paragraph_text: The first stepping stone for the Allied liberation of Europe was, in Prime Minister Winston Churchill's words, the ``soft underbelly ''of Europe on the Italian island of Sicily. Launched on 9 July 1943, Operation Husky was, at the time, the largest amphibious operation ever undertaken. The American seaborne assault by the U.S. 7th Army landed on the southern coast of Sicily between the town of Licata in the west, and Scoglitti in the east and units of the 82nd airborne division parachuted ahead of landings. Despite the elements, the operation was a success and the Allies immediately began exploiting their gains. On 11 August, seeing that the battle was lost, the German and Italian commanders began evacuating their forces from Sicily to Italy. On 17 August, the Allies were in control of the island, U.S. 7th Army lost 8,781 men (2,237 killed or missing, 5,946 wounded, and 598 captured).

paragraph_text: The Nabatean Kingdom was an Arab state located between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula. Its capital was the city of Petra, an important trading city on the incense route. The Nabateans resisted the attacks of Antigonous and were allies of the Hasmoneans in their struggle against the Seleucids, but later fought against Herod the great. The hellenization of the Nabateans accured relatively late in comparison to the surrounding regions. Nabatean material culture does not show any Greek influence until the reign of Aretas III Philhellene in the 1st century BCE. Aretas captured Damascus and built the Petra pool complex and gardens in the Hellenistic style. Though the Nabateans originally worshipped their traditional gods in symbolic form such as stone blocks or pillars, during the Hellenistic period they began to identify their gods with Greek gods and depict them in figurative forms influenced by Greek sculpture. Nabatean art shows Greek influences and paintings have been found depicting Dionysian scenes. They also slowly adopted Greek as a language of commerce along with Aramaic and Arabic.

paragraph_text: Jesse Stone: Innocents Lost is a 2011 American made-for-television crime drama film directed by Dick Lowry and starring Tom Selleck, Kathy Baker, and Kohl Sudduth. Based on the characters from the Jesse Stone novels created by Robert B. Parker, the film is about the retired police chief of a small New England town who investigates the suspicious death of a young friend while the police force deals with the arrogant new police chief who is the son-in-law of a town councilman. Filmed on location in Nova Scotia, the story is set in the fictitious town of Paradise, Massachusetts. "Jesse Stone: Innocents Lost" is the seventh in a series of nine television films based on the characters of Parker's Jesse Stone novels. The film first aired on the CBS television network on May 22, 2011.

paragraph_text: Chinese Mosque, Rantau Panjang or Sultan Ismail Petra Silver Jubilee Mosque and Beijing Mosque (Malay: Masjid China, Rantau Panjang or Masjid Jubli Perak Sultan Ismail Petra and Masjid Beijing) is a Chinese-style mosque in Rantau Panjang, Kelantan, Malaysia. The mosque resembles the 1,000-year-old Niujie Mosque in Beijing, China.

paragraph_text: Wadi Musa (, literally "Valley of Moses") is a town located in the Ma'an Governorate in southern Jordan. It is the administrative center of the Petra Department and the nearest town to the archaeological site of Petra. It hosts many hotels and restaurants for tourists, and there is an important Bedouin settlement approximately from the town.

paragraph_text: Petra Solano, born Natalia Fruôcek (portrayed by Yael Grobglas) originates from Czech Republic, running away and taking on a new identity with her mother, Magda, in order to hide from her abusive boyfriend, Milos. Petra becomes engaged to Lachlan Moore before leaving him for Rafael Solano, a man with slightly more money, but ultimately falling in love with him. The two get married and become pregnant, but they eventually lose the baby and Rafael becomes diagnosed with cancer. Their marriage falls apart after this, though Rafael beats his cancer, and so Petra plots to inseminate herself with his sperm sample as a way of preventing him from leaving her. This fails, as the sample is inseminated in Jane Villanueva instead, and so she concocts a line of other schemes to keep him within her grasp. These all fail, and the couple get divorced, but Petra continues to remain a thorn in Rafael's side. Milos tracks down Petra and Magda, sending his goon, Ivan, but the two ladies hold him hostage for a period of time before he escapes. Petra also deals with the repercussions of her affair with Roman Zazo, whose twin brother Aaron is around; however, Aaron turns out to be Roman, and Petra winds up killing him once he takes her hostage. Petra takes a share of the Marbella, preventing herself from being forced out, and in the season finale it's discovered Rafael has another sperm sample leftover. Petra has just learned that Rafael is trying to manipulate her in hopes of getting rid of her, and so, rather than telling him about the sample, she steals it for herself.

paragraph_text: Ireland: Irish Free State (approximately five - sixths of the island) gained independence from the United Kingdom (but still part of the British Empire)

paragraph_text: King gained further visibility among rock audiences as an opening act on the Rolling Stones' 1969 American Tour. He won a 1970 Grammy Award for the song ``The Thrill Is Gone ''; his version became a hit on both the pop and R&B charts. It also gained the number 183 spot in Rolling Stone magazine's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

paragraph_text: Mark Dean Kelly (born June 28, 1956) is a Christian bass guitarist most remembered for being a member of Petra during the 1980s. Kelly joined Petra in 1981 and recorded seven albums with them before retiring in 1988, being replaced by Ronny Cates.

paragraph_text: Emerald City Confidential is a 2009 computer adventure game conceived by Dave Gilbert, developed by Wadjet Eye Games and published through PlayFirst. It follows the protagonist Petra, Emerald City's only private eye, as she is approached by a strange woman named Dee Gale. Dee's fiancé is missing, and she is willing to pay Petra above the going rate in order to find him. Lacking any other prospects, Petra agrees. What starts off as a simple missing person case soon takes Petra deep into the seedy underbelly of the Emerald City's criminal underground and beyond. She encounters many characters from the Oz canon and some new characters, learns several magic spells, and uncovers the answer to a dark secret that has haunted Petra all her life.

paragraph_text: As a developing constitutional monarchy, Jordan has survived the trials and tribulations of Middle Eastern politics. The Jordanian public has experienced limited democracy since gaining independence in 1946 however the population has not suffered as others have under dictatorships imposed by some Arab regimes. The 1952 Constitution provided for citizens of Jordan to form and join political parties. Such rights were suspended in 1967 when a state of emergency was declared and martial law and suspension of Parliament, continuing until it was repealed in 1989.

paragraph_text: After the Nazi Party seized power in January 1933, the Länder increasingly lost importance. They became administrative regions of a centralised country. Three changes are of particular note: on January 1, 1934, Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with the neighbouring Mecklenburg-Strelitz; and, by the Greater Hamburg Act (Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz), from April 1, 1937, the area of the city-state was extended, while Lübeck lost its independence and became part of the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein.

paragraph_text: What Fools Men is a lost 1925 American silent drama film directed by George Archainbaud and starring Lewis Stone, Shirley Mason, and Ethel Grey Terry.

paragraph_text: Although the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces commanded by Nikolai Yudenich and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian succeeded in gaining most of Ottoman Armenia during World War I, their gains were lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.[citation needed] At the time, Russian-controlled Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan attempted to bond together in the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. This federation, however, lasted from only February to May 1918, when all three parties decided to dissolve it. As a result, the Dashnaktsutyun government of Eastern Armenia declared its independence on 28 May as the First Republic of Armenia under the leadership of Aram Manukian.

paragraph_text: The Sun Stone, Stone of the Five Eras, or sometimes (erroneously) called Aztec calendar stone is a late post-classic Mexica sculpture housed in the National Anthropology Museum in Mexico City, and is perhaps the most famous work of Aztec sculpture. The stone is 358 centimetres (11.75 ft) in diameter and 98 centimetres (3.22 ft) thick, and it weighs about 24 tons. Shortly after the Spanish conquest, the monolithic sculpture was buried in the Zócalo, the main square of Mexico City. It was rediscovered on December 17, 1790 during repairs on the Mexico City Cathedral. Following its rediscovery, the calendar stone was mounted on an exterior wall of the Cathedral, where it remained until 1885. Most scholars think that the stone was carved some time between 1502 and 1521, though some believe that it is several decades older than that.

paragraph_text: Jane ``JR ''Ramos (Rosario Dawson): Petra's attorney following Anezka's death. Though seemingly a friend to Petra, it turns out she was being blackmailed to help frame Petra for murder, the life of her schizophrenic mother being at stake. Petra and JR eventually develop romantic feelings for one another and enter into a relationship once Petra's blackmailer - Krishna - is exposed.

paragraph_text: The city is famous for its rock - cut architecture and water conduit system. Another name for Petra is the Rose City due to the color of the stone out of which it is carved. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. UNESCO has described it as ``one of the most precious cultural properties of man's cultural heritage ''. Petra is a symbol of Jordan, as well as Jordan's most - visited tourist attraction. Tourist numbers peaked at 1 million in 2010, the following period witnessed a slump due to regional instability. However, tourist numbers have picked up recently, and around 600,000 tourists visited the site in 2017.

paragraph_text: Paulina Ana María Zapata Portillo was born on 22 June 1915 in Izucar de Matamoros, Puebla, Mexico to Emiliano Zapata Salazar and Petra Portillo Torres. Because her father was murdered when she was four and the family was persecuted by his enemies, Anita was taken to live with family members in Chietla, Puebla. From a very young age, Zapata was interested in politics and understood that her family name could open doors and gain access for beneficial causes.

paragraph_text: Croatia national football team have appeared in the FIFA World Cup on five occasions (in 1998, 2002, 2006, 2014 and 2018) since gaining independence in 1991. Before that, from 1930 to 1990 Croatia was part of Yugoslavia. Their best result thus far was silver position at the 2018 final, where they lost 4 - 2 to France.

paragraph_text: MyZeil is a shopping mall in the center of Frankfurt, Germany. It was designed by Roman architect Massimiliano Fuksas. It is part of the PalaisQuartier development, with its main entrance on the Zeil, Frankfurt's main shopping street. It was officially opened on 26 February 2009 by the city mayor Petra Roth.

Question: When did the country encompassing petra the lost city of stone gain independence?
Answer: 1946