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Data on military employment include conscripts (400,000), but excludes personnel in paramilitary units, i.e., the Frontier Forces (100,000), directly subordinate to the President, the Forces for the Protection of the Russian Federation (20,000), and the MVD (180,000).

GDP estimate is taken from Statistical Handbook 1995: States of the Former USSR and relates to 1992. Wages and salaries as percent of per capita GDP is from Barbara Nunberg's Towards a new Civil Service in Russia, Current Issues and Future Prospects, September 1995 and relates to 1992. The wage bill corresponds to the civilian budgetary sphere wage bill (5.2%) less wages in Health and education (3.5%).

# Tajikistan

Unemployment come from the Country Economic Memorandum of August 12, 1994. Data on paid employment in non-agricultural activities are taken from Statistical Handbook 1995: States of the Former USSR and are for 1993. Data on Central, Education and Health employment is taken from Country Economic Memorandum of August 12, 1994 and relates to 1992. Central Government corresponds to General Administration and defense, to which we have subtracted the number of military. Tajikistan has not yet formed any military units. A number of potential officers are being trained.

# Turkmenistan

Unemployment rate reflects only official unemployment for 1994. Data on paid employment in non-agricultural activities are taken from Statistical Handbook 1995: States of the Former USSR and are for 1993. Central Government employment, which is drawn from Statistical Handbook 1995: States of the Former Soviet Union. Central Govemment corresponds to 'Public Administration and defense". However, it is unclear whether this includes all Central Government employees or just Centrally located Central Government employees. Education and Health employment data are drawn from the Country Economic Memorandum of 7 February, 1994, Education corresponds to "Education Culture and arts" for 1992, while Health is "Health care, social security, physical culture and sports." Military employment data relate to armed forces under joint Turkmen/Russian command.

Ukraine Unemployment rate is drawn from Economist Intelligoence Unit 1995-96. Unemployment reflects only official unemployment for 1995, and probably underestimates the level of unemployment. . Central Govemment, Local Government, Education and Health employment data are from Ukraine: Public Expenditure Review- Public Administration and the Civil Service of May 1996 and relate to 1994. Local employment corresponds to 'Regional and local administration funded from local budgets' and is for the year 1994. Education and Health employment is also from the same source and relates to 1994. In Ukraine delivery of these services is done by both State Owned enterprises as well as the govemment administration. Military employment data do not, include paramilitary troops, e.g., the Internal Security Troops (15,300) and the National Guard (700). Wages and salaries as percentage of GDP (and therefore GDP estimate), Average wage and average wage as multiple of per capita GDP is taken from EMTPM's David Wood's report of 6/24/96 on Ukraine: Policy notes - Public Administration and the Civil Service and relates to 1994.

Uzbekistan Unemployment is from IMF Report SM/96/134 of June 12, 1996 and relates to 1995. It lists 187,700 unemployed people, of which 156,700 not officially registered in the unemployment registers of the employment offices. In addition, an estimated 50-60 000 are on forced (unpaid leave) and another million people is considered "disguised unemployment in the agricultural sector. Data on paid employment in non-agricultural activities are taken from Statistical Handbook 1995: States of the Former USSR and are for 1994. Central Government, Education and Health employment are taken from IMF Report No. 96/134 of June 12, 1996 and relates to 1995. State-owned enterprise employment is an estimated based on data from the Uzbekistan Economic Memorandum of June 20, 1994 and relates to 1992. Military employment data include Ministry of Defense staff and centrally controlled units, but exclude papamilitary units, such as the Internal Security troops (16,000 men under the control of the Ministry of Interior) and the National Guard (700 men under the control of the Ministry of Defense).

GDP estimate is from Statistical Handbook 1995: States of the Former USSR and is for 1994.

# Latin America and Caribbean

# Antigua & Barbuda

Population and labor force are taken from IMF Report No. SM 96/163 of July 5, 1996 and relates to 1995. Central Government, Non Central Government employment is taken from IMF Report No. 96/163 of July 5, 1996 and relates to 1994.

Data on GDP at market price as well as Central Government wage bill are from IMF Report SM 96/163 of July 5, 1996 and relate to 1995. Average Government wages and wages and salaries as multiple of per capita GDP are therefore the result of calculations emanating from this data.