paragraph_text: The Barefoot Mailman is a comedy-adventure film starring Robert Cummings and distributed by Columbia Pictures in 1951. The film was based on the 1943 novel "The Barefoot Mailman" by Theodore Pratt. Filmed in Super Cinecolor on location in Florida where the events take place, it features many elements of the Western.

paragraph_text: Cum nimis absurdum was a papal bull issued by Pope Paul IV dated 14 July 1555. It takes its name from its first words: "Since it is absurd and utterly inconvenient that the Jews, who through their own fault were condemned by God to eternal slavery..."

paragraph_text: Angry Candy is a 1988 collection of short stories by American writer Harlan Ellison, loosely organized around the theme of death. The title comes the last line of the poem "the Cambridge ladies who live in furnished souls" by E. E. Cummings, "...the/ moon rattles like a fragment of angry candy."

paragraph_text: Ejan Mackaay (born 1943 in Amsterdam) is emeritus professor of law and author. He holds an LL.M (1966) and an LL.D (1980, "cum laude") from the University of Amsterdam as well as an LL.M (1977) from the University of Toronto.

paragraph_text: 1877 is also the year that the trainer Etienne de Mestre won his fourth Melbourne Cup with Chester owned by Hon. James White. In 1878, as in previous years De Mestre fielded more than one horse. He entered the favourite Firebell (owned by W.S. Cox) who finished last, Chester (owned by Hon. James White) the previous year's winner who fell, and Calamia (owned by de Mestre) who, though less fancied, won easily by two lengths. First prize was £1,790, the crowd was 80,000 and there were 30 starters. De Mestre's 1878 win with Calamia brought to 5 the number of Melbourne Cups he had won. This record was not to be matched for nearly 100 years when the trainer Bart Cummings won his fifth Melbourne Cup in 1975. Bart Cummings, regarded as the best Australian horse trainer of all time, went on to win 12 Melbourne Cups to 2008.

paragraph_text: The Normans brought their hospital system along when they conquered England in 1066. By merging with traditional land - tenure and customs, the new charitable houses became popular and were distinct from both English monasteries and French hospitals. They dispensed alms and some medicine, and were generously endowed by the nobility and gentry who counted on them for spiritual rewards after death.

paragraph_text: Don't Tell Alfred is a novel by Nancy Mitford, first published in 1960 by Hamish Hamilton. It is the third in a trilogy centered on an upper-class English family, and takes place twenty years after the events of "The Pursuit of Love" and "Love in a Cold Climate". It was Mitford's final novel, though she continued to produce works of biography for a number of years before her death in 1973.

paragraph_text: The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire.

paragraph_text: The Lonely Silver Rain (1985) is the 21st and final novel in the Travis McGee series by John D. MacDonald. The work was published a year prior to the author's death, and was not intentionally the end of the series. It is also notable for the introduction of McGee's daughter Jean, who he unwittingly (but not unwillingly) sired with the now-deceased love interest Puss Killian from the ninth book in the series: "Pale Gray for Guilt". At the end of the book McGee has taken all of his cash in hand except for a few hundred dollars and placed it in a trust fund for his newly met teenage daughter, and needs to go back to work as a "salvage consultant." The author's death prevented any further development of this new character and plot line.

paragraph_text: In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038–1227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongols. However, when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan's death, his successor Ögedei Khan (r. 1229–1241) launched an invasion into Tibet.

paragraph_text: The four gospels of the New Testament -- Matthew, Mark, Luke and John -- are almost our only source of information on Jesus, and thus occupy a uniquely important place in Christianity. They were all written in the period between c. 70 AD and the end of the 1st century, by anonymous authors, and stand at the end of a process of oral and written tradition that began on, or even before, the death of Jesus.

paragraph_text: The League series is an ongoing romance book series by the American author Sherrilyn Kenyon. The books are published by St. Martin's Press. It consists of eleven books that take place in a future time in a place known as the Ichidian Universe. In this universe, The League is in charge. The brutal, expertly trained League Assassins are essentially the power of the government. But like all governments, even the League is corrupt. The tagline for the series is "In Morte Veritas" (In Death, There is Truth).

paragraph_text: The Bosnian Crusade was fought against unspecified heretics from 1235 until 1241. It was, essentially, a Hungarian war of conquest against the Banate of Bosnia sanctioned as a crusade. Led by the Hungarian prince Coloman, the crusaders only succeeded in conquering peripheral parts of the country. They were followed by Dominicans, who erected a cathedral and put heretics to death by burning. The crusade came to an abrupt end when Hungary itself was invaded by Tatars. The crusaders were forced to withdraw and engage their own invaders, most of them perishing, including Coloman. Later popes called for more crusades against Bosnia, but none ever took place. The failed crusade led to mistrust and hatred for Hungarians among the Bosnian population that lasted for centuries.

paragraph_text: Aristotle's work on fish species is one of the earliest known. In the 1500s fish enjoyed a renewed interest in both France and Italy. 1551 saw the appearance of Pierre Belon’s "Histoire naturelle des estranges poissons marins", illustrated by woodcuts. In 1554 Guillaume Rondelet’s "De piscibus marinis" was published, also using woodcuts. Salviani’s work was published in parts over a period of three years. Its use of copper engraving was well-suited to depicting fish, and greatly superior to woodcuts with its lifelike rendition of eyes and scales. The copper engravings have a scientific appearance, but some details, like the correct number and position of the scales were omitted. Nicolas Béatrizet probably designed the title-page and the fish illustrations were made by Antoine Lafréry. Another theory is that they were drawn by the Italian painter Bernardus Aretinus and engraved by Nicolas Béatrizet. Salviani's "Aquatilium animalium" only deals with animals personally observed and handled by him. He collected most of the fishes for his studies from the market in Rome.

paragraph_text: Boubacar Nimi is a Burkina Faso professional footballer, who plays as a Forward for Étoile Filante de Ouagadougou and the Burkina Faso national football team.

paragraph_text: Suzanne Scotchmer (January 23, 1950 – January 30, 2014) was an American Professor of Law, Economics and Public Policy at the University of California, Berkeley and also a noted author on many economic subjects. She earned her B.A. from University of Washington magna cum laude in 1970, her M.A. in Statistics from UC Berkeley in 1979, and her PhD in Economics from UC Berkeley in 1980.

paragraph_text: Andrew Boyd Cummings (22 June 1830 – 18 March 1863) was an officer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War who was killed in action off the coast of Louisiana. Two naval ships, USS "Cummings", have been named in his honor.

paragraph_text: Driving Big Davie is the sixth novel of the "Dan Starkey" series by Northern Irish author, Colin Bateman, released on 5 April 2004 through Headline Publishing Group. Bateman started the novel in response to the death of Joe Strummer, lead singer of The Clash, who he stated was a "huge inspiration on [his] teenage years".

paragraph_text: The FIBT World Championships 1967 took place in Alpe d'Huez, France for the second time, having hosted the event previously in 1951. The Four-man bobsleigh event was cancelled for the second consecutive year though the cause this time was due to high temperatures that caused the ice on the track to melt rather than a competitor's death as had happened in the previous championship. This was the test event for the bobsleigh events for the Winter Olympics that would take place the following year in neighboring Grenoble.

paragraph_text: William Slater Brown (November 13, 1896 – June 22, 1997) was an American novelist, biographer, and translator of French literature. Most notably, he was a friend of the poet E. E. Cummings and is best known as the character "B." in Cumming's 1922 memoir/novel "The Enormous Room".

Question: In what year was the conquest of the city where the author of Cum nimis absurdum died?
Answer: 1870