|Author (Year)|Study Type & Location|Participants|Diet Assessed|Nutrition, health<br>outcomes assessed|Key fndings|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Hypertension.outc|omes|||||
|Chen et al. (2022)|SRM of 55 prospective<br>cohort studies, 1 from the<br>Islamic Republic of Iran, 1<br>of 21 LMIC countries|included cohorts<br>between 337 and<br>409,885 adult<br>participants|Dairy consumption,<br>highest compared with<br>lowest level of intake|risk of hypertension|Total dairy consumption was<br>associated with a moderately lower<br>risk of hypertension (RR 0.91, 95% CI:<br>0.86, 0.95); RR for 1-serving/d<br>increase: 0.96,95% CI: 0.94,0.97)<br>|
|M. Wang et al.<br>(2022)|SRM of 9 studies (5 cross-<br>sectional, 4 cohort),<br>includes 2 from Brazil, 1<br>from Mexico, 1 from<br>Lebanon|Adults≥18<br>(n=111,594)|UPFconsumption|hypertension|higher UPFs consumption signifcantly<br>increased the risk of hypertension (OR<br>1.23; 95% CI 1.11, 1.37)|
|Cowell et al.<br>(2021)|SRM of 35 studies (19 RCTs,<br>14 cross-sectional, 2<br>prospective)|Adults≥18<br>n=59,001|Mediterranean diet,<br>higher vs lower<br>adherence|hypertension|Odds of hypertension were 13% lower<br>with higher versus lower MedDiet<br>adherence(OR 0.87,0.78,0.98)|
|Riaz et al. (2021)|SRM of 37 studies (3- cross-<br>sectional, 7 case-control),<br>all in Pakistan|Adults, children,<br>adolescents 5-<br>80y<br>n=99,391|unrestricted salt in their<br>diet(n=3)|hypertension|Individuals having unrestricted salt in<br>their diet were less likely to have<br>hypertension (OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.12,<br>0.47)|
|Filippini et al.<br>(2022)|SRM of 11 cohort studies,<br>includes 1 from China, rest<br>HICs|Adults 18-75 y|Sodium intake(3 studies<br>used dietary recall, 8<br>estimated based on<br>urinaryexcretion)|hypertension|Excess risk of hypertension found from<br>an exposure of≥3 g/day: 4 g/day (RR<br>1.04; 95% CI 0.96, 1.13) and 6 g/day<br>(RR 1.21;1.06,1.37)|
|Schwingshackl et<br>al. (2017)|SRM of 28 studies, includes<br>1 from the Islamic Republic<br>of Iran|Adults >20y|Various food groups(12:<br>whole grains, refned<br>grains, vegetables, fruits,<br>nuts, legumes, eggs,<br>dairy, fsh, red meat,<br>processed meat, and<br>SSB)|Hypertension|An inverse association with risk of<br>hypertension was observed for 30 g<br>whole grains/d (RR 0.92; 95% CI 0.87,<br>0.98), 100 g fruits/d (RR 0.97; 0.96,<br>0.99), 28 g nuts/d (RR 0.70; 0.45, 1.08),<br>and 200 g dairy/d (RR 0.95; 0.94, 0.97),<br>and a positive association for 100 g red<br>meat/d (RR 1.14; 1.02, 1.28), 50 g<br>processed meat/d (RR 1.12; 1.00,<br>1.26), and 250 mL SSB/d (RR 1.07;<br>1.04,1.10)|

Abbreviations: 24HR 24-hour recall; ASF animal source foods; BFP body fat percentage; BMI body mass index; BP blood pressure; CI confidence interval; FFQ food frequency questionnaire; F&V fruit and vegetable; HIC high-income country; LMIC low and middle-income country; OR odds ratio; OWOB overweight and obesity; RR relative risk; SSB sugar-sweetened beverages; SRM systematic review and meta-analysis; T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus; UPF ultra processed food; WC waist circumference; WMD weighted mean difference † Study also included in Table 6 for children 5+ y due to age range of participants.

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