paragraph_text: The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan (``Mars - craft '', from Sanskrit: मंगल mangala,`` Mars'' and यान yāna, ``craft, vehicle ''), is a space probe orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It is India's first interplanetary mission and ISRO has also become the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and the European Space Agency. It is the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, and the first nation in the world to do so in its first attempt.

paragraph_text: Claude Alvares is an Indian environmentalist based in Goa, India. He is the editor of the Other India Press publication based in India. The Director of the Goa Foundation, an environmental monitoring action group, Claude Alvares got his PhD from the Technische Hogeschool, Eindhoven, in the Netherlands, in 1976. He lives at Parra, Goa with his wife Padma Sri Norma Alvares, an environmental lawyer and three children, Rahul, Samir and Milind.

paragraph_text: Major General Kunhiraman Palat Candeth was appointed military governor of Goa that was first created by British government in 1934. In 1963, the Parliament of India passed the 12th Amendment Act to the Constitution of India, formally integrating the captured territories into the Indian Union. Goa, Daman and Diu became a Union Territory. Dadra and Nagar Haveli, which was previously a part of the Estado da India, but independent between 1954 and 1961, became a separate Union Territory.

paragraph_text: The S / 4HANA launch took place on February 3, 2015 at the New York Stock Exchange. The event introduced cloud and on premises editions, and launched the on - premises edition. Availability of the cloud edition followed at SAPPHIRE NOW (SAP's annual customer conference) on May 6, 2015 in Orlando, Florida.

paragraph_text: The Sam Loyd Company is an organization based in the United States that specializes in puzzle games. The company was launched in 2005 after the work of Samuel Loyd and his son in the 1800 and 1900’s. He produced puzzles for a number of resources including the New York Saturday Courier, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Women’s Home Companion and created puzzle cards for advertising purposes. It was 2005 before the company was founded to republish and protect Loyd’s original work.

paragraph_text: South Goa is one of two districts that comprises the state of Goa in West India, within the region known as the Konkan. It is bounded by the district of North Goa to the north, the  Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka state to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast.

paragraph_text: Curtorim is a town in the Salcette taluka of South Goa district in Goa, India. Curtorim, a verdant agrarian village, known as the ‘granary of Salcete’, is said to have got its name from either "kuddtari" or "kuddtoddi" since the agricultural village had "kudds" (rooms) built on the river bank ("toddir") to store kharif and rabi crops.

paragraph_text: In December 1547, Francis was in Malacca (Malaysia) waiting to return to Goa (India) when he met a low-ranked samurai named Anjiro (possibly spelled "Yajiro"). Anjiro was not an intellectual, but he impressed Xavier because he took careful notes of everything he said in church. Xavier made the decision to go to Japan in part because this low-ranking samurai convinced him in Portuguese that the Japanese people were highly educated and eager to learn. They were hard workers and respectful of authority. In their laws and customs they were led by reason, and, should the Christian faith convince them of its truth, they would accept it en masse.

paragraph_text: Antares A-ONE was the maiden flight of Orbital Sciences' Antares rocket with a boilerplate payload, the Cygnus Mass Simulator, which was launched 21 April 2013. It was launched from Pad 0A at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) on Wallops Island, Virginia, USA. The boilerplate payload simulates the mass of the Cygnus cargo spacecraft. This dummy payload was sent into an orbit of "approximately 150 by 160 miles" (240 km x 260 km) with an inclination of 51.6 degrees.

paragraph_text: A Kosmos-2I 63SM carrier rocket was used to launch Kosmos 176 from Site 133/1 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The launch occurred at 17:00 UTC on 12 September 1967, and resulted in Kosmos 176's successful deployment into Low earth orbit.

paragraph_text: Mars 2M No.522 was launched at 10:33:00 UTC on 2 April 1969 atop a Proton-K 8K78K carrier rocket with a Blok D upper stage, flying from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81/24. One of the first stage engines caught fire almost immediately at liftoff. The remaining engines managed to compensate for about 30 seconds of flight, but the thrust section fire eventually resulted in loss of control. The Proton pitched over and began flying horizontally before ground controllers sent a manual shutoff command. The vehicle nosedived into the ground just outside the launch complex 41 seconds after launch. Subsequent examination found that a missing drain plug allowed nitrogen tetroxide to leak out and start a fire.

paragraph_text: The Mars Orbiter Mission probe lifted - off from the First Launch Pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota Range SHAR), Andhra Pradesh, using a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket C25 at 09: 08 UTC on 5 November 2013. The launch window was approximately 20 days long and started on 28 October 2013. The MOM probe spent about a month in Earth orbit, where it made a series of seven apogee - raising orbital manoeuvres before trans - Mars injection on 30 November 2013 (UTC). After a 298 - day transit to Mars, it was successfully inserted into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014.

paragraph_text: Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa) in 1842. The largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon.

paragraph_text: Goa, Daman, and Diu was a union territory of India from 19 December 1961 to 30 May 1987. The union territory comprised the present - day state of Goa and the two small coastal enclaves of Daman and Diu on the coast of Gujarat. The territory, along with Dadra and Nagar Haveli, comprised Portuguese India. The territory was incorporated into India after the Annexation of Portuguese India in 1961.

paragraph_text: The 39th International Film Festival of India was held in Panaji, Goa from 22 November 2008 to 1 December 2008.

paragraph_text: In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. The 390-kilogram (860 lb) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The 278.5-kilogram (614 lb) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6, 1959.

paragraph_text: A Kosmos-2I 63SM carrier rocket was used to launch Kosmos 173 from Site 133/1 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The launch occurred at 04:59:49 UTC on 24 August 1967, and resulted in Kosmos 173's successful deployment into low earth orbit.

paragraph_text: Atlantis basin is an eroded impact crater in the southern hemisphere of Mars, in the Phaethontis quadrangle, Sirenum Terrae region, centered at 177° West, 35° South. It was formed during the early Noachian period.

paragraph_text: The Noachian is a geologic system and early time period on the planet Mars characterized by high rates of meteorite and asteroid impacts and the possible presence of abundant surface water. The absolute age of the Noachian period is uncertain but probably corresponds to the lunar Pre-Nectarian to Early Imbrian periods of 4100 to 3700 million years ago, during the interval known as the Late Heavy Bombardment. Many of the large impact basins on the Moon and Mars formed at this time. The Noachian Period is roughly equivalent to the Earth's Hadean and early Archean eons when the first life forms likely arose.

paragraph_text: Goa Gajah, or Elephant Cave, is located on the island of Bali near Ubud, in Indonesia. Built in the 9th century, it served as a sanctuary.

Question: By what launch method was the mangalyaan of the country that contained Goa sent to the planet where Noachian is found?
Answer: a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket C25