household sample was drawn from the same set of 252 enumeration areas (EAs) that were visited concurrently for the Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES 2019-20) in the last quarter of 2019.<sup>9</sup> In each of these 252 EAs, six additional households were selected at random from the complete CSES listing of households, amounting to a total Cambodia LSMS+ sample of 1,152 households.<sup>10</sup> Within each household, all adult household members aged 18 years and above were targeted for private interviews that elicited self-reported information on education, health, labor, ownership of and rights to selected physical and financial assets, and 24-hour time use.<sup>11</sup> Survey design and implementation was anchored in the latest international recommendations for individual-disaggregated data collection on these topics. The fieldwork was conducted by 21 field teams, each made up of one male and one female enumerator. This allowed teams to aim, to the best extent possible, for gender matching between the enumerators and respondents, and to conduct at least some of the interviews simultaneously. The self-reporting rate across modules was high: In modules on assets and time use modules, all respondents reported for themselves, while in modules on education, health, and labor, 90 percent of men and 95 percent for women self-reported.

# 2.2.1. Time use module

Survey modules that collect data on daily time use — the more common approach being a recall-based 24hour time use diary (see Floro, 2021, Seymour et al., 2020, for a discussion)<sup>12</sup> — can complement standard labor survey modules and can provide additional detail on the distribution of time and effort. Time use modules can improve our understanding of (i) how time is allocated, among men and women, across unpaid and paid activities, domestic and care work, and leisure; (ii) the extent of time allocation to simultaneous activities; and (iii) the links between health and time use, including in the form of leisure and rest. The resulting data can shed light on how individuals may respond to policies aimed at raising economic opportunities and mobility (Floro and Komatsu, 2011). Nationally representative, multi-topic household surveys that collect time use information alongside data on labor, wealth, demographics, education, and health, can help reveal the range of factors affecting men’s and women’s time use and in turn provide direct inputs into national policy making around employment, child and elderly care, health seeking, and social well-being.

The Cambodia LSMS+ time use module was structured as a 24-hour time diary, where men and women aged 18 and older were asked to report their activities over the last day. The structure of the module, the list of activities and the implementation protocols drew heavily from the time use module developed as part of the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture (WEAI) index. The reporting was set up in 15-minute increments across 26 different activity categories, including primary activities as well as secondary activities conducted simultaneously within each interval (Table 1).<sup>13</sup> Broadly, as detailed in Table 1 as well, these activity categories fell into (1) unpaid work (across household chores; collecting firewood/water; and care national household surveys include the Cambodia LSMS+ Survey 2019/20, Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) 2018/19, Malawi Integrated Household Panel Survey (IHPS) 2016, Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey (SLMPS) 2021, and Tanzania National Panel Survey (TZNPS) 2018/19. In each survey, the LSMS+ has supported the respective national statistical office to operationalize the latest international recommendations for individual-disaggregated survey data collection on asset ownership and labor. For more information on survey methods and fieldwork implementation protocols followed by the LSMS+ supported national surveys, please consult Hasanbasri et al. (2021a).

> 9 The CSES 2019-20 covers a nationally representative sample of 10,080 households and 1,080 EAs.

> 10 In each EA, the Cambodia LSMS+ household sample was selected from the universe of households that did not include the households that had been selected for the CSES 2019/20.

> 11 For more information on the survey sampling and methodology, see Hasanbasri et al. (2021b).

> 12 See Daum et al. (2019) for an example of smartphone-based real-time time use data collection in a low-income context.

> 13 A tabulation of secondary activities, however, did not reveal much information.  Common responses were conducting one unpaid activity combined with another (cooking with childcare for example), or leisure with sleep.

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