small businesses<sup>15</sup> . Among respondents who consented to participating in the survey, I screened on ownership of a smartphone, Internet access, ownership of a business, and interest in market access support. Eligible and interested respondents then filled the baseline survey and were randomized into either the treatment or the control group on Qualtrics, stratifying by whether participants reported marketing on Facebook at baseline (either through a Facebook page or their personal profiles). As the MFI operates at the national level, study participants covered different areas of Jordan.

**Onboarding treatment and control groups:** After the baseline survey, each participant was placed in a WhatsApp texting group with a logistical support team of 2-3 members. Through text messages and calls, the logistical support team asked each participant for the name of her business, if it has a name, a description of the business, and pictures of the goods and services that the business provides. Based on the business description and pictures, a business logo was then created and provided to treatment and control participants that responded to the prompt. Participants assigned to the treatment group were eligible to receive additional services through marketing support and online training, described below.

# **3.2 Bundled Treatment: Online Market Access**

Participants in the treatment group were offered a bundled intervention aiming to set up public storefronts for them on Facebook. This intervention is motivated by aforementioned constraints on women’s mobility and visibility online and offline, and accordingly has several objectives. The first is increasing business exposure by giving owners access to public Facebook pages, potentially increasing female entrepreneurs’ market exposure from the safety and convenience of their homes. Public pages’ accessibility to strangers is therefore key, as it contrasts with the limited exposure afforded through private and personal Facebook profiles and through WhatsApp groups that women market on otherwise. The second objective is conserving the business owner’s privacy if desired by decoupling her business’ exposure and her own visibility. As section 2.2 suggests, even in online spaces, women value privacy and take measures to limit the visibility of their full names and pictures. In this intervention, adopting a business name, logo, and page allows marketing the business widely without necessarily increasing the owner’s privacy, potentially alleviating concerns from online exposure.

In addition to increasing exposure while conserving the owner’s privacy if desired, the intervention’s design aimed to alleviate logistical, financial, and informational constraints to technology adoption. The treatment accordingly bundled two interventions to maximize the first stage:

**1- Marketing Outsourcing and Support:** the support team created a Facebook business page for each treatment participant that did not have one, conditional on the participant confirming her continued interest in the service by sending pictures of her business and information about it. The support team then created a business logo and set up a business page on Facebook for reach participant that did not have one. Each page included information on the business’ type, location, contact information, and whether a delivery service is offered - all of which were sent by the participants to the support team. For participants that already had a page, the support team reviewed the page

> 15I adopted phone surveys for the duration of the study given the difficulty of reaching women in-person in this context, the desire to recruit participants at the national level cost effectively, and lingering concerns about COVID-19 restrictions on in-person surveying in the early stages of this project. Respondents were familiar with phone surveys as the MFI has a research department that occasionally calls beneficiaries for market research and feedback on services. Participants were also familiar with non-financial support coming from the MFI, which has an academy arm that provides free in-person and online training to borrowers.

10