Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (1740–1741)
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (
Maria Carolina Ernestina Antonia Johanna Josefa; 12 January 1740 – 25 January 1741), was the third child and daughter of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, later Holy Roman Empress and Duke Francis of Lorraine.
Maria Carolina Zamoyska
Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon- Two Sicilies, Duchess of Castro( née Countess Maria Carolina Zamoyska)( 22 September 1896 in Kraków, Austria- Hungary – 9 May 1968 in Marseille, France) was the wife of Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro, claimant to the headship of the House of Bourbon- Two Sicilies.
Carolina was the sixth child and youngest daughter of Polish nobleman Andrzej Przemysław Zamoyski, Count Zamoyski and his wife Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon- Two Sicilies.
Carolina's maternal grandparents were Prince Francis of Bourbon- Two Sicilies, Count of Trapani and his wife Archduchess Maria Isabella of Austria, Princess of Tuscany.
Archduke Joseph Franz of Austria
Archduke Joseph Franz Leopold of Austria( 9 April 1799 – 30 June 1807) was the second son and seventh child of Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily, daughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and his wife Maria Carolina of Austria.
He was their fourth child to die.
Archduchess Marie Caroline of Austria
Archduchess Maria Carolina Ferdinanda of Austria, Crown Princess of Saxony (8 April 1801 in Vienna, Austria – 22 May 1832 in Pillnitz, Germany).
Princess Maria Carolina of Savoy
Maria Carolina of Savoy (
Maria Carolina Antonietta Adelaide; 17 January 1764 – 28 December 1782) was a Princess of Savoy from her birth.
She was the youngest daughter of the future Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and married in 1781 to the Electoral Prince of Saxony.
She died of Smallpox aged eighteen.
Maria Carolina of Austria
Maria Carolina of Austria
( Maria Carolina Louise Josepha Johanna Antonia; 13 August 1752 – 8 September 1814) was Queen of Naples and Sicily as the wife of King Ferdinand IV& III.
As" de facto" ruler of her husband's kingdoms, Maria Carolina oversaw the promulgation of many reforms, including the revocation of the ban on Freemasonry, the enlargement of the navy under her favourite, John Acton, 6th Baronet, and the expulsion of Spanish influence.
She was a proponent of enlightened absolutism until the advent of the French Revolution, when, in order to prevent its ideas gaining currency, she made Naples a police state.
Born an Austrian archduchess, the thirteenth child of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I, she married Ferdinand as part of an Austrian alliance with Spain, where Ferdinand's father was king.
Following the birth of a male heir in 1775, Maria Carolina was admitted to the Privy Council.
Thereafter, she dominated it until 1812, when she was sent back to Vienna.
Like her mother, Maria Carolina took pains to make politically advantageous marriages for her children.
Maria Carolina promoted Naples as a centre of the arts, patronising painters Jacob Philipp Hackert and Angelica Kauffman and academics Gaetano Filangieri, Domenico Cirillo and Giuseppe Maria Galanti.
Maria Carolina, abhorring how the French treated their queen, her sister Marie Antoinette, allied Naples with Britain and Austria during the Napoleonic and French Revolutionary Wars.
As a result of a failed Neapolitan invasion of French- occupied Rome, she fled to Sicily with her husband in December 1798.
One month later, the Parthenopean Republic was declared, which repudiated Bourbon rule in Naples for six months.
Deposed as Queen of Naples for a second time by French forces, in 1806, Maria Carolina died in Vienna in 1814, a year before her husband's restoration to Naples.
Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (1845–1927)
Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (15 July 1845 – 8 October 1927) was a member of the Austrian house of Habsburg-Lorraine.
Maria Teresa di San Clemente
Maria Teresa di San Clemente( 1760- 1822) was an Italian courtier, a confidant and adviser of the de facto ruler and queen of Naples, Maria Carolina of Austria.
She was also a known natural scientist and participated in politics several times during the reign of the queen and during the Parthenopean Republic.
Caterina de San Marco
Caterina de San Marco( 1747- 1824) was an Italian courtier, a confidant and adviser of the de facto ruler and queen of Naples, Maria Carolina of Austria.
She was also a known natural scientist and participated in politics several times during the reign of the queen and during the Parthenopean Republic.
Maria Theresa
Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.
She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma.
By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress.
She started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor Charles VI, died in October 1740.
Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and spent his entire reign securing it.
He neglected the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy, who averred that a strong military and a rich treasury were more important than mere signatures.
Eventually, he left behind a weakened and impoverished state, particularly due to the War of the Polish Succession and the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739).
Moreover, upon his death, Saxony, Prussia, Bavaria, and France all repudiated the sanction they had recognised during his lifetime.
Frederick II of Prussia (who became Maria Theresa's greatest rival for most of her reign) promptly invaded and took the affluent Habsburg province of Silesia in the seven-year conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession.
In defiance of the grave situation, she managed to secure the vital support of the Hungarians for the war effort.
Over the course of the war, despite the loss of Silesia and a few minor territories in Italy, Maria Theresa successfully defended her rule over most of the Habsburg empire.
Maria Theresa later unsuccessfully tried to reconquer Silesia during the Seven Years' War.
Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, had eleven daughters, including the Queen of France, the Queen of Naples and Sicily, the Duchess of Parma, and five sons, including two Holy Roman Emperors, Joseph II and Leopold II.
Of the sixteen children, ten survived to adulthood.
Though she was expected to cede power to Francis and Joseph, both of whom were officially
her co-rulers in Austria and Bohemia, Maria Theresa was the absolute sovereign who ruled with the counsel of her advisers.
Maria Theresa promulgated institutional, financial and educational reforms, with the assistance of Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz and Gerard van Swieten.
She also promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganised Austria's ramshackle military, all of which strengthened Austria's international standing.
However, she despised the Jews and the Protestants, and on certain occasions she ordered their expulsion to remote parts of the realm.
She also advocated for the state church and refused to allow religious pluralism.
Consequently, her regime was criticized as intolerant by some contemporaries.

Question: What nationality is Archduchess Maria Carolina Of Austria (1740–1741)'s mother?
Answer: Habsburg Empire