those youths a three‐week entrepreneurship training class as an alternative to the sector‐specific training coupled with an internship in a small or micro enterprise in the _Jua Kali_ sector **.** However, the program provided no further business development services to support self‐employment such as start‐up capital, counseling, or networking services, all of which are key to successful business start‐ups (Cho and Honorati, 2014).

Albeit positive, the change in earnings was not significantly different from zero among males. The wages of males who had been placed in internships increased by about KES 5,116 after program graduation , which corresponded to 26 percent of the wage earnings of control group males.

The program seems to have had a similar impact on the probability of females being employed, which increased by 4.5 percentage points for all females originally assigned to the program, by 6.7 for those females placed in training and internships, and by 8.7 for those females who completed the program. The ATT estimate for females placed in training and internships was equivalent to a 15.5 percent increase in employment the previous week and a 15.1 percent increase in employment in the previous month (Table 10 panel B).As discussed above, these results need to be interpreted carefully. The lower bounds suggest that zero effects on employment cannot be ruled out.

The program had a significant impact also on the earnings of females, a finding which appears to be robust to Lee bounding for differential attrition rates. Wage earnings for females increased by KES 7,500 which corresponds to 132 percent of the earnings of control group females.

In Mombasa, the program’s estimated impact was slightly higher in magnitude than the overall impact. The program increased the probability of paid employment in the previous month by 7.3 percentage points for those originally assigned to treatment group compared to the control group and by 10.8 percentage points for those who were actually placed in internships, which corresponds to increases of 14 and 20 percent respectively in the probability of being employed (Table 10 panel C). Interestingly, in Mombasa the program significantly increased the probability of having worked for self and/or owned family business in the previous seven days by almost 2.7 percentage points for those assigned to treatment (ITT) and by 4 percentage points for interns who were actually placed and by 5.1 percent for interns who completed the program. Monthly earnings from wage employment increased significantly by almost KES 5,800 for youths originally assigned to the program, by KES 9,000 for those who were placed in internships, and by about KES 11,424 for those who completed the internship program compared to an average of KES 9,935 for control group youths in Mombasa. This is equivalent to a 90 percent increase in wage earnings. However, we found no significant impact on self‐employment earnings for those operating a business.

In accordance with the design of the endline survey, data on earnings were collected only for those reporting to be engaged in any economic activity in the previous seven days. As a whole, the total earnings for the treatment group are higher both because they are more likely to work and because they are earning more when they do work than controls.

While interviewers asked both the employed and the unemployed what was the lowest monthly net wage that they would be willing to accept for a full‐time job with social security benefits, no significant differences were found across groups, so the program does not appear to have changed expectations about job earnings.

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