paragraph_text: This Misery of Boots is a 1907 political tract by H. G. Wells advocating socialism. Published by the Fabian Society, "This Misery of Boots" is the expansion of a 1905 essay with the same name. Its five chapters condemn private property in land and means of production and calls for their expropriation by the state "not for profit, but for service."

paragraph_text: The "Radical Enlightenment" promoted the concept of separating church and state, an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rational people could not cede to the government for it or others to control. For Locke, this created a natural right in the liberty of conscience, which he said must therefore remain protected from any government authority.

paragraph_text: Ivan Sviták (10 October 1925 in Hranice na Moravě – 20 October 1994 in Prague) was a Czech philosopher, critic, and poet who ranked among Europe's most prominent proponents of Marxist humanism. In a vast oeuvre of essays, Sviták addressed questions of democracy and socialism, of art in bureaucratic and consumer societies, and of the "unbearable burden" of political catastrophe in Czech history. In addition, Sviták wrote an extensive body of fiction and poetry, in which he "sought a unity of philosophy, literature, and politics, a unity of engagement, wisdom, and poetry." In this, Sviták consciously followed in the footsteps of the surrealist movement that he admired and critically defended on numerous occasions. These essays often self-published by Svitak were collected by Joseph Grim Feinberg and published in book form as “The Windmills of Humanity” by Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company in Chicago.

paragraph_text: Though much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Hume's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived from consent are rarely seen, and civil government is grounded in a ruler's habitual authority and force. It is precisely because of the ruler's authority over-and-against the subject, that the subject tacitly consents; Hume says that the subjects would "never imagine that their consent made him sovereign", rather the authority did so. Similarly, Ferguson did not believe citizens built the state, rather polities grew out of social development. In his 1767 An Essay on the History of Civil Society, Ferguson uses the four stages of progress, a theory that was very popular in Scotland at the time, to explain how humans advance from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without "signing" a social contract.

paragraph_text: Eugene Paul Nassar (20 June 1935 - 7 April 2017), was Professor of English Emeritus of Utica College, Utica, New York, the author of several books of literary criticism in the close analysis tradition of his teachers, John Crowe Ransom at Kenyon College, Christopher Ricks at Oxford University, Arthur Mizener of Cornell University, and his critical model and mentor, Cleanth Brooks. He wrote long studies of the figural images in Wallace Stevens, the lyric passages in The Cantos of Ezra Pound, and of Hart Crane’s The Bridge, along with numerous essays in criticism of poems, drama and fiction. He also edited an anthology of the illustrations to Dante’s “Inferno,” various essays in sociological criticism, essays and reviews in many journals, and several books. He held the Rhodes Scholarship and a Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Professor Nassar wrote a memoir of growing up in a Lebanese Christian family in the Italian-American neighborhood of East Utica, NY, entitled "Wind of the Land". Dr. Nassar was founder and former Director of the Ethnic Heritage Studies Center at Utica College. His Papers, which include many items—such as notices and reviews of his work— are housed in the Archives of Utica College.

paragraph_text: The principle involved in preserving the balance of power as a conscious goal of foreign policy, as David Hume pointed out in his Essay on the Balance of Power, is as old as history, and was used by Greeks such as Thucydides both as political theorists and as practical statesmen.

paragraph_text: An Essay on Criticism is one of the first major poems written by the English writer Alexander Pope (1688 -- 1744). It is the source of the famous quotations ``To err is human, to forgive divine ''and`` A little learning is a dang'rous thing,'' frequently misquoted as ``A little knowledge is a dang'rous thing. ''It first appeared in 1711 after having been written in 1709, and it is clear from Pope's correspondence that many of the poem's ideas had existed in prose form since at least 1706. Composed in heroic couplets (pairs of adjacent rhyming lines of iambic pentameter) and written in the Horatian mode of satire, it is a verse essay primarily concerned with how writers and critics behave in the new literary commerce of Pope's contemporary age. The poem covers a range of good criticism and advice, and represents many of the chief literary ideals of Pope's age.

paragraph_text: Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."

paragraph_text: The Social Contract, or Of the Social Contract, or Principles of Political Law (French: Du contrat social ou Principes du droit politique; 1762) by Jean - Jacques Rousseau, is a book in which Rousseau theorized about the best way to establish a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society, which he had already identified in his Discourse on Inequality (1754).

paragraph_text: The great man theory is a 19th - century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of great men, or heroes; highly influential individuals who, due to either their personal charisma, intelligence, wisdom, or political skill used their power in a way that had a decisive historical impact. The theory was popularized in the 1840s by Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle, but in 1860 Herbert Spencer formulated a counter-argument that has remained influential throughout the 20th century to the present: Spencer said that such great men are the products of their societies, and that their actions would be impossible without the social conditions built before their lifetimes.

paragraph_text: Emile Albert Métin (28 January 1871 – 16 August 1918) was a French professor of history and geography, a prolific author and a politician who was twice Minister of Labor and Social Welfare.

paragraph_text: In the mid-18th century, Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas. The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civil order based on natural law, and for science based on experiments and observation. The political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government, a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution. While the Philosophes of the French Enlightenment were not revolutionaries, and many were members of the nobility, their ideas played an important part in undermining the legitimacy of the Old Regime and shaping the French Revolution.

paragraph_text: The target audience of natural history was French polite society, evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works. Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for erudition – many texts had an explicit instructive purpose. However, natural history was often a political affair. As E. C. Spary writes, the classifications used by naturalists "slipped between the natural world and the social ... to establish not only the expertise of the naturalists over the natural, but also the dominance of the natural over the social". The idea of taste (le goût) was a social indicator: to truly be able to categorize nature, one had to have the proper taste, an ability of discretion shared by all members of polite society. In this way natural history spread many of the scientific developments of the time, but also provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class. From this basis, naturalists could then develop their own social ideals based on their scientific works.

paragraph_text: The Democratic Paradox is a collection of essays by the Belgian political theorist Chantal Mouffe, published in 2000 by Verso Books. The essays offer further discussion of the concept of radical democracy that Mouffe explored in "Hegemony and Socialist Strategy", co-authored by Ernesto Laclau. In this collection, Mouffe deals with the specific conflicts between the post-Marxist democratic theory that she and Laclau theorized in "Hegemony and Socialist Strategy" and the competing democratic theories proposed by Jürgen Habermas and John Rawls. Verso's UK blog characterizes "The Democratic Paradox" as Mouffe's most accessible review of her perspectives on radical democracy.

paragraph_text: An Essay on the History of Civil Society is a book by the Scottish Enlightenment philosopher Adam Ferguson, first published in 1767. The "Essay" established Ferguson's reputation in Britain and throughout Europe.

paragraph_text: Linda Rampell, born 5 December 1971, in Stockholm, Sweden, is a Swedish design theorist, critic, lecturer and author. She holds a Ph.D. at Lund University. In her Ph.D. thesis she deconstructs the modernist discourse of nationalist design in Sweden. In her postdoctoral research project "Homo Capitalistes", she concludes that ”the only ism after postmodernism is consumerism”, and that the postmodern condition has become a "shopmodern condition", in which aesthetics and economics have merged into "aesthetonomics", which defines an economy of seeing evaluating how much a being is worth. Rampell is a member of International Association of Art Critics (AICA) and has written articles, essays and books on the subject design theory.

paragraph_text: The New England Quarterly is a peer-reviewed academic journal consisting of articles on New England's cultural, literary, political, and social history. The journal contains essays, interpretations of traditional texts, essay reviews and book reviews. "The New England Quarterly" was established in 1928 and is published by MIT Press for The New England Quarterly Inc., a nonprofit sponsored by the University of Massachusetts Boston and the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, and supported by the Massachusetts Cultural Council. MIT Press began publishing the journal in 2007.

paragraph_text: He is best known for several major works of criticism and literary history devoted to science fiction. He was editor of "Science-Fiction Studies" (later respelled as "Science Fiction Studies") from 1973 to 1980. After his retirement from McGill in 1999, he has lived in Lucca, Italy. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences).

paragraph_text: Hong Liangji (, 1746–1809), courtesy names Junzhi (君直) and Zhicun (稚存), was a Chinese scholar, statesman, political theorist, and philosopher. He was most famous for his critical essay to the Jiaqing Emperor, which resulted in his banishment to Yili in Xinjiang. In modern times, he is best remembered for his essay "Zhi Ping Pian" (, "On Governance and Well-being of the Empire") on population growth and its sociopolitical consequence, in which he raised many of the same issues that were raised by Malthus writing during the same period in England.

paragraph_text: Denys Zacharopoulos (born 1952 in Athens, Greece) is an art historian and theorist. He works as Professor of Art History, author, and curator, amongst others at the 48th Biennale in Venice (Italy) and documenta IX in Kassel (Germany).

Question: Who, along with the author of An Essay on the History of Civil Society, criticized the idea of social contract theorists?
Answer: David Hume