an account to make or receive payments. And in India not only is account penetration comparatively low, at 53 percent, but so is the use of accounts for payments: a mere 15 percent of adults reported using an account to make or receive payments.

It should be kept in mind, however, that when it comes to receiving such payments as wages, government transfers, or domestic remittances, the recipient often has no choice in whether the payments are made digitally or in cash. The decision is typically made by the sender of the payments—the employer, the government, or the remittance sender.

When it comes to sending payments, people may be able to choose whether to do so digitally or in cash in some cases, such as when sending domestic remittances to family or friends. But in other cases the choice may be limited. For example, when schools or utility companies accept payments only in cash, people must pay in cash even if they have an account and might prefer to make the payments through that account.

# NOTES

1. Gallup, Inc. imposes a time limit on phone interviews conducted in high-income economies, limiting the number of questions that can be added to the Gallup World Poll core questionnaire. In seven high-income OECD economies, however, it conducts face-to-face interviews rather than phone interviews, and in these economies data were collected on all seven types of payments.

2. Payments are considered to be received into an account if the respondent reported receiving the payments directly into an account at a financial institution; into a card, which is assumed either to be linked to an account or to support a card-based account; or through a mobile phone. Technically, a payment into a mobile phone is considered to be a payment into an account only if the respondent lives in a country where mobile money accounts are provided by a service that was included in the GSM Association’s Mobile Money for the Unbanked (GSMA MMU) database at the time of the survey. However, only 17 respondents—representing fewer than 0.001 percent of adults around the world—reported receiving a payment through a mobile phone but not into an account.

3. The country averages for wage employment have an 82 percent correlation with data from the International Labour Organization (ILO) on wage or salaried employees.

4. About 3 percent of adults in both high-income OECD and developing economies reported receiving wages both into an account and in cash. This could be because they work for more than one employer and are paid directly into an account by one employer but in cash by another. In addition, in some developing economies it is common to receive a base wage into an account but performance-related bonuses in cash. Because these adults reported receiving at least part of their wages into an account, they are included in the category of those receiving wages into an account. (A similar principle applies for other types of payments discussed in this chapter.) 5. In high-income OECD economies 56 percent of men and 48 percent of women reported having received a wage payment in the past 12 months. Men and women were equally likely to report receiving wage payments into an account, with about 85 percent of both male and female wage earners reporting this.

6. In high-income OECD economies the gap in wage employment between these two income groups is equally large at 11 percentage points (with 45 percent reporting wage employment in the poorer group, and 56 percent in the richer one). But among those receiving wage payments, the share who reported receiving the payments into an account exceeds 80 percent in both income groups.

7. The difference between the share of adults who reported sending domestic remittances and the share who reported receiving them is within the margin of error of the survey. In addition, the reason that a slightly higher share of adults reported receiving domestic remittances than reported sending them might be that senders were sending remittances to multiple recipients.

8. The Global Findex survey does not cover international remittances. While these remittances are economically important for some countries, the share of adults in developing economies who reported sending or receiving domestic remittances is on average three to four times the share who reported sending or receiving international remittances (Gallup World Poll, 2014).

9. In Sub-Saharan Africa 29 percent of adults reported having sent domestic remittances and 37 percent having received them.

10. Respondents who reported sending or receiving remittances in multiple ways are assigned to categories as follows: _through an account_ if they reported having sent or received a remittance through an account; _through an OTC transaction_ if they reported having sent or received a remittance through an OTC transaction but did not report having sent or received one through an account; and _in cash_ if they reported having sent or received a remittance only in cash. Less than 1 percent of those sending or receiving remittances provided a “no,” “don’t know,” or “refuse” response to all categories; these respondents are assigned to the _in cash_ category.

> THE GLOBAL FINDEX DATABASE 38