by household education, and finally, the fifth and sixth columns disaggregate listing of _persons_ between male and female household workers.

The results show that less educated households have significant listing bias in plots as well as persons. Yet the more educated households have no listing bias in plots (column 2), although they do show significant listing bias in persons (column 4). Hence more educated households do a better job of recalling all their plots, which is in line with our expectations and the cognitive skills interpretation, though they still fail to list all farm workers. This may be explained by the mobility of household members within the period of study, making it difficult to recall all household members who worked on each plot but are not physically present at the time of the endline interview.

Turning to gender (columns 5 and 6), we find that female workers are more likely to be added after baseline than male workers (the coefficient on _Endline_ is larger for females), and that listing bias is somewhat larger for females than for males. It therefore seems likely that the reason why we see no significant recall bias in hours per person per plot for female workers is that women work fewer hours on average than men: listing bias has less of an impact if the difference between listed and omitted workers is smaller.<sup>12</sup>

**Table 10: Double difference estimator of bias in listings by education and gender**

||No. of plot<br>house<br>Low<br>education<br>(1)|s listed per<br>hold<br>High<br>education<br>(2)|No. of wo<br>per ho<br>Low<br>education<br>(3)|rkers listed<br>usehold<br>High<br>education<br>(4)|No. of wor<br>per hou<br>Males<br>(5)|kers listed<br>sehold<br>Females<br>(6)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Endline|0.600***|0.476***|1.630***|2.087***|0.869***|1.175***|
||(0.086)|(0.089)|(0.148)|(0.178)|(0.067)|(0.083)|
|Endline * Recall|-0.568***|-0.045|-1.162***|-1.058***|-0.501***|-0.824***|
||(0.115)|(0.133)|(0.199)|(0.266)|(0.093)|(0.115)|
|N|452|456|452|456|887|872|
|R2|0.179|0.175|0.373|0.422|0.313|0.335|

Note: All estimations include household fixed effects; education refers to the highest level of education attained by any household member. Standard errors in parentheses. *** denotes significance at the 1% level.

In all, our analysis in this section suggests that recall ability is positively related to educational attainment, since we find that more educated households are better able to accurately list all their plots at endline. They do still underreport the number of farm workers, but we find no significant recall bias in hours worked per person per plot in more educated households. Second, against our expectations, there is no significant recall bias for female farm workers (as opposed to male farm workers). Our estimation results indicate further that this can be explained by the fact that females work substantially fewer hours per plot compared to males. In general, these results suggest that recall bias will be larger for sub-groups of workers among which there is greater variation in the intensity of farm labor.

> 12 Additional regressions confirm that the difference in hours worked between workers listed at baseline and those added later is larger for men than for women. Hence, even though listing bias is larger for female than for male workers, this listing bias has less of an effect, because the ‘omitted’ female workers are more similar to the ‘listed’ female workers than it is the case for male workers.

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