measures of labor underutilization, especially for women and youth who are more likely to work part‐time or engage in temporal and seasonal jobs (Baah‐Boateng, 2015).

The employed, unemployed and persons out of the labor force can also engage in unpaid domestic and care work, which is defined as work since the 19<sup>th</sup> ICLS but is not included in the concept of employment. Domestic and care work can be a time‐consuming daily activity, particularly for women (Budlender, 2008). To account for these activities and promote gender equality, SDG indicator 5.1 measures the proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care activities. This can be operationalized in several ways such as asking respondents to report the number of hours spent in specific activities such as preparing meals, childcare and cleaning, including time diaries in household surveys or conducting specialized time‐use surveys (ILO, 2018e).

<mark>Finally, capturing informal employment in developing‐country contexts, such as street vendors and waste pickers, is essential because it constitutes 87% of the labor force in emerging and developing countries (ILO, 2018f). Measuring informal employment requires a definition of informal enterprises and informal jobs (ILO, 2018f, p. 7, Box 2). While operational definitions differ to some extent across countries, the definition of an informal enterprise is often based on its size (number of employees), legal status (whether or not the enterprise is registered) , operations (whether or not the enterprise keeps a complete balance sheet of assets, expenditures, and income), incorporations (whether or not the enterprise is owned by multiple people inside and outside the household) and product destination (whether or not the products are for market and/or own consumption).</mark><sup>9</sup> <mark>Informal jobs are often defined as jobs for which the employer does not pay social security contributions, jobs without benefits such as paid or sick leave or jobs without a written contract (Ruppert Bulmer, 2018). These definitions are currently being revised by the ILO to align them with the narrowed definition of employment and the revised classification of status in employment (ICSE‐18) and the new classification of status at work (ICSaW‐18).</mark><sup>10</sup>

# 3. What do we measure?

While the previous section highlights _what should be measured,_ this section evaluates _what current survey programs do measure_ , allowing us to compare how current survey programs collect data on women and youth employment and related SDGs.

To do so, we reviewed the questionnaires of four nationally representative household survey programs: LSMS‐ISA surveys, LSMS‐type surveys, Labor Force Surveys (LFS) and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). More specifically, we reviewed the questionnaires of the latest wave of all eight LSMS‐ISA surveys (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda) and complemented this set with four LSMS surveys conducted in Guatemala, Nepal,

> 9 _ILO, Measuring informality: A statistical manual_ , http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/wcms_182300.pdf

> 10 One key question is how own‐use producers should be classified within the framework of informal employment. The current definition classifies own‐use producers in ‘informal employment’. But, given the narrowed definition of employment, own‐use producers are currently not classified as employed.

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