, Stanford University.

Schi¤, M. (2002): Love thy neighbor: trade, migration and social capital, European Journal of Political Economy, 18, 1: 87-107.

Stark, O., C. Helmenstein and A. Prskawetz (1997): A brain gain with a brain drain, Economics Letters, 55: 227-34.

Stark, O., C. Helmenstein and A. Prskawetz (1998): Human capital depletion, human capital formation, and migration: a blessing or a ’curse’?, Economics Letters, 60, 3: 363-7.

Stark, O. and Y. Wang (2002), Inducing human capital formation: migration as a substitute for subsidies, Journal Public Economics, 86(1): 29-46.

Usher, D. (1977): Public property and the e¤ects of migration upon other residents of the migrants’ countries of origin and destination, Journal of Political Economy, 85, 5: 1001-20.

Vidal, J.P. (1998): The e¤ect of emigration on human capital formation, Journal of Population Economics, 11, 4: 589-600.

Woodru¤, C. and R. Zenteno (2001): Remittances and micro-enterprises in Mexico, Mimeo., University of California at San Diego.

World Trade Organization (2004): Trade Statistics, Historical Series 1980-2003 (http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/statis_e.htm).

38
Policy Research Working Paper 10892

# **Abstract**

The paper presents a methodology to generate experimental small area estimates of poverty in four West African countries: Chad, Guinea, Mali, and Niger. Due to the absence of recent census data in these countries, household-level survey data are integrated with grid-level geospatial data, which are used as covariates in model-based estimation. Leveraging geospatial data enables reporting of poverty estimates more frequently at disaggregated administrative levels and makes estimation feasible in areas for which survey data are not available. The paper leverages the availability of a recent census in Burkina Faso for evaluation purposes. Estimates obtained with the same survey instruments and candidate geospatial covariates as the other four countries are compared against estimates obtained using recent census data and an empirical best predictor under a unit-level model. For Burkina Faso, the estimates obtained using geospatial data are highly correlated with the census-based ones in sampled areas but moderately correlated in non-sampled areas. The results demonstrate that in the absence of recent census data, small area estimation with publicly available geospatial covariates is feasible, can lead to large efficiency improvements compared to direct estimation, and improve the timeliness of small area estimates.

This paper is a product of the Development Data Group, Development Economics and the Poverty and Equity Global Practice. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http:// www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at dnewhouse@worldbank.org.

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent._ Produced by the Research Support Team
# TABLE 4 EGYPT 1975-80

DECOMPOSITION OF THE TOTAL IMPACT OF NEXT<sup>PREGNANCY ON CHILD MORTALITY</sup> (before age 60 months) PREGNANT mother becamse pregnant prior to<sup>child death</sup> WEANED ceased breastfeeding after mother<sup>became pregnant</sup> and prior to child death RR relative risk of child death (pregnant /<sup>not pregnant)</sup>

**-** - FERTILITY CONTROLALL ln(RR) % NO ln(RR) % YES ln(RR) % REGNANLRR at any age TOTAL 2.34 100.00 % 2.61 100.00 % 1.74 100.00 % DIRECT 1.88 74.27 e 2.08 76.36 % 1.74 100.00 % INDIRECT 1.25 25.73 % 1.25 23.64 % * (through weaned) PREGNANT RR before 12 months TOTAL 3.71 100.00 % 3.80 100.00 % 3.10 100.00 % DIRECT 3.12 86.88 % 3.34 90.33 % 2.67 86.93 % INDIRECT 1.19 13.12 % 1.14 9.67 % 1.16 13.07 % (through weaned) PREGNANT RR at 12 months or later TOTAL 1.31 100.00 % 1.55 100.00 % * DIRECT * * * INDIRECT 1.31 100.00 % 1.55 100.00 % * (through weaned)

based on Weibull proportional hazards and log-logistic<sup>models</sup> controlling for: weaning, next pregnancy of<sup>mother,</sup> parity, age of mother, preceding birth<sup>interval length,</sup> sex, region, urban/rural residence, fertility<sup>control,</sup> education of mother, education of father indirect effects evaluated at mean age of<sup>weaning</sup> based on data from the Egyptian Fertility<sup>Survey 1980</sup> restrictions: children born within 60 months<sup>of survey to married women</sup> last two children only no multiple births no marital disrupcion prior to child<sup>death</sup> Muslim only

*-not statistically distinguishable from<sup>1.0</sup>

36
<!-- Start of picture text --> Box 6. MDG Goal Five: Improve Maternal Health (reduce<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> MMR by three fourths by 2015) |<br><!-- End of picture text -->

Vietnam Development Goal: Improve maternal health Target 1: Reduce the maternal mortality rate to 80 per 100,000 live births by 2005 and 70 by 2010 with particular attention to disadvantaged areas Source: Socialist Republic of Vietnam (2002).

Faster progress in access to alternative means of contraception is required. Analysis by the Ministry of Health shows that 53 percent of maternal mortality is preventable and an additional 35 percent of maternal mortality could be averted through timely intervention. 70 percent of maternal mortality is believed to be caused by obstetric complications and unsafe abortions. Vietnam has the highest abortion rate in the world with the Ministry of Health estimating a total abortion rate per woman of 2.5. This high rate poses a significant health risk to women, with one third of women reporting a health problem following a pregnancy termination (World Bank et al, 2001). Though the Contraceptive Prevalence Rate has increased by 2 percent per annum over the past 10 years, measures are clearly still needed to provide better access to alternative means of contraception (see Figure 13).

Figure 13. Maternal mortality — progress made during 1990-1998 and projections for 2010 and 2015 <!-- Start of picture text --> 200<br>ay<br>100wa” 1 ‘ , 100 ' - id '.<br>fl ad “<br>|<br>50<br>1990 1999 2010 2015<br><!-- End of picture text -->

Source: ADB and WHO (2002) Major challenges exist for achieving the remaining targets. The percentage of births attended by trained personnel has been rising. National reproductive health targets (not stated explicitly in the CPRGS but included in the Government’s reproductive health strategy) state that 90 percent of births will be attended by 2010 (up from 77 percent in 1997). Forecasts based on past trends suggest that this could be achievable and would put Vietnam on course to cover all births by 2015. The major challenges in achieving these targets are four fold. First, improving access and quality of reproductive health services in remote areas; secondly, initiating culturally compatible communication activities, targeting both men and women, to generate a better demand for reproductive health services; thirdly, making reproductive health 29
Finally, the global recession of 2008-2009 did not change entrepreneurship along the exporter dimension in terms of average entry rates in the LAC region. The crisis did increase moderately exit rates and reduced moderately average first-year survival rates of new exporters. Countries such as Chile and the Dominican Republic were more adversely affected along the exit dimension while Costa Rica and Guatemala were more adversely affected along the survival dimension. The crisis did not reduce export entrepreneurship by incumbent exporters along the product and destination margins in the LAC region but it did increase product exit rates in some countries (particularly the Dominican Republic) as well as destination exit rates (though only in the Dominican Republic). However, most of the decline in exports of incumbent exporters during the recession -- which itself accounted for the bulk of the decline in total exports of LAC countries -- was due to declines in the exports of those firms’ pre-existing products and destinations, while new products and destinations tended to attenuate the negative effects of the recession. Moreover, the crisis fostered entrepreneurship by incumbent exporters in LAC processing countries and in Ecuador which experienced positive export growth mostly accounted for by their new products and new destinations.

The literature on cross-country comparisons and benchmarking of entrepreneurship in trade is thin, particularly with micro data, mostly because of difficulties in gathering comparable data across a large number of countries. Some studies examine the role of the extensive margin in export growth using more or less disaggregate trade flow data from WITS/COMTRADE across countries (see, e.g., Besedes and Prusa 2010, Felbermayr and Kohler 2006, Helpman, Melitz and Rubenstein 2008, Hummels and Klenow 2005).<sup>6</sup> These studies generally find the intensive margin to be more important in explaining export growth, but this consensus should not be interpreted as indicating that the extensive margin does not play a role. For example, Besedes and Prusa (2010) show that differences along the extensive margin (at the product-destination level) are particularly prevalent across developing countries but are often accompanied by a very short duration of most new export relationships. A handful of recent studies using firm-level customs datasets study the role of the extensive margin in export growth for certain, including Alvarez and Fuentes on Chile (2011), Eaton, Eslava, Kugler, and Tybout on Colombia (2008), and Lederman, Rodriguez-Clare, and Xu on Costa Rica (2011).

> 6 Amiti and Freund (2010) use trade flow data for China to study the importance of the intensive margin.

5
_(1998), Jara-Díaz et al. (2002)_ and _Tovar et al (2003)_<sup>_13_</sup> _. Tables 2.1_ and _2.2_ summarize the main features of these papers _._

# **5.1. Data and functional specification**

The study carried out by Chang in 1978 represents the first reference in the literature where a port production function was estimated. This author estimates a production function to analyze the productivity and convenience of expanding the capacity of the port of Mobile (Alabama-USA). Formally, he estimates a Cobb-Douglas production function represented by the following equation: where: _Q_ = annual gross earning to the port in 1967 prices (wage payments to port workers not included), _L_ = Men-Year; the average number of employees, per year (excluding port workers), _K_ = Port net assets value at 1967 prices, _e_<sup>(</sup><sup>_(T/L)_</sup> = Proxy for technological progress, _(T/L)_<sup>14</sup> = Tons per unit of labour, α, β and γ are parameters to be estimated. The empirical estimation is performed through ordinary least squares and uses annual time series data covering a 21-year period (1953-1973) considered in logarithms.

Also for the purpose of analyzing productivity and offering an alternative indicator of factor partial productivity measures, _Reker et al. (1990)_ estimate a production function for three container terminals situated in the Port of Melbourne. This is the first study estimating a production function for port terminals and modeling cargo handling service. _Reker et al. (1990)_ , following _De Neufville and Tsunokawa (1981),_ consider that it is better to estimate a production function than resorting to the usual approach of estimating a cost function. The main reason for this lies with the difficulty to obtain reliable data on productive factor prices.

To take advantage of the great number of individual performance measures which had been previously calculated, the authors consider them as productive factors (independent variables) of the production function. Although they acknowledge that the selected productive factors are not completely independent, they assume that the degree of

> 13 This work represents a summary of _Tovar_ ’s thesis _(2002),_ available at: http://www.fcee.ulpgc.es /~btovar/tesis.pdf.

> 14 T/L as proxy implies assuming that K/L does not change if r/w remains constant ( _Harrod-neutral and Hicks neutral technological progress_ ).

12