paragraph_text: A 2006 study by Seldin et al. used over five thousand autosomal SNPs to demonstrate European genetic substructure. The results showed "a consistent and reproducible distinction between 'northern' and 'southern' European population groups". Most northern, central, and eastern Europeans (Finns, Swedes, English, Irish, Germans, and Ukrainians) showed >90% in the "northern" population group, while most individual participants with southern European ancestry (Italians, Greeks, Portuguese, Spaniards) showed >85% in the "southern" group. Both Ashkenazi Jews as well as Sephardic Jews showed >85% membership in the "southern" group. Referring to the Jews clustering with southern Europeans, the authors state the results were "consistent with a later Mediterranean origin of these ethnic groups".

paragraph_text: Sketches of Spain is an album by Miles Davis, recorded between November 1959 and March 1960 at the Columbia 30th Street Studio in New York City. An extended version of the second movement of Joaquín Rodrigo's "Concierto de Aranjuez" (1939) is included, as well as a piece called "Will o' the Wisp", from Manuel de Falla's ballet "El amor brujo" (1914–1915). "Sketches of Spain" is regarded as an exemplary recording of Third Stream, a musical fusion of jazz, European classical, and styles from world music.

paragraph_text: Birth control practices were generally adopted earlier in Europe than in the United States. Knowlton's book was reprinted in 1877 in England by Charles Bradlaugh and Annie Besant, with the goal of challenging Britain's obscenity laws. They were arrested (and later acquitted) but the publicity of their trial contributed to the formation, in 1877, of the Malthusian League -- the world's first birth control advocacy group -- which sought to limit population growth to avoid Thomas Malthus's dire predictions of exponential population growth leading to worldwide poverty and famine. By 1930, similar societies had been established in nearly all European countries, and birth control began to find acceptance in most Western European countries, except Catholic Ireland, Spain, and France. As the birth control societies spread across Europe, so did birth control clinics. The first birth control clinic in the world was established in the Netherlands in 1882, run by the Netherlands' first female physician, Aletta Jacobs. The first birth control clinic in England was established in 1921 by Marie Stopes, in London.

paragraph_text: Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate.

paragraph_text: Manuel Sánchez Ayuso (Murcia, Spain, 1941 - Valencia, Spain 8 November 1982) was a Spanish economist and politician in the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Popular Socialist Party.

paragraph_text: He was born in Macao, China, the son of John William Roberts of the East India Company and was educated at Mr Styles' Classical Academy in Thames Ditton and at the Addiscombe Military Seminary for service in the East India Company (the HEIC).

paragraph_text: John Thorndike (February 23, 1611 or 1612 – interred 1668) was one of the first founders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Other sources show his birth date as born February 1610/11.

paragraph_text: Andrés Iniesta Iniesta in June 2018 Full name Andrés Iniesta Luján Date of birth (1984 - 05 - 11) 11 May 1984 (age 34) Place of birth Fuentealbilla, Spain Height 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in) Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Vissel Kobe Number 8 Youth career 1994 -- 1996 Albacete 1996 -- 2001 Barcelona Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 2001 -- 2003 Barcelona B 54 (5) 2002 -- 2018 Barcelona 442 (35) 2018 -- Vissel Kobe (1) National team 2000 Spain U15 (0) 2000 -- 2001 Spain U16 7 (1) 2001 Spain U17 (0) 2001 -- 2002 Spain U19 7 (1) 2003 Spain U20 7 (3) 2003 -- 2006 Spain U21 18 (6) 2006 -- 2018 Spain 131 (13) 2004 -- 2005 Catalonia (0) Honours (show) Representing Spain Men's Football UEFA U-17 Championship Winner 2001 England UEFA U-19 Championship Winner 2002 Norway FIFA U-20 World Cup Runner - up 2003 United Arab Emirates UEFA European Championship Winner 2008 Austria - Switzerland FIFA World Cup Winner 2010 South Africa UEFA European Championship Winner 2012 Poland - Ukraine FIFA Confederations Cup Runner - up 2013 Brazil * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 14: 14, 11 August 2018 (UTC) ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 16: 47, 1 July 2018 (UTC)

paragraph_text: Since the existence of the earliest Jewish diaspora, many Jews have aspired to return to "Zion" and the "Land of Israel", though the amount of effort that should be spent towards such an aim was a matter of dispute. The hopes and yearnings of Jews living in exile are an important theme of the Jewish belief system. After the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, some communities settled in Palestine. During the 16th century, Jewish communities struck roots in the Four Holy Cities—Jerusalem, Tiberias, Hebron, and Safed—and in 1697, Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1,500 Jews to Jerusalem. In the second half of the 18th century, Eastern European opponents of Hasidism, known as the Perushim, settled in Palestine.

paragraph_text: Islam was a widespread religion in what is now Spain and Portugal for nine centuries, beginning with the Umayyad conquest of Hispania and ending (at least overtly) with its prohibition by the modern Spanish state in the mid-16th century and the expulsion of the Moriscos in the early 17th century. Although a significant proportion of Moriscos returned to Spain or avoided expulsion through various means, and the decree never affected the country's large enslaved Muslim population, the indigenous practice of Islam had faded into obscurity by the 19th century.

paragraph_text: The divisions between all these groups are approximate and their boundaries are not always clear. The Mizrahim for example, are a heterogeneous collection of North African, Central Asian, Caucasian, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities that are no closer related to each other than they are to any of the earlier mentioned Jewish groups. In modern usage, however, the Mizrahim are sometimes termed Sephardi due to similar styles of liturgy, despite independent development from Sephardim proper. Thus, among Mizrahim there are Egyptian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Lebanese Jews, Kurdish Jews, Libyan Jews, Syrian Jews, Bukharian Jews, Mountain Jews, Georgian Jews, Iranian Jews and various others. The Teimanim from Yemen are sometimes included, although their style of liturgy is unique and they differ in respect to the admixture found among them to that found in Mizrahim. In addition, there is a differentiation made between Sephardi migrants who established themselves in the Middle East and North Africa after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s and the pre-existing Jewish communities in those regions.

paragraph_text: The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the expulsion in 1609 of the Jews and the Moriscos, descendants of the Muslim population that converted to Christianity under threat of exile from Ferdinand and Isabella in 1502. From 1609 through 1614, the Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave the kingdom for Muslim North Africa. They were concentrated in the former Kingdom of Aragon, where they constituted a fifth of the population, and the Valencia area specifically, where they were roughly a third of the total population. The expulsion caused the financial ruin of some of the nobility and the bankruptcy of the Taula de Canvi in 1613. The Crown endeavoured to compensate the nobles, who had lost much of their agricultural labour force; this harmed the economy of the city for generations to come. Later, during the so-called Catalan Revolt (1640–1652), Valencia contributed to the cause of Philip IV with militias and money, resulting in a period of further economic hardship exacerbated by the arrival of troops from other parts of Spain.

paragraph_text: Macau was administered by the Portuguese Empire and its inheritor states from the mid-16th century until late 1999, when it constituted the last remaining European colony in Asia. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 1550s. In 1557, Macau was leased to Portugal from Ming China as a trading port. The Portuguese Empire administered the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty until 1887, when Macau became a colony through a mutual agreement between the two countries. Sovereignty over Macau was transferred back to China on 20 December 1999. The Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau and Macau Basic Law stipulate that Macau operate with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer.

paragraph_text: "Heartbeat" is a 1986 song by Don Johnson. It was released as a single and included on the album of the same name. It became an international hit, peaking at number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and charting highly in many European countries.

paragraph_text: The Monroe Doctrine was a United States policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to take control of any independent state in North or South America would be viewed as ``the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. ''At the same time, the doctrine noted that the U.S. would recognize and not interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued on December 2, 1823 at a time when nearly all Latin American colonies of Spain and Portugal had achieved, or were at the point of gaining, independence from the Portuguese and Spanish Empires.

paragraph_text: Juan Mata Mata playing for Manchester United in 2016 Full name Juan Manuel Mata García Date of birth (1988 - 04 - 28) 28 April 1988 (age 29) Place of birth Burgos, Spain Height 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) Playing position Attacking midfielder Club information Current team Manchester United Number 8 Youth career 1998 -- 2003 Real Oviedo 2003 -- 2006 Real Madrid Senior career * Years Team Apps (Gls) 2006 -- 2007 Real Madrid Castilla 39 (10) 2007 -- 2011 Valencia 129 (33) 2011 -- 2014 Chelsea 82 (18) 2014 -- Manchester United 133 (30) National team Spain U16 (2) Spain U17 (1) 2006 -- 2007 Spain U19 13 (12) 2007 Spain U20 5 (3) 2007 -- 2011 Spain U21 19 (5) 2012 Spain U23 (0) 2009 -- Spain 41 (10) Honours (show) Representing Spain FIFA World Cup 2010 South Africa (((3))) FIFA Confederations Cup 2013 Brazil 2009 South Africa UEFA European Championship 2012 Poland -- Ukraine UEFA European Under - 21 Championship 2011 Romania UEFA European Under - 19 Championship 2006 Poland * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 16: 00, 24 February 2018 (UTC). ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 15 November 2016

paragraph_text: Manuel Marín González (21 October 1949 – 4 December 2017) was a Spanish politician, former President of the Congress of Deputies of Spain. He was a long-time member of the European Commission, and acting President during the Santer Commission following the resignation of Jacques Santer. He is considered the father of the Erasmus Programme.

paragraph_text: In humans, birth normally occurs at a gestational age of about 40 weeks, though it is common for births to occur from 37 to 42 weeks. After 8 weeks, the embryo is called a fetus.

paragraph_text: With the onset of the Crusades in 1095, and the expulsions from England (1290), France (1394), and parts of Germany (15th century), Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century). Over this period of several hundred years, some have suggested, Jewish economic activity was focused on trade, business management, and financial services, due to several presumed factors: Christian European prohibitions restricting certain activities by Jews, preventing certain financial activities (such as "usurious" loans) between Christians, high rates of literacy, near universal male education, and ability of merchants to rely upon and trust family members living in different regions and countries.

paragraph_text: Prior to 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel). Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French-controlled Maghreb region, 15–20% in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% in the Kingdom of Egypt and approximately 7% in the Kingdom of Yemen. A further 200,000 lived in Pahlavi Iran and the Republic of Turkey. Today, around 26,000 Jews live in Arab countries and around 30,000 in Iran and Turkey. A small-scale exodus had begun in many countries in the early decades of the 20th century, although the only substantial aliyah came from Yemen and Syria. The exodus from Arab and Muslim countries took place primarily from 1948. The first large-scale exoduses took place in the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily in Iraq, Yemen and Libya, with up to 90% of these communities leaving within a few years. The peak of the exodus from Egypt occurred in 1956. The exodus in the Maghreb countries peaked in the 1960s. Lebanon was the only Arab country to see a temporary increase in its Jewish population during this period, due to an influx of refugees from other Arab countries, although by the mid-1970s the Jewish community of Lebanon had also dwindled. In the aftermath of the exodus wave from Arab states, an additional migration of Iranian Jews peaked in the 1980s when around 80% of Iranian Jews left the country.[citation needed]

Question: When was the expulsion of Jews from Spain, and the European country that once held the birthplace of Manuel John Johnson as a colony?
Answer: the 1490s