different situations across countries and even within regions in a given country and that locationspecific policies are necessary.

The spatial analysis of the factors that drive specialization away from on-farm activities shows how the constraints to off-farm specialization are likely to differ between high- and low-potential and high- and low-integration areas. Also, small and large urban centers are likely to exert different influences on the transformation of the rural economy. While this adds complexity to the formulation of policies to promote rural non-farm growth, it also testifies to a series of trends that are not uncommon in other countries, and suggests that after all the African specificity in terms of higher incidence of farming activities may be due more to a GDP-level effect, than to a different response by households to the incentives and opportunities coming from agricultural and nonagricultural growth opportunities.

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