the **IHS4** , an adult household member is tagged as a reported owner if he/she is listed by the most <u>knowledgeable household member(s) as a reported owner for at least 1 agricultural parcel. All</u> indicators of interest are dichotomous in nature, and separate versions capturing exclusive versus joint ownership/rights are too part of our analysis, as detailed below. And although the IHS4 and the IHPS included parcel-level questions on documented ownership, only 1 percent of men and women across both surveys responded that they were documented owners of any agricultural parcel.<sup>21</sup> Furthermore, different combinations of ownership and rights are possible, although Figure 1 shows that individuals are either likely to have both reported and economic ownership over any parcel, or neither — as opposed to having reported (but not economic) ownership or vice-versa. Similarly, individuals with reported/economic ownership for the most part either had rights to both sell and bequeath land, or rights to neither, although about 10-12 percent of men and women reported rights to bequeath, but not sell a parcel, across both survey approaches. In separate tabulations, less than 1 percent of individuals were tagged as having the right to sell/bequeath in either survey if they were not either reported or economic owners of any parcel. Thus, even though the business-asusual approach in the IHS4, as discussed earlier, allowed for reporting of rights independent of ownership, this difference across surveys does not appear to matter. In separate results, the share of men and women with all ownership and rights — reported and economic, as well as rights to bequeath and sell — was actually quite similar across the survey approaches. For T1/IHS4, 19 percent of men and women had all types of ownership/rights; this figure was 23 percent for men and women in T5/IHPS.

Table 2 presents summary statistics on variables capturing exclusive versus joint ownership and rights, along with a dichotomous variable, namely _SDG_ Owner, based on the definition of the SDG indicator 5.a.1. The latter takes the value one if the individual is a documented owner, has the right to sell, or has the right to bequeath related to any parcel that the individual interview targets in each given household could have reported on. Means of ownership/rights are broken out by women and men overall, as well as women heads/non-heads of household.<sup>22</sup> Adjusted Wald tests for equality of means were also conducted across survey approaches, within the samples of women/men, with significant differences indicated in bold. Columns (9)-(12) conduct the same test on whether differences across men and women, within each survey, are statistically significant (indicated by asterisks).

> 21 Individuals, within or outside the household, who were reported to be listed on a given ownership document, if any, were identified uniquely on the questionnaire, and the enumerators requested to see the referenced ownership document to cross-check the reporting regarding the documented owners. Although our definition of documented ownership does not hinge on whether the ownership document was cross-checked, it is important to note that conditional on reporting regarding documented ownership, the respondents produced the ownership document for the enumerator less than 40 percent of the time.

> 22 As compared to women where there was greater diversity in household status by head, spouse, or other household members, nearly all of men reporting ownership were household heads; we discuss implications of this further below.

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