CO2 emissions are relatively high among developing countries, estimated to be 443.6 million metric tons in 2006 by the Energy Information Administration (EIA), ranking it 11<sup>th</sup> globally, placing it among developing countries behind China (6018) and India (1293), South Korea (515) and Iran (477), but just ahead of Mexico (436) and Brazil (377). Within Sub-Saharan Africa, Nigeria (101) is a distant second to South Africa .<sup>10</sup> In terms of per capita intensity, South Africa is comparable to United Kingdom and France.<sup>11</sup> The pattern of CO2 emissions in South Africa is due to a supply mix that is heavily skewed towards coal as the main natural resource for energy. Of the total energy consumption of about 5.0 quadrillion Btus, 75.4 percent is coal, 20.1 percent oil and the rest is accounted for by natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectricity and other renewables. Although crude is mainly imported, 40 percent of total oil consumption is now accounted for by synthetic liquids processed from coal and gas. As a result of this pattern of energy use, 85 percent of the energy-related CO2 emissions is attributed to coal in 2003, the base year of our framework; only about 12 percent is due to oil and a very small amount (1 percent) is due to natural gas (Figure 1). In our framework, we also treat electricity as a significant energy input.

**Table 1: Energy expenditures as a percent of value added in each production sector**

|Coke and Refined Petroleum Products|79.27|Health and Personal Services|6.94|
|---|---|---|---|
|Basic Non-ferrous Metals|57.02|Other Mining|6.47|
|Basic Iron and Steel|53.86|Wearing Apparel|6.37|
|Basic Chemicals|42.93|Plastic Products|6.33|
|Rubber Products|40.56|Coal Mining|5.93|
|Electricity, Gas, and Steam|37.50|Furniture|5.25|
|Transportation and Storage|35.32|Glass and Glass Products|5.03|
|Other Chemicals and Man-Made Fibers|27.29|TV, Radio, and Communication Equip|3.94|
|Water Supply|16.38|Business Services|3.66|
|Construction and Civil Engineering|12.39|Other Transport Equipment|3.50|
|Machinery and Equipment|12.01|Paper and Paper Products|3.40|
|Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries|11.18|Wholesale and Retail Trade|3.33|
|Catering and Accommodation|11.10|Motor Vehicles Parts and Accessories|3.25|
|Food|10.93|Other Producers|3.16|
|Professional and Scientific Equip|10.13|Other Industries|3.11|
|Metal Products Excluding Machinery|9.84|Footwear|2.96|
|Textiles|9.64|Wood and Wood Products|2.73|
|Communication|9.35|Beverages and Tobacco|2.58|
|Electrical Machinery|9.02|Government Services|1.91|
|Non-metallic Minerals|8.47|Printing, Publishing, and Recorded Media|1.62|
|Gold and Uranium Ore Mining|8.33|Financial Services|0.74|
|Leather and Leather Products|8.33|||

_Source:_ SAF SAM 2003, sectors ranked from most to least energy intensive.

10 Figures in paranthesis are corresponding CO2 emissions in million metric tons. The estimates compiled by EIA, IEA, and CDIAC – all U.S. government agencies –based on energy use and made in consultation with national statistical and energy related agencies and companies - are generally consistent with another. There are some slight differences in the latest and more preliminary numbers – for example, South Africa is ranked 12<sup>th</sup> in the IEA/CDIAC/WDI, just behind Mexico but ahead of Iran.

11 See Figure 1 in the forthcoming 2010 World Development Report (WDR).

7