(IHS4), which was implemented by the National Statistical Office from April 2016 to April 2017 with support from the LSMS-ISA initiative. The IHS4 interviewed 12,480 crosssectional households across 780 enumeration areas (EAs), and in parallel attempted to track an additional national sample of 1,989 households that have been previously interviewed in 2010 and 2013 by the Third Integrated Household Survey (IHS3) and the Integrated Household Panel Survey (IHPS). The IHS4 cross-sectional and panel components administered a multi-topic Household Questionnaire, and if applicable, Agriculture and Fishery Questionnaires, in each sampled household. As part of the panel component specifically, the IHS4 aimed to administer an Individual Questionnaire to all adult household members, with the ultimate response rate of 80 percent among the age-eligible interview targets. The individual interviews administered augmented and contextualized versions of selected Arm 5 MEXA questionnaire modules<sup>22</sup> , and the existing IHS4 questionnaire modules on education, health, employment and food insecurity<sup>23</sup> . Further, in case of an agricultural household that is reporting to own and/or cultivate land in the reference rainy season, the household inventory of agricultural parcels that is created as part of the IHS4 Agriculture Questionnaire were fed into each individual interview.<sup>24</sup> Ultimately, the purpose of the survey may shape the choices regarding whom to interview. If we want to understand the bargaining power or empowerment effects of asset ownership, then asking individuals about their own ownership or rights over assets is likely to best capture their perceptions, in line with the empirical evidence reviewed above. For intrahousehold analyses that the individual disaggregated data on asset ownership and control would seek to inform, multiple age-eligible individuals should be interviewed, with the possibility of (i) attempting to interview of age-eligible household members as in MEXA or (ii) focusing on the members of the principal couple in the married/co-habitating household sub-population or (iii) selecting a random age-eligible household member and his/her partner if applicable across the entire household population.<sup>25</sup> If multiple people are interviewed for intra-household analysis, there may be multiple responses about the same asset. There are different ways to handle this, depending on the

> 22 These modules include dwelling, agricultural land, and financial accounts, loans and liabilities. 23 On individual-level measurement of food insecurity, the IHS4 Panel Subcomponent used the individualreferenced questionnaire module that is developed by the FAO Voices of Hungry Project for the computation of the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), an SDG indicator.

> 24 The IHS4 cross-sectional Agriculture Questionnaire also collected parcel-level data on reported, economic and documented ownership, and rights to sell and bequeath but following the Arm 1 approach, per usual practice in Malawi. The parallel implementation of the IHS4 cross-sectional and panel components will, therefore, offer another opportunity to assess potential Arm 5 effects, vis-à-vis Arm 1, on the agricultural land-related outcome variables. Within Arm 5 specifically, the IHS4 data will allow for the comparison of respondent and proxy respondent reporting regarding respondent ownership of and rights to agricultural land, but this time at the asset-level.

> 25 The UN EDGE international guidelines on individual-level measurement of asset ownership and control are expected to expand on these scenarios and their implications for fieldwork design and sampling.

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