rafmacalaba/data-use-mentions-extended huggingface dataset:
productivity) for an average firm in Eastern Croatia by 7 percent. Likewise, similar changes in management scores are associated with a 14 percent higher probability for an average firm in Eastern Croatia to introduce new products or processes, register for patents and 17 percent greater likelihood for an average firm to adopt more sophisticated technology, (e.g. for quality control). The analogous associated increase in all other regions is 13 percent in profits, 5 percent in sales per employee, while the probability of innovating and adopting more sophisticated technology increases by 24 and 9 percent respectively.<sup>6</sup> _Figure 2: Management matters for firm performance outcomes_ <!-- Start of picture text --> Sales Per Employee Sales Per Employee<br>Croatian Manufacturing Firms, 2017 Croatian Services Firms, 2017<br>1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4<br>Quartiles Quartiles<br>All Regions, Except Slavonia Slavonia All Regions, Except Slavonia Slavonia<br>Wage Per Employee<br>Croatian Manufactuing Firms, 2017 Wage per Employee (Real)<br>Croatian Services Firms, 2017<br>1 2 3 4<br>Quartiles 1 2 3 4<br>All regions, Except Slavonia Slavonia All other regions except Slavonia Slavonia<br>Use of Sophisticated Technology for Quality Control Use of Sophisticated Technology for Quality Control<br>Proportion of Croatian Manufacturing Firms, 2017 Proportion of Croatian Services Firms, 2017<br>1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4<br>All Regions, Except Slavonia Slavonia All Regions, Except Slavonia Slavonia<br>4,000<br>6,000<br>3,000<br>4,000<br>2,000<br>Sales/Employees Sales/Employees<br>2,000<br>1,000<br>0 0<br>1,000<br>1,000<br>800<br>600<br>
and time period of intervention, to features of the randomized research design (such as stratification or clustering) to contents of the data (such as how take-up/treatment compliance was measured). These options do not currently exist in commonly used data repositories in the social sciences (e.g. Harvard Dataverse, openICPSR, or the World Bank Microdata Catalog). We formulated a set of principles to guide decision making in selecting the final set of fields. These aim to balance the effort to contribute metadata, the usefulness of the metadata for different research purposes, and the complexity of the information collected. For example, we wanted to make the entry of new metadata straightforward for the majority of RCT datasets, while providing enough flexibility to describe unusual research designs or unique data properties.<sup>3</sup> In addition to our proposal, we also formulated a set of recommendations for implementing a catalog or database based on this metadata schema.

With this schema, we hope to provide a public good to the research community that facilitates the creation of inter-operable catalogs, with the goal of speeding up scientific discovery, reducing duplication of effort, and creating a systematic overview of existing RCT research. Research facilitated by RCT data catalogs on external validity, impact heterogeneity, and generalizability of policy impacts beyond the immediate study populations has the potential to help policymakers, funders, or impact investors make decisions about policy programs. Reuse of RCT data can in turn bolster investments in primary data collection and spur methods improvements that will make future experiments faster and more robust. Better access to RCT data can also offer new research opportunities for scholars who do not have the resources to undertake costly primary data collection themselves. Finally, original data is a citable contribution to science independent of an associated paper or report. Enhancing the visibility of the data and the data citation helps ensure that those responsible for creating the data receive credit (some of whom may not be co-authors of the academic study).

The next section gives a brief
[0.045]|[0.059]|
|Constant|0.02<br>[0.006]**|0.01<br>[0.003]**|||
|Observations|873|432|866|418|
|R-squared|0.086|0.128|||
|Number of Countries|42|18|42|18|
|Country Fixed Effect|Yes|Yes|Yes|Yes|
|Adjusted R-squared|||0.034|0.082|
|**First Stage IV Estimates**|||**First Stage **|**First Stage **|
|Trade Weighted Growth * Exp|||1.19<br>[.03]***|1.27<br>[.02]***|
|Trade Weighted Growth * Rec|||1.36<br>[.03]***|1.43<br>[.04]***|
|**Underidentification - Weak Identification - Wea**|**k Instruments Tes**|**ts**|||
|LM test statistic for underidentification|||84.54|33.42|
|p-value of underidentification LM statistic (Anderso<br>F statistic for weak identification (Cragg-Donald or|n or Kleibergen-P<br>Kleibergen-Paap)|aap)|0<br>857.5|7.42e-09<br>804.6|
|Anderson-Rubin chi-sqared test of significance of e|ndogenous regress|ors|40.41|13.91|
|p-value of Anderson-Rubin chi-sqared test of endog|enous regressors||1.68e-09|0.000952|

Source: Authors’ calculations based on World Economic Outlook database 2019.

Robust standard errors in brackets.*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, *
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that explores the willingness to pay for social insurance among gig workers, using a discrete choice experiment. This contrasts with other studies, which have analyzed the willingness to pay among informally employed workers more generally, relying typically on stated preferences. We also examine potential complementarities, as they may be seen by gig workers themselves, between private and social insurance instruments, as well as between social insurance instruments themselves, a subject that has not received sufficient attention. Finally, studies on social protection for gig workers have tended to focus on developed Western countries (Corujo, 2017; Forde et al., 2017; Petropoulos et al., 2019), where the initial conditions of social protection and the functioning of labor market institutions and mechanisms may be markedly different from those in developing countries. Given the increasing importance of the gig economy in developing countries, and its implications for the protection of workers, our analysis is highly relevant and timely to contribute to filling a critical research gap. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides an overview of the literature. Section 3 describes the online survey conducted for this analysis and the data generated through it, including the vignette-based experiment that was embedded in the survey. Section 4 discusses the methodology including the identification strategy. Section 5 presents results including (a) descriptive statistics, and (b) econometric analysis – including heterogeneity of estimates across relevant sub-groups. Section 6 concludes with a discussion of results and implications for policy.

# **2 Literature Review**

Digital labor platforms are divided into two broad categories, the first being online web-based platforms, and the second being location-based platforms (ILO 2021; World Bank 2023). Through these platforms, three types of tasks may be performed; digital microtasks, digital work (which are hosted on web-based platforms), and location-based work (which is hosted on location-based platforms). Digital microtasks refer to simple tasks performed on web-based platforms that do
# **II. Importance of the media**

To date, there is little research specifically on media and business regulations or business reforms. However, the growing role of mass media in governance effectiveness, political accountability and economic development at large has drawn attention of some researchers and international organizations. Adding to this discourse, a World Bank publication (2009) explores a relationship between media coverage and governance reforms, focusing primarily on subjects including democracy, freedom of speech, elections and government accountability. This study concludes that more diverse and independent media tends to foster good governance.

In the same vein, Besley and Burgess (2000, 2001) suggest that free and independent press working in conjunction with democratic institutions can make governments more responsive to the needs of citizens. Building the analysis on the cross-country data with a specific focus on India, the authors provide evidence of strong linkages between media and electoral processes as well as media and government responsiveness. Leeson and Coyne (2007) analyze a relationship between media freedom, foreign aid and economic development in post-socialist transition countries. Their research demonstrates that politically autonomous, independent mass media serves as an effective law enforcement mechanism, enabling political commitment to reform implementation. And that mass media is an important factor in determining successes and/or failures of reforms in transitional economies. Research results show that media’s freedom is linked to an increase in the level of economic development, while foreign aid is associated with higher economic development only if a country has relatively free media.

Egorov et al. (2009) explore the relationship between media and governance in the context of natural resource endowment and the ‘resource curse’ problem. The authors analyze factors that determine media freedom in dictatorships. They employ a model predicting that free media improves dictators’ government quality by providing incentives to bureaucrats to gather and transmit information from across different sectors to the higher government levels. However, the extent of media freedom that a dictator chooses varies with resource endowments of a country. The findings show that media
**Figure 18: Resolution of SIFIs**

<!-- Start of picture text --> 100<br>73<br>67<br>53 55<br>50<br>47<br>33 33<br>29 29<br>18 1717<br>10<br>0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0<br>EU CE & BC WB SC CA Russia Turkey EE RoW<br>Different processes for resolving SIFIs<br>Banks required to file resolution plans<br>Formal supervisory and regulatory framework for the resolution of international banks<br>100<br>80<br>60<br>40<br>20<br>0<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: Bank Regulation and Supervision Survey conducted by the World Bank.

Note: **EU** stands for Western Europe, Southern Europe, Northern Europe; **CE & BC** for Central Europe & Baltic Countries; **WB** for Western Balkans; **SC** for South Caucasus; **CA** for Central Asia; **EE** for Eastern Europe; **ROW for** the rest of the world **.** Finally, it is important to note that some of the largest banks in the region are partially or wholly owned by the state. Hence, there is a concern that resolution procedures may not be fully implemented due to political and public pressures. Moreover, the resolution rules may also not have the intended effect of strengthening market discipline as bank managers and investors expect the governments to step in and rescue these institutions that they perceive to be too-important to fail. By the same token, there are challenges that arise in introducing the core bank resolution building blocks proposed after the GFC. For instance, in the absence of well-developed financial markets in many ECA countries, there is no
# **I. Introduction**

Static poverty measures fail to distinguish between an individual who has been in poverty all her life, and another who happens to have had a small misfortune for the year the measurement was carried out. But these distinctions matter. The forces that conspire to condemn some individuals to remain stuck in poverty for years are generally somewhat different from those that randomly drag them down for a brief period. The latter group may need only some temporary relief—perhaps only some short-term employment insurance till they secure the next decentpaying job—while the former would also need longer-term interventions aimed at breaking the persistence of poverty. Indeed, the longer people spend in poverty, the lesser tends to be their chance of exiting it. As living standards in Africa continue to rise, has its poverty remained mainly chronic, or has it become more transient?

Researchers interested in understanding welfare dynamics in Africa now have access to an emerging collection of nationally representative panel surveys, which represents a vast improvement over the situation just a decade ago.<sup>1</sup> However, data coverage remains low—data are available for only seven countries—and the time periods spanned by these panel surveys are mostly limited to short periods of three years or less. We attempt to overcome these obstacles by applying recently developed statistical methods to construct synthetic panels from cross sectional surveys (Dang et al., 2014; Dang and Lanjouw, 2013), which are far more widely available. We construct these synthetic panels for 21 countries with at least two comparable cross sectional surveys accounting for two-thirds of the Sub-Sahara African population and spanning on average six years. Thus by covering the largest number of countries and the longest time periods for Sub-

> 1 See, for example, the Living Standards Measurement Study–Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) that are financed by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, but implemented by the World Bank and member countries.

2
# Annex 4. Number Of Customers Identified in Literature as Served by Electricity SPSPs

||**Wor**|**ldwide estim**|**ate of SPSPs a**|**nd number of cl**|**ients served**||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**Country**|**Number of**|**Average**|**Number of**|**Total households**|**SPSPs as part of**|**Significance on electricity**|
||**SPSPs**<br>[-]|<br>**clients per**<br>**SPSP**<br>[-]|**clients**<br>million|**electrified**<br>million|<br>**total electrification**<br>%|<br>**access in country**<br>high/medium/small|
|**SOUTH ASIA**|||||||
|Bangladesh|67|44,776|3.00|5.3|56%|high|
|Nepal|250|250|0.06|0.7|9%|medium|
|Sri Lanka|200|400|0.08|2.4|3%|medium|
|India|1,800|350|0.63|87.4|1%|small|
|Pakistan|20|300|0.01|14.6|0%|small|
|_Sub total_|_2,337_|_9,215_|_3.78_|_110.4_|_3%_||
|**EAST ASIA/CHINA**||||
Outcomes:

- i. Birthweight:  S21 Q20

- ii. Vaccinations:  S22 Q5, 7, 8, 10, 11 (index)

- **iii. Neonatal/Infant/Child mortality:  S18 Q16-21; S21 Q10 (use Round 3 data for children who had already passed away by Round 3)**

- iv. Bednets:  S22 Q 13

- b. Parental Practices:

- i. **Breastfeeding (6 months exclusive or to death is died younger than 6 months):  S21 Q22, Q23, Q25**

- ii. **Parenting:  S23 Q3-16, 21, 24, 27 (index)**

57
the incorrect use of observable characteristics (i.e., comparing units outside of the common support). Glazerman et al. (2003) find that bias of nonexperimental estimates was lower when the comparison group was drawn from within the evaluation itself rather than from a national dataset and locally matched to the treatment population. Diaz and Handa (2006) argue that, in cases when the outcomes are measured using comparable surveys, the bias arising from PSM is negligible.

> 12. For sensitivity analysis, we also considered Kernel matching and Stratification matching which produce qualitatively similar results to the nearest neighbor method presented here (available on request).

> 13. We thank Esther Duflo for making the data generously available on her website.

6
# **Figure 4: Cumulative volume of dollar-denominated central government debt issued under U.K. and U.S. governing laws**

<!-- Start of picture text --> $ billions<br>350<br>300<br>250<br>200<br>150<br>100<br>50<br>0<br>Pre‐crisis (1990‐2008) Post‐crisis (2009‐2012)<br>U.K. law U.S. Law<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: Authors’ calculations based on Dealogic data.

Also, there are differences in the evolution of these two jurisdictions in terms of their regulatory stringency. The re-emergence of the U.K. as a major financial center commenced with the rapid deregulation of U.K. financial markets and changes in the London Stock Exchange carried out during the tenure of Margaret Thatcher in 1986.<sup>5</sup> However, it was only in the post-crisis period that the volume of dollar-denominated central government debt issued under U.K. law came close to and at times surpassed that of U.S. law issues (Figure 3). This transition coincided, in part, with major regulatory changes brought about in the United States after the crisis, while Britain continued with its “light touch” regulatory approach. It is possible that the new regulations made U.S. law less attractive for certain bond issuers. Even prior to the crisis, studies have raised concerns that U.S. financial enforcement is more intense with higher costs and more empowered regulators when compared to U.K. or Germany (Jackson 2007). This may attract some investors, but put off potential issuers of various securities (Coffee 2007). The prominent holdout of entities such as Elliott Management Corp. and Aurelius Capital Management LP in the long-drawn Argentine default case has also reinforced the notion that
|0.164|0.055|
||(0.005)|(0.001)|(0.001)|
|t1|0.065|0.093|0.018|
||(0.002)|(0.001)|(0.000)|
|Actual%|-0.062|-0.071|-0.036|
||(0.005)|(0.001)|(0.001)|
|Growth|-0.056|-0.059|-0.037|
||(0.006)|(0.002)|(0.001)|
|Redistribution|-0.006|-0.011|0.000|
||(0.006)|(0.002)|(0.001)|
|Contributions to the decline in FGT(0)||||
|Growth|90%|84%|103%|
|Redistribution|10%|16%|0%|

<mark>Source: Own estimations based on Peru's ENAHO 2005 -2009, Thailand's SES 2000 -2009, and Bangladesh's HIES 2000 -2010.</mark> <mark>Standard errors for a two-sided 95% confidence interval shown in parentheses.</mark> 28
and scope of the database. Section 6 presents a set of facts of SOE performance and sectoral participation, using the BOS database. Finally, section 7 concludes.

# 2. Conceptual Framework

This section introduces the three criteria that are the foundation of the conceptual framework of the Global BOS database:(i) a harmonized definition of SOEs, (ii) an identification of direct and indirect state ownership linkages at the national and subnational levels across the corporate sector, and (iii) a classification of economic activities depending on their efficiency rationale.<sup>8</sup> Together, these three criteria guarantee data comparability across countries and sectors.

A caveat of previous academic literature and policy-related workstreams is the lack of congruence with respect to the definition of SOEs across countries and economic activities. Often, the analysis of SOEs is connected to a local legal definition of companies that according to the national legal forms are defined as state-owned companies. However, this legal definition can vary substantially across countries.<sup>9</sup> This hinders the analyses of SOE performance within markets and distorts the aggregate economic implications of state participation. Academic attempts to identify SOEs in a systematic manner and assess their footprint usually define SOEs as firms which the state directly owns and in which governments have a majority share-holding percentage (Freund & Sidhu, 2017; Harrison et al, 2019; among others). Institutions that carry out economic and development policy work do not have a consensus on the definition of state-ownership. For example, the OECD, through the Product Market Regulation Indicator, defines SOEs according to the level of control of national or subnational governments, but also considers cases in which the government has special voting powers (i.e. nominating board of directors).<sup>10</sup> In 2020, the IMF Fiscal Monitor considered state-owned firms as those with state participation as low as 20 percent and also relied on other criteria to define SOEs, such as national legal forms (IMF, 2020)
, you belong to Group_ [X] _. In reality, you belong to Group_ [Y] _. Hence, you are poorer than what you thought / richer than what you thought / correct.”_ The bias in their perceptions was thus explicitly pointed out to respondents in the treatment group. This

> 5 Since interviews were not completed with a significant fraction of the CPHS sample, this sample on which our analysis is based is not nationally representative. More generally, the representativeness of the CPHS sample has been debated by scholars and analysts—a limitation that we acknowledge.

6
|Comments|
|**In AD-C**<br>**D.**|**AN-Products :**<br>**NOTES**|Comments|
|**In AD-C**|**AN-Domestic-Firms :**||

|**C.**|**NOTES**|Comments|
|---|---|---|
|**In AD-C**|**AN-Foreign-Firms :**||
|**D.**|**F_AD_MARGIN_FIRM**|Final dumping margin in percentage terms of normal value as<br>decided for a specific firm by the CBSA|
|**E.**|**F_AD_NDUTY_FIRM**|Final firm-specific dumping duty assessed in percentage terms of<br>normal value|
|**F.**|**F_AD_DUTYPAYABLE_FIRM**|Final dumping margin in percentage terms of export price as<br>decided for a specific firm by the CBSA|
|**G.**|**F_AD_EDUTY_FIRM**|Final firm-specific dumping duty assessed in percentage terms of<br>export price|
|**H.**|**NOTES**|Comments|

There are a few important caveats to the Canadian data with respect to the levels of duties imposed. Prior to 2001, most duties were reported in percentage terms of normal value, as opposed to percentage terms of export price. Thus, on the Master Spreadsheet, duties are in terms of normal value 20
# Exchange Rate Flexibility and the Effect of Remittances on Economic Growth

Emmanuel K.K. Lartey<sup>∗</sup> JEL Classification: F24 F43 O10 Keywords: Remittances, Exchange Rate Regimes, Economic Growth, Financial Development, Panel Data.

> ∗The World Bank, 1818 H St. NW, Washington, DC 20433. Email: elartey@worldbank.org. The author is grateful to Andrew Gill and Larry Howard for providing very helpful comments.
_Figure 1: Female to male labor force participation ratio_ <!-- Start of picture text --> 60<br>50<br>40<br>30<br>20<br>10<br>0<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> 60<br>50<br>40<br>30<br>20<br>10<br>0<br>2018 2019 2020 2021<br>Algeria Bahrain Egypt Iran Jordan<br>Kuwait Lebanon Morocco Oman Qatar<br>Saudi Arabia Tunisia UAE<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> Algeria<br>Kuwait<br>Saudi Arabia<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> Bahrain<br>Lebanon<br>Tunisia<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> Egypt<br>Morocco<br>UAE<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: Constructed by the authors using World Development Indicators (2022) Around 57% of individuals in the MENA region had access to the internet in 2018. By 2020, this share soared to 76%, higher than the world value of 60%. However, much of the increase was among men. According to the index of the gender gap in internet access provided by the Economic Intelligence Unit (2022), men had higher internet access than women in nine countries of the thirteen included in the region in 2021 (Table 1).

Closing the gender gap in internet access might not be sufficient to ensure that women benefit from the internet in accessing information and economic opportunities. Nonetheless, evidence suggests that it is powerful. As figure