Table 14: Bypassing by Type of Facility - Marginal Effects

|**At Lea**|**st One**|**Pu**|**blic**|**Priv**|**ate**|**Rel**|**igious**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|(1)|(2)|(3)|(4)|(5)|(6)|(7)|(8)|
|**Urban**|**Rural**|**Urban**|**Rural**|**Urban**|**Rural**|**Urban**|**Rural**|
|**Household Income Quintiles**||||||||
|Q1<br>-0.192|-0.006|-0.064|-0.02|**-0.076**|-0.005||-0.003|
|-1.51|-0.1|-0.81|-0.69|**(10.19)*****|-0.69||-0.73|
|Q2<br>**-0.146**|**-0.111**|**-0.069**|-0.028|**-0.045**|-0.004|**-0.037**|-0.001|
|**(1.65)***|**(3.08)*****|**(2.10)****|-1.18|**(9.91)*****|-0.53|**(14.7)*****|-0.08|
|Q3<br>-0.048|-0.075|0.025|**-0.042**|**-0.052**|**-0.013**|0|-0.003|
|-0.38|-1.27|-0.3|**(2.26)****|**(5.81)*****|**(2.06)****|-0.02|-0.95|
|Q4<br>-0.107|**-0.098**|0.044|**-0.042**|**-0.029**|**-0.015**|**-0.009**|-0.006|
|-1.49|**(1.84)***|-1.47|**(2.07)****|**(1.85)***|**(2.30)****|**(9.29)*****|-1.39|
|**Patients Subjective Quality Assessmen**|**ts**|||||||
|Others don’t offer service<br>**0.223**|0.066|0.057|**0.088**|-0.008|-0.006|0.009|-0.001|
|**(2.64)*****|-0.6|-0.59|**(2.06)****|-0.69|-0.56|-1.59|-0.18|
|Short wait time<br>0.004|**0.069**|0.009|-0.014|**-0.057**|0.004|-0.005|0|
|-0.05|**(1.85)***|-0.22|-0.65|**(3.12)*****|-0.66|-1.21|-0.08|
|Close to markets<br>0.006|-0.025|-0.009|-0.02|-0.012|-0.01|-0.004|**0.005**|
|-0.1|-0.87|-0.18|-0.93|-0.67|-1.36|-0.67|**(1.65)***|
|High quality service<br>0.069|**0.106**|**0.068**|0.007|**0.06**|**0.019**|-0.003||
|-1.39|**(3.33)*****|**(1.75)***|-0.32|**(10.45)*****|**(2.03)****|-1.19||
|Drugs always available<br>**-0.11**|0.092|-0.068|0.005|0.024|-0.006|-0.001|-0.001|
|**(1.79)***|-1.56|-1.05|-0.32|-1.05|-0.8|-0.39|-0.12|
|Drugs cheaper<br>**0.104**|**-0.071**|0.019|-0.001|-0.02|0.001|**-0.017**|**0.007**|
|**(2.21)****|**(2.14)****|-0.38|-0.06|-1.16|-0.18|**(4.58)*****|**(4.23)*****|
|**Objective Quality Measures**||||||||
|Infrastructure (Water and<br>Electricity)<br>**0.173**|0.014|-0.022|0.032|**0.059**|-0.001|0.003||
|<br>**(2.41)****|-0.17|-0.77|-0.92|**(2.28)****|-0.07|-0.57||
|Skilled Staff ratio<br>**0.035**|0.003|**0.028**|-0.001|**0.008**|0|0|-0.002|
|**(3.30)*****|-0.39|**(6.55)*****|-0.1|**(2.69)*****|-0.18|-0.07|-0.58|
|Staff absenteism<br>**-0.006**|**-0.002**|**-0.004**|-0.001|**-0.001**|0|0|0|
|**(4.10)*****|(2.21)**|**(5.67)*****|-1.09|**(3.08)*****|-0.24|-1.13|-1.62|
|Facility vs District costs<br>-0.001|-0.018|0.001|0.007|0.002|-0.002|0|**-0.007**|
|-0.48|-1.12|-0.46|-0.69|-1.55|-0.34|-1.03|**(2.51)****|
|**Facility Characteristics**||||||||
|Monopoly<br>**-0.243**|**-0.21**|**-0.13**|-0.042|-0.043|**-0.039**||0.007|
|**(2.30)****|**(4.27)*****|**(3.12)*****|-1.39|-1.14|**(2.31)****||-1.58|
|Private<br>**0.189**|**0.23**|**0.179**|0.007|0.056|0.01|**0.015**|0.049|
|**(2.18)****|**(4.84)*****|**(3.47)*****|-0.25|-1.18|-0.94|**(2.26)****|-1.61|
|Not-for-profit<br>0.074|0.05|0.113|0.025|-0.025|-0.01|**0.007**|-0.002|
|<br>-1.39|-0.86|-1.26|-0.86|-1.48|-1.32|**(1.86)***|-0.27|
|Beds<br>-0.002|**0.002**|0.003|0|0|0|0|**0.001**|
|-0.41|**(3.63)*****|-1.09|-0.84|-0.12|-1.38|-0.11|**(3.75)*****|
|Tests<br>-0.022|0.08|0.01|0.003|-0.023|0.012|**-0.006**|**0.034**|
|-1.01|-1.25|-0.37|-0.14|-1.3|-0.59|**(2.37)****|**(1.97)****|
|External Support<br>**0.087**|**0.054**|**0.064**|-0.012|**0.099**|0.002|0.007||
|<br>**(2.72)*****|**(1.67)***|**(1.69)***|-1.01|**(5.42)*****|-0.19|-1.57||

31