but we do our best to capture the notion of the willingness of the individual to work during the previous 7 days to the interview.

For Bangladesh we have data for 64 zilas for years 2005, 2010 and 2013; for India we have data of 31 states in years 1999, 2004, 2007, 2009 and 2011; for Sri Lanka we have 17 or 25 districts depending on the year between 1992 and 2015 (data for 2005, 2009 and 2010 are not available).

We merge the GTD to the LFS for each country using year and administrative division. Thus, we have individuals' characteristics for any given year along with the total number of attacks committed, and people killed and wounded for each district, zila or state. While individual-level data vary substantially, violence-related data do not since these are measured at the administrative division level. Therefore, we collapse the original data set at the administrative unit level to build a panel-like data set with variables appropriately transformed to average age, share of males, and share of workers in the manufacturing sector of each administrative unit every year.

Our resulting data set has two shortcomings: (i) there are many observations in earnings variables missing, which is an important weakness since market wages are a determinant of labor force participation<sup>5</sup> and (ii) we lack data on the number of hours worked in India, so we drop this country from our estimations involving hours worked.

# 3.3 Summary Statistics

Table 2 contains the summary statistics. We obtain the gures presented here for individuals' (older than 15) characteristics by averaging the multiple geographical areas over time and by country separately. Violence variables also represent the average of the total number of attacks and deaths and people wounded in a given year and area (note that when we do not observe attacks, we impute a "zero" to all three variables). We observe a wide gender gap in labor force participation in all four countries, but the gap between men and women is especially large in Pakistan, where the female LFP rate is only 14 percent and the male rate is 79 percent. As expected, we do not observe much variation in the share of males in each district. Bangladesh's economy is the most agriculturally oriented, with approximately 27 percent of employment in agriculture, as opposed to Pakistan where agriculture represents one-fth of employment. The manufacturing sector share of employment is similar throughout these countries, ranging between 3 and 8 percent of total employment. Regarding our violence measures, we observe that India is the country with the most attacks and wounded and people killed, and Bangladesh has the fewest. Figure 4 shows the that there is substantial variation in FLFP rates across administrative units in dierent countries over time which will be crucial for the empirical strategy described in the following section.

Figure 6 shows male and female labor force participation rates in selected administrative units of Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and India that suered a given number of attacks in a year and had no attacks two periods before and two after the violence. In Hambantota, Sri Lanka, it appears that women left the workforce for safety reasons. Labor participation

> 5 However, we are able to calculate average wages at the administrative unit level needed for some specications.

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