|**Class/school-level variables(reference category)**|**_B(SE)_**|**_B(SE)_**|**_B(SE)_**|**_B(SE)_**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Teacher job satisfaction|-1.07 (2.18)|-1.70 (2.15)|-3.19 (2.47)|-3.35 (2.36)|
|Time assigned to mathematics/science homework (15 minutes or less)<sup>b</sup>|10.39 (6.03)|13.77 (6.21)*|-4.98 (6.32)|-7.03 (5.91)|
|Poor teacher timekeeping (not a problem)|||||
|minor problem|7.38 (8.34)|7.72 (7.64)|2.15 (8.32)|0.82 (7.67)|
|moderate or serious problem|1.67 (15.21)|10.83 (14.07)|13.22 (11.46)|12.78 (10.64)|
|Teacher absenteeism (not a problem)|||||
|minor problem|-3.46 (7.99)|-1.30 (7.43)|1.19 (6.79)|2.17 (6.24)|
|moderate or serious problem|-20.00 (13.91)|-28.83 (14.24)*|-17.19 (8.26)*|-16.62 (7.64)*|
|Teacher highest level of education (Up to ISCED level 6 — bachelor’s or equivalent level)<sup>c</sup>|54.32 (15.71)**|67.81 (17.26)***|-3.91 (13.17)|-8.79 (12.29)|
|<br>Teacher major area of study (mathematics/science and mathematics/science education)|||||
|mathematics/science but not mathematics/science education|-5.55 (7.31)|-5.02 (7.25)|-11.49 (6.62)|-11.88 (6.43)|
|all other majors|-0.44 (9.16)|-5.21 (9.65)|22.96 (10.73)*|20.62 (9.38)*|
|Professional development hours on mathematics/science (more than 35 hours)|||||
|16–35 hours|-14.62 (8.62)|-18.01 (8.67)*|-3.53 (7.63)|-3.66 (7.06)|
|6–15 hours|-0.91 (7.97)|-2.98 (7.67)|-0.71 (6.72)|-4.61 (6.57)|
|less than 6 hours|-9.99 (8.94)|-11.23 (8.69)|-0.04 (8.80)|3.27 (8.49)|
|none|<br>-19.37 (11.70)|<br>-24.04 (12.16)*|<br>3.65 (15.01)|<br>6.03 (14.52)|
|Professional development on mathematics/science content (no)|<br>4.33 (5.31)|<br>5.13 (5.06)|<br>8.62 (7.78)|<br>11.07 (7.34)|
|Professional development on mathematics/science pedagogy (no)|-0.02 (7.05)|1.28 (6.95)|-0.02 (8.96)|0.27 (7.98)|
|Principal years of experience|-0.24 (0.38)|-0.34 (0.39)|-0.09 (0.35)|-0.19 (0.35)|
|Principal highest level of education (ISCED levels 7 & 8 — master’s or doctorate degree)<sup>d</sup>|-4.32 (11.75)|1.36 (11.86)|4.73 (13.27)|6.23 (13.36)|
|Principal qualification in educational leadership (no)|12.85 (8.06)|11.58 (7.68)|3.02 (6.33)|-0.05 (6.46)|
|School library (no)|9.32(6.98)|9.76(6.95)|6.66(6.20)|9.22(5.81)|
|**Interaction terms(reference category)**|||||
|Student gender*School emphasis on academic success||-6.43 (3.04)*|||
|Student gender*Student confident in science||||-4.88 (1.91)*|
|<br>Studentgender*Teacher age(40years or older)— 30–39years||||<br>32.15(10.20)**|
|Loglikelihood (_H0_)|-12113.38|-12109.54|-13016.61|-13004.99|
|**Fit statistics**<br>_AIC_|24316.77|24311.07|26123.23|26103.99|
|_BIC_|24572.77|24572.76|26381.44|26373.68|

_Note:_ Null mathematics model: _Intercept_ ( _SE_ ): 394.83 (2.88), _ICC_ = 0.25, _H0_ = -32297.78, _AIC_ = 64601.56, _BIC_ = 64621.49. Null science model: _Intercept_ ( _SE_ ): 431.76 (3.69), _ICC_ = 0.27, _H0_ = - 33003.98, _AIC_ = 66013.96, _BIC_ = 66033.89. * _p_ < .05; ** _p_ < .01; *** _p_ < .001.<sup>a</sup> Higher scores indicate less frequent bullying;<sup>b</sup> Other category: 16 minutes or more;<sup>c</sup> Other category: ISCED levels 7 & 8 —master’s or doctorate degree;<sup>d</sup> Other category: ISCED Level 6 — bachelor’s or equivalent level.

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