Table 5: Relationship between parent literacy and education level and monetary <u>poverty</u>

|Ddt ibl MtP|(1)<br>d th it|(2)<br>til USD 190|(3)<br> tli|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|epenen varae: onearyoor<br>_Mother’s* Compl. Education Level_|ase on e nern|ona . a|ay poveryne||||||
|<br>Completed Primary|-0.213***|-0.213***|-0.213***|-0.0893***|||||
|<br>|<br>(0.000265)<br>|<br>(0.0583)<br>|<br>(0.0670)<br>|<br>(0.0239)<br>|||||
|Completed Jr. Secondary|-0.312***<br>(0.000362)|-0.312***<br>(0.0765)|-0.312***<br>(0.0795)|-0.127***<br>(0.0283)|||||
|Completed Sen. Secondary|<br>-0.762***<br>|<br>-0.762***<br>|<br>-0.762***<br>|<br>-0.268***<br>|||||
|Completed Tertiary|(0.000277)<br>-1.592***|(0.0604)<br>-1.592***|(0.0705)<br>-1.592***|(0.0245)<br>-0.395***|||||
||(0.000660)|(0.108)|(0.124)|(0.0272)|||||
|Mother’s* Education Level|<br>0.0463***<br>|<br>0.0463<br>|<br>0.0463<br>|<br>0.0157<br>|||||
|_Survey wave_|(0.000232)|(0.0497)|(0.0566)|(0.0193)|||||
|<br>Wave 2|0.133***<br>0000224|0.133***<br>00366|0.133***<br>00480|0.0445***<br>00154|0.115**<br>00484|0.131***<br>00479|0.0686<br>00682|0.0441<br>00673|
||(.)<br>***|(.)<br>***|(.)<br>***|(.)<br>***|(.)<br>***|(.)<br>***|(.)<br>**|(.)<br>*|
|Wave 3|0.209<br>(0.000217)|0.209<br>(0.0381)|0.209<br>(0.0496)|0.0680<br>(0.0157)|0.215<br>(0.0504)|0.204<br>(0.0499)|0.162<br>(0.0653)|0.121<br>(0.0643)|
|Wave 4|0.0619***|0.0619|0.0619|0.0235|0.0581|0.0617|0.0608|0.0385|
||(0.000221)|(0.0476)|(0.0695)|(0.0229)|(0.0722)|(0.0716)|(0.0667)|(0.0672)|
|_Sector_<br>Rural|0.536***|0.536***|0.536***|0.179***|0.576***|0.553***|0.494***|0.542***|
||(0.000191)|(0.0510)|(0.0660)|(0.0224)|(0.0645)|(0.0635)|(0.0724)|(0.0713)|
|_Region_<br>North East|0.164***|0.164***|0.164|0.0609*|0.167|0.154|0.336***|0.341**|
|North West|(0.000269)<br>0222***|(0.0601)<br>0222***|(0.102)<br>0222**|(0.0365)<br>00803**|(0.107)<br>0214**|(0.106)<br>0199**|(0.127)<br>0168|(0.136)<br>0127|
|<br>South East|.<br>(0.000242)<br>-0.377***|.<br>(0.0568)<br>-0.377***|.<br>(0.0973)<br>-0.377***|.<br>(0.0345)<br>-0.134***|.<br>(0.0945)<br>-0.588***|.<br>(0.0929)<br>-0.548***|.<br>(0.106)<br>-0.397***|.<br>(0.105)<br>-0.632***|
|South South|(0.000329)<br>-0.423***<br>|(0.0655)<br>-0.423***<br>|(0.104)<br>-0.423***<br>|(0.0360)<br>-0.148***<br>|(0.105)<br>-0.555***<br>|(0.102)<br>-0.548***<br>|(0.105)<br>-0.424***<br>|(0.108)<br>-0.537***<br>|
||(0.000301)|(0.0693)|(0.104)|(0.0355)|(0.104)|(0.101)|(0.110)|(0.111)|
|South West|-0.484***|-0.484***|-0.484***|-0.150***|-0.600***|-0.593***|-0.445***|-0.593***|
||(0.000320)|(0.0760)|(0.105)|(0.0346)|(0.106)|(0.102)|(0.118)|(0.117)|
|_Father’s* Compl. Education Level_<br>|||||<br>||||
|Completed Primary|||||-0.220***<br>(0.0745)||||
|Completed Jr. Secondary|||||-0.222***<br>||||
|Completed Sen. Secondary|||||(0.0795)<br>-0.467***<br>(0.0662)||||
|Completed Tertiary|||||<br>-1.067***<br>||||
||||||(0.104)||||
|Father’s* Educational Level|||||0.0729<br>(0.0655)||||
|_Parent’s* Coml Education Level_|||||||||
|_p._<br>Completed Primary||||||-0.162**<br>(0.0667)|||
|Completed Jr. Secondary||||||-0.175**<br>(00774)|||
|Completed Sen. Secondary||||||.<br>-0.482***|||
|Completed Tertiary||||||(0.0654)<br>-1.097***|||
|<br>||||||<br>(0.0999)<br>|||
|Parent’s Education Level||||||0.0901<br>(0.0658)|||
|Mother* literate|||||||0.0435<br>||
|_Mother’s Compl. Education Level_|||||||(0.0697)||
|Completed Primary|||||||-0.250***<br>(00872)||
|Completed Jr. Secondary|||||||.<br>-0.416***||
|Completed Sen. Secondary|||||||(0.106)<br>-0.805***<br>00977||
||||||||(.)<br>||
|Completed Tertiary|||||||-1.593***||
|Father* literate|||||||(0.179)|0.00590<br>|
|Father’s Education Level||||||||(0.0771)<br>-0.203***|
|Constant|-0.208***|-0.208***|-0.208*|0.443***|-0.159|-0.126|-0.173|(0.0265)<br>-0.0802|
||<br>(0.000342)|<br>(0.0788)|<br>(0.121)|<br>(0.0419)|<br>(0.123)|<br>(0.121)|<br>(0.126)|<br>(0.124)|
|Observations|311,102,742|311,102,742|311,102,742|52,821|304,379,241|313,731,062|140,524,661|141,199,949|
|R-squared||||0.230<br>|||||
|||Ro|bust standard erro<br>*** p<0.01, ** p<|rs in parentheses<br>0.05, * p<0.1|||||

Source: Source: Authors’ estimates based on GHS Waves 1-3 Note: (1) – (3) differ in terms of standard errors, (1) uses robust standard errors, (2) clusters standard errors at the household level and (3) clusters standard errors at the LGA level. (4)-(8) all use clustered standard errors at the LGA level. The highest education level completed and education deprivation status among household members above 18 years of the respective gender is used to proxy for the parent’s education deprivation and highest completed education level of existing household members in waves 2 and 3, as the GHS only asks in wave 1 about the parent’s education of all individuals, but in the later waves only for new household member. As the GHS data is unfortunately not an individual level panel, it is not possible to merge information from wave 1 to the respective individuals in wave 2 and 3. Controls including the proxy information are marked with an *.

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