**Table 4. Japan Border Proleclion**

||Coliuilodity|Post<br>Tariff Eq|UR<br>uivalent|Final<br>Rate|Fial<br>Rate|Final<br>Rate|Pre tlR b<br>Tar|order prote<br>iff equivai|ction<br> <br>ent|I<br>Dirty<br> <br>Tariflication|Change in|protectio|n|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||Base<br>(1986-88|Fiial<br> prices)|2000<br>Point|2000<br>Lower<br>Bound<br>|2000<br>Upper<br>Bounid|79-93|86-88|89-93|86-88<br>Base-<br>PIre-UR|Final-<br>89-93|FiMal-<br>79-93|Final/<br>Base|
|AC,G|REGATION OF COM1MO0DITI<sup>S</sup>|||||||||||||
|I|WHEAT|239.6%|202.71'|152.4%|142.8%|171.8%|<br>308.%|651.%|492.%|-411.4|-340|-156|_-15%_|
|2|RICE||||||203.%|500.%|402.%|||||
|3|COARSEGRAINS|233.1%|197.7%'|148.6%|139.2%|167.5%|336.%|679.%|566.%|-445.9|-417|-187|_-15%_|
|4|SUGAR|126.1%|107.2',|57.9%|36.3%|_105.1%_|126.%|184.%|155.%|<br>-57.9|-97|-68|_-15%_|
|_5_|MEAT|93.0%|38.5%|38.5%|38.5%|38.5%|30.%|87.%|40.%|6.0|-2|9|-59%|
|6|OTHERMEAT|49.8%|48.2%|48.2%|48.2%|48.2%|43.4%|_55.1%_|62.7%|-5.2|-14|5|-3%|
|7|COFFEE|10.0%|6.0q|6.0%|6.0%|6.0%|||||||-40%|
|8|(COCOA|4.4%|1.9%t|1.9%|1.9%|1.9%|||||||-57%|
|9|TEA|16.3%|12.3%|12.3%|12.3%|12.3%|||||||-25%|
|10|OILSEEDS|0.0%|0.0%|0.0%|0.0%|0.0%|<br>0.%|0.%|0.%|<br>0.0|0|<br>0|0%|
|It|MILK|489.4%|424.2%,|326.3%|286.6%|372.1%|207.%|501.%|389.%|-11.6|-63|119|-13%|
|12|FRUITTS &VEGETABLES|16.3%|13.3%|13.3%|13.3%|13.3%||||16.3|||-18%|
|13|WOOL|0.0 %|0.0%,|0.0%|0.0%|0.0%|||||||0%|
|14|COTTON|0.0%|0.(%|0.0%|0.0%|0.051|||||||0%|
|_15_|OTIIERNONFOOD|0.0 %|0.(0%|<br>0.0%|0.0%|0.001||||||||
||Average**(I1nwighledl)**|91.3%|75.1S1%|<br>57.5%|_51.S%_|66.9%|156.7%|332.1%|263.3%|||||
||**Slandardldevialion**|136.9%|115.5%,|<br>89.8%|80.1%|103.0%|119.4%|261.7%|209.2%|||||

Convsrsiots factors: Pork: Boneless = 1.36 carcass weight I **toii** ofWlrite Sugar **=** 1.356 on of Raw (cane) ssigar 'Not for **sowing**

**Pere** I R hIrdor tmeasures

1'ricc s.atbilizatiwa **on Stigar;** uniposes lcvics aund surcharges **oni** iriported sugar when himport prices are low. 'rihe Food Agcucy conitrolled **(ie** purrchaseanI **nuvarketing** of donicestic **ansd** uhiported Barely, Rice and Wheat. **It** also rcgulates uinports oidairy products and iriost beef.

Souirce: Aurthlor's calculjations; hasic d3la **arc tIoii Urlucguay** Rounid country schedLules.

# **North America and Australia**

In **the** United Statcs. tariffication has a direct eft'fect on the policies for beef, sugar and dairy products. Both sugar and milk are assisted through administered prices, w1lich are supported by taritTs and import quotas. The Meat Import Law and associated voluntary export restraint arranrements (VERs) havc hcen **the** main source of protection for the US beef industry. On main export products, the Export Enhancement Program (EEP) provides a liscrctionary authority to provi(de export subsidies. The pre- and post-UR rates of border protection are shown in Tahle 5. **The** post-UR base ad-valorem tariff equivalents of import qluotas indicate higher level ol protection ilian those applying in the base period. 1986-X8.<sup>In</sup> addition. sugar and dairy products will remain highily protected with very higih tarifls charged at the end **of'thie** implementation period.

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