rafmacalaba/data-use-mentions-extended huggingface dataset:
# TABLE OF CONTENTS

# I. INTRODUCTQN

||4|
|---|---|
|H. COLLECTING DATA ON HOUSEHOLD ENGY<br>|_5_<br>|
|A. Common Methodologies|_5_|
|1. National energy balances<br>|_5_|
|2. National budget surveys<br>|6|
|3. Micro-surveys|7|
|<br>4. Additional techniques for gathering specific||
|household energy information|7|
|. HOUSEHOLD ENERGY SURVEYING<br>|8|
|A. Overall Survey Design<br>|8|
|B. Sample Design<br>|9|
|1. Sampling procedures depend on goals & resources<br>|9|
|2. Sample stratification should be considered<br>|9|
|3. Sample size should calculated<br>|10|
|C. Questionnaire Design<br>|11|
|1. Important elements in questionnaire design<br>|11|
|2. Some common mistakes|12|
|D. Survey Fieldwork and Logistics<br>|13|
|1. Logistics|14|
|2. Selection and training of interviewers|14|
|E. Data Processing and Analysis|15|
|1. Cleaning the data|15|
|2. Computer processing|15|
|3. Reporting the results|16|
|F. Costs and Timing|16|

- F. Costs and Timing

# IV. HOUSEHOLD ENERGY SURVEY CHECKLIST

18

### ANNEXES

1. Energy Module for National Expenditure Survey 19 2. Information to be Gathered by Household Energy Surveys 21

# SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

## BOXES

26

- **.**

||Sample Design in Morocco<br>Banoladesh Village Energy Survey|10<br>13|
|---|---|---|
|TABLES|||
||2.1: Ethiopia National Energy Balance (
of HIV and HSV-2 and sexual behaviour in rural South Africa: cluster randomised controlled trial.” _BMJ_ 337.

**URL:** _https://www.bmj.com/content/337/bmj.a506_

- Jewkes, Rachel, Michael Flood and James Lang. 2015. “From work with men and boys to changes of social norms and reduction of inequities in gender relations: a conceptual shift in prevention of violence against women and girls.” _The Lancet_ 385(9977):1580–1589. **URL:** _https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673614616834_

- Kalichman, Seth C, Ernestine A Williams, Charsey Cherry, Lisa Belcher and Dena Nachimson. 1998. “Sexual Coercion, Domestic Violence, and Negotiating Condom Use Among Low-income African American Women.” _Journal of Women’s Health_ 7(3):371–378.

- Kapiga, Saidi, Sheila Harvey, Gerry Mshana, Christian Holm Hansen, Grace J Mtolela, Flora Madaha, Ramadhan Hashim, Imma Kapinga, Neema Mosha, Tanya Abramsky, Shelley Lees and Charlotte Watts. 2019. “A social empowerment intervention to prevent intimate partner violence against women in a microfinance scheme in Tanzania: findings from the MAISHA cluster randomised controlled trial.” _The Lancet Global Health_ 7(10):e1423–e1434.

- **URL:** _https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214109X1930316X_

- Kerr-Wilson, Alice, Andrew Gibbs, Erika McAslan Fraser, Leanne Ramsoomar, Anna Parke, Hussaind MA Khuwaja and Rachel Jewkes. 2020. A rigorous global evidence review of interventions to prevent violence against women and girls. Technical report What Works to Prevent Violence Against Women and Girls Global Programme, Pretoria, South Africa.

- Kling, Jeffrey R, Jeffrey B. Liebman and Lawrence F. Katz. 2007. “Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects.” _Econometrica_ 75(1):83–119.

-
governments seeking to scale this up for assisting a large number of firms. In another experiment, Bruhn et al. (2018) shows that using local consultants can also improve business practices and performance and is less costly (US$12,000 per firm) than hiring internationally renowned consulting firms as in Bloom et al. (2013). Iacovone et al. (2019) tested two alternative approaches to improving management among firms producing auto parts in Colombia. The first uses intensive and expensive one-on-one consulting, while the second draws on agricultural extension approaches to provide consulting to small groups of firms at approximately one-third of the cost of the individual consulting services. Their results show that both approaches lead to improvements in management practices of a similar magnitude (8-10 percentage points), so that the new group-based approach dominates on a cost-benefit basis.<sup>9</sup> This points to the potential of group-based approaches as a pathway to scaling up management improvements.

_Finally_ , given the evidence that management can be improved, our analysis of the survey data points to some of the shortcomings in the incentive system for firms that inhibit adoption of structured management practices. For example, management practices in Croatia are negatively correlated with firm age, and especially so in low-tech manufacturing and non-knowledge intensive services. This finding is surprising when compared with the United States or Mexico, where firms tend to improve their management practices as they age due to the “up-or-out” dynamics. The hypothesis is that as firms grow their production processes become more complex and in order to stay put in the market, they should have to upgrade their management capabilities. However, in Croatia, firms continue to survive without having the need to do so. This indicates the possibility that in Croatia learning and market selection is not operating perhaps due to the lack of pro-competitive forces.<sup>10</sup> Likewise, the finding that exporting firms are better managed confirms that selection and learning mechanism can work in Croatia if firms operate in competitive conditions
in Mexico in the late 1980s and early 1990s, even when ignoring the hike around 1995 (the “Tequila” financial crisis). The fall in the wage premium that characterized most of the Latin American economies in the 2000s started in Mexico a few years earlier, in the late 1990s, and accelerated in the next decade. The increase in the relative supply of skilled labor was strong throughout the whole period, especially in the 1990s. The increase in the wage premium and the relative supply of skilled labor in the 1990s is consistent with a strong increase in its relative demand.<sup>26</sup> On the other hand, the assumed elasticities of substitution indicate that the fall in the wage premium during the decade of 2000 and the deceleration in the growth of its relative supply call for a reduction in the relative demand of skilled labor in this decade. When studying the underlying trends within unskilled workers, there was a substantial increase in the relative supply of high school graduates (of about 4.6 percent a year on average) during the 1990s, with a corresponding fall in the relative wage premium for this group (with respect to those with no secondary degree) of -1.5 percent. The following decade (2000-2008), however, is marked by the stagnation (a small fall) in the relative supply of workers from the high school group, accompanied also by reduction in its wage differential. This pattern is consistent with the presence of negative relative demand forces for this factor during the 2000s.

Nicaragua has carried out few national household surveys in the last two decades, although these sources are comparable and allow the construction of a coherent story. The results in Table 3.1 indicate that the relative supply of skilled labor strongly rose over the two decades, starting from very low levels. The conditional wage gap between skilled and unskilled labor increased sharply in the 1990s, and then fell in the 2000s. These movements are consistent with a strong increase in the relative demand for
to also assess the effects of specific liberalization measures (e.g., signing specific provisions of trade agreements with particular countries).

We summarize these results in two figures. Figure 5 shows the estimated status quo market size, calculated as _Mitλ_<sup>ˆ</sup> , and the three counterfactual market sizes for select economies, using data from 2011, the first year of the last window in our sample, to provide a recent view. The blue set of columns correspond to the status quo, in which market size is calculated using the _λ_ reported in column 2 of Table 4. The orange columns show a market size estimate in which _λ_ 2 = _λ_ 3 = 0, so market size is determined only by population and the size of the middle class. The khaki columns show the maximum equality scenario and the dark green columns show the fully integrated scenario.

The five economies in Figure 5, China, Cˆote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Indonesia, and Philippines have large enough markets to support sustained poverty reduction under the status quo. Three of them, Cˆote d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Philippines would not be large enough to sustain poverty reduction as a 25
migration is much more common and usually takes the form of rural-urban movements.<sup>19,20</sup> The initial stage of migration is typically a choice of relatively better-off households who aim to diversify risk and income and can sustain the costs associated with the departure of one of its members. For the poorest households, however, the most likely outcome is an immobility trap, in which the slow-onset changes further deplete their already limited assets and resources and aggravate their liquidity constraints, forcing them to stay even if they are unable to adapt. As household members migrate internally in response to slow-onset events, there is a potential domino effect: flows into cities may lead to pressures on urban labor markets through wages and urbanization effects. This, in turn, may trigger economically motivated cross-border movements from these overcrowded cities to other countries and regions.<sup>21</sup> In such cases, climate change would be an _indirect_ rather than _direct_ push factor. From an empirical perspective, this means that internal migration can result in

> 19 Note that rural-rural movements can also be comprised within the rural-urban migratory response if progressive arrivals in the same rural destination gradually lead to a reclassification of this rural area into an urban one.

> 20 Indeed, international patterns go beyond the scope of this appraisal, as our main objective is to assess the utility of household surveys in shedding light on the initial stage of the depicted framework, while addressing the inherent challenge of the “rare event” issue. 21 We remark that the channel leading to secondary cross-border migration may not be necessarily an economic one but could also consist of social unrest or political instability in urban areas due to problems such as discrimination, labor exploitation, unequal access to basic services.

12
Policy Research Working Paper 9997

# **Abstract**

This study examines how firms have made strategic choices and performed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on the organizational resources and strategic change literature, it uses World Bank Enterprise Surveys and the COVID-19 Follow-up Enterprise Surveys to examine how different endowments in organizational resources affected firm performance as measured by their survival status and sales growth, and how these resources interact with and affect strategic responses in the supply of inputs, response to changing demand, liquidity management, and innovation. The results indicate that larger firms, firms with foreign or state ownership, and subsidiary companies performed better during the pandemic by more effectively stabilizing supply, managing liquidity, and fostering new product development. Chief executive officers with longer tenure improved survival rates. Firms in richer countries have coped with the pandemic better and stringent government COVID-19 control policies have tended to hurt firms’ performance.

This paper is a product of the Development Research Group, Development Economics. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at lxu1@worldbank.org.

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent._ Produced by the Research Support Team
A, we calculate and report data for the East African Customs Union and

> 17 Average per capita income in the SAM is calculated as USD 2.2 per day. This calculation is based on income data in the SAM, the number of heads in each of the household accounts as reported by Thurlow and Wobst (2003), and a purchasing power parity conversion between Tanzanian Schillings and USD of 274.16 (see Heston et al. (2006)). The market exchange rate for 2001 reported by the Bank of Tanzania is 876.4 Tanzanian Schillings per USD. 18 Data do not allow a breakdown of the subsistence factor on its shares of the other primary factors.

32
or village level, to define the place of analysis. These boundaries are based on India’s _Administrative Atlas_  _2011_ (ORGI 2011b). They were generated as part of a broader research project, the Spatial Database for South Asia (Li et al. 2015). The construction of the boundaries required scanning and georeferencing 6,598 physical maps: 35 maps of states and union territories, 640 district maps, and 5,923 subdistrict maps that present the boundaries of towns and villages. The location, size, and shape of these towns and villages were digitized in the form of 649,818 boundary polygons. Attributions such as place codes, names, and administrative types were added to the polygons.

Administrative units need to be integrated further in the case of metropolitan areas, which represent broader integrated labor markets. The preferred approach in this respect is to base the integration process on commuter pattern data (Duranton 2015; US Office of Management and Budget 2010). This type of data is unfortunately not available for most developing countries, including India. In its absence, we simply merged the polygons of cities spreading over multiple administrative units, based on their names and unique geo-codes.

We made two other adjustments to the digitized administrative boundaries. In the original Spatial Database some villages were presented as points on the source maps as their boundaries were unavailable they are mostly in the mountainous or forest areas of the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, and Meghalaya. And population information was not available in the 2011 Census of India for some villages, which raises concerns about the quality of the corresponding official maps. We therefore excluded villages without boundaries or population data.

5
- 10 -

Various techniques exist to predict future precipitation, _rain_<sup>_e_</sup> . One practical and computationally easy way is to assume that this year’s precipitation would be the same as the last year’s. Given the original work schedule, expected precipitation can be calculated by adding up monthly precipitations during the same period last year.<sup>6</sup> This is a simple backward-looking expectation but considered as a good prediction in our case, because the Nepal’s precipitation data exhibit similar seasonality every year (Figure 9). In addition, the project duration of our sample projects is relatively short, up to one year and half. Therefore, at least in the short run, the simple backward-looking expectation is a good forecast method.

Another way of forecasting future precipitation relies on statistical inference. Given timeseries precipitation data, the following simple autoregressive (AR) process is considered with deterministic periodicity taken into account: _yt_ is the amount of precipitation at period _t_ . As shown above, the data clearly exhibit seasonality. This is adjusted by dummy variables for each month, _D_ { _month_ }. With the seasonality adjusted, the data seem to be stationary. According to the Dickey-Fuller unit root test with 13 lags in the first differences, the null hypothesis of a unit root cannot be rejected in most cases. Therefore, the autoregressive model with 13 lags is applied for precipitation data in each district.<sup>7</sup> Then, the estimated AR models are used to compute one-step-ahead predictions for each project location. The predicted precipitation looks to much better fit the actual precipitation than the above simple backward-looking expectation. Many observations are mapped near the 45 degree line, meaning that the ratio of _Rain_<sup>_a_</sup> to _Rain_<sup>_eAR_</sup> is close to one (Figure 10).

> 6 The precipitation data the year before last are also used when the work schedule exceeds one year. 7
|76,379|(46,833)|
|Financial services|191,658|37,599|131,194|
|Social services|46,923|168,234|18,605|
|Other services|120,403|24,889|259,965|
|Government services|127,313|101,380|(23,026)|
|**Not specified**|**20,823**|**(25,453)**|**(9,951)**|
|**BY FIRM SIZE**||||
|Agriculture firms|(13,856)|(113,755)|254,482|
|Micro firms|468,692|(221,427)|728,288|
|Small firms|156,744|11,997|268,388|
|Medium firms|4,337|(106,252)|(5,214)|
|Large firms|55,688|(379,747)|(21,111)|
|Government|127,313|101,380|(23,026)|
|Other|11,072|(1,367)|121,036|
|Not specified|150,050|186,756|(15,292)|

**Source: Own calculations using data from ENOE.**

Flows by employment characteristics accentuate the image of a severe recession affecting good jobs and a recovery concentrating in not-so-good employment creation (see table 3.4). Salaried formal jobs declined by 403,000 during the recession but only increased by 180,000 during the recovery. On the other hand, job positions characterized as salaried informal, self-employed, or nonpaid worker all increased by more than double the net flows observed the previous year. Furthermore, during the crisis the loss of jobs with health coverage was three times the loss
the monopsony case.

- 11All other notation is as earlier.

> 12Steel (1972) recounts actions by various governments to retort to tariffs to raise revenue. A detailed explanation of such behavior is presented under historical political economy theory as “Gatekeeper States” in Cooper (2002).

- 13The correlation between average tariffs over the period 1991-1995 and tariffs in 1991 is 0.75, indicating

- a nondramatic change in tariffs between 1991 and 1995. Moreover, using average tariffs generate similar results (see Appendix C).

- 14Because of large differences in wage levels, real wage were converted into an index with 1991 as the

- base year.

- 15A snapshot of employment during the same period showed a stable trend.

- 16Nonlinearity in time trend was controlled for by including time-squared in the estimation equations.

- The t-statistic was not significant in four columns. Additionally, a further test on equality of the coefficients of time and time squared was not rejected. Hence, time squared was dropped from the final results.

- 17The author thanks an anonymous referee for this suggestion.

- 18Caselli et al. (2018) documents evidence of persistent negative price-cost margins in French manufactur-

- ing firms for the period 1990-2007. Persistent markdowns suggest ineffective market selection mechanism whereby less successful firms exit the market.

> 19Clearly, trade volume is influenced by tariffs, which creates endogeneity problems. Other trade variables such as real exchange rate and purchasing power parity vary at country level and not industry level, making them unsuitable as instruments for this exercise.

# **References**

Ackerberg, D. A., K. Caves, and G. Frazer (2015). Identification Properties of Recent Production Function Estimators. _Econometrica 83_ , 2411–2451.

28
to the other states and has benefitted from high fertility and favorable weather conditions. Indeed, Western Equatoria, in the “green belt” of South Sudan, was the only state to record a consistent cereal production surplus in the years from 2014 to 2016 (FAO and WFP, 2017). Accordingly, the residents of Western Equatoria were much more likely to be able to sustain their livelihoods through own production compared to those in other states and thus maintain better standards of living (World Bank, 2018).

# 5. Imputing Poverty Using Geo‐Spatial Data

## Extending Poverty Estimates to Non‐Covered Areas

Despite initial intentions to expand the HFS across the entire country, continued insecurity made it impossible to extend the survey to the former North‐Eastern states of Jonglei, Unity, and Upper Nile. To account for this gap in coverage and obtain countrywide poverty rates, a statistical model was developed to impute poverty in non‐covered areas leveraging the growing availability of satellite imagery and geo‐spatial data. Recent advances in the processing and availability of satellite imagery and geo‐spatial data have led to a growing field of research on predicting a range of outcomes based on diverse such data sources.<sup>36</sup> Indeed, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that household‐survey derived indices of poverty correlate strongly with many geographic features that can be observed from space or derived from ground‐based data (Engstrom et al., 2017; Jean et al., 2016; Krizhevsky et al., 2012; Sedda et al., 2015).

> 36 An organization called Planet currently operates more satellites than even the U.S. and Russian governments. Planet recently launched 88 additional satellites, allowing almost daily coverage of the entire globe with a resolution of 3 to 5 meters per pixel (Engstrom et al., 2017a).

16
# **Table 3. Distribution of vacancies by regions, April 2020.**

|**Regions, Republic of**<br>**Karakalpakstan, Tashkent city**|**Vacancies**|
|---|---|
|Republic of Karakalpakstan|1210|
|Tashkent city|6223|
|Tashkent|8274|
|Namangan|2184|
|Andijan|468|
|Fergana|2222|
|Jizzakh|589|
|Samarkand|1471|
|Surkhandarya|2151|
|Kashkadarya|785|
|Bukhara|1255|
|Khorezm|2152|
|Syrdarya|1361|
|Navoi|594|

Source: repost.uz based on the data from the Ministry of Employment and Labor Relations (ish.mehnat.uz), 2020 We developed fake resumes based on a review of resumes posted on major job websites and consulted with human resources specialists to ensure their appropriateness. The resulting resumes described average years of job experience with plausible but fictitious private companies. In order to avoid any possibility of over- or underqualification, we designed all resumes to reflect a typical level for these employment positions. For applicant names, we assigned most common first and last names for men and women, forming matching pairs. These names could be easily recognized as male or female applicants. In all other respects the resumes were identical, including the education, working experience, techniques, age, address, family attributes and other aspects of these two fabricated individuals. Each resume was assigned an email address, mobile phone number and regular home address. During the experiment, the gender revealed in the fictitious resume was randomly assigned to the hiring firm. This experimental design completely controls for problems of self-selection and omitted variable bias, producing unbiased and consistent estimates of gender impacts in callback rates.

As a standard approach to these was not prepared in advance, we deliberately excluded applications to job advertisements that required photos in resumes or a requirement to send the resume via messaging apps (such as