between SMEs and non‐SMEs. This is confirmed by the significant correlation between _large_ and the likelihood of reporting across most labor indicators (Table 14).

**Table 14: Labor indicators, regressions, Probit model**

|**GRI G4**<br>**Metric**|**GRI Indicator**|**_MNE_**|**p‐value**|<br>**_Large_**|**p‐value**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|G4‐LA1|Total number and rates of new employee hires and employee turnover by age group,<br>gender and region|‐0.152|0.246|0.249|0.175|
|G4‐LA5|Percentage of total workforce represented in formal joint management–worker health<br>and safety committees that help monitor and advise on occupational health and safety<br>programs|0.031|0.774|**0.426*****|<br>**0.009**|
|**G4‐LA8**|**Health and safety topics covered in formal agreements with trade unions**|**‐0.216***|**0.061**|**0.546*****|<br>**0.002**|
|G4‐LA9|Average hours of training per year per employee by gender, and by employee category|0.095|0.458|**0.719*****|<br>**0.000**|
|G4‐LA10|Programs for skills management and lifelong learning that support the continued<br>employability of employees and assist them in managing career endings|‐0.132|0.236|**0.690*****|<br>**0.000**|
|G4‐LA11|Percentage of employees receiving regular performance and career development<br>reviews, by gender and by employee category|0.020|0.854|**0.296***|**0.057**|
|G4‐LA12|Composition of governance bodies and breakdown of employees per employee<br>category according to gender, age group, minority group membership, and other<br>indicators of diversity|0.055|0.627|**0.269***|**0.096**|
|G4‐LA13|Ratio of basic salary and remuneration of women to men by employee category, by<br>significant locations of operation|0.026|0.813|0.246|0.122|
|G4‐LA14|Percentage of new suppliers that were screened using labor practices criteria|0.011|0.922|**0.703*****|<br>**0.000**|
|G4‐LA15|Significant actual and potential negative impacts for labor practices in the supply chain<br>and actions taken|0.033|0.776|**0.533*****|<br>**0.005**|
|**G4‐LA16**|**Number of grievances about labor practices filed, addressed, and resolved through**<br>**formalgrievance mechanisms**|**0.229****|**0.034**|‐0.016|0.919|

Source: Own calculations. p*<0.1, p**<0.05, p***<0.01. Note: Variables refer to 2015 GRI data (see section 2.2). All regressions control for country‐sector fixed effects. Standard errors are robust to heteroscedasticity.

Firms also tend to disclose little information on social and human rights issues (Figure 6). Less than one in four MNEs (22.6%) discloses information on whether investment agreements or contracts contain human rights clauses (HR1). The share is similar for operations subject to human rights review (25.5%) (HR9). The questions related to human rights of suppliers show similarly low disclosure as the corresponding questions on labor practices with regard to supplier screening (HR10) (39%), negative impacts (HR11) (29%), and grievances filed, addressed, and resolved (HR12) (37%). MNEs only disclose slightly more information on most human rights indicators than large companies. SMEs, by contrast, report less on all human rights indicators except for investment agreements and contracts that include human rights clauses or that underwent human rights screening where a larger percentage of large firms disclosed information.

The regression results in Table 15 show that multinationals are less likely to report their entry‐level wages relative to local minimum wages (EC5) than non‐multinationals. Only 35.1% of MNEs reveal their entry‐ level wage ratios, while this portion is higher for large firms (37.8%) (Figure 6). On the other hand, multinationals are more likely to report the total number and percentage of operations that have been subject to human rights reviews (HR9) (Table 15). Figure 6 confirms that MNEs show a higher coverage of respondents than large firms and especially SMEs. We do not find any statistically significant difference in reporting between MNEs and non‐MNEs on other social and human rights indicators, while firm size and the likelihood of reporting show a significant relationship across most social and human rights indicators (Table 15).

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