The number of children dying before reaching one month (per 1,000 live births) is 15.2 in the intervention group and 27.2 in the control group, which corresponds to a reduction in neonatal mortality of close to 44%.<sup>13</sup> As a reference point, the rate ratios for the short run impact of the _participation & information intervention_ on under-five and infant mortality are 0.74 and 0.68, respectively. That is, the reduction in child mortality in the longer run is similar to the short run findings, albeit somewhat smaller in magnitude.<sup>14</sup> Table 4 reports the findings on births and pregnancies. The intervention reduced the incidence (column i) and the number of births since 2006 (column ii) by 14% – an effect roughly twice as large in absolute values as compared to the short-run effect reported in Björkman and Svensson (2009). Columns (iii)-(iv) show that the effect is of the same order of magnitude – about two times larger in absolute values in the long (4 years) versus the short (1 year) run – when using the incidence and the number of pregnancies as dependent variables.

We measured the weight of children under-five using portable scales and the height of children under-five years using stadiometers. Table 5 reports the long-run intervention impacts on the two anthropometric outcomes. We report results separately for infants (0-11 months) and children (12-59 months) because reductions in illnesses tend to lead to gains in weight for infants while reductions in illnesses over time, and thus for older children, will tend to manifest in increased height. Columns (i-iii) depict the weight-for-age z-score results. Consistent with the findings in Cortinovis et al. (1997), and the short-run findings, Ugandan children have values of weight far lower than the NCHS/CDC international reference.<sup>15</sup> The treatment effect is 0.22 _z_ score in weight-for-age for infants and is fairly precisely estimated. Adding controls for age and gender does not change the results (column iii). There is no effect for children aged 12-59 months.

Columns (iv)-(vi) report the results for height of children, using height-for-age z-score as the dependent variable. To the extent that health care provision in the treatment group has experienced a sustained improvement, one could plausibly expect an impact on height. There is a positive treatment effect, significant at the 10 percent level, on height for children aged 12-59 months. Four years into the intervention, children aged 12-59 months in the treatment group are 0.10 z-scores taller than the children of the same age in the control group.

data. The point estimates from a model using individual level data are similar. The rate ratios [p-value] for under-five mortality and infant mortality are 0.77 [0.04] and 0.71 [0.07], respectively.

13The estimated neonatal mortality rate in the control group, 27.2, is similar to the neonatal mortality rate reported in official statistics; 25 in 2009. (World Bank Open Data)

> 14Björkman and Svensson (2009) did not collect data on the month of death. Thus, to derive these rate ratios we assume that children that died in 2005 died midway through the year. In Björkman and Svensson (2009) the under-five mortality rate is estimated by summing the death rates for each cohort (0-1 year old, 1-2 year olds etc.) per community. This life-table approach produces a probability of death rather than an incidence of child death as reported in table 3.

15Following Björkman and Svensson (2009), we omit observations with a recorded weight above the 90th percentile in the growth chart reported in Cortinovis et al. (1997). Since weight is measured by trained enumerators, the reporting error is likely due to misreported age of the child.

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