processes, repair services, gas and water supply, and cold storage. Specifically, for the purpose of our project, we are able to extract information on the number of employees by gender. That is, we have the exact count of male and female employees for most establishments in organized manufacturing with the ASI data and for the services and unorganized manufacturing sectors from the NSSO records. For some analyses, we exclude records where the male and female employee counts do not add up to within 10% of the reported total employment for the firm.

We use ASI surveys from the same fiscal years as the NSSO data described above to investigate the impact of increased competitiveness ensuing from infrastructure investments, trade liberalization and domestic regulation reforms. ASI surveys have a similar design<sup>32</sup> and stratification as the NSSO surveys. However, the ASI survey does not provide any information on the gender of the owners. Thus, our indices on gender segmentation that match the gender of employees with that of the owner cannot be constructed for the organized manufacturing data. This limitation on ASI data does not impose a major constraint as roughly 99% of plants and 80% of employment are covered by the NSSO. Besides, we are still able to measure segmentation in the organized sector by developing a novel index based on the information on the gender of employees. For an average employee, this index computes the share of his/her co-workers that are of the same gender. Computing this alternative employee-based index of gender segmentation allows us to compare our results for the organized manufacturing sector with that observed in the unorganized manufacturing and the services sectors.

# **_Services_**

Beginning with the 57<sup>th</sup> round conducted during July 2001 to June 2002, the NSSO surveyed unorganized enterprises belonging to the services sector. This survey was repeated in the 63<sup>rd</sup> round (2006-2007) and 67<sup>th</sup> round (2010-2011). The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union except (i) the Leh (Ladakh), Kargil, Punch and Rajauri districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) interior villages situated beyond five km of a bus route in Nagaland, and (iii) villages of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which remain inaccessible throughout the year. Thus the corresponding State/UT level estimates and the all-India results presented in this report relate to the areas covered under survey.

Unfortunately, the NSSO coverage for services across subindustries is less consistent over time. The 57th round surveyed, broadly, all unorganized service sector enterprises engaged in the activities of hotels and restaurants; transport, storage and communication; real estate, renting and business activities; education; health and social work and other community, social and personal service activities. The 63<sup>rd</sup> and 67<sup>th</sup> rounds additionally covered financial intermediation services, which were not covered in the 57<sup>th</sup> round, while specific sectors such as non-mechanized transport activities related to transport via railways and activities of business, employers and professional organizations were excluded after the 57<sup>th</sup> round. The 67<sup>th</sup> round also extended coverage to include

> 32 The ASI sampling frame is based on business registers rather than the Economic Census.

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