The gender gaps in time allocation remain quite substantial in the smartphone arm for nonfarm employment, unpaid domestic and care work, transport, and leisure, but are magnified in the recall arm due in large part to the 24-hour diary reporting structure.

Furthermore, Table 5 shows that that the 15-minute interval setup in the 24-hour recall diary is at odds with real-time recorded activity duration across several key areas. For instance, 14-17 percent of smartphone diary entries in agriculture and non-farm employment were recorded for less than 15 minutes. The comparable estimates were 26-29 percent for care work, 39-44 percent for obtaining services and resources for the household, and around 40 percent for eating and drinking. Men were also significantly more likely than women in the smartphone arm to log activities for less than 15 minutes, particularly for non-farm employment, unpaid domestic work, and self-care activities.

Table 3. Participation and time (minutes) in activities, by treatment arm (Day 5 match)

|||||Unpaid|work:|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Agri-<br>culture|Nonfarm<br>employ-<br>ment|Obtaining<br>services/<br>resources<br>for HH|Cooking,<br>cleaning<br>in house|Care of<br>children,<br>elderly|TOTAL<br>UNPAID<br>WORK|Transport|School/<br>studying|Leisure|Comm.<br>Activities|Personal<br>care|Sleep|<br>Eating/<br>drinking|
||(1)|(2)|(3a)|(3b)|(3c)|(3d)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|(9)|(10)|
|SHARE PARTICIPATING||||||||||||||
|Total||||||||||||||
|Recall (obs=696)|0.33***|0.33*|0.49***|0.65|0.27***|0.76***|0.94|0.04***|0.99**|0.04***|0.94***|1.00***|<br>0.99**|
|Smartphone (obs=734)|0.41***|0.37*|0.63***|0.67|0.34***|0.84***|0.94|0.09***|0.98**|0.14***|0.89***|0.98***|<br>0.96**|
|Women||||||||||||||
|Recall (obs=352)|0.35*|0.23*|0.68|0.98*|0.45***|0.98|0.91|0.03**|0.99|0.05***|0.96***|1.00**|<br>0.99**|
|Smartphone (obs=365)|0.42*|0.29*|0.72|0.95*|0.55***|0.97|0.91|0.06**|0.97|0.14***|0.90***|0.99**|<br>0.96**|
|Men||||||||||||||
|Recall (obs=344)|0.31***|0.42|0.30***|0.32**|0.08**|0.53***|0.97|0.05***|0.99|0.03***|0.92|1.00***|0.99***|
|Smartphone (obs=369)|0.41***|0.45|0.53***|0.40**|0.14**|0.71***|0.96|0.11***|0.98|0.14***|0.88|0.97***|0.96***|
|DAILY TIME, UNCONDITION|AL (MINS)|||||||||||||
|Total||||||||||||||
|Recall (obs=696)|80.2***|120.2***|39.5|129.7|57.3***|224.3|128.1***|13.9|507.9***|5.3|33.6|536.8|<br>54.8**|
|Smartphone (obs=734)|53.0***|84.7***|45.9|138.2|38.7***|222.8|162.0***|11.7|374.4***|7.8|34.9|529.3|44.3**|
|Women||||||||||||||
|Recall (obs=352)|74.6***|52.5|50.5|231.5|100.8**|381.6|104.9**|13.0|426.9***|5.5|38.1|549.3|<br>51.6|
|Smartphone (obs=365)|48.1***|47.8|46.2|240.5|69.6**|356.3|118.7**|6.8|320.1***|6.4|38.3|546.2|<br>48.2|
|Men||||||||||||||
|Recall (obs=344)|85.9***|189.3***|28.4**|25.6*|12.9|65.7**|151.9***|14.9|590.8***|5.0*|28.9|524.0|<br>58.1**|
|Smartphone (obs=369)|57.8***|121.3***|45.6**|36.6*|8.1|90.4**|204.9***|16.6|428.3***|9.2*|31.6|512.5|<br>47.8**|

# <u>Notes:</u>

(1) Within the total, women’s and men’s samples, T-tests of equality of means conducted across treatment groups; ***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.10. Grey shading = recall arm yields significantly lower estimates. (2) Average total time for women and men was 1,700 minutes in the recall sample (including main and secondary activities). In the smartphone sample, average total daily time was 1,521 minutes for women, and 1,490 minutes for men.

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