opportunities to those without social network contacts abroad.<sup>18</sup> Yet, even in this context, the members of the poorest Bangladeshi households did not apply for the lottery program.<sup>19</sup> Borrowing constraints probably prevented the poorest from financing even the reduced cost of migration. Government involvement in intermediation can lower costs among migrants and channel such opportunities towards the poor. But even more needs to be done, perhaps in the form of easier credit access to finance migration, in order for low-skilled international migration to benefit the poorest.

# References

- Adams Jr., R. H. (1998). Remittances, Investment, and Rural Asset Accumulation in Pakistan. _Economic Development and Cultural Change_ , _47_ (1), 155–173. https://doi.org/10.1086/452390

- Akee, R. (2010). Who Leaves? Deciphering Immigrant Self‐Selection from a Developing Country. _Economic Development and Cultural Change_ , _58_ (2), 323–344. https://doi.org/10.1086/647978

- Alcaraz, C., Chiquiar, D., & Salcedo, A. (2012). Remittances, schooling, and child labor in Mexico. _Journal of Development Economics_ , _97_ (1), 156–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.11.004

- Anderson, M. L. (2008). Multiple inference and gender differences in the effects of early intervention: A reevaluation of the Abecedarian, Perry Preschool, and Early Training Projects. _Journal of the American Statistical Association_ , 103(484), 1481-1495.

- Antman, F. M. (2012). The Impact of Migration on Family Left Behind. Retrieved June 15, 2019, from <u>https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/6374/the-impact-of-migration-on-family-left-behind</u>

- Ashenfelter, O. (2012). Comparing Real Wage Rates: Presidential Address. _American Economic Review_ , _102_ (2), 617–642. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.617

- Ashraf, N., Aycinena, D., Martínez A., C., & Yang, D. (2014). Savings in Transnational Households: A Field Experiment among Migrants from El Salvador. _The Review of Economics and Statistics_ , _97_ (2), 332– 351. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00462

- Aycinena, D., Yang, D., Claudia Martínez, & Claudia Martínez, A. (2010). _The Impact of Remittance Fees on Remittance Flows: Evidence from a Field Experiment Among Salvadoran Migrants_ .

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. (2011). _Population and Housing Census 2011_ [Census]. Retrieved from <u>https://web.archive.org/web/20130115170757/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userf iles/Image/BBS/PHC2011Preliminary%20Result.pdf</u>

- Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2015). _Population Monograph of Bangladesh: Population Distribution and Internal Migration in Bangladesh._ Statistics and Informatics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.

- Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. (2017). _Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016-2017_ . Dataset. Bangladesh.

- Barham, B., & Boucher, S. (1998). Migration, remittances, and inequality: Estimating the net effects of migration on income distribution. _Journal of Development Economics_ , 55(2), 307–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(98)90038-4

> 18 See Shrestha, Mobarak, and Sharif (2019) for more details on how migration differed under the G2G program compared to private channels.

> 19 International extreme poverty (PPP$ 1.90 per day) was only 2.7 percent among the applicants in the control group in our study compared to 15 percent nationwide.

30