**Table 1. Household and housing characteristics in Nairobi (only tenants)**

|||Consumpti|on quartile||Inform|al area|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Q1<br>(1)|Q2<br>(2)|Q3<br>(3)|Q4<br>(4)|Yes<br>(5)|No<br>(6)|
|**Household characteristics**|||||||
|Living in informal neighborhood (%)|62.6|49.2|40.8|34.8|100.0|0.0|
|Per capita monthly expenditure (K Sh)|2351|4505|7419|18046|6560|9405|
|<br>Age of household head|34.5|34.0|33.4|33.3|32.7|34.7|
|Years of household head’s education|11.1|11.4|12.4|14.8|11.0|13.7|
|Household size|3.9|3.1|2.6|2.2|2.8|3.1|
|Travel time to work (one way, in minutes)|31.7|30.7|33.7|29.0|28.6|33.6|
|Commute by foot (%)|39.3|29.8|31.9|28.2|40.9|24.8|
|Commute by minibus (%)|43.4|53.4|51.3|50.3|41.0|57.1|
|**Housing characteristics**|||||||
|<br>Housing rent (K Sh)|2409|3391|5803|14342|3609|8995|
|Written tenancy agreement (%)|8.1|14.7|31.2|52.7|14.0|37.9|
|Floor area (m<sup>2</sup>)|16.36|16.57|22.06|24.35|16.71|22.49|
|Wall: stone/brick/block (%)|38.8|57.3|64.9|82.9|25.0|92.7|
|Wall: corrugated iron sheet (%)|47.6|32.2|29.2|11.6|56.9|6.1|
|Wall: mud/wood (%)|13.6|10.5|5.9|5.4|18.0|1.2|
|Roof: corrugated iron sheet (%)|92.0|89.1|82.3|66.0|92.9|73.2|
|Roof: clay tiles (%)|1.6|3.3|7.5|23.7|4.2|13.2|
|Roof: concrete (%)|6.5|7.6|10.1|10.3|2.9|13.6|
|Floor: earth/clay (%)|8.2|5.7|5.1|3.9|11.6|0.7|
|Floor: tiles (%)|0.0|1.6|5.4|28.2|4.8|12.2|
|Floor: cement (%)|91.8|92.7|89.5|68.0|83.5|87.1|
|Water: piped inside (%)|0.9|4.0|11.0|17.2|3.2|12.7|
|Water: piped outside (%)|1.7|3.4|6.5|10.2|3.7|6.9|
|Water: shared tap (%)|40.3|50.2|48.2|50.6|28.1|64.3|
|Water: other (%)|57.1|42.5|34.4|22.1|65.0|16.1|
|Toilet: flush inside (%)|2.3|11.8|25.4|51.6|9.3|34.6|
|Toilet: flush/VIP latrine outside (%)|27.8|35.8|29.1|20.6|16.7|38.5|
|<br>Toilet: private pit latrine (%)|14.7|8.7|11.8|4.7|16.0|4.7|
|Toilet: shared toilet (%)|53.8|43.1|33.3|22.8|57.1|21.9|
|<br>Toilet: other (%)|1.3|0.7|0.3|0.2|0.9|0.3|
|<br>Electricity (%)|74.2|80.9|83.7|93.2|69.8|94.4|
|<br>Garbage dump as problem (%)|52.1|47.4|42.9|27.7|60.6|26.7|
|Factory as problem (%)|12.4|5.9|10.1|9.8|14.0|5.5|
|Secure (%)|55.7|55.9|64.1|74.1|51.6|72.1|
|Bus stop within 500 meters (%)|71.1|75.6|77.5|83.2|65.8|85.9|

Due to the limited availability of affordable transport, a large fraction of people—particularly in informal neighborhoods—walk to work in Nairobi. Most rental units are located within 3−12 km from the CBD with some agglomerations of informal settlements.<sup>6</sup> Informal and formal housing are equally distributed within 5 km from the CBD, while a large informal area (Kibera slum) exists around 6−7 km from the CBD (Panels C and D in Figure 1). Most informal houses are located within 10 km from the CBD. Given such spatial distribution of residences, 35 percent of household heads walk to work, while 43 percent of household heads use minibuses for commuting.<sup>7</sup> Only less than 10 percent of household heads commute using their own car in Nairobi. The share of household heads walking to work is larger in informal settlements (41 percent) than in formal 6 Distance from the CBD is measured based on Euclidian distance without considering road networks. We also carried out all the analyses using network distance from the CBD and obtained similar results (not reported).

7 According to the 2015/16 KIHBS, 39 percent of Nairobi residents walk to work, and 38 percent of workers use minibuses for commuting. Private cars account for only 5 percent. Walking is the main commuting mode for the poor (75 percent), followed by minibus (15 percent).

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