|The plot owners may<br>obtain a precarious title<br>(_concession rurale à usage_<br>_d’habitation_) - (CRUH)|surveyor:<br>- For each plot, the_préfecture_prepares_bulletin_<br>- Sale of plots with_bulletin_often with aid of<br>_coxer_||300 000<br>- Cost of_coxer_|
|---|---|---|---|
|and apply for TF|Stage 4.Transformation of bulletin into CRUH:<br>-_Bulletin_put in buyer's name and application for<br>CRUH sent to the_commune_by the buyer;<br>- Condition: non-possession of another residential<br>lot in the same_commune_and having tax receipt;<br>- Decision subject to signature by the mayor who<br>will issue notification of allocation and seek<br>payment of the fees;<br>- Registration of the title in the register of<br>CRUHs|_- Prefet or Sous préfet_<br>- Mayor’s office after<br>opinion from village<br>council meeting for the<br>purpose, endorsed by<br>resolution from commune<br>council|- Local development (infrastructure and<br>services) taxes varying according to<br>_commune_and 10% of the taxes for the<br>State budget|
||Stage 5.Transformation of CRUH into TF:<br>- Certificate of development issued by_Antenne_<br>DRDC (3);<br>- Deposit of copy CRUH which will be cancelled;<br>- Copy of TF handed to interested party;<br>- Recordingof TF in the Land Register|- Mayor's office:<br>Assessment of<br>development<br>- Ordinary section,<br>_Antenne_DRDC in the<br>_commune_|- Registration fees = 15% of plot price|

_Notes:_ _(1) Changes since 2011 and other changes after April 2013 (see Annex 3.1)_ _(2) Note that 90% of land subdivisions are carried out without the consent of all parties involved according to reliable sources at the Génie rural. This practice generates land disputes._ _(3) The Direction nationale des domaines et du cadastre - DNCD) has representation in each region (DRDC), for our study Koulikoro region. Local representative offices (Antennes) have been set up in the cercles and communes. Within these Antennes, the specialized section deals with precarious title and the ordinary section with property title._ The issue of a CR is a complicated procedure involving a large number of administrations at local and central government levels. Because conversion of a customary right into a CR results in a sharp increase in the market value of the land, it provides incentives to a series of irregular practices involving most stakeholders participating in tenure regularization, in public allocations of land and in land transactions. Having a precarious title (CR) makes it possible to obtain, in a later stage, a property title (TF). However, this is a time-consuming and costly process. One reason is that tenure regularization requires an investment, implying that CR holders must develop their land within a period of five years and pay very high fees to apply for a TF. Another reason is corruption: it happens that some people who own a CR and have not made any investment manage to achieve regularization and obtain a TF within 3 months, while others who have a CR and have developed the land as required by the law cannot obtain a TF even after 10 years. In practice, most customary landholders have limited scope to transform a CR into a _Titre Foncier_ : they do not have the required financial resources and they do not have sufficient connections within the land administration.

**Annex 3.3. Details of required procedures and costs of formalization from allocations by the State or local authorities to property title (TF)**

|**Type of operation**|**Procedures**|**Participants**|**Costs incurred**|
|---|---|---|---|
|Land of the State's private<br>domain transferred to a<br>_commune_, which allocates<br>|Stage 1. Assignment from the State's private<br>domain to the_commune_which has a planning<br>document and wishes to carry out a_lotissement_:<br>- Decision taken by the Council of Ministers<br>following application from the_commune_<br>- The TF is transferred to the_commune_with<br>prior checking that there is no TF other than that<br>held bythe State to the requested land.|- Council of Ministers on<br>submission from the<br>Minister for State domains<br>- The_commune_consults<br>residents and often acts at<br>their request||
|t to rate nas n||||
|pv vu<br>connection with a formal<br>land subdivision|Stage 2. Application for_Concession urbaine_<br>_d’habitation_(CUH) or_Concession rurale à_<br>_usage d’habitation_(CRUH) sent to the<br>_commune_by the occupant of the plot;<br>- Condition: non-possession of another<br>residential lot in the same_commune_and having<br>tax receipt;|- Village, fraction of<br>neighborhood, or mayor<br>- Various levels of<br>government:<br>-_Préfet_if land = 1000-<br>5000 m<sup>2</sup><br>- Governor = 5000-1 ha|- Local development (infrastructure and<br>services) taxes varying according to<br>_commune_and 10% of the taxes for the<br>State budget|

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