Table 2: Which surveys can be used to monitor the SDG labor market indicators?

||LSMS‐ISA|LSMS‐type surveys|LFS|DHS|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|Number of surveys reviewed|8|6|11|1 (harmonized across countries)|
|Disaggregation by:|||||
|Age|100%|100%|100%|100% (population aged 15 to 49)|
|Sex|100%|100%|100%|100% (questions differ by sex)|
|Employment (previous definition)<sup>1</sup>|88%|100%|100%|100%|
|Unemployment|75%|50%|100%|0%|
|Inactivity|75%|50%|100%|0%|
|Domestic and care work (hours)|13%|50%|36%|0%|
|Sector|100%|83%|100%|0%|
|Occupation|100%|67%|100%|100%|
|Formal/Informal employment|75%|67%|82%|0%|
|Hours worked by occupation|100%|67%|100%|0%|
|Hourly earnings of employees|88%|100%|82%|0%|
|Income by occupation<sup>2</sup>|±|±|0%|0%|
|NEET<sup>3</sup>|75%|57%|92%|0%|

Source: Based on LSMS‐ISA, LFS and DHS data. Table B in Appendix links each indicator to the SDG labor market indicators; Table D in Appendix shows the coverage of the SDG labor market indicators by type of survey. Note:<sup>1</sup> The 19<sup>th</sup> ICLS narrowed the definition of employment to work for pay or profit, thereby no longer classifying subsistence farmers as employed. This new definition requires an additional question about the intended destination of the produced goods. Since most of the surveys reviewed were designed and/or conducted before the 2013 revision of this definition, they did not yet include these questions. We therefore verified whether the surveys enabled classifying the population according to the previous definition of employment.

2 Most LSMS‐ISA and LSMS‐type surveys measure (household) income. Accurately measuring income is, however, notoriously difficult. It is even more complicated to estimate income by occupation. 3 NEET: Not in Education, Employment or Training.

Goal 1 and Goal 2 of the SDGs contain respectively one and two indicators related to employment that refer to poverty, labor productivity and income of small‐scale farmers, which are topics that are covered by LSMS and LSMS‐ISA surveys but not by LFS and DHS.

Goal 5 contains two indicators related to employment. The first indicator is the proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work which is, remarkably, only collected in four LSMS(‐ISA) surveys. While most LSMS(‐ISA) surveys include questions on time spent on collecting water and wood, very few surveys include questions on (child and elderly) care or domestic work such as preparing meals. LFS do not do better: 4 of the 11 LFS include questions on domestic and care work. The second indicator related to employment in goal 5 is the proportion of women in managerial positions. One way to define a ‘managerial position’ is the female share of employment in senior and middle management as defined by ISCO‐08<sup>11</sup> (ILO, 2018c). This indicator can be monitored by most surveys. The DHS as well as most LSMS(‐ISA) and LFS record the occupation of employees using the ISCO‐classification.

Goal 8 contains four labor market indicators that can in principle be measured with LFS and LSMS‐ISA surveys, but not with DHS. In practice, some surveys do not include all the questions required to calculate specific indicators. Indicator 8.3.1, for instance, tracks informal employment, but two LSMS‐ISA surveys (Burkina Faso and Ethiopia) and three LFS (Ethiopia, Indonesia and Nicaragua) do not include a sufficient number of questions to distinguish formal from informal employment. The 2015/16 Ethiopia LSMS‐ISA survey lacks questions such as

> 11 International Standard Classification of Occupations.

8