measure in Croatia and Poland, given that 64 percent and 71 percent of the individuals at risk of poverty or social exclusion, respectively, are only poor in the monetary dimension – and are not deprived in the non-monetary indicators.

**Table 3.** Percentage of individuals deprived in each AROPE dimension by country <u>(2022)</u>

|**AROPE**|**Bulgaria**|**Croatia**|**Poland**|**Romania**|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Deprived in only 1 dimension**|||||
|low work intensity|1.0|0.8|1.0|0.6|
|severe material and social deprivation|7.6|1.0|1.1|12.4|
|at risk of poverty|11.0|12.7|11.4|9.0|
|**Deprived in only 2 dimensions**|||||
|several material and social deprivation +<br>low work intensity|0.7|0.03|0.1|0.2|
|at risk of poverty + low work intensity|1.5|2.4|1.2|0.6|
|at risk of poverty + several material and<br>social deprivation|7.4|1.7|0.6|9.9|
|**Deprived in 3 dimensions**|||||
|at risk of poverty + low work intensity +<br>several material and social deprivation|3.0|1.2|0.5|1.7|
|national AROPE rate|32.2|19.9|15.9|34.4|

Note: Percentage of individuals (using survey weights). AROPE rates of 2022 are not anchored to 2019, as in Figure 1 and Figure 2. AROPE identifies individuals as multidimensionally poor if they are deprived in at least one dimension (union criteria), so the national AROPE rate corresponds to the sum of individuals deprived in 1, 2, or 3 dimensions. See Table 1 and Table 2 for a detailed description of each AROPE dimension.

Source: Own estimates based on 2022 EU-SILC. We report the survey year and not the income year. AROPE definition based on EU2030 target.

# **An in-depth analysis of the items that compose the material and social deprivation dimension indicates that the most prevalent deprivations in all countries are the capacity to face unexpected expenses with one's own resources, to afford one week of annual holiday, and to**

**replace worn-out furniture.** Romania, followed by Bulgaria, has the largest proportion of individuals facing these household-level deprivations, with nearly half of the population not being able to afford these items (Table A3.4). Interestingly, Croatia has a similar percentage of individuals who cannot afford unexpected expenses (44.9 percent) and annual holidays (41.7 percent) in comparison to Bulgaria, despite having a very low proportion of individuals materially and socially deprived (3.9 percent). This suggests that Croatian households face significant challenges in their capacity to afford these items, as well as in their capacity to being confronted with payment arrears <mark>(on mortgage or rental payments, utility bills, hire purchase installments or other loan payments)</mark> (15.6 percent), even though they have relatively less difficulty in affording other household-level goods and services. In addition, a more heterogeneous pattern of the incidence of individual-level deprivations is found across countries. Bulgaria and Romania have the largest deprivation rates in each individual item (ranging from 8.6 to 32.7 percent in Bulgaria, and 9.5 and 35.6 percent in Romania), whereas in Croatia and Poland, the incidence of these deprivations is relatively low (from 1.4 to 7.7 percent in Croatia, and from 0.9 to 9.1 percent in Poland). Being able to spend a small amount of money each week on him/herself is one of the most prevalent deprivations in all four countries, reaching 35.6 percent of the

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