service sector enterprises pursuing the activities of wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods, as well as services related to waste collection, treatment and disposal. The NSSO does not survey public administration and defense, private households with employed persons, or extra-territorial organizations and bodies. As with manufacturing, the sample stratification in services also includes both the district level and the two-digit NIC sectors.<sup>33</sup> Although some changes in NIC definitions are evident, we have placed them into a consistent format using 2004 definitions.

Consistent with the manufacturing surveys, the NSSO collects establishment level information for services regarding output, inputs (raw materials and other inputs), fixed assets, value of land and buildings, employment, energy consumption, and so on. Additionally, for our purposes, we observe the gender of the owners of these services establishments through similar categories of ownership structure choices available for unorganized manufacturing. Establishments reporting either female or male proprietors constitute about 95% of the total establishments in the cleaned sample. Additionally, as in both the organized and the unorganized surveys, the services survey by NSSO also collects information on the gender of employees.

Yearly values for variables that are reported on a monthly basis are obtained by multiplying by 12 in the case of perennial and casual enterprises; we multiply by the reported number of months a business is in operation for seasonal enterprises. Monetary values are deflated and converted to 2005 PPP in USD values. Deflators for disaggregate services are calculated from the gross value added (GVA) in current prices relative to the GVA in constant prices, available from the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOPSI) India. These disaggregate services include: (i) electricity, gas & water supply, (ii) construction, (iii) trade, (iv) hotels & restaurants, (v) railways, (vi) transport by other means, (vii) storage, (viii) communication, (ix) banking & insurance, (x) real estate, (xi) public administration & defense, and (xii) other services. For deflating purposes, we use the three-digit NIC codes and description to allocate each services establishment into these broad disaggregate categories.

When comparing manufacturing with the services data, we use the following years from organized and unorganized manufacturing: 2000-01 and 2005-06 for both sectors, and additionally 2009-10 from the ASI and 2010-11 from the NSSO. Otherwise, based on the policy experiment we are conducting, we take advantage of the appropriate sample years for organized and unorganized manufacturing available to us. For the sake of simplicity, we refer to the sample year by the start year in the case of services survey. For manufacturing, we refer to the surveys by their end years

> 33 Irrespective of the size of establishments, the 57th and the 67th round surveys include all establishment enterprises in the main geographical sampling frame (“area frame”), while the 63rd round introduced a separate “list frame” for the largest enterprises in the corporate sector. Although 998 of such large service sector firms were initially identified in the list frame, for multiple reasons only 438 of them were finally surveyed. While this sampling difference could raise concerns, they are alleviated by the fact that the former two surveys also paid attention to large enterprises in a manner very similar to the list frame of the 63rd round. For instance, the 57th round surveyed all enterprises with 200 or more workers, thus making the 57th survey round comparable with the 63rd round.

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