rafmacalaba/data-use-mentions-extended huggingface dataset:
>6 ZAF<br>5 ISL LUX POL<br>4 PRTISRBRACRI INDGRCJPN ESPDEU COL ARG<br>321 CYP GBRRUSROU CANESTDNKUSANORSWEFINBELMLTAUSBGRSVNLTUFRANLD NZLITALVACHEHRVAUTKORSVKIDN HUN MEXTUR<br>CHL CZE<br>0<br>CHN<br>-1<br>-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br>Manufacturing, 1995-2018 (CAGR)<br>EAP ECA LAC MENA NA<br>SA SSA All y=x Linear (y=x)<br>Business services, 1995-2018 (CAGR)<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: Own computations. Data: OECD TiE data. Note: The country sample covers 38 OECD countries plus 13 non-OECD countries. The orange line indicates the y=x line. CAGR = Compound annualized growth rate.

This trend is also visible at the detailed sector level, with emerging countries expanding more jobs sustained by manufacturing exports and high-income countries creating more jobs linked to business services exports. The top 15 expanding sectors between 1995 and 2018 in terms of jobs in exports (in % change) for low- and middle- versus high-income countries (as per their 1995 income categories) reflects the stronger role of manufacturing for the first group and the stronger role of business services for the latter group (Figure 12). In emerging countries, most jobs sustained by manufacturing exports were created in computer and electronics, whole and retail trade, machinery and equipment, electrical equipment and motor vehicles (left panel). In high-income countries, job creation was strongest in exports of administrative, professional, IT and financial and insurance services (right panel).

The highest job losses in high-income countries are related to manufacturing exports, while emerging markets experienced their largest declines in labor-intensive jobs linked to services, manufacturing and 15
, Viet Hung Packaging Company Ltd (corrugated paper packaging) and Nam A Company Ltd (packaging). The prominence of packing companies mentioned here is no accident. Packaging is one of the lowest value added inputs to any manufacturing operation. Fifty-three of Samsung’s suppliers are from Korea, seven are from Japan, one is from Malaysia, one is from Singapore and one is from the United Kingdom.<sup>13</sup> Thus, while the TiVA data states that 37 percent of the value of production for export is domestic, most of that accrues to global suppliers in Vietnam, with Vietnamese suppliers making up a negligible portion of total local content.

Efforts to increase local content by local firms have largely failed. Last year, the Ministry of Industry and Trade announced that Samsung would source 91 parts for the Galaxy S4 and 53 parts for tablets from local suppliers. Targeted components included relatively simple parts: batteries, earphones, USB storage devices, insulation tape and parts of data transmission cables among others. Samsung held a workshop with the Vietnamese government and 200 local firms to

> 12 Bloomberg News article available from <u>http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-11-07/vietnam-luringtech-companies-narrows-trade-gap-southeast-asia.html.</u>

> 13 Details on Saumsung’s supplier network in Vietnam in Viet Nam News: <u>http://vietnamnews.vn/economy/261534/samsung-chooses-few-vietnamese-suppliers.html</u> and <u>http://vietnamnews.vn/economy/264165/local-firms-to-make-144-samsung-components.html.</u>

15
Area estimates indicate although climate change is likely to increase inundation depth in about half of the country, the inundation depth increases are less than 15 cm for most areas. Increases in inundation depths larger than 15 cm are likely to occur in only 544 sq km or less than 0.5% of Bangladesh. (See Table 4.) Current spatial distribution of infrastructure provided the starting point for identifying infrastructure that are likely to be exposed to additional inundation risk due to climate change in 2050. The best available spatially-disaggregated maps and data for these assets have been acquired from various public sources including Bangladesh Railways, Bangladesh Water Development Board, Local Government Engineering Department, Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS), Public Works Department, Roads and Highways Department, Water Resources Planning Organization and the World Bank. The stock of infrastructure in 2050 is projected by applying expected changes<sup>23</sup> in the Bangladesh economy uniformly across the country. The additional inundation exposure risk zones due to climate change are overlaid on the infrastructure map using GIS software to determine the assets exposed to additional inundation risk.

The infrastructure stock exposed in each inundation risk zone for drainage structures, e.g. culverts is a count of the number of assets located in that risk zone. For assets with a large spatial extent (e.g., roads, railways and embankments) the exposure estimate is measured by the spatial extent of the assets, in kilometers.

# <u>Roads</u>

All national and regional roads in Bangladesh were designed to be built above the highest flood level with a return period of 50 years, and feeder roads were designed above normal flood levels (Siddiqui and Hossain 2006). Still, these standards were not sufficient to prevent large losses in road infrastructure during recent major floods. For example, road damages accounted for 15% of the total damages or about 0.7% of GDP during the 1998 flood (Islam and Mechler 2007).

> 23 These include
Table 1. Employment and employment formality by firm type**

||**Percentage**<br>**of emp.**|**No. of emp.**<br>**in millions**|**Percentage**<br>**w/ soc. ins.**|
|---|---|---|---|
|**Public sector**|24|5.9|82|
|**Private agriculture**|19|4.6|2|
|**Non-ag. private outside est.**|24|5.9|8|
|**Non-ag private in est. 1-24**|22|5.3|12|
|**Non-ag private in est. 25+**|11|2.8|52|
|**Total**|100|24.4|31|

Source: Authors’ calculations based on ELMPS 2018 10
# 7. References

- Brandt, Loren, Gueorgui Kambourov, and Kjetil Storesletten. 2020. “Barriers to Entry and Regional Economic Growth in China,” CEPR Press Discussion Paper No. 14965. <u>https://cepr.org/publications/dp14965</u>

- Beuselinck, Christof, Lihong Cao, Marc Deloof, and Xinping Xia. 2017. “The Value of Government Ownership During the Global Financial Crisis,” _Journal of Corporate Finance_ 42(February):481493.

- Cerdeiro, Diego A. and Cian Ruane. 2022. “China’s Declining Business Dynamism,” IMF Working Paper WP/22/32, International Monetary Fund.

- Dall’Olio, Andrea Mario, Tanja K. Goodwin, Martha Martinez Licetti, Ana Cristina Alonso Soria, Maciej Adam Drozd, Jan Alexander Kazimierz Orlowski, Fausto Andres Patino Pena, Dennis Sanchez Navarro. 2022(a). “Are All State-Owned Enterprises Equal? A Taxonomy of Economic Activities to Assess SOE Presence in the Economy.” Policy Research working paper No. WPS 10262, Washington, D.C.: World Bank

- Dall’Olio, Andrea; Goodwin, Tanja; Martinez Licetti, Martha; Orlowski, Jan; Patiño Peña, Fausto; Ratsimbazafy, Francis; Sanchez-Navarro, Dennis. 2022(b). “Using ORBIS to Build a Global Database of Firms with State Participation.” Policy Research Working Papers;10261. World Bank: Washington, DC.

- EBRD (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development). 2020. “Life in Transition Survey, Transition - -

- Report 2020-2021: The State Strike Back”, <u>https://www.ebrd.com/publications/transition report 202021.</u>

- EC (European Commission). 2015. “Macroeconomic imbalances Country Report – Romania 2015,” Occasional Papers 223. Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs,

- EC (European Commission).  (2020), European Semester Country Report Romania 2020
. Price monitoring dates back to early/mid 2000s in most countries, while in few countries monitoring began already in the 1990s.

The number of markets varies strongly by country, ranging from 1 to well over a 100. The methods developed by the paper are particularly interesting when there are multiple markets, as otherwise, official CPI data may provide sufficient, if not better, insight. The goods for which prices are collected, and the manner in which these prices are measured, in turn vary widely across markets and may change over time. For example, prices of some goods are collected at the retail level in some markets, while for others they are collected at the wholesale level and include discounts typical for large purchases. Generally, prices are measured in nominal local currency per unit of commodity (e.g. Shillings per 10 kg of maize), but in some countries USD quotes on selected goods may exist alongside

> 5With the publication of the paper, new monthly food price estimates by product and market using the methods and data described in this paper, will be made available on the World Bank Microdata Library. They can be viewed and downloaded at https://doi.org/10.48529/2ZH0-JF55 or, currently, https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/4218. The citation is Andr ́ee (2021).

> 6There are also country-specific data gathered by FSNAU (Somalia) and CLiMIS (South Sudan). More recently, the International Food Policy Research Institute has piloted gathering high frequency prices in several countries.

> 7For instance, estimates have also been developed for Papua New Guinea in collaboration with IFPRI in a separate pilot project. Results can be requested from the author.
in the wage worker species (7.3 percent)<sup>12</sup> . On the other hand, the wage worker species is more likely to transition into wage work during the following quarters, compared to the formal business owner species. A sizable fraction of each species also ends up not being employed at all during the following quarters. Overall, the transition patterns are consistent with the species classification. Compared to the wage worker species, individuals in the formal business owner species are more likely to remain informal business owners or become formal business owners, as opposed to becoming wage workers or not employed.

As mentioned above, Bruhn (2008 and 2011) performs various tests that suggest that the identification strategy used to measure the effects of SARE is valid. Table 5 contains additional tests for the sample of informal business owners. Columns 1 and 2 display the results from taking only pre-reform data and running a regression of each occupation dummy on a variable that indicates in which quarter the municipality implemented the reform. The coefficients show that pre-reform transition probabilities are, for the most part, not statistically significantly correlated with the quarter of implementation. The only exception here is that, in the pre-reform period, individuals in the formal business owner species were more likely to remain informal business owners during the following quarters in municipalities that implemented the reform later rather than earlier. This correlation is only statistically significant at the 10 percent level.

Columns 3 and 4 test the parallel trends identification assumption more directly. They show the coefficients from a regression of each occupation dummy variable in the pre-reform period on a time trend, the quarter of implementation variable, and the interaction of the two (scaled by 100). None of the coefficients on the interaction terms are statistically significant, indicating that transition probabilities in the pre-reform period did not display time trends that varied systematically with the quarter of reform implementation.

# **5. Results**

Table 6 presents the estimated impacts of SARE on the occupational choices of informal business owners
fact, generally allows for the violation of the exclusion restriction to occur

> 28 Social protection spending is defined in the China City Statistical Yearbooks as being composed of social security benefits, employment subsidies, and unemployment grants. 29 This result is consistent with the fact that migrant workers generally have no access to other social welfare benefits—which are closely tied with residence status—such as social security, housing, transportation, and medical benefits (Wang and Zuo, 1999; Wong et al., 2007; Song et al., 2008; World Bank and DRC, 2014).

19
(constant 2010 IDR) East Nusa Tenggara Maluku West Nusa Tenggara West Sulawesi Bengkulu Gorontalo Nangroe Aceh Darussalam West Kalimantan Lampung Central Java DI Yogjakarta West Sumatera West Java South Kalimantan Bali North Maluku North Sulawesi North Sumatera Southeast Sulawesi Bangka-Belitung South Sulawesi Central Kalimantan Banten South Sumatera East Java Jambi Papua Central Sulawesi West Papua Riau Kep Riau North Kalimantan East Kalimantan DKI Jakarta<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: Author’s calculations using BPS and Sakernas data

> 5 In comparison, the national statistics office of Indonesia ( _Badan Pusat Statistik,_ BPS) defines formal employment based on a matrix of occupation and job status. See Wihardja and Cunningham (2021) for details on both the BPS and ICLS-17 definitions of formal employment.

> 6 Following ICLS-17, a formally employed worker is defined as: (1) a self-employed individual, or an employer assisted by temporary, unpaid, or permanent workers in a formal production unit, OR (2) an employee or casual worker who receives at least one social benefit and paid leave, OR (3) an employee or causal worker who receives neither social benefits nor paid leave but has a permanent contract. See Wihardja and Cunningham (2021) for details on both the BPS and ICLS-17 definitions of informal employment.

6
data. GDP per capita figures and inflation rates are taken from International Financial Statistics (IFS) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). As a proxy for the quality and enforcement of the legal system of a country we have collected figures from the Law and Order index of the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG), published by Political Risk Service. The Law and Order index ranges from 0 to 6, with a higher figures indicating a higher quality or less risk. Law and Order are assessed separately, with each sub-component comprising zero to three points. The Law sub-component is an assessment of the strength and impartiality of the legal 11
are the unit of observations and most studies include some regional dimension (more frequently administrative areas). Where longitudinal or panel data are available time is also included. Other choices for unit of observations include skills or education level, various types of population groups (based on gender, age etc.), and, in a few cases, economic sectors, industry or labor market segments. The use of fixed effects varies. Some papers use the full set of parameters depicting units of observation (for example, household, region and time fixed effects in equations where the unit of observation is constructed using household, region and time). Other papers use subsets of these parameters whereas other papers introduce variables that are not used to identify the unit of observation. Very few papers provide explanations for these choices and there is no clear common approach to this choice. There are also only a handful of papers that discuss estimations of the error term and choices made in this regard.

The two prevalent evaluation methods used by these studies are Differences-in Difference (DD) methods and linear elasticities models. In the first case, the variable of interest ( _FD_ ) is a discrete status variable (generally a pre/post- treated/non-treated interaction term) and the coefficient of interest measures the impact on outcomes in the presence or absence of displaced people. In the second case, the model is typically in log form and is based on a shock variable that measures the intensity of the shock such as the number or share of refugees per geographical unit. In this case, the coefficient measures the elasticity of outcomes to the intensity of displacement. A few papers conduct simple differences illustrating results graphically or in tabular form. A few papers use ordinary matching methods (Alix-Garcia and Bartlett 2015, Aydemir and Kirdar 2018, Murard and Sakalli 2017; Mayda et al. 2017) and three papers use Synthetic Matching Methods (Peri and Yasenov 2017; Borjas 2017; Makela 2017). We could not find any paper using a discontinuity design.
.01|(1.00)|1,321|

**_Notes_** :

- The table shows the regression results on pre-specified main outcomes using the 2022 neighbor survey data _and_ 2021 refugee survey data. Each row is its own dependent variable.

- This table reports estimates from the assimilation gap specification described in the pre-analysis plan amendment, which reports the degree to which treatment reduced the gap between Syrian refugees on 4/5 of the primary outcomes. Regrettably, housing quality is excluded due to data collection errors in the field.

- Housing expenditure includes total monthly rent payment, mortgage payment, and home upgrade costs, converted to USD PPP, then divided by household size. Log total consumption is the sum of the monetary value of goods consumed by households through purchase, gift and barter, excluding housing costs, converted to annual USD PPP, then divided by household size. Goods include food consumption, non-food consumption and durables purchases. CESD score is a standardized version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scores which measures depressive symptoms. 10 questions are scaled and summed according to the scoring guidelines, then standardized with respect to the control group. An increase corresponds to an increase in the CESD score which indicates increased symptoms of depression. Child strengths and difficulties is scored and summed according to the guidelines, then standardized with respect to the control group. An increase corresponds to an increase in the SDQ score, which indicates increased difficulties.

- The regressions also have enumerator fixed effects, community-level controls (Irbid/Mafraq governorate and population quartile), refugee household-level controls (shelter program, baseline number of children, baseline number of children plus adults), the Marlowe–Crowne scale, and respondent gender, education, and age. In the parentheses are robust standard errors clustered at the locality level. Statistical significance represented by * (10%), ** (5%), and *** (1%). Q-values are calculated per Anderson (2008) and correspond to Family 2
# **_5.2 Institutional Features_**

Recent theoretical contributions have emphasized the important effects that institutional features of the school system can play in determining educational performance, because they determine the incentives that the involved actors have to further student learning (cf. Bishop and Wößmann 2004 and the references therein). Furthermore, evidence based on the crosscountry variation in student performance shows that institutional effects matter empirically (e.g., Wößmann 2002, 2003; Fuchs and Wößmann 2004a, 2004b). However, most of the institutional features generally do not vary substantially within school systems, but only between countries. Empirically, institutional effects should therefore mainly be an issue in cross-country rather than within-country research. That is, altered institutional set-ups of their school systems could potentially shift countries onto production functions that are substantially different in terms of overall efficiency.

As is apparent from Table 2, the PIRLS background data reveal that a few institutional features do also vary within some of the considered school systems. Unfortunately, PIRLS does not provide data on such institutional features as the private or public operation or financing of individual schools, nor on decentralization and school autonomy on budgets, personnel and process decisions.<sup>15</sup> But there is data on testing policies and curriculum determination, as well as on ability-based class formation and on how long primary students stay with the same teacher. While these institutional features seem much more important on a cross-country perspective (cf. Fuchs and Wößmann 2004b for the importance of institutional effects in cross-country PIRLS evidence), it seem worth including them also in the withincountry analyses presented here.

Teachers’ method to monitor students’ progress, in terms of use of classroom tests or centralized examinations, are not statistically significant related to reading performance in Argentina and Colombia, as well as within most other considered countries.<sup>16</sup> In Argentina, as well as in Turkey, students in schools whose curriculum is strongly influenced by the national or regional curriculum perform statistically significantly better
sources_ At this point it might be useful to digress and compare the findings based on these (generally) nationally representative household surveys to those reported in standard crosscountry tables. Table 4 reports the primary net enrollment rate for girls as derived from the DHS

> " In a subsequent section, the properties of the entire "attainment profile" of this cohort are investigated. **12** Filmer, King, and Pritchett (1998) and Filmer and Pritchett (1999b) disaggregate the data within India and find substantial heterogeneity across the different states.

12
every school, who were tested in 2001 as part of an independent study and were then retested in 2002 to form a panel.

To supplement these data, we also collected information for 540 households matched to a sub-sample of 34 schools identified as "remote" using GIS mapping tools (defined as schools where the closest neighboring school was at least 5 kilometers away). From these schools, the closest village was chosen and 15 households were randomly chosen from households with at least one child of school-going age. The restriction of the household survey sample to 34 remote

> 14 This contrasts with the early experience in Uganda (Reinnika and Svensson 2004).

> 15 The initial sample contained 182 schools, although 2 yielded only incomplete information, 5 were private schools not covered in this paper and 3 could not be matched to the test scores data from the Examination Council of Zambia.

11
is needed. This is because it relies on voluntary action (i.e., people decide whether to change their behavior). Consequently, as stated by the theory of coinciding interest, this instrument can perform well only when the desired actions are both in the private interest of the economic agents and in the public interest of the regulator (Vedung and van der Doelen, 1998).

# **_2.2 Information Policy and Willingness to Pay for Environmentally Friendly Products_**

Because individuals consider relevant available information in their decision-making process, information is one of the determinants of an individual’s reservation price. There is a vast literature analyzing the effects of information provision on individuals’ willingness to pay for consumption goods in several domains. For instance, Oparinde et al. (2016) estimate the effect of nutrition information campaigns and the nature of planting material delivery institutions on consumer demand for biofortified yellow cassava varieties in two states of Nigeria. Consumer demand was estimated using the BDM mechanism. Results indicate that nutrition information results in a large and significant price premium in both states, whereas the nature of the delivery institution has no significant effect. In the health domain, Rousu et al. (2011) estimate the value of counter-marketing information aimed at countering tobacco company claims about the health benefits of reduced-risk cigarettes. By using data from experimental auctions, the authors find no effect of counter-marketing information on smokers’ purchasing behavior when individuals are not exposed to marketing information. However, for individuals who are presented with both tobacco company information and counter-marketing information, there is a significant average value per smoker of 8.5 cents per pack. Similarly, Monchuk et al. (2003) find that consumers who are presented with even a small amount of information are more likely to prefer low-nicotine cigarettes. This effect is especially important for individuals who want to quit smoking, compared with hard-core smokers.

As for the demand for environmentally friendly products, Bougherara and Combris (2009) investigate whether information about an eco-labeled product (i