Man in the Iron Mask
The Man in the Iron Mask( French:" L' Homme au Masque de Fer"; c.
1640 – 19 November 1703) was an unidentified prisoner who was arrested in 1669 or 1670 and subsequently held in a number of French prisons, including the Bastille and the Fortress of Pignerol( modern Pinerolo, Italy).
He was held in the custody of the same jailer, Bénigne Dauvergne de Saint- Mars, for a period of 34 years.
He died on 19 November 1703 under the name" Marchioly", during the reign of King Louis XIV of France( 1643 – 1715).
Since no one ever saw his face because it was hidden by a mask of black velvet cloth, the true identity of the prisoner remains a mystery; it has been extensively debated by historians, and various theories have been expounded in numerous books and films.
Among the leading theories are those proposed by writer and philosopher Voltaire: he claimed in the second edition of his" Questions sur l' Encyclopédie"( 1771) that the prisoner wore a mask made of iron rather than of cloth, and that he was the older, illegitimate brother of Louis XIV.
What little is known about the historical Man in the Iron Mask is based mainly on correspondence between Saint- Mars and his superiors in Paris.
Recent research suggests that his name might have been" Eustache Dauger", a man who was involved in several political scandals of the late 17th century, but this assertion has not been proven, either.
The National Archives of France has made available( online) the original data relating to the inventories of the goods and papers of Saint- Mars( one inventory, of 64 pages, was drawn up at the Bastille in 1708; the other, of 68 pages, at the citadel of Sainte- Marguerite in 1691).
These documents had been sought in vain for more than a century and were thought to have been lost.
They were discovered in 2015, among the 100 million documents of the.
They show that some of the 800 documents in the possession of the jailer Saint- Mars were analysed after his death.
These documents confirm the reputed avarice of Saint- Mars, who appears to have diverted the funds paid by the king for the prisoner.
They also give a description of a cell occupied by the masked prisoner, which contained only a sleeping mat, but no luxuries, as was previously thought.
With the scientific support of the National Library of France collections of ancient textiles, the accuracy of these notary documents discovered in 2015 has allowed the creation of the first virtual reconstruction of the prison of the man in the iron mask.
The Man in the Iron Mask has also appeared in many works of fiction, most prominently in the late 1840s by Alexandre Dumas.
A section of his novel, the final installment of his D'Artagnan saga, features the Man in the Iron Mask.
Here the prisoner is forced to wear an iron mask and is portrayed as Louis XIV's identical twin.
Dumas also presented a review of the popular theories about the prisoner extant in his time in the chapter" L'homme au masque de fer" in the sixth volume of his non-fiction" Crimes Célèbres".
Allan Dwan
Allan Dwan (3 April 1885 – 28 December 1981) was a pioneering Canadian-born American motion picture director, producer, and screenwriter.
Etan Boritzer
Etan Boritzer( born 1950) is an American writer of children ’s literature who is best known for his book" What is God?" first published in 1989.
His best selling" What is?" illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child- life professionals.
Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after" What is God?" was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views.
The other current books in the" What is?" series include
What is Love?,
What is Death?,
What is Beautiful?,
What is Funny?,
What is Right?,
What is Peace?,
What is Money?,
What is Dreaming?,
What is a Friend?,
What is True?,
What is a Family?,
What is a Feeling?"
The series is now also translated into 15 languages.
Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education.
Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also.
He has helped numerous other authors to get published through" How to Get Your Book Published!" programs.
Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest- teaches nationally.
He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on" The Teachings of the Buddha."
Lady in the Iron Mask
Lady in the Iron Mask is a 1952 film directed by Ralph Murphy, produced by Walter Wanger and starring Louis Hayward as D'Artagnan and Patricia Medina in the titular role.
Alan Hale, Jr. portrays Porthos, Judd Holdren plays Aramis, and Steve Brodie appears as Athos in this Three Musketeers adventure film, a reworking of Douglas Fairbanks' 1929 screen epic" The Iron Mask", an adaptation of the last section of the novel" The Vicomte de Bragelonne" by Alexandre Dumas, père, which is itself based on the French legend of the Man in the Iron Mask.
Louis Hayward had played the dual role of the imprisoned prince and his twin in the 1939 version" The Man in the Iron Mask" while Alan Hale, Sr. portrayed Porthos, and in what may have been an instance of stunt casting, the same part was subsequently played by his lookalike son Alan Hale, Jr. in" Lady in the Iron Mask" thirteen years later.
The Fifth Musketeer
The Fifth Musketeer is a 1979 German- Austrian film adaptation of the last section of the novel by Alexandre Dumas, père, which is itself based on the French legend of the Man in the Iron Mask.
It was released in Europe with the alternative title" Behind the Iron Mask".
It was directed by Ken Annakin, and stars Beau Bridges as the twins( Louis XIV and Philippe of Gascony), Sylvia Kristel as Maria Theresa, Ursula Andress as Louise de La Vallière, Cornel Wilde as d' Artagnan, Ian McShane as Fouquet, Rex Harrison as Colbert( Philippe's tutor), and Lloyd Bridges, José Ferrer and Alan Hale Jr. as the Three Musketeers.
Olivia de Havilland made a cameo appearance as the Queen Mother.
This was de Havilland's final theatrical film.
The cinematographer was Jack Cardiff.
In what may have been an instance of stunt casting, Alan Hale Jr. played the same character, Porthos, that his lookalike father, Alan Hale Sr., did in 1939's" The Man in the Iron Mask".
The Prisoner of the Iron Mask
The Prisoner of the Iron Mask is a 1962 Italian- French swashbuckler film.
It was directed by Francesco De Feo.
Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)
Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.
The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997.
The Man in the Iron Mask (1939 film)
The Man in the Iron Mask is a 1939 American film very loosely adapted from the last section of the novel" The Vicomte de Bragelonne" by Alexandre Dumas," père", which is itself based on the French legend of the Man in the Iron Mask.
The film was Peter Cushing's screen debut.
It was also notable for being the source of several subsequent remakes.
The film was directed by James Whale and stars Louis Hayward as royal twins, Joan Bennett as Princess Maria Theresa, Warren William as d' Artagnan, and Joseph Schildkraut as Nicolas Fouquet.
The Iron Mask
The Iron Mask is a 1929 American part-talkie adventure film directed by Allan Dwan.
It is an adaptation of the last section of the novel "The Vicomte de Bragelonne" by Alexandre Dumas, père, which is itself based on the French legend of the Man in the Iron Mask.
The Man in the Iron Mask (1998 film)
The Man in the Iron Mask is a 1998 American action drama film directed, produced, and written by Randall Wallace, and starring Leonardo DiCaprio in a dual role as the title character and villain, Jeremy Irons as Aramis, John Malkovich as Athos, Gerard Depardieu as Porthos, and Gabriel Byrne as D'Artagnan.
The picture uses characters from Alexandre Dumas's D'Artagnan Romances and is very loosely adapted from some plot elements of" The Vicomte de Bragelonne".
The film centers on the aging four musketeers, Athos, Porthos, Aramis, and D'Artagnan, during the reign of King Louis XIV and attempts to explain the mystery of the Man in the Iron Mask, using a plot more closely related to the flamboyant 1929 version starring Douglas Fairbanks," The Iron Mask", and the 1939 version directed by James Whale, than to the original Dumas book.
Like the 1998 version, the two aforementioned adaptations were also released through United Artists.

Question: When did the director of film The Iron Mask die?
Answer: 28 December 1981