Russian service sector institutes of the share by sector of multinational ownership in the key services sectors;<sup>23</sup> (2) _Regions of Russia (2003)_ by Rosstat; and (3) the “BEEPS survey. Only the NOBUS survey provides data that allows us to estimate shares of multinational ownership by both region and sector. We thus start with our calculations based on the NOBUS information.

When found, however, that when we aggregate the NOBUS shares across oblasts or sectors, the other three sources of information show considerably higher foreign ownership shares than the NOBUS survey. We believe that the NOBUS survey estimates are too small, and adjust them. We adjusted our estimates from the NOBUS to be consistent with the estimates of the service sector institutes. The estimates of the service sector institutes are lower than those from the BEEPS or _Regions of Russia,_ and thus involve less adjustment of the NOBUS data _._ We employed least squares adjustment of the NOBUS data so that the weighted average over all of Russia in each sector is consistent with the national estimates we received from the specialist service sector research institutes in Russia. This process will give as a _structure_ of ownership based on the NOBUS survey, with the economy-wide average by sector determined by the national data. Results are presented in table 4.

# **Household Data**

Data for the households is taken from the NOBUS survey.<sup>24</sup> NOBUS is a cross section survey of Russian households, which was specially designed to measure the efficiency of the national social assistance programs by means of estimating the impact of social benefits and privileges on household welfare. The survey collects detailed information on household consumption and income, together with information on household demographics and labor market participation, access to health, education and social programs, and subjective perceptions of household welfare. The survey uses a random sample of 44,529 households and 117,209 people. The sample is statistically representative at the national level and at the regional level for 47 out of the 89 regions (oblasts, territories, etc.) of the Russian Federation,<sup>25</sup> where approximately 72 percent of the total population live. At the level of the federal okrug, a comparison of various characteristics from the NOBUS households with the national census, such as population by okrug, educational attainment, urban-rural decomposition, gender, decomposition, age profile and employment status, shows that the NOBUS survey is very close to the Russian census data

> 23 We thank the service sectors institutes in Russia mentioned above for these estimates.

> 24 In Rutherford and Tarr (2006a) we employed the Household Budget Survey of Rosstat. The Household Budget Survey, however, is not publicly available, and has much less information on the sources of household income. 25 The precision of statistical estimates across the regions will be lower than for Russia as the whole due to the smaller size of the sample in comparison with the national sample. In each of the 47 representative regions from 835 to 943 households were interviewed, except for Moskovskaya oblast, where 398 households were interviewed.

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