of enumeration areas was based on the Population Census 2011, and a fresh household listing was conducted in each of the selected EAs to attain a current household sampling frame from which to randomly select 12 households in each EA.

Randomization of the treatment arm assignment was conducted within each EA, to account for unobserved differences at the village level that could potentially affect responses to the land tenure questions as well as to avoid confounding enumerator effects. From each EA, three households were assigned to each of the treatment arms identified in Table 1. Treatment arm assignment was completed at the headquarters level and preloaded in the computer assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) program developed in Survey Solutions,<sup>5</sup> and therefore could not be altered by enumerators. In Arms 1 and 2, up to three adult household members were randomly selected by the Survey Solutions software for individual interviews, again limiting the scope of bias in the ALTA sample.

_Table 1. ALTA Treatment Arms_

||Respondent|Level of Land|
|---|---|---|
||Approach|Data Collection|
|Arm 1|Self-Respondent|Parcel|
|Arm 2|Self-Respondent|Aggregate|
|Arm 3|Proxy|Parcel|
|Arm 4|Proxy|Aggregate|

The versions of the land tenure module, and therefore the treatment arms, differ on the level of respondent approach, either self- or proxy respondent, and in the level of land reporting, either parcel or aggregate level. Individuals selected for the self-respondent questionnaire report the land tenure status on the land they directly own or use, while proxy respondents answer the same set of questions for themselves as well as for other individuals in their household. In parcel-level treatment arms, questions on land tenure are asked for each reported parcel separately, while aggregate-level treatment arms ask about the land tenure status for the overall land owned or used by specific household members, with the only disaggregation being by agricultural and non-agricultural land use (as this is a necessary distinction for SDG 5.a.1). As Arm 1 entails both the highest level of disaggregation (parcel-level) and the presumed highest quality information (self-respondent) as advised by the UN Guidelines, we considered it to be the gold standard against which we compare the results from the other three arms.

In addition to the module on land tenure, the ALTA questionnaire included a brief set of modules capturing individual socio-demographic characteristics, educational attainment, employment status, and agricultural activity.<sup>6</sup> An additional focus of the ALTA study was the validation of measurement approaches to land area estimation. To this end, both Arms 1 and 3 included a module on land area measurement that incorporated GPS and satellite imagery-based parcel-level area measurement. A series of cognitive interviews were conducted to ensure that the land tenure questions were translated as intended from English to Armenian, as well as to understand how the interpretation of questions varied across individuals, with a view to understanding male versus female

> 5 For more information on the publicly available Survey Solutions CAPI software, visit: https://mysurvey.solutions/en/

> 6 - The ALTA questionnaires are available on the LSMS website here: https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/lsms/land <u>tenure. ALTA data will be made available in the World Bank’s Microdata Library by September 2022.</u>

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