Title: fix: image array should support other formats than uint8
Author: vigsterkr (CONTRIBUTOR)
State: closed
Created: 2022-12-15T13:17:50Z

Currently images that are provided as ndarrays, but not in `uint8` format are going to loose data. Namely, for example in a depth image where the data is in float32 format, the type-casting to uint8 will basically make the whole image blank.
`PIL.Image.fromarray` [does support mode `F`](https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/handbook/concepts.html#concept-modes).

although maybe some further metadata could be supplied via the [Image](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/v2.7.1/en/package_reference/main_classes#datasets.Image) object.

Comments:
_The documentation is not available anymore as the PR was closed or merged._

Hi, thanks for working on this! 

I agree that the current type-casting (always cast to `np.uint8` as Tensorflow Datasets does) is a bit too harsh. However, not all dtypes are supported in `Image.fromarray` (e.g. np.int64), so we need to treat these with special care (e.g. downcast to the closest supported dtype, maybe with warnings to let the user know what's happening).

PS: To avoid the CI failures, we need to handle two more instances of the cast to `np.uint8` (both are in the `image.py` file).

I've made some changes to the PR.

Now the encoding procedure behaves as follows:
* for multi-channel arrays: if their dtype  is `int`/`uint`, cast to np.uint8 (the only supported  dtype for multi-channel arrays), throw an error otherwise
* if the array dtype is of valid kind ("u", "i", "f", ...):
    * don't do anything if Pillow natively supports it
    * otherwise, downcast until it becomes compatible with Pillow
* raise an error if nothing from above is true

<details>
<summary>Show benchmarks</summary>

PyArrow==6.0.0

<details>
<summary>Show updated benchmarks!</summary>

### Benchmark: benchmark_array_xd.json

| metric | read_batch_formatted_as_numpy after write_array2d | read_batch_formatted_as_numpy after write_flattened_sequence | read_batch_formatted_as_numpy after write_nested_sequence | read_batch_unformated after write_array2d | read_batch_unformated after write_flattened_sequence | read_batch_unformated after write_nested_sequence | read_col_formatted_as_numpy after write_array2d | read_col_formatted_as_numpy after write_flattened_sequence | read_col_formatted_as_numpy after write_nested_sequence | read_col_unformated after write_array2d | read_col_unformated after write_flattened_sequence | read_col_unformated after write_nested_sequence | read_formatted_as_numpy after write_array2d | read_formatted_as_numpy after write_flattened_sequence | read_formatted_as_numpy after write_nested_sequence | read_unformated after write_array2d | read_unformated after write_flattened_sequence | read_unformated after write_nested_sequence | write_array2d | write_flattened_sequence | write_nested_sequence |
|--------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| new / old (diff) | 0.009537 / 0.011353 (-0.001816) | 0.004946 / 0.011008 (-0.006062) | 0.100552 / 0.038508 (0.062043) | 0.035119 / 0.023109 (0.012009) | 0.295989 / 0.275898 (0.020091) | 0.361326 / 0.323480 (0.037846) | 0.007608 / 0.007986 (-0.000378) | 0.004151 / 0.004328 (-0.000177) | 0.077301 / 0.004250 (0.073050) | 0.042921 / 0.037052 (0.005869) | 0.304804 / 0.258489 (0.046315) | 0.345934 / 0.293841 (0.052093) | 0.038987 / 0.128546 (-0.089559) | 0.012055 / 0.075646 (-0.063591) | 0.334035 / 0.419271 (-0.085236) | 0.052679 / 0.043533 (0.009146) | 0.291700 / 0.255139 (0.036561) | 0.335423 / 0.283200 (0.052223) | 0.107002 / 0.141683 (-0.034680) | 1.516780 / 1.452155 (0.064625) | 1.514137 / 1.492716 (0.021420) |

### Benchmark: benchmark_getitem\_100B.json

| metric | get_batch_of\_1024\_random_rows | get_batch_of\_1024\_rows | get_first_row | get_last_row |
|--------|---|---|---|---|
| new / old (diff) | 0.014719 / 0.018006 (-0.003287) | 0.545251 / 0.000490 (0.544761) | 0.004719 / 0.000200 (0.004519) | 0.000275 / 0.000054 (0.000220) |

### Benchmark: benchmark_indices_mapping.json

| metric | select | shard | shuffle | sort | train_test_split |
|--------|---|---|---|---|---|
| new / old (diff) | 0.026633 / 0.037411 (-0.010779) | 0.106911 / 0.014526 (0.092385) | 0.120258 / 0.176557 (-0.056299) | 0.156196 / 0.737135 (-0.580940) | 0.123132 / 0.296338 (-0.173207) |

### Benchmark: benchmark_iterating.json

| metric | read 5000 | read 50000 | read_batch 50000 10 | read_batch 50000 100 | read_batch 50000 1000 | read_formatted numpy 5000 | read_formatted pandas 5000 | read_formatted tensorflow 5000 | read_formatted torch 5000 | read_formatted_batch numpy 5000 10 | read_formatted_batch numpy 5000 1000 | shuffled read 5000 | shuffled read 50000 | shuffled read_batch 50000 10 | shuffled read_batch 50000 100 | shuffled read_batch 50000 1000 | shuffled read_formatted numpy 5000 | shuffled read_formatted_batch numpy 5000 10 | shuffled read_formatted_batch numpy 5000 1000 |
|--------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| new / old (diff) | 0.398018 / 0.215209 (0.182809) | 3.973992 / 2.077655 (1.896337) | 1.776436 / 1.504120 (0.272316) | 1.579036 / 1.541195 (0.037841) | 1.643345 / 1.468490 (0.174855) | 0.692408 / 4.584777 (-3.892369) | 3.757243 / 3.745712 (0.011531) | 3.226212 / 5.269862 (-2.043649) | 1.797845 / 4.565676 (-2.767831) | 0.085878 / 0.424275 (-0.338398) | 0.012451 / 0.007607 (0.004844) | 0.509755 / 0.226044 (0.283711) | 5.029035 / 2.268929 (2.760107) | 2.255507 / 55.444624 (-53.189117) | 1.892868 / 6.876477 (-4.983609) | 1.900017 / 2.142072 (-0.242055) | 0.853965 / 4.805227 (-3.951263) | 0.167268 / 6.500664 (-6.333396) | 0.062796 / 0.075469 (-0.012673) |

### Benchmark: benchmark_map_filter.json

| metric | filter | map fast-tokenizer batched | map identity | map identity batched | map no-op batched | map no-op batched numpy | map no-op batched pandas | map no-op batched pytorch | map no-op batched tensorflow |
|--------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| new / old (diff) | 1.183361 / 1.841788 (-0.658427) | 15.103797 / 8.074308 (7.029489) | 14.112931 / 10.191392 (3.921539) | 0.167234 / 0.680424 (-0.513190) | 0.029487 / 0.534201 (-0.504713) | 0.444121 / 0.579283 (-0.135162) | 0.437821 / 0.434364 (0.003457) | 0.544900 / 0.540337 (0.004562) | 0.642142 / 1.386936 (-0.744794) |

</details>
PyArrow==latest

<details>
<summary>Show updated benchmarks!</summary>

### Benchmark: benchmark_array_xd.json

| metric | read_batch_formatted_as_numpy after write_array2d | read_batch_formatted_as_numpy after write_flattened_sequence | read_batch_formatted_as_numpy after write_nested_sequence | read_batch_unformated after write_array2d | read_batch_unformated after write_flattened_sequence | read_batch_unformated after write_nested_sequence | read_col_formatted_as_numpy after write_array2d | read_col_formatted_as_numpy after write_flattened_sequence | read_col_formatted_as_numpy after write_nested_sequence | read_col_unformated after write_array2d | read_col_unformated after write_flattened_sequence | read_col_unformated after write_nested_sequence | read_formatted_as_numpy after write_array2d | read_formatted_as_numpy after write_flattened_sequence | read_formatted_as_numpy after write_nested_sequence | read_unformated after write_array2d | read_unformated after write_flattened_sequence | read_unformated after write_nested_sequence | write_array2d | write_flattened_sequence | write_nested_sequence |
|--------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| new / old (diff) | 0.007078 / 0.011353 (-0.004275) | 0.004983 / 0.011008 (-0.006026) | 0.097106 / 0.038508 (0.058598) | 0.033747 / 0.023109 (0.010637) | 0.382030 / 0.275898 (0.106132) | 0.410193 / 0.323480 (0.086713) | 0.006658 / 0.007986 (-0.001327) | 0.005358 / 0.004328 (0.001029) | 0.073878 / 0.004250 (0.069628) | 0.049292 / 0.037052 (0.012240) | 0.384053 / 0.258489 (0.125564) | 0.427826 / 0.293841 (0.133985) | 0.036780 / 0.128546 (-0.091766) | 0.012469 / 0.075646 (-0.063178) | 0.332989 / 0.419271 (-0.086283) | 0.059531 / 0.043533 (0.015998) | 0.378431 / 0.255139 (0.123292) | 0.402672 / 0.283200 (0.119473) | 0.110782 / 0.141683 (-0.030901) | 1.484570 / 1.452155 (0.032416) | 1.608081 / 1.492716 (0.115365) |

### Benchmark: benchmark_getitem\_100B.json

| metric | get_batch_of\_1024\_random_rows | get_batch_of\_1024\_rows | get_first_row | get_last_row |
|--------|---|---|---|---|
| new / old (diff) | 0.232356 / 0.018006 (0.214350) | 0.545648 / 0.000490 (0.545158) | 0.003113 / 0.000200 (0.002913) | 0.000089 / 0.000054 (0.000035) |

### Benchmark: benchmark_indices_mapping.json

| metric | select | shard | shuffle | sort | train_test_split |
|--------|---|---|---|---|---|
| new / old (diff) | 0.028138 / 0.037411 (-0.009273) | 0.110786 / 0.014526 (0.096260) | 0.123615 / 0.176557 (-0.052941) | 0.165773 / 0.737135 (-0.571362) | 0.126401 / 0.296338 (-0.169937) |

### Benchmark: benchmark_iterating.json

| metric | read 5000 | read 50000 | read_batch 50000 10 | read_batch 50000 100 | read_batch 50000 1000 | read_formatted numpy 5000 | read_formatted pandas 5000 | read_formatted tensorflow 5000 | read_formatted torch 5000 | read_formatted_batch numpy 5000 10 | read_formatted_batch numpy 5000 1000 | shuffled read 5000 | shuffled read 50000 | shuffled read_batch 50000 10 | shuffled read_batch 50000 100 | shuffled read_batch 50000 1000 | shuffled read_formatted numpy 5000 | shuffled read_formatted_batch numpy 5000 10 | shuffled read_formatted_batch numpy 5000 1000 |
|--------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| new / old (diff) | 0.440518 / 0.215209 (0.225309) | 4.393821 / 2.077655 (2.316166) | 2.295479 / 1.504120 (0.791359) | 2.116679 / 1.541195 (0.575485) | 2.215561 / 1.468490 (0.747071) | 0.722343 / 4.584777 (-3.862434) | 3.783360 / 3.745712 (0.037647) | 3.302242 / 5.269862 (-1.967620) | 1.681535 / 4.565676 (-2.884142) | 0.085738 / 0.424275 (-0.338537) | 0.012373 / 0.007607 (0.004766) | 0.540499 / 0.226044 (0.314455) | 5.384915 / 2.268929 (3.115986) | 2.766346 / 55.444624 (-52.678279) | 2.451994 / 6.876477 (-4.424483) | 2.505720 / 2.142072 (0.363647) | 0.833006 / 4.805227 (-3.972221) | 0.168206 / 6.500664 (-6.332458) | 0.064971 / 0.075469 (-0.010498) |

### Benchmark: benchmark_map_filter.json

| metric | filter | map fast-tokenizer batched | map identity | map identity batched | map no-op batched | map no-op batched numpy | map no-op batched pandas | map no-op batched pytorch | map no-op batched tensorflow |
|--------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| new / old (diff) | 1.253499 / 1.841788 (-0.588289) | 15.381840 / 8.074308 (7.307532) | 13.519493 / 10.191392 (3.328101) | 0.165559 / 0.680424 (-0.514865) | 0.017682 / 0.534201 (-0.516519) | 0.422248 / 0.579283 (-0.157035) | 0.422750 / 0.434364 (-0.011614) | 0.524546 / 0.540337 (-0.015792) | 0.626956 / 1.386936 (-0.759980) |

</details>
</details>

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