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units, i.e., Carabinieri (93,400) and the Public Security Guard (80,400), both under the authority of the Ministry of Defense, as well as the Finance Guard (64,100), under the authority of the Treasury Department and the Harbor Control.

# **Japan**

Data on Central Government, Non central government, Education and Health employment are taken from Public Management: OECD Country profiles, OECD 1992 and relate to 1991. Public education and health are the responsibility of non-central government. Military employment data include Central Staffs.

# **Netherlands**

Unemployment rate is taken from OECD Economies at a Glance - Structural Indicators, 1996 and relates to 1994. Paid employment in non-agricultural activities is drawn from the ILO's Yearbook of Labor Statistics 1995 and refers to 1994.

Data on Central Government and Non central employment are taken from Public Management: OECD Country profiles, OECD 1992 and relate to 1990. Public education provides for 28% of school-aged children, while private education provides for the rest. The central govemment finances almost totally private institutions, but is not directly responsible for the salaries of the teachers. Accordingly they are not included among the education employment data. Health services are provided jointly by the voluntary social networks, professional services, insurance organizations and the government at national and subnational levels. It has therefore never developed into a hierarchical organization in which professional services are managed and paid for by the government. For this reason, it has not been possible to obtain and include any reliable figure on health employment.

**New Zealand** Paid employment in non-agricultural activities is drawn from the ILO's Yearbook of Labor Statistics 1995 and refers to 1993.

Data on Central, Non Central Government and Education employment are taken from Public Manaaement: OECD Country profiles, OECD 1992 and relate to 1992. Note that Education employment figure includes health workers. Primary and secondary education is managed by community-elected boards of trustees and financed by block grants provided by the central government. Public Health services are funded by general taxation through the Department of Health, which distributes them to a wide range of practitioners, administrative organizations and others providing publicly funded services. Reform of the system, however, is being contemplated.

**Norway** Paid employment in non-agricultural activities is drawn from the ILO's Yearbook of Labor Statistics 1995 and refers to 1994. Data on Data on Central Government, Non central government, Education and Health employment are taken from Public Manaaement: OECD Country profiles, OECD 1992 and relate to 1990. Public education responsibilities are shared among different levels of govemment. Primary schools and lower secondary are the responsibility of the municipalities. The central government, however, is in charge of upper secondary and higher education. Health care is run by municipalities and counties, but funded through block grants by central government, as well as through the municipalities' own revenue.

# **Portugal**

Paid employment in non-agricultural activities is drawn from the ILO's Yearbook of Labor Statistics 1995 and refers to 1993. Data on Data on Central Government, Non central government, Education and Health employment are taken from Public Management: OECD Country profiles, OECD 1992 and relate to 1989. Public education and health are the responsibility of non-central government. Military employment data include conscripts (17,600), but exclude personnel in paramilitary units, i.e., the National Republican Guard (20,900), the Public Security Police (20,000), and the Border Security Guard (8,900). Data on wages in manufacturing (monthly basis) are taken from the Intemational Labor Office's Yearbook of Labor Statistics 1995 and refer to 1993.

|**Spain**||
|---|---|
||Paid employment in non-agricultural activities is drawn from the ILO's Yearbook of Labor Statistics1995and refers|
||to1994.|

Data on Data on Central Government, Non central government, Education and Health employment are taken from Public Management: OECD Country profiles, OECD 1992 and relate to 1990. Public education and health are the responsibility of non-central government. Military employment data include conscripts (126,000), but exclude personnel in paramilitary units, i.e., Guardia Civil (75,000), and **la** Guardia Civil del Mar (550). Average Govemment wages is taken from Trends in Public Sector Pay in OECD Countries, 1995 edition and relates to 1993.

Data on wages in manufacturing (monthly basis) are taken from the International Labor Office's Yearbook of Labor Statistics 1995 and refer to 1994.