rafmacalaba/data-use-mentions-extended huggingface dataset:
629|472|678|521|553|426|
|r2_w|0.238|0.352|||||||
|r2_b|0.104|0.079|||||||
|r2_o|0.096|0.079|||||||
|rho|0.640|0.681|||||||

Notes: This table reports panel regressions with individual firm fixed effects for the Georgia COV-ES data. Size information used as the interaction terms is taken from the total number of full-time equivalent workers in the baseline ES. Columns 3 through 8 report marginal effects from logistic regressions. Sampling weights from the ES are used. Standard errors are shown in parenthesis. All standard errors are clustered at survey strata, and *, **, *** denotes the significance level at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. See Section 6 for more details.

55
Neonatal Asphyxia A mother gives birth. The newborn is not crying. The newborn fails to establish regular breathing and appears pale and slightly blue.

There are a number of ways of scoring performance in patient case simulations, or vignettes. In this study we focus on diagnostic and treatment accuracy. We identified the lowest common denominators across the country-specific protocols to define comparable criteria across countries. This methodological choice implies that knowledge is assessed at a lower standard than more stringent WHO protocols.

The medical vignettes are used to measure clinic knowledge. That is, a health worker’s clinical vignette performance is not a measure of quality of care per se. It does, however, represent a good measure of the quality care which the provider can deliver, assuming he/she has access to relevant medical infrastructure. There are alternative methods to test for clinical knowledge and performance, including direct observation of real patient consultations and the use of standardized patients. Observation of real patient consultations, like vignettes, may be subject to observer effects (also referred to as Hawthorne effects). A study in the U.S. finds that the quality score derived using data from vignettes was similar to the quality score with standardized patients (i.e., trained actors who make unannounced visits to the clinic), but a study in India shows large gaps between vignettes and actual practice with standardized patients.<sup>7,8</sup> A study using data collected from 104 medical providers in northern Tanzania find that item by item, vignettes and direct observation produced identical results 63% of the time.<sup>8</sup> Aggregate scores derived from vignettes tend to be higher than scores from direct clinical observation, suggesting that knowledge measured using vignettes should be interpreted as an upper-bound of what providers could do; i.e., the vignettes measure what the medical provider knows, but not necessarily whether the provider applies this knowledge in practice.<sup>9,10</sup> The main
three waves of GHS data (2010/11,2015/16, and 2018/19).

Lastly, we test the robustness of the results to using different methods to map the growth rates in sectoral GDP to the 2018/19 NLSS. In the main results, the mapping of households to sectors is based only on information about the household head’s employment sector. To check whether the results are sensitive to this particular micro-macro mapping approach, we use the sector of employment of (1) the oldest working household member or (2) the household member closest to 40 in age as alternative variables to map the household data to the sectoral GDP series. This has virtually no impact on the results (see Figure 7 in the Appendix).

19
the current demand in the labor market, where the fasted growing needs are in the services sector. The total cost of RFFSA's training program was estimated at about $10.5 million. An additional $2 million was needed to train the company's residual staff.

# **(d)Outplacement** Assistance **Program**

The staff reduction program also provided job search assistance to those employees leaving the company, including resumes preparation and the provision of information on employment opportunities. Employees also were assisted with addressing problems concerning the negotiation of new employment contracts. A similar type of assistance was offered to those trying to start their own business or create cooperatives. Employees leaving the company were not required to attend training classes to benefit from this service. RFFSA created a data bank which indicated all workers who had left the company under the program and those firms potentially interested in their professional skills. This service was made available to participating employees for a period of up to eight months after training. Specialized firms with representation in all Regional Areas were hired to provide this service.
|
|**ongovernment bondyields**|||||
|This study|-11.8 to -8.2|IMF, OECD, EC, EIU|11 AEs and 14 EMs|Foreign Private|
|This study|-17.9 to -14.5|IMF, OECD, EC, EIU|11 AEs and 14 EMs|Foreign Offcial|
|Arslanalp and Poghosyan(2016)|-11.5 to -6.9|IMF|22 AEs|Foreign Private|
|Arslanalp and Poghosyan(2016)|-6.9 to -5.5|IMF|22 AEs|Foreign Offcial|
|Ebeke and Lu (2015)|-10.6 to -6.5|Actual data|13 EMs|Foreign|
|**(3) Estimated tipping points**|Threshold value of debt|Forecast data|Countries|Investor type|
|**for the impact of the increase in**|to GDP ratio||||
|**foreign investors**|||||
|This study (Baseline)|59 percent (Expected gross public debt)<br>when the share of foreign investors is 30 percent<br>91 percent (Expected gross public debt)|IMF, OECD, EC, EIU<br>IMF, OECD, EC, EIU|11 AEs and 14 EMs<br>11 AEs and 14 EMs|Foreign Private<br>Foreign Private|
||when the share of foreign investors is 15 percent||||
|Ebeke and Lu(2015)|90 percent (Lagged external debt)|Actual data|13 EMs|Foreign|
|Ebeke and Lu (2015)|21.5percent(Lagged short-term debt)|Actual data|13 EMs|Foreign|
|Notes: AEs=advanced economies<br>and EMs=emerging markets.|||||
and IT services. The data follow a complex survey design, with stratification defined by firm size,<sup>18</sup> sector, and location; the surveys carry sampling weights and, so, they are nationally representative of a substantial portion of the private sector economy.<sup>19</sup> The surveys use a standardized instrument and are conducted on an economy-by-economy basis, though they are frequently implemented in multi-economy roll-outs. We include all data from the most recent implementation of the surveys, conducted from 2018 through early 2020. Importantly, the surveys all include common variables that provide clear measures of interactions with public officials and a number of firm-level characteristics, including experiences of the broader business environment. Full details on the various means of political access (items) and other variables of interest are included below.

# **3.1 Items: The Political Interactions of Firms**

## _<u>Political connections</u>_

As noted above, we place specific importance on direct political connections. While a broad literature in both economics and political science has considered political connections directly, the definition of these connections varies substantially. One direct definition is if a politician holds a managerial or decisionmaking position in a firm (e.g. Faccio (2006); Khwaja and Mian (2005)). This direct definition can also be extended to include corporate Boards of Directors as well (Goldman et al., 2013). Still, others have extended the definition of political connections to close relationships that require specific context. Gomez et al. (1999), followed by Johnson and Mitton (2003), rely on a listing of firms with friendships and close ties to a handful of top leaders in Malaysia. Fisman (2001) uses a ‘Suharto Dependency Index’ in Indonesia. Rijkers et al. (2017) leverage a data set connecting firms to the holdings of the Ben Ali family in Tunisia. Likewise such connections can be extended to school networks
-105-

- C.G. Langoni (1974), As Causas do Crescimento Economico do Brasil, APEC, Rio.

- A. Maddison (1952), "Productivity in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States", Oxford Economic Papsrs, October.

- A. Maddison (1967), "Comparative Productivity Levels in the Developed Countries", Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review, December.

- A. Maddison (1970), Economic Progress and Policy in Developing Countries, Allen and Unwin, London.

- A. Maddison (1980), "Monitoring the Labour Market", Review of IJrome and Wealth. June.

- A. Maddison (1982), Phases of Capitalist Development, Oxford.

- A. Maddi.*on (1983), "A Comparison of Levels of GDP per Capita in Deve1uped and 4eveloping Countries, 1700-1980", Journal of Economic History, March.

- A. Maddison (1987), "Growth and Slowdown in Advanced Capitalist Economies", Journal of Economic Literature, June.

- P. Marer (1985), Dollar GNPs of the USSR and Eastern Europe, World Bank, John Hopkins, Baltimore.

- R. Marris (1984), "Comparing the Incomes of Nations", Journal of Economic Literature, March.

- G.J.A. Mensink (1966), Comparisons of Labour Productivity in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, 19:8, CBS, The Hague, January (Statistical Studies, no. 18).

- T.W. Merrick and D.H. Graham (1979), Population and Economic Development in Brazil, John Hopkins, Baltimore.

- F.C. Mills (1932), Economic Tendencies in the United States: Aspects of PreWar and Post-War Changes, NBER, New York.

- J.C. Musgrave (1986), "Fixed Reproducible Tangible Wealth in the United States: Revised Estimates", Survey of Current Business, January.

- J.
0.0161|.<br>-0.1416|.<br>0.7578|.<br>0.0099||
|<br>In-kind benefits education tertiary (Per capita)|0.0192|0.2901|0.3261|-0.0007||
|In-kind benefits education young & adult education (Per capita)|0.0024|-0.2043|0.8205|0.0015||
|<br>Net education transfers|0.0871|-0.1029|0.7191|0.0503||

_Source: authors’ estimations based on surveys PNAD‐C, POF, and PNS, and admin data from the Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health, and Government Open Data Portal. Notes:_<sup>_+_</sup> _Information presented with respect to original income_ 48
Policy Research Working Paper 11015

# **Abstract**

The availability of weather data from remotely sensed Earth observation data has reduced the cost of including weather variables in econometric models. Weather variables are common instrumental variables used to predict economic outcomes and serve as an input in modeling crop yields for rainfed agriculture. The use of Earth observation data in econometric applications has only recently been met with critical assessment of the suitability and quality of these data in economics. This paper quantifies the significance and magnitude of the effect of measurement error in Earth observation data in the context of smallholder agricultural productivity. The paper shows that different Earth observation sources use different measurement methods. The findings are not robust to the choice of Earth observation dataset, and the outcomes are not simply affine transformations of one another. Thus, the paper suggests that researchers should exercise caution in using these data and include robustness checks that test alternative sources of Earth observation data.

This paper is a product of the Development Data Group, Development Economics. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at jdmichler@email.arizona.edu or tkilic@worldbank.org.

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent._ Produced by the
5 a similar result is obtained by interacting the election variable with the corruption index (negative and significant sign), and in column 6, we combine the interaction between the existence of a regulator and the corruption index with that of the election variable with the corruption index, and still obtain the same results for both.

Overall the results in Table 9 give additional evidence of the fact that strong regulatory mechanisms are specially important when the institutional quality is low. In this context, experienced and independent regulators are likely to act as barriers against political opportunism.

## 3.6 Robustness Checks

In our model, government-led renegotiations are both Pareto improving and rent shifting ones. Empirically, our sample contains a small number of renegotiations that are considered to be the result of a joint call. As discussed in GLS, this may both reflect the fact that the renegotiation was desired by both parties or that there was not a clear case to attribute the call, as with some Mexican road projects. In any case, it can be argued that joint calls are close in nature to Pareto improving government calls, so Table 10 (see Appendix) presents robustness checks using as a dependent variable the dummy variable indicating whether there is a renegotiation initiated by the government or by both parties. Overall, the main results are unchanged. Some noticeable include:

- The marginal effect of private financing is stronger and up to 10%.

- The significance of the lagged election variable is reinforced. In this case, it is significant at the 1 or 5% level in all cases and its marginal effect is around 2%.

- The existence of a bidding process becomes weakly significant (positive and significant at 10% level with a marginal effect near 3%).

# 4 Conclusion and Policy Implications

We have built a model of renegotiation of concession contracts in which the principal, the government, initiates both Pareto improving and rent-shifting renegotiations. Moreover, we have tested its predictions with a sample of 307 Latin American transport and water concessions in
|fiscal|4.31|-<br>70.44||
|decentralization'|(0.74)|(|(1.37)|
|fiscal<br>dtliti<sup>2</sup><br>fiscal|-0.03......<br>_05_<br>-0.0003|1 6X<br>0 0001~.....|1<br>Z<br>...... 0fO..............|
|ecenrazaon|_(-._|(o|<br>(-|
|decentralization<sup>3</sup>|(-0.47)|(.1 .16)...||
|R-squared|0.72|0.85|0.81|
|Observations|261|261|261|

Fiscal decentralization measured separately as the percentage local government contribution to construction, maintenance, administration, and road provision in general in the first, second and third order respectively.

Shaded portions significant at 90% level of confidence.

* significant at 85% level of confidence.

** significant at the 80% level of confidence.

24
security contributions. Source: OECD Economic Surveys: Greece. August, 2011.

Where high tax rates in GPS are resulting in a relatively low share of revenues in taxes, improving collection, reducing exemptions, or increasing the base would help. Table 7 shows a measure of efficiency in tax collection, comparing tax revenues that would be obtained from application of statutory tax rates and actual collection rates. The most “efficient” is Ireland, followed by Portugal and Spain. With relatively lower statutory income tax rates, Ireland has higher corporate income taxes relative to GDP than either Spain or Greece. While tax rates have risen, tax revenues in real terms have not risen relative to 2007 in any country, being 78%, 88%, 96% and 80% of their 2007 levels respectively in GIPS. Only in 2014 is an upward movement visible, save in Greece. Figure 10 shows the relative importance of social security taxes, corporate taxes and VAT for GIPS.

_<u>Composition affects “success” in the long term.</u>_ A line of research related to the longer run impact of fiscal consolidation asks if the composition of the adjustment package (Giavazzi and Pagano, 1990, Alesina and Ardegna 1998) stabilizes or reduces the debt ratio. Alesina and Perotti (1995) and Alesina et al (1998) find that fiscal consolidations are more likely to stabilize the debt/GDP ratio when the budget improvement occurs through cuts in public wages and transfers. They explain that cutting these items affects expectations: government’s efforts become more credible, signaling a regime shift. Large spending

> investors and the availability of generous mortgage tax relief all further influenced an increase in demand and hence prices. (Drudy and Collins, 2011).

> 37 Note that the tax wedge on labor stands at over 40% for GPS compared to 28% for Ireland.

> 38 Total taxes less cash benefits at the average wage, no child. IPS are much lower for married couples with children.
2.71|2.63|-0.05|0.02|0.07|
||(0.21)|(0.17)|(0.10)|(0.27)|(0.23)|(0.20)|
|Grows main crop (1=yes)|0.99|1.00|1.00|-0.01|-0.01|0.00|
||(0.01)|(0.00)|(0.00)|(0.01)|(0.01)|(0.00)|
|N|94|106|200|200|294|306|

_Source:_ Authors’ analyses based on baseline and endline survey data.

_Note:_ Total no. of observations N = 400. FREG stands for ‘Farmer research and extension group’. For variable definitions see notes of Table 1. Robust standard errors in parentheses, clustered at the mws level. Significance levels: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1.

10
Policy Research Working Paper 9405

# **Abstract**

This paper examines the growth-inflation nexus in Franc zone currency unions. It aims at estimating the inflation threshold above which additional inflationary pressures adversely affect economic expansion. It uses cointegration methods that are applied to data from 14 African countries from the Franc zone over 1970–2018. Based on country-level data, the results indicate that it is possible to increase the threshold levels used by regional central banks to 5.4 –5.6 percent in the Central African Monetary Union and 4.3 – 4.5 percent in the West African Monetary Union. Homogeneous cointegration panel data analyses confirm the need to increase the threshold in Central African Monetary Union countries but do not in the West African Monetary Union countries.

This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at sguidiby@worldbank.org.

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent._ Produced by the Research Support Team
divisions. In particular, the Former Republic of Yugoslavia was divided into Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia in 1996 and Serbia was further divided into Serbia and Montenegro in 2006. Furthermore, some countries recognize Kosovo as an independent state rather than a part of Serbia since 2009. For technical and consistency purposes we treat Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo as a single destination since disregarding these changes in names would bias some calculations, especially those related to the geographical diversification and market dynamics.<sup>15</sup> For example, destination entry and exit rates in a given year would be overestimated as the appearance of a new destination in the dataset would not represent the true expansion of exporters into a different territory but would instead be due to the change in territory classification. Likewise, destination measures that are calculated using only one year of data (e.g., number of destinations, export volume per destination, etc.) would not be comparable to each other.<sup>16</sup> In sum, after taking into account the operations mentioned above, the number of destinations in our dataset is 246.<sup>17</sup>

**d) Product:** The product classification system we use is the Harmonized System at 6-digit level (HS6). Although most countries record their export transactions at a higher level of disaggregation following their domestic or regional nomenclature (8-12 digits), we aggregate their information to HS 6-digit, since this is the most detailed level comparable internationally. That is, a specific HS code at 6 digits represents the same product in all country datasets in a given year.

The cleaning operations applied to the product variable have two components:

> 15 In the Database at the country-year-destination level the combined destination of Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo is coded as the 3-digit country code SRB.

> 16 While some other territories have undergone changes in names, those changes either occurred before the beginning of our sample or do not involve the merger or separation of
As an extreme example, Zucker et al. (1998) describe the exceptional embodiment of human capital in specialized workers in the emergence of the US biotech industry. These specialized workers are often tightly clustered together.<sup>9</sup> We unfortunately lack Indian data to model direct occupational flows, so we instead take a very simple approach. Greenstone et al. (2010) calculate from the Current Population Survey the rate at which workers move between industries in the United States. Using their measure of labor similarity for two industries, we define Labordi=∑k=1,...,IEdk/Ed∙Mobilityi←k. This metric is a weighted average of the labor similarity of industries to the focal industry i, with the weights being each industry’s share of employment in the local district. The metric is again by construction mostly orthogonal to city size. We calculate this connection for both manufacturing and services.

9 Theories to explain the agglomeration of specialized workers and firms include Marshall (1920), Diamond and Simon (1990), Helsley and Strange (1990), Krugman (1991), Rotemberg and Saloner (2000), and Overman and Puga (2010).

12
(TSH/Kg)|Baseline|Maize price (TSH/Kg) at the beginning of the long rains harvest in 2009/10|
|Program subsidy as percent of input package|Baseline|Average price of input package discounted the top-up amount (TSH), as a share of<br>fullprice of inputpackage(TSH)|
|_Panel B: Villager household survey_|||
|**Household level data**|||
|Is related to government officials or influentials|Baseline|Equals to 1 if the household head reports holding the position of or being related to<br>DALDO, WEO, VEO, VVC member, Village Chair or Hamlet chair.|
|Socializes with government officials or influentials|Baseline|Equals to 1 if household head reports having regular social interaction with<br>DALDO, WEO, VEO, VVC member, village or hamlet chairperson.|
|Used improved seeds in 2009/10|Baseline|Equals to 1 if household head reports using any improved seeds on any parcel in<br>the long rainy season of 2009/10.|
|Used inorganic fertilizer in 2009/10|Baseline|Equals to 1 if household head reports using any inorganic fertilizer on any parcel<br>in the long rainy season of 2009/10.|
|||Maize yield (KG/acre) in the long rainy season of 2009/10. Include zeros (crop|
|Maize yield (Kgs/acre) in 2009/10|Baseline|failure) and uses harvested area instead of planted area. At baseline, we did not<br>collected data on planted area per plot. Yields over 4000 KGs/acre were removed<br>from the sample.|
|**Village level data**|||
|% of beneficiaries who are eligible|Baseline|Percent of household heads who report being a program beneficiary, as a share of<br>total number of village respondents.|
|Targeting differential