11

**Table  2.** Within Villages: Caste and Cross-Caste  Effect

|**Dependant variable:**||**Agricultural**|**production**||
|---|---|---|---|---|
||**(1)**|**(2)**|**(3)**|**(4)**|
|_Specification 1: Baseline—State dummies_|||||
|Head education level|0.0025|0.0030|0.0036|0.0037<sup>*</sup>|
||(0.0023)|(0.0023)|(0.0022)|(0.0022)|
|Caste mean education level|0.055<sup>*** </sup>|0.061<sup>*** </sup>|0.048<sup>*** </sup>|0.044<sup>*** </sup>|
||(0.015)|(0.018)|(0.017)|(0.016)|
|Other castes mean education level|−0.0048|−0.0042|0.00098|0.0045|
||(0.014)|(0.014)|(0.014)|(0.015)|
|Observations|4405|4405|4405|4405|
|_R_<sup>2</sup>|0.82|0.82|0.82|0.82|
|_Specification 2: Instrument for head’s educ_|||||
|Head education level|0.0021|0.0026|0.0036|0.0037|
||(0.0030)|(0.0031)|(0.0030)|(0.0030)|
|Caste mean education level|0.055<sup>*** </sup>|0.061<sup>*** </sup>|0.048<sup>*** </sup>|0.044<sup>*** </sup>|
||(0.015)|(0.018)|(0.017)|(0.016)|
|Other castes mean education level|−0.0047|−0.0041|0.00098|0.0045|
||(0.014)|(0.014)|(0.013)|(0.015)|
|Observations|4405|4405|4405|4405|
|_R_<sup>2</sup>|0.82|0.82|0.82|0.82|
|F statistic (KP)|1949|1912|1906|1902|
|_Specification 3: District Dummies_|||||
|Head education level|0.0035<sup>*</sup>|0.0033<sup>*</sup>|0.0034<sup>*</sup>|0.0032<sup>*</sup>|
||(0.0018)|(0.0018)|(0.0018)|(0.0018)|
|Caste mean education level|0.029<sup>*** </sup>|0.028<sup>** </sup>|0.024<sup>** </sup>|0.020<sup>*</sup>|
||(0.010)|(0.012)|(0.012)|(0.011)|
|Other castes mean education level|−0.0015|−0.0014|−0.0026|0.0011|
||(0.011)|(0.011)|(0.011)|(0.011)|
|Observations|4309|4309|4309|4309|
|_R_<sup>2</sup>|0.87|0.87|0.87|0.87|
|_Specification 4: Panel 1982–2006—Household FE_|||||
|Head education level|0.00040|0.00095|0.00097|0.00065|
||(0.0062)|(0.0062)|(0.0061)|(0.0061)|
|Caste mean education level|0.045<sup>*** </sup>|0.043<sup>*** </sup>|0.047<sup>*** </sup>|0.028<sup>** </sup>|
||(0.012)|(0.013)|(0.013)|(0.012)|
|Other castes mean education level|−0.012|−0.014|−0.015|−0.0079|
||(0.010)|(0.010)|(0.010)|(0.0098)|
|Observations|1318|1318|1318|1318|
|_R_<sup>2</sup>|0.91|0.91|0.92|0.92|
|Household level controls|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Agricultural controls|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Group controls|No|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Control for other group|No|No|Yes|Yes|
|Additional group controls|No|No|No|Yes|

_Source_ : Author’s analysis based on the 1982 and 2006 rounds of the Additional Rural Incomes Survey and Rural Economic & Demographic Survey (ARIS-REDS) from the National Council of Applied Economic Research. _Note_ :<sup>*</sup> _p <_ 0.1,<sup>**</sup> _p <_ 0.05,<sup>***</sup> _p <_ 0.01. Robust standard errors clustered at the village level are reported in parentheses. The coefficients on the other controls are reported in table S1.1 in the supplementary appendix S1. The reference group is defined as individuals from the same caste. The other group refers to individuals from other castes. Group controls and controls for other groups include the number of individuals in each group (in log) and the mean value for the demographic characteristics in each group. Additional group controls include the average amount of land in each group and the amount of transfers within groups.