Gille 16

**Table 5.** Impact for Wheat and Rice

|**Dependent variable:**|||**Agricultural**|**production**|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Groups:**|**C**|**aste**|**Caste &**|**Occup**|**Jati &**|**Occup**|
||**(1)**|**(2)**|**(3)**|**(4)**|**(5)**|**(6)**|
|_Crop: WHEAT_|||||||
|Head education level|0.0013|0.00076|0.00061|0.000036|−0.00098|−0.0014|
||(0.0042)|(0.0040)|(0.0043)|(0.0040)|(0.0051)|(0.0051)|
|Group mean education level|0.040<sup>** </sup>|0.048<sup>** </sup>|0.041<sup>*</sup>|0.025|0.030<sup>** </sup>|0.032<sup>** </sup>|
||(0.019)|(0.021)|(0.021)|(0.019)|(0.013)|(0.014)|
|Other group mean education level|−0.0010|−0.012|0.0025|0.026<sup>**</sup>|0.0013|−0.0010|
||(0.014)|(0.014)|(0.010)|(0.012)|(0.011)|(0.011)|
|Observations|1165|1165|1165|1165|872|872|
|_R_<sup>2</sup>|0.845|0.852|0.846|0.854|0.845|0.846|
|_Crop: RICE_|||||||
|Head education level|0.0079<sup>***</sup>|0.0085<sup>***</sup>|0.0085<sup>***</sup>|0.0090<sup>***</sup>|0.0094<sup>*** </sup>|0.010<sup>*** </sup>|
||(0.0029)|(0.0028)|(0.0030)|(0.0029)|(0.0032)|(0.0032)|
|Group mean education level|0.0037|0.0070|−0.00054|0.000025|−0.0068|−0.0052|
||(0.011)|(0.011)|(0.013)|(0.015)|(0.0093)|(0.0088)|
|Other group mean education level|0.013|0.013|0.0028|0.0018|−0.0044|−0.00096|
||(0.0095)|(0.011)|(0.013)|(0.015)|(0.0098)|(0.0080)|
|Observations|1362|1362|1362|1362|1110|1110|
|_R_<sup>2</sup>|0.849|0.851|0.848|0.850|0.841|0.845|
|HH controls|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Agr. controls|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Group controls|No|Yes|No|Yes|No|Yes|
|Controls for other group|No|Yes|No|Yes|No|Yes|

_Source_ : Author’s analysis based on the 2006 round of the Additional Rural Incomes Survey and Rural Economic & Demographic Survey (ARIS-REDS) from the National Council of Applied Economic Research. _Note_ :<sup>*</sup> _p <_ 0.1,<sup>**</sup> _p <_ 0.05,<sup>***</sup> _p <_ 0.01. Robust standard errors clustered at the village level are reported in parentheses. The coefficients on the household controls (demographic and farm characteristics) are reported in table S1.1 in the supplementary appendix S1. Group controls and controls for other groups include the number of individuals in each group (in log) and the mean value for the demographic characteristics in each group.

supplementary appendix S1. The specification used is the baseline specification with state dummies, and the table reports the results with and without controls at the group and other-group levels. In columns 1 and 2 the level of aggregation is the caste level, in columns 3 and 4 it is the caste × occupation level and in columns 5 and 6 it is the jati × occupation level.

The impact of neighbors’ education is very different for wheat and rice. For wheat, the impact is large and similar to what was previously measured, and there is no impact of the education of the head of household. On the contrary, for rice there is no impact of the education level of members from the same group, but there is a strong and significant impact of the education of the head of household. These results are in line with Munshi (2004), who finds that there is learning from neighbors for wheat, but that rice growers experiment more on their own land to compensate for the lack of learning. This heterogeneity of impact across crops therefore provides additional evidence that the positive impact of neighbors’ education is likely to be a spillover effect.<sup>13</sup>

> 13 For the sample of households that cultivate both rice and wheat, there is a positive effect of members from the same group on both crops. This may be due to the fact that households that cultivate both crops are different from households that cultivate only rice or wheat or that households that cultivate rice in addition to wheat benefit from spillovers from wheat cultivation.