<!-- Start of picture text --> (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)<br>Oral math questions 0.42 0.11 0.21 0.16 0.25 0.18<br>(1.072) (1.114) (1.140) (1.128) (1.117) (1.124)<br>Reading 1.17 1.49 143 1.52 1.50 1.46<br>(1.093) (1.092) (1.073) (1.072) (1.056) (1.083)<br>Raven 0.66 079 0.73 0.62 0.71 0.69<br>(1.050) (1.094) (1.094) (1.109) (1.077) (1.109)<br>Digit Span 0.48 0.39 0.46 0.45 0.55 0.52<br>(0.757) (0.749) (0.758) (0.757) (0.737) (0.751)<br>Math (timed) 1.71 2.26** 2.22** 2.32"* 2.15** 2.24"*<br>(1.141) (1.078) (1.080) (1.086) (1.072) (1.071)<br>cESD 2.03***<br>(0.762)<br>Locus of Control -0.17<br>(0.984)<br>Self-esteem -0.06<br><!-- End of picture text -->

|Oralmathquestions|(1)<br>0.42|(2)<br>0.11|(3)<br>0.21|(4)<br>0.16|(5)<br>0.25|(6)<br>0.18|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||(1.072)|(1.114)|(1.140)|(1.128)|(1.117)|(1.124)|
|Reading|1.17|1.49|143|1.52|1.50|1.46|
||(1.093)|(1.092)|(1.073)|(1.072)|(1.056)|(1.083)|
|Raven|0.66<br>|079<br>|0.73<br>|0.62<br>|0.71<br>|0.69<br>|
||(1.050)|(1.094)|(1.094)|(1.109)|(1.077)|(1.109)|
|DigitSpan|0.48|0.39|0.46|0.45|0.55|0.52|
||(0.757)|(0.749)|(0.758)|(0.757)|(0.737)|(0.751)|
|Math (timed)|1.71|2.26**|2.22**|2.32"*|2.15**|2.24"*|
||(1.141)|(1.078)|(1.080)|(1.086)|(1.072)|(1.071)|
|cESD|2.03***||||||
||(0.762)||||||
|Locus of Control|-0.17||||||
||(0.984)||||||
|Self-esteem|-0.06||||||
||(0.702)||||||
|Causes ofpoverty|228°""||||||
||(0.836)||||||
|Attitudetowards change|0.03||||||
||(0.671)||||||
|Tenacity/Organiz|2.18°**||||||
||(0.762)||||||
|Metacog|0.43<br>||||||
||(0.747)||||||
|Optimism|0.69||||||
||(0.689)||||||
|Risk aversion|-0.68||||||
||(0.664)||||||
|Big 5 Agreeableness|0.96|1.93**|||||
||(0.785)|(0.766)|||||
|Big 5 Extraversion|0.32||1.20*||||
||(0.743)||(0.717)||||
|Big 5 Conscientiousness|-1.06<br>|||1.42**<br>|||
||(0.871)|||(0.657)|||
|Big 5 Neuroticism|0.90||||2.187%?||
||(0.682)||||(0.608)||
|Big<br>5Oppenness|-0.00|||||1.03|
||(0.764)|||||(0.761)|
|Other noncog|0.08||||||
||(0.697)||||||
|Intercrop/Compost|-0.07|0.24|-0.24|~0.24|-0.28|-0.22|
||(0.747)|(0.749)|(0.741)|(0.747)|(0.741)|(0.749)|
|Maize|0.49<br>|1.01<br>|1.13<br>|1.09<br>|0.91<br>|1.10<br>|
||(0.769)|(0.740)|(0.753)|(0.747)|(0.757)|(0.762)|
|Banana|0.58|0.68|0.47|0.46|0.44|0.54|
||(0.817)|(0.801)|(0.796)|(0.799)|(0.783)|(0.798)|
|Soya|0.09|-0.09|-0.02|-0.04|-0.06|-0.03|
||(0.759)|(0.762)|(0.768)|(0.767)|(0.758)|(0.765)|
|Fertilizer|0.38|0.90|0.89|0.92|0.94|0.91|
||(0.807)|(0.790)|(0.793)|(0.792)|(0.784)|(0.797)|
|Observations|900|902|902|902|902|902|
|R-squared|0.453|0.425|0.421|0.422|0.426|0.420|
|R2Adj.(w/ocontrols)|0.139|0.112|0.119|0.115|0.124|0.115|
|<br>F Test (Cog)|0.237||||||
|F Test (NonCog)|0.001||||||
|F Test (Tech)<br>TestNCdiff.|0,924<br>0.069||||||

<!-- Start of picture text --> (0.702)<br>Causes of poverty 228°""<br>(0.836)<br>Attitude towards change 0.03<br>(0.671)<br>Tenacity / Organiz 2.18°**<br>(0.762)<br>Metacog 0.43<br>(0.747)<br>Optimism 0.69<br>(0.689)<br>Risk aversion -0.68<br>(0.664)<br>Big 5 Agreeableness 0.96 1.93**<br>(0.785) (0.766)<br>Big 5 Extraversion 0.32 1.20*<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> (0.743) (0.717)<br>Big 5 Conscientiousness -1.06 1.42**<br>(0.871) (0.657)<br>Big 5 Neuroticism 0.90 2.187%?<br>(0.682) (0.608)<br>Big 5 Oppenness -0.00 1.03<br>(0.764) (0.761)<br>Other noncog 0.08<br>(0.697)<br>Intercrop /Compost -0.07 0.24 -0.24 ~0.24 -0.28 -0.22<br>(0.747) (0.749) (0.741) (0.747) (0.741) (0.749)<br>Maize 0.49 1.01 1.13 1.09 0.91 1.10<br>(0.769) (0.740) (0.753) (0.747) (0.757) (0.762)<br>Banana 0.58 0.68 0.47 0.46 0.44 0.54<br>(0.817) (0.801) (0.796) (0.799) (0.783) (0.798)<br><!-- End of picture text --> Note: Dependent variable is the average rank of maize yields calculated over the 4 seasons (short rain 14 to long rain 16). Controls include education, literacy, gender, age and age squared of the farmer, land and cattle ownership, size and quality of the house, household size, whether the farmer is the household head, household head’s gender, village fixed effects and enumerator-assignment fixed effects. Robust standard errors in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1