_Table 6. How exposed are standard policies to private agenda interferences?_

|||**Assumed**|**impact of po**<br>**private ag**|**licy on scope fo**<br>**enda objective**|**r achieving**<br>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**Standard policy recommendations in the sector**||<br>|<br>|<br>|
||<br>**across policy areas**|Populist/<br>reelection|Patronage|Industry-<br>friendliness|Corruption|
|**Strategic**<br>**planning**|`o`<br>Rely on formal and independent assessment of sectoral needs<br>`o`<br>Consult with beneficiaries to get a sense of demand and<br>willingness to pay<br>`o`<br>Publicize progress during the electoral period for executive<br>members (use specific output indicators such as connections,<br>MWs, Km,...)<br>`o`<br>Get donors to coordinate their reactions to and support for<br>implementation of a sectoral vision<br>`o`<br>Decentralize decision making|**‐/?**<br>**?**<br>**‐/?**<br>**‐/?**<br>**?**|**‐/?**<br>**?**<br>**0/?**<br>**‐**<br>**‐**|**‐/?**<br>**?**<br>**0/?**<br>**‐**<br>**?**|**‐/?**<br>**?/+**<br>**‐/?**<br>**‐**<br>**?**|
|**Market**<br>**structure**|<br>`o`<br>Promote unbundling. Increase competition in and for the market<br>when possible<br>`o`<br>Allow vertical integration when risk are high or competition<br>limited<br>`o`<br>Encourage yardstick competition as a substitute for competition<br>in the market|**0**<br>**0**<br>**0**|**‐/?**<br>**+**<br>**‐**|**‐/?**<br>**+**<br>**‐**|**‐/?**<br>**+**<br>**‐**|
|**Mode of**<br>**service**<br>**provision**|`o`<br>Privatize, increase PPPs<br>`o`<br>Corporatize SOEs or rely on explicit performance contracts (e.g.<br>OBA)<br>`o`<br>Increase public financing, loan financing<br>`o`<br>Reduce incompleteness of contract by including decision rules to<br>assign responsibilities for consequences of incompleteness to<br>operator, government and users as clearlyaspossible|**?**<br>**?**<br>**?**<br>**?/+**<br>**‐**|**?**<br>**?**<br>**?**<br>**‐**|**?/+**<br>**?/+**<br>**?/+**<br>**‐**|**?/+**<br>**?**<br>**?/+**<br>**‐**|
|**Pricing**<br>**and**<br>**subsidies**|`o`<br>Use price regulation in a smart and transparent way<br>`o`<br>Use price caps when there is no information to identify<br>manipulation<br>`o`<br>Rely more on cost‐plus when there is limited information<br>and the aim is to manage risk levels ,<br>`o`<br>Use price caps to push efficiency incentives when there is<br>enough information<br>`o`<br>Improve use of alternative tariff structure options<br>`o`<br>Introduce subsidy and guarantee budgets (better control)<br>`o`<br>Rely more effectively on tax‐related data or consumption surveys<br>to reduce the risk of omissions or undesired inclusion in subsidies<br>(improve information for targeting)<br>`o`<br>Introduce ordeal mechanisms as eligibilitycriteria for subsidies|**‐**<br>**‐**<br>**‐**<br>**?**<br>**‐**|**‐**<br>**‐**<br>**‐**<br>**?**<br>**‐**|**?**<br>**?**<br>**‐**<br>**?**<br>**‐**|**‐**<br>**‐**<br>**‐**<br>**‐**<br>**‐**|
|**Oversight**<br>**and**<br>**regulation**|`o`<br>Create a truly independent regulator (separation of powers)<br>`o`<br>Ensure transparent recruitment of regulators<br>`o`<br>Limit future employment opportunities in the sector for ex‐<br>regulators<br>`o`<br>Ensure independent financing of regulatory agencies<br>`o`<br>Adopt competitive wages for regulators and their staff<br>`o`<br>Match regulatory institutions to the general institutional capacity<br>`o`<br>Rely more systematically on public hearings<br>`o`<br>Ensure that contract renegotiation are cleared by different actors<br>(judiciary, executive, different regulators)<br>`o`<br>Disclose information through the introduction of formal<br>regulatoryaccountingsystems and regulatorycost accounting|**‐/?**<br>**‐**<br>**‐**<br>**?**<br>**‐**|**‐/?**<br>**‐**<br>**‐**<br>**?**<br>**‐**|**‐/?**<br>**‐**<br>**‐**<br>**?**<br>**‐**|**‐/?**<br>**‐**<br>**‐**<br>**‐?**<br>**‐**|

A _plus_ for the given agenda means that the recommendation can be particularly exposed to manipulation (if that agenda is a problem in politics); a _minus_ means that the recommendation is unlikely to be manipulated for the given private agenda; a _zero_ means that it is neither more or less likely to be exposed; a _question mark_ means that it is difficult to draw any intuitive suggestion about how exposed the recommendation is.

23