Table 3: Plots and land area

||Number of<br>plots|Rubber<br>plots|Cocoa<br>plots|Other<br>crops<br>plots|Fallow<br>plots|<br>Total<br>plots<br>area (ha)|Rubber<br>plots area<br>(ha)|Cocoa<br>plots<br>area<br>(ha)|Other<br>crops<br>plots<br>area(ha)|Fallow<br>plots<br>area (ha)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Seedling Subsidy|0.01|0.04|-0.03|0.03|0.00|-0.34|0.20|-0.36*|-0.15|-0.03|
||(0.03)|(0.05)|(0.05)|(0.04)|(0.03)|(0.22)|(0.22)|(0.20)|(0.24)|(0.08)|
|Couples' Training|0.02|0.06|-0.01|-0.07|-0.04|0.53**|0.44*|0.36|0.35|-0.13|
||(0.03)|(0.05)|(0.05)|(0.04)|(0.03)|(0.23)|(0.23)|(0.22)|(0.26)|(0.08)|
|Seedling Subsidy + Couples'<br>Training (beta)|0.03|0.10**|-0.04|-0.04|-0.04|0.19|0.63***|-0.00|0.20|-0.16**|
|H0: Seedling Subsidy +<br>Couples' Training = 0 (p-val)|0.14|0.03|0.36|0.36|0.25|0.41|0.01|1.00|0.44|0.04|
|Observations|1435|1435|1435|1435|1435|1435|1435|1435|1435|1435|
|Mean for control group|2.34|1.00|0.73|0.85|0.16|8.42|4.36|3.33|3.45|0.45|
|Mean for individualtraining|2.16|0.99|0.61|0.82|0.14|7.25|4.10|2.55|2.91|0.36|

Robust and clustered standard errors in parentheses. Area values are winsorized at 99%. * p<0.1 ** p<0.05 *** p<0.01 Note: Area variables are in hectares. Baseline control variables in all regressions: Age of household head, Household size, Number of adults, Number of children, Dependency ratio, Married planter, Polygamous relationship, Matrilineal ethnicity, Planter has IGA, Asset index, Credit constrained, Share of plots owned, Average distance to plots (minutes), Number of plots, Average plot size. Contemporaneous control variables in all regressions: Rubber-cocoa intercrop, Any other intercrop.

Table 4 examines the program’s impact on households’ harvest (first four columns) and yield (last four columns). These outcomes are shown for all crops, rubber, cocoa and other crops (excluding rubber and cocoa). The seedling subsidy causes a 26.4% drop in total harvest, with almost half of it coming from a drop in rubber harvest. The individual training group harvested an equivalent of $166.56 less rubber compared to the $443.34 rubber harvest value in the control group. At the same time, there is a 18.4% drop in total yield for the individual training group, and an even larger 38% decrease in rubber productivity. This group of farmers compensates for the effort of planting and caring for new rubber seedlings by decreasing farm production elsewhere, on older rubber trees that are already being harvested. The couples’ training offsets these drops in harvest and productivity. Their outcomes are not significantly different between the couples’ training group and the control group in aggregate and for specific crops.

Comparing rubber yields between treatment and control groups at the household level can however be misleading: treated farmers recently planted new rubber trees that cannot be harvested yet, given that rubber trees have a maturation period of six years. In order to better understand the impact of the program on production and productivity on crops that are agronomically able to produce, in Appendix Table 4 we focus on plots where farmers already reported at baseline that rubber trees were planted before aggregating results at the household level. Appendix Table 5 focuses on plots where cocoa trees were planted at baseline.

On the subset of rubber plots at baseline (Appendix Table 4), we find an even greater drop in rubber harvest and productivity for households in the individual training group. In contrast, households assigned to the couples’ training get relatively more out of their mature rubber trees: they harvest more rubber and have significantly greater rubber yields than the individual training group. However, as in Table 4, the net effect for the couples’ group is not significantly higher than the control group. On the subset of cocoa plots at baseline (Appendix Table 5), we see a similar pattern: the individual group experiences a significant decline in both rubber and cocoa harvests, as well as rubber yields. The couples’ group does not experience these declines.

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