sample, as well as younger respondents and respondents in households with multiple income sources. Summary statistics for the medium-run sample are reported in appendix table A4.

Figure 6 summarizes the one-year labor market indicators. Job loss over the full year (Figure 6A) ranged between 30% and 73%. In all countries except Ethiopia, the one-year rate of job loss is about ten percentage points higher than early-phase job loss. This indicates that while most job loss occurred in those first few months of the pandemic, it continued after July 2020. By February/March 2021, 14 to 23 percent of respondents who were working pre-COVID-19 were out of work (Figure 6B) and on average, pre-COVID-19 workers were jobless for around 2 months during the first year of the pandemic (Figure 6C).

**Figure 6: One-year labor market indicators**

<!-- Start of picture text --> Job loss up to Feb/Mar 2021 Average number of months<br>Jobless in Feb/Mar 2021 -<br>- conditional on working conditional on conditional without work up to<br>pre-COVID-19 Feb/March 2021 -<br>on working pre-COVID-19<br>conditional on working pre-<br>100% 100%<br>COVID-19<br>80% 71% 80% 3.0<br>60% 60% 1.8 1.9<br>2.0 1.7<br>1.6<br>37%<br>40% 34% 40%<br>27%<br>22% 19% 1.0<br>20% 20% 15% 14%<br>0% 0% 0.0<br><!-- End of picture text --> _Source_ : Job loss and months without work are based on HFPS R1-10 for Ethiopia and Nigeria, R1-8 for Malawi, R1-11 for Nigeria and R1-5 for Uganda. Joblessness is based on the latest of these rounds per country.

In addition to work status, the HFPS collected data on income loss. In the first HFPS round, respondents were asked whether household income had increased, stayed the same, or decreased since the onset of the pandemic. Figure 7 summarizes these results and descriptive statistics are included in appendix table A3. Approximately 80% of the households in Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda and 46% in Ethiopia, reported a decrease in their total income following the COVID-19 outbreak. Around 40% of households in Ethiopia lost income from farming, compared to 60% to 73% in the other countries. The share of households that experienced a decrease in income from non-farming family enterprises (NFE) surpassed 80% in all the countries analyzed. Finally, almost 60% of households reported a reduction in wage income in Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda, compared to 34% in Ethiopia. These numbers clearly indicate that all types of income sources were heavily affected and that NFE income was particularly vulnerable.

While respondents were asked to compare current and pre-COVID-19 income in the first HFPS round; in subsequent rounds, they were only asked to compare their current household income to income at the time of the previous interview, but not to income before the pandemic.<sup>10</sup> Two exceptions are Nigeria’s HFPS Round 9 (in January 2021), which asked households to compare their income in the period August 2020-January 2021 to their income in the period August 2019-January 2020; and Uganda’s HFPS Round 5 (in February 2021), when households were asked to compare their current monthly income to their average

> 10 Furbush et al. (2021) show that the proportion of households reporting income loss relative to the previous HFPS round (typically about a month ago) declined in more recent HPFS rounds in the four countries that we analyzed. They show that over time, NFE income losses remained most common and by August 2020, more than 50% of households still reported losing NFE income compared to the previous phone survey (ibid.).

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