Table 3 presents the number of jobs directly used in export production, the total number of jobs used in export production, and the (direct and total) job intensity of exports. The top panel includes only the subsample of countries that are present every year since 1997, which more accurately captures the evolution of the indicators than the bottom panel, which includes the whole sample (with varying number of countries over the years). Until 2007 both the direct and the total jobs contained in exports were increasing while between 2007 and 2011 both decreased. The job intensity of exports, on the other hand, has been steadily decreasing since 2001. This is different than what we saw for the labor intensity of exports, which has been decreasing since 1995 but experienced a slight increase between 2007 and 2011 (Figure 1). Notably, the change in the job intensity was much more pronounced than the change in the absolute number of jobs – meaning that the number of jobs fell relatively more than any shifts in export values. Again, this is consistent with a transition to labor-saving technologies in production.

**<u>Table 3. Total number of jobs in exports (JobX) and the job intensity of exports</u>**

|1997|2001|2004|2007|2011|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|_Balanced sample - 32 countries_|||||
|**JobX in thousands**|||||
|Direct<br>31,092|38,962|39,850|40,662|39,386|
|Total<br>66,187|87,825|88,311|89,265|83,553|
|**Jobs per $1 mil. of exports**|||||
|Direct<br>11|13|9|6|5|
|Total<br>24|29|19|13|11|
|_Whole sample_|||||
|**Jobs per $1 mil. of exports**|||||
|Direct<br>14|17|11|7|6|
|Total<br>31|38|27|16|14|
|No. of countries<br>36|48|73|65|66|

Note: Based on export-weighted data for 32 countries that are present in the database every year since 1997, including: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Rep., Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and Sweden.

Table 4 presents various indicators of the job content of exports but for the 15 richest and 15 poorest individual countries in our database in 2011 based on GDP per capita.<sup>18</sup> While the first two columns show the number of jobs aggregated across all sectors directly and indirectly embodied in exports (in thousands), the third column shows the ratio of the two and thus the relative importance of direct employment compared to the employment generated by backward linkages. The fifth and sixth columns show the total number of jobs per $1 million of gross exports and the share in the economy-wide employment (JobD), respectively. Thus these two columns allow comparisons across countries in terms of the job intensity of exports and how important exports were for generating jobs in total employment.

The data suggest that in 2011 the jobs supported (directly or indirectly) by the exports amounted to 160.7 million for the 66 countries in the sample, or 20.6% of total employment in these countries. The importance of exports as a source of employment does not vary systematically with level of income. Within the high18 The countries in the table are sorted based on the level of development measured by GDP per capita in 2011, starting with the most developed countries in our database.

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