Table 5. Treatment Effects on Beliefs About the Effects of Venezuelan Migration

||Migrants<br>Beneft the<br>Economy<br>(1)|Non Competing<br>Migrants in<br>Host’s Jobs<br>(2)|Criminality<br>Unaffected by<br>Migrants<br>(3)|Migrants<br>Enrich Host’s<br>Culture<br>(4)|Migrants’<br>Positive<br>Contribution<br>(5)|Positive<br>Beliefs<br>Index<br>6)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|_Panel A. Treatment Effects_|||||||
|Game [=1]|0.099|0.091|0.073|0.008|0.280***|0.161**|
||(0.081)|(0.080)|(0.080)|(0.084)|(0.082)|(0.081)|
||[1.000]|[1.000]|[1.000]|[1.000]|[0.007]||
|Video [=1]|-0.072|-0.009|0.029|-0.032|0.140|0.016|
||(0.087)|(0.085)|(0.087)|(0.089)|(0.087)|(0.087)|
||[1.000]|[1.000]|[1.000]|[1.000]|[0.983]||
|Observations|827|826|827|827|827|827|
|Av. Dep. Var. (Control grp.)|0.000|0.000|0.000|0.000|0.000|0.000|
|Diff. p-value|0.039|0.219|0.591|0.644|0.099|0.083|
|YWYjoint test|0.325|0.405|0.530|0.900|0.000||
|_Panel B. Treatment Effects by Dur_|_ation in Minutes_||||||
|Game Duration|0.002|0.003|0.005*|-0.000|0.008***|0.005**|
||(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.003)|
||[1.000]|[0.747]|[0.296]|[1.000]|[0.014]||
|Video Duration|-0.014|-0.002|0.010|-0.006|0.018|0.001|
||(0.013)|(0.013)|(0.013)|(0.013)|(0.013)|(0.013)|
||[0.769]|[1.000]|[1.000]|[1.000]|[0.747]||
|Observations|827|826|827|827|827|827|
|Av. Dep. Var. (Control group)|0.000|0.000|0.000|0.000|0.000|0.000|
|Diff. p-value|0.171|0.673|0.698|0.631|0.456|0.741|
|YWYjoint test|0.443|0.364|0.101|0.878|0.005||

_Notes:_ This table reports OLS estimates from Equation 1. Dependent Variables: (i) Migrants Benefit the Economy: z-scored response to the statement, “Immigrants are good for a country’s economy” on a four-point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). (ii) Noncompeting Migrants in Host’s Jobs: z-scored response to the statement, “Immigrants come to compete for our jobs” on a four-point scale from 4 (strongly disagree) to 1 (strongly agree). (iii) Criminality Unaffected by Migrants: z-scored response to the statement, “Immigrants increase crime” on a four-point scale from 4 (strongly disagree) to 1 (strongly agree). (iv) Migrants Enrich Host’s Culture: z-scored response to the statement, “Immigrants improve our society by bringing new ideas and cultures” on a four-point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). (v) Migrants’ Positive Contribution: z-scored response to the statement, “In general, immigrants contribute more to a country than they take away from it.” (vi) Positive Beliefs Index: Constructed using dependent variables of columns (1) to (5) following the methodology of Kling, Liebman and Katz (2007). It implies standardizing each variable within the index, calculating the average, and standardizing this average using the mean of the control group. All columns control for gender and student status, the stratification variables. Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses, with False Discovery Rate (FDR) q-values in brackets. Av. Dep. Var. (Control group) represents the mean of the dependent variable in the control group. The Diff. p-value is a Wald test of equality of coefficients between the game treatment and video treatment. YWY denotes the sharpened FDR q-values. Significance levels are indicated as<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup> at 1%,<sup>_∗∗_</sup> at 5%, and<sup>_∗_</sup> at 10%.