# **C. Integrity of the experiment**

**Table C.1:** Baseline Balance

||(1)<br>|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Control<br>Mean|CM|NFA|Difference|N|
|_Village characteristics_||||||
|Motorable road|0.891<br>|_−_0.009<br>|0.005<br>|_−_0.014<br>|503|
||(0.313)|(0.036)|(0.035)|(0.035)||
|Mobile phone coverage|0.812|0.058|0.096|_−_0.038|504|
||(0.392)|(0.044)|(0.041)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|(0.037)||
|Distance to the closest clinic|1.362|_−_0.204|0.338|_−_0.542|504|
||(2.217)|(0.329)|(0.481)|(0.463)||
|Travel cost to closest clinic|94.225|_−_24.273|_−_24.389|0.116|503|
||(869.677)|(72.811)|(74.502)|(65.453)||
|_Household characteristics and questions to househ_|_old head_|||||
|Household size|3.369<br>|_−_0.061<br>|0.007<br>|_−_0.068<br>|4774|
||(2.979)|(0.056)|(0.058)|(0.059)||
|Number of illness or injury cases per household|0.054|_−_0.039|_−_0.026|_−_0.013|4774|
||(0.237)|(0.011)<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|(0.012)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|(0.013)||
|Birth in household last year|0.157|_−_0.028|0.009|_−_0.037|2127|
||(0.363)|(0.014)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|(0.015)|(0.014)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>||
|Child under 2 in household|0.230|_−_0.013|0.027|_−_0.040|2126|
||(0.421)|(0.018)|(0.018)|(0.018)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>||
|Prominent village member in household|0.042|_−_0.007|_−_0.002|_−_0.005|2090|
||(0.200)|(0.010)|(0.010)|(0.009)||
|Believes doctor’s advice|0.995|0.000|_−_0.007|0.007|1977|
||(0.072)|(0.004)|(0.005)|(0.004)<sup>_∗_</sup>||
|Health care fees unaffordable|2.307<br>|0.023<br>|0.030<br>|_−_0.007<br>|2057|
||(0.784)|(0.045)|(0.050)|(0.046)||
|Trust in the community|1.856|_−_0.032|_−_0.010|_−_0.021|2127|
||(0.663)|(0.051)|(0.049)|(0.052)||
|Community cohesion|2.420|_−_0.018|0.009|_−_0.026|2122|
||(0.610)|(0.034)|(0.036)|(0.035)||
|Believe VHC members represent your interest|2.743|0.094|0.159|_−_0.066|984|
||(1.061)|(0.107)|(0.122)|(0.104)||
|The VHC can be trusted|2.453|_−_0.171|_−_0.089|_−_0.083|1148|
||(0.967)|(0.103)<sup>_∗_</sup>|(0.106)|(0.101)||
|_Individual characteristics_||||||
|Muslim|0.854|_−_0.037|_−_0.017|_−_0.021|9761|
||(0.353)|(0.026)|(0.026)|(0.029)||
|Mende (Ethnicity)|0.418|_−_0.019|_−_0.005|_−_0.014|9759|
||(0.493)|(0.012)|(0.012)|(0.011)||
|Temne (Ethnicity)|0.348|0.023|0.078|_−_0.055|9759|
||(0.476)|(0.039)|(0.036)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|(0.035)||
|Highest level of education|2.920|_−_0.013|0.256|_−_0.269|9734|
||(4.203)|(0.124)|(0.134)<sup>_∗_</sup>|(0.136)<sup>_∗∗_</sup>||

_Notes:_ This table illustrates the baseline balance across the three treatment arms (control, community monitoring and non-financial awards) among households surveyed in both waves. Column (1) shows the characteristics of the control group at baseline (mean and standard deviation). Columns (2) and (3) indicate the regression coefficients and standard errors of the CM and NFA treatment arms compared to the control group. Column (4) compares the two treatment arms. Household size and number of illness or injury cases per household contain a larger number of observations relative to other household level characteristics because these measures were also collected in the shorter user feedback survey discussed in Section 3.1.1. Significance: * is significant at the 10% level, ** is significant at the 5% level and *** is significant at the 1% level.

A14