**Economic sectors.** Following the scheme in Figure 4, we look now at mobility from agriculture to nonagriculture (industry and services) also considering unemployment and inactivity so as to have a complete set of transition flows. Table 4 presents the results for the four groups urban men, urban female, rural men and rural female. The largest flows are highlighted in grey by group.

Overall mobility has decreased for all groups between 2007 and 2011 (last row, Table 4). Men are more mobile than women in urban areas and the opposite is true for rural areas. The latter is mainly explained by the transitions between inactivity and agricultural activities in both directions. The top flows (highlighted in grey) are consistent across years for each group and they are all upwards, although they are very different across groups. In urban areas, the top flow for males is from unemployment to non-agricultural activities (industry and services) while it is from inactivity to non-agricultural activities for women. In rural areas, the top flow for men is from agricultural to non-agricultural activities while it is from inactivity to agricultural activity for women. Upwards flows account for over 50% of flows for all four groups but the rates are higher for men as compared to women for all four groups considered. All groups have done well but less well over time and men have done better than women.

**Table 4 – Transition flows between agriculture, non-agriculture and inactivity (% of total transitions)**

|||M|ale|Ur|ban|Fem|ale|||M|ale|Ru|ral|Fe|male||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||07/0<br>8|08/0<br>9|09/1<br>0|10/1<br>1|07/0<br>8|08/0<br>9|09/1<br>0|10/1<br>1|07/0<br>8|08/0<br>9|09/1<br>0|10/1<br>1|07/0<br>8|08/0<br>9|09/1<br>0|10/1<br>1|
|Agr-->Nagr|4|4|4|3|1|1|0|1|22|20|21|22|2|1|1|1|
|Agr-->In.|2|1|2|1|3|4|3|4|13|11|13|12|40|41|38|40|
|Agr-->Un|1|1|1|1|0|0|0|0|5|4|4|5|0|0|0|0|
|Nagr-->Agr|3|4|4|3|1|0|0|1|21|20|17|19|2|2|2|1|
|Nagr-->In.|14|16|15|16|25|26|25|25|2|4|3|4|4|4|4|3|
|Nagr-->Un|18|17|18|17|5|6|7|6|4|5|4|4|0|0|0|0|
|In.-->Agr|1|1|1|1|3|3|3|3|12|14|14|11|43|45|47|46|
|In.-->Nagr|16|16|15|16|27|27|28|28|5|5|5|5|5|3|5|4|
|In.-->Un|10|9|11|9|15|14|14|14|3|3|4|3|1|1|2|2|
|Un-->Agr|1|1|1|1|0|0|0|0|6|5|7|6|0|0|0|1|
|Un-->Nagr|24|24|22|26|7|7|8|6|5|6|8|7|0|0|1|0|
|Un-->In.|6|6|7|5|13|13|12|12|1|2|1|1|1|1|1|1|
|Total|100|100|100|100|100|100|100|100|100|100|100|100|100|100|100|100|
|_Upward_|_56_|_55_|_54_|_57_|_53_|_52_|_53_|_52_|_54_|_55_|_57_|_54_|_52_|_51_|_55_|_54_|
|_Total (% of_<br>_pop.)_|_17_|_16_|_16_|_15_|_12_|_11_|_11_|_11_|_22_|_20_|_19_|_19_|_26_|_23_|_22_|_22_|

Source: Authors’ estimations from LFSs 2007-2011. Agr.=Agriculture; Nagr.=Non agriculture; In=Inactive; Un.=Unemployed.

It is remarkable the little role played by industry in overall mobility. Flows into industry from all other sectors account for only 10% of total transitions for men and about 8% for women. The trends of these shares over the period 2007–2011 also seem to be declining, by about 1% for men and by 0.5% for women. Therefore, the core economic sector of the economy which includes manufacturing has not been able to pull significant amount of workers from other sectors or inactivity and unemployment.

Net quarterly upward transitions trends show that in urban areas males are always on the positive side with upward transitions dominating downward transitions in all quarters and all years. This is in contrast to female 12