First, we analyze a range of dichotomous variables regarding participation in specific activities during the past seven days and during the past 12 months – constructed from the answers given to the screening questions asked at the beginning of the labor module to account for participation in the following activities:

- (1) **crop production** _(i.e. household farming activities whether for sale or for household food),_

- (2) **raising livestock** _(i.e. household livestock activities whether for sale or for household food),_

- (3) **managing a family non-farm enterprise (NFE)** _(i.e. run or do any kind of non-agricultural or non-fishing household business, big or small, for yourself),_

- (4) **working in an NFE** _(i.e. help in any of the household's non-agricultural or non-fishing household businesses),_

- (5) **engaging in off-farm wage employment** _(i.e. any work for a wage, salary, commission, or any payment in kind, excluding ganyu),_ and

- (6) **_ganyu_ employment** _(i.e. engage in casual, part-time or ganyu labor)._

Subsequently, we examine hours allocated to each of these activities during the past seven days, as well as annual hours allocated to and earnings from wage, and separately, _ganyu_ employment.<sup>13</sup> For now, we do not distinguish within the IHS4 between self-reporting respondents and respondents-by-proxy, although we do discuss proxy issues in the IHS4 later on. This is because the survey setting of the panel sample not only differs in terms of self-reporting but also in interviewing the respondents separately in absence of other household members, as explained above.

Table 2 shows that in the IHS4, all activities have the same or lower participation rates as compared to the IHPS, with the exception of activities in agriculture (any crop work — as well as men’s crop work strictly for household consumption). The distinction between crop production intended mainly for sale — versus all for household consumption/subsistence agriculture — was added to better understand how the survey approach affects the measurement of crop employment under the

> 13 Additional results including zeroes for the non-employed (i.e. unconditional sample) are available upon request. There were more significant differences in the unconditional sample owing to differences in participation across the two surveys. For weekly hours, we assume that no one can work more than 12 hours per day during the past seven days such that weekly hours are capped at 84 hours. We replace missing values with the median value of weekly hours within the enumeration area (EA) and take the logarithm conditional on participation. Annual hours are calculated based on the average number of hours per week spent on wage employment multiplied with the average number of weeks per month and the total number of months during the last 12 months. For _ganyu_ employment, we do not have data on the number of hours per week, so we assume an average of six hours per day multiplied with the number of days per week spent on _ganyu_ . We replace unrealistically high values with a maximum of 4,368 hours as we assume that no one can work more than 12 hours per day all year round. Annual earnings represent net income and are derived from all cash and in-kind remuneration that a worker received during the past 12 months. We winsorize earnings at top 1 percent; replace missing values with the median value within the enumeration area; and take the logarithm conditional on employment.

8