**Table** **<u>8: Empowerment regressions with jati identifiers interacted with per capita monthly consumption expenditure (exp.), Bihar</u>**

||||Inp|ut:|||Mobili|ty:||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Employed|Durables|Tuition|Livelihood|Politics|Store|Health center|<br>Friend|Bank|
|**Panel (a): SC-ST Jatis**||||||||||
|SC: Chamar x exp|0.129**|0.00700|-0.131**|0.0445|-0.0615|-0.0257|-0.00361|0.00937|0.0387|
||(2.94)|(0.24)|(-2.83)|(0.91)|(-1.29)|(-0.49)|(-0.12)|(0.59)|(0.77)|
|SC: Dobha x exp|-0.139|0.0899|0.177*|0.0195|-0.216|0.00440|0.0104|-0.0383|0.139|
||(-1.52)|(1.39)|(1.98)|(0.19)|(-1.90)|(0.03)|(0.28)|(-0.83)|(1.16)|
|SC: Dushad x exp|0.115*|-0.0263|0.0214|-0.0164|-0.0227|0.0402|0.0422|-0.0302|0.0648|
||(2.32)|(-0.73)|(0.41)|(-0.29)|(-0.43)|(0.72)|(1.16)|(-1.07)|(1.14)|
|SC: Musahar x exp|0.106*|-0.0159|-0.0775|-0.0274|-0.0212|0.0766|-0.0577|-0.00331|0.0263|
||(2.42)|(-0.36)|(-1.42)|(-0.52)|(-0.37)|(1.41)|(-1.28)|(-0.12)|(0.52)|
|SC: Sardar x exp|-0.0661|0.0443|-0.0493|0.0115|-0.137|0.0430|0.00305|0.0670|0.159|
||(-0.54)|(0.56)|(-0.48)|(0.10)|(-1.36)|(0.29)|(0.06)|(1.32)|(1.14)|
|SC: Others x exp|0.143|-0.130|-0.0604|-0.0131|-0.257*|0.186|-0.0142|-0.0348|0.0811|
||(1.26)|(-1.13)|(-0.47)|(-0.11)|(-2.02)|(1.52)|(-0.13)|(-0.43)|(0.55)|
|ST x exp|0.496**|0.223|-0.0175|0.192|-0.190|0.152|-0.0131|0.157|-0.437|
||(2.69)|(1.02)|(-0.07)|(0.78)|(-0.82)|(0.59)|(-0.06)|(1.37)|(-1.81)|
|Observations|12584|8637|8637|8637|8637|8637|8637|8637|8637|
|Adjusted R-squared|0.301|0.087|0.124|0.116|0.136|0.204|0.090|0.023|0.088|
|**Panel (b): Non-SC Jatis**||||||||||
|OBC: Dhanuk x exp|-0.0148|0.0495|0.117|-0.162|0.0608|0.112|-0.168|0.0357|-0.266*|
||(-0.09)|(0.43)|(0.82)|(-0.90)|(0.35)|(0.53)|(-0.90)|(0.89)|(-2.06)|
|OBC: Kurmi x exp|0.126|-0.0133|0.134|0.0698|0.216*|0.0532|0.0730|0.0272|-0.274*|
||(1.39)|(-0.32)|(1.61)|(0.65)|(2.31)|(0.44)|(1.20)|(1.23)|(-2.27)|
|OBC: Yadav x exp|-0.0858|-0.0121|0.0245|0.101|0.0552|-0.0246|0.0296|0.00520|0.0217|
||(-1.45)|(-0.28)|(0.44)|(1.70)|(1.00)|(-0.31)|(0.67)|(0.17)|(0.32)|
|OBC: Other x exp|-0.0518|0.0229|0.0958|0.0187|0.117*|-0.0298|0.0377|0.0252|-0.117|
||(-0.98)|(0.55)|(1.78)|(0.30)|(2.06)|(-0.46)|(0.97)|(1.08)|(-1.92)|
|EBC x exp|0.00208|-0.0947|-0.0640|-0.153|0.0826|-0.0156|-0.0103|-0.0447|0.0905|
||(0.03)|(-1.42)|(-0.82)|(-1.83)|(1.11)|(-0.20)|(-0.22)|(-0.97)|(0.95)|
|FC: Brahmin x exp|-0.128|0.0276|0.0628|0.0246|0.0337|0.105|-0.0181|-0.0165|-0.0613|
||(-1.14)|(0.41)|(0.56)|(0.18)|(0.30)|(0.84)|(-0.26)|(-0.31)|(-0.53)|
|FC: Rajput x exp|-0.271**|0.0735|0.220***|0.253**|-0.0167|0.0827|0.0190|0.0213|-0.114|
||(-3.18)|(1.67)|(3.66)|(2.68)|(-0.16)|(0.58)|(0.40)|(0.65)|(-1.01)|
|FC: Others x exp|0.0125|-0.0951|-0.249|-0.532**|-0.289|-0.0625|-0.180|0.124|0.00479|
||(0.06)|(-0.81)|(-1.08)|(-2.80)|(-1.33)|(-0.26)|(-1.14)|(1.35)|(0.03)|
|Muslims x exp|-0.0645|0.0693|0.0516|-0.0878|-0.0320|0.0270|-0.0799|-0.0191|-0.0237|
||(-0.81)|(1.19)|(0.55)|(-0.81)|(-0.32)|(0.28)|(-1.12)|(-0.43)|(-0.26)|
|Observations|12584|8637|8637|8637|8637|8637|8637|8637|8637|
|Adjusted R-squared|0.303|0.086|0.122|0.119|0.135|0.207|0.090|0.023|0.087|

Notes: (1) Source: Authors' calculations based on data collected by Social Observatory, World Bank and Government of Bihar. (2) In panel (a), Non-SC jatis are the excluded group while in Panel (b), SCs are the excluded group. (3) Each column represents a separate regression wherein an `empowerment indicator’ is regressed on variables that are reported as well as additional controls: age, age squared, marital status of the woman, age at marriage, and a dummy variable for some schooling of the female respondent; a dummy variable for whether it is female-headed household, per-capital expenditure, per-capita expenditure squared, landholdings, education of the household head, number of members in the household and panchayat level fixed-effects. The female employment is run for all female adults in the sample (individual level). (4) We report robust standard errors in the brackets. (5) We report the level of significance: * p value < .05 , ** p value < .01 and *** p value < .001.

35