Table 3: Correlation between monthly traffic of ChatGPT and Google with other factors

||(1)|(2)|(3)<br>ChatGPT|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)<br>Google|(9)|(10)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Dependent variable|ln(Visits)|ln(Visits)|ln(Visits)|ln(Visits)|ln(Visits)|ln(Visits)|ln(Visits)|ln(Visits)|ln(Visits)|ln(Visits)|
|ln(GDP per capita)|0.538<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.318<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.431<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.292<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.030|0.566<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.289<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.569<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.353<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.198<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||(0.042)|(0.062)|(0.054)|(0.057)|(0.074)|(0.028)|(0.041)|(0.033)|(0.047)|(0.053)|
|Internet user share (% pop)|0.038<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.035<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.036<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.031<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.028<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.044<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.040<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.043<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.035<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.033<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||(0.002)|(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.003)|(0.002)|(0.002)|(0.002)|(0.002)|(0.002)|
|ln(Population)|1.172<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|1.146<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|1.211<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|1.185<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|1.201<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|1.131<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|1.094<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|1.161<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|1.133<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|1.133<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||(0.021)|(0.021)|(0.023)|(0.021)|(0.024)|(0.010)|(0.010)|(0.013)|(0.011)|(0.012)|
|20-34 age group share (% pop)|0.030<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.054<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.046<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.026<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.055<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|-0.024<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.003|-0.009|-0.017<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.011|
||(0.009)|(0.009)|(0.009)|(0.009)|(0.008)|(0.007)|(0.007)|(0.007)|(0.007)|(0.007)|
|ln(Fixed broadband download speed)||0.244<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|||0.205<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0.365<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|||0.282<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0.046)|||(0.044)||(0.033)|||(0.031)|
|Fixed broadband penetration (%)||0.015<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|||0.010<sup>_∗_</sup>||0.016<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|||0.010<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||(0.005)|||(0.005)||(0.003)|||(0.003)|
|Trade share of GDP (%)|||0.0011<sup>_∗∗_</sup>||0.0011<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|||0.0017<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0.0013<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||||(0.0006)||(0.0006)|||(0.0005)||(0.0004)|
|Service sector share of GDP (%)|||0.020<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0.013<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|||0.024<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||0.018<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
||||(0.003)||(0.003)|||(0.002)||(0.002)|
|Digitally delivered service exports (% exports)|||0.0006<sup>_∗_</sup>||0.0005|||0.0002||0.0001|
||||(0.0003)||(0.0003)|||(0.0003)||(0.0003)|
|Share of white-collar + sales jobs (%)|||0.007||0.017<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|||-0.012<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||-0.001|
||||(0.007)||(0.007)|||(0.004)||(0.003)|
|English speaking country (=1)||||0.188<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|0.224<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||||-0.048|0.004|
|||||(0.078)|(0.077)||||(0.047)|(0.045)|
|Literacy rate (%)||||0.027<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.023<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>||||0.029<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|0.022<sup>_∗∗∗_</sup>|
|||||(0.004)|(0.004)||||(0.002)|(0.002)|
|Digital skill: intermediate (% pop)||||0.007<sup>_∗∗_</sup>|0.004||||0.005<sup>_∗_</sup>|0.000|
|||||(0.003)|(0.003)||||(0.003)|(0.003)|
|Month FE|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Observations<br>|2136|2136|2136|2136|2136|2136|2136|2136|2136|2136|
|Adjusted _R_<sup>2</sup>|0.7617|0.7656|0.7672|0.7697|0.7761|0.8966|0.9045|0.9052|0.9064|0.9156|

_Note:_ Robust standard errors are in parentheses. The dependent variable in this table is the monthly visits of ChatGPT or Google from April 2023 to March 2024. Missing values in independent variables are imputed with predictions from the corresponding auxiliary cross-country regression on * ** *** ln(GDP per capita) and ln(Population). _p <_ 0 _._ 10, _p <_ 0 _._ 05, _p <_ 0 _._ 01.