consistent with the results in DOP on the impact of the immigration flows of the previous decade between 1990 and 2000. More importantly, the results exhibit a certain degree of contradiction to the popular perception that immigration has large negative effects on the wages of low ~~-s~~ killed native workers in all destination countries. On the contrary, both old and young low ~~-s~~ killed workers experience wage gains and are the main beneficiaries of relatively high ~~-s~~ killed immigration in a number of destination countries, such as Australia, Canada and Switzerland.

Our model and calibration allow for differential wage effects of immigration on native workers across different age groups. This is different than the se ~~t-~~ up in DOP where there are no age group distinctions in the labor market modelling. Nevertheless, the results show that wage gains and losses are relatively symmetric across age groups within the same skill category in the vast majority of the OECD destination countries. There are some small differences for example, such as in Italy and Spain, suggesting that the (implicit) assumption of symmetric effects in DOP may not necessarily hold.

Our analysis is based on the net changes in immigrant stocks presented in Table 2. The DIOC database provides information in 2010 on the duration of stay of immigrant groups by education category. More specifically, we have data on the education composition of the migrants who arrived between 2000 and 2010. In Appendix A, we discuss in detail how we use these data to calculate the wage impact of this gross inflow, rather than the net change. In most countries, the results are almost identical (see Figure A.1) since there is high degree of correlation between the gross inflow and net change in immigrant stocks

# 4.3 Emigration

The wage effects due to emigration show different patterns when compared to those that result from changes in immigrant stocks. The low ~~-s~~ killed non ~~-~~ migrant natives now suffer wage losses, especially in highe ~~r-~~ income countries, and, in contrast, the high ~~-s~~ killed are the beneficiaries. These patterns are illustrated in Figure 8 and in Appendix D (Table A.4). The heterogeneity in wage effects from emigration is also clear. Countries which experienced low levels of relative changes in the age ~~-~~ education structure of natives due to emigration (such as those in Scandinavia or Eastern Europe) experience almost no wage effects for all groups. These differences are simply due to the high ~~-s~~ kill intensity of emigration flows. The positive correlation between the impact on the wages of the low ~~-s~~ killed and changes in quantities of high ~~-s~~ killed labor means wage losses among the low ~~-s~~ killed are more pronounced in high ~~-s~~ killed emigrant sending countries like Ireland and Eastern European countries. The impact is especially pronounced in Ireland where older low ~~-s~~ killed workers suffer a wage loss of 5 percent, along with losses for their younger counterparts. In the other countries, the losses of the older and younger lower ~~-s~~ killed workers are smaller. Because the low ~~-s~~ killed workers account for a larger share of the 23