|**Variables**|(1)<br>**Region**|(2)<br>**Household**<br>**Livelihood**|(3)<br>**Use of Coping**<br>**Strategy**|(4)<br>**Borrowed**|(5)<br>**Received**<br>**Help**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Highest|||−0.169***<br>(0.0263)|||
|Household borrowed money||||−0.0194*||
|(=1)||||(0.00997)||
|Household received help (=1)|||||−0.0113<br>(0.0140)|
|Constant|9.372***|8.310***|8.337***|8.308***|8.299***|
||(0.0576)|(0.145)|(0.144)|(0.144)|(0.144)|
|**State fixed effects**|—|**Yes**|**Yes**|**Yes**||
|Observations|11,596|11,596|11,596|11,596|11,596|
|R-squared|0.678|0.683|0.683|0.683|0.682|
|Adjusted R-squared|0.676|0.682|0.682|0.681|0.681|

_Notes_ **:** a **.** Base category for regions is central; b. Base category for household livelihood is crop farming; c. Base category for quintile of household CSI is low. In each specification, we use a binary indicator for the incidence of shocks (=1 if household reported at least one shock, and zero otherwise). This variable is correlated to region (a categorical variable indicating the six regions of Sudan) in column 1; household livelihood in column 2; four categories indicating the intensity in the use of coping strategy (constructed from the household CSI) in column 3; and binary variables indicating households’ receipt of credit and help in columns 4 and 5, respectively. We focus on household consumption per capita as our main indicator of household welfare. Each specification is estimated using ordinary least squares. Robust standard errors in parentheses *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1.

Households in the Central<sup>16</sup> region affected by shocks are least affected when compared to the impact on households in Khartoum, Northern, and Darfur regions. Consumption per capita for households affected by at least one shock in Khartoum is on average 9.6 percent lower than consumption per capita for affected households in the Central region.<sup>17</sup> In the Northern and Darfur regions, consumption per capita of households exposed to at least one shock is 4.9 percent and 3.7 percent lower, respectively, than in the Central region. Although these results illustrate the spatial heterogeneity in the impact of shocks across Sudan, differences in prevalence of shocks across states, region-specific characteristics such as the types of shocks most prevalent, and the common household livelihoods are likely to drive these results. For instance, as shown in Figure _5_ , prevalence of shocks in the Central region is fairly low compared to other regions. Also, in the Khartoum and Northern regions, floods/droughts (which as discussed earlier have the most negative impact on household welfare) were the most commonly reported shock in 2014/15 (see Figure 6b and Figure 6d). In addition, wages and salaries are the common livelihoods in these regions based on the 2014/15 data and as discussed below are among the livelihoods most affected by shocks. In the Darfur region, on the other hand, the high impact of shocks is possible driven by the high prevalence of shocks (around 60 percent of households reported at least one shock in 2014/15 as shown in Figure _5_ ) and the dominance of crop farming as the main livelihood.

> 16 The Central region consists of Al-Gezira, White Nile, Sennar, and Blue Nile states. The Darfur region consists of the North, West, South, Central, and East Darfur states. The Eastern region consists of the Red Sea, Kassala, and Al-Gadarif states. The Khartoum region consists of the state of Khartoum. The Kordofan region consists of the North, South, and West Kordofan states. The Northern region consists of the Northern and River Nile States.

> 17 Although not presented here in the interest of brevity, the impact of shocks is larger on urban households than on rural households. Consumption per capita for rural households affected by a shock is on average 3.4 percent higher than urban households also affected by a shock.

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