**Table 7: Incidence of Poverty by Sector and Education, in Rural and Urban areas, Togo, 2006.**

|||Poverty Inc|idence urb|an workers|||Poverty In|cidence ru|ral workers||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||none|primary|junior high|r high and a|**Total**|none|primary|junior high|r high and a|**Total**|
|agricult|68%|66%|59%|42%|**64%**|76%|69%|65%|60%|**73%**|
|mines /|100%|15%|8%|0%|**16%**|67%|55%|64%|38%|**61%**|
|fabricat|37%|17%|6%|0%|**16%**|65%|55%|62%|33%|**60%**|
|construc|33%|12%|13%|9%|**14%**|60%|41%|26%|41%|**45%**|
|transpor|31%|10%|7%|0%|**8%**|42%|44%|54%|75%|**46%**|
|commerce|28%|16%|8%|2%|**18%**|61%|43%|37%|30%|**54%**|
|educatio|41%|27%|20%|6%|**14%**|61%|62%|36%|27%|**37%**|
|administ|0%|36%|15%|6%|**14%**|100%|47%|51%|41%|**48%**|
|services|41%|22%|6%|4%|**17%**|67%|57%|43%|15%|**56%**|
|autres s|21%|6%|23%|5%|**11%**|55%|37%|32%|0%|**41%**|
|Total|37%|21%|13%|6%|**21%**|73%|63%|56%|39%|**68%**|

Note: Using poverty line at 164842 and FAO/WHO equivalence scales. _Source_ : CWIQ 2006 and author’s calculations.

**Table 8: Distribution of the Poor by Sector and Educational Level, Rural and Urban Areas, Togo, 2006.**

||||<br>**Urban**||||<br>**Rural**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**none**|**primary **|**junior high & above**|**Total**|**none**|**primary **|**junior high & above**|**Total**|
|**Agriculture**|15%|11%|6%|**32%**|54%|21%|5%|**80%**|
|**Mining**|0%|0%|0%|**0%**|0%|0%|5%|**1%**|
|**Manufacturing**|2%|3%|1%|**5%**|1%|1%|5%|**2%**|
|**Construction**|0%|1%|1%|**3%**|0%|0%|5%|**1%**|
|**Transport**|1%|2%|1%|**3%**|0%|0%|5%|**1%**|
|**Commerce**|20%|14%|4%|**37%**|8%|2%|5%|**11%**|
|**Education**|0%|1%|3%|**4%**|0%|0%|5%|**1%**|
|**Administration**|0%|1%|1%|**2%**|0%|0%|5%|**0%**|
|**Services**|3%|6%|2%|**11%**|1%|1%|5%|**2%**|
|**Other Services**|1%|1%|1%|**2%**|0%|0%|5%|**0%**|
|**Total**|**41%**|**40%**|**19%**|**100%**|**65%**|**27%**|**5%**|**100%**|

_Note_ : Using poverty line at 164842 and FAO/WHO equivalence scales. _Source_ : CWIQ 2006 and author’s calculations.

# **5.5 Conclusions from and Implications of the Profile of the Economic Actors**

- The importance of looking at the business environment both from the perspective of small firms as 91% of the population is self‐employed and large firms with the purpose of increasing scarce wage‐employment opportunities.

- Trade and commerce employs most of urban workers, followed by Services, Agriculture, Manufacturing and Transport. Agriculture employs most of rural workers followed by Commerce. Poor in the urban areas are concentrated in Commerce (about one third) and Agriculture (about one third), and in rural areas in Agriculture (about two thirds). Hence, constraints for the agriculture and commerce/trade sectors need to be given attention, at least as important sectors in the medium run. At the same time, the concentration of the poor in these sectors point to a questioning of these sectors as the main, long‐run vehicle out of poverty.

- 41% of the poor in urban areas have no education and in rural areas 65%. Still, to what extent education is the constraint to growth and a way out of poverty in Togo at this point needs to be further analyzed (see Section 5.4).

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