|(10)<br>0.563**<br>(0.231)<br>43,981<br>0.031<br>0.301**<br>(0.121)<br>43,981<br>0.457<br>Political<br>party<br>controls<br>x<br>x<br>x<br>esents 2SLS<br>el A and an<br>-(6) change<br>, we control<br> above 50%<br> reservation<br> women and<br>the share of<br>dard errors|
|---|
|(9)<br>0.602**<br>(0.246)<br>42,711<br>0.031<br>0.238*<br>(0.139)<br>42,711<br>0.457<br>Removing<br>outliers<br>x<br>x<br>x<br> The table pr<br> index in Pan<br>d columns (4)<br>n column (8)<br> is equal to or<br> the share of <br>ions between <br>trols include<br>. Robust stan|
|(8)<br>0.536**<br>(0.231)<br>43,981<br>0.031<br>0.270**<br>(0.120)<br>43,981<br>0.457<br><br>Women’s<br><br>age fxed<br>efects<br>x<br>x<br>x<br>n rural areas. <br>sical violence <br>y margin, an<br>ale election. I<br>emale leaders <br>y groups) and<br>ad close elect<br>trict-level con<br> literacy rates|
|(7)<br>0.506**<br>(0.237)<br>24,783<br>0.060<br>0.341***<br>(0.130)<br>24,783<br>0.466<br>At least one<br>male-female<br>election<br>x<br>x<br>x<br> women living i<br>riables are phy<br>s for the victor<br>t one male-fem<br>hose share of f<br>n political part<br> district that h<br>, and caste. Dis<br>male and male|
|(6)<br>0.291*<br>(0.176)<br>43,981<br>0.031<br>0.149<br>(0.117)<br>43,981<br>0.457<br>BW=3.5%<br>x<br>x<br>x<br> restricted to <br> dependent va<br>nctional form<br>ts with at leas<br>ude districts w<br>h of the seve<br>f seats in the <br>area, religion<br>ct, and the fe<br>els.|
|(5)<br>0.584**<br>(0.262)<br>43,981<br>0.031<br>0.203<br>(0.124)<br>43,981<br>0.457<br>BW=2.5%<br>x<br>x<br>x<br>The sample is<br>trument. The <br> alternative fu<br>ple to distric<br>n (9), we excl<br>ners from eac<br>r the share o<br>ing in a rural<br>n in the distri<br>10 percent lev|
|(4)<br>0.607***<br>(0.229)<br>43,981<br>0.031<br>0.279**<br>(0.127)<br>43,981<br>0.457<br>BW=2%<br><br>x<br>x<br>x<br>S) of India. <br>ons as an ins<br>s (1)-(3) use <br>strict the sam<br>rly. In colum<br>shares of win<br>nd control fo<br>riables for liv<br>ST populatio<br>he 1, 5, and|
|(3)<br>0.541**<br>(0.225)<br>43,981<br>0.031<br>0.292**<br>(0.123)<br>43,981<br>0.457<br>2nd order<br>polynomial<br>x<br>x<br>x<br> Survey (NFH<br>in close electi<br>el B. Column<br>mn (7), we re<br>en’s age linea<br>controls (the <br> fxed efects a<br>d indicator va<br> share of SC/<br>nifcance at t|
|(1)<br>(2)<br>**Panel A: Physical violence index**<br>Fraction of female leaders<br>0.420**<br>0.470**<br>(0.188)<br>(0.223)<br>Observations<br>43,981<br>43,981<br>Outcome mean<br>0.031<br>0.031<br>**Panel B: Using modern contraception**<br>Fraction of female leaders<br>0.226**<br>0.267**<br>(0.110)<br>(0.119)<br>Observations<br>43,981<br>43,981<br>Outcome mean<br>0.457<br>0.457<br>Robustness check<br>No<br>1st order<br>polynomial<br>polynomial<br>State fxed efects<br>x<br>x<br>District characteristics<br>x<br>x<br>Individual characteristics<br>x<br>x<br>_Notes:_ Data are from the 2015-16 National Family Health<br>estimates using the fraction of female leaders in a district <br>indicator for using a modern contraception method in Pan<br>the bandwidth for the defnition of close elections. In colu<br>for women’s age fxed efects instead of controlling for wom<br>(99th percentile). In column (10), we add political party <br>seats for SC/ST population. All regressions include state <br>men. Individual controls include age, years of schooling, an<br>female population, the share of urban population, and the <br>are clustered at the district level. ***, **, and * denote sig|

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