# **Table 2. Conditional correlations of grades and absenteeism with aspiration and expectations by gender**

|||**Standardized a**|**verage grades**||**Number o**|**f school days **|**missed in the p**|**ast month**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|
|Being a girl (dummy)|**0.436****<br>|**1.014*****<br>|**0.590*****<br>|**0.603*****<br>|**-1.841*****<br>|**-1.887*****<br>|**-0.432*****<br>|**-0.455*****<br>|
||(0.18)|(0.17)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.49)|(0.45)|(0.03)|(0.03)|
|Aspired education in years|**0.084*****<br>(0.01)||||**-0.350*****<br>(0.05)||||
|Aspired education in years<sup>2</sup>|**-0.002*****<br>||||**0.010*****<br>||||
||(0.00)||||(0.00)||||
|Girl * Aspired education|0.016||||**0.179*****||||
||(0.02)||||(0.06)||||
|Girl * Aspired education in years<sup>2</sup>|-0.000||||**-0.005*****||||
||(0.00)||||(0.00)||||
|Expected education in years||**0.177*****<br>(0.02)||||**-0.421*****<br>(0.05)|||
|Expected education in years<sup>2</sup>||<br>**-0.005*****||||<br>**0.013*****|||
|||(0.00)||||(0.00)|||
|Girl * Expected education in years||**-0.049****||||**0.196*****|||
|||(0.02)||||(0.06)|||
|Girl * Expected education in years<sup>2</sup>||0.001*||||**-0.006*****|||
|||(0.00)||||(0.00)|||
|Diff. aspi. and expect. (years)|||**0.028*****<br>(0.00)||||**-0.057*****<br>(0.01)||
|Diff. aspi. and expect. (years)<sup>2</sup>|||**-0.002*****||||**0.005*****||
||||(0.00)||||(0.00)||
|Girl * Diff. aspi. and expect. (years)|||0.001<br>||||**0.040*****<br>||
||||(0.00)||||(0.01)||
|Girl * aspi. and expect. (years)<sup>2</sup>|||0.000||||**-0.003****||
||||(0.00)||||(0.00)||
|Lower expect. than aspi. (dummy)*||||**0.131*****<br>||||**-0.177*****<br>|
|||||(0.01)||||(0.03)|
|Girl * Lower expect. than aspi.||||-0.017||||**0.116*****|
|||||(0.02)||||(0.04)|
|Self-esteem|-0.004<br>|-0.005<br>|-0.001<br>|-0.000<br>|-0.051***<br>|-0.048***<br>|-0.054***<br>|-0.054***<br>|
||(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|
|Sense of belonging|0.063***|0.065***|0.065***|0.066***|-0.101***|-0.104***|-0.105***|-0.107***|
||(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|
|Perseverance|0.042***|0.046***|0.047***|0.048***|-0.029**|-0.033***|-0.037***|-0.037***|
||(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|
|Growth mindset|0.145***<br>|0.151***<br>|0.152***<br>|0.153***<br>|-0.091***<br>|-0.095***<br>|-0.101***<br>|-0.103***<br>|
||(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|
|Effort beliefs|<br>0.053***|<br>0.056***|<br>0.055***|<br>0.055***|<br>0.002|<br>-0.002|<br>-0.002|<br>-0.002|
||(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|
|Learning orientation|0.123***|0.129***|0.131***|0.130***|-0.095***|-0.102***|-0.110***|-0.110***|
||(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|
|Performance-avoidance orientation|-0.059***|-0.059***|-0.060***|-0.060***|0.039***|0.039***|0.042***|0.042***|
||(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|
|Age (with decimals)|-0.101***|-0.103***|-0.109***|-0.110***|0.143***|0.146***|0.159***|0.161***|
||(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|
|Living in urban area (vs. rural)|<br>-0.113***|<br>-0.109***|<br>-0.091***|<br>-0.090***|<br>-0.110***|<br>-0.106***|<br>-0.147***|<br>-0.151***|
||(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.03)|(0.03)|(0.03)|(0.03)|
|Living in Java (vs. in Sumatra)|0.038***|0.032***|0.020**|0.022***|0.008|0.014|0.039|0.038|
||(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.03)|(0.03)|(0.03)|(0.03)|
|Constant|0.285**|-0.218|1.234***|1.206***|2.500***|2.688***|-0.731***|-0.714***|
||(0.14)|(0.14)|(0.08)|(0.08)|(0.42)|(0.41)|(0.21)|(0.21)|
|Observations|54,639|54,615|54,610|54,610|55,039|55,014|55,009|55,009|
|R-squared|0.24|0.23|0.23|0.23|0.05|0.04|0.04|0.04|

_Source_ : Authors’ calculations based on the 2018 survey “Getting to Know 8th Grade Students.” _Note_ : 2,024 students (5 percent of the sample) have higher expectations than aspirations.

_*p < 0.1 **p < 0.05 ***p < 0.01_ 21