impoverished, whereas 6.1 percent of the total population (or 82 percent of the pre-fiscal poor) are fiscal gainers. If the official moderate poverty line is employed instead, the proportion of impoverished (7.5 percent of the total, or 47.1 percent of the post-fiscal poor) is lower than that of the fiscal gainers (10.6 percent of the total, or 65.1 percent of the pre-fiscal poor). A second result is that the magnitude of annual fiscal gains (274.3 million dollars) is almost 13 times larger than that of FI (21.2 million dollars) when using the $4/day poverty line, whereas the ratio is slightly above 4 times when using the official moderate poverty line (with 619.7 million dollars of FGP and 144.3 million dollars of FI).<sup>28</sup>

**Figure 9: Headcounts and amounts of fiscal impoverishment and fiscal gains to the poor** _(Percentages of population and millions of dollars adjusted by PPP)_

<!-- Start of picture text --> $274.3 million FGP Moderate poverty line (official)<br>$619.7 million<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> FGP $4/day poverty line<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> FGP Moderate poverty line (official)<br><!-- End of picture text --> _Source_ : Author’s elaboration based on Martinez-Aguilar and Ortiz-Juarez (2016). _Notes_ : The size of the bubbles is relative to the total monetary amounts of FI and FGP. The amounts are annual and expressed in millions of dollars adjusted by PPP at 2005 prices. The headcounts and amounts of FI and FGP for the official extreme poverty line are close to those for the $4/day poverty line and therefore excluded from the graph in order to avoid an overlapping of the bubbles.

The previous analysis yields an additional interesting finding. The 7.5 percent of Chile’s population experiencing fiscal impoverishment —equivalent to nearly 1.3 million individuals whose post-fiscal income is lower than both the official moderate poverty line and their pre-fiscal income— lives in 0.37 million households out of which the 69 percent are not recipients of any of the main direct transfers analyzed, including _Chile Solidario_ , _Ingreso Ético Familiar_ or non-contributory pensions. This is of significance as 84 percent of the fiscal impoverished are members of households identified as poor according to the official definition.

> 28 When using the $4/day poverty line, these annual amounts are equivalent in Chilean pesos to roughly 137,700 million for fiscal gains and around 10,660 million for FI. For the official moderate poverty line the amounts are nearly 311,300 and 72,470 million of Chilean pesos, respectively. The headcounts and amounts of FI and FGP for the official extreme poverty line are relatively similar to those for the $4/day poverty line. The proportion of impoverished reaches 1.6 percent of the total population (or 31.2 percent of the post-fiscal poor), whereas that of fiscal gainers reaches 5.7 percent of the total population (or 82.9 percent of the pre-fiscal poor). Regarding the amounts, annual fiscal gains are 296.7 million dollars (or roughly 149,000 million Chilean pesos) and annual FI 19.2 million dollars (or nearly 9,600 million Chilean pesos).

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