History of the violin
The violin, viola, and cello were first made in the early 16th century, in Italy.
The earliest evidence for their existence is in paintings by Gaudenzio Ferrari from the 1530s, though Ferrari's instruments had only three strings.
The" Academie musicale", a treatise written in 1556 by Philibert Jambe de Fer, gives a clear description of the violin family much as we know it today.
Violins are likely to have been developed from a number of other string instruments of the 15th and 16th centuries, including the vielle, rebec, and lira da braccio.
The history of bowed string instruments in Europe goes back to the 9th century with the Byzantine" lira"( or" lūrā Greek: λύρα").
Since their invention, instruments in the violin family have seen a number of changes.
The overall pattern for the instrument was set in the 17th century by luthiers like the prolific Amati family, Jakob Stainer of the Tyrol, and Antonio Stradivari, with many makers at the time and since following their templates.
Rachel Roberts (actress)
Rachel Roberts( 20 September 192726 November 1980) was a Welsh actress.
She is best remembered for her forthright screen performances as the older mistress of the central male character in two key films of the 1960s," Saturday Night and Sunday Morning"( 1960) and" This Sporting Life"( 1963).
For both films, she won the BAFTA Award for Best British Actress.
She was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for" This Sporting Life".
Her other notable film appearances included" Murder on the Orient Express"( 1974)," Picnic at Hanging Rock"( 1975) and" Yanks"( 1979).
Roberts' theatre credits included the original production of the musical" Maggie May" in 1964.
She was nominated for the 1974 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for the plays," Chemin de Fer" and" The Visit", and won a Drama Desk Award in 1976 for" Habeas Corpus".
Philibert Jambe de Fer
Philibert Jambe de Fer( fl. 1548–1564) was a French Renaissance composer of religious music.
This composer is only known from his publications.
The first known publication is a chanson for 4 voices( a motet), which dates from 1548.
It appeared in print in Lyon, just like his last known composition( 1564).
In 1564 he composed the music for the' Arrival' of King Charles IX, to whom he also dedicated his psalms.
In his theoretical work" Epitome musical, des tons, sons, et accordz ... Violes& violons"( 1556) the instrument we now call a violin is described for the first time in musical history.
List of Chemins de Fer du Nord locomotives
The Chemins de Fer du Nord was one of the five main constituents of the Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français( SNCF) at its creation in 1938.
P. Hal Sims
Philip Hal Sims( November 8, 1886 – February 26, 1949) was an American bridge player.
In 1932 he was ranked by Shepard Barclay, bridge commentator of the" New York Herald Tribune", the second best player in the US during the preceding year.
( Barclay ranked Sims's regular partner Willard Karn first, the other two members of his Four Horsemen team third and fourth.)
According to his obituary in" The New York Times", Sims was" a colorful person and a sportsman who excelled in almost whatever intellectual or athletic competition he pursued."
Beside bridge and golf it mentioned" tennis, backgammon, billiards, chemin- de- fer and racing".
He stood about 6 feet, 4 inches, and weighed about 300 pounds.
Shigeru Iitaka
Shigeru Iitaka( 飯高 茂 Iitaka Shigeru, born May 29, 1942, Chiba) is a Japanese mathematician at Gakushuin University working in algebraic geometry who introduced the Kodaira dimension and Iitaka dimension.
He received in 1970 his Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo under Kunihiko Kodaira with thesis「代数多様体 の D -次元について」(" On D-dimensions of algebraic varieties").
He was awarded the Iyanaga Prize of the Mathematical Society of Japan in 1980 and the Japan Academy Prize in 1990.
Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans
The Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans( PO) was an early French railway company.
It merged with the" Chemins de fer du Midi" to form the" Chemins de fer de Paris à Orléans et du Midi"( PO- Midi) in 1934.
In 1938 the PO- Midi was nationalized with five other companies to become a part of the" Société nationale des chemins de fer français"( SNCF).
Prise de fer
Prise de fer is a movement used in fencing in which a fencer takes the opponent's blade into a line and holds it there in preparation to attack.
Translated from French, the phrase prise de fer means" taking- the- blade" or" taking- the- steel".
Alternate spellings include the plural" Prises de Fer" or" Les Prises de Fer", and( incorrectly)" Praise de Fer".
There are four prise de fer actions: opposition, croisè, bind, and envelopment.
However, each fencing master and fencing doctrine has a separate view of prise de fer.
William Gaugler lists all four actions under" Prise de Fer" in his dictionary of fencing terminology, while Roger Crosnier in his book" Fencing with the Foil" only mentions the croisé, the bind, and the envelopment as prise de fer actions.
Any prise de fer action requires that the blades be engaged, and it works best against an opponent who uses and maintains a straight arm.
Additionally, a successful action demands surprise, precise timing, and control.
Chemin de fer
Chemin de fer is a French phrase meaning" railroad" or" the railway".
Literally," iron path."
Chemin de fer may refer to:
Chemins de fer de Paris à Orléans et du Midi
The Chemins de fer de Paris à Orléans et du Midi, often abbreviated to PO- Midi, was an early French railway company.
It was formed in 1934 following the merging of the Chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans and the Chemins de fer du Midi.
In 1937 it was nationalised to become part of the Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français( SNCF).

Question: Were Philibert Jambe De Fer and Shigeru Iitaka of the same nationality?
Answer: no