rafmacalaba/data-use-mentions-extended huggingface dataset:
External Wealth of Nations Mark II database developed by Lane and Milesi-Ferretti (2007) as the ratio of the sum of total financial assets and financial liabilities to GDP. Finally, we relied on Calvo and Reinhart (2000) to construct banking crisis and currency crisis.<sup>2</sup>

# Table 1 [about here]

Table 1 shows summary statistics for financial sector real value added growth rates (calculated as log differences of dollar amounts at 1995 prices) for each country. The mean growth rate for each country is positive; however, the series for 17 out of the 28 countries exhibit negative skewness. These countries, mostly emerging markets, are: Argentina; Bolivia; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; Denmark; Hong Kong SAR, China; India; Indonesia; Italy; Korea; Mexico; Philippines; Singapore; Sweden; Thailand; United States; and Venezuela. In contrast, as can be seen from Table 1, countries with positively skewed financial sector growth series include mostly OECD economies.

# Figure 1 [about here]

Furthermore, the average level of kurtosis is higher for countries with negative skew in the series (6.619 compared to 5.527). Figure 1 illustrates the significance of the difference in the skew via a probability plot. The difference is seen in a greater degree of deviation from the normal distribution (Gaussian bell curve) in the tails of the distribution of financial sector growth rates for the subsample of countries with negative skew. The difference is substantial: for instance, an annual growth rate of minus 20 percent in financial sector real value added has 0.0 probability of occurrence under normality, while the empirical probability in countries with positive skew is 0.1% (0.001 on the vertical axis) and an order of magnitude greater at 1.0% (0.01 on the vertical axis) in countries with negative skew. Overall, the predominance of a large number of outliers in the tails of the negative skew subsample
Protected Areas 2009 (http://www.wdpa.org / download.aspx). The extent of arable land outside forest and protected areas and in sparsely populated areas (that is to say less than 25 inhabitants per km2 or more than 4 ha per capita) uses LandScan 2003 Global Population (http://www .ornl.gov /Landscan/).

> 13 Key relevant aspects of land governance are the clarity with which rights are assigned and the accessibility of textual and spatial information on rights, the way in which state land is managed, disposed of, and acquired, the way land is taxed and land use is regulated, and the existence, accessibility, and impartial nature of institutions for conflict resolution (Deininger _et al._ 2011b).

> 14 The index consists of a weighted average of indices measuring the transparency of transactions, the liability of company directors and shareholders, and the power of administrators to hold directors accountable for misconduct. The underlying premise that excessive regulation and red tape deters investment and foster corruption is not uncontroversial and has been challenged because it only measures inputs but not the quality of public goods, e.g. property rights, provided (Arrunada 2007) and because it presumes an Anglo-Saxon model that may be less applicable in

8
how much of the total endowment the respondent chooses to share with a Syrian refugee game partner in a hypothetical trust game. The respondent is told they (hypothetically) have 10 JD and can share as much of it or as little of it with their game partner as they want. Anything shared will be doubled, and the partner could chose to share or not share the proceeds with the respondent, so the amount shared with the game partner reveals a measure of trust. The subsequent outcomes correspond to a dictator game that was conducted as follows: the respondent was given 5 JD and told to distribute it between the following categories: keep for self, donate to a charity helping needy Jordanians, or donate to a charity helping needy Syrian refugees in Jordan. 2/3 of the sample did this hypothetically, and 1/3 actually received the 5 JD. “Altruism to Jordanians” reports how much of the 5 JD was allocated to the charity for Jordanians, and “keep" reports how much of the 5 JD was kept for self. Both these outcomes include the entire sample. The final two rows report these outcomes only for the incentivized sample. Altruism to Syrians is reported in table G1

- The regressions also have enumerator fixed effects, community-level controls (Irbid/Mafraq governorate and population quartile), refugee household-level controls (shelter program, baseline number of children, baseline number of children plus adults), the Marlowe–Crowne scale, and respondent gender, education, and age. In the parentheses are robust standard errors clustered at the locality level. Statistical significance represented by * (10%), ** (5%), and *** (1%). Q-values are calculated per Anderson (2008) and correspond to Family 4 in the pre-analysis plan.

42
Tracking dwellings instead of households is a simpler option. Following up with households over time requires defining which household is the successor of the original household, which is not a trivial task, as households may split or regroup over time. As noted by Witoelar (2011) household membership and composition quickly change, household structure and boundaries are often unclear, and the definition of household often varies according to the objective of the survey. Continuity rules to define which household is regarded to be the continuation of the one observed during the previous survey are proposed and discussed in Falorsi (2009).

The LSMS-ISA panel surveys have established practical rules to define which household to follow. The Ethiopia ESS, for instance, identifies the group of household members still living in the original dwelling as the original household. If the household moved away as a whole, it is tracked and re-interviewed if it is still residing within the Ethiopian border. If all household members left the country, the unit is dropped from the sample. If the household split, the portion of the household that moved with the member identified as the head of the household in the previous wave is tracked and interviewed. Similarly, the Nigeria GHS-Panel interviews household members found in the original dwelling and tracks households that moved outside of the dwelling but are still located in Nigeria. If the household splits, the original household is defined as the group of household members still residing with the head of the household from the previous round. If the original household head is not found, the original household is defined as the one comprising the largest number of original household members.

Panels of dwellings and households have the disadvantage that members who moved out of their baseline household are not part of the sample anymore, despite still being part of the population. The sample of the remaining members therefore will be less representative of the population at the present time as well as of the population evolving over time. However, as we will detail later in the paper, this lack of representativeness is mitigated because
: "The unemployment rate in 1993 - counting unemployment and underemployment - was estimated to be an alarming 35 to 45%". We have taken the median value. This unemployment rate, however, clearly overstates the actual unemployment in Lesotho, particularly compared to other nations in our survey. Data on Central Government employment, and Education employment are taken from IMF Study SM/96/234 of September 9, 1996 and relate to 1995.

## Madagascar

Unemployment data are taken from the ILO's Yearbook of Labor Statistics 1995. refer to 1989 and source **IlIl,** Code _2: employment office statistics_ and only include persons who are actually registered at the employment office at the end of each month. Accordingly, they are likely to understate the number of unemployed persons in Madagascar. Data on Central Government employment are taken from the IMF Staff Country Report No. 96/59, Madagascar - Selected Issues and Statistical Annex, dated June 1996 and relate to 1994. Data on State-owned enterprises are taken from the IMF Staff Country Report No. 96/59 Madagascar - Selected Issues and Statistical Annex, dated June 1996 and relate to 1994. The number stated probably underestimates the actual number of employees of Stateowned enterprises.

# **Malawi**

Paid employment in non-agricultural activities is drawn from the ILO's Yearbook of Labor Statistics 1995 and refers to 1991. It reflects data gathered through Establishment surveys, that is, data on the number of workers on establishment payrolls. This in turn may result in an underestimation of this particular form of employment. Central Government, Education and Health employment is taken from the Malawi Government Civil Service Census of 1995, published on March 30,1996 and relates to 1995.

# **Mali**

Central Government employment, education and health employment data are taken from Fabien Nsengyiumva (AFTM5) and relate to June 1996. Local Government employment in Mali, according to Mr. Nsengyiumva, is nonexistent at the moment. Central Government employees are currently posted in the
# **1. Introduction**

Do socioemotional skill signals in CVs play a role in employers’ hiring decisions? A vast literature shows the importance of socioemotional skills in labor market outcomes in the form of earnings or employment, but whether signals of these skills matter in getting hired remains unanswered. Suppose that a young graduate is looking for a job and comes across a vacancy ad with a requirement of, say, teamwork skills, listed alongside other requirements, such as certain levels of education and experience. Should she include a signal demonstrating she has strong teamwork skills, along with her academic degrees and the jobs she worked at? Furthermore, would such a signal have the same effect in terms of advancing the candidate in the recruitment process if that candidate is male? This study seeks to provide answers to these questions.

Economics literature has firmly established that socioemotional skills are valuable in the labor market. Numerous studies demonstrate that possession of socioemotional skills has a positive impact on lifetime earnings (e.g., Cameron and Heckman, 1993; Heckman and Rubinstein, 2001; Bowles et al., 2001a,b; Heckman et al., 2006; Cunha et al., 2006; Cunha and Heckman, 2008). It is also quite common to see socioemotional skills requirements in vacancy ads, and online job search websites recommend job seekers to include some aspect of socioemotional skills in their CVs.

However, little is known about whether including socioemotional skill signals in CVs would help in securing a job interview. Evidence from the literature is scarce and indirect (e.g., the effect of volunteering activities as studied in Baert and Vujijic, 2018 and the effect of sport skills as studied in Rooth, 2011). Piopiunik et al. (2018) is among the first studies to provide evidence that socioemotional skills may matter for employers when they evaluate candidates, although the evidence is collected using an unincentivized survey with hypothetical CVs. Even if employers would consider socioemotional skills during hiring, it remains unclear whether
# Table 4. Composition of GDP by income category, 2007

||Total<br>Compensation of<br>employees|Gross operating<br>surplus|Taxes on<br>production<br>Import tariffs|
|---|---|---|---|
||(Millon Dram)<br>(%)|(%)|(%)<br>(%)|
|Supply-Use Table|2860584<br>42|55|2<br>1|
|Authors' balanced table|3044640<br>43|55|1<br>1|
|Source: Authors' calcul|ations based on data from National St|atistical Office of th|e Republic of Armenia|

Table 5. Imports, 2007 (%, unless otherwise noted)

|Sector|Supply-Use<br>Table|Authors'<br>balanced table|
|---|---|---|
|Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing|4|4|
|Mining and quarrying|12|6|
|Manufacturing|67|75|
|Electricity, gas and water supply|0|0|
|Construction|0|0|
|Wholesale and retail trade and repair|||
|Hotels and restaurants|2|1|
|Transport, storage and communications|10|9|
|Financial intermediation|1|1|
|Real estate and professional services|1|1|
|Public administration and defence|1|1|
|Education|1|1|
|Health and social work|0|0|
|Other social and personal services|0|0|
|Total|100|100|
|Total (million Dram)|1147289|1102425|
|Source: Authors' calculations based on data f<br>of the Republic of Armenia|rom National Sta|tistical Office|

110
42 More recent studies using the large data sets available from the WFS and more sophisticated methodologies have made it possible to distinguish the relative importance of the different effects. Data on 12 Latin American countries and on 39 countries covered by the WFS, carefully controlled for background factors like maternal age, and socio-economic variables such as education show significant association between increased infant and child mortality and shorter preceding and subsequenx birth intervals. Hobcraft et al (1985) find that if two children were born in the two years preceding the birth of the child under consideration, or if one was born, but died by the start of the survival period, mortality in the first year trebles. Similarly, Palloni and Millman (1986) pp 221, 226 find that the preceding interval affects child survival in the first month of life. These effects are often considered to work through a 'maternal depletion syndrome', whereby frequent, narrowly spaced pregnancies and lactation deplete maternal resources, leading to increased prematurity, and low bith weight (LBW) infants who have an increased mortality risk (Jelliffe (1966), Pebley and Stupp (1987)).

Both Palloni and Millman and Hobcraft et al also find association between increased post-neonatal and child mortality, and shorter subsequent birth or conception intervals. Interestingly, they both also find that there is no evidence that this is due to an early voluntary cessation of breastfeeding (Palloni and Millman (1986) pp 225-226, Hobcraft et al (1985) pp 372-373). This is
over the period 1990-2019. At the same time, labor demand related to integration in global trade networks is geographically concentrated in the North, close to the U.S. border.

**Figure 1: Goods and services exports and imports in Mexico, 1990-2018**

<!-- Start of picture text --> Exports Imports<br>45 600 45 600<br>40 40<br>500<br>35 35<br>30 400 30 400<br>25 25<br>300<br>20 20<br>15 200 15 200<br>10 10<br>100<br>5 5<br>0 0 0 0<br>Exports (% of GDP) Exports (billions 2015 usd) Imports (% of GDP) Imports (billions of 2015 usd)<br>1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: Own calculations based on World Development Indicators.

This paper contributes to the literature in several ways. First, it provides a comprehensive framework and new insights into the underlying channels through which trade affects labor markets and broader development, distinguishing between the employment, labor income, migration and informality channels. Our study finds that expanding exports per worker in Mexico’s municipalities increased labor force participation, but not employment rates. Exports also raised total labor incomes, but not average labor incomes, implying a growing labor supply. In contrast, we find no effect of growing imports per worker through the employment and income channels. We therefore test whether growing labor supply through inward migration and movements from the informal to the formal labor market dilute the impact of trade through the employment and income channels.

Our findings suggest that both export and import expansion per worker increased immigration to Mexican municipalities, driven by domestic rather than international unskilled
that would theoretically be raised if VAT was applied at the standard rate to all final consumption. The gap between the potential and the actual VAT revenue does, however, not only reflect tax but is also affected by tax exemptions, reduced rates, and other special regimes. Figure 4 shows that among the NM-EU countries for which we have this information, Slovenia has the highest VAT Revenue Ratio, followed by the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland.

**Figure 4: Effectiveness of value added taxes as measured by the VAT Revenue Ratio**<sup>*****</sup> **2005**<sup>******</sup>

<!-- Start of picture text --> 120<br>100<br>80<br>60<br>40<br>20<br>0<br>MEX ITA GRC PRT POL GBR HUN BEL FRA CAN SVK TUR DEU SWE ESP AUS NOR OECD CZE AUT FIN NLD DNK ISL IRL SVN KOR JPN CHE LUX NZL<br><!-- End of picture text -->

* The VAT Revenue Ratio (VRR) is defined as the ratio between the actual value added tax (VAT) revenue collected and the revenue that would theoretically be raised if VAT was applied at the standard rate to all final consumption. This ratio gives an indication of the efficiency of the VAT regime in a country compared to a standard norm. The calculation for Canada is for federal VAT only and the OECD aggregate is an unweighted average of data for the countries shown. **  2007 for Slovenia. _Source: OECD (2009)._

94. Tax compliance costs vary considerably among the NM-EU countries. According to the World Bank ́s Doing Business Report, the time spent by a model firm on tax compliance is lowest in Estonia, which also has a good ranking worldwide. The reasons are that – as mentioned above – the tax system is
signaling effects. Turkey’s level of net stock of FDI (20 percent of GDP) is significantly lower than the average level of stock in other Eastern European countries (50 percent of GDP). This may help partly explain significantly smaller FDI inflows to Turkey, a country that may not be perceived as a cradle for long term investment.

Second, foreign direct investment attraction is found to be negatively affected by exchange rate risk. It may be argued that, by introducing macro-prudential measures to mitigate _exchange rate variability_ caused by volatile capital flows, Turkey would gain attractiveness for long term foreign direct investment attraction. Some macro-prudential measures are already under implementation (see Fendoglu, Kilinc, and Yörükoglu, 2014).

**Figure 1. Evolution of foreign direct investment and the exchange rate risk index**

<!-- Start of picture text --> 12 8<br>7<br>10<br>6<br>8<br>5<br>6 4<br>3<br>4<br>2<br>2<br>1<br>0 0<br>1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014<br>FDI % GDP EU2005 new members FDI % GDP Turkey<br>Exchange rate risk EU2005 new members Exchange rate risk Turkey<br>Source: authors' elaboration from UNCTAD, ICRG<br>Net FDI inflows to GDP<br>Exchange rate risk: 1(highest) to 12 (lowest)<br><!-- End of picture text --> Another significant determinant of foreign direct investment is the proxy for _telecommunications infrastructure_ . Data from the World Development Indicators suggests that the penetration of mobile and fixed lines in Turkey, very fast until 2008, has stagnated, as shown in Figure 2. This implies an expansion in the phone line subscriptions gap with respect to new EU members, which could also suggest slower technology adoption. Public policies
Policy Research Working Paper 10892

# **Abstract**

The paper presents a methodology to generate experimental small area estimates of poverty in four West African countries: Chad, Guinea, Mali, and Niger. Due to the absence of recent census data in these countries, household-level survey data are integrated with grid-level geospatial data, which are used as covariates in model-based estimation. Leveraging geospatial data enables reporting of poverty estimates more frequently at disaggregated administrative levels and makes estimation feasible in areas for which survey data are not available. The paper leverages the availability of a recent census in Burkina Faso for evaluation purposes. Estimates obtained with the same survey instruments and candidate geospatial covariates as the other four countries are compared against estimates obtained using recent census data and an empirical best predictor under a unit-level model. For Burkina Faso, the estimates obtained using geospatial data are highly correlated with the census-based ones in sampled areas but moderately correlated in non-sampled areas. The results demonstrate that in the absence of recent census data, small area estimation with publicly available geospatial covariates is feasible, can lead to large efficiency improvements compared to direct estimation, and improve the timeliness of small area estimates.

This paper is a product of the Development Data Group, Development Economics and the Poverty and Equity Global Practice. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http:// www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at dnewhouse@worldbank.org.

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They
|(0.0072)|
|||||[0.0063]|[0.0060]|[0.0042]|
|Intercept|8.11|7.43|-0.68|8.16|7.43|-0.73|
||(0.17)***|(0.18)***|(0.25)***|(0.19)***|(0.20)***|(0.28)***|
||[0.25]***|[0.34]***|[0.24]***|[0.30]***|[0.40]***|[0.24]***|
|No. Observations|1732|1888|3620|1732|1888|3620|
|||**Estima**<br>|**tes of Mobility**|**from Quadrati**|**c CEF**<br>||
||**Absolute**|**Mobility**|||**Relative**|**Mobility**|
||**Sons**|**Daughters**|||**Sons**|**Daughters**|
|**_ES0 _**|8.11|7.43||**_IGRC_**|0.25|0.32|
|**_ES6 _**|9.61|9.35|||||
|**_ES9_**|10.36|10.31|||||
|**_ES16_**|12.11|12.55|||||

Notes: (1) The data used are CFPS 2016 with first-born
interviews suggest that the girls in the UCT arm knew about the CCT intervention being conducted simultaneously in other EAs and many had friends or acquaintances in the CCT arm. Through these contacts they knew that school attendance was strictly monitored in the CCT arm and that noncompliers were penalized. The impact of the UCT intervention as a „positive income shock‟ should be interpreted in this context.

# 3.4 HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

The data used in this paper were collected in three household survey rounds. Baseline data, or Round 1, were collected between October 2007 and January 2008, before the offers to participate in the program took place. First follow-up data collection, or Round 2, was conducted approximately 12 months later – between October 2008 and February 2009. The second follow-up (Round 3) data collection was conducted between February and June 2010 – after the completion of the two-year intervention at the end of 2009 to examine the final impacts of the program. The intervention period coincided with the 2008 and 2009 school years.

The annual household survey consisted of a multi-topic questionnaire administered to the households in which the sampled respondents resided. It consisted of two parts: one that was administered to the head of the household and the other administered to the core respondent, i.e. the sampled girl from our target population. The former collected information on the household roster, dwelling characteristics, household assets and durables, shocks and consumption. The survey administered to the core respondent provides detailed information about her family background, schooling status, health, dating patterns, sexual behavior, fertility, and marriage. Our main mental health instrument, the GHQ-12, was part of the two follow-up surveys (Rounds 2 & 3), but it was not administered at baseline. The additional mental instrument, the MHI-5, was only administered during the second follow-up survey (Round 3).

11