rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
Do land market restrictions hinder
            structural change in a rural economy evidence from Sri Lanka
This paper analyzes the effects of land
            market restrictions on structural change from agriculture to
            non-farm in a rural economy. This paper develops a
            theoretical model that focuses on higher migration costs due
            to restrictions on alienability, and identifies the
            possibility of a reverse structural change where the share
            of nonagricultural employment declines. The reverse
            structural change can occur under plausible conditions: if
            demand for the non-agricultural good is income-inelastic
            (assuming the non-farm good is non-tradable), or
            non-agriculture is less labor intensive relative to
            agriculture (assuming the non-farm good is tradable). For
            identification, this paper exploits a natural experiment in
            Sri Lanka where historical malaria played a unique role in
            land policy. The empirical evidence indicates significant
            adverse effects of land restrictions on manufacturing and
            services employment, rural wages, and per capita household
            consumption. The evidence on the disaggregated occupational
            choices suggests that land restrictions increase wage
            employment in agriculture, but reduce it in manufacturing
            and services, with no perceptible effects on self-employment
            in non-agriculture. The results are consistent with the
            migration costs model, but contradict two widely discussed
            alternative mechanisms: collateral effect and property
            rights insecurity. This paper also provides direct evidence
            in favor of the migration costs mechanism.
Global supply chains and trade policy
How do global supply chain linkages
            modify countries' incentives to impose import
            protection? Are these linkages empirically important
            determinants of trade policy? To address these questions,
            this paper introduces supply chain linkages into a workhorse
            terms-of-trade model of trade policy with political economy.
            Theory predicts that discretionary final goods tariffs will
            be decreasing in the domestic content of foreign-produced
            final goods. Provided foreign political interests are not
            too strong, final goods tariffs will also be decreasing in
            the foreign content of domestically-produced final goods.
            The paper tests these predictions using newly assembled data
            on bilateral applied tariffs, temporary trade barriers, and
            value-added contents for 14 major economies over the
            1995-2009 period. There is strong support for the empirical
            predictions of the model. The results imply that global
            supply chains matter for trade policy, both in principle and
            in practice.
The great recession and job loss
            spillovers : impact of tradable employment shocks on
            supporting services
This paper explores the spillover
            effects of job losses via input-output linkages during the
            Great Recession. Exploiting exogenous variation in tradable
            employment shocks across U.S. counties, the paper finds that
            job losses in a county's tradable sectors cause further
            job losses in the county's supporting services. For a
            given county, a 10 percent exogenous decline in tradable
            employment reduces supporting industries' employment by
            3.8 percent. In addition, a county’s regional supporting
            services are relatively less affected by its tradable job
            losses than its local supporting services are, which
            reinforces the argument that the spillovers are due to
            input-output linkages.
A detailed anatomy of factor
            misallocation in India
This paper complements the results of
            earlier work on factor misallocation. The paper first
            expands the methodology and provides two important
            decompositions for the main indices. The main result is that
            factor and output misallocation across districts is at least
            as important as misallocation within districts. Second, the
            paper provides an exploration of the service sector that
            complements earlier work on manufacturing. The analysis
            shows that labor plays a fundamental role for misallocation
            in services, whereas land is the determining factor in
            manufacturing. Third, the paper expands our earlier work on
            the effects of policies on misallocation by looking at a
            much broader range of policies, and find strong evidence of
            their effects on misallocation. Finally, the paper take
            steps towards the identification of the causal effect of
            misallocation on output per worker by developing a novel
            instrumental variable approach and a simulation approach
            that allows for checking the consistency of the empirical results.
What are the impacts of Syrian
            refugees on host community welfare in Turkey a subnational
            poverty analysis
In recent years, Turkey has been host to
            more than two million Syrians seeking refuge. Initially
            concentrated in the southeastern regions, these refugees now
            reside throughout the country. There are many questions from
            policy makers regarding the impact of the population of
            Syrians Under Temporary Protection on the host community.
            This paper examines the impact of migrants on regional host
            communities from a poverty perspective. The paper does not
            find any negative impacts on poverty for the host community
            from the increasing population of Syrians Under Temporary
            Protection as of 2013, despite the high poverty rates
            experienced among the recent migrants.
The distribution of consumption
            expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa : the inequality among all Africans
This paper uses a set of national
            household surveys to study the regional Sub-Saharan Africa
            distribution of consumption expenditure among individuals
            during 1993 to 2008. The analysis puts the disparities in
            living standards that exist among persons in Africa into
            context with the disparities that exist within and between
            African countries. Regional interpersonal inequality has
            increased (from a Gini index of 52 percent in 1993 to 56
            percent in 2008), driven by increasing disparities in living
            standards across countries, while there has been no
            systematic increase in within-country inequality. For the
            African distribution as a whole, growth of consumption
            expenditure (from household surveys) has been low (around 1
            percent per year). This growth has been uneven and as a
            result the richest 5 percent of Africans received around 40
            percent of the total gains, while the bottom third stagnated.
Resource rents, coercion, and local
            development : evidence from post-apartheid South Africa
This paper examines how the dismantling
            of coercive institutions associated with the end of
            apartheid in South Africa in 1994 affected the distribution
            of rents from natural resource exports. It identifies the
            interplay between coercive institutions and natural resource
            rents as an important driver of local development. Using
            data from the 1996 census, the paper documents large income
            gaps between communities located just-inside and
            just-outside the former self-governing territories set aside
            for black inhabitants. Examining relative changes between
            1996 and 2011, the paper finds that spatial income
            convergence was considerably stronger among marginalized
            communities with higher initial exposure to resource rents.
            These results accord with standard bargaining theory in
            which the dismantling of coercive institutions improves the
            negotiating position of unionized workers in the mining industry.
Can wage subsidies boost employment
            in the wake of an economic crisis evidence from Mexico
The rise in unemployment during an
            economic crisis poses a significant concern to policy
            makers. This paper measures the effect of a program in
            Mexico that granted firms in certain industries wage
            subsidies if they decided to keep their workers instead of
            letting them go during the recent economic crisis. The
            analysis uses monthly administrative data on employment at
            the industry level, along with propensity score matching to
            construct groups of eligible and ineligible durable goods
            manufacturing industries that display statistically
            identical pre-program trends in employment.
            Difference-in-difference results show a positive but not
            statistically significant effect of the wage subsidies on
            employment during the program’s eight-month duration,
            ranging from 5.7 to 13.2 percent in magnitude, depending on
            the specification. The size of the effect increases to 24
            percent after the program ended and the results indicate
            that employment after the program recovered faster in
            eligible industries than in ineligible industries.
The labor content of exports database
This paper develops a novel methodology
            to measure the quantity of jobs and value of wages embodied
            in exports for a large number of countries and sectors for
            intermittent years between 1995 and 2011. The resulting
            Labor Content of Exports database allows the examination of
            the direct contribution of labor to exports as well as the
            indirect contribution via other sectors of the economy for
            skilled and unskilled labor. The analysis of the new data
            sets documents several new findings. First, the global share
            of labor value added in exports has been declining globally
            since 1995, but it has increased in low-income countries.
            Second, in line with the standard Hecksher-Ohlin trade
            model, the composition of labor directly contained in
            exports is skewed toward skilled labor in high-income
            countries relative to developing countries. However, that is
            not the case for the indirect labor content of exports.
            Third, manufacturing exports are a key source of labor
            demand in other sectors, especially in middle- and
            low-income countries. And the majority of the indirect
            demand for labor spurred by exports is in services sectors,
            whose workers are the largest beneficiaries of exporting
            activities globally. Fourth, differences in the labor value
            added in exports share across developing countries appears
            to be driven more by differences in the composition of
            exports rather than in sector labor intensities. Finally,
            average wages typically increase rapidly enough with the
            process of economic development to more than compensate the
            loss in jobs per unit of exports. The paper also includes
            the necessary information to build the Labor Content of
            Exports database from the original raw data, including stata
            do-files and matlab files, as well as descriptions of the
            variables in the data set.
Unraveling a secret : Vietnam's
            outstanding performance on the PISA test
This paper seeks to find an empirical
            explanation of Vietnam's outstanding performance on the
            Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) in
            2012. Only a few developing countries participate in the
            assessment. Those who do, with the unique exception of
            Vietnam, are typically clustered at the lower end of the
            range of the Programme for International student Assessment
            scores. The paper compares Vietnam's performance with
            that of a set of seven developing countries from the 2012
            assessment's data set, using a cut-off per capita GDP
            (in 2010 purchasing power parity dollars) of $10,000. The
            seven developing countries' average performance lags
            Vietnam's by more than 100 points. The "Vietnam
            effect" is difficult to unscramble, but the paper is
            able to explain about half of the gap between Vietnam and
            the seven countries. The analysis reveals that Vietnamese
            students may be approaching their studies with higher
            diligence and discipline, their parents may have higher
            expectations, and the parents may be following up with
            teachers regarding those expectations. The teachers
            themselves may be working in a more disciplined environment,
            with tabs being kept on their own performance as teachers.
            Vietnam may also be benefiting from investments in
            pre-school education and in school infrastructure that are
            disproportionately higher when compared with Vietnam's
            per capita income level.
Does e-government improve government
            capacity evidence from tax administration and public procurement
Using a cross-country data set on
            e-government systems, this paper analyzes whether e-filing
            of taxes and e-procurement adoption improves the capacity of
            governments to raise and spend resources through the
            lowering of tax compliance costs, improvement of public
            procurement competitiveness, and reduction of corruption.
            The paper finds that information and communications
            technology can help improve government capacity, but the
            impact of e-government varies by type of government activity
            and is stronger in more developed countries. Implementation
            of e-filing systems reduces tax compliance costs as measured
            by the number of tax payments, time required to prepare and
            pay taxes, likelihood and frequency of firms being visited
            by a tax official, perception of tax administration as an
            obstacle, and incidence of bribery. The effects of
            e-procurement are weaker, with the number of firms securing
            or attempting to secure a government contract increasing
            with e-procurement implementation only in countries with
            higher levels of development and better quality
            institutions. The paper finds no systematic relationship
            between e-procurement and bureaucratic corruption.
Particulate matter and labor supply
            : the role of caregiving and non-linearities
This paper examines the effect of air
            pollution on labor supply in Lima, Peru. It focuses on fine
            particulate matter (PM2.5), an important pollutant for
            health according to the medical literature, and shows that
            moderate levels of pollution reduce hours worked for working
            adults. The research design takes advantage of rich
            household panel data in labor outcomes to address omitted
            variables and allows investigation of whether the response
            to air pollution is non-linear. The analysis finds that the
            effect of moderate pollution levels on hours worked is
            concentrated among households with susceptible dependents,
            that is small children and elderly adults, while the highest
            concentrations affect all households. This suggests that
            caregiving is likely a mechanism linking air pollution to
            labor supply at moderate levels. Further evidence of this
            mechanism is provided using DHS data on children morbidity
            for the same time period. Finally, no evidence is found of
            intra-household attenuation behavior. For instance, there is
            no re-allocation of labor across household members, and
            earnings decrease with air pollution.
Money demand in the Arab Republic of
            Egypt : a vector equilibrium correction model
Money demand is critical for defining
            monetary policy options and is not driven necessarily by
            developed country standards of transaction demand,
            speculation motive, and opportunity costs grounded by fully
            functioning financial markets. However, market imperfections
            in less developed economies can also play a critical role in
            the dynamics of demand for money. This paper estimates a
            vector equilibrium correction model to investigate the
            nature of short-term and long-term interactions for money
            demand in the Arab Republic of Egypt. The paper concludes
            that real money demand in Egypt during (1958-2013) is stable
            and can be considered confidently by monetary authorities to
            adjust for long-term growth in the real economy. The rate of
            devaluation of the official exchange rate and inflation have
            a serious effect on the public's trust in the national
            currency in the long term. Money is not neutral for
            long-term portfolio decisions, because of the increase in
            real income in the economy that couples with an uptrend in
            monetization as the ratio of money stock over output also
            uptrends. The paper also provides quantitative evidence that
            the devaluation within the parallel market is negatively
            related to the change in demand for real money balances in
            the short term. Economic agents hold more domestic currency
            if the official exchange rate slides, and arbitrage
            opportunities are sought in the parallel market.
Bank competition, financial
            dependence, and economic growth in the Gulf Cooperation Council
The relationship between bank
            competition, firm access to finance, and economic growth is
            a much debated topic in the economic literature and in
            policy circles. This paper uses a panel of 23 manufacturing
            sectors over 2002-10 to investigate the impact of bank
            competition on industry growth in the Gulf Cooperation
            Council economies. The results show that greater competition
            allows financially dependent firms to grow faster. In
            addition, the results show that lower restrictions on banks’
            permissible activities, better credit information, and
            greater institutional effectiveness mitigate the damaging
            impact of low competition. These results are robust to a
            variety of checks. The findings suggest that improving bank
            competition should be an important aspect of the financial
            sector development agenda in the Gulf Cooperation Council.
Social Inclusion in macro-level
            diagnostics : reflecting on the World Bank Group's
            early systematic country diagnostics
The idea of social inclusion has
            garnered considerable attention, especially in the context
            of two recent developments: the Sustainable Development
            Goals and the heightened attention to inequality. This paper
            reviews the manner and extent to which social inclusion is
            addressed in the first 17 Systematic Country Diagnostics
            (SCDs), which are ex ante, country-level assessments
            conducted by the World Bank Group, ahead of the preparation
            of its Country Partnership Frameworks. In addition to this
            primary purpose, the paper fulfils three other purposes. It
            allows for a broader reflection on the value of the social
            inclusion construct in macro-level diagnostics; it takes the
            opportunity to develop and refine a methodology to assess
            social inclusion and finally, it positions the narrative on
            social inclusion into the ongoing discourse on poverty,
            shared prosperity, inequality and the thinking around the
            implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. It is
            therefore, a refined articulation of the idea of social
            inclusion in the context of global epistemological shifts
Early warning, early action : the
            use of predictive tools in drought response through
            Ethiopia's productive safety net programme
This paper investigates the use of early
            warning tools as part of Ethiopia's Disaster Risk
            Management framework. Analyzing, in particular, the
            Livelihoods, Early Assessment and Protection tool,
            Livelihood Integrated Assessment and Hotspots Assessments,
            the paper delineates the scope and objectives of existing
            early warning tools, their commonalities and limitations.
            From a disaster risk financing and insurance perspective,
            the paper investigates possible enhancements in the existing
            early warning framework and its use that could facilitate
            greater timeliness of drought response. The paper argues
            that based on the existing early warning instruments and
            continued improvements to the early warning systems, it is
            possible to enable early action during the onset of a drought.
Evidence from a randomized
            evaluation of the household welfare impacts of conditional
            and unconditional cash transfers given to mothers or fathers
This study conducted a randomized
            control trial in rural Burkina Faso to estimate the impact
            of alternative cash transfer delivery mechanisms on
            education, health, and household welfare outcomes. The
            two-year pilot program randomly distributed cash transfers
            that were either conditional or unconditional and were given
            to either mothers or fathers. Conditionality was linked to
            older children enrolling in school and attending regularly
            and younger children receiving preventive health check-ups.
            Compared with the control group, cash transfers improve
            children's education and health and household
            socioeconomic conditions. For school enrollment and most
            child health outcomes, conditional cash transfers outperform
            unconditional cash transfers. Giving cash to mothers does
            not lead to significantly better child health or education
            outcomes, and there is evidence that money given to fathers
            improves young children's health, particularly during
            years of poor rainfall. Cash transfers to fathers also yield
            relatively more household investment in livestock, cash
            crops, and improved housing.