individual areas helps us to identify specific policies that are the object of negotiation but may obscure cross-cutting issues—such as electronic commerce—that may be disciplined under multiple policy areas.

**Figure O2: Number of policy areas covered in PTAs, by policy**

<!-- Start of picture text --> 100%<br>90%<br>80%<br>70%<br>60%<br>50%<br>40%<br>30%<br>20%<br>10%<br>0%<br>Most common policy areas<br>Share of agreements<br>FTA Industrial FTA Agriculture Trade Facilitation and Customs Export Taxes Competition Policy Subsidies Intellectual Property Rights Technical Barriers to Trade Sanitary and Phytosanitary... Services Movement of Capital State Owned Enterprises Public Procurement Investment Visa and Asylum Environmental Laws Labor Market Regulations Agriculture Statistic Energy Research and Technology Consumer Protection Industrial Cooperation Social matters Economic Policy Dialogue Education and Training Cultural Cooperation Data Protection Health SMEs Anti-corruption Taxation Approximation of Legislation Financial Assistance Illegal Immigration Mining Regional Cooperation Information Society Public Administration Audiovisual Innovation Policies Nuclear Safety Illicit drugs Political Dialogue Terrorism Money laundering Civil Protection Human Rights<br>Antidumping and Countervailing...<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: Authors’ calculations based on Hofmann et al. 2019.

The classification of policy areas used in Figure O2 deviates slightly from the one of Horn et al. (2010).<sup>7</sup> Specifically, for the Handbook, we decided to include rules of origin, a policy area that was absent from the Horn et al. (2010) classification, and to treat as a single policy area: (a) _trade remedies,_ which include anti-dumping and countervailing measures; (b) _investment_ , which includes the areas covered under the WTO’s Trade Related Investment Measures, or TRIMs; and (c) _intellectual property rights_ (IPR), which include the areas covered under the WTO’s Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights, or TRIPs.

Trade agreements are generally assessed in terms of the market access they create. Given the complexity of policy areas that are covered by DTAs, the metric of market access—while still important—appears inadequate. In this paper, we propose to define deep trade agreements as international arrangements that aim to regulate three (partially overlapping) sets of policy areas (Figure O3).

- First, the core policy areas included in DTAs aim to establish five economic integration rights: _free (or freer) movement of goods, services, capital, people_ and _ideas_ .<sup>8</sup> The policy areas that directly impact these flows include: (a) _tariffs and export taxes,_ which affect the movement of goods; (b) _services,_ which regulate services trade flows; (c) _investment and movement of capital,_ which affect the movement of capital; (d) _visa and asylum,_ which regulate the movement of people; and (e) _intellectual property rights,_ which influence the flows of ideas.

> 7 The Horn et al. (2010) classification was used to collect data on the extensive margin of PTA depth.

> 8 We use the words “aim to establish” rather than “establish” for two main reasons. First, DTAs may cover only a subset of integration rights. Second, provisions may not be justiciable. A contribution of the new data is to identify the extent to which integration rights are established in PTAs.

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