**severe material deprivation**<sup>**13**</sup> **among this group.**<sup>**14**</sup> Given the importance of distinguishing between static and chronic disadvantages, we use the EU‐SILC rotating panel in Bulgaria to identify and profile the chronic monetary poor. Given the availability of ethnic identifiers, we test whether the Roma population is more likely to be overrepresented among the chronic poor and identify whether they are more likely to face overlapping deprivations than the general population. This analysis aims to shed light on these marginalized communities' complex challenges and identify potential interventions to address their multifaceted needs.

**The first two parts of our study contribute to the existing literature on multidimensional poverty within the EU** . Alkire et al. (2014) employ the Alkire Foster (AF) methodology (Alkire and Foster, 2011) to introduce a set of experimental indices aimed at measuring multidimensional poverty in the EU, leveraging cross-sectional data from the (EUSILC) for 20062012. Notably, the study adapts the at-risk of Poverty or Social Exclusion (AROPE) indicator, enhancing its applicability within the EU context under the EU2020 framework. This index encompasses various dimensions beyond income, including employment, material deprivation, education, environment, and health. This work serves as a cornerstone for understanding multidimensional poverty in the region and is particularly relevant to our analysis. WeziakBialowolska and Dijkstra (2014) adopted the UN-Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) framework to construct a regional poverty index at the sub-national level in the European Union, using EU-SILC data spanning from 2005 to 2011. Their index considers three dimensions: living standards, education, and health. Deutsch et al. (2015) analyze cross-country variations in material deprivation in the 27 EU countries using latent trait analysis. Buligescu (2019) examines multidimensional poverty through the lens of various deprivation dimensions, focusing only on Romania and using data from the 2016 Household Budget Survey (HBS). Notably, the research diverges from traditional metrics like AROPE or those endorsed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHDI). Instead, it bases its analysis on the European Union Chapter of the Human Rights Charter, offering a different perspective on multidimensional poverty, but it is not directly comparable to other methodologies.

**The last part of our study contributes to the literature on chronic poverty and material deprivations in Europe, and the literature on poverty and deprivations among the Roma population.** Whelan, Layte, and Maitre (2002) use the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) to explore the relationship between persistent income poverty and multiple deprivation in the EU. The study employs a weighted measure that accounts for the prevalence of each deprivation item across different countries and focuses on the intersection of persistent income poverty and deprivation, encompassing various aspects such as basic and secondary lifestyle deprivation, housing facilities, deterioration, and environmental issues. Biewen (2014) focuses on monetary poverty persistence and dynamics, primarily from an income-based perspective rather than considering multidimensional aspects. Papadopoulos (2016) examines the intersection between chronic material deprivation and long-term income poverty, using EUSILC data for the period 2005-2008, offering insights into persistent deprivation but without explicitly addressing multidimensional poverty.  Suppa (2023) uses EU-SILC panel data from 2016–2020 and the Alkire Foster approach to explore whether deprivations couple or decouple over time, estimating differences in deprivation transition probabilities between multidimensionally poor

> 13 <mark>Analyzing the chronic nature of AROPE is not possible, given that longitudinal EU-SILC microdata does not have the activity calendar; therefore, low work intensity cannot be estimated; we limit our analysis to the dimensions of AROPE that can be analyzed: chronic AROP and chronic material and social deprivation.</mark>

> 14 <mark>This country is selected because ethnic identifiers are available in the household survey, facilitating a more detailed analysis of the Roma population.</mark>

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