household. The information about the bundle of rights held over the land will not only provide useful data to understand asset patterns, but will also allow analyses of how the different forms of tenure status affect productivity.

The Vietnam survey asks a set of questions about whether the household has received the right to use any plot of land in the past five years through purchase, allocation, exchange or inheritance. It follows with questions on whether the household has given up any land in the past five years. By adding a question about which household member obtained or lost these rights, another dimension of land acquisition patterns could be explored.

No questions are asked in all three questionnaires about decision-making regarding the use of land. Thus, they would have to be added in order to analyze how the plots are used and who makes the decisions about each plot. These types of questions would help to identify the specific relationship between land ownership and its control, a crucially important distinction for understanding power dynamics. Depending on the context, for example, it may be that ownership of land by women does not affect household welfare outcomes; rather, it is ownership and control of that land that is required to do so.

Questions about tenure security are also not included in any of the three questionnaires. Adding questions about whether the individual expects to be farming the plot in the future would provide some information on their sense of security. A question on whether access to land has been lost would provide some information on past tenure security.

# 5.3. Livestock

_Minimum questions_ . The minimum that should be asked about livestock are the questions about ownership and value of each type of animal. Thus, while it might be interesting to know about the individual ownership of each cow or goat, the minimal set of questions is who owns the cows and who owns the goats, and so forth, with the option for multiple owners, especially if there are multiple animals.

None of the three LSMS surveys collect any livestock ownership information at the individual level. They each collect some information on the value of the animals: the Guatemala survey determines value by asking the price at which you could sell all of the animals of each type today. The Vietnam survey obtains value by asking the value of all of the animals at current prices. We would encourage the questionnaire to specify the sales price: how much the respondent would receive if the animals were sold. The Ghana questionnaire asks about the value of one animal if it were sold today.<sup>34</sup> It also asks about any actual sales or purchases in the past year.

_Beyond the minimum questions_ . The additional sets of questions that would be useful for more detailed analysis include acquisition and individual rights over the animals. None of the questionnaires ask about how the animals were acquired, even at the household level. Nor are there any questions about the rights over the animals or the decisionmaking regarding the animals and their products. In considering the rights over the animals, we would want to include not only the right to sell the animal but also to keep 34