paragraph_text: Joseph Fels Ritt (August 23, 1893 – January 5, 1951) was an American mathematician at Columbia University in the early 20th century. He was born and died in New York.

paragraph_text: Husband Hill is one of the Columbia Hills in Gusev crater, Mars, which are close to the landing site of NASA's "Spirit" rover. It was named in honor of Rick Husband, the commander of the Space Shuttle "Columbia" when it disintegrated upon atmospheric reentry (see Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster).

paragraph_text: The son of the well-known historian of the early American republic and editor of the "Papers of Alexander Hamilton", Harold Syrett (d. 1984), David Syrett was graduated from Columbia University in 1961. After completing his M.A. at Columbia in 1964, he went on the University of London, where he completed his Ph.D. in 1966 with a thesis on “Shipping and the American War.

paragraph_text: ``The Significance of the Frontier in American History ''is a seminal essay by the American historian Frederick Jackson Turner which advanced the Frontier Thesis of American history. It was presented to a special meeting of the American Historical Association at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois in 1893, and published later that year first in Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, then in the Annual Report of the American Historical Association. It has been subsequently reprinted and anthologized many times, and was incorporated into Turner's 1921 book, The Frontier in American History, as Chapter I.

paragraph_text: The Great Eagle was an American automobile manufactured from 1910 to 1915. It was located in Columbus, Ohio, and the president was Fred C. Myers. They were mostly large cars. Unfortunately, the company went into reciership in 1915.

paragraph_text: Marion Bayard Folsom (November 23, 1893 – September 27, 1976) was an American government official and businessman. He served as the U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare from 1955 to 1958 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

paragraph_text: In the 1960 presidential election, Democratic candidate and future President John F. Kennedy "criticized President Eisenhower for not ending discrimination in federally supported housing" and "advocated a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission".:59 Shortly after taking office, Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925 in March 1961, requiring government contractors to "consider and recommend additional affirmative steps which should be taken by executive departments and agencies to realize more fully the national policy of nondiscrimination…. The contractor will take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin".:60 The order also established the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity (PCEEO), chaired by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. Federal contractors who failed to comply or violated the executive order were punished by contract cancellation and the possible debarment from future government contracts. The administration was "not demanding any special preference or treatment or quotas for minorities" but was rather "advocating racially neutral hiring to end job discrimination".:61 Turning to issues of women's rights, Kennedy initiated a Commission on the Status of Women in December 1961. The commission was charged with "examining employment policies and practices of the government and of contractors" with regard to sex.:66

paragraph_text: Emma Adelaide Hahn (April 1, 1893 – July 8, 1967) was an American linguist and classicist who specialized in Latin grammar and Indo-European linguistics. She served as chair of the Hunter College Classics department for twenty-seven years and was the first woman to serve as president of the Linguistic Society of America.

paragraph_text: Frederick Jackson Turner (November 14, 1861 – March 14, 1932) was an American historian in the early 20th century, based at the University of Wisconsin until 1910, and then at Harvard. He was primarily known for his “Frontier Thesis.” He trained many PhDs who came to occupy prominent places in the history profession. He promoted interdisciplinary and quantitative methods, often with a focus on the Midwest. He is best known for his essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History", whose ideas formed the Frontier Thesis. He argued that the moving western frontier shaped American democracy and the American character from the colonial era until 1890. He is also known for his theories of geographical sectionalism. In recent years historians and academics have argued strenuously over Turner's work; all agree that the Frontier Thesis has had an enormous impact on historical scholarship and the American soul.

paragraph_text: The Chemins de fer départementaux du Finistère (CFDF) was a metre gauge railway system in northwest Brittany, France. It was opened in stages between 1893 and 1907, and closed in 1946. The system had a total extent of .

paragraph_text: Charles Romeyn Dake (December 22, 1849 – 1899) was a 19th-century American homeopathic physician and writer. He was an 1873 graduate of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and he practiced in Belleville, Illinois. In 1893 he became editor of the journal "Homeopathic News".

paragraph_text: The Midland Railway 1116A Class was a class of 0-4-0ST for shunting. Ten were built at Derby in the 1890s, five in 1893 and five in 1897. They were closely related to the 1322 and 1134A classes.

paragraph_text: The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square kilometer)—the density standard Frederick Jackson Turner used to declare the American frontier "closed" in 1893. Many have fewer than 2 inhabitants per square mile (0.77 inhabitants per square kilometer). There are more than 6,000 ghost towns in the state of Kansas alone, according to Kansas historian Daniel Fitzgerald. This problem is often exacerbated by the consolidation of farms and the difficulty of attracting modern industry to the region. In addition, the smaller school-age population has forced the consolidation of school districts and the closure of high schools in some communities. The continuing population loss has led some to suggest that the current use of the drier parts of the Great Plains is not sustainable, and there has been a proposal - the "Buffalo Commons" - to return approximately 139,000 square miles (360,000 km2) of these drier parts to native prairie land.

paragraph_text: Granados is a municipality in the Baja Verapaz department of Guatemala. It was named Granados in honor of former president Miguel García Granados in 1893.

paragraph_text: John Robert Procter, (16 March 1844 in Mason County, Kentucky – 12 December 1903 in Washington, D.C.) was an American geologist and civil service reformer. He was the Kentucky state geologist from 1880 to 1893, and president of the United States Civil Service Commission from 1893 to 1903.

paragraph_text: Frontier Fury is a 1943 American Western directed by William Berke. The Columbia Pictures film is a Charles Starrett Western about corrupt Indian agents in the American West.

paragraph_text: Lieutenant Cyrus K. Bettis (January 2, 1893 – September 1, 1926) was an American army aviator who won several races and set the then airspeed record for a closed-circuit race in 1925. He died after he crashed his aircraft less than a year later.

paragraph_text: Politics: U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon; American political leaders John Hancock, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Al Gore, George W. Bush and Barack Obama; Chilean President Sebastián Piñera; Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos; Costa Rican President José María Figueres; Mexican Presidents Felipe Calderón, Carlos Salinas de Gortari and Miguel de la Madrid; Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj; Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo; Taiwanese President Ma Ying-jeou; Canadian Governor General David Lloyd Johnston; Indian Member of Parliament Jayant Sinha; Albanian Prime Minister Fan S. Noli; Canadian Prime Ministers Mackenzie King and Pierre Trudeau; Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu; former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto; U. S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Shaun Donovan; Canadian political leader Michael Ignatieff; Pakistani Members of Provincial Assembly Murtaza Bhutto and Sanam Bhutto; Bangladesh Minister of Finance Abul Maal Abdul Muhith; President of Puntland Abdiweli Mohamed Ali; U.S. Ambassador to the European Union Anthony Luzzatto Gardner.

paragraph_text: Lok Ma Chau lies within Hong Kong's Frontier Closed Area, a buffer zone established by the Hong Kong government to prevent illegal immigrants from mainland China, and access to the area is restricted to those holding Closed Area Permits. Those who are crossing the border to or from China do not need permits but must leave the area immediately after completing immigration procedures.

paragraph_text: Robert E. Kenna, S.J. was appointed Santa Clara University's 9th and 12th president after the presidency of John Pinasco and Joseph W. Riordan. He was first a student, then professor, then president from 1888 to 1893 and again from 1899 to 1905.

Question: What Columbia President went to the university that hired the person who declared the American frontier "closed" in 1893?
Answer: Juan Manuel Santos