Quacquarelli Symonds
Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) is a British company specialising in education.
The company was founded in 1990 by Nunzio Quacquarelli.
Academic Ranking of World Universities
Academic Ranking of World Universities( ARWU), also known as Shanghai Ranking, is one of the annual publications of world university rankings.
The league table was originally compiled and issued by Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2003, making it the first global university ranking with multifarious indicators.
Since 2009, ARWU has been published and copyrighted annually by Shanghai Ranking Consultancy, an independent organization focusing on higher education.
In 2011, a board of international advisory consisting of scholars and policy researchers was established to provide suggestions.
The publication currently includes global league tables for institutions and a whole and for a selection of individual subjects, alongside independent regional" Greater China Ranking" and" Macedonian HEIs Ranking".
ARWU is regarded as one of the three most influential and widely observed university rankings, alongside" QS World University Rankings" and" Times Higher Education World University Rankings".
It is often praised for the objectivity, stability and transparency of its methodology, but draws some criticism as it does not adequately adjust for the size of the institution, and thus larger institutions would tend to rank above smaller ones.
QS World University Rankings
QS World University Rankings is an annual publication of university rankings by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS).
Previously known as "Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings", the publisher had collaborated with "Times Higher Education" (THE) magazine to publish its international league tables from 2004 to 2009 before both started to announce their own versions.
QS then chose to continue using the pre-existing methodology while "Times Higher Education" adopted a new methodology to create their rankings.
The QS system now comprises the global overall and subject rankings (which name the world's top universities for the study of 48 different subjects and five composite faculty areas), alongside five independent regional tables (Asia, Latin America, Emerging Europe and Central Asia, the Arab Region, and BRICS).
Being the only international ranking to have received International Ranking Expert Group (IREG) approval, the QS ranking is viewed as one of the three most-widely read university rankings in the world, along with "Academic Ranking of World Universities" and "Times Higher Education World University Rankings".
However, it has been criticized for its overreliance on subjective indicators and reputation surveys, which tend to fluctuate over the years.
Concern also exists regarding the global consistency and integrity of the data used to generate QS ranking results.
THE–QS World University Rankings, 2004
This is the 2004 THE – QS World University Rankings list of the top 200 universities in the world.
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
Times Higher Education World University Rankings is an annual publication of university rankings by "Times Higher Education (THE)" magazine.
The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) to publish the joint "THE–QS World University Rankings" from 2004 to 2009 before it turned to Thomson Reuters for a new ranking system from 2010-2013.
The magazine signed a new deal with Elsevier in 2014 who now provide them with the data used to compile the rankings.
The publication now comprises the world's overall, subject, and reputation rankings, alongside three regional league tables, "AsiaLatin America", and "BRICS & Emerging Economies" which are generated by different weightings.
THE Rankings is often considered as one of the most widely observed university rankings together with "Academic Ranking of World Universities" and "QS World University Rankings".
It is praised for having a new, improved ranking methodology since 2010; however, undermining of non-science and non-English instructing institutions and relying on subjective reputation survey are among the criticism and concerns.
THE–QS World University Rankings, 2006
This is the 2006 THE – QS World University Rankings list of the top 200 universities in the world.
THE–QS World University Rankings, 2009
This is the top 200 of the 2009 Times Higher Education- QS World University Rankings/ Times Higher Education World University Rankings/ QS World University Rankings of the top 300 universities in the world.
Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings
The term Times Higher Education – QS World University Rankings refers to rankings published jointly between 2004 and 2009 by" Times Higher Education" and Quacquarelli Symonds( QS).
After QS and" Times Higher Education" had ended their collaboration, the methodology for these rankings continues to be used by its developer Quacquarelli Symonds.
Since 2010 these rankings are known as the QS World University Rankings when" Times Higher Education" started publishing another ranking with methodology developed in partnership with Thomson Reuters in 2010, known as the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.
THE–QS World University Rankings, 2008
This is the 2008 THE – QS World University Rankings list of the top 200 universities in the world.
THE–QS World University Rankings, 2007
This is the 2007 THE – QS World University Rankings list of the top 200 universities in the world.

Question: When was the company that published Qs World University Rankings founded?
Answer: 1990