|Personal trips abroad|‐|Recall: 12 months|‐|‐|‐|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Business trips abroad<br>**Miscellaneous goods a**|‐<br>**nd services**|Recall: 12 months|‐|‐|‐|
|Miscellaneous other|Recall: 12 months|Recall: 1 month|Recall: 12 months|Recall: 12 months|Recall: 12 months|
|Fees and use charges|Recall: 12 months|Recall: 12 months|Recall: 12 months|Recall: 12 months|Recall: 12 months|
|Personal care|Recall: 12 months||Recall: 1 month|Recall: 1 month|Recall: 1 month|

_Notes:_ Number of households can differ slightly from official NBS publications.

1 Diaries in the HBS 2007 always started at the beginning of the month, while diaries in the HBS 2011/12 were staggered across the months.

2 The HBS 2007 and 2011/12 used the one‐month diary (the same one used for food) to collect data on non‐food expenditures during the implementation period of the diary. In addition, both surveys also contained a recall section. To avoid duplication of expenditures (under the diary and recall module) an effort was made in both years to exclude non‐ food items already recorded in the diary from the recall module.

3 In 2007, the questions were respectively phrased as follows: Clothing and footwear for men and boys 15+ years; clothing and footwear for women and girls 15+ years; and clothing for children under 15 years.

4 In HBS 2011/12, some communication costs such as landline and mobile phone charges were included under housing utilities. There some confusion in HBS 2007 between communications costs and purchase of communication equipment. 5 Households were asked to report the total expenditures for women’s education and for men’s education.

6 Households reported their expenditures on school fees, books and materials, uniforms, transport, extra tuition, other contributions, and the cost of meals.

The main differences between the HBS and NPS in consumption data collection methods can be summarized as follows:

# **i. “Recall” versus “Diary” method**

Both the HBS 2007 and 2011/12 used a 28‐day diary to collect data on food consumption. In 2007 the diary was administered for the whole month but at the analytical step this was adjusted to create expense values for 28 days. Diaries in the HBS 2007 always started at the beginning of the month, while diaries in the HBS 2011/12 were staggered across the months. In both surveys, each household member aged five years and above was asked to fill out a ‘booklet’ to record his/her daily transactions for consumption purposes, including consumption of own‐produced items. Enumerators were then instructed to transcribe the data from these booklets into the main diary form (every other day). However, in practice this might not have happened in this manner since enumerators were expected to have worked with one household member every other day to fill in the main diary form directly (rather than transcribing the information from the booklets).

In contrast, the NPS uses a seven‐day recall method to collect data on food consumption, asking the head of the household or their spouse to recall how much they consumed of various food items in the past seven days. According to a study by Beegle _et al._ (2012), the diary method produces lower food and total consumption aggregates, higher poverty levels and lower inequality levels, though the 15