rafmacalaba/data-use-mentions-extended huggingface dataset:
Meghir, C., Mobarak, A. M., Mommaerts, C., & Morten, M. (2022). Migration and Informal Insurance: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial and a Structural Model. _The Review of Economic Studies_ , _89_ (1), 452-480. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdab021 Menezes-Filho, N., Komatsu, B.K., & Rosa, J.P. (2021). Reducing Poverty and Inequality during the Coronavirus Outbreak: The Emergency Aid Transfers in Brazil. Policy Paper 54, Institute of Education and Research (Insper), Brazil.

Mileti, D. S., & Sorensen, J. H. (1990). Communication of Emergency Public Warnings: a Social Science Perspective and State of-the-Art Assessment. Federal Emergency Management Agency (No. Report ORNL-6609). Oak Ridge, TN.

Montgomery, L. E., Kiely, J. L., & Pappas, G. (1996). The Effects of Poverty, Race, and Family Structure on US Chil’ren's Health: Data from the NHIS, 1978 through 1980 and 1989 through 1991. _American Journal of Public Health_ , 86(10), 1401–1405. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.86.10.1401 Morawczynski, O., & Pickens, M. (2009). Poor People Using Mobile Financial Services : Observations on Customer Usage and Impact from M-PESA. World Bank Publications - Reports 9492. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Muttarak, R., & Lutz, W. (2014). Is Education a Key to Reducing Vulnerability to Natural Disasters and hence Unavoidable Climate Change? _Ecology and Society_ , _19_ (1). <u>https://www.jstor.org/stable/26269470</u>

- Muttarak, R., & Pothisiri, W. (2013). The role of education
demand for stocks in our sample ranges between -3.27 and -0.01, with a median of -0.34. The average elasticity is -0.67 – larger in absolute value than the median because of few stocks whose demand is much more elastic than the rest of the sample (as displayed in Figure 3). When considering the purchases occurring between the announcement and the implementation date (Column 2 in Panel B), the estimated elasticity becomes larger (in absolute value) but still close to the baseline value in Column 3. That is because most inflows materialize on the implementation date. Similarly, estimates do not change much when including also purchases by domestic investors, as very few domestic investors rebalance their portfolios in the direction of the indexes (Column 4 in Panel B).

Our results show that the demand for stocks is particularly inelastic, contrary to the prediction of traditional asset pricing models, such as the CAPM. To illustrate how our estimates relate to previous studies, we calculate the elasticity of each event using inferred flows (as opposed to actual flows) based on conventional methods from the index rebalancing literature. To be precise, we calculate the change in quantities, Equation 1, using both the total AUM benchmarked against the indexes, and the AUM of passive funds only, _i.e._ , _k_ = _{Passive, Total}_ . We combine these changes in quantities with the change in prices to obtain a range of inferred elasticities. The findings are reported in Figure 3 and Table 1, Panel B, columns 5 and 6. The key result is that our baseline elasticity – computed using actual transaction data – is much closer to the elasticity obtained under the assumption that only passive funds rebalance their portfolios in response to index recompositions. Using all AUM benchmarked against a given index tends to overestimate (in absolute value) the elasticity of stock demand curves, much more than using only passively managed assets seems to underestimate this elasticity.<sup>
in the past the actual level of taxation exceeded the optimal level (World Bank, 1994; Panagariya and Schiff, 1990) although the gap between the optimal and actual export tax may be narrowing at present. Unfortunately, the burden of taxation falls heavily on the poor as over a third of the export crop farmers who derive the majority of their revenue from cocoa are poor. And of course, there are also poor farmers who derive the majority of their income from coffee who also grow cocoa, as well as some poor food crop farmers who earn some revenue from cocoa. Even if the level of actual taxation were justified from the standpoint of maximizing CMte d'Ivoire's earnings from cocoa, it is not at all clear that the use to which the tax revenue from cocoa is put has a significant impact on poverty reduction. As Demery et al. (1995) point out, social spending is not highly progressive. And the benefits that would come from an increase in public investment spending on infrastructure may not accrue to the rural poor in the short term, to the extent that spending takes place largely in urban areas. Clearly, a reexamination of cocoa taxation policies is an essential element of a poverty reduction strategy.

Finally, the analysis of the data revealed a number of suspected biases which lead us to conclude that overall that in the short run, the results of the 1993 and 1995 surveys are probably biased in the direction of overestimating the incidence of poverty in 1995 relative to 1993. The principal sources of suspected bias are the following. First, the sampling bias in 1993 which resulted in the oversampling of less mobile households is suspected to have resulted in an underestimation of poverty in 1993 in the non-Abidjan part of the sample. Second, the procedure used to correct the consumption of home production aggregate in 1993 may have resulted in an overestimate of home production in 1993, and thus an underestimate of poverty. Third, the procedure used to calculate purchased food expenditure (declared months multiplied by monthly expenditure
sector. However, the number of procurement authorities increased by 46%, compared to only a 10% increase in the number of suppliers, suggesting a potentially more competitive procurement process. Additionally, there was an increase in the number of contracts for the median procurement authority and supplier, reflecting the growth in participating organizations.

Interestingly, we also found that the median procurement authority's total contract value increased by approximately 20 million MKD, and the median supplier's total contract value increased by 17.2 million MKD. We observe these changes along with drops in the average tie CRI from 0.49 to 0.42. These findings suggest that the construction sector may be experiencing growth and increased investment under the new government. Nevertheless, a further analysis is necessary to determine the underlying factors driving these changes and to assess their long-term impacts on the sector and the overall economy.

**Table 6: Summary of the Construction Sector Procurement and Network Statistics before and after the government change in North Macedonia.**

||**Jan 2011-May 2017**|**Jun 2017-Dec 2022**|
|---|---|---|
|**A) Procurement Statistics**|||
|**Total contract value**|~ 30 billion MKD|~ 45 billion MKD|
|**Number of procurement authorities**|571|835|
|**Number of suppliers**|1,235|1,360|
|**Median # contracts (PA)**|8|13|
|**Median # contracts (Supplier)**|3|10|
|**Median Total contract value (PA)**|~ 9 million MKD|~ 29 million MKD|
|**Median Total contract value (Supplier)**|~ 1.8 million MKD|~19 million MKD|
|**Average CRI**|0.49|0.42|
- 6 -

# **III. THE PROGRAM TO BE EVALUATED AND OUR DATA**

15. The current impact evaluation focuses on the first phase of the CFL bulb distribution program, implemented in 2009. In collaboration with EEPCO, the electricity consumption data were collected in Addis Ababa’s Bole-Kazanchis Service Area. This service center covers 13,000 customers in total; about 3,500 customers benefited from the program and received CFL bulbs (most exchanged four, as mentioned above).

16. In our sample, 2,000 customers were randomly selected from a group of CFL beneficiaries (i.e., treatment group). Another 2,000 customers were also randomly selected from a group of customers who did not benefit from the program (i.e., control group). Each customer’s monthly energy consumption and bill data were collected from January 2007 to August 2012. The sample period was intended to cover several years prior to and following implementation of the program, so that the program impact could be clearly distinguished from the trend component of the electricity demand. In our sample, 60 percent of beneficiaries received CFL bulbs in June 2009, and the rest received them in July 2009. The lengthy follow-up period allows for examination of the long-term effect of the program on people’s energy use.

17. According to engineering calculations, it is estimated that about 7.2 MW of energy could be saved by the first CFL program (Table 2). The differentials between old incandescent bulbs and new, efficient CFLs are 29W to 80W. Assuming that everything else remains constant, in theory, the demand for electricity would drop by 7.2 MW immediately after implementation of the program. This represents approximately 1 percent of EEPCO’s installed capacity. Recall that the first phase was implemented as a pilot and scaled up in the second and third phases. Under the same assumptions, the second phase is expected to reduce energy consumption by as much as 90 MW. This would
**Table 4: Episodes of “high growth”**

|Growth|**No. of**||
|---|---|---|
|rate|**episodes**|**Timeperiod***|
||6; total||
||number of||
|≥ 8|years: 9|1976, 1989, 2000, 2006–08, 2010–2011, 2016|

* Year reported as fiscal year.

**Figure 15: Many episodes of “high growth” lasted only for a year**

<!-- Start of picture text --> 11<br>10.3<br>10 9.6 9.3 9.8<br>9 9.1 8.8 9.3 8.5 8.2<br>8 7.9 7.9 7.4<br>7 7.1<br>6.6<br>6 5.9<br>6.2<br>5<br>4 4 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9<br>3<br>2<br>1.7<br>1 1.2<br>0<br>Growth before and after the Acceleration Period Average<br>T-1 T=1976 T+1 T-1 T=1989 T+1 T-1 T=2000 T+1 T-1 T=2004 T=2005 T=2006 T=2007 T=2008 T+1 T-1 T=2010 T=2011 T+1 T-1 T=2016 T+1<br><!-- End of picture text --> Note: Central Statistics Office data. Years refer to respective fiscal years.

31
# **Figure 3 Work-Intensity of Older Workers and Elderly in China**

Panel A Average Hours of Work Per Week (Unconditional on Work Status) <!-- Start of picture text --> Urban Male Urban Female<br>80 80<br>60 60<br>40 40<br>20<br>20<br>0<br>0<br>45 55 65 75<br>age 45 55 65 75<br>CHNS (1991) CHARLS (2008) CHNS (2009) CHNS (1991) CHARLS (2008) CHNS (2009)<br>Rural Male Rural Female<br>80 80<br>60 60<br>40 40<br>20 20<br>0 0<br>45 55 65 75 45 55 65 75<br>age age<br>CHNS (1991) CHARLS (2008) CHNS (2009) CHNS (1991) CHARLS (2008) CHNS (2009)<br>Lowess Plot bw=0.3<br>Working Hours<br>Working Hours<br><!-- End of picture text --> Panel B Average Hours of Work Per Week (Conditional on Working) <!-- Start of picture text --> Urban Male Urban Female<br>80 80<br>60 60<br>40 40<br>20<br>20<br>0<br>0<br>45 55 65 75<br>age 45 55 65 75<br>CHNS (1991) CHNS (2009) CHNS (1991) CHNS (2009)<br>Rural Male Rural Female<br>80 80<br>60 60<br>40 40<br>20 20<br>0 0<br>45 55 65 75 45 55 65 75<br>age age<br>CHNS (1991) CHNS (2009) CHNS (1991) CHNS (
1.3 joint trade-fiscal reform: a case study

27 tariff revenue from Rs. 15.6 billion to zero; however, total effect on revenue is a net increase of 4 percent.

The message from the simulation results reported in Table 6 is that trade taxes can be reduced without adversely affecting total government revenues by implementing domestic taxes like VAT and excise duties effectively. In fact, if tariffs are used mainly for revenue-raising purposes (that is, not used to protect domestic industries) they could simply be replaced by excise taxes. Like VAT, excise taxes do not discriminate between domestic and international sources. They also do not fall under the purview of trade agreements, so countries under pressure to cut tariffs can simply switch to excise. This would just be a semantic change in nomenclature.

There is, however, a powerful assumption behind the advocacy of a switch in tax regime from tariffs to a broad-based consumption tax, namely, that countries have the capacity to enforce a complicated system like the VAT. One of the main arguments for reliance by poor countries on tariffs has always been that they are easier and less costly to collect at fixed border points.

As postulated in section 2, we need a larger VAT base to raise the same level of revenue in the presence of an informal sector. Piggott & Whalley (2001) show that VAT expansion can reduce welfare if it encourages suppliers to go underground to evade new taxes. The presence of the informal sector, however, may not dent revenue collection to the extent that the theory suggests. This is because a substantial share of revenue in poor countries is generated from VAT on imports which is usually collected at the border together with tariffs. In the Nepali data for 2008, for every rupee collected in tariff revenue, Rs. 1.7 was collected additionally in VAT and excise duty. This point is also made by Keen (2008) that the VAT (and withholding taxes) on imports actually acts as a tax on the informal sector. While the
Denmark Japan<br>Hungary Germany Denmark Sweden Switzerland<br><!-- End of picture text -->

# **D.  Interest margins on household lending**

Sources: Bloomberg, European Central Bank (2016b), World Bank. A. B. Results from ECB’s Bank Lending Survey in April 2016. Questions start as: “Given the ECB's negative deposit facility rate, did or will this measure, either directly or indirectly, contribute to...” Net percent is calculated as the difference between the sum of responses mentioning “increased considerably” and “increased somewhat” and the sum of responses mentioning “decreased somewhat” and “decreased considerably", divided by the number of responding banks which did not reply “not applicable.” C. Last observation July 2016.

D. E. Lending margins are measured as the difference between rates applied to new household/non-financial corporation loans and a weighted average rate of rates applied to new deposits from households and non-financial corporations. F: Year-on-year growth of credit to households and non-financial corporations. Pre-Crisis stands for average period between Jan. 2003 and Dec. 2007. Pre-NIRP stands for period between Jan. 2010 and beginning of NIRP date. Post-NIRP stands for the period between the beginning of NIRP and last observation. Last observation is March 2016 for Switzerland, May 2016 for Japan, and April 2016 for the other economies.

27
br>(0.0007)|
|_Constant_|4.874***|4.986***|5.230***|5.087***|
||(0.155)|(0.173)|(0.428)|(0.166)|
|Observations|7,180|7,164|3,093|7,180|
|R-squared|0.877|0.872|0.678|0.876|

Source: OECD ICIO database. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses. _FVAX_ and _DVAR_ lagged. All level variables in natural logarithms.

Regarding forward links, we find positive and significant mediating effects of lower unit labor cost, and more flexible labor markets from GVC integration as a seller in the OECD sample (table 6, columns 3 and 4). A potential explanation is that lower labor unit costs increase the competitiveness of sellers in GVCs, while higher labor market flexibility allows sellers to react faster to the changing demands of their customers in the value chain.

Income group specific results, again, suggest that financial and labor market policies work as facilitators mainly in high-income countries, but, in summary, the results suggest that financial and labor market 25
, Jeffrey M. Davis, and Andrew M. Wolfe. 1997. "Fiscal Accounting of Bank Restructuring." IMF Policy paper no. PPAA/97/5. Washington, D.C. May.

Delargy, P. J. R., and C. Goodhard. 1999. "Financial Crises: Plus ,a change, plus c'est la meme chose". Financial Markets Group An ESRC Research Centre. Special paper no. 108. London School of Economics. January.

De Juan, Aristobulo. 1985. "Dealing with Problem Banks: The Case of Spain". Mimeo.

Drees, Burkhard and Ceyla Pazarbasioglu. 1998. "The Nordic Banking Crisis. Pitfalls in Financial Liberalization?". IMF. _Occasional Paper,_ 161. Washington, D.C.

Dziobeck, Claudia and Ceyla Pazarbasioglu. 1997. "Lessons from Systemic Bank Restructuring: A Survey of 24 Countries", IMF. _Working Paper,_ 161. Washington, D. C.

FDIC "Managing the crisis: the FDIC and the RTC Experience". Washington D.C.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). 1995. "Final report on the FDIC/RTC Transition". Submitted to the Committee on Banking and Financial Services U.S. House of Representatives and the Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs U.S. Senate. December **29 th** Washington D.C.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). 1997. Division of Resolutions and Receiverships. "Resolution Handbook: Methods for resolving Troubled Financial Institutions in the United States". Washington, D.C.

Financial Markets Trends. 1995. "National Financial Markets: Finland". February.

Fondo de Garantia de Depositos en Establecimientos Bancarios. 1984 (-1998). _Memoria Correspondiente al Ejercicio 1983 (-1997)._ Madrid.

Garcia, Gillian 1997. "A Framework for Analysis and Assessment", in: William E. Alexander, Jeffrey M. Davis, Liam P
the midline survey (July–September 2011) and zero otherwise, and

> 9Data on protective footwear were only collected for children aged 0–18, data on anthropometrics for children aged 0–5, and data on ordinary activities for those aged 60 and over. Individuals sick in the last month were asked to report the primary health provider and payment method for their main health problem.

> 10Insurance expenditure data are unfortunately not further disaggregated by type of insurance.

9
need and desire to enforce property rights through private militias--despite the problematic historical precedents.<sup>15</sup>

# **3. Data, econometric approach, and descriptive statistics**

Country as well as cross-country level data on large scale land acquisition suggests that the phenomenon has reached large proportions. Press reports provide a consistent source of information that can be drawn upon to analyze the drivers of the phenomenon. We argue that a Poisson model is the most appropriate structure to econometrically explore the determinants of investment demand as well as of projects with actual production, and discuss descriptive statistics for key independent variables.

# **3.1 Recent trends in large-scale land deals**

Official data on land deals from registries would, in principle, provide the best source of information on the phenomenon (at least for signed deals). However, efforts to obtain such data even for a subset of countries illustrate that, partly because of institutional weaknesses, such information is remarkably difficult to obtain (Deininger _et al._ 2011a). In 6 countries where reasonably reliable information could be

> other institutional contexts (Fauvarque-Cosson and Kerhuel 2009).

> 15 For an interesting perspective on this, see the story of Jarch capital in Southern Sudan as reported in various media (e.g. Funk, 2010).

9
find no evidence of this using data for Argentina, Chile, and Mexico during the 1980s and 1990s.<sup>5</sup> The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the data, and in particular our measures of bank internationalization. Section 3 presents the results on the impact of bank internationalization on the interest market discipline by depositors through banks’ funding costs and deposit growth rates. Section 4 concludes.

# **2. The data**

In this paper, we examine an international sample of 898 banks located in 83 countries for the period 1999-2009. Income statement and balance sheet information on individual banks is taken from the Bankscope database.<sup>6</sup> In addition, Bankscope provides a bank’s significant shareholdings in other banks, if any. Using this information, we can match owning banks with directly owned banks. To ensure data quality, we only include owning banks that report some ownership data in a given year and are publicly listed. In addition, we require the owning bank to have a consolidated balance sheet in Bankscope so that we are able to measure the size of owned banks relative to the size of the consolidated owning bank.

In this paper, we are interested in seeing whether international banks can rely relatively less on the financial safety net in their countries of operation. For this purpose, we construct

> 5 Several studies examine whether a bank’s size reduces market discipline, as a large bank may be deemed too big to fail. Kane (2000) considers US bank mergers, finding that stockholders of large-bank acquirers have gained value when a deposit institution target is large and even more value when a deposit institution target was previously headquartered in the same state. Benston, Hunter and Wall (1995) similarly find that bank mergers and acquisitions are in part motivated by enhancing the deposit insurance put option. Penas and Unal (2004) consider the returns to bond holders around US bank mergers, finding that adjusted returns on
regions in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 7 of 14 are among the most vulnerable third. The Morazan department scores 33.7 on the index and ranks 47 out of 248, followed by the Cabanas region ranking 59 out of 248, and La Union ranking 62 out of 248.

**Since 2012, there have been slight improvements in El Salvador's capacity to cope with the variety of hazards faced; still, it ranks only 82 out of 192 with respect to its coping capacity on the 2021 INFORM index (DRMKC, 2021).** El Salvador scores 4.6 out of 10 on the 2021 INFORM Index on lack of coping capacity, similar to Peru or South Africa (DRMKC, 2021).<sup>7</sup> This same index was 5.2 in 2012. The lack of coping capacity is to a larger extent driven by institutional factors rather than factors related to inadequate infrastructure. While the institutional risk index is 5.8, the infrastructure risk index is only 3.2. On the other hand, the institutional risk index is mainly driven by a high governance risk index. El Salvador scores 6.3 on the governance risk index. This value is similar to the Arab Republic of Egypt, Mexico, or the Dominican Republic. Consequently, there is still room for institutional improvements to encounter the challenges created by climate change and natural hazards.

**Given the multiple vulnerabilities faced by its population, understanding vulnerability to poverty can bring essential insights to policy makers in El Salvador.** The country context and institutional setting of El Salvador demonstrates that studying vulnerability is highly relevant in this case. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper creating a probabilistic vulnerability measure in El Salvador. Consequently, our paper makes a valuable contribution to the country's poverty agenda.

# **3. Vulnerability to Poverty – Definition and Current State of the Literature**

**Understanding vulnerability to poverty helps to understand the