rafmacalaba/data-use-mentions-extended huggingface dataset:
in the treatment forest experiencing 0.054 fewer days on fire than the synthetic control unit), they are also measured with less precision, and the effect is fully extinguished by 2019. A similar pattern emerges when using the 50% confidence criterion (see Column (2) of Table 1). There are no discernible effects in any of the other months of the year except for March, where the program seems to have resulted in a _reduction_ in forest fire occurrences in 2017 and in an _increase_ thereof in 2019. However, when using the 30% confidence criterion, these impacts are small (a decrease or increase of less than 0.025 days of fire on the average grid cell; see Column (1)), and virtually zero (and highly insignificant) when using the 50% criterion (in Column (2)). That means that the March results are not likely to be real (and definitely not economically significant), and hence November is the only month in which the FIP managed to change forest fire occurrences.

Based on Figure 4 and Table 1, we conclude that the program was not effective in reducing forest fire occurrences throughout the year; it only managed to reduce the number of forest fire occurrences in the first month after the harvest has been completed. The next question is whether this sizeable yet relatively short-lived impact of the FIP program on the frequency of November forest fires resulted in an increase in forest cover. We use the annual forest level tree cover data from the Global Forest Change dataset of Hansen et al. (2013), which combines Landsat images and MODIS data with groundtruth verification (Hansen et al., 2010). We apply the SCM estimator on the annual forest-level tree cover measure; the results are presented in Figure 5.

Two features of Figure 5 are most notable. First, while average tree cover in the treatment forests is systematically larger than that in their synthetic controls, the differences are small in the pre-intervention period (about 0.01
is formed from the accumulation of sediment deposited by rivers or streams. These types of aquifers can have a high storage capacity and can provide a reliable source of water for irrigation and crop production. They are often found in floodplains or along the course of major rivers.

The local shallow aquifer is typically found near the surface<sup>2</sup> (Figure 2b) and can be replenished relatively quickly by local precipitation or surface-water sources (Figure 2a). These aquifers may be suitable for small-scale irrigation and crop production. Because around 70% of African farmers practice subsistence agriculture, their abundance (Figure 3) and relatively lower costs of extraction make these aquifers most suited for farming. Therefore, we will restrict our analysis to local shallow aquifers.

# **3 Data**

## **3.1 Groundwater Data**

We employ a novel aquifer-typology dataset compiled by Rodella, Zaveri, and Bertone (2022). It consists of a spatially exhaustive list of 8,099 aquifer grids in SSA, along with information on the surface area they cover, the volume of water they hold, and their aquifer type. This dataset is up to date as of 2018.

This dataset contains information on the four classes of aquifers discussed in the Background section. The data are collected at the grid level (0.5 degree fishnet). For each grid, the data contain information on what proportion of the grid is major alluvial, complex, karstic, and local shallow, as well as the percentage of the grid cell that is not covered by the data for typology classification. This dataset does not contain information on replenishment (or recharge) rates of aquifers.

In this analysis, we combine the global aquifer dataset provided by Rodella et al. (2022) to the official World Bank administrative boundaries (with a special focus on SSA). The groundwater data contain the geographic centroids of each aquifer. We assign each aquifer to the country containing its centroid. To ascertain the exact
of step</u>

All historical yield data to be used for design and ratemaking should be collated into a standard format for use in actuarial calculations. Ten years of historical yield data is used in the procedure suggested in this paper.

Missing data should be recorded as distinct from a zero yield. At this stage missing yield data should _not_ be `filled in’, but recorded as missing.

Where the insurance unit has changed in the last ten years two historical yield series may be recorded for each crop. First, the series for data from the new insurance unit only; and second the series for data from the old insurance unit only. The choice of data format to be used when the insurance unit has changed in the last ten years will depend on the ultimate use of the data. Section 0 provides an overview of one possible framework for using this data in actuarial calculations.

# <u>Actuarial justification</u>

Data should be cleaned and collated into a standard format to enable efficient checking and scrutiny of actuarial calculations. International best practice for robust risk management requires that each actuarial calculation should be performed by one individual, checked by another and scrutinized by a suitably qualified actuary.

6
and advanced survey strategies to address (Schoeni _et al._ , 2013). As an example, the attrition rate in the panel Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) is already 40 percent in the first 10 years after it was fielded, but sharply increases to more than 70 percent after another 10 years (Kozyreva _et al._ , 2016). These challenges can be amplified in poorer countries (or conflict situations), where both resources and data collection capacity are limited. Given these challenges, alternative data imputation methods have been proposed to construct synthetic panels from repeated cross 13
What about the possibility that the trainings altered the functioning of groups, specifically the division of spoils between group leaders (GL) and Rank-and-File members (RF)? To interrogate this, we pre-specified GL (three members with signatory power over group accounts and finances: chairperson, secretary, and treasurer) and RF as two distinct strata for the study, which, as noted above, was used for stratified sampling of members from each group for the follow-up household surveys. As shown in Table A6, GL tend to have higher consumption, more assets, and more enterprise revenue than the RF members of the TASAF groups. Because the training intervention explicitly highlighted aspects of collective rule-setting, transparency in the accounting of group business, and how to fairly resolve conflicts between group members (see Figure A1), it may have had the effect of empowering the RF relative to GL.

When we look for heterogeneity of impacts of the training intervention between these two groups, an interesting and nuanced picture emerges. Table 4 presents the effects of the program on monthly earnings, financial (cash and in-kind) and labor inputs, along with calculated profits (earnings-financial inputs) and an imputed daily wage (profits per 8 hours worked in the group enterprise) _._ In the absence of training, GL were much more involved in the groups than RF, putting in more labor and inputs and particularly in the endline receiving more not just in terms of overall income but being paid a higher effective wage as well. At the midline, we already see some discouraging effect of the training on this differential effort, with trained GL putting in significantly less labor than untrained GL (and no more than their RF group members), although they continue to earn more income. By the endline this divestiture is clearer, with negative interacted coefficients on all metrics of involvement by the GL, and their behavior in trained groups never being different from RF although GL in untrained groups are significantly more engaged across every measure.

24
measures may provide an important complement to individual actions in reducing farmers’ exposure to pesticide hazards.

# **References**

- Chung, D. K. and K. T. Dung. 2002. _Pest Management in Rice Production in Vietnam: A Socio-economic Assessment_ . Hanoi: Nha Xuat Ban Nong Nghiep.

- Cropper, M. 1994. Economic and Health Consequences of Pesticide Use in Developing Country Agriculture: Discussion. _American Journal of Agricultural Economics_ 76: 605-607.

- Du, L. N. T. and N. T. Phoung. 2003. Real Situation of Preservation, Use and Residues of Pesticides in Honey Grass in An Vy, Khoai Chau, Hung Yen province. The 1<sup>st</sup> International Scientific Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, pp. 275.

- Extension Toxicology Network (ECOTOXNET). 2004. Cholinesterase Inhibition. Toxicology Information Brief. Cornell University.  Available at: <u>http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/TIB/cholinesterase.html</u>

- FAO. 2001. Farmer Self-Surveillance of Pesticide Poisoning Episodes: Report on One Month Pilot: August 15-Sept 15, 2000. FAO Programme for Community IPM in Asia, Field Document.

- FAO. 2004.  FAO-STAT.  Statistics downloaded for Vietnam.  Available at: <u>http://apps.fao.org/default.jsp.</u>

- Hon Tu, N. _et al_ . (1999) Report of investigation for working condition and female workers' health in agricultural production. Ministry of Health **,** Hanoi.

- Huan, N. H. and L. V. Thiet et al., 2000. Results of Survey for Confidence, Attitude and Practices in Safe and Effective Use of Pesticides.

- Kishi, M., N. Hirschhorn, M. Qjajadisastra, L. N. Satterlee, S. Strowman and R. Dilts. 1995. Relationship of Pesticide Spraying to
.5 0.5 1.5. 5 5- -28 1.8 -0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5<br>RuleO oLaw Gran<br><!-- End of picture text --> Notes: Each graph plots the iindicated governance aggregate (on the horizontal axis) against the adult literacy rate in percent (on the vertical axis) for the sample of countries covered by the governance aggregate.

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|31|44|
|**Bulgaria**|**35**|**46**|**19**|**48**|**41**|**33**|**69**|**42**|
|Moldova|33|50|26|51|41|50|36|41|
|Uzbekistan|33|39|10|45|47|67|39|40|
|Romania|79|17|17|51|27|33|53|39|
|Belarus|18|50|48|54|44|17|44|39|
|Azerbaijan|44|33|29|56|43|33|24|38|
|Slovenia|28|28|20|45|27|67|48|38|
|Ukraine|27|17|14|65|32|50|28|33|
|Memorandum: Bes|t CIS/CEEC|performance in|percent of the|best practice|||||
|worldwide|52|0|10|77|58|86|54|48|

Source: data from _Doing Business in 2005. Removing Obstacles to Growth_ . The World Bank and Oxford University Press, Washington DC, 2005.

Although at a first glance, these may not seem to be very demanding benchmarks in particular for flexibility of employment and registering property where the best CEEC/CIS-wide practice diverges widely from the best practice worldwide (last line in Table 7), this is not the case. Consider that Lithuania and Slovakia were among top 20 economies in the world ranked on the overall ease of doing business in 2004 (World Bank 2005a, p. 2).

The ranking appears to defy expectations of the edge that CEEC-10 should have over CIS economies thanks to EU accession path. Although top five positions do not come as surprise, rankings of other countries
> Where _WKAt_ is the average economy-wide rental rate of capital at time period t.

Where shar _enki_ , _t_ is the share of the new capital investment of industry i at period t,<sup></sup> _i_<sup>is</sup> the inter-sectoral mobility coefficient of investment. The value of<sup></sup> _i_<sup>can be chosen from 0 to 1,</sup> _i_<sup>is 0 means there is no inter-sectoral mobility of investment, whereas</sup> _i_<sup>is 1 means there is</sup> full inter-sectoral mobility of investment.

Where _PKt_ is the price of capital at period t.

> Where _QINDi_ , _t_ is the new-added capital of industry i at period t.

> Where _TQKAi_ , _t_  1<sup>is the capital stock of industry i at time period t+1,</sup> _depri_ is the depreciation rate of industry i.

> Where _TQKt_  1 is the new aggregate quantity of capital at time period t+1.

# **_A1.7 Data and parameters_**

In this paper, the benchmark year for the CGE model is 2012, and a SAM that is suitable to the structure of the CGE model has been constructed as the database. Here, the “top-down method” was adopted for constructing the SAM. First, a macro SAM was compiled to provide a consistent macroeconomic data framework. Second, based on the macro SAM, a micro SAM was compiled based on the research purpose. The published 2012 input-output tables of China<sup>[9]</sup> provided the basic data source for compiling the SAM, and all 42 sectors in the 2012 input-output tables of China were reorganized into 16 sectors to construct the micro SAM.

37
UNDRO (1980). _Natural Disasters and Vulnerability Analysis_ . Report of Experts Group Meeting of 9-12 July 1979, United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator, Geneva, Switzerland.

UNDRR (2023, December 7). _Sendai Framework Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction_ . United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. <u>http://www.undrr.org/quick/11964</u> UNFCCC (2010). Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session. Decision 1/CP.16 The Cancun Agreements. In _Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010_ . United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. <u>https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2010/cop16/eng/07a01.pdf</u> UNHCR (2023). _Key Concepts on Climate Change and Disaster Displacement_ . United Nations High - - Commissioner for Refugees, the UN Refugee Agency. <u>https://www.unhcr.org/media/key concepts climate-change-and-disaster-displacement</u> UNISDR (2004). _Living With Risk_ . United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Geneva, Switzerland.

UNISDR (2009). _Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction._ United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Geneva, Switzerland. unisdr.org/eng/library/lib-terminology-eng.htm.

Vicente-Serrano S. & Beguería S. (2023). Global SPEI dataset. <u>https://spei.csic.es/database.html Retrieved September 2023.</u> White, G.F. (1973). Natural hazards research. In: _Directions in Geography_ [Chorley, R.J. (ed.)]. Methuen and Co., London, UK, pp. 193-216.

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45

# References

- Akerlof, George and Paul Romer (1994). “Looting: the economic underworld of bankrupcty for profit.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2:1-73.

- Alesina, Alberto, Reza Baqir, and William Easterly (1999). “Public goods and ethnic divisions.” Quarterly Journal ofEconomics 114: 4, 1243-84 (November).

- Baron, David P. (1989). “Service-induced campaign contributions and the electoral equilibrium.” QuarterlyJournal ofEconomics 104: 1, 45-72 (February).

- (1994). “Electoral Competition with Informed and Uninformed Voters.” American Political Science Review 88:1 33 ~ 47 (March).

- Barro, Robert J. and Jong-Wha, Lee (1996). "International Measures of Schooling Years and Schooling Quality.” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 86 (2): 218-23.

- Bartels, Larry M. (1996). “Uninformed votes: Information effects in presidential elections.” American Journal ofPolitical Science 40: 1, 194 - 230 (February).

- Beck, Thorsten, George Clarke, Alberto Groff, Philip Keefer, and Patrick Walsh (2000). “New Tools and New Tests in Comparative Political Economy: The Database of Political Institutions.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, no. 2283 (February).

- Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirgii¢ -Kunt and Ross Levine (forthcoming). “A new database on financial development and structure.” World Bank Economic Review.

- Besley, Timothy and Robin Burgess (2000). “Does media make government more responsive? Theory and evidence from Indian famine relief policy.” Working paper, April 28.

- Besley, Timothy and Stephen Coate (1999). “Lobbying and Welfare in a Representative Democracy.” Working paper (December 9).

- Brunetti, Aymo and Beatrice Weder (1998). “A Free Press is Bad News for Corruption.” WWZ-Discussion Paper Nr. 9809, University of
signs of rising returns to skills (Figure 24.E), apart from modest increases for primary and vocational education. The wage premium to university is even higher, but again, the returns to education look fairly stable over time. Using years of schooling instead of education level, the returns equal to 12.2 in 2002, compared to 12.7 in 1986 and 11.7 in 1996 (top line in Figure 24.F).<sup>22</sup> This is roughly comparable to other countries. For example, Psacharopoulos and Patrinos (2002) give 14.7 percent for Brazil, 10.3 percent for Argentina, 12.6 percent for the Philippines, and 9.4 percent for Malaysia, but the comparisons are problematic due to differences in data, methodology, and years.

21 The calculation yields, under certain conditions, private returns. Social returns would require incorporating the public costs of providing education net of any external effects (through endogenous growth other channels) of education (Psacharopoulos 1995). The analysis makes no attempt at measuring these effects, implicitly assuming that they have not changed differentially across skill levels over time.

22 The returns to education levels are calculated using Kennedy (1981). Blunch (2004) reports similar estimates using SES data from 1994 to 2002. He notes that returns are overall lower with household fixedeffects, although the gradient remains similar. This comes at a cost of dropping household weights and households with one wage worker. Similarly, Hawley (2004) finds with LFS data from 1985, 1995 and 1998 that for the group of 24 to 35 year-old wage workers an additional year of schooling provides has a return of 11 percent. The return remained stable over the period.

57
in the sample.  The weights are calcuated based on respondent estimates of the population across the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile district in the region.  The black line represents equity per capita -- the correct weights if the actual data were used; the black circles represent the weight for the median disrict based on the region and federal civil servant respondents' estimates of the populations of the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile districts. The organization average weight is then used for the purpose of this figure.  The sample for the top panel is all federal and regional employees and managers that responded to the information module in the Ethiopian Civil Servants Survey; the sample for the middle panel is all federal and regional managers that responded to the information module in the Ethiopian Civil Servants Survey; the sample for the bottom panel is all federal and regional employees and managers that responded to the information module in the Ethiopian Civil Servants Survey.
, women and communities to reduce VAW in the midto long-term (see Alexander-Scott, Banjeree et al. 2017, Bell and Holden 2016, Cares et al. 2014, Ellsberg et al. 2015, Jewkes et al. 2015, Promundo 2012, UN Women 2015b, Verma et al. 2008).<sup>23</sup> International research finds that women who report that they have support from family and friends have been found to cope more successfully with violence and suffer less with regards to their mental health (Coker et al. 2002, Ellsberg et al. 2000). In the context of this research, women reported that family and friends helped them realize the seriousness of the situation and urged survivors to exit the violent relationship or seek institutional support. A 26-year old woman in Nova Iguaçú remembered encouragement she received from family: “My family always said, ‘Get out of his life because this man will kill you from the inside.” Another woman in the same center reported that the local school principal called her and informed her about the CIAM after her daughter told her classmates about a violent incident involving a knife. Yet another mentioned a local pastor who told her, “’This boy is pushing you away from your freedom . . . you are becoming blind – you like to dance, you like to be active, you like to talk to everybody. Now you are very quiet, you are very introspective...you are not coming around here that often anymore.’ Here is someone I regret not having listened to.” With the security that she will not be

> 21 After completing six in-depth interviews with experts from public agencies, the press and civil society organizations, the Institute held single-sex discussions with men and women aged 16 to 30 years in São Paulo.  These foundational conversations led to the national quantitative instrument, conducted face-to-face with 1,800 participants aged 16 and over in 70 municipalities across five regions of Brazil. Research was completed between September and November 2016
challenges facing Latvia as it prepares to enter the EU and, more importantly (ii) design and implement policies and programs to ensure that Latvia reaps the maximum possible benefits from EU structural funds. Section II analyzes the current structure of Latvia’s production, imports, and exports. This analysis will show that Latvia is currently producing and exporting primarily low value added goods and services and importing high value added, knowledge-intensive goods and services. Latvia, in other words, is running both a merchandise trade deficit and a knowledge deficit. There is nothing wrong with obtaining knowledge embedded in imported goods and services. Indeed, all successful economies must import knowledge. But many Latvian enterprises have no clear policy for, or capacity to, implement a policy of industrial upgrading – i.e., a strategy for shifting from the production of low value added goods and services to the production of higher value added goods and services. Unless this problem is resolved, Latvia’s current knowledge deficit will be a recipe for declining terms of trade, declining standards of living, and long term economic stagnation.

> 9   Official statistics suggest that the share of R&D financed by the Latvian private sector is 40%.  While this is below the OECD and EU average of close to 67%, it would appear to be a rather respectable level, especially given Latvia’s relatively low per capita GDP.  However, most of the private R&D in Latvia is performed by a few foreign telecom firms.  All other Latvian firms combined finance a relatively small share of total R&D.  Thus, the task for Latvia is much greater than the official statistics would suggest.  This issue is explored in greater detail below.  For additional data on the share of R&D financed by the private sector in various OECD and non-OECD countries, see OECD, <u>Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard, 2003, especially Section A.4.1 and A12.1.</u>

10
fixed geographic perimeter. In 2007, the average tract in our sample included 131 households and 473 individuals. Small tract units facilitate accurate identification of guerrilla territorial control, which is approximated using the geographic coordinates of the tract centroids.

In sum, we explore the effects of FMLN control via night light luminosity,<sup>17</sup> human capital (measured as years of education and literacy rates), and a wealth index (constructed as suggested by the Demographic and Health Surveys program).<sup>18</sup> The wealth index is the first factor from the

> 17The challenge of night light luminosity data is the significant fraction of observations that take the value of zero and also the existence of extreme values in the right tail of the distribution (Michalopoulos and Papaioannou, 2013; Pinkovskiy and Sala-i Martin, 2016). To account for this concern, the outcome is transformed using the inverse hyperbolic sine transformation, which can be interpreted as a logarithmic dependent variable (Pence, 2006).

> 18Step-by-step instructions for constructing the index are available at: https://dhsprogram.com/topics/

17