paragraph_text: The function of the electron transport chain is to produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions. If protons flow back through the membrane, they enable mechanical work, such as rotating bacterial flagella. ATP synthase, an enzyme highly conserved among all domains of life, converts this mechanical work into chemical energy by producing ATP, which powers most cellular reactions. A small amount of ATP is available from substrate - level phosphorylation, for example, in glycolysis. In most organisms the majority of ATP is generated in electron transport chains, while only some obtain ATP by fermentation.

paragraph_text: In respiring bacteria under physiological conditions, ATP synthase, in general, runs in the opposite direction, creating ATP while using the proton motive force created by the electron transport chain as a source of energy. The overall process of creating energy in this fashion is termed oxidative phosphorylation. The same process takes place in the mitochondria, where ATP synthase is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and the F - part projects into mitochondrial matrix. The consumption of ATP by ATP - synthase pumps proton cations into the matrix.

paragraph_text: Saint Catherine of Genoa (Caterina Fieschi Adorno, 1447 – 15 September 1510) was an Italian Roman Catholic saint and mystic, admired for her work among the sick and the poor and remembered because of various writings describing both these actions and her mystical experiences. She was a member of the noble Fieschi family, and spent most of her life and her means serving the sick, especially during the plague which ravaged Genoa in 1497 and 1501. She died in that city in 1510.

paragraph_text: By the time of her death in 1796, Catherine's expansionist policy had made Russia into a major European power. Alexander I continued this policy, wresting Finland from the weakened kingdom of Sweden in 1809 and Bessarabia from the Ottomans in 1812.

paragraph_text: The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour, in 2015 was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the ATP. The 2015 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 166 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $40,000 up to $220,000. It was the 38th edition of challenger tournaments cycle, and 7th under the name of Challenger Tour.

paragraph_text: The regulation of 1 - phosphofructokinase occurs primarily by allosteric effectors, and is based on the cell's energy needs. There are two ATP binding sites; a substrate site where the phosphate transfer occurs, and an allosteric site where allosteric regulation occurs. ATP acts as an allosteric inhibitor and when cellular concentrations of ATP are high, and the cell's energy needs are low, the reaction catalyzed by 1 - phosphofructokinase is inhibited. When the cell is actively consuming ATP and stores deplete, the concentration of ATP lowers while the concentrations of AMP and ADP increase. AMP and ADP are both positive effectors of 1 - phosphofructokinase and bind allosterically to activate the reaction. This activation encourages glycolysis and ATP production. Inhibition can also occur via citrate, a product of glycolysis and intermediate in the citric acid cycle. An increased concentration of citrate indicates the cell is meeting current energy needs, and therefore encourages allosteric inhibition of 1 - phosphofructokinase allosterically via ATP.

paragraph_text: The potential of NADH and FADH is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the ``terminal electron acceptor ''. Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane. This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system). However, this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix, and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose.

paragraph_text: The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) does not formally recognize service speed records made in Challenger tour events due to lack of uniformity in these tournaments' radar guns (including availability or lack thereof). Nevertheless, the serve speed of 263.4 km / h (163.7 mph) recorded by Australian Sam Groth at an ATP Challenger event in Busan, South Korea in May 2012 was measured using approved equipment according to the ATP, and other data gathered appeared within a normal range. However, John Isner holds the ATP's official record for the fastest serve at 253 km / h (157.2 mph).

paragraph_text: The Saint Catherine of Alexandria Polyptych (also known as Pisa Polyptych) is a painting by the Italian medieval artist Simone Martini, dating to 1320. Originally placed at the high altar of the church of Santa Caterina in Pisa, it is now housed in the Museo Nazionale di San Matteo of the same city.

paragraph_text: Step coenzyme yield ATP yield Source of ATP Glycolysis preparatory phase − 2 Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6 - phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm. Glycolysis pay - off phase Substrate - level phosphorylation 2 NADH 3 or 5 Oxidative phosphorylation: Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP (instead of usual 2.5) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 2 NADH 5 Oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle Substrate - level phosphorylation 6 NADH 15 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 FADH Oxidative phosphorylation Total yield 30 or 32 ATP From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes.

paragraph_text: The formation of ATP from ADP and P is energetically unfavorable and would normally proceed in the reverse direction. In order to drive this reaction forward, ATPase couples ATP synthesis during cellular respiration to an electrochemical gradient created by the difference in proton (H) concentration across the mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes or the plasma membrane in bacteria. During photosynthesis in plants, ATP is synthesized by ATPase using a proton gradient created in the thylakoid lumen through the thylakoid membrane and into the chloroplast stroma.

paragraph_text: The 1995 Tokyo Indoor also known as "Seiko Super Tennis" was a tennis tournament played on Indoor Carpet Courts in Tokyo in Japan that was part of the IBM 1995 ATP Tour and was an ATP Championship Series event, today known as the ATP World Tour 500 series. The tournament was held from 9 October through 15 October 1995. Matches were the best of three sets. This was last time the tournament would be held.

paragraph_text: The most prominent roles of mitochondria are to produce the energy currency of the cell, ATP (i.e., phosphorylation of ADP), through respiration, and to regulate cellular metabolism. The central set of reactions involved in ATP production are collectively known as the citric acid cycle, or the Krebs cycle. However, the mitochondrion has many other functions in addition to the production of ATP.

paragraph_text: ATP Esercizio Srl is an Italian public transport company operating in 67 small cities near Genoa, Italy. The major shareholder of the company is the Province of Genova (66,16%). The company operates under its owner "ATP Azienda Trasporti Provinciali Spa".

paragraph_text: Francis Fauquier (1703 – 3 March 1768) was a lieutenant governor of Virginia Colony (in what is today the United States), and served as acting governor from 1758 until his death in 1768. He was married to Catherine Dalston.

paragraph_text: ATP synthase is an enzyme that creates the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the most commonly used ``energy currency ''of cells for most organisms. It is formed from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (P). The overall reaction catalyzed by ATP synthase is:

paragraph_text: The 2013 Madrid Open (also known as the Mutua Madrid Open for sponsorship reasons) was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Park Manzanares in Madrid, Spain from 6–12 May. It was the 12th edition of the event on the ATP World Tour and 5th on the WTA Tour. It was classified as an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event on the 2013 ATP World Tour and a Premier Mandatory event on the 2013 WTA Tour.

paragraph_text: Adrian Mannarino (born 29 June 1988) is a French professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No. 66 in ATP singles rankings as of 29 July 2019. He has a career-high ATP singles rankings of world No. 22 attained on 19 March 2018. He won his first ATP Tour singles title in 2019 in Rosmalen on grass (he defeated Jordan Thompson in the final). He was the singles runner-up at six ATP Tour tournaments held in Auckland, Bogotá, Antalya (2017), Tokyo, Antalya (2018) and Moscow. Mannarino has achieved victories over four players ranked in the Top 10 of the ATP singles rankings; Marin Čilić, Milos Raonic, Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and Stan Wawrinka.

paragraph_text: Ivan Lendl and Novak Djokovic are the only players to win all nine events during their careers. However, since the creation of the ``Masters 1000 ''in 2009, Novak Djokovic is the only player to claim all nine ATP Masters 1000 events. Winning all nine events during a career has been called a`` Career 'Golden Masters'''. Rafael Nadal has won the most number of ATP Masters 1000 singles titles. He has won 33 titles to date. Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan have won the most doubles titles of all - time with 38.

paragraph_text: Hydrogen ions drive ATP synthase in photosynthesis. This happens when hydrogen ions get pushed across the membrane creating a high concentration inside the thylakoid membrane and a low concentration in the cytoplasm. However, because of osmosis, the H will force itself out of the membrane through ATP synthase. Using their kinetic energy to escape, the protons will spin the ATP synthase which in turn will create ATP. This happens in cellular respiration as well though the concentrated membrane will instead be the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Question: When was the death of Saint Catherine of the city where the transport company ATP Esercizio is headquartered?
Answer: 15 September 1510