|||energy may be saved in a year, which is equivalent to<br>€3,686 per year or 6.6 ton of oil equivalent per year.|
|---|---|---|
|Arriola-Medellín et al.<br>(2019)|An energy management<br>system is applied to the<br>oil and gas processing<br>center in Mexico.|Investment in EE at the oil and gas processing center<br>reduced the consumption of natural gas and electricity<br>consumption by 75% and 98%, respectively.|
|Shapiro & Walker<br>(2018)|Statistical decomposition<br>is applied to the<br>manufacturing industry in<br>the United States from<br>1990 to 2008.|Overall, between 1990 and 2008, air pollution emissions<br>from US manufacturing fell by 60% despite a substantial<br>increase in manufacturing output mainly due to changes in<br>environmental regulation (pollution tax) rather than<br>changes in productivity or the composition of products<br>produced (trade).|
|Zhu et al. (2018)|A global data<br>envelopment analysis<br>(DEA) is applied to the<br>mining& quarrying<br>industry in China from<br>1991 to 2014.|The TFP of China's mining & quarrying industry<br>increased by 71.7%. Technological progress was the most<br>important contributor, and the decline in scale efficiency<br>and management efficiency were the two inhibitors.<br>However, the green TFP growth and the returns to scale of<br>the sub-sectors within the industry are mixed.|
|Wurlod & Noailly<br>(2018)|A trans-log cost function<br>and decomposition<br>analysis are applied to a<br>set of 14 industrial sectors<br>in 17 OECD countries for<br>1975-2005.|Green innovation contributed to the decline in EI in most<br>sectors. The median elasticity of EI to green patenting is<br>estimated at −0.03, i.e., a 1% increase in green patenting<br>activities in a given sector is associated with a 0.03%<br>decline in EI. Overall, half of the decrease in EI is related<br>to changes in input prices and a half to changes in<br>production technologies.|
|Xylia et al. (2017)|A cost-benefit analysis is<br>applied to Swedish<br>energy-intensive<br>industries.|The benefit-to-cost ratio of the impact of implementing EE<br>obligation scheme for Swedish energy-intensive industries<br>ranges from 1.56 to 2.17 and the break-even cost ranges<br>from 83.3 to 86.9 Euro per MWh. The estimated annual<br>energy savings potential is 1.25 TWh per year.|
|Morrow III et al.<br>(2013)|A bottom-up energy<br>conservation supply<br>curves model is applied to<br>the Indian cement<br>industry for 2010-2030.|The cumulative cost-effective plant-level electricity<br>savings potential for the Indian cement industry for 2010-<br>2030 is estimated to be 83 TWh, and the cumulative plant-<br>level technical electricity saving potential is 89 TWh<br>during the same period.|

# **4.2 Transportation sector**

It is not straightforward to measure productivity in the transportation sector because of the mixed ownership of vehicles between households and businesses. Automobiles (e.g., cars, SUVs, motorcycles, small trucks) are usually owned by private households, whereas bigger vehicles (e.g., busses, big trucks) are owned by private companies or government utilities. In this study, we use the costs of providing transportation services as an indicator to compare the economics of road 20