14 LPG was heavily subsidized in India and Indonesia. The Indian LPG market for residential consumers largely consisted of subsidized LPG, which was also effectively rationed—there were reportedly 158,000 households on the waiting list for subsidized LPG as of December 2004, midpoint through the survey period ( _Business Standard_ 2005), although this is a mere 0.3 percent of the total number of households reporting LPG purchase at the time. Market-priced LPG was also available in some areas without any quantitative restrictions, but it was much more expensive and constituted a negligibly small share of the residential LPG market. Kerosene in India and Indonesia was also heavily subsidized at the time. In India, subsidized kerosene has been rationed and distributed through the Public Distribution System according to various criteria, which include the number of cylinders for subsidized LPG belonging to each household and the household’s location (state as well as urban or rural) (ESMAP 2003b); households supplemented subsidized kerosene by purchasing market-price kerosene. In Pakistan, natural gas was and continues to be the fuel of choice where it is available, particularly given the government’s pricing policy favoring residential customers (World Bank 2003), making LPG the second-best clean-fuel option after natural gas. Statistics on LPG uptake, quantities purchased, and the share of total spending allocated to LPG are provided in appendix 2.

Table 2 provides indications of per capita income, urbanization, and household access to electricity in the six countries. With the exception of per capita expenditure from national accounts, the data are drawn from the household surveys. Access to electricity is shown because it provides an indication of the level of infrastructure development.

Table 2: Average annual per capita expenditure and urbanization in sample countries with data on quantities of fuel consumed

|**Country**|**Survey**<br>**year**|**Survey**<br>**sample**<br>**size**|**Per capita**<br>**expenditure from**<br>**national accounts**<br>**(2005 $ at PPP)**|**Per capita**<br>**expenditure from**<br>**survey**<br>**(2005 $ at PPP)**|**% of HHs**<br>**in urban**<br>**areas**|**% of HHs**<br>**with positive**<br>**expenditures**<br>**on electricity**<sup>**a**</sup>|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Guatemala**|2006|13,656|3,223|3,777|54|84|
|**India**|200405|120,427|1,172|704|27|64|
|**Indonesia**|2005|9,928|1,943|812|44|88|
|**Kenya**|200506|12,754|935|1,251|25|15<sup>b</sup>|
|**Pakistan**|200405|14,700|1,477|861|32|83|
|**Sri Lanka**|2006–07|18,473|—|1,673|14|80|

_Sources:_ National accounts data and exchange rates from WDI, the rest from national household expenditure surveys and authors’ calculations. _Notes:_ PPP = purchasing power parity; HHs = households; — = not available. All dollar amounts are U.S. dollars. a. The calculations exclude respondents who were missing data on household size, household weight, or both. b. The estimate is based on those that reported using electricity in the last month. If the estimate is based on those reporting positive expenditures on electricity, the percentage falls to 8.5.

A supplementary analysis of LPG use was carried out for Albania, Brazil, Mexico, and Peru—for which quantities were not reported in the household expenditure surveys—to see if the findings broadly support those for the first six countries. Table 3 shows the per capita expenditure, urbanization, and access to electricity for these countries. Among the four countries, Mexico has historically subsidized, and continues to subsidize, LPG for residential customers.