_Gender Equality and Economic Development: The Role for ICTs_ 34

# **Table 3**

## **ICT and Gender Equality in Employment Panel Regressions with Country Fixed-Effects Dependent Variable: Ratio of Female to Male Labor Force Activity Rates**

|||**OLS**|**Estima**|**tion**|||**IV**|**Estimat**|**ion**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Independent Variables**|**Reg 3.1**|**Reg 3.2**|**Reg 3.3**|**Reg 3.4**|**Reg 3.5**|**Reg 3.1a**|**Reg 3.2a**|**Reg 3.3a**|**Reg 3.4a**|**Reg 3.5a**|
|**Lagged**<br>**Log (RGDP per capita)**|**2.0962**<br>**(1.5354)**|**5.0638*****<br>**(1.3284)**|**1.6812**<br>**(1.3392)**|**5.1645*****<br>**(1.5274)**|**3.3407****<br>**(1.5107)**|**1.6919**<br>**(1.6143)**|**4.4956*****<br>**(1.3250)**|**1.9098**<br>**(1.3915)**|**4.8790*****<br>**(1.5609)**|**2.6453***<br>**(1.4659)**|
|**Lagged Urbanization**<br>**Ratio**|**-0.0578**<br>**(0.0424)**|**0.0893**<br>**(0.0566)**|**-0.0231**<br>**(0.0518)**|**0.0133**<br>**(0.0584)**|**0.0563**<br>**(0.0568)**|**-0.0640**<br>**(0.0436)**|**0.0784**<br>**(0.0579)**|**-0.0319**<br>**(0.0543)**|**0.0117**<br>**(0.0604)**|**0.0645**<br>**(0.0593)**|
|**Unemployment Rate**|**-0.0498***<br>**(0.0264)**|**-0.0116**<br>**(0.0218)**|**0.0004**<br>**(0.0267)**|**0.0087**<br>**(0.0261)**|**0.0375**<br>**(0.0248)**|**-0.0582****<br>**(0.0277)**|**-0.0143**<br>**(0.0220)**|**0.0028**<br>**(0.0264)**|**0.0060**<br>**(0.0280)**|**0.0469***<br>**(0.0252)**|
|**Education Variables**|||||||||||
|**Lagged Average**<br>**Years of School**|**2.3179*****<br>**(0.7120)**|**2.1607*****<br>**(0.6658)**|**3.4054*****<br>**(0.4455)**|**3.3438*****<br>**(0.5892)**|**3.0423*****<br>**(0.5018)**|**2.3360*****<br>**(0.7648)**|**1.9973****<br>**(0.7775)**|**3.6911*****<br>**(0.4604)**|**3.4979*****<br>**(0.6413)**|**2.8429*****<br>**(0.5320)**|
|**Lagged Ratio of Average**<br>**Years of School**|**0.0271**<br>**(0.0454)**|**0.0762****<br>**(0.0381)**|**0.1282*****<br>**(0.0392)**|**0.0854***<br>**(0.0481)**|**0.0798***<br>**(0.0418)**|**0.0193**<br>**(0.0508)**|**0.0780***<br>**(0.0441)**|**0.1320*****<br>**(0.0455)**|**0.0816**<br>**(0.0613)**|**0.0710**<br>**(0.0471)**|
|**ICT Variables**<br>**Lagged Log (Computers) **<br>**(per 1,000 persons)**|**1.4548*****<br>**(0.2228)**|||||**1.6726*****<br>**(0.2859)**|||||
|**Lagged**<br>**Log (Internet Users)**<br>**(per 1,000 persons)**||**0.1817*****<br>**(0.0557)**|||||**0.2575*****<br>**(0.0884)**||||
|**Lagged Phones**<br>**(per 1,000 persons)**|||**0.0048*****<br>**(0.0008)**|||||**0.0035*****<br>**(0.0006)**|||
|**Lagged ICT**||||**0.1286***|||||**0.0809**||
|**Expenditure (% of GDP)**||||**(0.0778)**|||||**(0.0806)**||
|**Lagged (ICT**|||||**0.0015*****|||||**0.0019*****|
|**Expenditure per capita)**|||||**(0.0003)**|||||**(0.0004)**|
|**R-Squared**|**0.9939**|**0.9980**|**0.9935**|**0.9977**|**0.9981**|**0.9940**|**0.9982**|**0.9938**|**0.9979**|**0.9983**|
|**Number of Obs.**|**616**|**475**|**707**|**360**|**353**|**611**|**470**|**702**|**356**|**350**|
|**Number of Countries**|**71**|**74**|**77**|**48**|**47**|**71**|**74**|**77**|**48**|**47**|
|<br>**Years**<br>*, **, *** denotes significance at th<br>Robust standard errors inparenth|**1981-2001 **<br>e 90, 95 and<br>eses obtaine|**1991-2001 **<br>99 percent con<br>d usingWhite's|**1981-2001 **<br>fidence level r<br>correction for|**1993-2001 **<br>espectively<br>heterosceda|**1993-2001 **<br>sticity.|**1981-2001 **|**1991-2001 **|**1981-2001 **|**1993-2001**|**1993-2001**|