rafmacalaba/data-use-mentions-extended huggingface dataset:
for missed days where possible, though these referenced the originally intended seven day period for that survey. The final make-up survey was conducted on May 8th, 2015.<sup>10</sup> Due to the overlapping seven day structure, there are a total of 55 possible days covered in the daily panel, with 49 fully overlapping days. Date fixed effects in daily regressions correspond to the actual date. Week level specifications control for week-by-day fixed effects, a combination of the ordered weeks one through seven, and the day of the week that the firm was randomized to for survey purposes (ensuring controls for the exact same seven day period across firms).

In auxiliary analysis, the study utilizes two additional data sources: information on machinery and equipment as of June 2015 to study capital adjustments, and the baseline dataset from **?** , which includes worker-level information on 752 garment making firms in Ghana to provide contextual information on worker skill levels and wages in the industry.

Baseline data measures of profits and revenues use single question monthly self-reports as recommended by **?** . In piloting the weekly panel survey, the research team found summary profit questions difficult on a weekly basis cleaved by the weekday on which survey administration was randomly assigned. It was instead more efficient to recall weekly revenues by garment type and weekly expenses by expense type. One advantage of this measurement strategy is that self-reported profits are frequently de facto censored at zero, as firm owners rarely report negative profits. Using reported sales and expenses to ex-post calculate profits allows for the entire distribution of possible profit levels. On the other hand, many expenses are paid on a monthly, biannual, or annual basis, making weekly measures including them noisy, and other work on measuring profits has recommended summary questions as potentially more accurate noisy measures ( **?** ).

Expenses reported in the weekly monitoring surveys were as follows: wages, outsourcing fees, inventory, rent, taxes, electricity bills, furniture, machinery,
**Table 1: The Rajan and Zingales Measure of External Dependence**

|ISIC code|Industrial sector|External dependence|
|---|---|---|
|311|Food products|0.14|
|313|Beverages|0.08|
|314|Tobacco|-0.45|
|321|Textile|0.19|
|322|Apparel|0.03|
|323|Leather|-0.14|
|324|Footwear|-0.08|
|331|Wood products|0.28|
|332|Furniture|0.24|
|341|Paper and products|0.17|
|342|Printing and publishing|0.2|
|351|Industrial chemicals|0.25|
|352|Other chemicals|0.75|
|353|Petroleum refineries|0.04|
|354|Petroleum and coal products|0.33|
|355|Rubber products|0.23|
|356|Plastic products|1.14|
|361|Pottery|-0.15|
|362|Glass|0.53|
|369|Nonmetal products|0.06|
|371|Iron and steel|0.09|
|372|Nonferrous metal|0.01|
|381|Metal products|0.24|
|382|Machinery|0.6|
|383|Electric machinery|0.95|
|384|Transportation equipment|0.36|
|385|Professional goods|0.96|
|390|Other industries|0.47|

Source: Klingebiel, Kroszner, and Laeven (2005). External dependence is defined as capital expenditure minus cash flow, divided by capital expenditure, and is constructed based on US firm-level data.

28
last year of public management (see Table I I and Figure 4 throughi Figure 6 in Appendix 11). This apparent decline was probably due to rigorous pre-privatization audits whichi typically occurred at this time. This would also explain the extremely low percentages of good credits for recent and beginning privatizers in Table 9 -- those banks hiad undergone pre-privatization audits but had not benefited from the creation of a residual entity. Data for beginninig and recent privatizers are, therefore, probably more reflective of the actual situation of the remaining public provincial banks than the data on public banks in Table 9.

**Table 9: Credit Allocation by Industry, 1996**

|Bank<br>Type|Primary<br>Prod.<br>**(%)**|Manuf.<br>)|Const.<br>()|Utilities<br>(|Trade<br>)|Gov't<br>Srvcs.<br>((%)|Other<br>Srvcs.|Family<br>Loans<br>(%)|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|**_Prov._**|||||||||
|Avg shr|11.6|20.2|4.0|0.2|12.8|17.6|7.2|15.6|
|%Good<br>|52.2|41.9|53.8|75.2|43.2|93.9|63.8|71.9|
|(n=8)<br>**_EstPrv_**|||||||||
|_Avg_shr|7.2|6.4|5.8|.06|15.4|11
educational outcomes. The available evidence on developed countries shows that factors common to siblings explain from 40 to 65 percent of variation in educational outcomes (Bjorklund and Salvanes (2010)). In contrast, intergenerational correlation between parents and children– the traditional measure of intergenerational persistence -- explains from 9 to 21 percent of variations in children‘s educational outcome. An interesting finding from these studies is that gender or geographic location (as measured by neighborhood effect) does not exert any significant influence on the intergenerational persistence in children‘s educational outcomes. Are gender and geography also largely irrelevant for educational mobility faced by children in developing countries? One can argue that the role of gender and geography might be much more prominent in a developing country such as India, because gender bias against women is more common and stronger, geographic mobility is lower, and many areas (especially rural) are not integrated with the urban growth centers because of underdeveloped transport infrastructure.<sup>14</sup> On the other hand, the high tide of rapid economic growth in Indian economy for more than two decades may have lifted all the boats, improving economic mobility across the income distribution, irrespective of gender and geographic location.

The data used in this paper come from the1992/93 and 2006 rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in India. The first period of our sample nearly overlaps with the period of economic liberalization (1991-1992), and the second period is about 15 years after liberalization. For both survey rounds, our analysis focuses on the same age cohort (16 to 27 year olds) who constitute the bulk of new entrants into the labor force.<sup>15</sup> To examine the spatial aspects in detail, the empirical analysis is done separately for families residing in different areas such as rural vs. urban areas and relatively developed vs. less developed states. To discern any possible gender bias, we implement the empirical analysis separately for male and female samples. We use the
restrictions on services trade. It is worth keeping in mind, though, that reaping efficiency gains from openness is certainly not the only objective pursued by policy makers. They may also care about access to services, poverty reduction, or other goals. Each of these concerns or objectives could be a basis for evaluating policy. It should be of interest to explore how the quantification methods developed in this paper can be used to analyze the impact of regulatory measures on policy objectives other than market access. We also believe that the observed state of service sector openness reflects policy choices made (or consciously not made); hence, future work could harness the data for exploring the determinants of services trade policy.

As noted in the introduction, the services trade restrictions database is a first step. We hope that researchers, policy-makers and even the private sector will use it, find it of some use and provide critical feedback. Only by establishing such a dialectical relationship with users can the database evolve into an increasingly reliable and up-to-date source of information.

46
# 5.2 Simultaneity of activities

Accurately measuring multitasking — when two or more activities are conducted simultaneously — is critical for measuring total work burden and gender differences in time allocation (Craig and Brown, 2016). A longstanding literature has pointed to the relevance of data on multitasking for improving our estimates of women’s participation and time in unpaid work — based on traditional time use surveys showing that women regularly conduct different unpaid domestic and care activities together, as well as alongside other activities in employment and leisure (Floro, 1995; Budig and Folbre, 2004; Irani and Vemireddy, 2021). Accurate quantification of these overlapping time constraints can in turn inform the effective design of care policies and measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goal to recognize and value unpaid work across countries. Moreover, accurate quantification of the incidence and time spent in simultaneously conducted activities can help us answer open questions around the links between multitasking and a range of outcomes related to health, leisure, productivity, and stress (Bittman and Wajcman, 2000; Floro and Miles, 2003; Manhart, 2004; Craig and Brown, 2016, 2017; Zaiceva-Razzolini, 2022).

In this section, we show that the mode of data collection also matters in assessing the role of multitasking in individuals’ time allocation, and with implications for understanding of women’s unpaid work burden. As discussed earlier, the smartphone diary allowed respondents to select multiple activities they were involved in at a given time, allowing for a continuous examination of how different activities were layered with each other throughout the day. The recall diary, alternatively, recorded (when applicable) a single secondary activity that respondents were involved in alongside the main activity for a given 15-minute interval. Appendix Figure A1 shows that the recall diary preface read out to respondents suggested secondary activities that might include collecting water or cooking, alongside caring for children. This yields different approaches to capturing simultaneous activities — while the smartphone diary did not distinguish between main and secondary activities (every activity was selected on
0.033)**<br>0.044<br>(0.032)<br>0.106<br>(0.055)+<br>0.310<br>(0.068)**|0.129<br>(0.063)*<br>0.136<br>(0.056)*<br>-0.028<br>(0.086)<br>0.260<br>clustering on country|
|**workers. (Marginal effects fro**<br>_Age (Less than 5 years old)_<br>5 to 15 years old<br>16 or more<br>Ownership (Public)<br>Innovator|_Size (Less than 20 employees)_<br>20 to 100 employees<br>More than 100 employees<br>Sector (Manufacturing)<br>_Country income level (Low income)_<br>Lower Middle income<br>Upper Middle income or high income|_Regulatory mix (Low TER and low RER)_<br>High TER and High RER<br>Low TER and High RER<br>High TER and Low RER<br>Observations (number of countries)<br>Predicted probability at the mean<br>Wald test for rho = 0<br>Standard errors in parentheses (and adjusted for<br>significant at 1%. Data source: ICS|
066|0.051|0.048|
|*Non-matrilineal community (_β_44)|[0.699]|[0.743]|[0.851]|[0.836]|
|Parcel characteristics|No|Yes|No|Yes|
|Observations|1,932|1,932|1,932|1,932|
|R-squared|0.778|0.781|0.587|0.589|
|Mean of dependent variable|0.233|0.233|0.070|0.070|
|<br>Means of independent variables:|||||
|<br>Female bequest in matrilineal com.|0.444|0.444|0.444|0.444|
|<br>Female sale right in matrilineal com.|0.407|0.407|0.407|0.407|
|<br>Male bequest right in matrilineal com.|0.324|0.324|0.324|0.324|
|<br>Male sale right in matrilineal com.|0.299|0.299|0.299|0.299|
|Female bequest right in non-matrilineal community|0.456|0.456|0.456|0.456|
|Female sale right in non-matrilineal community|0.347|0.347|0.347|0.347|
|Male bequest right in non-matrilineal community|0.407|0.407|0.407|0.407|
|Male sale right in non-matrilineal community|0.333|0.333|0.333|0.333|

_Notes_ : IHPS data are used and the sample includes owned parcels only. Indicator variables for women’ ownership or men’s ownership and their interactions with non-matrilineal community are controlled for. Household fixed effects and parcel size are controlled for throughout. Parcel characteristics include
Policy Research Working Paper 8611

# **Abstract**

This paper studies the effects of a reform in Serbia that transferred business registration from regional courts to a centralized agency. Using administrative data, the analysis employs a difference-in-difference strategy that compares new firms before and after the reform across districts based on the level of distrust in regional courts. The results suggest that the reform increased the number of new firms more in regions with higher initial levels of distrust, by up to 34 percent. The reform also increased the survival rates of new firms. These effects are large compared to those of other types of registration reforms, suggesting that courts can pose significant barriers to new firm creation.

This paper is a product of the Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice and the Development Research Group. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http:// www.worldbank.org/research. The authors may be contacted at mbruhn@worldbank.org and danielreyes@worldbank.org..

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent._ Produced by the Research Support Team
price of the good they produce falls below a certain price) the government will set a tariff to compensate producers for the welfare loss generated by the fall in their income.

The existing literature, however, has not addressed the systemic effects of such unilateral policies. Unilateral pro-poor trade policies (when applied by a "large" country or simultaneously applied by a sufficiently large number of "small" countries) create a coordination problem. The game theory portrait below exemplifies the problem. When acting unilaterally each country will find it optimal to protect its own poor. But, in so doing, they end up in an inferior equilibrium.

|Strategies<br>CountryA/CountryB|Protect|Don’t protect|
|---|---|---|
|Protect|1,1|3,0|
|Don’t protect|0,3|2,2|

Unilateral "pro-poor" trade policies have created a world where the poor end up facing higher tariffs, thus depressing global demand for the goods the poor produce. If all countries protect their low-wage sector, even small countries will behave like a large country, thus depressing demand for the goods that the poor produce.

Note that the existence of such coordination problem does not require that the poor are employed in the same sector in each country. It is sufficient that sectors' wages show a high ranking correlation across countries- a hypothesis that data support (section 5.5 provides evidence for the existence of this correlation).

# **4. Data and Methodology**

The Government of India’s National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) regularly conducts national household surveys on employment and consumption. For the present exercise, the data are taken from the 68<sup>th</sup> round conducted during the period from July 2011 to June 2012, specifically survey data collected from the questionnaire referred to as "Schedule 10: Employment and Unemployment". The number of households surveyed was 101,
The administrative records of the BPS included two databases, which were collected to identify the target groups from each experiment:

- _Contributors' Administrative Records, from the Tax and Collection Advisory:_ This database included possible

- future subsidy beneficiaries who made up the sample for experiment 1. Separate strata of men and women were randomly assigned to receive the information message (T1) or none (C).

- _Records of Beneficiaries of leave programs:_ From this registry, we identified participants for experiment 2 as BPS contributors who had requested or were benefiting from maternity or paternity leave five months before messages were sent. A sample of men and women using or with an approved request for paternity or maternity leave was taken. Men and women strata were randomly assigned to receive one of the three messages: information (T1), testimony (T2), or planning (T3).

Finally, we rely on additional administrative records to analyze the medium-term effects of the intervention on effective use of the parental leave. For all surveyed individuals, we obtained subsidy applications and access for the period up to nine months after the intervention from the BPS databases.<sup>10</sup>

# _3.4. Randomization checks_

The estimation sample consists of 2,463 individuals, 858 men, and 1,605 women. 1,221 correspond to Experiment 1, from the sample of formal employees of reproductive age. The remaining 1,242 corresponds to Experiment 2, from the sample of recent parents benefiting from maternal or paternal leave. Table B.1 in the Appendix details the sample size for each experiment and treatment arm by sex.

We use individuals' characteristics to check the sample balance across treatment arms. Tables B.2 to B.4 in the Appendix show the balance test results for each sample. For Experiment 1, we found no statistically significant differences in covariates by treatment arm. For Experiment 2, we tested 15 mean differences (5 variables between 3 treatment groups). We found a lack
|9,154|9,125|
|Equity investnent|150|0|_65_|_451_|861|1,946|2,873|3,339|

# 1. Estimate

2. 1997 figure includes only international bond issuance.

_Source:_ World Bank, _Global Development Finance_ 1998; Bondware Database, _Euromoney;_ International Monetary Fund, _International Finance Statistics_ (IFS) July 1998; and Bank for International Settlements (BIS).

Fifth, a large part of the total _stock_ of debt (around 38 percent in 1997) is owed to commercial banks (albeit proportionately less than in East Asia-55 percent-and Latin America-42 percent; see table 2). More important, the overall maturity of debt owed to commercial banks has been progressively shortening; 40 percent of commercial bank debt now has a maturity of one year or less, compared with about 30 percent in 1994. Judged by other regions' standards, that proportion can be expected to continue to increase.

Finally, compared with East Asia and Latin America, a much greater proportion of the lending by international banks is being borrowed by domestic banks in CEE countries (an average of 50 percent during the period 1994-97, compared with 40 percent in East Asia and 25 percent in Latin America). In the CEE region there has also been a shift in the lending by international commercial banks toward the private nonbank sector, while lending to the public sector has been steadily declining.

_5_
’s zero net foreign asset position, it would take current account deficits in the range of 2-5 percent of GDP to reach any of these future net foreign asset positions.  These are not unreasonable deficits, but they require a large adjustment from the present 6 percent of GDP current account surplus.

## World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3801, December 2005

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the view of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Policy Research Working Papers are available online at http://econ.worldbank.org._ __________________________________________________________________

> 1818 H Street N.W., Washington, DC 20433, ddollar@worldbank.org, akraay@worldbank.org.  This paper was prepared for the Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy held in Pittsburgh on November 17-18, 2005.  We are grateful to conference participants and especially our discussant, Shang-jin Wei, for helpful comments.  We also thank Philip Lane and Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti for sharing their preliminary estimates of China's net foreign asset position through 2003; Natalia Tamirisa for sharing her data on capital controls; and Xiaofan Liu for her help with Chinese statistics.
expensive outcome variable of interest is most notable when a larger share of the total error is due to the sampling error (rather than the model error).

It is conceivable that larger gains can be obtained under certain conditions, for example, when the cost of collecting the outcome variable of interest is extraordinarily high, when the cheaply available predictors exhibit an exceptionally high correlation with the outcome variable of interest, and when the data exhibits very little spatial correlation. We conjecture, however, that these circumstances represent the exception rather than the rule. Moreover, we have currently abstracted away from model misspecification error. Ignoring this component of error obviously favors the prediction estimator. Accounting for misspecification error is not obvious; it is hard to quantify since the true model is inherently unknown and any given estimate of the model can be misspecified in infinitely many ways.

Given these observations, when new data is to be collected, we recommend that the outcome variable of interest should be included so that one does not have to rely on predicted data. This does not mean that there is no role for prediction estimators. Under the right circumstances we believe they could be of great value. For one, prediction estimators provide the means of leveraging already existing data (think of non-nested double sampling estimators, see for example Kim and Rao (2012) and Douidich et al. (2015)). Furthermore, if no previous data exists and the budget is particularly constrained such that one may be left with the choice between predicted data or no data, then the former may be preferred over the latter. In such a data-poor environment, which is not unheard of in developing countries, double sampling estimators may continue to provide a valuable option.

# **References**

- Ahmed, F., C. Dorji, S. Takamatsu, and N. Yoshida (2014) ‘Hybrid survey to improve the reliability of poverty statistics in a cost-effective manner.’ World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6909, The World Bank

- Aliaga,