paragraph_text: Kathryn Cramer is the daughter of physicist John G. Cramer. She grew up in Seattle and graduated from Columbia University with degrees in mathematics and American studies.

paragraph_text: Stephen Harry Crandall (December 2, 1920 – October 29, 2013) was a professor of mechanical engineering at MIT. He earned his master's degree in engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey and his Ph.D. from MIT. He joined the MIT faculty in 1946 and taught dynamics and strength of materials until his retirement in 1991. He was a prolific author of texts in solid mechanics, numerical methods, and random vibration. His mentor at MIT was J. P. Den Hartog.

paragraph_text: There have been three main publishers of the comic book series bearing the name Transformers based on the toy lines of the same name. The first series was produced by Marvel Comics from 1984 to 1991, which ran for 80 issues and produced four spin - off miniseries. This was followed by a second volume titled Transformers: Generation 2, which ran for 12 issues starting in 1993. The second major series was produced by Dreamwave Productions from 2002 to 2004 with multiple limited series as well, and within multiple story continuities, until the company became bankrupt in 2005. The third series is currently being produced by IDW Publishing starting with an issue # 0 in October 2005 and a regular series starting in January 2006. There are also several limited series being produced by IDW as well. In addition to these three main publishers, there have also been several other smaller publishers with varying degrees of success.

paragraph_text: Tombazis graduated with a degree in engineering in 1989 at the Trinity College in Cambridge, followed by a PhD in aeronautical engineering at the Imperial College London in 1992.

paragraph_text: Tami Bond received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Washington in 1993. She went on to post graduate study at the University of California at Berkeley, where she was awarded a Masters of Science in engineering in 1995, focusing on combustion. In 2000, she completed study for an interdisciplinary Doctor of Philosophy degree in Atmospheric Sciences, Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, again from the University of Washington.

paragraph_text: Arne Blomberg, was born in 1930 in Gothenburg, Sweden. He started off by studying at Valand School of Art and continued later on at the Goldsmiths´Company Trege where he got a journeyman exam, and followed up by an engineering degree and a master's degree as engraver.

paragraph_text: Riparian Plaza was designed by Harry Seidler (architect) and Robert Bird Group (structural engineer). Most office spaces have river views, due to the 45-degree angle to the river of the building and the lack of columns on these mid level floors. Each penthouse has its own curvilinear, projecting terrace that faces the river. The cantilevering balconies have a highly sculptured shape. Seidler claimed the composite stacking of sectors vertically is unique in Australia.

paragraph_text: The College of Engineering was established in 1920, however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the College of Science since the 1870s. Today the college, housed in the Fitzpatrick, Cushing, and Stinson-Remick Halls of Engineering, includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering – with eight B.S. degrees offered. Additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the Colleges of Arts and Letters and of Business awarding additional B.A. and Master of Business Administration (MBA) degrees, respectively.

paragraph_text: Najand Institute of Higher Education is a public university located in Urmia, West Azerbaijan, Iran. Najand offers bachelor's degree and associate degrees in engineering and basic sciences. In 2010 Najand started operations with approximately 200 students; in 2012 enrolment had reached 600 students.

paragraph_text: M. İrşadi Aksun (born April 5, 1957 in Turkey) is an award-winning Turkish professor of electrical and electronics engineering and the dean of College of Engineering at Koç University. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees from ODTÜ and his Ph.D. degree from the University of Illinois in 1990.

paragraph_text: Nay Phone Latt graduated with Engineering degree from Yangon Technological University. He worked in Singapore for a few years before he went back to Myanmar to start his Internet Cafe business. He is also a co-founder of Myanmar ICT for Development Organization (MIDO)MIDO, a local NGO focusing on ICT for Development, Internet Freedom and Civic Technology.

paragraph_text: Harry G. Shaffer (1919–2009) was Professor Emeritus of the Economics Department at the University of Kansas. He was born on August 28, 1919, in Vienna, Austria. Fluent in German, Shaffer served in World War II, in which he acted as a translator. He was active in the Civil Rights Movement and the movement against the War in Vietnam. He wrote one popular book called "American Capitalism and the Changing role of Government" (still in print and available in hardcopy and Kindle editions) and about ten scholarly books, including "The Soviet System in Theory and Practice: Western and Soviet Views," "The Soviet Economy: Western and Soviet Views," "From Underdevelopment to Affluence: Western, Soviet, and Chinese Views," "The Soviet Treatment of Jews," "Women in the Two Germanies: A Comparative Study of a Socialist and Non-Socialist Society," "Periodicals on the Socialist Countries and Marxism: A New Annotated Index of English Language Publications," "Soviet Agriculture: An Assessment of Its Contributions to Economic Development," and others. Although out of print, all the books named here can be located on Amazon. Harry Shaffer prided himself on being one of the few American scholars presenting a balanced view of capitalism and socialism by presenting voices from both sides of the table. He also wrote countless scholarly articles, and a popular piece on U.S. History titled "The U.S. Conquers the West." He used to say, semi-humorously, that his specialty, Soviet Economics, no longer existed. He taught at the University of Kansas for 53 years after leaving the University of Alabama. He was one of the most popular professors at KU. In the later part of his career, he taught ECON 104, which is the introduction to economics course. The course attracted about 500 students every semester.

paragraph_text: Civil engineers typically possess an academic degree in civil engineering. The length of study is three to five years, and the completed degree is designated as a bachelor of engineering, or a bachelor of science in engineering. The curriculum generally includes classes in physics, mathematics, project management, design and specific topics in civil engineering. After taking basic courses in most sub-disciplines of civil engineering, they move onto specialize in one or more sub-disciplines at advanced levels. While an undergraduate degree (BEng / BSc) normally provides successful students with industry - accredited qualification, some academic institutions offer post-graduate degrees (MEng / MSc), which allow students to further specialize in their particular area of interest.

paragraph_text: The Renault G-Type was a family of naturally aspirated and turbocharged straight-4 indirect injection and commonrail diesel engines. The engines were used over a decade, with improvements in power and torque output and fuel efficiency.

paragraph_text: Vivek Maddala is the son of economist G. S. Maddala. He began playing at age 3 and later studied jazz performance at the Berklee College of Music. He earned degrees in electrical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology and pursued graduate studies at the University of Washington.

paragraph_text: Prof. Sammu Raghu De Silva Chandrakeerthy was born in 1945 and had his schooling at Richmond College, Galle. He entered the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Ceylon at Peradeniya in 1963 and graduated in 1967 with an Honours Degree in Civil Engineering. He obtained the PhD degree specializing in Structural Engineering in 1973, from the University of Sheffield, England.

paragraph_text: Mario G. Salvadori (March 19, 1907 – June 25, 1997) was a structural engineer and professor of both civil engineering and architecture at Columbia University.

paragraph_text: Hasmukh Goswami College of Engineering (HGCE) is a private degree engineering and degree management college located near Vahelal village, district Ahmedabad in Gujarat state, India. The college is affiliated to the GTU and all of the courses are approved by the AICTE.

paragraph_text: Šekerinska holds a Master's Degree from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, which she obtained in 2007. She graduated in 1995 from Skopje's Faculty of Electrical Engineering with a degree in Power Engineering.

paragraph_text: The KU School of Engineering is an ABET accredited, public engineering school located on the main campus. The School of Engineering was officially founded in 1891, although engineering degrees were awarded as early as 1873.

Question: when did the employer of Harry G. Shaffer start issuing degrees in engineering?
Answer: 1873