average shortfalls being more than 55 percent of the total desired quantity in Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Uganda. The findings point towards affordability as the primary constraint, as opposed to availability of supply, driving some households to use fertilizer at lower rates or on smaller areas, and in some cases to borrow money or sell assets to cope with high prices. These coping strategies are not only likely to reduce agricultural productivity and production, but also they have the potential to increase the vulnerability of farming households.

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