rafmacalaba/datause-encoder-data huggingface dataset:
nearest coast, and concentration of Particulate matter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller – PM2.5) from the NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). We provide descriptions and summary statistics of all variables in Table B1.

# **References**

- <mark>Auffhammer, M., Hsiang, S. M., Schlenker, W., & Sobel, A. (2013). Using weather data and climate model output in economic analyses of climate change.</mark> _<mark>Review of Environmental Economics and Policy</mark>_ <mark>,</mark> _<mark>7</mark>_ <mark>(2), 181–198.</mark>

- <mark>Dell, M., Jones, B. F., & Olken, B. A. (2014). What do we learn from the weather? The new climate-economy literature.</mark> _<mark>Journal of Economic Literature</mark>_ <mark>,</mark> _<mark>52</mark>_ <mark>(3), 740–98.</mark>

- <mark>Heyes, A., & Saberian, S. (2022). Hot Days, the ability to Work and climate resilience: Evidence from a representative sample of 42,152 Indian households.</mark> _<mark>Journal of Development Economics</mark>_ <mark>,</mark> _<mark>155</mark>_ <mark>, 102786.</mark>

- <mark>Iizumi, T., & Sakai, T. (2020). The global dataset of historical yields for major crops 1981– 2016.</mark> _<mark>Scientific Data</mark>_ <mark>,</mark> _<mark>7</mark>_ <mark>(1), 1–</mark> 7.

- <mark>Kalkuhl, M., & Wenz, L. (2020). The impact of climate conditions on economic production. Evidence from a global panel of regions.</mark> _<mark>Journal of Environmental Economics and Management</mark>_ <mark>,</mark> _<mark>103</mark>_ <mark>, 102360.</mark>

- <mark>Kummu, M., Taka, M., & Guillaume, J. H. (2018). Gridded global datasets for gross domestic product and Human Development Index over 1990–2015.</mark> _<mark>Scientific Data</mark>_ <mark>,</mark> _<mark>5</mark>_ <mark>(1), 1–15.</mark>

66
**Table 15: Services Trade Restrictions Index (STRI) and Ad valorem Equivalents (AVEs) by Sector and By Geographical region**

|Sector|North America|Europe and Central Asia|East Asia and the Pacific|STRIs<br>South Asia|Latin America and Caribbean|Middle East and North Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa|North America|Europe and Central Asia|<br>East Asia and the Pacific|AVEs*<br>South Asia|Latin America and Caribbean|Middle East and North Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Accounting|0.46|0.33|0.49|0.44|0.35|0.57|0.42|36|26|38|34|27|45|33|
|Legal Services|0.42|0.43|0.61|0.74|0.42|0.80|0.58|34|34|48|58|33|63|46|
|Air Transport|0.26|0.23|0.30|0.48|0.31|0.44|0.22|10|24|31|58|37|59|23|
|Rail Transport|0.26|0.52|0.54|0.82|0.48|0.71|0.51|28|49|45|67|41|66|53|
|Road Transport|0.19|0.20|0.35|0.33|0.31|0.49|0.25|18|19|35|35|31|56|26|
|Banking|0.02|0.10|0.14|0.20|0.14|0.34|0.18|1|8|12|16|12|32|16|
|Insurance|0.23|0.26|0.26|0.35|0.32|0.39|0.32|18|22|21|29|27|34|28|
|Fixed Line|0.20|0.27|0.37|0.52|0.28|0.53|0.44|16|7|90|388|60|30|545|
|Mobile Line|0.14|0.18|0.29|0.31|0.20|0.37|0.35|0|0|1|2|1|1|3|
|Retail|0.11|0.14|0.16|0.25|0.16|0.32|0.17|2|2|3|4|3|5|3|
|Maritime Transport|0.29|0.21|0.32|0.40|0.26|0.39|0.24|8|16|30|67|34|57|18|

*For the four transport sectors, the ad valorem equivalent (AVE) or the tariff equivalent (TE) we have calculated has the domestic price in the denominator. For other sectors, the tariff equivalent contains the unrestricted shipping margins in the denominator. To make the conversion, if TE is the ad valorem equivalent with restricted country shipping margins in the denominator and TE* is the ad valorem equivalent with unrestricted country shipping margins in the denominator, then TE* may be derived from TE as TE* = TE/[1-TE].

55
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analyses of population distribution. Similarly, mortality received limited attention in pre-1980 sector reports. Ho,.ever, since the reorganization of the department, trends and causes of mortality have beei adequately analyzed.

The role of NGOs in the population sector has still not received adequate attention in sector work. Even in countries where NGOs account for a large share of family planning activities, the sector reports generally do not go beyond description of NGO activities. Some relevant examples are the Philippines (1973 and 1984), Egypt (1985), Guatemala (1981), Haiti (1981), and Malawi (1984). A few exceptions are the Population Sector Report for Mauritius in 1983, and the Food and Nutrition Sector Report for Bangladesh in 1984, whl:h make specific recommendations for involving NGOs in the national program.

# 3. Quality_of_Sector Work

The Review of PHN Sector Work and Lending in Health ,19801985 (1986) incluk'es a detailed analysis of the scope and quality of all PHN sector -eports completed since 1980. Its overall assessment is summi:ized as follows: PHN sector work increased in comprehensiveness, depth of analysis and overall quality over the five year period. Several areas received increasing attention over time: health costs and financing, the hospital sub-sector, pharmaceuticals and nutrition ... Better preparation and larger missions contributed to the gradual improvement in scope and quality.

In order to supplement this review, we analyzed four pre1980 sector reports and thirteen cost-1980 reports<sup>4</sup> which the earlier review did not cover. In general, our findings are consistent with the conclusions of the Health Sector Review: there has been a definite improvement in the sc:ope and quality of PHN sector reports. A comparison of the 1973 Population Sector Review and the 1984 PHN Review for the Philippines illustrates this trend (Appendix, Table A-1). The 1984 review is much more detailed and rigorous in its analysis of the determinants of birth rate; the consequences of population growth for land use, health and education, the labor force, and production; regional differences in services and client needs; and cost and expenditure data. Some of the special sector reports, such as

> 4Egypt (1981 and 1985), Philippines (1973 and 1984), Haiti (1986), Guatemala (1986), Bangladesh (1985), Guinea (1986), Honduras (1983), Indonesia (1980 and 1986), Malawi (1986), Mauritius (1983), Nepal (1982), Pakistan (1978), Thailand (1975).

17
WPS3729

**Global Information and Communication Technologies Department Policy Division**

# **Mobile License Renewal:**

# **What Are the Issues? What Is at Stake?**<sup>1</sup>

_Boutheina Guermazi and Isabel Neto_

## **Abstract**

_A major challenge facing regulators in developed and developing countries alike is the need to strike the right balance between ensuring certainty for market players and preserving flexibility of the regulatory process to accommodate the rapidly changing market, technological and policy conditions. This challenge applies across a wide range of regulatory instruments and vehicles including license renewal, which is the focus of this note._ _This note provides an overview of mobile license renewal issues covering the legal regime of license renewal, the renewal process, the non-renewal context and the changes in licensing conditions including spectrum implications of the renewal process. It draws best practices that started to emerge in recent renewal practices, to ensure that the renewal process leads to the best outcome for all stakeholders. As much as possible, policy makers and regulators should strive to promote investors’ confidence and give incentives for long -term investment. They can do this by favoring the principle of ‘renewal expectancy’, but also by promoting regulatory certainty and predictability through a fair, transparent and participatory renewal process. For example, by providing details for license renewal or reissue, clearly establishing what is the discretion offered to the licensing body, or ensuring sufficient lead-times and transitional arrangements in the event of non-renewal or changes in licensing conditions. Public consultation procedures and guaranteeing the right to appeal regulatory decisions maximizes the prospects for a successful renewal process. As technological changes and convergence and technologically neutral approaches gain importance, regulators and policy makers need to be ready to adapt and evolve licensing procedures and practices to the new environment._

### World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3729, October 2005

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._

> 1    An earlier version of the paper was contributed to trends in telecom reform ITU. The authors thank Pierre Guislain, Peter Smith , Charles Kenny, David Satola, Dirk Sommer, and Howard Williams for peer reviewing the paper and providing useful comments and  suggestions.

- 1 -
|**Table 1: Summary Statistics of Frau**<br>|**d Approachin**<br>|**g**<br>||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|=1 if fraud-approached households<br>(HHs)|Obs.|Mean|Std.Dev|Min|Max|
|Approached urban HHs|25,635|0.674|0.469|0|1|
|-<br>Over Phone|25,635|0.651|0.477|0|1|
|-<br>Through text|25,635|0.141|0.348|0|1|
|-<br>Face-to-face|25,635|0.080|0.272|0|1|

Note: This table describes the probability of urban households being approached by fraudsters. We classify the intermedium through which urban households were approached into telephone, texting (i.e., SMS, mail, and e-mail), and face-to-face contacts.

32
focus countries that had corporate bond issues outstanding as of end-2006 (figure 5.1).<sup>61</sup> In Ghana, Nigeria, and Tanzania, none of the corporate bond issues outstanding at that time was by an infrastructure-related company. However, such companies were strongly represented on the BRVM, where they accounted for 94 percent of the total outstanding issues by companies from Benin (electricity generation), 100 percent by corporates from Burkina Faso (telecommunications), and 94 percent from Senegal (port operations).<sup>62</sup>

**Table 5.4 Corporate bonds outstanding on the Bond Exchange of South Africa**

|Nominal value, US$millions, end-2006||
|---|---|
|Total “corporate bond” issues on BESA /a|33,817.2|
|_of which issues by:_||
|Banks /b|7,994.2|
|_of which inward listings:_||
|Mauritius Commercial Bank|50.2|
|Total “corporate bond” issues by entities in infrastructure sectors /c|6,841.3|
|_of which local listings by:_||
|Telkom (issued in 1998; 10 years maturity)|662.3|
|Telkom (issued in 2005; 15 years maturity)|358.7|
|Mobile Telephone Networks (Issued 2006; 4 years)|717.4|
|Mobile Telephone Networks (Issued 2006; 8 years)|186.5|
|Eskom|3,613.9|
|SA National Roads Agency|772.5|
|Infrastructure Finance Corp. (CDOs)|525.8|
|_of which inward listings by:_||
|Swaziland Post & Telecoms|4.3|
|Issues by entities in infrastructure sectors||
|as % of total corporate bond issues|20.23|

Source: BESA.

a. That is, issues not made by the central or municipal government.

b. Does include inward listing by Mauritius Commercial Bank but does not include listings by state-owned development banks.

c. Includes inward listing by Swaziland Post & Telecoms.

The infrastructure sectors of the corporations issuing these bonds varied. Several issues were made by companies operating in telecommunications, which had the highest number of issues outstanding (five) of all infrastructure sectors (table 5.5). Other recent debt issues have been made by companies operating in the telecommunications sector in South Africa and Ghana that have tapped international investors. Issues by telecommunications providers were listed on exchanges in West Africa (by Burkina Faso’s Celtel and Office National des Télécommunications, ONATEL), Kenya (Celtel), Uganda (Uganda Telecom), and Mozambique (Telecommunication de Mozambique, TDM; and Mozambique Cellular, MCEL). A single, 61 It should be noted here again, however, that the overall tally of corporate bond issues outstanding tends to be small, as do total amounts raised.

62 In addition, Côte d’Ivoire transport, storage and shipping company, Saga CI, had a bond issue that traded in 2006 but was redeemed in March 2007. (This issue is not included in total outstanding amount for Côte d’Ivoire because the reference date for the outstanding amount of bonds listed on the BRVM is end-April 2007.) 49
countries. In order to disentangle the e¤ects of the di¤erent MTEF phases (MTFF, MTBF, and MTPF) from other factors and to correct for reverse causality we apply a dynamic panel data approach to a newly-collected panel dataset of 181 countries over the period 1990-2008, the most comprehensive dataset to date on worldwide MTEF adoption.

The econometric ...ndings suggest that, unlike in previous small-sample and case-study analyses, MTEF adoption is associated with strong improvement in ...scal discipline, the effects increasing with each successive MTEF phase. The adoption of an MTBF and an MTPF decrease the volatility of health spending per capita, which we interpret as an improvement in allocative e¢ ciency. Finally, the MTPF seems to be the only MTEF phase that exerts a signi...cant e¤ect on technical e¢ ciency in the health sector, although due to insu¢ cient within-country variation in technical e¢ ciency this e¤ect is less precisely estimated. Overall these results are more favorable than the conclusions of prior work, and suggest that budget institutions that restrain short-term incentives to manipulate the budget can have measurable bene...ts for ...scal performance.

Our analysis may be limited by the fact that an MTEF could be in place only in law (de jure) and not in practice (de facto). However, if this phenomenon were widespread it would induce an attenuation bias and our estimates could still be regarded as a lower bound on the actual e¤ect. Being in e¤ect commitment mechanisms, transparency and enforcement are critical components of MTEFs. Studying which features of the broader civic, juridical, and political environment enhance MTEF e¤ectiveness may lead to a better understanding of these institutions. Also, our analysis of MTEF impacts on allocative e¢ ciency and technical e¢ ciency is limited to the health sector. Whether the results carry over to other categories of productive spending is an interesting question for future research. To create more precise measures of these dimensions of ...scal performance one needs to identify disaggregated categories of spending that are comparable across a broad range of countries.

21
2b, although sign patterns are close to those described here when we use the Hisocx and Kastner (2002) and Wacziarg and Welch (2003). Results are summarized in Table A9.

Thirdly, we obtain similar results when we apply our preferred specification to quintile from the Wider database (45 countries instead of 61). Results are reported in Table A10. Finally, the results are also robust to the exclusion of a small number of observations signaled as outliers by a test on residuals, and the pattern of signs is broadly similar when developed countries are excluded from the sample.

# **`4. Openness, Inequality and Poverty: Further Results`**

Arguably, in spite of controls for the type of survey, the data set used so far is of lesser quality than the more recent World Income Distribution (WYD)<sup>18</sup> data set that is drawn almost entirely from household surveys thereby allowing us to define welfare aggregates and recipient units consistently across countries and time. The WYD data set which also provides information on income levels by deciles presents two advantages. First, it allows us to check for the robustness of our results in general, and also to the choice of inequality measure since we can work directly with decile data. Second, it is more appropriate to carry out estimates of the effects of trade liberalization on inequality and especially on poverty, both because the quality of the data is presumably higher, but also because the calculations can also be carried out directly from the household sample mean income per capita, _~~m~~ it_ , rather than from GDP per capita from national accounts.<sup>19</sup>

> 18 WYD can be downloaded from http://econ.worldbank.org/projects/inequality.

> 19 It has been argued that income measures from household survey data that is representative of the entire economy is a more reliable estimate of GDP than the corresponding measures from the national accounts. In particular, even though survey-based estimates of income have their own problems, Deaton (2005) argues that: “If we need to measure poverty in a way that

19
44

- through of changes in the real value of the dollar on relative producer prices at the microeconoaic level.

- This application was formulated in the transactions value (TV) approach to modelling. See Drud, Graia, and Pyatt (1986), and Pyatt (1987). Krueger (1974) is the original work in this literature. Bhagwati and Srinivasan (1978) and Dervia, de Melo and Robinson (1982) give a further discussion. Lewis and Urata (1984), Ahmed et al. (1985), Robinson and Tyson (1985), Clarke and Whalley (1986), and Ahmed and Graia (1987) are other examples of estimates of the coats of QRs and rent-seeking activities. Tbe specification of foreign trade in this application is close to the one in table 1 although final demand is broken down into investment, public and private consumption.

- The evidence on market structure and performance in LDCs is surveyed in Kirkpatrick, Lee and Nixson (1984). Krugman (1986b,c) and Srivinvasan (1986) review the issues raised here along the same linea. Stewart (1984) takes an opposing view, claiming that the literature on trade and industrial organization provides new arguments for protection.

- The excessive entry problem was first noted by Eastman and Skybolt (1964) for Canada. A well known example of excessive entry is the automobile industry in developing countries.

- 1.5a/ Calibratrion procedures are described in table 3. As shown by Dixit (1985), in the absence of nondistortionary taxes, consumer taxes should be used to raise revenue.

- - 17/ assumption The slopes of of gross the internal substitutability and external between balance tradable& schedules and reflect nontradablea the in demand. See, e.g., Dornbusch (1980, chp. 6) for a fuller derivation. OGE models have been described so far as if it is always assumed that relative prices adjust to clear markets. In practice all models rely on a mix of price and quantity clearing assumptions in product and factor markets.

More precisely values for P and ... PT ""* are taken exogenously where P . .. is ""* Turkey's inflation rate and .PT is the O!CD'a rate of inflation. The exercise thus assumes equilibrium in the money market with the government having full control over the money supply. In terms of the · results in table 6 the effects of differential inflation are captured by the first two terms on the right-hand aide of (12).

The numerical results are from Dervia and Robinson (1982) where the full structure of the model and recent Turkish economic history are &WIIIIarized.

-~
For the purposes of this paper, the instruments to be used are the ratification decisions of peers, and common law legal origin. “The ratification decisions of peers” is operationalized as the average ratification rate of all countries except country **i** in the region in a given year. The regions used are geographic: Latin America, North America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East and North Africa, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, former Soviet Union, East Asia, and South Asia. Data on common law origin are taken from La Porta (1997). Although democracy and GDP per capita are correlated with CRC ratification, they are not used as an instrument because it is known to be associated with immunization rates. Similarly, socialist countries reported relatively high immunization rates, given their income levels (Gauri and Khaleghian 2002).

Empirical support for these instruments is found in Table 1, which reports results from a Cox proportional hazards models in which the censoring events are ratification of the CRC, ratification of the optional protocol on children in armed conflict (OPAC), and ratification of the optional protocol on the sale and trafficking of children (OPST). The table shows that the average regional ratification rate predicts a country’s CRC ratification at a level of just over p=0.05, though it does not predict ratification of the optional protocols as strongly. Countries with lower GDP per capita were less likely to ratify the CRC and the optional protocols in any given year. Common law countries were less likely to ratify the CRC and the optional protocols, as theory would expect. The predictive power of the common law origin variable is stronger for the protocols than for the treaty itself, perhaps because those protocols address topics that already have substantial existing statutory and case law in several law countries (e.g., pornography and conscription); and concerns related to the future actions of courts are likely to weigh more heavily on ratification decisions. The table shows that immunization rates do not predict ratification, which supports the use of the average regional ratification rate as an instrumental variable. Table 2 presents linear correlations, which show that neither the average regional ratification rates nor common law legal origin are strongly correlated with the dependent variables. In the estimations of impact below, then, regional ratification rates and common law legal heritage will be used as instrumental variables to control for the endogeneity of ratification decision.

11
macroeconomic variables remain **the** same in order<sup>to facilitate the comparison with</sup> Scenario 1. 30 As Table IV.4 indicates, this scenrrio for the primary<sup>balance implies a significantly</sup> different path for the net-debt to GD P ratio. The total net<sup>debt ratio increases steadily from</sup> 50.1 percent of GDP in 1999 to 57.3 percent of GDP in 2002.

TABLE IV.4. SCENARIO 2 - NET DEBT PATH, 1998/2002

|Variables|1998|1999|2000|2001|2002|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Net Domestic Debt|36.0%|39.3%|41.2%|43.0%|44.9%|
|Net Foreign Debt|6.6%|10.8%|11.3%|11.8%|12.3%|
|Total Net Debt|42.6%|_50.1%_|52.5%|54.9%|57.3%|

# **V. Policy discussion**

As the simulation results from the previous section indicate,<sup>even under very favorable</sup> macroeconomic conditions the evoluition of the net debt to<sup>GDP ratio will remain a policy</sup> concern in coming years. Under these circumstances, what role should<sup>be played by public</sup> debt management in the near future?

We see public debt management as constrained by a fundamental<sup>policy consideration in</sup> the short-run. Although perceptions about the likelihood of a debt<sup>rollover crisis in Brazil</sup>

> **30** Though some of them, such as the paths for the inflation and nominal<sup>interest rates after 2000, are at odds</sup> with the weaker fiscal stance and the nominal devaluation. We do that<sup>to stress the importance of a tougher</sup> fiscal instance.

_35_