rafmacalaba/data-use-mentions-extended huggingface dataset:
5) establish data transfer agreements with overseas data receivers, 6) submit an annual report to the CAC on all related data transfers, 7) keep a record of all cross-border data transfers for a minimum of five years and 8) to appoint an officer

> 40 Hogan Lovells, _supra_ note 39, at 4.

> 41 Sheng & Xu, _supra_ note 32.

> 42 Hogan Lovells, _supra_ note 39, at 6.

> 43 Pernot-Leplay, _supra_ note 28, at 82, n. 150 and accompanying text.

> 44 _Id_ . at 84. The proposed amendments to the Standard also make provision for implied consent.

> 45 _Id_ . at 101.

> 46 GDPR art. 6.

> 47 Ken Dai & Jet Deng, _2019 China Data Protection Cybersecurity Annual Report_ (Dentons 2020).

> 48 Richard D. Taylor, _“Data Localization”: The Internet in Balance_ , 44 J. TELECOMM. POL’Y at 8 (2020).

> 49 The Diplomat, _China’s New Data Protection Scheme_ (July 2019), <u>https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/chinasnew-data-protection-scheme/.</u>

> 50 Taylor at 8.

8
the pandemic. A distinction can be made between two types of impacts of e-commerce on mobility: (i) its effects on the mobility of people, insofar as they allow the virtual development of the activity of buying products, which required physical interaction before the arrival of e-commerce that generates displacements; and (ii) its effects on the urban distribution of goods, insofar as they can modify the patterns of generation and spatial and temporal distribution of trips in vehicles destined for the distribution of goods between sellers and consumers. Specifically, the analysis: (i) characterizes the demand for e-commerce in both cities and its evolution during the pandemic, (ii) quantifies the potential reduction in travel demand due to e-commerce, (iii) quantifies the share of e-commerce in urban distribution flows of goods, and (iv) identifies whether the growth of e-commerce has resulted in a reduction in travel demand or, rather an increase in urban distribution flows of goods. The weight of trips for shopping purposes in overall mobility and their composition were analyzed according to the following criteria:

- **_Home-based or non-home-based travel_** : This analysis allows identifying the share of trips that correspond to shopping trips for each of the demand segments of the origin-destination matrices from cell phone data.

- **_Type of trip chain_** . Two types were identified according to the sequencing of the shopping activity with other activities of the same traveler: (i) round-trip, in which the traveler returns after the shopping activity to the same place where the previous activity took place; and (ii) chained, in which the traveler adds a shopping activity in a trip between two other activities. This analysis allows identifying the potential for trip reduction as a consequence of the substitution of shipping trips by e-commerce, since this substitution can avoid the two trips of the round-trip chains, but only one of the trips of the chained chains (Figure 1).

With different types of agents and multiple impacts on mobility, there are a large number of data sources
**School Quality, Labor Markets and Human Capital Investments Long-term Impacts of an Early Stage Education Intervention in the Philippines**<sup>**1**</sup>

Futoshi Yamauchi<sup>2</sup> and Yanyan Liu<sup>3</sup> June 2012 Abstract This paper examines the long-term impacts of improved school quality at the elementary school stage on subsequent schooling investments and labor market outcomes using unique data from a recent survey that tracked students in the Philippines. The empirical results, which are based on a comparison of students who graduated from schools located in adjacent treatment and control areas before and after a school intervention, show significant differences in subsequent schooling investments, migration, and labor market earnings between females and males. That is, females study more (relative to males) and tend to migrate and earn more if they receive high-quality educational investments at an early stage. The above results are consistent with females’ greater incentives to study, driven by their higher returns to schooling, especially after high school completion, observed in the labor market.

Keywords: school quality, labor markets, gender, tracking survey, Philippines JEL classifications: I21, J16 1We would like to thank Chris Barret, Luis Benveniste, Elizabeth King, Aniceto Orbeta, Harry Patrinos and seminar participants at the Philippine Department of Education, the Philippine Institute for Development Study, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Cornell University, and World Bank for useful comments. For collaboration, we are thankful to Yolanda Quijano, Ishidra Afunggol, Fe Gascon, Violy Cordova, Keijiro Otsuka, Judith Borja, Agnes Quisumbing, Juliet Abunyawan, and Felisberta Sanchez; the Bureau of Elementary Education; the Research and Statistics Division; the Antique, Cebu, Ifugao, Iloilo, Leyte, Negros Oriental, Nueva Vizcaya, and Western Samar division offices of the Philippine Department of Education; and the Office of Population Study of the University of San Carlos. We also thank Surajit Baruah for early-stage research assistance. We are responsible for remaining errors
‘do’ files can be downloaded</u> to replicate the datapoints in the HEFPI data set.

# **Citing the database**

The reference citation for the data is: Wagstaff, Adam, Eozenou, Patrick, Neelsen, Sven and Smitz, Marc. 2018. The Health Equity and Financial Protection Indicators Database 2018. World Bank: Washington, DC.

* Corresponding author: Adam Wagstaff. Development Research Group, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington DC 20433, USA. Tel: +1 202 473 0566, awagstaff@worldbank.org
can be expected to have greater output slumps and slower recoveries as they adjust their industrial structure and re-orient their trade flows. However, trade dependence on CMEA partners does not enter significantly, while Institutional Development continues to enter significantly and positively (column 4).

We find that differences in the level of education do not explain the different growth experience of transition economies. Glaeser et al. (2004) argue that human capital accumulation rather than institutions cause growth. Column 5 shows that the relationship between Institutional Development and economic growth is robust to controlling for a measure of human capital accumulation. Tertiary enrollment enters negatively, but insignificantly in the regression, while Institutional Development continues to enter positively and significantly at the 5% level.<sup>24</sup> In column 6, we control for the fact that the EU Accession process might have fostered both institutional and economic development (for example, by increasing the inflow of foreign direct investment from EU countries) by including a dummy variable for the countries that entered the EU in 2003.<sup>25</sup> While this dummy variable does not enter significantly, Institutional Development still enters positively at the 5% level.

Controlling for civil war episodes does not change our findings either. War and civil strife in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Georgia, Moldova, Croatia and the FYR of Macedonia is likely to have had a negative short-term effect on economic growth and may have undermined political consensus on institution building. Surprisingly, the civil war dummy enters positively and significantly (column 7). Perhaps civil war redistributed power of political incumbents and

> 23 We also ran a regressions controlling for the size of the country with the log of total population.  While population does not enter significantly, Institutional Development continues to enter positively and significantly in both OLS and IV regressions.

> 24 Our findings are confirmed when we use secondary school enrollment in 1992 or the average years of schooling in 1990 to measure educational attainment.

32
play an important role driving improved performance. As suggested by (Shang, Yuan, Li, & Fan, 2022), mixed ownership and non-state shareholders seem to reduce potential discretion of the state to influence management decisions of the firm and help mitigating principal-agency problems. Results seem indicative that private shareholding can help to balance the decision on whether to take a more prudent or market-oriented approach driven by considerations about performance, survival, and growth rather than social and political objectives (Nguyen et al, 2020).

# **_6.3 Does the degree of separation from the state matter?_**

The state can act as a direct shareholder or operate at arm’s length through other entities. By using the WB BOS database, we can explore whether there are potential differences when the state is the direct shareholder compared to cases in which it owns a BOS through other(s) firm(s) (i.e., indirect owner).

Former authors such as Okhmatovskiy (2010) and Liljeblom, Maury, & Hörhammer (2020) argue effects of state ownership on performance may be more evident among directly owned companies, while the effect

> 21 The interpretation of the coefficients requires the Log−Lin transformation such that the average relationship is estimated as (exp(β1) −1) ∗ 100.

19
- **FAO** , “La gestion de riesgos climaticos catastroficos para el sector agropecuario en Mexico: caso del componente para la atencion a desastres naturales para el sector agropecuario,” Technical Report 2014.

- **Fuchs, Alan and Hendrik Wolff** , “Concept and unintended consequences of weather index insurance: the case of Mexico,” _Working Paper_ , 2010.

- **and** , “Drought and Retribution: Evidence from a large scale Rainfall-Indexed Insurance

- Program in Mexico,” _American Journal of Agricultural Economics_ , 2011, _93_ (2), 505–511.

- **Gine, Xavier, Robert Townsend, and James Vickery** , “Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Insurance Payouts in Southern India,” _World Bank Working Paper_ , 2007, (95).

- **Instituto Nacional de Estadstica y Geografia** , “Censo de Poblacion y Vivienda,” Anexo Estadistico 2010.

- **Janzen, Sarah A. and Michael R. Carter** , “After the Drought: The Impact of Microinsurance on Consumption Smoothing and Asset Protection,” Working Paper 19702, National Bureau of Economic Research December 2013.

- **Karlan, Dean, Robert Osei, Isaac Osei-Akoto, and Christopher Udry** , “Agricultural Decisions after Relaxing Credit and Risk Constraints,” _Quarterly Journal of Economics_ , 2014, _129_ (2), 597–652.

- **Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq and Mark R. Rosenzweig** , “Informal Risk Sharing, Index Insurance, and Risk Taking in Developing Countries,” _American Economic Review_ , 2013, _103_ (3), 375–80.

- **OECD** , _Managing Risk in Agriculture_ , OECD Publishing, 2011.

- **Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Hans P. Binswanger** , “Wealth, Weather Risk and the Composition and Profitability of Agricultural Investments,” _The Economic Journal_ , 1993, _103_ (416), 56–78.

- **Rosenzweig, Mark
studies have illustrated that intensive knowledge of a given context can yield an economy-specific measure of connections, such detail is unlikely available across as wide of a range as the 41 economies included in our data. What is more, such connections are still likely to be measured with error vis-`a-vis their ability to capture influence. Some connections may result in influence, others may not. The advantage of using an exploratory technique such as IRT is that it allows us to use the combination of several political interactions, with our measure of political connections as an anchor of sorts, as generally indicative of influence: that is, it frees us from relying on a single political interaction alone.

# _Government ownership_

Our other items—that is the other means of gaining political influence—perhaps do not have as much ambiguity in their measurement as the indicator for political connections, but we may have reason to believe that they differently reflect underlying political influence.<sup>20</sup> Consider partial state or government ownership. We observe highly variable levels of government ownership across the 41 economies (see Table 1 below).<sup>21</sup> These patterns are unsurprising, as different governments have engaged in varying levels of either privatization or the ‘corporatization’ of state ownership, particularly given the large number of formerly centrally planned economies in our data set (Shirley, 1999). Often the exchange between firms with partial state ownership and politicians is framed as the latter taking advantage of the resources of private enterprise to enrich themselves or bolster their political position (e.g., Shleifer and Vishny (1994)). We also note that there can be a positive return to the firm from this ownership connection; this can occur through regulation restricting new entrants or, in the case of transitional privatization, through the choice and structure of the buyers the state chooses (Bennett and Maw, 2003). That is, _a priori_ , we do not know whether to expect if state ownership will enhance
**_<u>________________________________________________________</u>_**

indicators, regulatory and administrative delays (including average days to clear customs). The logistics module for firm surveys is an optional module and is being implemented in selected countries where the logistics module supplements the Core ICS. (Please see <u>Annex B</u> for the logistics module).

# _IMD:_ _<u>World Competitiveness Yearbook</u>_

The International Institute for Management Development, based in Switzerland produces an annual publication that ranks nations’ environments and analyzes their ability to provide an environment in which enterprises can compete. It is an annual report that measures the competitiveness of 59 countries and regional nations, by 321 different criteria grouped under four competitiveness factors (economic performance, government efficiency, business efficiency, and infrastructure). Through collaboration with 52 institutes worldwide, the yearbook also draws data from international and regional organizations. It differentiates between economies with populations larger and smaller than 20 million since size does determine competitiveness.

Related measures include: Bribing and corruption does not exist in the economy; Bureaucracy does not exist in the economy; Transparency of government policy is satisfactory; Customs authorities facilitate the efficient transit of goods.

# _<u>IMD World Competitiveness Online</u>_

Using 314 factors, this online version of the IMD's World Competitiveness Yearbook analyzes and ranks the ability of 60 national and regional economies to create and maintain an environment that sustains the competitiveness of enterprises. It allows customized selection of data and countries/regions, and data can be displayed and saved in PDF or Excel format.

# _European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) Transition Report_

The Transition Report provides information on developments in central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The 2002 edition also analyses the second round of the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey, covering close to 6,000 enterprises in 26 countries of the region. The survey provides useful insight into the
implement an objective and replicable approach to mass valuation, applying it routinely in practice requires legal amendments to valuation and tax codes. Such amendments should include provisions for a gradual expansion to non-agricultural urban land by integrating data on land and buildings that are currently managed in separate registries, in line with the roll-out of a unified address registry.

Second, the discrepancies between NMV and market-based values identified here imply that a transition from NMV to market values based on mass appraisal as a basis for taxation may change specific local communities’ receipts or taxpayers’ bills. Making provisions for a gradual transition, including the ability to set local tax rates within a wide band, will be important to maintain fiscal stability for local governments and mitigate backlash by taxpayers. In fact, war-induced drops in land prices may make transition towards a market-based land valuation easier and put in place a buoyant system to help recovery.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses global background and principles of transparent property valuation as a basis for own source revenue generation by local governments. Section 3 links to the Ukrainian context by documenting the country’s journey towards establishing a land market and improving land valuation and remaining challenges. Section 4 describes the empirical model, discusses results from estimation of land values based on publicly available data as well as predicted prices for the 7 million parcels of commercial agricultural land. Section 5 concludes with policy implications.

# **2. Putting property taxes in context**

Immovable property taxes are rather simple to administer; target users of local government services with limited spillover across jurisdictions; are less likely to distort decisions by economic actors than taxation of production factors with a higher elasticity due to its immobile base; and as land and real estate is owned by more affluent individuals, are progressive. To capture this potential, it is important to have a complete tax base, an automated process for valuation that is responsive to market conditions, credible enforcement with minimal exemptions, and appropriate assignment of revenue.

# **
the length of the period (in years).

We estimate the following equation: Where j stands for each of the five tasks considered, namely non-routine analytical, non-routine interpersonal, routine cognitive, routine manual and non-routine manual. Equation (1) estimates annual changes in the skill content of jobs as a function of annual changes in labor demand (∆X�,�,���� ) and labor supply (∆X�,�,���� ) factors. The term μ�,� is a control variable that captures unobserved heterogeneity across observations, by using an interaction of four dummy variables indicating the level of income of the country with year dummy variables.<sup>4</sup> This set of dummy variables controls for different non-parametric trends in the skill content of jobs across broad levels of income. We also control for the lagged level of GDP per capita to account for different linear trends in the skill content of jobs by level of economic development. The sample is an unbalanced panel of countries with annual frequency (see Appendix 1).

# **c. Results**

We estimate equation (1) applying, alternatively, the skill scores based on O*NET and the average STEP indexes from the pooled sample to all the countries. In addition to including GDP in first

> 4 We use the World Bank income level classification.

20
# **References**

Abu-Ghaida, Dina and Stephan Klasen (2004), “The Costs of Missing the Millennium Development Goal on Gender Equity” _World Development_ 32(7):1075-1107 Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson (2005) "Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth." In Handbook of Economic Growth, Volume 1A, ed. Philippe Aghion and Steven N. Durlauf, 385-472. Amsterdam and San Diego: Elsevier, NorthHolland.

Amin, Mohammad and Asif Islam (2016). "Can Gender-Based differences in the Law Disempower Women? Evidence from Firm-level Data on Female Managers in Developing Economies" Mimeograph (2016) http://works.bepress.com/mohammad_amin/65/ (Accessed 3/26/2016) Amin, Mohammad and Asif Islam (2015) “Does Mandating Nondiscrimination in Hiring Practices Influence Women's Employment? Evidence Using Firm-Level Data” _Feminist Economics_ 21(4): 28-60 Baliamoune-Lutz, Mina and Mark McGillivray (2015), “The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education on Income in Africa and the Middle East” _Economic Modelling_ 47(2015):1-11 Bandara, Amarakoon (2015), “The Economic Cost of Gender Gaps in Effective Labor: Africa's Missing Growth Reserve” _Feminist Economics_ 21(2): 162-186 Branisa, Boris, Stephan Klasen, and Maria Ziegler (2013) “Gender Inequality in Social Institutions and Gendered Development Outcomes.” _World Development_ 45:252–68.

Branisa, Boris, Stephan Klasen, Maria Ziegler, Denis Drechsler, and Johannes Jutting (2013) “The Institutional Basis of Gender Inequality: The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI).” _Feminist Economics_ 20(2):29-64.

Dijkstra, A. Geske (2006) “Towards a Fresh Start in Measuring Gender Equality: A Contribution to the Debate.” _Journal of Human Development_ 7(2): 275–83.

Dulfo, Esther (2012), “Women Empowerment and Economic Development
while for seniors it is _−._ 018 and seniors often report the lowest scores in this dimension).

We then examine what individual characteristics of non-senior bureaucrats predict the difference between their raw individual management score, along each dimension of autonomy and incentives/monitoring, and the corresponding organizational average derived from seniors. We create a dependent variable of the di↵erence between the individual and senior scores, where the unit of observation is bureaucrat _i_ in organization _n_ . We then regress this di↵erence on: (i) bureaucrat characteristics ( _Xi_ ); and (ii) organization _n_ fixed e↵ects.

These results are shown in Table 11 and highlight that: (i) women bureaucrats report higher autonomy, and a greater use of incentives/monitoring; and (ii) older bureaucrats and those with an undergraduate degree report lower levels of autonomy and incentives/monitoring. We also control for other bureaucrat characteristics such as their tenure, Raven test score of cognition, their aggregate PSM score and the extent to which they share an undergraduate institution or ethnicity with their manager/most senior bureaucrat in their division. These other characteristics do not systematically correlate with di↵erences in management scores with seniors. These findings all hold: (i) controlling for organization fixed e↵ects (Columns 2 and 5); and (ii) limiting attention to those 30 organizations for which we have project completion data for (Columns 3 and 6).

22
of governance. Three different indexes—Corruption Perception Index (CPI), World Bank-based aggregate index of governance quality, and EBRD-based index of progress in second-generation reforms—all point to a very significant progress achieved over the last three-four years. But the values of these indices still remain below the average for CEEC-8 indicating the magnitude of challenge faced by Bulgaria in improving regulatory regimes and their enforcement in order to minimize the potential for rent seeking and enhance efficiency.