percent and 23.1 percent of the AROPE + population in Bulgaria and Romania, respectively, have simultaneously three or four deprivations, whereas only 10.4 percent in Croatia and 4.7 percent in Poland. Nearly 1 percent of the AROPE + individuals living in Bulgaria, Croatia, and Romania are deprived in all dimensions. <mark>The analysis of simultaneous deprivations is important because understanding the pattern of associations and overlaps across the core dimensions of multidimensional poverty is a key element for policymaking (Ferreira and Lugo, 2012).</mark>

**Table 8.** Overlapping of AROPE + dimensions by country <u>(2022)</u>

|**AROPE +**|**Bulgaria**|**Croatia**|**Poland**|**Romania**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Deprived in only 1 dimension|50.6|65.6|73.8|47.3|
|Deprived in only 2 dimensions|26.7|23.2|21.3|28.8|
|Deprived in only 3 dimensions|15.6|8.3|3.7|17.4|
|Deprived in only 4 dimensions|5.9|2.1|1.0|5.7|
|Deprived in only5 dimensions|1.2|0.8|0.1|0.9|

Note: Percentage of individuals that are AROPE + and are deprived in multiple dimensions (using survey weights). The different permutations are not presented due to the dimensionality issue. Source: Own estimates based on 2022 EU-SILC. We report the survey year, and not the income year.

**The incidence of our extended version of multidimensional poverty is substantially high among all types of vulnerable households, but some families are particularly more affected in some countries.** All vulnerable households considered have AROPE + rates above national rates –with the exception of households with a disability recipient in Bulgaria and Croatia (Table 9). Individuals living in households receiving social aid, with an unemployed member or singleelderly households are considerably more prone to be AROPE + in all countries. In addition, individuals living in families with a pensioner are particularly more likely to be AROPE + in Croatia, whereas this is the case for large families in Bulgaria and Romania.

**Table 9.** AROPE + rates for individuals living in vulnerable households (%), by country <u>(2022)</u>

|**vulnerable households**|**Bulgaria**|**Croatia**|**Poland**|**Romania**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|household with unemployed|76.4|61.1|65.0|85.8|
|single-elderly household|73.2|71.7|47.3|71.4|
|Female-headed household|47.0|46.2|41.7|58.0|
|household with 3 or more children|78.5|47.4|42.8|78.1|
|household with 5 or more members|65.0|54.3|48.4|74.1|
|household with disability recipient|44.1|43.5|40.5|57.2|
|household with pensioner|52.1|59.9|45.3|63.9|
|household with social aid|87.9|80.9|77.3|-|
|national AROPE+ rate|45.0|46.2|38.6|53.6|

Note: Percentage of individuals (using survey weights). AROPE rates of 2022 are not anchored to 2019, as in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Children are defined as those younger than 18 and elderly, those 65+. Social aid is defined as those households that report incomes from social assistance captured in the SILC survey by social exclusion not elsewhere classified. This captures households receiving the main poverty-targeted programs (mean-tested) as well as other mean-tested programs. Households with social aid cannot be identified as a vulnerable group in the Romania EU-SILC. Pensioners are defined as those receiving old-age benefits. Statistics presented are unconditional AROPE means. Since households with disabled members cannot be identified, we use as a proxy those receiving disability benefits. Source: Own estimates based on 2022 EU-SILC. We report the survey year, and not the income year. AROPE definition based on EU2030 target.

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