rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
How does deposit insurance affect
            bank risk evidence from the recent crisis
Deposit insurance is widely offered in a
            number of countries as part of a financial system safety net
            to promote stability. An unintended consequence of deposit
            insurance is the reduction in the incentive of depositors to
            monitor banks, which leads to excessive risk-taking. This
            paper examines the relation between deposit insurance and
            bank risk and systemic fragility in the years leading to and
            during the recent financial crisis. It finds that generous
            financial safety nets increase bank risk and systemic
            fragility in the years leading up to the global financial
            crisis. However, during the crisis, bank risk is lower and
            systemic stability is greater in countries with deposit
            insurance coverage. The findings suggest that the
            "moral hazard effect" of deposit insurance
            dominates in good times while the "stabilization
            effect" of deposit insurance dominates in turbulent
            times. Nevertheless, the overall effect of deposit insurance
            over the full sample remains negative since the
            destabilizing effect during normal times is greater in
            magnitude compared with the stabilizing effect during global
            turbulence. In addition, the analysis finds that good bank
            supervision can alleviate the unintended consequences of
            deposit insurance on bank systemic risk during good times,
            suggesting that fostering the appropriate incentive
            framework is very important for ensuring systemic stability.
Private Chinese investment in Africa
            : myths and realities
Private Chinese outbound investment, not
            as well-known as government-led investment, offers special
            opportunities and challenges for Africa today. The
            significance of Chinese private-sector investment is already
            visible in the burgeoning manufacturing sector in some parts
            of Africa, and the trend will continue to grow in the near
            future. The underlying force behind this trend is the
            increased pressure of industrial restructuring in coastal
            China, a force that drives some labor-intensive firms to
            relocate to other parts of the developing world, including
            Africa. African host country governments can respond to this
            phenomenon with proactive development policies and
            strategies to maximize private Chinese investment for the
            benefit of their own economies.
Emerging economies, trade policy,
            and macroeconomic shocks
This paper estimates the impact of
            aggregate fluctuations on the time-varying trade policies of
            thirteen major emerging economies over 1989-2010; by 2010,
            these WTO member countries collectively accounted for 21
            percent of world merchandise imports and 22 percent of world
            GDP. The paper examines determinants of carefully
            constructed, bilateral measures of new import restrictions
            on products arising through the temporary trade barrier
            (TTB) policies of antidumping, safeguards, and
            countervailing duties. The paper presents evidence of a
            counter-cyclical relationship between macroeconomic shocks
            and new TTB import restrictions as well as an important role
            for fluctuations in bilateral real exchange rates.
            Furthermore, the trade policy responsiveness coinciding with
            WTO establishment in 1995 suggests a significant change
            relative to the pre-WTO period; i.e., new import
            restrictions became more counter-cyclical and sensitive to
            real exchange rate shocks over time. Finally, the paper also
            presents results that explicitly address changes to the
            institutional environment facing these emerging economies as
            they joined the WTO and adopted disciplines to restrain
            their application of other trade policies such as applied
            import tariffs.
Challenges and opportunities of
            mobile phone-based data collection : evidence from South Sudan
The proliferation of mobile phones in
            developing countries has generated a wave of interest in
            collecting high-frequency socioeconomic surveys using this
            technology. This paper considers lessons from one such
            survey effort in a difficult environment -- the South Sudan
            Experimental Phone Survey, which gathered data on living
            conditions, access to services, and citizen attitudes via
            monthly interviews by phones provided to respondents.
            Non-response, particularly in later rounds of the survey,
            was a substantial problem, largely due to erratic
            functioning of the mobile network. However, selection due to
            non-response does not appear to have markedly affected
            survey results. Response rates were much higher for
            respondents who owned their own phones. Both compensation
            provided to respondents in the form of airtime and the type
            of phone (solar-charged or traditional) were varied
            experimentally. The type of phone was uncorrelated with
            response rates and, contrary to expectation, attrition was
            slightly higher for those receiving the higher level of
            compensation. The South Sudan Experimental Phone Survey
            experience suggests that mobile phones can be a viable means
            of data collection for some purposes, that calling people on
            their own phones is preferred to handing out phones, and
            that careful attention should be given to the potential for
            selective non-response.
Trade policy flexibilities and
            Turkey : tariffs, antidumping, safeguards, and WTO dispute settlement
Trade policy commitments to lower import
            tariffs and to maintain tariffs at low levels entail short
            and long-run political-economic costs and benefits.
            Empirical work examining the relationship between such
            commitments and the exercise of trade policy flexibilities
            is still relatively nascent, especially for emerging
            economies. This paper provides a rich, empirically-based
            assessment of ways that Turkey exercised trade policy
            flexibilities during the global economic crisis of 2008-11.
            First, and despite multilateral and customs union
            commitments that might limit changes to applied tariffs,
            Turkey made changes to both its applied Most Favored Nation
            and preferential tariffs that cumulatively affect nearly 9
            percent of  manufacturing imports and 10 percent of import
            product lines. Second, Turkey's cumulative application
            of temporary trade barrier (TTB) policies -- antidumping,
            safeguards and countervailing duties -- are estimated to
            impact by 2011 an additional 4 percent of imports and 6
            percent of product lines. Other surprising results on
            Turkey's use of flexibilities include: extending the
            duration of previously imposed antidumping and safeguards
            beyond expected removal dates, removing one TTB policy over
            a set of products and immediately reapplying a different TTB
            policy, covering lengthy upstream and downstream segments of
            important industries, and deepening discriminatory
            preference margins already inherent in existing preferential
            trade agreements.
The impact of the global food crisis
            on self-assessed food security
The paper provides the first large-scale
            survey-based evidence on the impact of the global food
            crisis of 2007-08 using an indicator of self-assessed food
            security from the Gallup World Poll. For the sampled
            countries as a whole, this subjective indicator of food
            security remained the same or even improved, seemingly owing
            to a combination of strong economic growth and limited food
            inflation in some of the most populous countries,
            particularly India. However, these favorable global trends
            mask divergent trends at the national and regional levels,
            with a number of countries reporting substantial
            deterioration in food security. The impacts of the global
            crisis therefore appear to be highly context specific.
Does urbanization affect rural
            poverty evidence from Indian districts
Although a high rate of urbanization and
            a high incidence of rural poverty are two distinct features
            of many developing countries, there is little knowledge of
            the effects of the former on the latter. Using a large
            sample of Indian districts from the 1983-1999 period, the
            authors find that urbanization has a substantial and
            systematic poverty-reducing effect in the surrounding rural
            areas. The results obtained through an instrumental variable
            estimation suggest that this effect is causal in nature and
            is largely attributable to the positive spillovers of
            urbanization on the rural economy rather than to the
            movement of the rural poor to urban areas. This rural
            poverty-reducing effect of urbanization is primarily
            explained by increased demand for local agricultural
            products and, to a lesser extent, by urban-rural
            remittances, the rural land/population ratio, and rural
            nonfarm employment.
How subjective beliefs about HIV
            infection affect life-cycle fertility : evidence from rural Malawi
This paper studies the effect of
            subjective beliefs about HIV infection on fertility
            decisions in a context of high HIV prevalence and simulates
            the impact of different policy interventions, such as HIV
            testing programs and prevention of mother-to-child
            transmission, on fertility and child mortality. It develops
            a model of women's life-cycle, in which women make
            sequential fertility decisions. Expectations about the life
            horizon and child survival depend on women's perceived
            exposure to HIV infection, which is allowed to differ from
            the actual exposure. In the model, women form beliefs about
            their HIV status and about their own and their
            children's survival in future periods. Women update
            their beliefs with survival to each additional period as
            well as when their HIV status is revealed by an HIV test.
            Model parameters are estimated by maximum likelihood with
            longitudinal data from the Malawi Diffusion and Ideational
            Change Project, which contain family rosters, information on
            HIV testing, and measures of subjective beliefs about own
            HIV status. The model successfully fits the fertility
            patterns in the data, as well as the distribution of
            reported beliefs about own HIV status. The analysis uses the
            model to assess the effect of HIV on fertility by simulating
            behavior in an environment without HIV. The results show
            that the presence of HIV reduces the average number of
            births a woman has during her life-cycle by 0.15. The paper
            also finds that HIV testing can reduce the fertility of
            infected women, leading to a reduction of child mortality
            and orphan-hood.
Children's health opportunities
            and project evaluation : Mexico's Oportunidades program
This paper proposes a methodology to
            evaluate social projects from the perspective of
            children's opportunities on the basis of the effects of
            these projects on the distribution of outcomes. The
            evaluation is conditioned on characteristics for which
            individuals are not responsible; in this case, parental
            education level and indigenous background. The methodology
            is applied to evaluate the effects on children's health
            opportunities of Mexico's Oportunidades program, one of
            the largest conditional cash transfer programs for poor
            households in the world. The evidence from this program
            shows that gains in health opportunities for children from
            indigenous backgrounds are substantial and are situated in
            crucial parts of the distribution, whereas gains for
            children from nonindigenous backgrounds are more limited.
Achieving medium term expenditure
            framework reform : a case study of Korea
A medium-term expenditure framework is
            considered an essential element of public financial
            management reform, and this framework has been adopted in
            many countries. However, in terms of implementation in those
            countries, the medium-term expenditure framework continues
            to present a significant challenge within the budget
            process. This case study provides an inside story of
            medium-term expenditure framework reform in the Republic of
            Korea and offers some suggestive evidence about the impact
            of the reform. Drawing on theories of change management, the
            study explores how actors within the Korean government
            created acceptance of reform needs among relevant
            stakeholders, how they handled various challenges throughout
            the reform, how they built capacity among stakeholders, and
            how they institutionalized the reform measures that were
            consistent with stakeholder incentives. The case highlights
            the following implications: (1) having strong support from
            top decision makers is essential to successful medium-term
            expenditure framework reform; (2) finding ways of
            integrating a medium-term expenditure framework into the
            budget process is critical; and (3) making the framework
            stable and sustainable requires both capacity building of
            relevant stakeholders and significant organizational restructuring.
Political reservations and
            women's entrepreneurship in India
This paper quantifies the link between
            the timing of state-level implementations of political
            reservations for women in India with the role of women in
            India's manufacturing sector. While overall employment
            of women in manufacturing does not increase after the
            reforms, there is  significant evidence that more
            women-owned establishments were created in the
            unorganized/informal sector. These new establishments were
            concentrated in industries where women entrepreneurs have
            been traditionally active and the entry was mainly found
            among household-based establishments. The paper measures and
            discusses the extent to which this heightened
            entrepreneurship is due to channels like greater finance
            access or heightened inspiration for women entrepreneurs.
Using provider performance
            incentives to increase HIV testing and counseling services
            in Rwanda
Paying for performance provides
            financial rewards to medical care providers for improvements
            in performance measured by specific utilization and quality
            of care indicators. In 2006, Rwanda began a paying for
            performance scheme to improve health services delivery,
            including HIV/AIDS services. This study examines the
            scheme's impact on individual and couples HIV testing
            and counseling and using data from a prospective
            quasi-experimental design. The study finds a positive impact
            of paying for performance with an increase of 6.1 percentage
            points in the probability of individuals having ever been
            tested. This positive impact is stronger for married
            individuals: 10.2 percentage points. The results also
            indicate larger impacts of paying for performance on the
            likelihood that the respondent reports both partners have
            ever been tested, especially among discordant couples (14.7
            percentage point increase) in which only one of the partners
            is HIV positive.
Weight calculations for panel
            surveys with sub-sampling and split-off tracking
The Living Standards Measurement Study
            -- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture project collects
            agricultural and livelihood data in seven countries in
            Sub-Saharan Africa. In order to maintain representativeness
            as much as possible over multiple rounds of data collection,
            a sub-sample of households are selected to have members that
            have left the household tracked and interviewed in their new
            location with their new household members. Since the
            sub-sampling occurs at the level of the household but
            tracking occurs at the level of the individual, a number of
            issues arise with the correct calculation for the
            sub-sampling and attrition corrections. This paper is based
            on the panel weight calculations for the initial rounds of
            the Integrated Surveys on Agriculture surveys in Uganda and
            Tanzania, and describes the methodology used for calculating
            the weight components related to sub-sampling, tracking, and
            attrition, as well as the criteria used for trimming and
            post-stratification. It also addresses complications
            resulting from members previously classified as having
            attrited from the sample returning in later rounds.
How fit are feed-in tariff policies
            evidence from the European wind market
Feed-in tariffs have become the most
            widely used policy instrument to promote renewable energy
            deployment around the world. This paper examines the
            relation between tariff setting and policy outcome based on
            wind capacity expansion in 35 European countries over the
            1991-2010 period. Using a dynamic panel data model, it
            estimates the long-run elasticity of wind deployment with
            respect to the level of feed-in support. The analysis finds
            that higher subsidies do not necessarily yield greater
            levels of wind installation. Non-economic barriers and
            rent-seeking may have contributed to the weak correlation.
            On the other hand, the length of feed-in contract and
            guaranteed grid access are important determinants of policy
            effectiveness. A one-year extension of an original 5-year
            agreement on average increases wind investment by 6 percent
            annually, while providing an interconnection guarantee
            almost doubles wind investment in one year.
SME registration evidence from a
            randomized controlled trial in Bangladesh
Informality is pervasive in developing
            countries. In Bangladesh, the majority of firms are informal
            and as such they might not have access to prime markets,
            while lowering the tax base. The authors implemented an
            information campaign on registration, including both the
            step-by-step procedures and the potential benefits from
            registration. They find that the treatment made firms more
            aware of the procedures, but had no impact on actual
            registration. The results point toward potentially low
            benefits and high indirect costs of registration as the main
            barriers to formality (e.g. access to markets, taxation,
            labor and product regulations).
Demand versus returns pro-poor
            targeting of business grants and vocational skills training
Interventions aimed at increasing the
            income generating capacity of the poor, such as vocational
            training, micro-finance or business grants, are widespread
            in the developing world. How to target such interventions is
            an open question. Many programs are self-targeted, but if
            perceived returns differ from actual returns, those
            self-selecting to participate may not be those for whom the
            program is the most effective. The authors analyze an
            unusual experiment with very high take-up of business grants
            and vocational skills training, randomly assigned among
            nearly all households in selected poor rural communities in
            Nicaragua. On average, the interventions resulted in
            increased participation in non-agricultural employment and
            higher income from related activities. The paper
            investigates whether targeting could have resulted in higher
            returns by analyzing heterogeneity in impacts by stated
            baseline demand, prior participation in non-agricultural
            activities, and a wide range of complementary asset
            endowments. The results reveal little heterogeneity along
            observed baseline characteristics. However, the poorest
            households are more likely to enter and have higher profits
            in non-agricultural self-employment, while less poor
            households assigned to the training have higher
            non-agricultural wages. This heterogeneity appears related
            to unobserved characteristics that are not revealed by
            stated baseline demand, and more difficult to target. In
            this context, self-targeting may reduce the
            poverty-reduction potential of income generating
            interventions, possibly because low aspirations limit the
            poor's ex-ante demand for productive interventions
            while the interventions have the potential to increase those
            aspirations. Overall, targeting productive interventions to
            poor households would not have come at the cost of reducing
            their effectiveness. By contrast, self-targeting would have
            limited poverty reduction by excluding the poorest.