part of the connection works. The connection works end at the electricity meter. Lastly, the monthly electricity consumption for the warehouse is estimated at 0.07GWh.

# _The new “Getting Electricity” variables_

The “Getting Electricity” Indicator is composed of three sub-indicators: the number of procedures, the time and the cost of obtaining an electricity connection. Table 2 lists the distribution utilities that were surveyed in each country. The table also indicates their ownership structure and details the procedures, time and cost indicators for each one of them.

A procedure is defined as any interaction between the company employees - or the company’s main electrician (that is, the one who did the internal wiring) – and with external parties, such as the electricity distribution utility, electricity supply utilities, government agencies, other electricians and electrical firms. Interactions between company employees and steps related to the internal electrical wiring, such as the design and execution of the internal electrical installation plans, are not counted as procedures. Procedures that must be completed with the same utility, but with different departments are counted as separate procedures. The study assumes that the information needed to understand the process is readily available (thereby not leading to unnecessary delays) and that no bribes are paid to speed up the process. If the company can, but is not required to, request the services of professionals (such as a private firm rather than the utility for the external works), these procedures are only recorded if they are commonly done. For all procedures, we only count the most likely cases<sup>6</sup> and those often followed in practice for connecting a warehouse to electricity.

Time is recorded in calendar days. The measure captures the median duration that the electricity utility and experts indicate is necessary in practice, rather than required by law, to complete a procedure with minimum follow-up and no bribe payments. It is also assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is 1 day. Although procedures may take place simultaneously, it is assumed that they cannot start on the same day (that is, simultaneous procedures start on consecutive days). In a few extreme cases (Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Madagascar), where connection requests are denied - or de facto not carried out because only generators are used in the country additional - wait times of up to one year are added. It is assumed that the company does not waste time and commits to completing each remaining procedure without delay. The time that the company spends on gathering information is ignored. It is assumed that the company is aware of all electricity connection requirements and their sequence from the beginning.

Cost is recorded as a percentage of the economy’s income per capita. We use the 2010 gross national income, converted to U.S. dollars using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by the

> 6 For example, if respondents report that necessary material is provided in 50 percent of all cases by the utility and not purchased by the customer, no additional procedure to purchase the material is recorded.

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