**Table 1. Summary statistics, overall and by gender groups**

||Overall|Sample|Female|Sample|Male S|ample|Normalized<br>Gender<br>Diff.|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Mean|SD|Mean|SD|Mean|SD||
|**Panel A: Demographic characteristi**|**cs**|||||||
|Female|0.5|0.5||||||
|Age|37.42|13.78|37.51|13.64|37.32|13.91|0.01|
|Urban|0.45|0.50|0.46|0.50|0.45|0.50|0.01|
|Married<br>|0.68|0.47|0.69|0.46|0.66|0.47|0.08|
|Number of children under 5 years<br>old|0.33|0.57|0.34|0.58|0.32|0.57|0.03|
|Household size|4.29|1.74|4.26|1.74|4.32|1.73|-0.04|
|Highest educational attainment||||||||
|Primary|0.24|0.43|0.25|0.43|0.24|0.42|0.03|
|Lower secondary|0.23|0.42|0.22|0.42|0.23|0.42|-0.01|
|Upper secondary|0.29|0.45|0.26|0.44|0.31|0.46|-0.12|
|Tertiary|0.10|0.30|0.11|0.31|0.09|0.29|0.06|
|Percentage doing housekeeping<br>activities|0.79|0.41|0.95|0.21|0.62|0.49|0.90*|
|**Panel B: Employment outcomes**||||||||
|Employed|0.67|0.47|0.54|0.50|0.81|0.40|-0.59*|
|Labor force participation|0.70|0.46|0.56|0.50|0.84|0.37|-0.63*|
|Unemployment rate|0.04|0.19|0.04|0.19|0.04|0.20|-0.02|
|Percentage employed as employee<br>|0.36|0.48|0.32|0.47|0.38|0.48|-0.12|
|Percentage employed as unpaid<br>family worker|0.16|0.36|0.29|0.45|0.07|0.25|0.59*|
|Employment by sector:||||||||
|agriculture|0.36|0.48|0.33|0.47|0.37|0.48|-0.09<br>|
|industry|0.19|0.39|0.13|0.34|0.23|0.42|-0.25*|
|services|0.45|0.50|0.54|0.50|0.40|0.49|0.28*|
|Percentage formally employed|0.39|0.49|0.34|0.47|0.42|0.49|-0.17|
|Real hourly wages (IDR ’000)|11.02|20.50|9.74|17.75|11.46|20.23|-0.09|
|Real hourly employee wages (IDR<br>’000)|12.98|25.16|13.02|35.32|15.31|46.19|-0.05|
|Weekly work hours|36.96|17.94|34.14|18.64|38.88|17.18|-0.27*|

Notes: The sample is restricted to 3,254,366 15–64-year-old (working age) individuals who were included in the 2016–2020 Sakernas rounds (both February and August rounds). All tabulations are unweighted. Panel A describes the demographic characteristics of individuals included in our dataset. Panel B displays the summary statistics of labor market outcomes used in our analysis. Unemployment and temporary unemployment rates exclude 975,996 individuals who are not in the labor force. Employment status, sectors, and weekly work hour are nonmissing for 2,188,434 employed individuals. We report only the work hours of the respondent’s main job. Percentage of not in employment, education or training (NEET) is calculated of the 15–24-year-old population. Wages are only recorded for own account, employee, and casual workers. Real wages are constructed using 2007 fixed prices (IDR) and are winsorized at the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile value. In tabulating the wages, we exclude the unpaid family workers. Housekeeping activities are defined as unpaid domestic care activities. As the Sakernas data does not contain information on time use data, involvement in care activities does not account for the time spent on such activities. The normalized gender difference column reports the normalized difference (Imbens and Rubin, 2015) of each characteristic between the female and male groups. *indicates that the absolute normalized difference is above 0.25, indicating a relatively weak balance between the two gender groups.

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