paragraph_text: In Theravada Buddhism there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for one's karma, since it is a purely impersonal process that is a part of the makeup of the universe.[citation needed] In Mahayana Buddhism, the texts of certain Mahayana sutras (such as the Lotus Sutra, the Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra and the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra) claim that the recitation or merely the hearing of their texts can expunge great swathes of negative karma. Some forms of Buddhism (for example, Vajrayana) regard the recitation of mantras as a means for cutting off of previous negative karma. The Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin taught that Amitābha has the power to destroy the karma that would otherwise bind one in saṃsāra.

paragraph_text: It is one of relatively few films directed by Ismail Merchant, who is better known as the producer in the Merchant Ivory partnership, and addresses issues of Hindu subculture in Trinidad and Tobago.

paragraph_text: The City of Oklahoma City has operated under a council-manager form of city government since 1927. Mick Cornett serves as Mayor, having first been elected in 2004, and re-elected in 2006, 2010, and 2014. Eight councilpersons represent each of the eight wards of Oklahoma City. City Manager Jim Couch was appointed in late 2000. Couch previously served as assistant city manager, Metropolitan Area Projects Plan (MAPS) director and utilities director prior to his service as city manager.

paragraph_text: Fred Jones, Daphne Blake, Velma Dinkley, Shaggy Rogers and Scooby - Doo are a team of teenage mystery solvers who live in the small town of Crystal Cove, the self - proclaimed ``Most Hauntedest Place on Earth ''. The allegedly`` cursed'' town's long history of strange disappearances and ghost and monster sightings form the basis for its thriving tourist industry; as such, the adults of the town (chief among them being Fred's father Mayor Fred Jones Sr. and Sheriff Bronson Stone) are not happy that the kids are debunking all the supernatural goings - on that bring in so much revenue as the overwrought schemes of charlatans and criminals.

paragraph_text: The end of World War II brought a baby boom to many countries, especially Western ones. There is some disagreement as to the precise beginning and ending dates of the post-war baby boom, but it is most often agreed to have begun in the years immediately after the war, though some place it earlier at the increase of births in 1941 - 1943. The boom started to decline as birth rates in the United States started to decline in 1958, though the boom would only grind to a halt 3 years later in 1961, 20 years after it began.

paragraph_text: Jason Zada is an American film director, music video director, screenwriter and digital marketeer, best known for "Elf Yourself", an interactive viral holiday season campaign for OfficeMax, and for "Take This Lollipop", an interactive horror short film created to raise awareness of the danger of placing too much personal information online.

paragraph_text: Formal membership varies between communities, but basic lay adherence is often defined in terms of a traditional formula in which the practitioner takes refuge in The Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha), and the Sangha (the Buddhist community). At the present time, the teachings of all three branches of Buddhism have spread throughout the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While in the West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. Buddhists in Asia are frequently well organized and well funded. In countries such as Cambodia and Bhutan, it is recognized as the state religion and receives government support. Modern influences increasingly lead to new forms of Buddhism that significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.

paragraph_text: Saturnian Mist is a black metal band that formed in 2006 at Kuopio, Finland by vocalist fra. Zetekh and guitarist fra. Chaoswind. Lyrically the band draws their inspiration from Occult, Mysticism, Philosophy and Satanism.

paragraph_text: According to Johnson and Grim (2013), Buddhism has grown from a total of 138 million adherents in 1910, of which 137 million were in Asia, to 495 million in 2010, of which 487 million are in Asia. According to them, there was a fast annual growth of Buddhism in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and several Western European countries (1910–2010). More recently (2000–2010), the countries with highest growth rates are Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran and some African countries.

paragraph_text: Theodore Mann, birth name Goldman, (May 13, 1924 – February 24, 2012) was an American theatre producer and director and the Artistic Director of the Circle in the Square Theatre School.

paragraph_text: The method of self-exertion or "self-power"—without reliance on an external force or being—stands in contrast to another major form of Buddhism, Pure Land, which is characterized by utmost trust in the salvific "other-power" of Amitabha Buddha. Pure Land Buddhism is a very widespread and perhaps the most faith-orientated manifestation of Buddhism and centres upon the conviction that faith in Amitabha Buddha and the chanting of homage to his name liberates one at death into the Blissful (安樂), Pure Land (淨土) of Amitabha Buddha. This Buddhic realm is variously construed as a foretaste of Nirvana, or as essentially Nirvana itself. The great vow of Amitabha Buddha to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering is viewed within Pure Land Buddhism as universally efficacious, if only one has faith in the power of that vow or chants his name.

paragraph_text: The San Miguel River (Ecuador) is a river of Ecuador and Peru. For much of its length it forms the international boundary between the two countries.

paragraph_text: Mumbai Bombay Megacity Mumbai Top to bottom: Cuffe Parade skyline, the Gateway of India (L), Taj Mahal Palace Hotel (R), Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and the Bandra -- Worli Sea Link. Nickname (s): Bambai, Mumbai city, City of Seven Islands, City of Dreams, Gateway to India, Hollywood of India Mumbai Location of Mumbai in Maharashtra, India Mumbai Mumbai (India) Show map of Maharashtra Show map of India Show all Coordinates: 18 ° 58 ′ 30 ''N 72 ° 49 ′ 33'' E ﻿ / ﻿ 18.97500 ° N 72.82583 ° E ﻿ / 18.97500; 72.82583 Coordinates: 18 ° 58 ′ 30 ''N 72 ° 49 ′ 33'' E ﻿ / ﻿ 18.97500 ° N 72.82583 ° E ﻿ / 18.97500; 72.82583 Country India State Maharashtra District Mumbai City Mumbai Suburban First settled 1507 Named for Mumbadevi Government Type Mayor -- Council Body MCGM Mayor Vishwanath Mahadeshwar (Shiv Sena) Municipal commissioner Ajoy Mehta Area Megacity 603 km (233 sq mi) Metro 4,355 km (1,681.5 sq mi) Elevation 14 m (46 ft) Population (2011) Megacity 12,442,373 Rank 1st Density 21,000 / km (53,000 / sq mi) Metro 18,414,288 20,748,395 (Extended UA) Metro Rank 1st Demonym (s) Mumbaikar Time zone IST (UTC + 5: 30) PIN code (s) 400 001 to 400 107 Area code (s) + 91 - 22 Vehicle registration MH - 01 (South), MH - 02 (West), MH - 03 (Central), MH - 47 (North) GDP / PPP $368 billion (Metro area, 2015) Official language Marathi Website www.mcgm.gov.in

paragraph_text: The Courtesans of Bombay is a 1983 British docudrama directed by Ismail Merchant. A collaboration by Merchant, James Ivory, and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. The film focuses on a Bombay compound known as Pavan Pool, where women aspiring to work in the entertainment industry dance for donations from a male audience by day and, it is broadly suggested although never specifically stated, work as prostitutes by night. It was broadcast by Channel 4 in the UK in January 1983 and went into limited theatrical release in the United States on 19 March 1986.

paragraph_text: The Order of Myths is a 2008 documentary film directed by Margaret Brown. It focuses on the Mardi Gras celebrations in Mobile, Alabama, the oldest in the United States. It reveals the separate mystic societies established and maintained by black and white groups, and acknowledges the complex racial history of a city with a slaveholding past. While showing the mystic societies' ties to economic, class and racial stratification, the film also showed the beginnings of interaction between the black and white courts. It also tells some of the history of Africatown, a community formed north of Mobile in 1860 by Africans from Ghana, transported illegally as slaves to Mobile decades after the end of the slave trade.

paragraph_text: Millicent (``Millie '') (Marie - Alise Recasner): Whitley's confidante and only friend for much of season one, involved in serious relationship with Ron, disappeared after season one (last name unrevealed).

paragraph_text: Laszlo Halasz (6 June 1905 in Debrecen – 26 October 2001 in Port Washington, New York) was an American opera director, conductor, and pianist of Hungarian birth. In 1943 he was appointed the first director of the New York City Opera; a position he held through 1951. He later served on music faculties of the Peabody Conservatory of Music and the Eastman School of Music as part of their conducting and opera departments. He was married to the cellist Suzette Forgues Halasz for more than 50 years.

paragraph_text: Apartment Eight is a 1987 Lower East Side comedy short film by director Matthew Harrison, which won "Best Comedy" at the 1988 New York Film Festival Downtown and the "Mystic Fire Independent Film Award" at the 1989 Ann Arbor Film Festival.

paragraph_text: Ronald Inden writes that by the 8th century CE symbols of Hindu gods "replaced the Buddha at the imperial centre and pinnacle of the cosmo-political system, the image or symbol of the Hindu god comes to be housed in a monumental temple and given increasingly elaborate imperial-style puja worship". Although Buddhism did not disappear from India for several centuries after the eighth, royal proclivities for the cults of Vishnu and Shiva weakened Buddhism's position within the sociopolitical context and helped make possible its decline.

paragraph_text: As of 2010, the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is rare in the country, being confined to limited geographic areas of the country.

Question: By what century did Buddhism disappear from much of the birth country of The Mystic Masseur's producer?
Answer: eighth