Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519, King of Spain (Castile and Aragon, as Charles I) from 1516, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506.
Head of the rising House of Habsburg during the first half of the 16th century, his dominions in Europe included the Holy Roman Empire extending from Germany to northern Italy with direct rule over the Austrian hereditary lands and the Burgundian Low Countries, and a unified Spain with its southern Italian kingdoms of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia.
Furthermore, his reign encompassed both the long-lasting Spanish and short-lived German colonizations of the Americas.
The personal union of the European and American territories of Charles V was the first collection of realms labelled "the empire on which the sun never sets".
Born in Flanders to Philip "the Handsome" of the Austrian House of Habsburg (son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Mary of Burgundy) and Joanna "the Mad" of the Spanish House of Trastámara (daughter of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon), Charles inherited all of his family dominions at a young age due to the premature death of his father and the mental illness of his mother.
After the death of Philip in 1506, he inherited the Burgundian Netherlands originally held by his paternal grandmother Mary.
In 1516, he became co-monarch of Spain with his mother Joanna and as such
he was the first king of Spain to inherit the country as dynastically unified by the Catholic Monarchs, his maternal grandparents.
The Spanish possessions at his accession also included the Castilian West Indies and the Aragonese Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia.
At the death of his paternal grandfather Maximilian in 1519, he inherited Austria and was elected to succeed him as Holy Roman Emperor.
He adopted the Imperial name of "Charles V" as his main title, and styled himself as a new Charlemagne.
Charles V revitalized the medieval concept of the universal monarchy and spent most of his life defending the integrity of the Holy Roman Empire from the Protestant Reformation, the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, and a series of wars with France.
He made 40 journeys, travelling from country to country with no single fixed capital city, and it is estimated that he spent a quarter of his reign on the road.
In order to finance the Imperial wars and maintain his armies of Spanish tercios, Italian condottieri, and German Landsknechte, Charles V relied on the economic productivity of the Habsburg Netherlands (birthplace of capitalism) and the flows of South American precious metals to Spain (his chief source of wealth).
Charles ratified the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires by the Spanish "Conquistadores" Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, the establishment of Klein-Venedig by the German Welser family in search of the legendary El Dorado, and the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan around the globe.
In order to consolidate power in his early reign, Charles suppressed two Spanish insurrections (Comuneros' Revolt and Brotherhoods' Revolt) and two German rebellions (Knights' Revolt and Great Peasants' Revolt).
Crowned King in Germany
, Charles sided with Pope Leo X and declared Martin Luther an outlaw at the Diet of Worms (1521).
The same year Francis I of France, surrounded by the Habsburg possessions, started a conflict in Lombardy that lasted until the Battle of Pavia (1525) led to his temporary imprisonment.
In 1527, the Protestant affair re-emerged as Rome was sacked by mutinous imperial soldiers of Lutheran faith.
After ordering the retreat of the troops from the Papal States, Charles V defended Vienna from the Turks and obtained the coronation as King in Italy by Pope Clement VII.
In 1535, he annexed the vacant Duchy of Milan and captured Tunis.
Nevertheless, the Algiers expedition and the loss of Buda in the early 40s frustrated his anti-Ottoman policies.
Meanwhile, Charles V had come to an agreement with Pope Paul III for the organisation of the Council of Trent (1545).
The refusal of the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League to take part in the Council led to a war, won by Charles V with the imprisonment of the Protestant princes.
However, Henry II of France offered new support to the Lutheran cause and strengthened a close alliance with the sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, the ruler of the Ottoman Empire since 1520.
After thirty-five years of incessant warfare and facing the prospect of an alliance between all of his enemies, Charles V conceded the Peace of Augsburg and abandoned his multi-national project with a series of abdications in 1556 that divided his hereditary and imperial domains between the Spanish Habsburgs headed by his son Philip II of Spain and the Austrian Habsburgs headed by his brother Ferdinand, who was Archduke of Austria in Charles' name since 1521 and the designated successor as emperor since 1531.
The Duchy of Milan and the Habsburg Netherlands were left in personal union to the King of Spain, but remained part of the Holy Roman Empire.
The two Habsburg dynasties remained allied until the extinction of the Spanish line.
In 1557, Charles retired to the Monastery of Yuste in Extremadura and there died a year later.
Beatriz, Duchess of Viseu
Infanta Beatriz of Portugal( 13 June 1430 – 30 September 1506) was a Portuguese infanta, daughter of John, Constable of Portugal( fourth son of King John I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster) and Isabella of Barcelos a daughter of Afonso I, Duke of Braganza.
Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile
Isabella of Portugal(" Isabel" in Portuguese and Spanish)( 1428 – 15 August 1496) was Queen consort of Castile and León.
She was the mother of Queen Isabella I" the Catholic".
She was born as a scion of a collateral branch of the Aviz dynasty that had ruled Portugal since 1385.
Her parents were John, Constable of Portugal, the youngest surviving son of John I of Portugal, and his half- niece and wife, Isabella of Barcelos, the daughter of the Duke of Braganza, an illegitimate son of the king.
Isabella of Clermont
Isabella of Clermont( – 30 March 1465), also known as Isabella of Taranto, was a Sovereign Princess of Taranto and first Queen consort of Ferdinand I of Naples.
Isabella of France, Dauphine of Viennois
" For other persons named Isabella of France, see Isabella of France( disambiguation)" Isabella of France and Burgundy( 1310 – April 1348) was the daughter of Philip V of France and Joan II, Countess of Burgundy.
Joanna, Princess of Portugal
Joan of Portugal (6 February 1452 – 12 May 1490) was a Portuguese saint, regent and princess of the House of Aviz, daughter of King Afonso V of Portugal and his first wife Isabella of Coimbra.
Isabel of Portugal, Lady of Viseu
Isabella of Portugal( 1364–1395) was the natural daughter of King Ferdinand I of Portugal, from an unknown mother.
Isabella of Portugal
Isabella of Portugal (24 October 1503 – 1 May 1539) was Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain, Germany, Italy, Naples and Sicily and Duchess of Burgundy by her marriage to Emperor Charles V. Married to Charles V from 1526 to her death in 1539, she was Queen regent of Spain during the absences of her husband during 1529-1533, 1535-1536 and 1538-1539.
Isabella was the granddaughter of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon.
Throughout her life, many compared her to her grandmother for her character and her determination in politics.
A woman of great beauty and intelligence, Isabella was undoubtedly the Spanish soul of Charles V who, because of his travels in Europe, spent little time in Spain due to political affairs abroad.
It was thanks to the governorships of Empress Isabella that Spain was able to remain independent of imperial policies.
Isabel of Coimbra
Infanta Isabel of Coimbra( Isabella of Portugal)
( 1 March 1432 – 2 December 1455) was a Portuguese infanta and a queen consort of Portugal as the first spouse of King Afonso V of Portugal.
Afonso, Prince of Portugal (1526)
Afonso, Prince of Portugal was the first son of king John III of Portugal and his queen, Catherine of Austria.
He was the Prince of Portugal but died in the same year he was born, in 1526.

Question: What nationality is Isabella Of Portugal's husband?
Answer: Holy Roman Empire