_Gender Equality and Economic Development: The Role for ICTs_ 33

# **Table 2**

## **ICT and Gender Equality in Education Panel Regressions with Country Fixed-Effects**

### **Dependent Variable: Ratio of Female to Male Primary and Secondary School Students**

|||**OLS**|**Estima**|**tion**|||**IV**|**Estimat**|**ion**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Independent Variables**|**Reg 2.1**|**Reg 2.2**|**Reg 2.3**|**Reg 2.4**|**Reg 2.5**|**Reg 2.1a**|**Reg 2.2a**|**Reg 2.3a**|**Reg 2.4a**|**Reg 2.5a**|
|**Lagged Log**<br>**(Trend RGDP per capita)**|**4.9185**<br>**(4.5434)**|**10.5198**<br>**(7.9901)**|**3.6664**<br>**(4.8165)**|**7.0667**<br>**(7.0801)**|**7.3444**<br>**(7.1592)**|**6.9535**<br>**(5.3040)**|**9.1471**<br>**(9.8383)**|**5.0224**<br>**(5.1278)**|**8.7059**<br>**(9.9507)**|**9.7724**<br>**(10.3653)**|
|**Youth Sex Ratio**|**1.9005*****<br>**(0.4599)**|**1.7384*****<br>**(0.3915)**|**1.3304*****<br>**(0.3824)**|**1.7965*****<br>**(0.5100)**|**1.7976****<br>**(0.5135)**|**2.0087*****<br>**(0.5105)**|**1.7938*****<br>**(0.5094)**|**1.3664*****<br>**(0.4164)**|**1.8521****<br>**(0.7571)**|**2.1103*****<br>**(0.6949)**|
|**Education Variables**|||||||||||
|**Lagged Average**<br>**Years of School**|**6.6108*****<br>**(1.4208)**|**4.5668***<br>**(2.6846)**|**1.7151**<br>**(1.6101)**|**6.4211*****<br>**(2.1567)**|**7.0171*****<br>**(2.1552)**|**6.6244*****<br>**(1.6961)**|**2.5125**<br>**(3.4427)**|**1.5336**<br>**(1.8235)**|**3.4769**<br>**(3.3377)**|**5.1792***<br>**(2.9340)**|
|**Lag Public Education**<br>**Expenditure per capita**|**-0.0010**<br>**(0.0008)**|**0.0011**<br>**(0.0008)**|**0.0002**<br>**(0.0011)**|**0.0032*****<br>**(0.0011)**|**0.0032*****<br>**(0.0011)**|**-0.0022**<br>**(0.0018)**|**0.0012**<br>**(0.0014)**|**-0.0008**<br>**(0.0018)**|**0.0060**<br>**(0.0037)**|**0.0060***<br>**(0.0036)**|
|**ICT Variables**<br>**Lagged Computers**<br>**(per 1,000 persons)**|**0.0094*****<br>**(0.0032)**|||||**0.0074****<br>**(0.0036)**|||||
|**Lagged Log**<br>**(Internet Users)**<br>**(per 1,000 persons)**||**0.4165*****<br>**(0.1571)**|||||**0.7117****<br>**(0.2998)**||||
|**Lagged Log (Phones)**<br>**(per 1,000 persons)**|||**3.6693*****<br>**(0.7541)**|||||**3.2341*****<br>**(0.6949)**|||
|**Lagged Log**<br>**(ICT Expenditure)**<br>**(% of GDP)**||||**3.6432*****<br>**(0.9538)**|||||**4.8851****<br>**(1.8826)**||
|**Lagged Log (ICT**<br>**Expenditure per capita)**|||||**1.6479****<br>**(0.6422)**|||||**1.8159***<br>**(0.9808)**|
|**R-Squared**|**0.9480**|**0.9231**|**0.9080**|**0.9351**|**0.9326**|**0.9484**|**0.9229**|**0.9107**|**0.9315**|**0.9279**|
|**Number of Obs.**|**399**|**310**|**415**|**203**|**200**|**347**|**257**|**363**|**175**|**173**|
|**Number of Countries**|**86**|**91**|**94**|**47**|**46**|**79**|**81**|**85**|**47**|**46**|
|**Years**<br>*, **, *** denotes significance at t<br>Robust standard errors inparent|**1985 - 2000**<br>he 90, 95 and<br>heses obtained|**1991 - 2000**<br>99 percent confi<br>usingWhite's c|**1985 - 2000**<br>dence level res<br>orrection for he|**1993 - 2000**<br>pectively<br>teroscedasticity|**1993 - 2000**<br>.|**1985 - 2000**|**1991 - 2000**|**1985 - 2000**|**1993 - 2000**|**1993 - 2000**|