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local control over expenditures<sup>and teacher selection' and local control over</sup> students, a factor score indicating<sup>degree of local control over selection and</sup> management of students (selecting<sup>students, determining fees, making rules for</sup> students).

Table 1: Description of Variables<sup>used in HLM Analysis, Philippines 1983</sup> Student-level Dependent<sup>Variables</sup> Science test score: Science<sup>achievement score (range-</sup> 0 - 30) Mathematics test score:<sup>Mathematics achievement score (range-</sup> 0 - 20) Positive science attitude:<sup>Factor score based on 8 positive statements about science</sup> Negative science attitude:<sup>Factor score based on 4 negative statements about science</sup> Positive school attitude: Factor<sup>score based on 4 positive statements about school</sup> Negative school attitude: Factor<sup>score based on 4 negative statements about school</sup>

# Student-level Predictors

Male: A dummy variable<sup>(1 -male; 0-</sup> female) Age: Age in months SES: Factor score based<sup>on father's occupation, mother's occupation, father's education and mother's education</sup> English: A dummy variable<sup>(1-</sup> English spoken at home;<sup>0 -other)</sup> Pilipino: A dummy variable<sup>(1 -Pilipino spoken at home; 0-</sup> other) Dialect: A dummy va_iable<sup>(1-</sup> dialect spoken at home;<sup>0-</sup> other) Books: Number of books in home<sup>(1 -</sup> Large family: Number of children<sup>in family (1-</sup> 5 + children in family; 0 other) School-level Predictors

1. School social composition

Large families: I families<sup>with 5 or more children</sup> Dialect average: 2 students<sup>from dialect-speaking family</sup> English average: 2 students<sup>from English-speaking family</sup> Average age: Average age<sup>of the class</sup> Average books: Average<sup>number of books in the home</sup> Average SES: Average SES of the<sup>class</sup> 2. Material and non-material<sup>inputs</sup> Teacher post-secondary science:<sup>A dummy variable (1 -teacher studied post-secondary science)</sup> Teacher experience: Average<sup>number of years teachers have taught</sup> Class size: Number of students<sup>in class</sup> Student practice : A dummy<sup>variable (1-</sup> students spend > 502 of time<sup>on experiments or fieldwork; 0-</sup> other) Laboratories: A dummy variable<sup>(1-</sup> teacher teaches * 602 of time<sup>in laboratory; 0-</sup> other) Textbooks: A dummy variable<sup>(1 -teacher uses textbook; 0-</sup> other) Groups: A dummy variable (1<sup>-</sup> teacher uses small groups<sup>for instruction; 0-</sup> other) 3. Orderly environment Frequent tests: A dummy variable<sup>(1-</sup> teacher makes test; 0 - other) Instructional Planning:<sup>Average factor score of student report of teachers teaching style</sup> 4. Academic emphasis Student motivation: Average<sup>factor score of students' responsibility regarding homework and</sup><sup>**assignments**</sup> (reverse) Student active learning:<sup>Average factor score of students' active learning</sup> 5. School decision-making Local teaching: A factor score<sup>indicating degree of local control over curriculum and instruction</sup> Local management: A factor<sup>score indicating degree of local control over school management</sup> Local student control: A<sup>factor score indicating degree of local control over selection and management of</sup> students