rafmacalaba/data-use-mentions-extended huggingface dataset:
international market for migrant labor via analysis of migrant flows and contracted wages in a unique data resource: the Philippine government’s database of contracted migrant worker jobs.

We estimate the impact of economic shocks in Filipino migrant destination countries on migrant flows to and the wages that migrants are paid in those destinations, from 1992-2009. We find that percent changes in destination country GDP have a large (roughly one-to-one) impact on percent changes in Filipino migrant flows, but, by contrast, essentially zero impact on migrant wages. This pattern is consistent with the existence of a particular type of distortion in the market for international migrant labor: binding minimum wages. These minimum wages appear to be occupation-specific; we cannot reject that the effect of GDP fluctuations is similar across higherand lower-skilled migrant occupational categories. We also provide direct evidence of the existence and impact of binding minimum wages for an important occupational category (domestic helpers), via analysis of a natural experiment that raised the mandated minimum wage for Filipino domestic helpers. This minimum wage increase led to increases in wages and reductions in migrant flows in this occupational category.

Direct evidence on the nature of distortions in the market for international migrant labor is important, because it clarifies the nature and interconnectedness of the welfare gains and losses associated with international migration. Wage floors for international migrant work mean that the wage gains for migrants that are able to secure work overseas are magnified. But at the same time, the total quantity of migrant labor is smaller than the market-clearing level. Furthermore, these same wage floors also lead migrant flows to be more sensitive to economic shocks in destination countries than they would be if markets cleared, since they lead all labor market adjustment to occur via quantities rather than wages.

Second, our evidence reveals important welfare consequences of policies instituted by destination countries as well as by the migrant-source countries that set wage floors for international migrant work. On the destination country side, the policies in question include the U.S. federally-mandated minimum wage as well as H1-B rules requiring
3***|4592.9***|
||(278.8)|(337.8)|(264.5)|(330.1)|
|No. of Children||-2222.0***||-2401.2***|
|||(132.7)||(154.4)|
|No. Observations|2784|2784|2435|2435|

Notes: (1) The data used are CFPS 2010. (2) Robust standard errors in parentheses; *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1.
J.C. Duque, N. Lozano-Gracia, J.E. Patino, P. Restrepo / LCR Flagship Report on Cities and 7 Productivity But highly productive cities are also more likely to have governments willing to invest in city centers, and hence promote denser growth patterns. For identification purposes, this work will explore two alternative strategies: _Strategy 1:_ We implemented instrumental variables techniques for a cross-section of cities. The productivity variable is measured using information from the latest available year, and the explanatory variables use data from an earlier year, to mitigate the direct simultaneity between the dependent and independent variables.

_Strategy 2:_ We use an instrumental variables approach, exploiting both temporal and crosssectional variation in city shape. In this step, we use the time variation of the NTL data to build a panel of time-city observations. In defining the instrumental variable, we follow Harari (2016) and construct a synthetic instrument that uses the potential shape of the city as a starting point, and calculates the city form indicators based on such potential form. Following Harari (2016), the identification relies on the fact that exogenous changes in city form over time can result from encountering topographic obstacles along its expansion path. The estimation has the following form: where S<sup>�</sup> is a vector of city shape indicators derived from the potential urban extent, ω are the city fixed effects; φ are the time fixed effects; and π is the error term.

For completeness, we present the steps proposed by Harari (2016) to estimate the potential urban extent when assuming a common average expansion rate across all cities:

1. For the first year, the potential urban extent is the largest patch of developable land (i.e., excluding water bodies and steep terrains) within the minimum-bounding circle of that first year.

2. Estimate the predicted area of city _i_ in year _t_ , area��,�, with the following regression:
little value in lowering the cost of trade between them. We build on these studies by applying the market access approach to evaluate port, rail, and road investments ex-ante while accounting for asymmetric trade costs between locations, a feature of the international transportation network, where tariffs are generally levied on imports but not exports. Existing applications assume trade costs are symmetric. Others have used variants of the equilibrium model employed here to conduct ex-ante economic evaluations of improvements to the road network in Africa (Buys, Deichmann, and Wheeler 2010), the United States (Allen and Arkolakis 2019), and Western Europe (Fajgelbaum and Schaal 2020). The general question of how to value the so-called “wider economic benefits” of transportation projects beyond direct benefits for users has been addressed by Venables (2017) and Melecky, Bougna, and Xu (2018) among others.

Alternative estimates of the economic impact of the Belt and Road Initiative are based on our original GIS database of transportation projects (De Soyres, et al., 2018, De Soyres, Mulabdic, and Ruta., 2019; Maliszewska and Van Der Mensbrugghe, 2019; Lall and Lebrand, 2019; World Bank, 2019). These studies evaluate the Belt and Road as a single bundle of projects built in complement, rather than evaluating individual projects.

# 2. A GIS DATABASE OF BELT AND ROAD TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS

This paper provides an original and comprehensive database of all existing and planned transportation infrastructure projects proposed under the Belt and Road Initiative. Our database is unique in that it includes geographical information describing the exact location of each project (i.e., in GIS shapefiles) on the international 7
, 118(530): 983–1024.

Munich, D., Svejnar, J. and Terrell, K. (2005). “Is women’s human capital valued more by markets than by planners?” _Journal of Comparative Economics_ , 33(2): 278-299.

- Pastore F (2010a) “The Gender Gap in Early Career in Mongolia,” _International Journal of Manpower_ 31(2): 188–207.

- Pastore F (2010b) “Returns to Education of Young People in Mongolia,” _Post-Communist Economies_ , 22(2): 247-265.

- Pastore F, Sattar S and Tiongson E (2013) “Gender Differences in Earnings and Labor Supply in Early Career: evidence from Kosovo’s School-to-Work Transition Survey,” _IZA Journal of Labor & Development_ 2:5.

Pastore, Francesco and Alina Verashchagina (2011) “When Does Transition Increase the Gender Wage Gap? An Application to Belarus” _The Economics of Transition_ , 19(2): 333-369.

23
which, together with their weak performance, creates significant fiscal risk. We document that subsidies often mask the underperformance of infrastructure SOEs. Netting out those fiscal transfers reveals even weaker performance. The data on subsidies also show a dangerous pattern of fiscal dependence. The soft budget constraint of these SOEs may be generating their underperformance, which translates into fiscal risk. How much of the need for these fiscal transfers is expected or unexpected is an empirical question that requires further exploration.

The paper also examined how much of SOEs’ underperformance, leverage, size, and large employee costs is sector specific and how much is related to state ownership. The results of a matching exercise that compares infrastructure SOEs with similar private firms confirm that state ownership is indeed associated with larger firms, larger liabilities relative to GDP, worse financial performance, and larger employee costs. On average, SOEs that receive subsidies actually perform better net of subsidies than SOEs that do not receive subsidies, although still worse than 20
data policy index is composed of 6 different categories, each containing a set of policy restrictions related to a specific digital policy field which are: Intellectual property rights (IPR), cross‐ border data flows (CBDF), domestic use and processing of data (DP), intermediate liability (IL), content access (CA), and finally infrastructure and connectivity (INF). In our view, these categories of data‐related policies present the most important policy restrictions to digital innovation that can be found in East Asia. As said, each category has various specific restrictions which can be further found in Table 1. All restrictions are explained in Ferracane _et al._ (2018), which also provides further information on the motivation for why they form a restriction and discusses the way of scoring their level of restrictiveness. The index covers the years 2009‐2019. In addition, the policies in the index have been updated with new regulatory measures found in each country.

<mark>To build up the index, each specific policy measure receives a score that varies between</mark> 0 (completely open) and 1 (virtually closed) <mark>according to how vast its scope of restrictiveness is. A higher score represents a higher level of restrictiveness in data policies.</mark> While certain data policies can be legitimate and necessary to protect non‐economic objectives such as the privacy of the individual or to ensure national security, these policies nevertheless create substantial costs for businesses performing data‐related innovation activities and are therefore taken up in our index. <mark>Starting from the DTE database, the specific policies are aggregated into an index using a detailed weighting scheme adapted from Ferracane</mark> _<mark>et al</mark>_ <mark>. (2018b), which c</mark> an be found in the last column of Table 1.

4 One noticeable outlier in Figure 1 is the food products sector, which appears to
[412/966]) to Slovakia.

In other cases of aggregated migrant stock data, migrant data from other decades were used as the basis for disaggregation. Migrants were allocated according to a relative propensity, which is averaged over time. This can be formally written as: where _K_ denotes the set of census years other than _t_ for which bilateral data exist, and _n_ is the number of such observations in set _K_ . This propensity is simply the likelihood that a particular destination country will accept migrants from a specific origin country, relative to all the other countries comprising that aggregate origin region. For example, Australia records 29,311 migrants from the Soviet Union in 1966. This total needs to be disaggregated among the 15 successor countries in the master list. While the data for Australia cover census material for each of the five census rounds, only the 2001 census provides details for all 15 successor countries. According to the first method for allocating aggregate categories, the 2001 census is used to calculate the contribution of each of these countries towards the total. Those shares are then used to allocate the 29
Policy Research Working Paper 9030

# **Abstract**

Parents play a crucial role in the promotion of early childhood development, and understanding parental perceptions of early childhood development may help enhance parental investments early in life. To explore this question, caregivers were asked to rank their child’s intelligence in comparison with other children in the community, and the rankings were compared with children’s scores on an assessment of developmental abilities across multiple domains. Using cross-sectional data on children ages 16–42 months in rural Madagascar, this paper documents the discordance between caregivers’ perceived early childhood development with an interviewer-based measure of early childhood development. The paper examines the determinants of caregivers’ under- and over-estimation of child development using multinomial logistic regressions. The study finds that caregiver perceptions of early childhood development in Madagascar do not align consistently with an interviewer-based measure. Approximately 8 percent of the caregivers under-estimated and almost 50 percent over-estimated their children’s abilities. Better child nutritional status, caregivers with a greater belief in their influence on child intelligence, and higher socioeconomic status were associated with lower odds of under- or over-estimation of early childhood development. Further research is needed to understand the common cues that caregivers use to identify child development milestones, to inform the design of parenting interventions.

This paper is a product of the Development Research Group, Development Economics. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at egalasso@worldbank.org.

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations
and McCathie (2012) The S-estimator of Multivariate Location and Scatter in Stata.</mark> _<mark>The Stata Journal</mark>_ <mark>, 12(2), 299-307.</mark>

- <mark>Wang, C. C. & Wu, H. (2018). A New Machine Learning Approach to House Price Estimation.</mark> _<mark>New Trends in Mathematical Sciences</mark>_ <mark>6(4), 165-171.</mark>

- <mark>Wang, X., Li, K. & Wu, J. (2020). House Price Index Based on Online Listing Information: The Case of China.</mark> _<mark>Journal of Housing Economics</mark>_ <mark>50, 1-12.</mark>

- World Bank (2015). _Stocktaking of the Housing Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa. Challenges and Opportunities_ . Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.

- World Bank (2020). _Purchasing Power Parities and the Size of World Economies. Results from the 2017 International Comparison Program_ . Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.

37
Policy Research Working Paper 9773

# **Abstract**

The history of Iraq over the past decade is a stark example of increasing vertical and horizontal inequalities, preceding and following a period of violent conflict. This paper uses a cross-section of individual-level nationally representative survey data to study relationships around how adults in Iraq report confidence in national institutions, quality of life, and quality of service delivery. The findings show that positive perceptions across these categories declined during ISIS-control and have slowly picked up in recent years. Men are more likely than women in the post-ISIS period to report lower country leadership approval ratings, a weaker standard of living, and depressed job prospects. The analysis finds that self-identified Shias, Kurds, and adults living in Baghdad are significantly more likely to have a poorer quality of life, compared with Sunnis, in the post-ISIS period. Nearly all ethno-religious groups, in all periods, perceive the government to be corrupt.

This paper is a product of the Development Research Group, Development Economics. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at sansar1@worldbank.org; bceliku@worldbank.org; lklapper@worldbank.org; and wmansour@worldbank.org.

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank
& Remote Sensing_ , 50(5): 83–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2013.823732

Freire, S; Pesaresi, M (2015): GHS population grid, derived from GPW4, multitemporal (1975, 1990, 2000, 2015). European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) [Dataset] PID: http://data.europa.eu/89h/jrc-ghsl-ghs_pop_gpw4_globe_r2015a.
# **Blibliography**

Alvarez de la Campa, Alejandro. ―How to Expand Credit to SMEs – Creative Solutions to the Puzzle of Collateral Lending‖. IFC Smart Lessons, Washington D.C. 2007.

Alvarez de la Campa, Alejandro. ―Private Sector Approach to Commercial ADR: Commercial ADR Mechanisms in Colombia‖. The World Bank Group, March 2009.

Chaves Rodrigo, de la Pena Nuria and Fleisig Heywood. ―Secured Transactions Reform: Early Results from Romania.‖ CEAL Issues Brief, Center for Economic Analysis of Law, September 2004.

Dahan Frederique and Simpson John ―Secured Transactions Reform and Access to Credit‖. Elgar Financial Law Series, 2009.

Djankov Simeon, McLiesh Caralee and Schleifer Andrei. ―Private Credit in 129 Countries‖, 2006. Doing Business Database. World Bank, 2005 and 2010.

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 2004. ―Publicity of Security Rights: Guiding Principles for the Development of a Charges Registry‖. Annex: Technical Requirements for a Charges Registry, page 18.

Fleisig, Safavian, De La Pena. ―Reforming Collateral Laws to Expand Access to Finance‖, 2006. Hawkamah, The Institute for Corporate Governance. Reports for Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Jordan, Egypt, Palestine, Qatar and UAE.

IFC, January 2010. ―Secured Transactions Systems and Collateral Registries‖. C. 1. 1.1 Capabilities of Government to Operate Registry, and Private Sector Alternatives, page 63.

IMF Working Paper. ―Financial Sector Reforms and Prospects for Financial Integration in Maghreb Countries‖. WP/07/125, May 2007.

Internet World Stats. http://www.internetworldstats.com/links10.htm ―Legal Benchmarks for Monitoring Implementation of Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreements‖. Draft August 5, 2004, unpublished, Annex 4c Secured Lending, Tunisia.

Safavian, Mehnaz, Heywood Fleisig and Jevgenijs Steinbuks. ―Unlocking Dead Capital: How Reforming Collateral Laws Improves Access to Finance.‖ Private
in Nigeria. This is especially relevant in the context of global climate change and the projected increase of weather variability.

We used data from the 2003 and 2008 rounds of the Demographic and Health Survey that contain measures on two key dimensions of child welfare such as child weight-for-height and height-forage, commonly used by nutritionists as indicators of short-run and long-run nutritional status.

Among the key findings of this study is that rainfall shocks have a significant impact on child health irrespective of the dimension of child welfare examined in rural Nigeria. In addition, it appears 26
Policy Research Working Paper 6065

# **Abstract**

Did the rise in food prices have a long-term impact on agricultural production? Using household-level panel data from seven provinces of Indonesia, this paper finds that the price shock created a forward-looking incentive to invest, which can dynamically enhance productivity in agriculture. It also finds that the impact of the price shock on investment behavior differs by initial wealth. In response to price increases, wealthy farmers invested more in productive assets, while poor farmers increased their financial savings as well as consumption. Price spikes relax liquidity constraints, which increases investments among the richer while do so savings and consumptions among the poor, possibly leading to diverging income inequality in the long run.

This paper is a product of the Economics and Policy Group, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The author may be contacted at mnose@worldbank.org.

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent._ Produced by the Research Support Team
job search strategies and work availability. Some LSMS(‐ISA) surveys contain a few additional questions on underemployment (i.e. desire and/or availability to work additional hours).

The second approach, followed by most LFS, starts with a general screening question to determine whether an individual engages in wage employment, followed by more detailed questions about the number of hours worked in the main and second wage job (Benes & Walsh, 2018b). Follow‐up questions are asked to the employed and unemployed/inactive. In addition, information on underemployment is collected.

The third approach, followed by for instance the 2010 Nepal LSMS survey, asks respondents to list all productive activities in which they engaged in the last 12 months and to report the number of months/weeks/hours worked by activity in the last 12 months and in the last 7 days. These questions are followed by questions on underemployment for those employed fewer than 40 hours a week, while the unemployed/inactive are asked to report on job search strategies and work availability. Finally, some additional questions are asked to employees.

A common feature of the three approaches is the focus on wage employment. For instance, the labor module of the 2015/16 Nigeria LSMS‐ISA survey counts 53 questions of which 32 concern wage employment. Of the 44 questions about employment in the 2013 Ethiopia LFS, 14 questions focus exclusively on wage employment. This observation holds more generally. Three elements explain this observation. First, surveys aim to distinguish formal from informal wage employment and this distinction requires several questions about the contractual arrangement and the employer. Second, LSMS(‐ISA) surveys include questions on the first as well as the second wage job in order to capture multiple job holdings. Third, multi‐topic household surveys, such as LSMS‐ISA surveys, often include other modules such as the agricultural module (AG) and the non‐farm household enterprise (NFE) module which capture specific activities of the self‐employed