l Maddison (2001: 18) 2 Abu-Lughod (1989: 8) 3 Frank (1998: 52) 4Frank (1998: 166) 5 Braudel defines a "world-economy" as a "fragment of the world, an economically autonomous section of the planet able to provide for most of its own needs, a section to which its internal links and exchanges give a certain organic unity" (Braudel 1984: 22).

6 Braudel (1984: 484) Braudel comments that although lengthy, his discussion of this topic is not complete in that, among other things, he could have included Japan which constructed its own world-economy after 1638 encompassing Korea, the Ryukyu islands, and Formosa, and trade with the Chinese and Dutch (Braudel, 1984: 533).

> 7 Braudel (1984: 484)

8 Today, the basic measures of the size of an economy are population, land area, income (gross national income or GNI), and output (gross domestic product or GDP). These measures will be used later in the paper to give a picture of Asia's current economic size; however, because of the limited availability of historical data, only population and GDP figures are presented in Chapter I.

9 There are many sources of statistics available for early historical periods that are considered reliable, some compiled as far back as the early 1900s. It should be noted, however, that data on population and GDP prior to the 20'h century are speculative and variable. Despite their sometimes significant differences, these statistics tell essentially the same story and are useful in determining trends. The population and GDP figures of Maddison (2001) are presented in the Historical Appendix in some detail because they embody the latest research, are comprehensive (include different types of statistics for many countries and regions) and are consistently derived and, therefore, are comparable. (See Notes on Statistics at the end of the Historical Appendix for details on the method of compilation and problems associated with the use of these data.) This is not to say that other data sources are unreliable and, in fact, other sources, in addition to Maddison, are used in the discussion throughout this chapter.

10 While the territories/countries included in the population tally for a particular region (Europe and Asia) are broadly consistent among sources, some differences may occur.

I] Based on all three sources (Bennett, Clark and Maddison).

12 Maddison (2001: 29) 13 The relationship between demography and economics is complex. Many studies have shown that as a country's wealth increases its fertility and mortality decline on average, with reductions in mortality typically preceding reductions in fertility. However, there is also evidence that per capita GDP growth is negatively affected by a rapid growth in population and that the changing age structure of a population has an effect on economic growth as well. In fact, the relationship between population growth and economic development shifts over time. [See World Bank (2001c: Chapter 3), and referenced works therein, for further discussion on this topic.] 14 Frank (1998: 171) 15 Frank (1998: 174) 16 Data on global production and income are difficult to obtain and that which is available varies significantly from one source to another.

17 The estimates referred to are updated and revised in a more recent (1993) book by Bairoch from which this table is sourced. Bairoch cautions readers that GNP per capita data for the 18'h century are not, and probably never will be, reliable. He explains the derivation of his estimates and, for comparison, presents the estimates of other historians in Chapter 9, pp. 101 -110.

18 Bairoch (1993: _95)_ 19 Bairoch and Levy-Leboyer (1981: 14)

**20** Braudel (1984: 534)

21 I$ = international dollars - see Notes on Statistics at end of Historical Appendix for definition. 2 Maddison (2001: 117) 23 Maddison (2001: 117)

> 24 Maddison (2001: 44)

25 Maddison (2001: 44 and 258) 66