at least one energy efficiency measure or technology<sup>29</sup> and that 60 percent of firms have dedicated energy teams or personnel.<sup>30</sup> However, only 0.7 percent of workers were involved in GTPs. Given the low percentage of workers directly involved in carrying out GPTs, it would require a very large survey to retrieve occupational information with statistical power, that can later on be used to link it to skills policy.

# The task-content approach

The task-content approach is the most suitable one to inform skills policy. The approach looks into the nature of occupations, their task content, and can be later easily linked to the skills required to perform the job well if that information is available in the country. It allows understanding whether a job has specific tasks assigned to lessen consumers’ and/or firms’ environmental impact.

To our knowledge, there are two methods currently applied to classify tasks as green and non-green. The most prominent application of the task-content approach is the O*NET Green Economy Program (O*NET GEP).<sup>31</sup> The Occupational Information Network (O*NET) is the primary source of occupational information in the United States, which is worldwide recognized and used by researchers. The objective of the O*NET GEP was to identify the occupations that are to be impacted by the greening of the economy (i.e., by green economic activities and technologies).<sup>32</sup> The program comprised a desk review of about 60 publications related to the greening of the economy, which was then used by O*NET experts to produce the occupational and tasks classification.<sup>33</sup> The desk review covered 12 major green economic sectors tightly linked to the greening of the economy and selected the occupations commonly employed in these sectors, and hence likely to be subject to change (see appendix B for a list of the 10 steps followed by O*NET to classify occupations and tasks).<sup>34</sup> Using the same desk review, it then categorized the resulting occupations into the following groups: 29 The surveyed measures included Heating and cooling the environment, Increased use of climate-friendly energy plants, Upgrade machinery and equipment, Energy management; Waste reduction, recycling, and waste management; Control of air pollution; Water management; Vehicle upgrades; Improved lighting system; Conservation of natural resources (excluding the use of recycled inputs); and other pollution control efforts. The technologies surveyed included: Equipment that has an Energy Star rating; LEED certified buildings; Energyefficient lighting; Programmable thermostat; Cogeneration (combined heat and power); and Energy-efficient manufacturing equipment.

30 Results from the SILR survey prepared for the Indonesia CCDR.

31 This paper was prepared in 2020 and 2021, with decision review meeting in June 2022. In that month, O*Net released the paper proposing a linguistic approach for green topics (Lewis et al, 2022), which we understand is still in piloting stages, as it is the methodology proposed here.

32 Dierdorff et al. (2009) and Dierdorff et al. (2011).

33 The publications included those “in educational institutions, in academic journals, commissioned reports, industry white papers, and governmental technical reports. Additionally, numerous associated/relevant internet sources on the world of work were reviewed.” Dierdorff et al. (2009). A list of the publications consulted can be found in O*NET (2013).

34 The 12 green economic sectors include: Renewable energy generation, Transportation, Energy efficiency, Green construction, Energy trading, Energy and carbon capture, Research, design, and consulting services (indirect jobs), Environment protection, Agriculture and forestry, Manufacturing (of green technologies and energy efficient manufacturing processes), Recycling and waste reduction, Governmental and regulatory administration (Dierdorff et al., 2009).

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