|**Study**|**Results**|**Place**|**Time**|**Reform indicator**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Erdogdu<br>(2013)| Reform greater in countries with higher levels of incomes,<br>population, population density, educational level, investment<br>freedom, imports of goods and services (as share of GDP), and<br>electricity consumption.<br> Reform greater where corruption is lower, but reform is less in<br>countries with stronger civil liberties. No correlation of reform with<br>degree of democracy, nor with political rights.<br> Reform greater under ministers with an educational background<br>in business or economics, and if a minister had no previous<br>experience in the electricity industry (except in the US and<br>Canada where leaders' background was unimportant).|53 countries,<br>global<br>sample; sub-<br>national data<br>for the US<br>and Canada|2010-<br>2011|Erdogdu’s (2011) electricity<br>market reform score|
|Erdogdu<br>(2014a)| Reform is greater in countries with self-sufficient electricity<br>supply.<br> Reform leads to a lower private investment in developing<br>countries (every increase in 6-point scale openness index results<br>in a decrease of $205 million investment). Emissions are lower<br>where reform is more extensive, especially among developed<br>countries, independent of political regime.<br> Democracies generate electricity with lower level of carbon<br>dioxide emissions than autocracies.|55 countries,<br>global<br>sample|1975-<br>2010|Erdogdu’s (2014a) own<br>electricity market openness<br>index combining Conway &<br>Nicoletti’s (2006) anti-<br>competitiveness regulation<br>indicators for energy in<br>OECD, and EBRD Transition<br>Indicators for developing<br>countries.|
|Erdogdu<br>(2014b)| Reform is greater in countries with smaller industry sectors, and<br>in countries that receive more foreign financial aid.<br> Reform is greater in less democratic countries within the OECD_._<br>Reform is uncorrelated with democracy in non-OECD countries.<br>Single-party governments (compared to coalitions) go further to<br>privatize ownership and vertically unbundle the sector, within the<br>OECD. Parties with ‘centrist’ ideologies do less to unbundle the<br>sector during their terms in office, within the OECD.<br> Reform is greater in OECD countries where the chief executive<br>had been in office for fewer years, and where leaders were<br>entrepreneurs rather than economists or scientists.|55 countries<br>of diverse<br>regions|1975-<br>2010|Electricity market openness<br>index as per Erdogdu<br>(2014a)|
|Fiorio &<br>Florio (2011)| More consumers consider electricity prices fair in countries with<br>greater public ownership in the sector, and countries with greater<br>retail choice of supplier (average price and other parameters<br>equal).<br> Educated consumers, and those with moderate political views,<br>consider electricity prices to be fair more than people who<br>stopped studying before age of 15, and people with left-wing or<br>right-wing views. Consumer satisfaction correlates positively with<br>consumer price index, indicating that relative prices are<br>significant.|15 European<br>countries|1999-<br>2004|Conway & Nicoletti’s (2006)<br>anti-competitiveness<br>regulation indictors, treating<br>exploration of public<br>ownership, and degree of<br>consumer choice of provider,<br>as independent variables|
|Henisz &<br>others (2005)| Independent regulators are more likely in countries that compete<br>in global trade. Countries with a high share of World Bank and<br>IMF debt are more likely to have privatized utilities and separate<br>regulators, but not independent regulators nor liberalization<br>(‘privategeneration for sale’).|71 countries<br>& territories|1977-<br>1999|Henisz & others (2005) own<br>indicators of market-oriented<br>reform elements|
|Imam &<br>others (2018)| Corruption is associated with greater T&D losses per capita,<br>lower rates of access, and lower national income. However, these<br>adverse effects are reduced where regulator are established and<br>privatization is implemented.|47 Sub-<br>Saharan<br>African<br>countries|2002-<br>2013|Establishment of regulators,<br>and private sector<br>participation, from various<br>sources.|

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