# **Table of Contents**

|1<br>Bi|ofuels - Sources, Production, and Uses........................................................ 6|
|---|---|
|1.1|Motivation behind the survey ............................................................................. 6|
|1.2|Drivers for biofuels............................................................................................. 7|
|1.3|Global energy situation and the share of bioenergy.......................................... 10|
|1.4|Historical perspective on biofuels..................................................................... 11|
|1.5|Biofuel sources and conversion technologies................................................... 13|
|1.6|Emerging technologies...................................................................................... 19|
|1.7|Estimates of future potentials for bioenergy..................................................... 21|
|1.8|Diverse solutions for a diverse world ............................................................... 23|
|2<br>En|vironmental Footprint of Biofuels.............................................................. 24|
|2.1|Introduction....................................................................................................... 24|
|2.2|LCA models...................................................................................................... 25|
|2.3|Case studies....................................................................................................... 28|
|2.4|Summary of current literature........................................................................... 32|
|2.5|<br>Caveats of LCA................................................................................................. 33|
|2.6|Chapter summary.............................................................................................. 36|
|3<br>Ec|onomic Studies of the Impact of Biofuels................................................. 38|
|3.1|Introduction....................................................................................................... 38|
|3.2|Economic studies of biofuels............................................................................ 38|
|3.2.1|Cost accounting models................................................................................ 39|
|3.2.2|Micromodels of resource allocation and decision making ........................... 42|
|3.2.3|<br>Sector models................................................................................................ 44|
|3.2.4|General equilibrium models.......................................................................... 48|
|3.3|Summary of literature and hypotheses for further research.............................. 51|
|3.4|Chapter summary.............................................................................................. 56|
|4<br>Po|licies and Policy Implications...................................................................... 58|
|4.1|Introduction....................................................................................................... 58|
|4.2|The rationale for intervention ........................................................................... 58|
|4.3|Policy tools........................................................................................................ 59|
|4.4|The biofuel policy spectrum ............................................................................. 61|
|4.5|Summary of policies and some implications .................................................... 67|
|4.6|<br>Theoretical and empirical literature on policy impacts..................................... 69|
|4.7|Chapter summary.............................................................................................. 71|
|5<br>Co|nclusion and Areas for Future Work.......................................................... 73|
|6<br>Re|ferences.............................................................................................................. 79|
|7<br>Ap|pendix: Definition of Terms........................................................................ 91|

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