paragraph_text: Over 230 works of Chopin survive; some compositions from early childhood have been lost. All his known works involve the piano, and only a few range beyond solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music.

paragraph_text: Jacques Février was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, the son of the composer Henry Février. He studied with Édouard Risler and Marguerite Long at the Conservatoire de Paris, taking a "premier prix" in 1921. In 1932 he and the composer were the soloists in the first performance of Francis Poulenc's Concerto for two pianos. Although Paul Wittgenstein premiered Maurice Ravel's Concerto for the Left Hand, Février was expressly chosen by the composer to be the first French pianist to perform the work. He made many recordings of the French repertoire, receiving a Grand Prix du Disque of the Charles Cros Academy in 1963 for his recording of Ravel's piano works.

paragraph_text: All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs to Polish lyrics. His keyboard style is highly individual and often technically demanding; his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of instrumental ballade. His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, études, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only after his death. Influences on his compositional style include Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert, the music of all of whom he admired, as well as the Paris salons where he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, musical form, and harmony, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late Romantic period.

paragraph_text: The Witch is a ballet made by John Cranko to Maurice Ravel's Piano Concerto No. 2 in G Major (1931). The premiere took place Friday, 18 August 1950 at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London.

paragraph_text: Carl Czerny (German: [ˈtʃɛɐ̯ni]; 21 February 1791 – 9 August 1857) was an Austrian composer, teacher, and pianist of Czech origin whose vast musical production amounted to over a thousand works. His books of studies for the piano are still widely used in piano teaching.

paragraph_text: Wind instruments became more refined in the Classical era. While double reeded instruments like the oboe and bassoon became somewhat standardized in the Baroque, the clarinet family of single reeds was not widely used until Mozart expanded its role in orchestral, chamber, and concerto settings.

paragraph_text: Although Melartin was chiefly a lyricist, the symphony was central to his musical output. He wrote six symphonies (1902–1924) and was the first Finnish composer to bear Mahler's influence. The fourth symphony uses a vocalise like that of Carl Nielsen's "Sinfonia Espansiva". The fifth is a "Sinfonia brevis" ending in a fugue and chorale, while the sixth, harmonically more advanced than the other five, advances stepwise from a C minor first movement – with evocations of Mahler's second symphony – to an E-flat major finale. His musical output also includes an opera, "Aino" (based on the character from the Finnish national epic), a violin concerto, four string quartets, and many piano pieces. His works therefore are divided mainly into large-scale works for orchestra, and chamber pieces for much smaller groups and soloists. Despite working in the same time period as Jean Sibelius he was not influenced by the more famous composer's style, and his work has been largely overshadowed by that of Finland's most revered composer.

paragraph_text: Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that "improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form." The works for piano and orchestra, including the two concertos, are held by Temperley to be "merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing ... formally longwinded and extremely conservative". After the piano concertos (which are both early, dating from 1830), Chopin made no attempts at large-scale multi-movement forms, save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello; "instead he achieved near-perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell-structure." Rosen suggests that an important aspect of Chopin's individuality is his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.

paragraph_text: Elizabeth Alexander (born August 6, 1962) is an American composer. Her works include orchestral, chamber, piano and vocal works. She is best known for her over 80 choral pieces, which have been performed internationally by thousands of choirs. Alexander is also known for her liturgical works, and themes centering on social justice.

paragraph_text: Mouvements perpétuels, FP 14a, is a short three-movement suite for solo piano by the French composer Francis Poulenc, premiered in Paris in December 1918, when Poulenc was aged 19 and a protégé of Erik Satie. The work is dedicated to the artist Valentine Hugo and was first performed by Poulenc's piano teacher, Ricardo Viñes. From January 1918 to January 1921 Poulenc was a conscript in the French army, but his duties allowed him time for composition. He wrote the pieces at the piano of the local elementary school at Saint-Martin-sur-le-Pré.

paragraph_text: City Scape is an orchestral piece composed by Jennifer Higdon in 2002 and commissioned by the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. On November 14, 2002, the piece was premiered under the direction of Robert Spano. This piece dedicated to Robert Spano calls for a concerto grosso, in which 35 instruments are used; yet many of these instruments have featured solos that are scattered throughout the piece. The piece lasts a total of 31 minutes.

paragraph_text: These concertos remained unpublished in the Alte Mozart-Ausgabe, the first complete edition of Mozart's works, so they were not given a number by the publishers of that edition, Breitkopf & Härtel (as the other 27 concerti were given in that publication). Therefore, when these works are enumerated with the rest, it can be seen that Mozart composed 30 keyboard concerti. These three works, however, and the concerti numbered as Piano Concertos 1 through 4 are actually not original compositions, but arrangements of works by other composers.

paragraph_text: Disma Fumagalli (born Inzago, 8 September 1826 - died Milan, 9 March 1893) was an Italian composer and teacher of music. He was a graduate of the Milan Conservatory, where he began teaching piano in 1853. He composed more than 300 études for piano, as well as other exercises; he also wrote a concerto for piano and string orchestra.

paragraph_text: Johanna Senfter was born and died in Oppenheim. From 1895 she studied composition under Iwan Knorr, violin under Adolf Rebner, piano under Karl Friedberg and organ at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt am Main. This gave her a considerable amount of musical training when in 1908 she became a student of Max Reger in Leipzig. She composed nine symphonies, 26 orchestral works and concertos for piano, violin, viola, and cello. Senfter was a masterful composer of fugue. Altogether she left behind 134 works.

paragraph_text: William Berwald (1864–1948) was an American composer and conductor of German origin. He published some 400 compositions and won numerous prizes, including the Manuscript Music Society in 1901, the Clemson Gold Medal in 1913, the Prosser Etude prize in 1915, and the Estey Organ Prize in 1928. Among his works are pedagogical pieces for piano.

paragraph_text: Mozart: The Magic Flute, K. 620, Overture Mozart: The Magic Flute, K. 620, Act II, The Queen of the Night aria (``Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen '') Mozart: Masonic Funeral Music, K. 477 Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor, K. 466, 1st movement Antonio Salieri: Axur, re d'Ormus, Finale Mozart: Eine kleine Nachtmusik (Serenade No. 13 for Strings in G major), K. 525, 1st movement, arranged for woodwind octet by Graham Sheen Mozart: Concerto for Flute and Harp in C major, K. 299, 2nd movement Mozart: Six German Dances (Nos. 1 -- 3), K. 509 Giuseppe Giordani:`` Caro mio ben'' Mozart: The Abduction from the Seraglio, K. 384, Chorus of the Janissaries (Arr.) and ``Ich möchte wohl der Kaiser sein ''(`` Ein deutsches Kriegslied''), K. 539 (Arr.)

paragraph_text: The daughter of pianist Emil Gilels, Elena Gilels studied at the Moscow Conservatory under Vera Gornostayeva and Yakov Flier, then with Pavel Serebryakov at the Leningrad Conservatory. Her repertoire focused on the works of Haydn, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Liszt, Schumann, Mussorgsky, Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninoff and Prokofiev. Elena Gilels is perhaps best remembered for her performances of Mozart's piano concertos. She frequently performed with her father Emil Gilels, with whom she recorded Mozart's Concerto for Two Pianos, KV. 365.

paragraph_text: Forchess is a four-player chess variant developed by T. K. Rogers, an American engineer. It uses one standard chessboard and two sets of standard pieces.

paragraph_text: Similarly, movies and television often revert to standard, clichéd snatches of classical music to convey refinement or opulence: some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include Bach´s Cello Suite No. 1, Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Vivaldi's Four Seasons, Mussorgsky's Night on Bald Mountain (as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov), and Rossini's William Tell Overture.

paragraph_text: The Piano Concerto/MGV is the 23rd album by Michael Nyman, released in 1994. It contains two compositions, "The Piano Concerto" and "MGV". The first is performed by Kathryn Stott and the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Michael Nyman, and the second is performed by the Michael Nyman Band and Orchestra with Michael Nyman at the piano.

Question: What piece by the composer of Piano Concertos K. 107 is used as a cliche to convey refinement?
Answer: Eine kleine Nachtmusik