rafmacalaba/data-use-mentions-extended huggingface dataset:
.10%**/|

*/ In the provisional determination, a 12.34 USD/kg (equal to the dumping margin) was applied. **/In the provisional determination, a lesser duty than the margin of 166.67% was applied. Source: Based on data taken from determinations published in the DOF.

# **(a) The Di-Iodohydroxy-Quinoline Case**

The Di-Iodohydroxy-Quinoline case features three interesting aspects: (i) it was the first case in which the Mexican authority applied a lesser duty than the dumping margin; (ii) its determination explicitly revealed the new authorities’ concerns about and conception of the administration of contingent trade protection mechanisms in a context in which the Mexican trade liberalization process was being consolidated and reinforced; and (iii) it meant the use, for the first time, of a method different from any other employed until 1991 by the few antidumping systems in force that applied lesser duties in the world.

29
**Policy Research Working Paper Series**

|**Title**|**Aulhor**|**Date**|**Contact**<br>**for paper**|
|---|---|---|---|
|WPS2429 Corruption, Composition of Capital<br>Flows, and Currency Crises|Shang-Jin Wei|August 2000|H. Sladovich<br>37698|
|WPS2430 Financial Structure and Bank<br>Profitability|Asli DemirgCsq-Kunt<br>Harry Huizinga|August 2000|K.Labrie<br>31001|
|WPS2431 Inside the Crisis: An Empirical<br>Analysis of Banking Systems in<br>Distress|Asli Demirguc-Kunt<br>Enrica Detragiache<br>Poonam Gupta|August 2000|K.Labrie<br>31001|
|WPS2432 Funding Growth in Bank-Based and<br>Market-Based Financial Systems:<br>Evidence from Firm-Level Data|Asli Demirgui-Kunt<br>Vojislav Maksimovic|August 2000|K. Labrie<br>31001|
|WPS2433 External Interventions and the<br>Duration of Civil Wars|Ibrahim A. Elbadawi<br>Nicholas Sambanis|September 2000|H. Sladovich<br>37698|
|WPS2434 Socioeconornic inequalities in Child<br>Malnutrition in the Developing World|Adam Wagstaff<br>Naoko Watanabe|September 2000|A. Maranon<br>38009|
|WPS2435 The Evolution of Poverty during the<br>Crisis in Indonesia, 1996-99|Asep Suryahadi<br>Sudarno Sumarto<br>Yusuf Suharso<br>Lant Pritchett|September 2000|P. Sader<br>33902|
|WPS2436 Safety Nets and Safety Ropes:<br>Who Benefited from Two Indonesian<br>Crisis Programs-the "Poor" or the<br>"Shocked?"|Sudarno Sumarto<br>Asep Suryahadi<br>Lant Pritchett|September 2000|P. Sader<br>33902|
|WPS2437 Quantifying Vulnerability to
are available, we impose a penalty for above average FX lending at the individual bank as well as the asset class level. We assume that LGDs are correlated with PDs where the correlation is specified to be stronger in crisis times (Stress scenario) so that the effect of changing macroeconomic conditions is translated, through the PDs and LGDs correlation, from probabilities of default to losses given default (Altman, Resti and Sironi, 2002). We also consider the concentration of bank lending in each asset class as well as the average time-to-maturity in the individual asset classes in the computation of the effective PDs and therefore the effective capital buffer (see Section 6).

# **4.1. TTC Macroeconomic Scenarios, PDs and LGDs**

The purpose behind using the TTC values of the macroeconomic variables and the TTC PDs and LGDs is to ensure that the cost of credit for banks in the steady-state of the macroeconomy is adequately accounted for. Most developing countries lack adequate data describing historical aggregate PDs and LGDs over a sufficiently long time period that includes a number of business/credit cycles. We thus suggest to use the TTC PDs and LGDs constructed by the Fifth Quantitative Impact Study (QIS5) of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) (BIS, 2006). Table 1 below shows the magnitudes of the constructed PDs and LGDs for banks belonging to CEBS Group 1, CEBS Group 2 and non-G10 Group 2 countries.<sup>17</sup> The reason why we show entries for CEBS and non-G10 Group 2 countries<sup>18</sup> here is

> 17The Committee of European Banking Supervisors (CEBS) non-G10 countries that provided data for the QIS5 study include Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Malta, Norway, Poland, and Portugal. Banks that are classified as Group 2 banks are smaller relative to Group 1 banks and do not have any significant international activities. To be classified as a Group 1 bank, the following three criteria
expenses. For many of those, linking of investment loans reduced and did not increase the cost of credit. This distortion, at the time unexpected, was eliminated in 1982 with the introduction of inflation

> **r** adjusted income tax regulations which basically recognized only real interest expenses as tax-deductible.

The information in Table 11 is fragmentary and collected from incomplete statistics. To double check, we consider the average cost of debt from all sources calculated from sample balance sheets.

33
# **The Impact of the Minimum Wage on Firm Destruction, Employment and Informality**<sup>*****</sup>

Laurent Bossavie<sup>†</sup> , Aysenur Acar Erdoğan<sup>‡</sup> , Mattia Makovec<sup>§</sup> Originally published in the <u>Policy Research Working Paper Series on</u> _Februay 2019._ This version is updated on _April 2022._ To obtain the originally published version, please email prwp@worldbank.org.

Keywords: Minimum wage, firm destruction, informality, employment effects JEL codes: J23, J31, J46.

> * The authors would like to thank Wendy Cunningham, Ximena Del Carpio, Simeon Djankov, Cem Mete, Çağlar Özden, Truman Packard, Brenda Samaniego, Sirma Demir Seker and Hernan Winkler for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper. They are also thankful to participants at the Society of Labor Economists Annual Meetings 2019 and 2020, the 2019 CEPR/IGC/ILO/GSEM Conference on Labor Markets in Developing Countries, the 2019 North America Econometric Society Annual Meetings, the 2020 Econometric Society World Congress, the 3<sup>rd</sup> Jobs and Development Conference and the American Economic Association Annual meetings 2021 for helpful comments and suggestions. Merve Demirel provided excellent research assistance. We are deeply indebted to Elif Tuğçe Çınar and her team at the Ministry of Industry and Technology of the Republic of Turkey for making available the Enterprise Information System (EIS) and for their continuous support in the use of the microdata at the ministry’s premises. The findings reported in this paper should be considered the sole responsibility of the authors; they do not necessarily represent the official view of the World Bank, and they cannot be attributed in any way to any agency of the government of Turkey.

† World Bank, corresponding author. E-mail: lbossavie@worldbank.org ‡ World Bank § World Bank
# **Million Dollar Plants and Retail Prices**<sup>∗</sup>

Abhishek Bhardwaj<sup>†</sup> Devaki Ghose<sup>‡</sup> Saptarshi Mukherjee<sup>§</sup> Manpreet Singh<sup>¶</sup>

**JEL Classification : R11, R31, H71, O18**

**Keywords : Million Dollar Plant, Retail Inflation, Spatial Inequality, Skilled and unskilled workers**

> ∗We thank Robert Porod for his help in accessing the IRI data and Kyle McBride and Jan Oledan for excellent research assistance. We thank Christian Hilber and seminar/conference participants at the UEA 2021, Young Urban & Spatial Faculty Seminar for comments that helped improve the paper. We acknowledge the generous financial support from the World Bank research support budget. This paper has also been partly supported by the Umbrella Facility for Trade trust fund (financed by the governments of the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom). The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors or the countries they represent. All errors are our responsibility.

- †Bhardwaj: NYU Stern, ab7135@stern.nyu.edu

> ‡Ghose: World Bank, dghose@worldbank.org

- §Mukherjee: Northeastern University DMSB, sa.mukherjee@northeastern.edu

- ¶Georgia Tech Scheller, msingh92@gatech.edu
BY GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION**||||
|Capital|248,065|-66,564|314,352|
|Center region|69,142|-142,347|290,907|
|Center gulf region|18,055|-32,695|126,057|
|North central region|42,011|-30,037|65,428|
|North pacific region|41,830|-17,509|54,851|
|Central pacific region|159,689|-58,427|189,950|
|South pacific region|24,861|59,082|95,370|
|Peninsula region|74,524|9,541|59,828|
|Border|281,863|-243,459|110,808|

**Source: Own calculations using data from ENOE.**

The crisis produced net job losses in the primary and secondary sectors (where tradable goods are produced) and a much subdued job creation in the tertiary sector (shown in table 3.3). Manufacturing endured the largest employment destruction among all sectors, with 700,000 jobs lost. Construction activities experienced the second largest employment destruction (123,000 jobs lost), which indicates that public works were not able to create enough employment to at least partly compensate for the shock of the crisis. Interestingly, employment in restaurants and hotels also experienced job destruction of more than 45,000 (something not seen in the last ten years. This was perhaps due to the recession in developed countries and the outbreak in April 2010 of the H1N1 flu in Mexico, both of which must have reduced the number of tourists traveling to the country.

15
the use of the _Doing Business_ data, specifically, local media coverage of _Doing Business_ and implementation of business regulatory reforms. Our refined hypothesis is that countries with higher media coverage of _Doing Business_ tend to carry out more business regulatory reforms, assuming one- or two-year lags between media coverage and actual reform implementation. The study adopts an empirical approach to analyze this relationship. To achieve this objective, we have put together a comprehensive panel data set that encompasses country-specific local media coverage of the _Doing Business_ report in 190 economies. The data set goes back to 2004, when the first _Doing Business_ report was published.

We find that local media coverage of _Doing Business_ does seem to have a potent influence on regulators’ actions. First, the analysis shows that the number of local media articles tends to increase the probability of whether a country reforms or not. Second, countries with greater media attention to _Doing Business_ indicators do tend to have higher number of implemented reforms within both one- and two-year timeframes after the articles are published.

The paper is organized as follows: sections II and III provide an overview of the relevant existing research on the subject of media, good governance and reform implementation; section IV presents descriptive statistics and global data trends, section V outlines the conceptual framework of the analysis, explaining the adopted research methodology; while section VI discusses the analytical results. Section VII concludes.

3
. See methodological notes on definition of poverty concepts. Source: Authors’ estimates based on quarterly HBS data.

# 3.3. Vulnerability

While official poverty did not change substantially during the crisis, this need not indicate that the degree of vulnerability to poverty risk or financial distress of the population throughout the recession remained unchanged. For instance, as discussed in the section above, moderate poverty increased significantly during the 2015‐2017 crisis. Hence, the share of people whose income is above the official poverty line, but very close to it, is increasing. Second, many households go in and out of official poverty during the year. In 2017, 13.4 percent of the population lived below the official poverty line during at least one quarter, while the official poverty rate for the year was 6.8 percent. In other words, official poverty numbers do not fully reflect poverty risks and income insecurity.

To assess the population poverty risks better, we construct the measure of vulnerability following Lopez‐ Calva and Ortiz‐Juarez (2013). We model the probability of being poor (by the official definition) as a function of certain socio‐economic characteristics such as age, residence, socio‐economic status, household type, and

> 4 The profile of the population below the moderate poverty risk threshold is broadly similar to that associated with the official poverty threshold and corresponds to the poverty profile revealed in Mazol (2017).

9
|4.08%|
|2012|551,356|0.01%|9,161,175|0.16%|169,282,523|3.00%|
|2013|657,329|0.01%|8,338,316|0.14%|158,830,123|2.67%|
|2014|717,094|0.01%|8,612,847|0.14%|148,956,861|2.49%|
|2015|983,734|0.02%|9,106,707|0.15%|153,173,869|2.53%|
|2016|945,906|0.02%|9,389,196|0.15%|144,710,605|2.29%|
|2017|1,252,638|0.02%|13,316,272|0.20%|109,796,369|1.64%|
|2018|1,445,460|0.02%|15,168,661|0.21%|100,432,433|1.40%|
|2019|1,758,179|0.02%|10,904,887|0.15%|86,030,778|1.19%|
|2020|2,420,254|0,04%|10,148,538|0,15%|97,208,601|1,43%|
|2021|821,362|0,01%|11,821,489|0,15%|88,751,039|1,12%|

Source: Informe de Pasivos Contingentes, Ministerio de Hacienda, years 2007 onwards. For previous years, from the yearly Informe de Finanzas Públicas, Ministerio de Hacienda
</mark>

- Ferreira, F.H., S. Chen, A. Dabalen, Y. Dikhanov, N. Hamadeh, D. Jolliffe, A. Narayan, E.B. Prydz, A. Revenga, P. Sangraula, and U. Serajuddin. 2016. A global count of the extreme poor in 2012: data issues, methodology and initial results. _The Journal of Economic Inequality_ 14(2): 141–172.

- Gentilini, U., S. Khosla, and M. Almenfi. 2021. _Cash in the City: Emerging Lessons from Implementing Cash Transfers in Urban Africa_ . Washington, DC: World Bank.

- Gentilini, U., M. Almenfi, and P. Dale. 2020. _Social Protection and Jobs Responses to COVID-19: A Real-Time Review of Country Measures._ Washington, DC: World Bank.

- Gronbach Lesa, Jeremy Seekings, and Vayda Megannon, 2022. Social Protection in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons from South Africa. CGD Policy Paper 252.

- <mark>Guven, M., H. Jain, and C. Joubert. 2021.</mark> _<mark>Social Protection for the Informal Economy</mark>_ <mark>. W</mark> ashington, DC: World Bank.

- Haushofer, Johannes, and Jeremy Shapiro. 2016. The Short-Term Impact of Unconditional Cash Transfers to the Poor: Experimental Evidence from Kenya. _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 131 (4): 1973–2042.

- Hidrobo, M., J. Hoddinott, N. Kumar, and M. Olivier. 2018. "Social Protection, Food Security, and Asset Formation." _World Development_ 101:88-103.

- Jassens, Wendy, Menno Pradhan, Richard de Groot, Estelle Sidze, Hermann Pythagore Pierre Donfouet, and Amanuel Abajobir. 2021. “The Short-Term Economic Effects of COVID19 on Low-Income Households in Rural Kenya: An Analysis Using Weekly Financial Household Data.” World Development 138
goods; to substantially eliminate restrictions or discriminatory measures with respect to trade in services among RCEP members; and to facilitate investment in the region. There are also discussions in RCEP meetings regarding trade facilitation, especially with respect to the improvement of customs procedures.

> 5 See Francois and Hoekman (2010) for a survey of the theory and more than a dozen empirical studies that support this finding.  In addition, in recent years, several studies that use firm level data support the finding that FDI and the wide availability of business services results in total factor productivity gains to the manufacturing sector and the economy broadly. These include Arnold _et al_ . (2011) for the Czech Republic, Fernandes and Paunov (2012) for Chile, Arnold _et al_ . (2016) for India, Shepotylo and Vakhitov (2015) for Ukraine and Duggan _et al_ . (2013) for Indonesia. Two of the important theoretical papers are Markusen (1989; 1995).

> 6 Between 2012 and March 2017, there were 17 negotiation rounds. For summaries of these rounds and Ministerial meetings, see:  http://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/rcep/Pages/regional-comprehensive-economic-partnership.aspx

> 7 http://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/rcep/Documents/guiding-principles-rcep.pdf

3
answers that she does not currently own a business.

- Wage worker: indicator equal to one if the respondent is currently working (question 3.1 ”Are you currently engaged in any economic activity?”) and reports ”working as a wage worker” or being ”casual/daily paid worker” in question 3.2 (”Which of the following best describes your current economic activity?”).

- Migration: indicator equal to one if respondent changes province or district between baseline and follow-up.

# **C.6 Ghana microenterprises**

The intervention randomized a treatment of either cash or in-kind grants of 150 Ghanaian cedis (about $120) among a sample of 793 microenterprises. The experimental design follows closely the one adopted in the Sri Lanka Microenterprise Survey (see online appendix section C.4).

63
(Cardona 2007) reviews incentive programs in the US, particularly the Performance Management and Recognition System, the UK's Inland Revenue Service performance scheme and similar attempts in Australia. The study documents several common issues in the implementation of performance pay: employees are hardly ever scored less than satisfactory in their evaluations, bonus systems were designed so that only very few employees actually received any payments and the majority of staff found the system de-motivating and inciting jealousies. (Straberg 2010) highlights the problem of perceived unfairness following the introduction of performance pay in an OECD country, although also notes that there was no empirical linkage between pay justice perceptions and workplace behaviors. Managers equally found little positive changes resulting from the introduction of performance pay. As context, multiple studies confirm the political and operational difficulties of successfully introducing any major program of pay reform within the public service (World Bank 1999; Kiragu and Mukandala 2003; Independent Evaluation Group 2008).

Brudney and Condrey present a pair of typical studies drawing on non-representative surveys of federal managers and government employees in the US, that were subject to performance-pay arrangements (Condrey and Brudney 1992; Brudney and Condrey 1993). While largely descriptive in nature, they find that 17% of managers report an increase in motivation, but prior attitudes about merit pay affect this result. It is unclear though whether the documented increase of motivation is solely an effect of performance pay, since no control units are used to rule out the influence of other possible confounders or if self-reported motivation is in any way linked to actual work outputs. Similar work on performance pay for civil servants in the US state of Georgia also finds highly critical opinions of staff members with regard to explicit evaluation and selective bonus pay (Kellough and Nigro 2002). More recent studies using survey data of US city managers finds higher satisfaction of employees when performance pay is used (Stazyk 2010). The research does however highlight the complexity of the issue as it suggests that there is a crowding-out effect on extrinsic motivation for staff with a
.39|0.0140|
|Treatment + Interaction p-value|0.08|0.01|0.40|0.45|0.16|0.35|0.52|0.90|0.71|0.01|

Notes: Baseline monthly profits ranged from 200 to 120000 ETB in the IE sample and the median value used for the cut-off is 18750 ETB. Outcome 1 takes the value of 1 if respondent borrowed formally or informally and 0 otherwise. Outcome 2 takes the value of 1 if the respondent borrowed any money for their business from Banks, Micro-Finance Institutions (MFI), or Credit Unions. Outcome 3 takes the value of 1 if the respondent borrowed any money for their business from their spouse, friends and relatives, and informal savings groups. Outcome 4 includes both formal and informal borrowing amounts reported by the respondent, conditional on borrowing. Outcome 5 takes the value of 1 if business was operating at the time of the endline survey (September 2021). Outcomes 6-7 are self-reported total profits of the main business from the year 2013 in the Ethiopian calendar (which is 2020 in the Gregorian calendar). Outcome 8 is the self-reported value of owned equipment, where the respondent was asked to estimate the replacement value of all owned equipment and machinery for the main business. Outcome 9 is the self-reported value of inventory stock, where the respondent was asked to estimate the value of final goods for sale that they currently have in stock for their main business. Outcome 10 is the self-reported value of raw materials, where the respondent was asked to estimate the value of product components and raw materials for their main business. Conditional amounts represent only those whose businesses were open, whereas unconditional amounts include those not operating any business with a value of 0. Only Inverse Hyperbolic Sine (IHS) transformed versions of borrowingand controlamounts,at baseline,profitsas welland asbusinessif the respondentinputs are presented.was above Psychometricor below the medianscores inpsychometricthe IE samplescorerangedcut-off.fromObservations370 to 452, andrepresentthe
tuguese signals inclusion, but it also reflects high human capital. Similarly, education raises returns to economic acitivity but it also enables people to access and process information more effectively. Men are typically the main bread winners in households but being male might also indicate a greater involvement in community decisions.?° It will be important to contrast the impact of these variables with and without controls for economic resources.

Second, access to information is important. Informed citizens are better able to access services, exercise their rights, and hold others responsible. The number of radios or television sets owned by the household is a crude proxy for this dimension.

Third, empowerment is linked to local organizational capacity. Well-mobilized groups are more likely to have their voices heard and to solve common problems.” The TLSS includes information about participation in user groups over the last 12 months.

Finally, accountability of community leaders is another component to empowerment. The surveys do not include direct measures on the responsiveness of village and hamlet chiefs to the concerns of the population. However, the village census provides information on the education status and number of years lived in the village of the village leaders.

To summarize, these variables will serve as indicators of high social resources: having mother tongue Tetun; speaking the most common mother tongue in the sub-district as mother tongue; ownership of radios and television sets; participation in user groups; and village leaders with large human capital and life span in the village.

To facilitate the interpretation of the results, variables are, whenever possible, represented through a single index.?? For example, education is represented as a single variable, ranging from 0 of no schooling to 4 for post-lower secondary education. Monetary economic variables, like consumption and assets, are given as per capita Rupiah values. ?° Housing is represented by the prin20 For example, only one percent of the village chiefs and none of the hamlet chiefs interviewed for the village census were women. 21 Inman and Oberholzer-Gee (2003) uncover evidence for