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Shō Hō
, also known as Shengfeng, was a king of the Ryukyu Kingdom.
He succeeded Shō Nei, whose reign saw the invasion of Ryukyu by Japanese forces in 1609 and the subjugation of the kingdom to Satsuma Domain, and ruled from 1621 until 1640.
Shō Hō was the fourth son of Shō Kyū, the third son of King Shō Gen.
In 1616, he was appointed "kokushō", a high government position akin to prime minister or chief royal advisor, which would later be replaced with "sessei".
Three years later, Shō Hō was named Prince of Nakagusuku and given Nakagusuku "magiri" as his domain.
King Shō Nei died without an heir in 1621, and Shō Hō was selected to succeed him.
As the first king to be enthroned since Satsuma's invasion in 1609, formal permission and acknowledgment of the king's authority and legitimacy was required before performing the coronation ceremony, sending heralds to China, and assuming the responsibilities of the throne.
In addition, while Shō Hō retained powers related to organization of offices and administration of punishments, along with all the ritual prestige of the throne, Shō Nei was the last king of Ryukyu to rule personally, directly, and absolutely as monarch.
Much of the decisions and behavior of Shō Hō's government were subject to Satsuma's approval.
Relations with China were also strained.
At the start of Shō Hō's reign, Okinawan tribute ships were only welcome in Fuzhou once every ten years.
The Chinese Imperial Court had reduced the tribute missions to this frequency following the Japanese invasion in 1609, claiming that it was done in consideration of the instability and poverty that the chaos of the invasion must have brought to the kingdom.
In fact, these tribute missions, the only legal method of trading with Ming China, were essential to the kingdom's economic prosperity.
Therefore, in 1623, when investiture missions were exchanged, the Ryukyuan officials pushed for a return to the system of sending tribute every other year; it was decided that missions would be allowed once every five years.
After a twenty-year reign, Shō Hō died in 1640, and was succeeded by his son, Shō Ken.
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Shō Nei
Shō Nei was the great- grandson of Shō Shin( 尚真, r. 1477 – 1526) and the adopted son-in- law of Shō Ei( 尚永, r. 1573 – 1586).
Shō Shitsu
The fourth son of King Shō Hō, he was named Prince of Sashiki in 1637, at the age of eight, and was granted Sashiki "magiri" as his domain.
In 1645, his domain was changed to that of Nakagusuku "magiri", and his title to Prince of Nakagusuku.
Shō Shitsu succeeded his brother Shō Ken as king in 1648.
His reign coincided with a period of rebellion and instability in China, as factions loyal to the Ming Dynasty, which fell in 1644, continued to fight against the new Qing Dynasty order.
On at least one occasion, Ryukyuan tribute ships were attacked by pirates or rebels, who killed at least one of the Ryukyuan sailors and stole various objects; the authorities of Satsuma Domain declared the head envoy and his deputy to be at fault and had them executed.
Another incident involved an attack on an Okinawan mission on the road to Beijing; the Ryukyuans defeated their attackers, and Hirata Tentsu came to be known as a national hero.
Though there was initially some uncertainty, particularly within Japan, as to whether the kingdom should support the new dynasty, or the Ming rebels, the Tokugawa shogunate left the decision up to Satsuma.
The king's eldest son, Shō Tei, who would later succeed him as king, journeyed to Beijing and submitted the formal royal seal given the kingdom by the Ming rulers, to the Qing Court, which in turn granted the prince a new royal seal for the kingdom and declared its official recognition of Shō Shitsu as king.
A number of major reforms were effected in the final years of Shō Shitsu's reign, primarily at the guidance or suggestion of Shō Shōken, who was appointed "sessei", a position which has been compared to prime minister, in 1666.
Shō Shōken also compiled the "Chūzan SeikanMirror of Chūzan"), the first history of the kingdom, at the king's orders.
Upon his death in 1668, he was entombed in the royal mausoleum Tamaudun, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Shō Tei.
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He was the grandfather of Emperor Yōzei.
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He was the grandfather of John Wesley( founder of Methodism).
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Question: Who is the paternal grandfather of Shō Shitsu?
Answer: Shō Kyū