paragraph_text: Mahayana Buddhism received significant theoretical grounding from Nagarjuna (perhaps c. 150–250 CE), arguably the most influential scholar within the Mahayana tradition. Nagarjuna's primary contribution to Buddhist philosophy was the systematic exposition of the concept of śūnyatā, or "emptiness", widely attested in the Prajñāpāramitā sutras that emerged in his era. The concept of emptiness brings together other key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anatta and dependent origination, to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivada and Sautrantika (extinct non-Mahayana schools). For Nagarjuna, it is not merely sentient beings that are empty of ātman; all phenomena (dharmas) are without any svabhava (literally "own-nature" or "self-nature"), and thus without any underlying essence; they are "empty" of being independent; thus the heterodox theories of svabhava circulating at the time were refuted on the basis of the doctrines of early Buddhism. Nagarjuna's school of thought is known as the Mādhyamaka. Some of the writings attributed to Nagarjuna made explicit references to Mahayana texts, but his philosophy was argued within the parameters set out by the agamas. He may have arrived at his positions from a desire to achieve a consistent exegesis of the Buddha's doctrine as recorded in the Canon. In the eyes of Nagarjuna the Buddha was not merely a forerunner, but the very founder of the Mādhyamaka system.

paragraph_text: Egalitarianism (from French égal, meaning 'equal') -- or equalitarianism -- is a school of thought that prioritizes equality for all people. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Egalitarian doctrines maintain that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or social status. According to the Merriam - Webster Dictionary, the term has two distinct definitions in modern English: either as a political doctrine that all people should be treated as equals and have the same political, economic, social and civil rights; or as a social philosophy advocating the removal of economic inequalities among people, economic egalitarianism, or the decentralization of power. Some sources define egalitarianism as the point of view that equality reflects the natural state of humanity.

paragraph_text: Vincenzo Botta (November 11, 1818 Cavallermaggiore - October 5, 1894 New York City) was an Italian-born politician and professor of philosophy, and later, in the United States, of Italian language and literature.

paragraph_text: Thought: A Journal of Philosophy is a twice-annual peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell for the Northern Institute of Philosophy. The journal covers logic, philosophy of maths, philosophy of mind, epistemology, philosophy of language, and metaphysics. The editors-in-chief are Crispin Wright (New York University), John Divers (University of Leeds), and Carrie Jenkins (University of British Columbia).

paragraph_text: The Philosophical Review is a quarterly journal of philosophy edited by the faculty of the Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell University and published by Duke University Press (since September 2006). The journal publishes original work in all areas of analytic philosophy, but emphasizes material that is of general interest to academic philosophers. Each issue of the journal contains approximately two to four articles along with several book reviews. According to a poll conducted on Leiter Reports, the Philosophical Review is considered the best general journal of philosophy in the English language.

paragraph_text: Gabriel Nuchelmans (15 May 1922, Oud Gastel – 6 August 1996, Wassenaar) was a Dutch philosopher, focusing on the history of philosophy, especially philosophy of the Middle Ages, as well as logic and philosophy of language.

paragraph_text: LMS Center (Language-Mind-Society Center) is a centre for the study of language, mind and society established at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic, EU in 2009 with support from the ESF. The centre’s goal is support of interdisciplinary research connecting philosophy with neighbouring sciences whose results are relevant to uncovering the nature and principles of the mind, language and society.

paragraph_text: Joshua Landy is the Andrew B. Hammond Professor in French Language, Literature and Civilization at Stanford University. He is also a Professor of Comparative Literature and co-director of the Literature and Philosophy Initiative at Stanford.

paragraph_text: Fritz Mauthner (22 November 1849 – 29 June 1923) was an Austro-Hungarian novelist, theatre critic and satirist. He was an exponent of philosophical scepticism derived from a critique of human knowledge and of philosophy of language.

paragraph_text: Avital Ronell (; born 15 April 1952) is an American academic who writes about continental philosophy, literary studies, psychoanalysis, feminist philosophy, political philosophy, and ethics. She is a professor in the humanities and in the departments of Germanic languages and literature and comparative literature at New York University, where she co-directs the trauma and violence transdisciplinary studies program.

paragraph_text: Richard W. Miller is a political philosopher and the Wyn and William Y. Hutchinson Professor in Ethics and Public Life at Cornell University. He is also the Director of the Program on Ethics and Public Life in the Cornell University Department of Philosophy. Miller received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1975. His dissertation, "Solipsism and Language in the Writings of Wittgenstein," was directed by Rogers Albritton and Hilary Putnam. While he currently specializes in social and political philosophy, Miller has published books and articles on epistemology, philosophy of science, and ethics. His most recent book is "Globalizing Justice: The Ethics of Poverty and power".

paragraph_text: Kierkegaard was born to an affluent family in Copenhagen. His mother, Ane Sørensdatter Lund Kierkegaard, had served as a maid in the household before marrying his father, Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard. She was an unassuming figure: quiet, plain, and not formally educated, but Henriette Lund, her granddaughter, wrote that she "wielded the sceptre with joy and protected [Søren and Peter] like a hen protecting her chicks". She also wielded influence on her children so that later Peter said that his brother preserved many of their mother's words in his writings. His father, on the other hand, was a well-to-do wool merchant from Jutland. He was a "very stern man, to all appearances dry and prosaic, but under his 'rustic cloak' demeanor he concealed an active imagination which not even his great age could blunt". He was also interested in philosophy and often hosted intellectuals at his home. The young Kierkegaard read the philosophy of Christian Wolff. He also preferred the comedies of Ludvig Holberg, the writings of Georg Johann Hamann, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Edward Young, and Plato, especially those referring to Socrates.

paragraph_text: Gilbert Harman (born 26 May 1938) is an American philosopher, who taught at Princeton University from 1963 until his retirement in 2017. He has published widely in philosophy of language, cognitive science, philosophy of mind, ethics, moral psychology, epistemology, statistical learning theory, and metaphysics. He and George Miller co-directed the Princeton University Cognitive Science Laboratory. Harman has taught or co-taught courses in Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, Psychology, Philosophy, and Linguistics.

paragraph_text: Kenneth Allen Taylor (born 1954) is an American philosopher. He was the chair of the department of philosophy at Stanford University from 2001 to 2009. Professor Taylor specializes in philosophy of language and philosophy of mind. His interests include semantics, reference, naturalism, and relativism. He is the author of numerous articles, which have appeared in journals such as "Noûs", "Philosophical Studies", and "Philosophy and Phenomenological Research", and three books, "Truth and Meaning: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language" (Blackwell Publishers), "Reference and the Rational Mind" (CSLI Publications) "Meaning Diminished: Toward Metaphysically Modest Semantics." (Oxford University Press)

paragraph_text: In the early 19th century, the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard insisted that language ought to play a larger role in Western philosophy. He argues that philosophy has not sufficiently focused on the role language plays in cognition and that future philosophy ought to proceed with a conscious focus on language:

paragraph_text: The Australasian Journal of Philosophy is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of philosophy and "one of the oldest English-language philosophy journals in the world". It was established in 1923 as the "Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy", obtaining its current title in 1947.

paragraph_text: Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic – then the language of science in the Middle East – and some in Persian. Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language (particularly the Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Philosophy for Ala' ad-Dawla'). Ibn Sīnā's commentaries on Aristotle often criticized the philosopher,[citation needed] encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad.

paragraph_text: Volker Halbach (born 21 October 1965 in Ingolstadt, Germany) is a German logician and philosopher. His main research interests are in philosophical logic, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of language, and epistemology, with a focus on formal theories of truth. He is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford, Tutorial Fellow of New College, Oxford.

paragraph_text: Buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories, philosophies and world view concepts (see, for example, Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism). Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.

paragraph_text: Since its foundation in 1995, the European Language Resources Association has been a conduit for the distribution of speech, written and terminology Language Resources (LRs) for the Human Language Technology (HLT), a key compound of IST. In order to do so, a number of technical and logistic, commercial (prices, fees, royalties), legal (licensing, Intellectual Property Rights, Management), and information dissemination issues had to be addressed. Since its foundation, ELRA's mission has enlarged slightly, broadening its objectives and responsibilities towards the HLT community. ELRA is also involved in the production, or commissioning of the production, of language resources through a number of initiatives, also actively committed to the evaluation of language engineering tools as well as to the identification of new resources. The set up of the identification number ISLRN endorsed by NLP12 in 2013, is the most recent initiative led by ELDA to enhance the identification of Language Resources and their citation in publications.

Question: What city is the person who broadened the doctrine of philosophy of language from?
Answer: Copenhagen