rafmacalaba/data-use-mentions-extended huggingface dataset:
**_<u>________________________________________________________</u>_**

# _<u>Customs Rulings Online Search System</u>_

Database of US Customs rulings.

# _<u>Schedule B Export Coder</u>_

US Customs codes. Based on Harmonized code system. Download or view the complete list.

# _<u>Tariff and Import Fee Information</u>_

Links to many resources about tariffs. Includes a tutorial to get started, a glossary of trade terms, an online tariff database, tariff and tax information for 97 countries, helpful tips for importing products into the U.S., and more.

# _<u>Online Tariff Database</u>_

Provided by TARIFFIC International. Up-to-the-minute customs tariffs and import taxes, charges and fees levied at time of import for 192 countries round the world, representing over 97% of world trade.

# **2.4 Transport Infrastructure Indicators**

High transport costs in domestic transport are determined to a large extent by the transport infrastructure network. High transport times can affect the competitive position of a country in the world market.

# _<u>World Bank: Transport Results Initiative</u>_

The central Transport Unit of the World Bank is taking stock of the measures and indicators which are applied for the key transport sector. Initial assessments of data available at the international level, such as through the International Road Federation, confirms significant gaps in relation to both the priority needs of World Bank client countries and the expectations of development agencies.

The revival of interest in indicators for the transport sector is broadly pitched at three interrelated but very different levels. At a global level, the transport sector headlines are proposed to be identified universally and updated regularly. The rural access indicator, one of the five proposed headlines, is a good example in this regard. The indicator has been developed for inclusion in the set of indicators for International Development Association (IDA-14) results measurement
recall were 21 percent higher (NSSO 2003).

In short there are numerous features of survey design that can result in different reported consumption for the same household over the same period of time. Usually based on ad hoc or opportunistic studies, clear divergences arise in measured consumption when recall periods are varied, commodity lists are shortened or lengthened, and consumption is recorded through diary or recall. Underlying these divergences are different magnitudes of various reporting errors, thus making it unclear (i) which variant of consumption measurement more closely hews to the truth; (ii) the implications of survey design for subsequent analysis, especially when consumption measures derived from different variants are combined in the analysis; and (iii) generalizable lessons for future consumption measurement in developing country surveys. The current study was designed to shed light on all three questions.

> 8 Dutta Roy and Mabey (1968) present results of studying alternative recall periods in Ghana for experiments circa 1966; they found significantly larger declines in reported expenditure than Scott and Amenuvegbe (1991). They attribute this to a combination of memory lapse for longer recall periods and over stated expenditures for short recall periods, although it is not clear how this conclusion is drawn.

> 9 A related research design would be to collect both diary and recall consumption data from the same household. Ahmed et al. (2006) study food expenditure among Canadian households reported by recall (past one month) and then collected for the following 2 weeks by diary. However, this design also risks cross-module spillovers within the household.
in (4’). Comparison with the two preceding columns, based on (4), reveals only slight changes in the results. It also confirms the finding in Table 9 that when final-period baskets are used, the relative contribution of prices is diminished due to the substitution effects, but the trends in real and nominal inequality measures are largely unaffected.

# **IV. Conclusions**

Differences in spending patterns across households, together with differences in the evolution of prices across goods, imply that different households face different inflation rates. This has potentially important implications for the extent to which standard CPI inflation can be viewed as a meaningful summary measure of the price trends faced by consumers, particularly those at the bottom of the income distribution, as well as for its frequent use as benchmark for cost-of-living adjustment of public transfers and administered prices.

Furthermore, the fact that different households face different inflation rates also means that conventional assessments of distributional trends based only on nominal income and/or expenditure may provide a misleading guide to the trends in the distribution of their constantprice counterparts. Such discrepancy between trends in nominal and real inequality arises when inflation differentials across households are systematically related to their income (or expenditure) differentials.

This paper has explored these issues using household survey data from four Latin 11
column 2, the stock market data also allow us to examine sectoral heterogeneity in both the prevalence and valuation of political connections, which helps shed light on the external validity of our 27 Specifically, we focus on six salient events. (i) On February 1 Wahid received his first parliamentary censure because of two financial scandals, “Bulogate” and “Bruneigate”. The “Bulogate” scandal involved the alleged theft of $2 million USD from state food company Bulog in the name of Wahid by his personal masseur. “Bruneigate” resulted from Wahid’s failure to make public a gift of 2 million USD from the Sultan of Brunei intended to provide assistance in Aceh. (ii) On February 13 parliament made its first call on Wahid to share power with Megawati Sukarnoputri. After several rounds of protests, (iii) on March 21 Wahid’s defense minister claimed that the president would be ready to step aside if there were constitutional reasons for doing so. (iv) Wahid received a second censure on May 1, 2001. While he rejected this censure, (v) on May 14, 2001 Megawati announced that impeachment proceedings against Wahid were “unstoppable”. (vi) on May 30, 2001 the parliament decided to start impeachment proceedings against Wahid.

> 28 Note that we anticipate _NR JCI_ to be negative such that a positive coefficient on the interaction _NR JCI*POL_ implies bigger losses for firms that are characterized by higher political dependence.

43
participation or the lack of progress in closing other gender gaps. While we cannot capture the underlying norms themselves nor establish causality, the following graphs plot the correlation between normssensitive outcomes and corresponding attitudes and provide some initial evidence of the strength of the linkages between these two sets of variables.

For all the countries with WVS data (Bangladesh, India and Pakistan), Figure 12 depicts a clear negative association between women’s employment rate and the attitude toward precedence of men in obtaining scarce jobs. It is interesting to note that while India and Pakistan have similar slopes, the association in Bangladesh is weaker. This means that even if the share of people supporting the right of men to jobs increases (as it is visible for the more recent cohorts), the share of women working does not decrease by a large amount. Further, despite Bangladesh and Pakistan experiencing large overlaps on the horizontal dimension, such that 70-80 percent of respondents in both countries believe that men have more right to jobs, Bangladesh is placed higher on the vertical axis in terms of the share of women working.

The linkage of educational outcome with the related attitudinal variable is shown in Figure 13. This figure plots the correlation between the share of women having secondary or higher education against the share of respondents who agree that “university is more important for boys than girls” in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. We group observations into 5-year birth cohorts with darker shades indicating more recent birth cohorts. In the case of education, the results are mixed. A strong negative association is found only for Bangladesh. In addition, the change in attitudes and education levels is consistent with the passing of time as more recent (darker) cohorts display more progressive views and higher levels of education. The correlation, however, is not present or has the ‘wrong’ sign in the cases of India and Pakistan. In India, recent (darker) cohorts have higher levels of education even if attitudes towards gender roles with respect to tertiary education do not change
household income, asset ownership (to be used for a wealth index); employment, educational, literacy and numeracy status of all members etc.

Data are weighted to account for the differences in probabilities of individual selection across counties and EAs. Weighted estimates are used when presenting descriptive statistics but not for regressions.

# **3. Descriptive Evidence**

## **3a. Adolescent Girl and Household Characteristics**

Mean age of the adolescent girls is 18.6 years. Fifty-six percent of these young women are not in training, education, or employment (NEET). Thirty-four percent are married. Most of them aspire to complete higher secondary schooling, while 86% of them want to work for pay outside home. Half of them know women running own businesses, and most feel moderately connected to the adults in their community.

In terms of characteristics of these adolescent girls’ households, most of them have low educated parents and fairly large household size. Almost 90% of them belong to SC/ST or backward castes, while close to 70% are Hindus. 41% of them live in households that own a BPL (Below Poverty Line) card, indicating their low-income status. As a measure of household resources, we use the log of annual household income, and use this to shed light on whether adolescent girls from wealthier households have higher aspirations.

**Table 1: Descriptive** **<u>Statistics for Individual and Household Characteristics of Adolescents (15-24 years)</u>**

||Mean|Std. Dev|Min|Max|Count|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Education Aspiration|12.99|(2.84)|1|17|2106|
|Employment Aspiration|0.86|(0.35)|0|1|2388|
|Age (years)|18.57|(
**Figure 12: Sector shares in total value added in Togo (percent), 1965 to 2009 (LHS) and Trends in Growth Rates in Value Added GDP, Togo, 1966‐2009 (RHS).**

<!-- Start of picture text --> factor Costs. 1965 2009<br>100% 15%<br>80% 10%<br>60%<br>5%<br>40%<br>20% 0%<br>0% -5%<br>Primary Secondary Tertiary Primary, HP filter Secondary, HP filter Tertiary, HP filter<br>% Chg.<br>1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 1966 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> Primary<br><!-- End of picture text --> <!-- Start of picture text --> Secondary<br><!-- End of picture text --> _Notes_ : All calculations use data in constant LCUs. There are small differences in Gross value added at factor cost in the table and the DDP data due to incomplete information on some activities.

_Source_ : Authors' calculations based on data from the World Bank, DDP data, and Government of Togo.

**Table 2: Shares, Growth rates and Contribution to Growth, Togo, 1960s‐2000s.**

|**,**<br>**, g**<br>**Shares in Value Added GDP**|<br>**g**<br>**,**<br>**y**<br>**1960s**|<br>**1970s**|**, ,**<br
Policy Research Working Paper 11069

# **Abstract**

This paper estimates the effect of electricity prices on firm performance, focusing on firm productivity, sales, and employment. Using the World Bank Business Pulse Survey data for a sample of 24 emerging markets and developing economies during 2019–23, the paper estimates the average effect and the heterogeneous effects across industries of varying energy intensity and firms that implemented (or did not implement) energy efficiency measures (self-reported in the Business Pulse Survey). The findings show that increasing electricity prices by 1 percent reduces employment at firms in energy-intensive industries that did not adopt energy efficiency measures by about 1.5 percent, compared with similar firms in energy-non-intensive sectors. In parallel, energy-intensive firms may increase sales and productivity but this result is robust to all alternative specifications. Firms may increase sales while reducing employment after energy price hikes, by adopting energy-efficient technologies and by passing through costs to consumers in inelastic markets while reducing employment in energy-intensive sectors due to cost pressures. These results highlight the adoption of energy efficiency measures by firms as an important employment protection policy action to cope with future volatility in energy (electricity) prices.

This paper is a product of the Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Department. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at mmelecky@worldbank.org, miootty@worldbank.org, and raterido@worldbank.org.

_The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper
% 6.5% 4.0% D5<br>D6<br>D7<br>D8<br>D9<br>0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% D10<br>D1<br>D2<br>D3<br>D4<br>2010 16.5% 14.7% 13.8% 13.0% 11.3% 9.8% 7.4%6.3%4.5% 2.8% D5<br>D6<br>D7<br>D8<br>D9<br>0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% D10<br><!-- End of picture text --> Source: authors’ own computation with data from CEDLAS and The World Bank (2015) 10
measures of risk and are constructed through an inverse index: therefore a low measure of “corruption” means a high risk of corruption and viceversa; therefore zero is the highest corruption risk, while six is the lowest.

> 13 To clarify this refer to Figure 1 and Annex B as they provide a project-per-project sense of how the ratings are correlated in terms of bank and borrower performance through a rich scatterplot.

> 14 W e transform the project sizes in constant 2005 international dollars in order to use inter-temporally comparable figures. In addition to this we normalize the project size according to a cross-country inter-temporal mean (104.68 million 2005 PPP dollars). In this way we measure the elasticity of project outcome to relative size, rather than dollar value and it should allow an easier interpretation

> 15 From Calderon, Moral-Benito and Serven (2011): “We use a principal component procedure to build a synthetic index summarizing different dimensions of infrastructure. We focus on three key infrastructure sectors: telecommunications, power and road transport. This choice is consistent with previous literature on the output impact of infrastructure, which has typically focused on one of these individual sectors, most often telecommunications. The synthetic infrastructure index is the first principal component of three variables measuring the availability of infrastructure services in these three sectors”.

> 16 All of their definitions are available in Annex C.

9
have shown that Venezuelan migration inflows change voter behaviors. The authors exploit geographical variation in the early settlements of migrants (before the onset of the crisis) and annual variation in the aggregate migration flows. They demonstrate that larger migration shocks increase voter turnout and shift votes from left-wing to rightwing political ideologies. We replicate Rozo and Vargas (2021)’s estimates, adding data for the last elections (2019 for mayoral elections and 2022 for presidential elections), and observe similar effects. Particularly, we see that larger migration inflows translate into higher voter turnout and a shift of votes from left-wing to right-wing ideologies (see Table D.5). We illustrate in Figure D.5 that both estimates use different sources of crosssectional variation. Furthermore, we confirm that even when using the cross-sectional variation from Rozo and Vargas (2021), we do not find significant effects of the PEP program (see Table D.6).

_Are the impacts in municipalities with lower/higher take-up?_ We also explore whether the program induced different impacts in municipalities that had higher or lower program take-up. For this purpose, we divide the municipalities in the sample in three terciles for program take-up and a control group with no take-up. We first show that the parallel trend assumption is satisfied for municipalities in tercile groups 1, 2, or 3 relative to the control group (Figures D.6-D.8). We also confirm that there are negligible effects of the program for all outcomes and groups in Table D.7, except for the case of political competition where we document a positive impact for municipalities in Tercile 3.

_External validation using Parliamentary Elites in Latin American surveys:_ To validate our classification, we leverage data from the Parliamentary Elites in Latin America surveys (PELA-USAL), which captures legislators’ perceptions of presidential candidates’ ideologies. In this survey, legislators rank candidates on a 1–10 Left-Right scale, where 1 represents the most left-wing position and 10 the most right-wing. We categorize candidates as right-wing
financial inclusion, something that was not possible in the earlier studies. Finally, our study offers evidence on the impact of remittances on financial inclusion for a new country - El Salvador – for which remittances represent a very significant share of GDP.

We conduct probit estimations of the likelihood of using deposit and credit services, allowing for department-, municipality-, or household-level fixed effects to control for factors other than remittances that might affect financial inclusion at the household level.<sup>5</sup> Also, to deal

> 4 This is a significant concern in the study by Aggarwal et al. (2011) that uses balance of payment data on remittances.

> 5 El Salvador is divided into 14 departments and 262 municipalities.

4
on it are recorded in separate registers but, with building registries the responsibility of local rather than central government, makes it impossible to easily link the two and value property even if prices for structures are reported. An integrated address or building register, fully interoperable with the cadastre, is thus needed to extend mass valuation to residential land. While establishment of such a register across the country is envisaged, piloting relevant procedures with local governments that have already established such a register would be desirable.

Finally, to the extent that predicted prices are to be used for tax purposes, the transition from NMV to mass appraisal based on market prices can significantly alter individual taxpayers’ bills or local communities’ property tax revenue. A carefully designed strategy for a smooth transition is thus essential when moving to a new tax base, ensure financial stability, and prevent substantial budget losses during the transition.<sup>29</sup>

# **5. Conclusion and policy implications**

By providing estimated land values for about 7 million agricultural parcels, this paper demonstrates that the preconditions for a market-based valuation system of land and property in Ukraine are in place. Ukraine's advanced digital transformation in public registries, particularly the mandatory state registration of property rights in centralized electronic systems like the State Land Cadastre and the State Register of Real Property Rights, provides a robust foundation for such a shift as it enables efficient collection and rapid processing of transaction information, including prices and property values, which is essential for accurate market assessments and fostering transparency.

Our analysis illustrates both the viability and the greater flexibility and equity of a market-based approach to land and property valuation that can increase fairness in taxation; streamline private investment and direct it toward areas with the highest returns; and discourage speculative land holding by allowing capital gains to be reliably measured and taxed fairly. To institutionalize transparent and reproducible market-based valuation, three steps may be considered: _Data Standards and Data Sharing Protocols:_ The exercise presented in this paper would not have been possible without
# **3 Estimation Framework**

The objective of the empirical analysis is to evaluate the relative importance of the business environment and agglomeration economies in influencing location decisions of manufacturing firms across Indian cities. Here, we provide an estimation framework, where individual firms compare potential profitability across cities in India. We assume that a firm evaluates potential profits at alternative locations at each time period, and would consider relocation if profits in another place exceeded its profits at the current location. By viewing past location decisions as being under constant review by firms, this framework allows us to investigate what location benefits are embedded in the firm’s current production technology.

# A. <u>Estimation Framework</u>

The units of observation in our analysis are all firms covered in the Investment Climate Survey. The underlying location decision model for each firm determines profits as a function of observable attributes of the business environment and agglomeration economies, and a set of unobserved local attributes of the city. In the model profits π earned by firm _i_ , in industry _k_ , which chooses to locate in city _j_ are:<sup>11</sup> Agglomeration effects that provide production externalities are represented by σ _j,k_ (localization economies), measured as the own industry concentration of industry _i_ in city

> 11 This model is an adaptation of the Bayer and Timmis [2003] equilibrium model of location choice to the problem of industrial development.

17
vein, when preparing the project, the government had selected a minimum annual turnover of Rand 1 million (approximately USD 125,000) for firms to be eligible to apply. However, based on a set of representative firm-level surveys in South Africa, it seemed that less than 3 percent of the population of firms would qualify to participate in the program. This led to adjustments in the program, which culminated in a revised version of the project with a minimum annual turnover of Rand 250,000, increasing the chances of finding eligible enterprises.

Second, there is considerable heterogeneity in firm characteristics and performance, which affects the statistical power to detect the impacts of the programs and thus the sample size requirements. This is an important consideration, especially when one of the objectives of the study is to measure impact heterogeneity to understand for which type of firms the matching grant is most

> 7 The eligibility criteria imposed among other aspects the need for 51% of the ownership to be black-owned (African, Indian or Colored under the South African definition).

14