**<u>Table 4: Descriptive statistics by nature of land rental markets participation</u>**

|||**Ethiopia**|||**Malawi**|||**Niger**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||**Rent in**|||**Rent in**|||**Rent in**||
||**No**|**Yes**||**No**|**Yes**||**No**|**Yes**||
|**Basic household characteristics**||||||||||
|Share owning land|1.00|0.91|***|1.00|0.46|***|1.00|0.75|***|
|Share agric. Cultivators|0.99|1.00|**|1.00|1.00||0.99|1.00||
|Household size|5.11|5.30|**|4.70|5.22|***|6.76|7.55|***|
|adults|2.54|2.69|**|2.31|2.79|***|3.05|3.28|*|
|children|1.50|1.59||2.14|2.31|***|3.48|4.04|***|
|old people|0.26|0.15|***|0.25|0.12|***|0.24|0.23||
|<br>Female head|0.24|0.10|***|0.26|0.15|***|0.08|0.04|**|
|Age of head|45.62|40.68|***|43.41|39.70|***|45.09|42.39|**|
|Head is illiterate|0.68|0.61|***|0.24|0.16|***|0.51|0.46||
|Head has primary|0.26|0.32|***|0.58|0.49|***|0.44|0.47||
|<br>Head has more than primary|0.04|0.06|**|0.18|0.35|***|0.05|0.07||
|<br>**Income and its sources**||||||||||
|Mean household gross income (USD)||||614.03|1106.0|***|1381.78|<br>1571.8|*|
|share from crops||||0.52|0.42|***|0.43|0.45||
|share from livestock||||0.10|0.09|***|0.17|0.16||
|share from ag wage||||0.16|0.12|***|0.02|0.02||
|share from non-age wage||||0.08|0.22|***|0.06|0.05||
|share from self employment||||0.06|0.11|***|0.24|0.26||
|<br>share from transfer||||0.08|0.04|***|0.07|0.05|**|
|Gross inc.from crops (USD/ha)||||519.77|478.00||268.86|244.78||
|<br>Net inc.from crops (USD/ha)||||168.63|123.71|***|229.33|185.78||
|<br>**Land endowments**||||||||||
|Owned area/adult (14-60)|0.45|0.40|**|0.34|0.11|***|2.00|1.06|***|
|<br>No. of plots owned|2.98|3.18|*|1.85|0.71|***|2.78|2.25|***|
|Owned area ha|1.06|1.02||0.73|0.26|***|5.32|3.28|***|
|Operated area ha|1.03|1.63|***|0.72|0.75||5.17|5.13||
|Operated area/adult (14-60)|0.44|0.66|***|0.34|0.31|**|1.94|1.72||
|Has any type of document|0.36|0.48||0.01|0.03|***|0.11|0.13||
|<br>Share of plots with gender of manager|0.98|0.97||0.99|0.99||0.96|0.98||
|<br>male manager|0.77|0.90||0.70|0.79|***|0.53|0.58||
|joint manager|||||||0.36|0.32||
|female manager|0.22|0.09||0.30|0.21|***|0.10|0.08||
|<br>Share of plots with gender of owner|0.31|0.24||0.83|0.21||0.82|0.38||
|male owner|0.48|0.31||0.36|0.23|***|0.59|0.42|***|
|joint owner|0.25|0.26||0.17|0.13|*|0.26|0.15|***|
|<br>female owner|0.22|0.08||0.47|0.20|***|0.09|0.07||
|**Production**||||||||||
|Gross inc.from crops (USD)||||265.87|272.09||511.91|581.14||
|<br># of days by family members|113.73|175.32|***|74.79|69.73|**|149.63|169.30||
|Value of days by hired labor (USD)|20.23|21.36||3.21|6.70|***|41.55|46.67||
|<br>Value of used fertilizer (USD)||||69.52|93.00|***|42.92|79.45|*|
|<br>**Assets**||||||||||
|Value of agricultural assets (USD)||||322.89|330.03||479.98|531.51|**|
|<br>Value of animals (USD)|510.00|460.54|*|86.90|77.77|*|490.27|483.62||
|<br>Value of durable goods (USD)||||<br>1604.27|<br>2740.8|***|<br>4344.84|<br> <br>5133.3|**|
|<br>**Geo variables**||||||||||
|Share of non-ag wage income (EA||||0.09|0.16|***|0.06|0.07|*|
|<br>level)||||||||||
|<br>Distance to the nearest major road|17.35|17.52||9.72|7.15|***|13.25|8.67|***|
|<br>No. of households|2,454|645||9,105|1,018||2,098|165||

_Note:_ Production in Ethiopia is estimated on the basis of crop-cutting of randomly selected crops/fields in each EA. It does not allow for holder specific production analysis. The original design intent for the ERSS was to ask holder’s to report the total amount of crops harvested from each field. However, in practice, the ERSS manual incorrectly instructed field staff to only collect self-reported harvest for the crops/fields which were selected for crop-cutting. Therefore we are unable to calculate income from crops, gross income and shares of income from other sources.

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