rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
Predicting the poverty impacts of
            trade reform
An important area of research in recent
            years involves assessing the microeconomic implications of
            macro-level policies-particularly those related to
            international trade. While a wide range of research
            methodologies are available for assessing the microeconomic
            incidence of micro-policies, as well as for assessing the
            effect of macro-level policies on markets and broad groups
            of households, there is a gap when it comes to eliciting the
            disaggregated household and firm level effects of trade
            policies. Recent research addresses this knowledge gap and
            the present survey offers an overview of this literature.
            The preponderance of the evidence from the studies
            encompassed by this survey points to the dominance of
            earnings-side effects over consumption-side effects of trade
            reform. This is problematic, since household surveys are
            notable for their underreporting of income. From the
            perspective of the poor, it is the market for unskilled
            labor that is most important. The poverty effects of trade
            policy often hinge crucially on how well the increased
            demand for labor in one part of the economy is transmitted
            to the rest of the economy by way of increased wages,
            increased employment, or both. Further econometric research
            aimed at discriminating between competing factor mobility
            hypotheses is urgently needed.
Economic growth, income
            distribution, and poverty in Poland during transition
The authors attempt to analyze the
            linkages between macroeconomic policies and economic growth
            variables, their movement over time, and their impact on
            poverty in the case of Poland. Poland, a middle-income
            country, is of particular interest because its data sources
            allow for a relatively detailed analysis of such
            developments, and the macroeconomic environment and the
            economic growth variables show a relatively sizable degree
            of variance. In addition, Poland has struggled in the past
            few years to reduce poverty while still experiencing
            positive economic growth. The authors show that in Poland,
            poverty-reducing growth depends heavily on the ability of
            the economy to generate jobs. During the early years of
            transition, net job growth was positive, while after the
            Russian crisis of 1998, productivity gains were accomplished
            mostly through labor shedding, henceforth, increasing
            poverty in Poland. In addition, the authors identify how
            fiscal and social protection policies affect income
            distribution and poverty in Poland.
Building a clean machine :
            anti-corruption coalitions and sustainable reform
Many societies have limited corruption
            through the broad-based mobilization of a diverse range of
            interests willing and able to defend themselves by making
            meaningful demands for accountability of, and limits on,
            official power, and for an end to illicit advantages enjoyed
            by others.  Historically such a process has taken place
            gradually, as political development has proceeded and the
            base of participation broadens.  But today's
            high-corruption societies cannot wait for several
            generations to see such developments take place.  The
            authors argue that social action coalitions, linking public
            and private actors, are a way to mobilize these sorts of
            participation and advocacy.  Such coalitions are neither a
            new idea nor a guarantee of successful reforms.  In many
            instances they win out by default as an anti-corruption
            strategy.  But they contend that if sustained by careful
            planning and a diverse set of incentives, they can reinforce
            political will and enhance the strength of civil society.
            Coalition-building efforts are underway in many societies.
            But too often they have focused only on anti-corruption
            tactics and pursuing their own growth, rather than looking
            at the coalition-building process in more general terms.  In
            Part I, the authors employ Wilson's (1973) analysis of
            the incentives that motivate and reward participation in
            organizations.  This approach helps them identify ways in
            which the anti-corruption goals can be augmented by other
            kinds of appeals, even when material incentives are scarce.
            The authors also identify four stages of the
            coalition-building process-formation, credibility,
            expansion, and transformation-in which differing
            combinations of incentives will be necessary to address the
            group's most important problems and opportunities.  In
            Part II the authors examine two important coalition-building
            efforts in light of the discussions thus far-Ghana's
            Anti-Corruption Coalition, and the Bangalore Agenda Task
            Force in Bangalore, Karnataka State, India.  In Part III the
            authors link those cases to a broader analysis, suggesting
            that while purposive incentives are common in the early
            phases of all coalitions, other varieties must be added to
            the mix. Wilson's scheme points to ways in which the
            imaginative use of incentives can aid the transition from
            one phase of coalition development to the next.  The authors
            conclude with general strategic issues, suggesting ways in
            which their analysis can be applied to those questions given
            the important variations to be found among cases.
Capital accumulation and resources
            depletion - a Hartwick rule counterfactual
How rich would resource-abundant
            countries be if they had actually followed the Hartwick Rule
            (invest resource rents in other assets) over the past 30
            years? The authors use time series data on investments and
            rents on exhaustible resource extraction for 70 countries to
            answer this question. The results are striking: Gabon,
            Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela would all be as wealthy
            as the Republic of Korea, while Nigeria would be five times
            as well off as it is currently. The authors also derive a
            more general rule for sustainability-maintain positive
            constant genuine investment-and use this to draw further
            empirical results.
How do differing standards increase
            trade costs The case of pallets
The pallet is a platform used for
            storing, handling, and transporting products. There are
            hundreds of different pallet sizes around the world. The
            case of pallets is examined to illustrate the impact of
            multiplicity of standards on trade costs. We select this
            case because pallets are used all around the world, pallet
            standards are not too sophisticated, and data on the impact
            of pallet standards are to some extent available. The paper
            examines why there are so many different pallet sizes, the
            associated trade costs and the reasons why countries have
            not harmonized pallet sizes to eliminate such costs. It then
            presents options for exporters to mitigate the adverse
            effects of standards multiplicity while complying with
            destination markets' standard requirements. The range
            of options is limited in the case of exporters from less
            developed countries because of the lack of rental and
            exchange pallet markets. To mitigate the costs of this
            multiplicity of standards, the World Bank's strategy
            should be divided in two directions: to develop awareness of
            costs related to the multiplicity of standards and to
            support actively harmonization at the global level (within
            International Organization for Standardization) and at the
            regional level (within regional cooperation agreements).
Electricity sector reform in
            developing countries : a survey of empirical evidence on
            determinants and performance
Driven by ideology, economic reasoning,
            and early success stories, vast amounts of financial
            resources and effort have been spent on reforming
            infrastructure industries in developing countries. It is
            therefore important to examine whether evidence supports the
            logic of reforms. The authors review the empirical evidence
            on electricity reform in developing countries. They find
            that country institutions and sector governance play an
            important role in the success and failure of reform. And
            reforms also appear to have increased operating efficiency
            and expanded access to urban customers. However, the reforms
            have to a lesser degree passed on efficiency gains to
            customers, tackled distributional effects, and improved
            rural access. Moreover, some of the literature is not
            methodologically robust and on par with general development
            economics literature. Further, findings on some issues are
            limited and inconclusive, while other important areas are
            yet to be addressed. Until we know more, implementation of
            reforms will be more based on ideology and economic theory
            rather than solid economic evidence.
Feedback links between economy-wide
            and farm-level policies : application to irrigation water
            management in Morocco
The authors focus on policy
            interventions for improving irrigation water allocation
            decisions by including both macro and micro considerations
            in a unified analytical computable general equilibrium (CGE)
            framework. The approach is demonstrated, using the case of
            Morocco, by analyzing selected policy (top-down and
            bottom-up) interventions and external shocks that affect the
            water sector. Both direct and indirect effects of these
            interventions are identified. The top-down (macro-to-micro)
            links are of a trade reform type. The bottom-up
            (micro-to-macro) links pertain to changes in farm water
            assignments and the possibility of water trading. The
            authors find that water productivity is strongly influenced
            by these policies, with the general equilibrium (indirect)
            effects modifying and sometimes reversing the partial
            equilibrium (direct) effects. They also find that the
            impacts of the two reforms assessed are different, with
            trade reform having an absolute impact of a higher magnitude
            than the water reform. Finally, the authors show that the
            sequence of introducing the policy reforms has different consequences.
Feedback links between economy-wide
            and farm-level policies : application to irrigation water
            management in Morocco
WPS3550 FEEDBACK LINKS BETWEEN ECONOMY-WIDE AND FARM-LEVEL POLICIES: Application to Irrigation Water Management in Morocco Terry Roe<sup>1</sup> , Ariel Dinar<sup>2</sup> , Yacov Tsur<sup>3</sup> , Xinshen Diao<sup>4</sup>

# ABSTRACT

This paper focuses on policy interventions for improving irrigation water allocation decisions by including both macro and micro considerations in a unified analytical CGE framework. The approach is demonstrated, using the case of Morocco, by analyzing selected policy (top-down and bottom-up) interventions and external shocks that affect the water sector. Both direct and indirect effects of these interventions are identified. The top-down (macroto-micro) links are of a trade reform type. The bottom-up (micro-to-macro) links pertain to changes in farm water assignments and the possibility of water trading. We find that water productivity is strongly influenced by these policies, with the general equilibrium (indirect) effects modifying and sometimes reversing the partial equilibrium (direct) effects. We also find that the impacts of the two reforms we assessed are different, with trade reform having an absolute impact of a higher magnitude than the water reform. Finally, we show that the sequence of introducing the policy reforms has different consequences.

# World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3550, March 2005

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._ 1University of Minnesota, St Paul USA; 2World Bank, Washington DC USA; 3Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel;<sup>4</sup> International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC USA.

This paper is the result of the first phase of the research project “Macro-Micro Linkages of Irrigated Water Management” supported by funding from RSBRA and DECRG of the World Bank. Review comments by Erol Cakmak, Rachid Doukkali and Rashid Hassan are acknowledged. Suggestions by Gershon Feder, and comments from participants of the Workshop Irrigation Water Policies: Micro and Macro Considerations, Agadir Morocco, June 15-17, 2002, and from participants of the ABCDE World Bank Conference May 3-4, 2004 in Washington DC, are greatly appreciated.
Wage differentials between the
            public and private sector in India
The authors use 1993-94 and 1999-2000
            India Employment and Unemployment surveys to investigate
            wage differentials between the public and private sectors as
            well as workers' decisions to join a particular sector.
            To obtain robust estimates of the wage differential, they
            apply three econometric techniques each relying on a
            different set of assumptions about the process of job
            selection. All three methods show that differences in wages
            between public sector workers and workers in the
            formal-private and informal-casual sectors are positive and
            high. Estimates show that, on average, the public sector
            premium ranges between 62 percent and 102 percent over the
            private-formal sector, and between 164 percent and 259
            percent over the informal-casual sector, depending on the
            choice of methodology. The authors' review of wage
            differentials (estimated using similar methodologies) across
            the world shows that India has one of the largest
            differentials between wages of public workers and workers in
            the formal private sector. The wage differentials in India
            tend to be higher in rural as compared with urban areas, and
            are higher among women than among men. The wage differential
            also tends to be higher for low-skilled workers. There is
            considerable evidence of an increase in the wage
            differential between 1993-94 and 1999-2000.
Migration, trade, and foreign
            investment in Mexico
Part of the rationale for the North
            American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was that it would
            increase trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) flows,
            creating jobs and reducing migration to the United States.
            Since poor data on illegal flows to the United States make
            direct measurement difficult, Aroca and Maloney instead
            evaluate the mechanism behind these predictions using data
            on migration within Mexico where the census data permit
            careful analysis. They offer the first specifications for
            migration within Mexico, incorporating measures of cost of
            living, amenities, and networks. Contrary to much of the
            literature, labor market variables enter very significantly
            and as predicted once the authors control for possible
            credit constraint effects. Greater exposure to FDI and trade
            deters out-migration with the effects working partly through
            the labor market. Finally, the authors generate some
            tentative inferences about the impact on increased FDI on
            Mexico-U.S. migration. On average, a doubling of FDI inflows
            leads to a 1.5-2 percent fall in migration.
Cognitive development among young
            children in Ecuador : the roles of wealth, health and parenting
Paxson and Schady examine the
            relationship between early cognitive development,
            socioeconomic status, child health, and parenting quality in
            a developing country. They use a sample of over 3,000
            predominantly poor pre-school age children from Ecuador and
            analyze determinants of their scores on the Spanish version
            of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (TVIP), a widely used
            test of language ability. The authors show that median
            age-normed test scores on the TVIP are much lower for older
            than younger children, and there is greater dispersion in
            scores among older children. They find that household
            socioeconomic characteristics, in particular wealth and
            parental education, are "protective"-children from
            wealthier households with more educated parents have higher
            scores. The associations of test scores with wealth and
            maternal education are larger for older children, suggesting
            that these factors have cumulative effects on cognitive
            ability. Last, the authors show that child health and
            measures of parenting quality are associated with
            performance on the TVIP. Children with lower hemoglobin
            levels perform worse on tests. Measures of parenting
            quality, in particular the degree to which parents are
            "responsive" and "harsh" toward
            children, and whether children are read to, account for a
            portion, although not the majority, of the association
            between socioeconomic status and cognitive development.
Cognitive development among young
            children in Ecuador : the roles of wealth, health and parenting
# WPS3605

## **Cognitive Development among Young Children in Ecuador**

### **The Roles of Wealth, Health, and Parenting**

Christina Paxson Princeton University <u>cpaxson@princeton.edu</u> Norbert Schady World Bank <u>nschady@worldbank.org</u>

#### World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3605, May 2005

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at_ _<u>http://econ.worldbank.org .</u>_ This research would not have been possible without collaboration at every stage by our colleagues in Ecuador and at the World Bank. We would particularly like to thank Santiago Izquierdo, Mauricio León, Ruth Lucio, Juan Ponce, José Rosero and Yajaira Vázquez in Ecuador, and María Caridad Araujo, Daniel Dulitzky, and Carolina SánchezPáramo at the World Bank. We also thank Harold Alderman, Jishnu Das, Lant Pritchett and seminar participants at Princeton University for their comments.
Measuring microfinance access :
            building on existing cross-country data
Given the acknowledged need for a new
            effort to expand the set of available data on direct access
            to financial services, including a focus on access by those
            at low income, Honohan provides a selective review of the
            diverse sources of data that exist and considers how best to
            build on them. He proposes a basic framework within which to
            consider the analysis of the interesting questions: (1) How
            does access affect poverty and productivity? and (2) What
            hinders access? The author discusses existing and potential
            contribution of household and business user surveys, surveys
            of providers and their regulators, and surveys of experts,
            and assesses their relative strengths.
Application of safeguards and
            anti-dumping duties in Colombia
Colombia's experience in the use of
            safeguards and antidumping duties differs from international
            trends. On the one hand, the number of investigations
            conducted is substantially lower than that recorded in most
            of the hemisphere's large and medium-size countries. On
            the other hand, while there is a growing international trend
            of more frequent use of antidumping as opposed to
            safeguards, in Colombia the safeguard process has been the
            more used policy instrument. Although several large and
            medium-size firms are familiar with the application of
            safeguards and antidumping duties, there is still a relative
            unfamiliarity regarding the instruments in most of the
            private sector. The institutional arrangements related to
            the investigations and the decisionmaking processes have
            proven to be stable and sound. The trade liberalization
            process in the country has created awareness of the
            importance of preserving the competitiveness of production
            chains to strengthen their insertion in international
            markets, which has restrained the authorities from
            restricting access to intermediate goods and raw materials.
            The evaluation of the Colombian experience also raises
            concerns about the potential discretional use of these
            instruments. The relatively intense use of safeguards and
            antidumping measures in some specific periods and sectors,
            especially in the agricultural sector, shows that the
            institutional framework is not always enough to guarantee a
            disciplined use of the instruments.