**Table 2: Characteristics of included programs**

|Country|Intervention name|World Bank income group at time of<br>intervention<br>Scop<br>Geographic<br>extent|e<br>Donor<br>(co-)<br>financing<br> <br>Rural<br>Urban<br>Md Fil|Impact estimate available<br>and service incentivized<br>Not available or not incentivized<br>Available and directly incentivized<br>Available and indirectly incentivized<br>oern amy<br>Planning<br>4+ ANC checks<br>Maternal tetanus<br>vaccination<br>Facility delivery<br>1+ PNC checks<br>Full child vaccination<br>Supply side<br>Demand side<br>Performance-Based Fina|Financial incentive<br>Control group<br>income equalization<br>Incentive formula<br>ncing|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Afghanistan|System Enhancement for Health<br>Action in Transition|Low 11 of 34<br>provinces|Yes Yes World Bank|Yes No|No Quarterly incentive payments directly to healthcare workers on a case-basis and annual payments according to equity of<br>service delivery, facility quality scorecards and uptake of contraceptives in the catchment area. Salary bonuses<br>component amounts to 6-28% of base salaries.|
|Burkina Faso|Reproductive Health Project I|Low 15 of 351<br>departments|Yes Yes World Bank|Yes No|No Monthly incentive payments on a case-basis and additional quarterly quality payments if facility achieves quality score<br>of at least 50% of maximum score. Facilities with full autonomyregardinguse of bonuses.|
|Burkina Faso|Reproductive Health Project II|Low 15 of 351<br>departments|Yes Yes World Bank|Yes Yes|No Monthly incentive payments on a case-basis and additional quarterly quality payments if facility achieves quality score<br>of at least 50% of maximum score. Facilities with full autonomy regarding use of bonuses. Three type of demand-side<br>co-interventions, namely user fee waivers for the poor, user fee waivers and additional financial incentives for<br>healthcare workers to provide care to them, and community-based health insurance with waived premiums for the<br>poor.|
|Burundi|PBF Scheme|Low Nationwide|Yes Yes Cordaid|Yes No|No Nationwide scheme. Quarterly incentive payments on a case-basis which are multiplied by a factor between 1 and 1.25<br>according to results of check of facility conditions and process quality. Incentive can amount to up to 40% of base<br>budgets. 50% of incentivepayment can be used for salarybonuses|
|Cambodia|Contracting-in|Low 11 of 81<br>districts|Yes Yes Yes, but<br>specific<br>donor<br>information|Yes No|No<br>NGO contracted to design and manage performance incentive payments ingovernment facilities, but without<br>autonomy over staffing and procurement decisions. Nature of incentive payments at discretion of NGO, leading to<br>heterogeneity.|
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|Cambodia|Government scheme|Low 8 of 81<br>districts|<br>Yes Yes Belgian<br>Technical<br>Cooperation|Yes<br>No|No<br>Government operated scheme supported by NGO. Case-based payments and bonusesfor reaching quantitative targets<br>and for abstention from illegitimate practices.|
|Cameroon|Health Sector Support Investment<br>Project I|Lower-<br>middle<br>26 of 189<br>health<br>districts|<br>Yes Yes World Bank|Yes No|No Monthly incentive payments on a case-basis subject to 25% reduction if excessive reporting errors detected during<br>monthly verification. Case-based payments are increased by a factor between 1 and 1.3 according to results of check of<br>facility conditions and process quality. Additional adjustments for facilities with large structural deficiencies. Facility<br>management committee determines use of funds. Controlgroupwithout budget equalization.|
|Cameroon|Health Sector Support Investment<br>Project II|Lower-<br>middle<br>26 of 189<br>health<br>districts|Yes Yes World Bank|Yes No|<br>Yes Monthly incentive payments on a case-basis subject to 25% reduction if excessive reporting errors detected during<br>monthly verification. Case-based payments are increased by a factor between 1 and 1.3 according to results of check of<br>facility conditions and process quality. Additional adjustments for facilities with large structural deficiencies. Facility<br>manaement committee determines use of funds Controlrouwith budet eualization|
|Congo, Dem.<br>Rep.|Health Sector Rehabilitation and<br>Support Project|Low 1 of 26<br>districts|Yes Yes World Bank|Yes No|g.gp g q.<br>Yes Monthly incentive payments on a case-basis subject to reduction if reporting errors detected during monthly<br>verification. No adjustment for quality. Facility with autonomy on how to use funds. Control group with budget<br>equalization.|
|Congo, Rep.|Health Sector Services Development<br>Project|Lower-<br>middle<br>2 of 12<br>departments,<br>home to 30%<br>of population|<br> <br> <br>Yes Yes World Bank|Yes No|<br>No Quarterly incentive payments on a case-basis which are multiplied by a factor between 1 and 1.5 according to results of<br>check of facility conditions and process quality and user satisfaction. Additional bonuses for facilities situated in remote<br>areas, those with very poor catchment area populations, and those of very poor structural quality. Quality bonus not<br>paid out if at least 10% of reported services cannot be verified. Facility determines what share of incentive payment is<br>used for salarybonus.|
|Gambia, The|Maternal and Child Nutrition and<br>Health Results Project|Low 3 of 5<br>regions,<br>home to one<br>third of the|<br>Yes Yes World Bank|Yes Yes|No Quarterly incentive payments on a case-basis which are multiplied by a factor between 1 and 2 according to results of<br>check of facility conditions. 40% of incentive payment can be used for salary bonuses. As co-intervention, women<br>invited to enroll in CCT scheme rewarding timeliness of first and completion of 4 ANC visits.|
|||population||||
|Lesotho|Health System Performance<br>Enhancement Project|Lower-<br>middle<br>6 of 10<br>districts|Yes Yes World Bank|Yes No|No Quarterly incentive payments on a case-basis which are multiplied by a factor between 1 and 1.25 according to results<br>of check of facilityconditions andprocessquality. 50% of incentivepayment can be used for salarybonuses.|

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