**_<u>________________________________________________________</u>_**

- <u>Module 6:</u> (PDF, 600KB) provides a guide to the regulation of port services, and defines the reasons for regulating such services (based on public interest) and the regulatory means for doing so.

- <u>Module 7:</u> (PDF, 1.2MB) analyzes the PortReform issues that may emerge during reform and ways to address them.

- <u>Module 8:</u> (PDF, 354KB) introduces practical steps for implementing port reform.

- <u>The Annex:</u> (PDF, 78KB) contains a glossary of port and shipping terms.

# _<u>The Containerization International Yearbook</u>_

The Containerization International Yearbook is a port-by-port guide to container facilities, handling equipment and traffic statistics (over 450 port/terminal throughputs) for sea and river ports and terminals worldwide. It is an easy way to obtain the information, and is available on a commercial basis.

_<u>Clark, Dollar, Micco (2002) Working Paper on Maritime Transport Costs and Port Efficiency</u>_ Form various sources such as Transport Unit of the World Bank (19 countries), Camara maritime y Portuaria de Chile A.G (12 countries), LSU-National Ports and Waterways Institute (4 countries), this study compiles _Container Handling Charges_ (in US$/TEU). Handling costs are the costs of moving containers through ports. They are determined by port efficiency – countries with more efficient seaports have lower handling costs. An acceptable benchmark for container cargo handling in optimal conditions is about $US 100 per container.

Very often, higher efficiency and thus lower shipping costs can offset the handling charges. Another indicator of efficiency is the turnaround time of ships at ports which means the average container movements per crane or ship hour within a port. Such costs are incurred by ship owners, who may pass them on to exports and importers.

_<u>Fink, Mattoo, Neagu (2001) Working Paper on Trade in International Maritime Services</u>_ The authors compile a Cargo Handling Restrictions Index, which is a 0-1 index that captures restrictions and special requirements imposed on foreign suppliers of cargo handling services. The index assumes a value of 0, if no restriction exists, 0.25 for minor restrictions, 0.5 if a join venture condition is imposed, 0.75 if high national participation is needed, and 1 if foreign companies are not permitted to provide cargo handling services. The Mandatory Port Restrictions Index captures the extent to which ports services are mandatory for incoming ships. The variable is constructed adding 0.125 for each of the following services if they are mandatory: pilotage, towing, tug assistance, navigation aids, berthing, waste disposal, anchorage.

# _Global Competitiveness Report (CCR)_

The _Port Efficiency_ indicator in the GCR is one-to-seven index ranking port efficiency, based on surveys performed to representative firms of each country. The specific question is “Port facilities and inland waterways are extensive and efficient” (1 being strongly disagree to 7 being strongly agree).

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