rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
Mobile license renewal : what are
            the issues what is at stake
A major challenge facing regulators in
            industrial and developing countries alike is the need to
            strike the right balance between ensuring certainty for
            market players and preserving flexibility of the regulatory
            process to accommodate the rapidly changing market,
            technological, and policy conditions. This challenge applies
            across a wide range of regulatory instruments and vehicles
            including license renewal, which is the focus of this paper.
            The authors provide an overview of mobile license renewal
            issues covering the legal regime of license renewal, the
            renewal process, the non-renewal context, and the changes in
            licensing conditions, including spectrum implications of the
            renewal process. They draw best practices that started to
            emerge in recent renewal practices, to ensure that the
            renewal process leads to the best outcome for all
            stakeholders. As much as possible, policymakers and
            regulators should strive to promote investors'
            confidence and give incentives for long-term investment.
            They can do this by favoring the principle of "renewal
            expectancy," but also by promoting regulatory certainty
            and predictability through a fair, transparent, and
            participatory renewal process. For example, by providing
            details for license renewal or reissue, clearly establishing
            what is the discretion offered to the licensing body, or
            ensuring sufficient lead-times and transitional arrangements
            in the event of non-renewal or changes in licensing
            conditions. Public consultation procedures and guaranteeing
            the right to appeal regulatory decisions maximizes the
            prospects for a successful renewal process. As technological
            changes and convergence and technologically neutral
            approaches gain importance, regulators and policymakers need
            to be ready to adapt and evolve licensing procedures and
            practices to the new environment.
Equity, welfare, and the setting of
            trade policy in general equilibrium
The authors analyze general equilibrium
            relationships between trade policy and the household
            distribution of income, decomposing social welfare into real
            income level and variance components and emphasizing Gini
            and Atkinson indexes. They embed these inequality-adjusted
            social welfare functions in a general equilibrium structure
            mapping from tariff protection to household inequality. This
            yields predictions regarding the linkages between trade
            protection, country characteristics, and inequality within a
            broad general equilibrium framework. In addition, the
            authors can separate the efficiency and equity effects of
            tariffs on welfare. They then examine endogenous tariff
            formation when policymakers care about both equity and
            special interests.
Equity, welfare, and the setting of
            trade policy in general equilibrium
WPS3731

# Equity, Welfare, and the Setting of Trade Policy in General Equilibrium

Joseph F. Francois* Tinbergen Institute (Rotterdam) and CEPR

## Hugo Rojas-Romagosa Tinbergen Institute (Rotterdam)

Abstract: We analyze general equilibrium relationships between trade policy and the household distribution of income, decomposing social welfare into real income level and variance components and emphasizing Gini and Atkinson indexes. We embed these inequalityadjusted social welfare functions in a general equilibrium structure mapping from tariff protection to household inequality. This yields predictions regarding the linkages between trade protection, country characteristics and inequality within a broad general equilibrium framework. In addition, we can separate the efficiency and equity effects of tariffs on welfare. We then examine endogenous tariff formation when policy makers care about both equity and special interests.

Keywords: trade policy, household distribution of income, Atkinson index, Gini index, political economy JEL classification: F13, O15, D31, D72 World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3731, October 2005 _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._

> *This research has benefited form support from the EU research and training network (RTN) on Trade, Industrialization, and Development, the World Bank, and the Trinity College (Dublin) Institute for International Integration Studies. Address correspondence to: J. Francois, Tinbergen Institute, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burg Oudlaan 50-H8-18, 3000 DR Rotterdam NETHERLANDS, email: francois@few.eur.nl.
The radio spectrum : opportunities
            and challenges for the developing world
The radio spectrum is a major component
            of the telecommunications infrastructure that underpins the
            information society. Spectrum management, however, has not
            kept up with major changes in technology, business practice,
            and economic policy during the past two decades. Traditional
            spectrum management practice is predicated on the spectrum
            being a limited resource that must be apportioned among uses
            and users by government administration. For many years this
            model worked well, but more recently the spectrum has come
            under pressure from rapid demand growth for wireless
            services and changing patterns of use. This has led to
            growing technical and economic inefficiencies, as well as
            obstacles to technological innovation. Two alternative
            approaches are being tried, one driven by the market
            (spectrum property rights) and another driven by technology
            innovation (commons). Practical solutions are evolving that
            combine some features of both. Wholesale replacement of
            current practice is unlikely, but the balance between
            administration, property rights, and commons is clearly
            shifting. Although the debate on spectrum management reform
            is mainly taking place in high-income countries, it is
            deeply relevant to developing countries as well.
How banks go abroad : branches or subsidiaries
The authors examine the factors that
            influence banks' type of organizational form when
            operating in foreign markets using an original database of
            the branches and subsidiaries in Latin America and Eastern
            Europe of the top 100 international banks. They find that
            regulation, taxation, the degree of desired penetration in
            the local market, and host-country economic and political
            risks matter. Banks are more likely to operate as branches
            in countries that have higher corporate taxes and when they
            face lower regulatory restrictions on bank entry, in
            general, and on foreign branches, in particular.
            Subsidiaries are the preferred organizational form by banks
            that seek to penetrate the local market establishing large
            and mostly retail operations. Finally, there is evidence
            that economic and political risks have opposite effects on
            the type of organizational form, suggesting that legal
            differences in the degree of parent bank responsibility
            vis-à-vis branches and subsidiaries under different risk
            scenarios play an important role in the kind of operations
            international banks maintain overseas
Japan's changing industrial landscape
This paper explores various strategic
            options available to Japanese firms faced with the
            increasing market pressures in the global economy. Whether
            Japanese firms are able to retain the competitive edge will
            depend on the continuing gains in their manufacturing
            capability, their capacity to exploit and adapt to changing
            market circumstances, and innovativeness at many levels. The
            authors discuss six main developments that are changing the
            industrial landscape in Japan and in this context, they
            explore the nature of the responses required of firms and
            examine some implications of the measures adopted for the
            Japanese economy as a whole.
Japan's changing industrial landscape
WPS3758

# **Japan’s Changing Industrial Landscape**<sup>*****</sup>

## **Shahid Yusuf**<sup>******</sup> **And Kaoru Nabeshima**

## **Development Economics Research Group World Bank**

### **Abstract**

This paper explores various strategic options available to Japanese firms faced with the increasing market pressures in the global economy. Whether Japanese firms are able to retain the competitive edge will depend on the continuing gains in their manufacturing capability, their capacity to exploit and adapt to changing market circumstances, and innovativeness at many levels. We discuss six main developments that are changing the industrial landscape in Japan and in this context, we explore the nature of the responses required of firms and examine some implications of the measures adopted for the Japanese economy as a whole.

### **JEL Code:** F14; J14; O14; O31; O33; L22; L23

### **Key Words:** Japan; Firm Strategies; production networking; innovation;

### World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3758, November 2005

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._

* A shorter and earlier version of this paper was presented at the Nihon University 100th Anniversary

Symposium on November 27, 2004.

** Contact author: Shahid Yusuf, World Bank, 1818 H St. NW, Washington, DC 20433.  Phone: (202) 478-

2339. FAX: (202) 522-1150. Email: syusuf@worldbank.org 1
A framework for evaluating alternate
            institutional arrangements for fiscal equalization transfers
Fiscal equalization programs are fairly
            common features of intergovernmental fiscal relations in
            industrial countries. Some developing countries have also
            recently introduced these programs and still others are
            contemplating such programs. Institutional arrangements for
            fiscal equalization vary across countries with wide
            variations in the form and membership of the relevant
            decisionmaking bodies. This paper provides a simple
            neo-institutional economics framework for assessing
            alternative institutional arrangements for their impacts on
            simplicity, transparency, and objectivity of the
            equalization program, as well as transaction costs for
            various parties involved. Comparing institutional
            arrangements across different countries is a daunting task.
            The success of these arrangements depends on a multitude of
            factors. The success of governance structures for fiscal
            matters may depend not only on the incentives regime
            associated with their inner structures but also their
            interactions with other formal and informal institutions in
            the country. This paper presents a simple framework to
            understand these incentives and interactions and draw
            implications for their impacts on transactions costs for the
            society as a whole and achievement of societal objectives.
            An application of these concepts to the specific case of
            institutional arrangements for fiscal equalization transfers
            are carried out and the predictions based on the theory are
            compared with observed experiences in major federal
            countries. The paper demonstrates that the simple new
            institutional framework presented here has a significant
            power for predicting potential impacts. The paper concludes,
            both in theory and practice, that the case for independent
            grants commission to enhance the transparency, equity, and
            accountability of the intergovernmental finance system is
            vastly exaggerated.
Simulating the poverty impact of
            macroeconomic shocks and policies
Developing countries face a host of
            macroeconomic challenges in the design and implementation of
            development strategies and policies. The importance of the
            underlying poverty and distributional issues creates a need
            for relevant and reliable ways of tracking the social impact
            of shocks and policies. This paper describes and
            demonstrates the use of a stylized framework for simulating
            the poverty implications of the Dutch disease, a change in
            the terms of trade and budgetary policy. The basic approach
            is to embed a Lorenz model of the size distribution of
            economic welfare in a general equilibrium model of an open
            economy. It is observed that, while aggregate welfare and
            poverty effects may be negligible, the structural and
            distributional impacts tend to be significant. The latter
            drive the political economy of policymaking and point to the
            need for an analytical framework that accounts for both the
            structural richness of the economy and the heterogeneity of
            the stakeholders
Simulating the poverty impact of
            macroeconomic shocks and policies
WPS3788

## **_Simulating the Poverty Impact of Macroeconomic Shocks and Policies_**

B. Essama-Nssah<sup>*</sup> Poverty Reduction Group (PRMPR) The World Bank Washington, D.C.

# Abstract

Developing countries face a host of macroeconomic challenges in the design and implementation of development strategies and policies. The importance of the underlying poverty and distributional issues creates a need for relevant and reliable ways of tracking the social impact of shocks and policies. This paper describes, and demonstrates the use of, a stylized framework for simulating the poverty implications of the Dutch disease, a change in the terms of trade and budgetary policy. The basic approach is to embed a Lorenz model of the size distribution of economic welfare in a general equilibrium model of an open economy. It is observed that, while aggregate welfare and poverty effects may be negligible, the structural and distributional impacts tend to be significant. The latter drive the political economy of policy-making, and point to the need for an analytical framework that accounts for both the structural richness of the economy and the heterogeneity of the stakeholders.

# World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3788, December 2005

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._

* The author is grateful to Delfin Sia Go and an anonymous referee for their insightful comments.
Neither a borrower nor a lender :
            does China's zero net foreign asset position make
            economic sense
China in the past few years has emerged
            as a net foreign creditor on the international scene with
            net foreign assets slightly greater than zero percent of
            wealth. This is surprising given that China is a relatively
            poor country with a capital-labor ratio about one-fifth the
            world average and one-tenth the U.S. level. The main
            questions that the authors address are whether it makes
            economic sense for China to be a net creditor and how they
            see China's net foreign asset position evolving over
            the next 20 years. They calibrate a theoretical model of
            international capital flows featuring diminishing returns,
            production risk, and sovereign risk. The calibrations for
            China yield a predicted net foreign asset position of -17
            percent of China's wealth. The authors also estimate
            nonstructural cross-country regressions of determinants of
            net foreign assets in which China is always a significant
            outlier with 5 to 7 percentage points more of net foreign
            assets relative to wealth than is predicted by its
            characteristics. China's extensive capital controls can
            explain why its current net foreign asset position is far
            away from what is predicted by open-economy models and
            cross-country empirics. It seems reasonable to assume that
            China's international financial integration will
            increase over time. The authors calibrate and predict
            different scenarios out to 2025. These scenarios are
            necessarily speculative, but it is interesting that they
            typically imply negative net foreign asset positions between
            3 and 9 percent of wealth. What may be counter-intuitive for
            many policymakers is that successful institutional reform
            and productivity growth are likely to lead to more negative
            net foreign asset positions than occurs with stagnation.
            Starting from China's zero net foreign assets position,
            it would take current account deficits in the range of 2-5
            percent of GDP to reach any of these net foreign assets
            positions. These are not unreasonable deficits, but they
            require a large adjustment from the present 6 percent of GDP
            current account surplus.
Two decades of reform : the changing
            organization dynamics of Chinese industrial firms
Since the early 1980s, China has begun
            gradually integrating with the global system. In doing so
            the country has moved toward its own unique brand of market
            socialism, which recognizes private ownership, and is
            adopting market institutions and pursuing industrial change
            within the framework of an urban economic environment. The
            process of transition has now permeated every corner of
            Chinese life and no organization has been left untouched.
            Yet industrial organization in China-especially in the state
            sector-has been slow to shed many of the distinctive
            structural characteristics of the old line Maoist era state
            enterprises. The main prong of the industrial strategy in
            support of urban change is ownership reform that transforms
            state-owned enterprises into corporate entities with
            majority state ownership or places them wholly in private
            hands, in the process also bolstering the incentives for and
            the dynamism of the private sector. While the central
            government spearheads the ownership reform initiative, in
            the majority of cases the actual implementation is in the
            hands of municipal, county, and prefectural governments that
            must coordinate their efforts with other factors influencing
            urban changes. This paper situates industrial change in
            China within the context of urban development and examines
            the interplay of broad reform strategy with local
            implementation, and its actual practice by the reformed firms.
Two decades of reform : the changing
            organization dynamics of Chinese industrial firms
WPS3806

# **Two Decades of Reform: The Changing Organization Dynamics of Chinese Industrial Firms**

## **Shahid Yusuf and Kaoru Nabeshima Development Economics Research Group The World Bank**

### **Abstract**

Since the early 1980s, China has begun gradually integrating with the global system. In doing so, the country has moved towards its own unique brand of market socialism, which recognizes private ownership, and is adopting market institutions and pursuing industrial change within the framework of an urban economic environment. The process of transition has now permeated every corner of Chinese life and no organization has been left untouched. Yet, industrial organization in China—especially in the state sector—has been slow to shed many of the distinctive structural characteristics of the old line Maoist era state enterprises. The main prong of the industrial strategy in support of urban change is ownership reform that transforms stateowned enterprises into corporate entities with majority state ownership or places them wholly in private hands. This strategy is bolstering the incentives for and the dynamism of the private sector. While the central government spearheads the ownership reform initiative, in the majority of cases the actual implementation is in the hands of municipal, county, and prefectural governments. This paper situates industrial change in China within the context of urban development and examines the interplay of broad reform strategy with local implementation, and its actual practice by the reformed firms.

**JEL Code** : P31; R11; O14; O31

**Key words** : China, urban economy, state-owned enterprise, reform

### World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3806, January 2006

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at_ _<u>http://econ.worldbank.org.</u>_ The paper was prepared for the project on “Urban China in Transition” sponsored by the Urban China Network, SUNY Albany and was presented at a conference in New Orleans, January 1516, 2005. We greatly appreciate the constructive feedback from conference participants. Authors would like to thank, in particular, John Logan and Susan Fainstein for their helpful suggestions and Shiqing Xie for providing excellent research assistance.