Table A1: IEC Slopes by Country

|**Country**|**Ma**<br>(1)|**in**<br>(2)|**Geog**<br>(3)|**raphy**<br>(4)|(5)|**Produc**<br>(6)|**t Codes**<br>(7)|(8)|**All**<br>(9)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Benin|3.31|3.61|3.18|4.54|0.92|1.49|1.36|1.03|1.26|
|Bolivia|(0.15)<br>977|(0.16)<br>1143|(0.16)<br>899|(0.22)<br>722|(0.16)<br>571|(0.11)<br>487|(0.10)<br>513|(0.10)<br>293|(0.15)<br>274|
||.<br>(0.29)|.<br>(0.33)|.<br>(0.38)|.<br>(0.44)|.<br>(0.29)|.<br>(0.19)|.<br>(0.18)|.<br>(0.16)|.<br>(0.25)|
|Brazil|7.60|7.98|7.07|6.41|7.50|7.15|7.79|8.11|6.64|
||(0.15)<br>|(0.17)<br>|(0.17)<br>|(0.18)<br>|(0.16)<br>|(0.16)<br>|(0.15)<br>|(0.13)<br>|(0.14)<br>|
|Burkina Faso|9.71|10.56|7.58|6.89|7.97|5.20|4.92|3.73|2.39|
||(0.30)<br>|(0.32)<br>|(0.30)<br>|(0.32)<br>|(0.28)<br>|(0.19)<br>|(0.18)<br>|(0.17)<br>|(0.19)<br>|
|Burundi|1.89<br>(0.16)|2.35<br>(0.17)|1.44<br>(0.17)|0.80<br>(0.18)|0.83<br>(0.17)|1.54<br>(0.12)|1.20<br>(0.10)|0.84<br>(0.10)|0.33<br>(0.12)|
|Cameroon|821|935|713|581|572|430|461|455|288|
||.<br>(0.13)|.<br>(0.14)|.<br>(0.16)|.<br>(0.22)|.<br>(0.13)|.<br>(0.12)|.<br>(0.10)|.<br>(0.09)|.<br>(0.13)|
|Chad|5.72|6.21|4.54|3.10|3.35|2.37|2.29|2.23|0.90|
||(0.29)<br>|(0.30)<br>|(0.30)<br>|(0.37)<br>|(0.25)<br>|(0.19)<br>|(0.16)<br>|(0.15)<br>|(0.22)<br>|
|Chile|0.97|0.91|0.91|0.03|0.00|0.00|0.00|0.00|0.00|
||(0.21)|(0.23)|(0.23)|(0.25)|(0.21)|(0.18)|(0.17)|(0.16)|(0.18)|
|Colombia|9.76<br>|10.52<br>|10.56<br>|8.32<br>|5.31<br>|6.51<br>|4.28<br>|3.22<br>|3.37<br>|
|Comoros|(0.23)<br>9.54<br>058|(0.25)<br>11.65<br>071|(0.26)<br>11.08<br>074|(0.28)<br>8.84<br>082|(0.22)<br>7.28<br>058|(0.21)<br>6.95<br>047|(0.20)<br>6.16<br>042|(0.17)<br>5.93<br>037|(0.19)<br>4.42<br>056|
||(.)<br>|(.)<br>|(.)<br>|(.)<br>|(.)<br>|(.)<br>|(.)<br>|(.)<br>|(.)<br>|
|CongoDRC|2.04|2.76|1.62|2.66|2.34|2.36|2.17|1.99|1.51|
||(015)|(017)|(014)|(020)|(015)|(014)|(013)|(010)|(016)|
|Congo Rep|.<br>4.21<br>|.<br>5.62<br>|.<br>4.13<br>|.<br>7.06<br>|.<br>4.22<br>|.<br>4.01<br>|.<br>3.96<br>|.<br>2.97<br>|.<br>2.78<br>|
||(0.32)|(0.33)|(0.33)|(0.43)|(0.27)|(0.22)|(0.18)|(0.16)|(0.25)|
|Costa Rica|722|860|772|595|725|844|1060|1069|884|
|<br>Dominican Rep|.<br>(0.35)<br>14.39|.<br>(0.37)<br>14.89|.<br>(0.38)<br>14.48|.<br>(0.45)<br>11.78|.<br>(0.35)<br>5.70|.<br>(0.33)<br>4.76|.<br>(0.30)<br>4.57|.<br>(0.25)<br>3.52|.<br>(0.30)<br>2.36|
||(031)|(035)|(035)|(042)|(028)|(027)|(026)|(023)|(025)|
|Ecuador|.<br>19.11|.<br>20.90|.<br>19.11|.<br>16.57|.<br>13.02|.<br>12.22|.<br>11.92|.<br>12.34|.<br>9.46|
||(0.18)|(0.19)|(0.21)|(0.21)|(0.16)|(0.15)|(0.14)|(0.12)|(0.13)|
|Etii|1164|1238|1155|1256|1017|1047|1089|1005|988|
|swan|.<br>(0.51)|.<br>(0.62)|.<br>(0.67)|.<br>(0.65)|.<br>(0.55)|.<br>(0.51)|.<br>(0.54)|.<br>(0.50)|.<br>(0.51)|
|Mexico|12.01|13.57|11.51|9.83|9.14|9.33|9.70|10.39|7.09|
||(0.20)<br>|(0.23)<br>|(0.24)<br>|(0.25)<br>|(0.22)<br>|(0.20)<br>|(0.20)<br>|(0.16)<br>|(0.19)<br>|
|Montenegro|18.16|18.88|16.04|16.60|14.61|15.83|15.91|14.23|12.52|
||(0.84)<br>|(0.94)<br>|(0.97)<br>|(1.11)<br>|(0.79)<br>|(0.68)<br>|(0.67)<br>|(0.53)<br>|(0.59)<br>|
|Morocco|16.85<br>|18.11<br>|14.05<br>|12.09<br>|12.35<br>|10.57<br>|4.34<br>|2.14<br>|0.00<br>|
||(0.21)|(0.22)|(0.23)|(0.27)|(0.19)|(0.18)|(0.21)|(0.25)|(0.28)|
|Mozambiue|967|1128|883|930|943|659|523|366|274|
|q|.<br>(0.37)|.<br>(0.39)|.<br>(0.40)|.<br>(0.44)|.<br>(0.33)|.<br>(0.29)|.<br>(0.27)|.<br>(0.23)|.<br>(0.29)|
|Niger|3.90|4.66|3.68|4.29|2.62|0.25|0.34|0.20|0.61|
||(0.34)<br>|(0.37)<br>|(0.41)<br>|(0.40)<br>|(0.31)<br>|(0.25)<br>|(0.24)<br>|(0.23)<br>|(0.26)<br>|
|Papua New Guinea|8.59|9.35|7.14|7.36|8.10|6.88|6.40|4.24|3.06|
|P|(0.49)<br>1804|(0.49)<br>1892|(0.50)<br>1604|(0.52)<br>1259|(0.43)<br>931|(0.40)<br>926|(0.38)<br>941|(0.30)<br>789|(0.32)<br>415|
|eru|.<br>(0.20)|.<br>(0.22)|.<br>(0.23)|.<br>(0.27)|.<br>(0.16)|.<br>(0.16)|.<br>(0.16)|.<br>(0.12)|.<br>(0.16)|
|Rwanda|9.90|10.61|8.68|9.75|9.04|5.23|2.14|0.97|0.09|
||(0.19)<br>|(0.20)<br>|(0.20)<br>|(0.25)<br>|(0.18)<br>|(0.12)<br>|(0.08)<br>|(0.08)<br>|(0.09)<br>|
|Sao Tome|4.66|5.23|5.26|5.06|3.50|2.64|2.46|1.84|1.84|
||(0.48)<br>|(0.56)<br>|(0.57)<br>|(0.58)<br>|(0.48)<br>|(0.44)<br>|(0.43)<br>|(0.37)<br>|(0.38)<br>|
|Senegal|15.20<br>(0.67)|12.19<br>(0.74)|12.19<br>(0.74)|11.56<br>(0.84)|6.57<br>(0.63)|7.39<br>(0.59)|5.53<br>(0.57)|4.83<br>(0.56)|4.47<br>(0.65)|
|Serbia|2091|2424|2274|2303|1367|1048|950|948|847|
||.<br>(0.58)|.<br>(0.58)|.<br>(0.56)|.<br>(0.56)|.<br>(0.51)|.<br>(0.49)|.<br>(0.47)|.<br>(0.29)|.<br>(0.29)|
|South Africa|7.50|8.69|7.78|7.29|6.78|6.49|7.69|7.59|6.92|
||(012)|(014)|(015)|(018)|(013)|(012)|(010)|(008)|(011)|
|Tanzania|.<br>8.47|.<br>7.52|.<br>7.26|.<br>4.88|.<br>3.18|.<br>1.03|.<br>1.11|.<br>2.11|.<br>0.80|
||(0.20)|(0.20)|(0.20)|(0.27)|(0.19)|(0.15)|(0.14)|(0.11)|(0.15)|
|Tunisia|13.68<br>|12.98<br>|10.72<br>|9.05<br>|10.18<br>|12.97<br>|17.60<br>|14.57<br>|13.03<br>|
||(0.15)|(0.17)|(0.18)|(0.21)|(0.16)|(0.12)|(0.15)|(0.26)|(0.29)|
|Uruguay|11.57<br>|11.73<br>|11.65<br>|10.87<br>|8.18<br>|8.48<br>|8.96<br>|9.31<br>|8.36<br>|
||(0.25)|(0.27)|(0.28)|(0.32)|(0.24)|(0.22)|(0.22)|(0.19)|(0.21)|
|All Countries(Mean)|9.8|10.6|9.2|8.5|6.9|6.3|6.1|5.4|4.3|
|<br>Household Characteristics<br>Urban/Rural||X|X<br>X|X|X|X|X|X|X|
|Survey Blocks<br>||||X|||||X|
|Food Products|||||X|||X||
|COICOP 2-dig<br>COICOP 3di||||||X|X|||
|-g<br>COICOP 4-dig||||||||X|X|

This table shows the average slope of the Informal Engel curve across countries for different specifications. The slopes are estimated from: _Share In f ormali_ = _β_ . _ln_ ( _expenditure pc_ ) _i_ + Γ _Xi_ + _εi_ , where the dependent variable is the informal expenditure share and the explanatory variable is the log expenditure pp. Controls include household characteristics (household size, age, gender, and education of head), geographic indicators (urban/rural and survey enumeration blocks), and product codes for food compared to the rest and at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th level of the United Nation’s COICOP classification.

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