**Appendix Table A1: Estimates of  σ, the Armington CES Elasticities**

|**Country**||**Estimate**|**and test**|||||**Model**|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**σ**|**Standard**<br>**Error**|**t-**<br>**statistic**|**NOB**<br>**after**<br>**adj**|**Method**|**Lags**<br>**intervals**<br>**in VEC**|**Constant and**<br>**trend structure in**<br>**VEC**|**Additional specifications**<br>|
|China|0.529|0.032|16.650|45|VEC|1,3|C, T in CE; C in VAR|xgr exogenous in CE and VAR; mshare exogenous<br>in VAR|
|Colombia|0.814|0.052|15.697|44|VEC|1,4|T in CE; C in VAR|mshare exogenous in CE and VAR|
|Comoros|0.745|0.075|9.961|38|FMOLS|1,2||CE deterministic regressors= C, mgr, dummy after<br>2007; additional deterministic regressor= mshare|
|Congo, Dem. Rep.|0.669|0.224|2.987|48|FMOLS|||<br>CE deterministic regressors=C, T|
|Congo, Rep.|0.568|0.194|2.922|48|FMOLS|||CE deterministic regressors=C, T,eshare; additional<br>deterministic regressors= T^2, mshare|
|Cook Islands|1.116|0.266|4.190|40|VEC|1,3|C in CE|eshare exogenous in CE; mshare exogenous in VAR|
|Costa Rica|0.869|0.036|23.996|46|VEC|1,2|C,T in CE, C in VAR|mshare exogenous in CE and VAR|
|Cote d'Ivoire|0.397|0.170|2.342|48|FMOLS|||CE deterministic regressors=C, T; additional<br>deterministic regressors= T^2, mshare|
|Croatia|0.866|0.382|2.267|23|FMOLS|||CE deterministic regressors=C, T, xgr; additional<br>deterministic regressors= mshare, mgr|
|Cuba|0.871|0.071|12.310|45|VEC|1,3|C in CE|<br>mshare exogenous in VAR|
|Cyprus|1.699|0.160|10.642|40|VEC|1,3|C,T in CE; C in VAR|mshare exogenous in VAR|
|Czech Rep.|1.835|0.364|5.042|28|FMOLS|||CE deterministic regressors= C, dummy after 2002|
|Denmark|1.282|0.039|32.770|46|VEC|1,2|C in CE|dummy 2008 and after exogenous in CE; mshare<br>exogenous in VAR|
|Djibouti|0.621|0.135|4.608|39|VEC|1,5|C in CE|factor demand spec; xgr exogenous in CE; mshare<br>exogenous in VAR|
|Dominican Rep.|0.938|0.070|13.417|43|VEC|1,5|C, T in CE; C in VAR|<br>xgr exogenous in CE; mshare exogenous in VAR|
|Ecuador|0.798|0.031|25.926|43|VEC|1,5|C in CE|mshare exogenous in CE|
|Egypt, Arab Rep.|0.868|0.022|40.085|44|VEC|1,4|C in CE, VAR|mshare exogenous in VAR|
|El Salvador|0.742|0.047|15.872|45|VEC|1,3|C in CE, VAR|mshare exogenous in VAR|
|Equatorial Guinea|0.828|0.058|14.211|34|VEC|1,4|C in CE|xgr exogenous in CE; mshare exogenous in VAR|
|Eritrea|0.817|0.111|7.337|25|VEC|1,3|C in CE|mshare exogenous in CE; mgr exogenous in VAR|
|Estonia|1.548|0.142|10.923|23|VEC|1,2|C in CE, VAR|xgr exogenous in CE; mshare exogenous in VAR|
|Eswatini|0.691|0.162|4.251|44|VEC|1,4|C, T in CE; C in VAR|xgr exogenous in CE; mshare exogenous in VAR|
|Ethiopia|0.831|0.022|37.644|26|VEC|1,2|T in CE; C in VAR|mshare exogenous in VAR|
|Fiji|0.659|0.157|4.207|46|VEC|1,2|C,T in CE; C in VAR|eshare exogenous in VAR|
|Finland|1.401|0.400|3.500|48|FMOLS|||CE deterministic regressors= C, dummy for 2000<br>and after; additional deterministic regressor= T|
|France|2.232|0.378|5.911|46|VEC|1,2||<br>mshare exogenous in CE|
|French Polynesia|0.776|0.186|4.181|43|VEC|1,5|C in CE|mshare exogenous in CE and VAR; xgr exogenous<br>in VAR|
|Gabon|0.478|0.115|4.165|45|VEC|1,3|C, T in CE; C in VAR||
|||||||||CE dtiiti = C l d ft|
|Gambia, The|0.515|0.173|2.974|48|FMOLS|||eermnsc regressors , yx, ummy aer<br>1990 and 2001; additional deterministic regressor=<br>T|
|Georgia|0.793|0.232|3.420|27|FMOLS|||<br>CE deterministic regressor= C; additional<br>deterministic regressors= T, mgr|
|Germany|1.827|0.361|5.065|44|VEC|1,4|C, T in CE; C in VAR|<br>dummy 1990 and after exogenous in CE; xgr<br>exogenous in VAR|
|Ghana|0.856|0.117|7.310|44|VEC|1,4|C, T in CE; C in VAR|<br>mshare exogenous in CE; mgr exogenous in VAR|
|Greece|1.632|0.436|3.745|46|VEC|1,2|||
|Greenland|1.765|0.873|2.023|42|VEC|1,6|C in CE|dummy after 1990 as extra endogenous var;<br>mshare exogenous in VAR|
|Grenada|0.486|0.116|4.175|39|VEC|1,2|C, T in CE, VAR|factor demand spec; xgr as extra endogenous var|

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