rafmacalaba/data-use-mentions-extended huggingface dataset:
ESG scores produced by ESG rating agencies. Our aim is not to reproduce ESG scores of listed, large companies to serve investors’ needs, but to shed some light on these aspects related to smaller unlisted companies in emerging countries. The indicator is unique, being the only one based on a wide sample of ES respondents.<sup>3</sup> By analyzing the actions of private sector SMEs in emerging countries to foster sustainability and green growth, we aim to better understand their contribution to the transition towards a more sustainable business environment. Given the increasingly ambitious social and environmental goals, measuring what matters for the planet and for people is something that cannot be ignored any longer, despite the obstacles of obtaining the relevant information for SMEs in emerging countries. The firm-level composite indicator helps to understand the performance of countries, sectors and size classes in each of the ESG pillars. Moreover, the determinants of the “Corporate ESG Responsibility” composite indicator can help to identify the drivers of the ESG performance in emerging countries as well as to understand how much ESG aspects are contributing to firms’ performance in the various dimensions.

In particular, we focus on MENA countries for a number of reasons. First, the region is significantly exposed to climate change - in terms of water scarcity, exposure to heat and in some cases to sea level rise - and to social developments (with relevant gender issues). Second, MENA countries need to green their growth model, as the region has seen CO2 emissions in absolute terms and even in per capita terms rising during the last years (between 2005 and 2018, absolute CO2 emissions increased by almost 50 percent). Finally, given the need to step up the climate ambition in MENA, there are relevant investment opportunities for adaptation and mitigation.

This contribution is structured as follows. Section 2 underlines the challenges of assessing ESG components and presents a high level literature review on ESG topics. In section 3, we discuss the methodology and in section 4, we show some
on these. Results are presented in section 4.

> 12 Oliveira et al. (2016) calculate and include in their aggregate the value of services provided by the following durable goods: Goods in modules “Machines, equipment and household utilities acquisition” and “Vehicles acquisition.” However, the estimation is only partial (i.e., goods need to be registered in the inventory of durable goods) and potentially biased (as all valuations are from items acquired in the last 12 months prior to the survey).

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two most recent rounds of the ELMPS data conducted in 2012 and 2018 to characterize the Egyptian labor market post-Arab Spring. As in a typical labor market survey, the ELMPS covers topics such as employment, unemployment, job dynamics, and earnings. It also provides very rich information on education, household demographics, migration, and socio-economic characteristics.

We rely on the cross-sectional dimension of the ELMPS surveys in 2012 and 2018 and also exploit the panel dimension of the data when examining labor market transitions between 2012 and 2018. The 2018 survey tracks households and individuals who were previously interviewed in 2012 and also includes a refresher sample of 2,000 households. By design, the refresher sample oversampled rural communities that were among the “1,000 poorest villages” of Egypt (see Krafft, Assaad and Rahman (2019) for more information on the data and sample design).

In our analysis, we make use of the employment module of the ELMPS, which provides information on individual work status (employed, unemployed, or out of the labor force) and rely on the market definition of work status with reference one week. The market definition of employment considers as employed only individuals engaged in market economic activities, while it excludes individuals who engage in subsistence economic activities. Following the ILO, we also rely on a standard unemployment definition, which requires individuals to be actively searching for a job to be considered as unemployed. We also distinguish between employed individuals depending on their sector of employment (public versus private) and on the formality status. Therefore, we rely on the following tripartite classification: public formal, private formal, and private informal sectors. An individual is considered to be employed in the formal sector if the individual has a work contract and a social security for the primary job, while an individual is considered to be informally employed if the individual did not have a work contract, social security, or neither. Public sector jobs include the following: public and government, while private sector jobs include the following:
us to see which of these potential problems from such exclusions appear to be empirically important.

In addition, we test for the effects of corporate governance on bank portfolio allocations of funds between loans and other assets, across types of loans, across industries, and across regions. The portfolio reallocations help us to analyze the sources of change in bank performance associated with governance changes, e.g., whether profits increased because of a shift into higher-return types of loans.

Our data set on Argentina in the 1990s provides an excellent laboratory for examining these research and policy issues. Argentine banks underwent significant dynamic changes of all types during this period, including the migration of more than one-third of the banking assets to foreign control and the movement of more than half of the credit in some provinces from provincial government control to private control. The data set includes quarterly information on virtually all Argentine banks from 1993:Q2 to 1999:Q4, avoiding the potential for significant sample selection biases. The data set allows us to employ multiple measures of bank performance and portfolio allocations to guard against the findings being driven by the choice of a single performance or portfolio measure.

Section 2 reviews some of the research literature on the performance effects of corporate governance in banking. Section 3 gives background information on the Argentine banking system in the 1990s. Section 4 shows our empirical models and variables, and Section 5 displays our empirical results. Section 6 concludes.

# **2.  Literature on bank governance and performance**

In this section, we briefly review some of the research literature on the performance effects of corporate governance in banking, including domestic ownership and M&As, foreign ownership and acquisitions, and state ownership and privatization.

# **2.1. Domestic ownership and M&As**

Studies of domestic bank governance generally focus on the performance effects of bank scale or domestic M&As, and typically do not account for static differences in performance between domesticallyowned banks and their foreign-owned or state-owned rivals, if any.
In terms of missing or incomplete data, the South Africa dataset lacks dates when preliminary antidumping duties came into effect as well as dates when antidumping measures were revoked. Furthermore, the data set is missing preliminary outcomes, final outcomes, and HS codes for a few cases where hard-copy documents were missing. Finally, firm-specific information for a few cases where these were not published in the government reports.

# **4 AD-Using Countries with Data on Initiations Only**

As indicated already in table 1.1, there are a number of countries that also use antidumping policies but for which we have not managed to collect data, typically because of the lack of transparency making the data inaccessible. While most of these other (“OTH”) countries would qualify as “new” users, some of them have become quite prolific users of the antidumping policy instrument. For a discussion of various countries use of antidumping, see Bundjamin (2005) for Indonesia, Sutham, Attavipach and Eiamchinda (2005) for Thailand, and Tian (2005) for China.

Thus, in a separate file included in the data set (AD-OTH-v1.0.xls) we document basic information from the WTO on initiations by member countries (described below) over 1995-2003 that are not part of the more detailed database described in sections 2 and 3: 36
of population economically active)<br>Racial fractionalization index in 2000<br>_Notes:_ Data are summarized over 1995-2008 and over all municipalities for which data are <br>exception is the dummy for participatory budgeting during 1995-2008, which is summarize<br>populations of 50,000 or greater (N=5,704).<br>_Sources:_ Author’s calculations based on data from IBGE, INEP, Tesouro Nacional, IPEA,|

43
economic boundaries, such as villages, Traditional

> 3 The issue of recall bias in reporting events is also relevant for migration data. For example, lacking panel data which follows movers over time, studies may need to use life history calendars to collect information on moves, the timing of moves, and the reason for the move. This is the approach of Reed, Andrzejewski, and White (2010) in their study of how migration links with education, employment, marital status, and childbearing in Ghana.

9
, and encouraging out-of-court settlements, decreased the time it took to resolve cases and, in doing so, led to a number of positive changes in the economic sphere, including greater investments in firms. Commercial firms that benefited increased their investment by 7.5% . The author also finds that slower judiciaries are associated with poorer outputs in manufacturing and agricultural trade.

A different study by the same author evaluates an innovative delay reduction program implemented in Pakistan (Chemin, 2009). In this “Access to Justice Programme,” judges were trained on modern case flow management techniques, and a concerted effort was made to resolve the backlog of older cases. This improvement had a positive effect on factors related to economic development, including greater entrepreneurship in pilot districts. The author suggests that this reform, which only cost 0.1% of GDP, translated into an increase of 0.5% of GDP.

in Mexico by reducing the idiosyncratic risk faced by firm owners. The data comes from the Mexican economic census of 1998, and the findings are robust to instrumenting for legal quality using historical conditions.

quality of adjudication in Senegal. The reform gave judges the duty and powers to conclude pretrial proceedings within a four-month deadline. The length of the pretrial stage decreased by 42.9 days, the number of pretrial hearings was reduced, and there was no adverse impact on quality. The paper documents positive firm-level effects.

intermediate goods suppliers, with distributors, with lenders and others. The outcomes range from ease of entry, firm size, output, investment (especially efficient allocation of resources), productivity, and growth. A few papers quantify the consequences of lack of justice on firms, particularly in an
that a country that is politically polarized may not be politically unstable. For example, a country can have two very different or polarized political ideologies and yet be politically stable if the supporters of one of the political ideology form the vast majority of the voter population, assuming majority rule. For this reason we have decided to omit the concept of political polarization in our presentation of political instability as a significant determinant of budget deficits.

16 It was originally intended to follow Edwards and Tabellini (1991) and Roubini (1991) in using the frequency of government changes (both regular and irregular) as a measure of political instability. However, the data series for the frequency of government changes or total executive transfers obtained from Taylor (1985) is short, ending in 1983. As such, the number of government crises is used as a substitute. This alternative measure is crude since a government crisis does not necessarily lead to a change in the government. In addition, this measure excludes situations of revolt to overthrow the government, which should be included in a measure of political instability.
Gautier, Peter; Gerald van den Berg; Jan van Ours; and Geert Ridder. 2002 “Worker Turnover at the Firm Level and Crowding Out of Lower Educated Workers.” _European Economic Review_ 46: 523-38.

Hamermesh, Daniel S. 1993 _Labor Demand._ Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

- Helpman, Elhanan.  2010 “Labor Market Frictions as a Source of Comparative Advantage, with Implications for Unemployment and Inequality” NBER Working Paper 15764. http://www.nber.org/papers/w15764.

- Helpman, Elhanan, Oleg Itskhoki, and Stephen Redding 2010 "Inequality and Unemployment in a Global Economy" _Econometrica_ 78(4) (July): 1239-1283.

- Hoekman, Bernard and Alan Winters. 2005 “Trade and Employment: Stylized Facts and Research Findings.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper #3676, Washington, DC.

- Hummels, David; Rasmus Jørgensen; Jakob R. Munch; and Chong Xiang (2011) “The Wage Effects of Offshoring: Evidence from Danish Matched Worker-Firm Data” NBER Working Paper No. 17496 October.

- Jansen, Marion and Erik von Uexkull. 2010 Trade and Employment in the Global Crisis International Labour Office (Geneva) and Academic Foundation (New Delhi).

- Kletzer, Lori (2001) Job Loss from Imports: Measuring the Costs Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washington D.C.

- Reder, Melvin. 1955 “The Theory of Occupational Wage Differentials.” _American Economic Review_ 45(5): 833-50.

- Richardson, J. David. 1995 "Income Inequality and Trade: How to Think, What to Conclude" _Journal of Economic Perspectives_ 9(3) (Summer): 33-55.

- Robertson, Raymond. 2009 " Mexico and the Great Trade Collapse" in Baldwin, Richard (ed.) <u>The Great Trade Collapse: Causes, Consequences and Prospects</u> A VoxEU.org Ebook available at http://voxeu.org/
Finally, the global recession of 2008-2009 did not change entrepreneurship along the exporter dimension in terms of average entry rates in the LAC region. The crisis did increase moderately exit rates and reduced moderately average first-year survival rates of new exporters. Countries such as Chile and the Dominican Republic were more adversely affected along the exit dimension while Costa Rica and Guatemala were more adversely affected along the survival dimension. The crisis did not reduce export entrepreneurship by incumbent exporters along the product and destination margins in the LAC region but it did increase product exit rates in some countries (particularly the Dominican Republic) as well as destination exit rates (though only in the Dominican Republic). However, most of the decline in exports of incumbent exporters during the recession -- which itself accounted for the bulk of the decline in total exports of LAC countries -- was due to declines in the exports of those firms’ pre-existing products and destinations, while new products and destinations tended to attenuate the negative effects of the recession. Moreover, the crisis fostered entrepreneurship by incumbent exporters in LAC processing countries and in Ecuador which experienced positive export growth mostly accounted for by their new products and new destinations.

The literature on cross-country comparisons and benchmarking of entrepreneurship in trade is thin, particularly with micro data, mostly because of difficulties in gathering comparable data across a large number of countries. Some studies examine the role of the extensive margin in export growth using more or less disaggregate trade flow data from WITS/COMTRADE across countries (see, e.g., Besedes and Prusa 2010, Felbermayr and Kohler 2006, Helpman, Melitz and Rubenstein 2008, Hummels and Klenow 2005).<sup>6</sup> These studies generally find the intensive margin to be more important in explaining export growth, but this consensus should not be interpreted as indicating that the extensive margin does not play a role. For example, Besedes and Prusa (2010) show that differences along the extensive margin (at the product-destination level) are particularly prevalent across developing countries but
from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). For IPV, we collect data on prevalence and incidence during the 12 months preceding the survey. For domestic violence and violence outside home, we only administer questions about life-time prevalence.

> 6 The full list of vignettes is included in the Appendix.

> 7 Our questionnaire included the following options for household members: (i) Mother/Step-mother/Mother-inlaw; (ii) Father/step-father/father-in-law; (iii) sister/brother/sister-in-law/brother-in-law; (iv) Other relative (please specify).

> 8Our questionnaire included the following options for non-household members: (i) Employer/someone at workplace; (ii) Community leader; (iii) Health worker; (iv) Teacher; (v) Police/soldier.

> 9 This study’s human subjects’ protection protocols received research ethics review approval in accordance with the requirements of the US Code of Federal Regulations for the Protection of Human Subjects (45 CFR 46 & 45 CFR 46.110) from HML IRB.

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Scalable Early Warning Systems for School Dropout prevention: Evidence from a 4.000-School Randomized Controlled Trial<sup>*</sup> AEA RCT ID: <mark>AEARCTR-0004091</mark> .

**Key words** : Dropout prevention, Early Warning, Impact Evaluation, School Management, Guatemala

**JEL Classification** : I2, I3, J24

> * This study was possible thanks to the support of the Ministry of Education of Guatemala (Ministerio de Educación –MINEDUC). The authors want to also thank participants during seminars and presentations at World Bank and MINEDUC. The views expressed here are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the World Bank. All errors are our own.
Note: The cross-country data, with sample size' randing from 70 to 140, shows statistically significant results at 1 % (except correlation between transfers and finnacial openness, which is siginificant at 5%) for all relationships based on a z-test, with the highest correlation between _democracy_ and _government social expenditures._

# C. The Methodology

In examining the significance of redistribution on the degree of financial openness and democracy in countries, we deploy the logit model (Amemiya, 1981) to estimate the likelihood that a given country would fall in each of the four classifications defined in Figure 3. For expositional measures we focus first on the determinants of the high-democracy high-financial openness classification by using the binominal logit model. In this model, the dependent variable is defined by a dichotomous random variable y; which takes the value of 1 if country i belongs to the high democracy - high financial openness category, and 0 if it does not. This is given by _yi =p, +e,_ where p is the probability that a given country belongs in the high democracy - high financial openness category, and specified _asp = F(ax);_ where x is a vector of independent variables; and _a_ is the corresponding vector of coefficients; and _F(ax)_ is the cumulative distribution function; and _es_ is an error term assumed to follow the Bernoulli distribution.

Expressing the probability for the i-th observation via the _logit_ model, we will obtain: Subsequently, the logit transformation would yield: This model was estimated by the maximum likelihood method, using cross-country data for a sample of 67 countries for which consistent data on all explanatory variables was available. The estimated results, based on a (binomial) logit model<sup>3</sup> ' of country classifications along the two axes of democracy and financial openness, are reported in Table 3. The results indicate that 31 We obtained the maximizing likelihood using _Neuton-Rapson_ algorithm We used the STATA lo* procedure after 5 iterations.

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(or is a consequence of) financial globalization. To do that, we focus on the three EM assets classes previously discussed: credit, currencies and equity.

> 13 As we do, they analyze equity, debt and FX markets in EM. They use daily data and analyze whether news emanating from the US had more or less impact comparing these two phases of the US subprime crisis.

> 14  By alphas and betas we refer to the coefficients of a simple regression of return of the EM asset on the return of a comparable market portfolio (both in excess of the risk free rate), which in turn are associated, respectively, with (diversifiable) idiosyncratic and (non diversifiable) systemic returns.

<u>10</u>
ln Market Potential (2000/1991)|3523|0.4053|0.1330|-0.4691|2.0949|
|ln Population in 1991|3,532|9.2629|0.8171|6.6214|12.9814|
|Dependency Ratio in 1991|3532|0.4840|0.0460|0.3738|0.6205|
|ln Transport Cost to São Paulo in 1968|3531|7.6962|0.7123|4.3694|9.6385|
|ln Transport Cost to State Capital in<br>1968|3531|6.3629|0.7037|3.1135|8.6910|
|ln Proportion of Elderly in 1991|3532|-2.2260|0.2566|-3.9145|-1.5332|
|Illiteracy Rate in 1991|3532|38.0138|17.5883|2.4800|87.0500|
|Urbanization Rate in 1991|3532|48.7978|20.6294|2.7639|100.0000|
|Population Density in 1991|3532|31.1089|33.0202|0.0896|522.2028|
|ln 5 to 15 over 15 to 55 years old Ratio|3,532|-0.7264|0.2329|-1.6218|-0.0354|
|Repetition Rate in 1991|3,532|4.2707|0.2125|2.3542|4.5756|
|ln Employment Rate in 1991|3532|-0.3722|0.1462|-1.2429|0.1601|
|Delta ln Education Market Potential<br>(2000/1991)|3516|0.9745|0.1732|0.0535|2.7704|
|Percentage of Good Soils|3531|0.7816|0.3179|0.0000|1.0002|
Tigray, Amhara and Oromia.<sup>4</sup> From this list, a sample of treatment mws was drawn randomly – stratified by region and Woreda – so that in each Woreda four mws were selected, resulting in a total of 72 treatment mws. Half of the 72 treatment mws were assigned to the additional video intervention. Consequently, 36 mws received the extension treatment only (in the following referred to as T1), and another 36 mws received the extension treatment plus the additional video intervention (T2). The remaining 89 mws serve as control group (C).

For the survey, complete lists of households living in the respective mws were compiled using administrative village lists of registered households. From these lists, 18 households were randomly selected in each mws; 15 to be interviewed and three as potential replacements.<sup>5</sup> Thus, in treatment mws, the proportions of non-FREG and FREG farmers in the sample should on average represent their distribution in the population. The full original sample consists of 2,416 households and is graphically depicted in Figure 1.

**Figure 1.** Diagrammatic illustration of the full sample.

_Source:_ Authors’ illustration. _Note_ : MWS stands for microwatershed, HH for household.

> 4 The list of target mws was compiled based on the criteria (i) benefiting from the Sustainable Land Management Programme and (ii) no/minimal previous exposure to soil fertility interventions.

> 5 Households were only replaced if they refused to participate in the survey or could not be found. If household members were currently unavailable, the enumerator would return at a later time for the interview.

8