Starting with the 51<sup>st</sup> round, NSSO surveys collected information on the owners of establishments. Establishments are asked to identify broadly from the following categories: co-operative society; female individual proprietorship; male individual proprietorship; partnership; private limited company; public limited company and others. Our work concerning the gender of the owners considers only those establishments that identify themselves as either female or male individual proprietorships. These constitute over 97% of total observations in our cleaned sample. The information captured in this field is an outcome of the survey and not a factor in the stratification design.<sup>30</sup> Additionally, the NSSO also provides the gender of each employee engaged in the establishment. Our work on women’s labor market dynamics using the gender composition of employees is supplemented with the organized manufacturing data from the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI). The ASI provides microdata on the organized manufacturing sector of the economy, which is not covered by the NSSO. The ASI is undertaken annually by the Central Statistical Organization, a department in the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Government of India. Under the Indian Factory Act of 1948, all establishments employing more than 20 workers without using power or 10 employees using power are required to be registered with the Chief Inspector of Factories in each state. This register is used as the sampling frame for the ASI.<sup>31</sup> The ASI extends to the entire country, except the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Sikkim and the Union Territory (UT) of Lakshadweep.

The ASI provides statistical information to assess changes in the growth, composition, and structure of the organized manufacturing sector, comprising activities related to manufacturing rural/urban FSU. Two frames were used (as per the 62nd round survey): List frame and Area frame. List frame was used for urban manufacturing enterprises only. For unorganized manufacturing enterprises, a list of about 8000 large non-ASI manufacturing units in the urban sector prepared on the basis of the data of the census of manufacturing enterprises conducted by Development Commissioners of Small Scale Industries in 2003 was used as the list frame for surveys in 2005-06 and 2010-11. Area frame was adopted for both rural and urban sectors. The list of villages as per census 2001 was used as the frame for the rural sector, and the latest available list of UFS blocks was used as the frame in the urban sector. The relevant year’s economic census was used as the frame for towns with population 10 lakhs or more (as per Census 2001).

30 The categories listed for the ownership and premises fields are taken from the 1994 survey instrument. Later surveys expanded the listed categories to include additional ownership categories that do not overlap with the primary male/female proprietary categories used in this work. See Ghani, Kerr and O'Connell (2014) for more details.

31 The sampling design followed in in most ASI surveys is a stratified circular systematic one. All factories in the updated frame (universe) are divided into two sectors: Census and Sample. The Census Sector is comprised of industrial units that belong to the six less-industrially developed states or UTs: Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Sikkim, and the Andaman & Nicobar (A&N) Islands. For the rest of the states/UTs, the Census Sector includes (i) units having 100 or more workers and (ii) all factories covered under Joint Returns. All other units belonging to the strata (state x four-digit industry of the NIC-04 framework) having four or fewer units are also considered as Census Sector units. Finally, the remaining units, excluding those of Census Sector, called the Sample Sector, are arranged in order of their number of workers and samples are then drawn circular systematically considering a sampling fraction of 20% within each stratum (state x sector x four-digit industry) for all states. An even number of units with a minimum of four are selected and evenly distributed in two sub-samples.

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