or livestock activity mainly intended for sale/ barter or for family use?”), while in group two, household members were first asked to identify all crops/animals (i.e. livestock) on which they had worked over the last seven days before the interview, and then to specify the intended use of output for each crop/animal (product-level operationalization).

The 2016/17 Malawi IHS-4 is a nationally representative household survey conducted by Malawi’s National Statistical Office. The survey interviewed approximately 12,480 households in 780 enumeration areas over a period of 12 months, from April 2016 to April 2017. Unlike the other data sets used in this section, the Malawi IHS-4 interviewed each household only once. Similar to the second group of the 2016/17 Malawi Agricultural Labor Survey (which was in the field at approximately the same time) the IHS-4 opted for a product-level operationalization of the intended use of output; asking household members engaged in agriculture over the past seven days to first identify all crops they had worked on, and then inquiries were made about the intended use of output of each crop. However, unlike in the Malawi Agricultural Labor Survey, this information was only collected for crops and not for livestock.

The 2015/16 General Household Survey-Panel (GHS Panel Wave 3) is a nationally representative household survey implemented by the Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics. <mark>Households were visited twice – the first visit occurred after the planting season, between August and October 2015, and the second visit at the end of the agricultural season, between February and April 2016. In this survey, t</mark> he intended use of output was captured at the activity level. <mark>Labor-related questions were as</mark> ked at the individual level in the labor module for both post-planting and end-of-season visits. All individuals participating in agriculture were asked about the intended use of the products from their agricultural activity.

<mark>Table A2 (Appendix) shows summary statistics for the four data sets (and, for the Malawi Agricultural Labor Survey, separately for groups one and two, i.e. the activity-level and product-level operationalization subsamples). The upper panel shows basic demographic characteristics. In Malawi and Nigeria, there are slightly more females than males, while the opposite is true for Ghana. The average age of household members is between 22.4 years (Malawi IHS-4) and 24.5 years (Nigeria) and most household members (aged 15+) are married in all four data sets. Between 23 percent (Malawi Agricultural Labor Survey) and 62 percent (Nigeria) of household members aged 15+ have completed primary education. It should be noted that these differences are partly a function of the geographic coverage of the different surveys. The agricultural labor studies in Ghana and Malawi were conducted exclusively in rural areas, whereas the two nationally representative surveys collected between 72 percent (Nigeria GHS Panel Wave 3) and 82 percent (Malawi IHS-4) of individual-level observations in rural areas, the rest being urban. The bottom panel shows additional information for agricultural households (i.e. households with at least one household member engaged in farming). The average size of landholdings varies between 1.4 acres in the Malawi</mark> 12