paragraph_text: Turkey also has a long history of poor relations with Armenia over its refusal to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide. Turkey was one of the first countries to recognize the Republic of Armenia (the 3rd republic) after its independence from the USSR in 1991. Despite this, for most of the 20th century and early 21st century, relations remain tense and there are no formal diplomatic relations between the two countries due to Turkey's refusal to establish them for numerous reasons. During the Nagorno-Karabakh War and citing it as the reason, Turkey illegally closed its land border with Armenia in 1993. It has not lifted its blockade despite pressure from the powerful Turkish business lobby interested in Armenian markets.

paragraph_text: On 10 October 2009, Armenia and Turkey signed protocols on normalisation of relationships, which set a timetable for restoring diplomatic ties and reopening their joint border. The ratification of those had to be made in the national parliaments. In Armenia it passed through the required by legislation approval of the Constitutional Court and was sent to the parliament for the final ratification. The President had made multiple public announcements, both in Armenia and abroad, that as the leader of the political majority of Armenia he assured the ratification of the protocols if Turkey also ratified them. Despite this, the process stopped, as Turkey continuously added more preconditions to its ratification and also "delayed it beyond any reasonable time-period".

paragraph_text: The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered cease-fire was put in place in 1994. The war was a success for the Karabakh Armenian forces who managed to capture 16% of Azerbaijan's internationally recognised territory including Nagorno-Karabakh itself. Since then, Armenia and Azerbaijan have held peace talks, mediated by the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). The status of Karabakh has yet to be determined. The economies of both countries have been hurt in the absence of a complete resolution and Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan remain closed. By the time both Azerbaijan and Armenia had finally agreed to a ceasefire in 1994, an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and over a million had been displaced.

paragraph_text: The Embassy of Armenia in London is the diplomatic mission of Armenia in the United Kingdom. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established in 1992.

paragraph_text: Orontid Armenia formally passed to empire of Alexander the Great following his conquest of Persia. Alexander appointed an Orontid named Mithranes to govern Armenia. Armenia later became a vassal state of the Seleucid Empire, but it maintained a considerable degree of autonomy, retaining its native rulers. Towards the end 212 BC the country was divided into two kingdoms, Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene including Commagene or Armenia Minor. The kingdoms became so independent from Seleucid control that Antiochus III the Great waged war on them during his reign and replaced their rulers.

paragraph_text: Armenia–Singapore relations refers to bilateral foreign relations between the two countries, Armenia and Singapore. Neither country has a resident ambassador. The Embassy of Armenia in Beijing, China is accredited to Singapore. Singapore has no representation in Armenia.

paragraph_text: The 4th Yerevan Golden Apricot International Film Festival was a film festival held in Yerevan, Armenia from 9–14 July 2007. More than 120 films from around the world were presented during the festival with attendance from contemporary filmmakers such as Bruno Dumont, Leos Carax, Carla Garapedian, Lee Chang-dong, Andrey Zvyagintsev, Aurora Quattrocchi and Tchéky Karyo. Paolo and Vittorio Taviani (Italy), directors of "The Lark Farm" (Opening Film of the Festival) were honored with Lifetime Achievement Awards. The international juries, headed by An Cheong-sook (South Korea), Martin Schweighofer (Austria), Vigen Chaldranyan (Armenia) awarded the following prizes: "Golden Apricot 2007 for the Best Feature Film" to Ulrich Seidl for his film "Import/Export" (Austria); "Golden Apricot 2007 for the Best Documentary Film" to Vardan Hovhannisyan for his film "A Story of People in War and Peace" (Armenia) and "Golden Apricot 2007 for the Best Film" in the "“Armenian Panorama”" to "Screamers" by Carla Garapedian (UK). Vardan Hovhannisyan ("A Story of People in War and Peace") was awarded with the FIPRESCI and Ecumenical Jury Prizes and Carla Garapedian ("Screamers") was also awarded the Ecumenical Jury Price.

paragraph_text: Jennifer Burcu Düner (born August 20, 1979), aka Jennifer Düner in Germany and Burcu Düner in Turkey, is a German-born Turkish former women's football midfielder, who after playing in German clubs moved to Turkey and lately played in the Turkish Women's Second League for Bursa Sağlıkgücü Gençlikspor with jersey number 13. She was a member of the Turkish national team in 2010.

paragraph_text: The economy relies heavily on investment and support from Armenians abroad. Before independence, Armenia's economy was largely industry-based – chemicals, electronics, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber, and textile – and highly dependent on outside resources. The republic had developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy. Recently, the Intel Corporation agreed to open a research center in Armenia, in addition to other technology companies, signalling the growth of the technology industry in Armenia.

paragraph_text: In a new and effective tactic, the Popular Front launched a rail blockade of Armenia, which caused petrol and food shortages because 85 percent of Armenia's freight came from Azerbaijan. Under pressure from the Popular Front the Communist authorities in Azerbaijan started making concessions. On September 25, they passed a sovereignty law that gave precedence to Azerbaijani law, and on October 4, the Popular Front was permitted to register as a legal organization as long as it lifted the blockade. Transport communications between Azerbaijan and Armenia never fully recovered. Tensions continued to escalate and on December 29, Popular Front activists seized local party offices in Jalilabad, wounding dozens.

paragraph_text: The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR; Закавказская демократическая Федеративная Республика (ЗКДФР); "Zakavkazskaya Demokraticheskaya Federativnaya Respublika" (ZKDFR); 22 April28 May 1918), also known as the Transcaucasian Federation, was a short-lived South Caucasian state extending across what are now the modern-day countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, plus parts of Eastern Turkey as well as Russian border areas.

paragraph_text: Golos Armenii (, "Voice of Armenia"), previously known as Kommunist («Коммунист», "[The] Communist"), is a Russian language newspaper published in Yerevan, Armenia.

paragraph_text: At the end of the war, the victorious powers sought to divide up the Ottoman Empire. Signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at Sèvres on 10 August 1920, the Treaty of Sèvres promised to maintain the existence of the Armenian republic and to attach the former territories of Ottoman Armenia to it. Because the new borders of Armenia were to be drawn by United States President Woodrow Wilson, Ottoman Armenia was also referred to as "Wilsonian Armenia." In addition, just days prior, on 5 August 1920, Mihran Damadian of the Armenian National Union, the de facto Armenian administration in Cilicia, declared the independence of Cilicia as an Armenian autonomous republic under French protectorate.

paragraph_text: The Shaddadids were a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin who ruled in various parts of Armenia and Arran from 951 to 1174 AD. They were established in Dvin. Through their long tenure in Armenia, they often intermarried with the Bagratuni royal family of Armenia.

paragraph_text: The 2nd Yerevan Golden Apricot International Film Festival was a film festival held in Yerevan, Armenia from 12–17 July 2005. Entries were submitted from 45 countries such as Russia, Argentina, the Netherlands, Afghanistan, Malaysia, Chile, Turkey, Finland, India, Israel, Iran and Canada. Following the selection, 144 films from 37 countries were included into competition and non-competition programs. Included amongst the guests and participants were some of the most highly acclaimed figures of world cinema such as Abbas Kiarostami, Krzysztof Zanussi, and Nikita Mikhalkov who were given Lifetime Achievement Awards. The main prizewinners of the 2nd Golden Apricot Festival were Alexander Sokurov, Russia, with his film The Sun (Feature Film Competition), Pirjo Honkasalo, Finland, with The 3 Rooms of Melancholia (Documentary Competition), and Arman Yeritsyan, Armenia, with Under the Open Sky (Armenian Panorama Competition).

paragraph_text: Kars Oblast (, "Karsskaya Oblast") was one of the oblasts of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire between 1878 and 1917. Its capital was the city of Kars, presently in the Republic of Turkey. The governorate bordered with the Ottoman Empire, Batum Oblast, Tiflis Governorate, Erivan Governorate, and from 1883 to 1903 the Kutais Governorate. It covered all of Turkey's present provinces of Kars and Ardahan and the northeastern part of Erzurum Province as well as a small part of Armenia.

paragraph_text: D6 motorway (), formerly Expressway R6 () is a highway in the Czech Republic. When completed it will go from Prague through Karlovy Vary and Cheb to the border with Germany. Its first segment was opened in 1980s.

paragraph_text: Yeraskh (, formerly, Arazdayan) is a village in the Ararat Province of Armenia. Yeraskh is the last Armenian village on the closed border with Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhichevan, what used to be the main road and rail connections between Nakhichevan and Azerbaijan proper. The rail line also was the only direct connection between the former USSR and Iran.

paragraph_text: After the Marzpanate period (428–636), Armenia emerged as the Emirate of Armenia, an autonomous principality within the Arabic Empire, reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the Byzantine Empire as well. The principality was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, and recognized by the Caliph and the Byzantine Emperor. It was part of the administrative division/emirate Arminiya created by the Arabs, which also included parts of Georgia and Caucasian Albania, and had its center in the Armenian city, Dvin. The Principality of Armenia lasted until 884, when it regained its independence from the weakened Arab Empire under King Ashot I Bagratuni.

paragraph_text: Gorayk (, also Romanized as Gorayk’; formerly, Bazarchay) is a village and rural community (municipality) in the Syunik Province of Armenia. The National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia (ARMSTAT) reported its population as 580 in 2010, down from 632 at the 2001 census. A large reservoir called Spandarian Reservoir lies to the southeast of the village.

Question: What lobby group from the country where Burcu Düner is from wants the border with Armenia opened?
Answer: Turkish business lobby