paragraph_text: Les Podervianskyi (, ; born 1952 in Kiev) is a Ukrainian painter, poet, playwright and performer. He is most famous for his absurd, highly satirical, and at times obscene short plays. Their average duration is five to fifteen minutes, with some exceptions. Podervianskyi has a cult following among Kiev intellectuals.

paragraph_text: Don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora (August 14, 1645 – August 22, 1700) was one of the first great intellectuals born in the Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico City). He was a criollo patriot, exalting New Spain over Old. A polymath and writer, he held many colonial government and academic positions.

paragraph_text: Lisco was born in Berlin, the son of Friedrich Gustav Lisco, a pastor and theologian. From 1845 Emil became a pastor as well, also in Berlin. Among his more notable public positions was strident opposition to Copernican heliocentrism, against which he argued in an 1868 letter and in an 1872 lecture.

paragraph_text: Norman Stephan Kinsella (; born 1965) is an American intellectual property lawyer, author, and deontological anarcho-capitalist. His legal works have been published by Oceana Publications and are stored on the Westlaw database.

paragraph_text: Stéphane Mallarmé was born in Paris. He was a boarder at the "Pensionnat des Frères des écoles chrétiennes à Passy" between 6 or 9 October 1852 and March 1855. He worked as an English teacher and spent much of his life in relative poverty but was famed for his "salons", occasional gatherings of intellectuals at his house on the rue de Rome for discussions of poetry, art and philosophy. The group became known as "les Mardistes," because they met on Tuesdays (in French, "mardi"), and through it Mallarmé exerted considerable influence on the work of a generation of writers. For many years, those sessions, where Mallarmé held court as judge, jester, and king, were considered the heart of Paris intellectual life. Regular visitors included W.B. Yeats, Rainer Maria Rilke, Paul Valéry, Stefan George, Paul Verlaine, and many others.

paragraph_text: He was born Edward Hugh Bengree-Jones in Liverpool, and studied at the London School of Economics, but was drawn more to philosophy, science, sociology and literature. His eclectic intellectual pursuits kept him not only from getting a doctorate, but also prevented him from gaining a full-time professorship.

paragraph_text: He was born in Buffalo, New York, where he attended City Honors School. Halpern later attended Yale University, where he received an undergraduate degree in 1997. He has written for "The New York Times Magazine", "The Wall Street Journal", "The New Yorker", the "New Republic", "Entertainment Weekly", "Slate", "Smithsonian", "GQ", "Sports Illustrated", "New York Magazine" and other publications.

paragraph_text: F. David Radler (born 1944 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian executive and close associate of Conrad Black for 36 years. Radler was once president of Ravelston Corporation, a privately owned corporation owned by Black and Radler to control their former newspaper empire. Ravelston owned Argus Corporation which in turn controlled Chicago-based Hollinger International. In 2005, 14.1% of Ravelston was owned by Radler.

paragraph_text: Alberto J. Mora (born 1951) is a former General Counsel of the Navy. He led an effort within the Defense Department to oppose the legal theories of John Yoo and to try to end coercive interrogation tactics at Guantanamo Bay, which he argued are unlawful.

paragraph_text: The "Radical Enlightenment" promoted the concept of separating church and state, an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rational people could not cede to the government for it or others to control. For Locke, this created a natural right in the liberty of conscience, which he said must therefore remain protected from any government authority.

paragraph_text: Jackson de Figueiredo Martins (born 9 October 1891 in Aracaju, Brazil - died 4 November 1928 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) was a Brazilian lawyer, intellectual and journalist.

paragraph_text: Edward Arthur Thompson (22 May 1914 – 1 January 1994) was an Irish-born British classicist, medievalist and professor at the University of Nottingham from 1948 to 1979. He wrote from a Marxist perspective, and argued that the Visigoths were settled in Aquitaine to counter the internal threat of the peasant bagaudae.

paragraph_text: "Sentimental" is a Porcupine Tree song. It appears as the fourth track on the 2007 album "Fear of a Blank Planet".

paragraph_text: Dennis Holahan (born November 7, 1942, in Stamford, Connecticut) is an American actor and attorney. He is a partner in the San Francisco office of Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith, California’s largest law firm, where he specializes in entertainment, media and intellectual property cases as well as more general matters in the firm’s commercial litigation practice. Prior to joining Lewis Brisbois in 2014, Dennis maintained one of the top entertainment and business-related litigation boutiques in Los Angeles for more than 20 years.

paragraph_text: Jon Katz (born August 8, 1947) is an American journalist, author, and photographer. He was a contributor to the online magazine "HotWired", the technology website "Slashdot", and the online news magazine "Slate". In his early career as an author he wrote a series of crime novels and books on geek subculture. More recent works focus on the relationship between humans and animals.

paragraph_text: Hanna Rosin (born 1970) is an American author and writer. She is the co-host of the NPR podcast Invisibilia with Alix Spiegel. She is co-founder of DoubleX, a women's site connected to the online magazine "Slate".

paragraph_text: Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: Sapere aude, "Dare to be wise!" In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of bildung: "For Herder, Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people."

paragraph_text: The modern idea of the theory, however, is attributed mostly to John Locke's expression of the idea in Essay Concerning Human Understanding (he uses the term ``white paper ''in Book II, Chap. I, 2). In Locke's philosophy, tabula rasa was the theory that at birth the (human) mind is a`` blank slate'' without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one's sensory experiences. The notion is central to Lockean empiricism. As understood by Locke, tabula rasa meant that the mind of the individual was born blank, and it also emphasized the freedom of individuals to author their own soul. Individuals are free to define the content of their character -- but basic identity as a member of the human species can not be altered. This presumption of a free, self - authored mind combined with an immutable human nature leads to the Lockean doctrine of ``natural ''rights. Locke's idea of tabula rasa is frequently compared with Thomas Hobbes's viewpoint of human nature, in which humans are endowed with inherent mental content -- particularly with selfishness.

paragraph_text: Yeshivat Ma'ale Gilboa () is a Shiluv Yeshiva located on Kibbutz Ma'ale Gilboa in Israel's Gilboa Mountains. The Shiluv Yeshiva is unique in that it combines two years of Torah study with the full three years of army service. This is in contrast to students from Hesder Yeshivot, which only serve in the army for a year and a half and complete three and a half years of Torah study. The Yeshiva emphasizes a commitment to rigorous Torah study, intellectual openness, intellectual disagreement and social consciousness.

paragraph_text: Hannah John - Kamen as Ava Starr / Ghost: A woman with molecular instability, who can phase through objects; she is only considered a ``villain ''because her attempts at survival clash with the heroes' goals. The character is traditionally portrayed as male in the comics, but the creative team believed that the character's gender was irrelevant to its portrayal, and felt casting a woman would be more interesting. John - Kamen enjoyed this`` blank - slate'' aspect, allowing her to mold the character as her own. Producer Stephen Broussard said that they wanted to cast a lesser - known actress to help maintain the mystery of the character, and John - Kamen ``blew us away ''. RaeLynn Bratten portrays a young Ava Starr.

Question: In what year was the one who argued that we are born with intellectual blank slates born?
Answer: 1632