interventions against a control condition.<sup>10</sup> We designed the independent agency intervention based on motivational exercises developed and tested primarily in Western populations, specifically personal initiative training and mental contrasting and implementation intentions (Campos et al., 2017; Duckworth et al., 2013; Frese & Fay, 2001; Kizilcec & Cohen, 2017; Oettingen & Gollwitzer, 2010). The interdependent model intervention followed the same structure but was grounded in local forms of interdependent agency, as identified in the formative qualitative and quantitative research (see Fig. 3). Given this culturally grounded design, we consider the latter to be more culturally wise.

These brief psychological interventions were comprised of a four-minute video recap of Amina’s story and a 20-minute reflection exercise that prompted women participants to relate Amina’s story to their own economic goals and behaviors. Fig. 4 displays example images from the videos. These interventions were delivered in the weeks following the program’s community sensitization and prior to the start of the business and life skills trainings. Field staff from the survey firm were trained by the research team and conducted these brief interventions in person with participants.

Both videos recapped Amina’s economic activity, trajectory, and ultimate success in the same way, but they differed in their portrayal of her motives for and psychosocial processes of goal pursuit. In the first “Personal Initiative” condition, participants watched a recap of the video that portrayed the main character, Amina, as becoming a standout entrepreneur by being proactive in planning her business goals, innovative in her choice of products, and strategic and competitive in the marketplace. Her behaviors reflect themes taught in personal initiative trainings (Campos et al., 2017). Then, participants completed a mental contrasting and implementation intentions exercise (Duckworth et al., 2013; Kizilcec & Cohen, 2017; Oettingen & Gollwitzer, 2010), which prompted participants to set goals and identify intrapersonal and structural resources and barriers as well as ways to overcome those barriers. They were asked, for instance, “What changes would you like to see for your future?”, “What could stand in the way of your goals?”, and “How could these obstacles be overcome?”.

In the second “Interpersonal Initiative” condition, the recap portrayed Amina as becoming a respected entrepreneur in her community by actively seeking counsel from her elders on developing her businesses, being collaborative with her husband in decision-making, and being generous with other women in her community by sharing her financial knowledge. In this way, she actively sought ways to maintain peaceful relationships. Participants then also completed a motivational goal-setting and planning strategy but this exercise was modified to focus on relational goals, barriers, and social strategies. For instance, after being asked about their goals for their future, women were asked, “How would these goals help your family and village?”, “How do women help each other in this community?”, and “If you experienced conflicts with others, who could you talk to for advice and encouragement?”.

In line with our pre-registered empirical strategy, we regressed all outcomes on the treatment conditions and controlled for randomization strata.<sup>11</sup> While we pre-registered cluster robust standard errors to account for the non-randomized clustering of women into savings and training groups within the program, recent evidence has suggested that approach to be overly

> 10 We also randomized the proportion of individuals within a village (25%, 50%, or 75%) that were treated with one of the two interventions. Table S10 and Table S11 display results from that village-level randomization on psychosocial and economic outcomes.

> 11 Those included timing of the delivery of program components, assignment to Full or Psychosocial treatment arm in the policy experiment, and participation in the policy experiment baseline survey.

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