# **3.2 Household Survey Data**

The World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study - Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMSISA) is a household survey program that provides financial and technical assistance to national statistical offices in Sub-Saharan Africa for the design and implementation of national, multi-topic longitudinal household surveys with a focus on agriculture. Our analysis uses data from multiple rounds of panel household surveys from Ethiopia, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Uganda and Tanzania. Table 2 provides a summary of the countries, years, and observations used in the analysis.

In Ethiopia, we use data from the 2011/12, 2013/14, 2015/16, 2018/19, and 2021/22 rounds of the Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS), which has been conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA, 2014; CSA, 2015; CSA, 2017; CSA, 2020; CSA, 2024). The Wave 1 data is representative at the regional level for the most populous regions in the country while Waves 2 and 3 expanded to include 1,500 households in urban areas. The 2018/19 round represented a total refresh of the panel, making it nationally representative as well as representative of each of the 11 regions in Ethiopia. The 2020/21 round followed up with the households from 2018/19, creating a new panel distinct from the three-round panel that ran from 2011 to 2016. Because of COVID and civil conflict in Ethiopia during the 2021/22 data collection effort, this fifth wave contains no households from Tigray and is thus not nationally representative, though it remains representative of ten of the regions. After data cleaning to remove urban and non-agricultural rural households, we are left with 10,674 observations from 5,333 distinct household across five survey waves.

In Malawi, the LSMS-ISA data includes two separate surveys that form three different data sets: the cross-sectional Integrated Household Survey (IHS), and the longitudinal Integrated Household Panel Survey (IHPS) (NSO, 2012; NSO, 2015; NSO, 2017; NSO, 2020a; NSO, 2020b). These two surveys form three data sets: three cross sections (2010/11, 2016/17, 2019/20), two waves of panel data known as the short-term panel (2010 and 2013), and five waves of panel data known as the long-panel (2010, 2013, 2016, and 2019). This analysis relies on the short-term and long-term data sets from the IHPS, which are representative at the national-, urban/rural-, and regional-level. The long-term panel tracks households that move or split off, meaning the sample size grows from round-to-round. After data cleaning to remove tracked and non-agricultural households, we are left with 8,897 observations from 3,833 distinct households across four survey years.

In Niger, we use two waves, the first from 2011 and the second from 2014 (NIS, 2014; NIS, 2016). Unlike the other countries from the LSMS-ISA used in this paper, there has been no follow-up on data collection in Niger since 2014. The sample is representative at the national and urban/rurallevel. Data cleaning and removal of non-agricultural households gives us 3,913 observations from 2,320 distinct households across two survey waves.

In Nigeria, we use the data from the 2010/11, 2012/13, 2015/16, and 2018/19 rounds of the General Household Survey - Panel, which is representative at the national and urban/rural-level (NBS, 2012; NBS, 2014; NBS, 2016; NBS, 2019). Similar to Ethiopia, there was a panel refresh in 10