Paolo Malatesta
Paolo Malatesta( – 1285) was the third son of Malatesta da Verucchio, lord of Rimini.
He is best known for the story of his affair with Francesca da Polenta, portrayed by Dante in a famous episode of his" Inferno"( Canto V).
He was the brother of Giovanni( Gianciotto) and Malatestino Malatesta.
In 1269, Paolo married Orabile Beatrice, last Countess of Ghiaggiolo; the title was inherited by their son Uberto.
Despite usually being depicted as a romantic man with little attention to worldly matters, the historical Paolo was long present alongside his father in the wars against the Ghibellines of Romagna.
In 1265 he fought against Guido da Montefeltro and, together with Guido da Polenta of Ravenna, against the Traversari.
In March 1282, Pope Martin IV chose him as" podestà" of Florence; on this occasion Dante probably met him.
However, Paolo's career came to an end when his affair with Francesca da Polenta was discovered by her husband( and his brother) Gianciotto, who killed them.
Forty years later, around 1323, Paolo's son, Ramberto, claimed to have avenged his father's death by murdering Gianciotto's son and successor, Uberto, Count of Giaggolo at a banquet in his home.
Francesca da Rimini
Francesca da Rimini or Francesca da Polenta( 1255 – c. 1285) was the daughter of Guido da Polenta, lord of Ravenna.
She was a historical contemporary of Dante Alighieri, who portrayed her as a character in the" Divine Comedy".
Aldobrandino da Polenta
Aldobrandino da Polenta( died 1406) was the a lord of Ravenna of the da Polenta family.
He was the son of Guido III da Polenta: Aldobrandino and his brothers imprisoned him in 1389 to seize the power in the city.
When Aldobrandino died in 1406, the last surviving brother, Obizzo, inherited the sole rule in Ravenna.
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Bernardino da Polenta
Bernardino da Polenta( died April 22, 1313) was lord of Cervia from 1297 until his death.
He was the son of Guido I da Polenta.
In 1302 – 1305, he waged war to Cesena for the possession of Cesenatico, and in 1303 fought with Florence in Mugello.
In 1308 he was shortly lord of Ferrara in opposition to Azzo VIII d' Este.
In 1312, he fought alongside his brother Lamberto, lord of Ravenna, and Robert of Anjou, against Emperor Henry VII.
Daniel H. Janzen
Daniel Hunt Janzen( born January 18, 1939, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American evolutionary ecologist, and conservationist.
He divides his time between his professorship in biology at the University of Pennsylvania, where he is the DiMaura Professor of Conservation Biology, and his research and field work in Costa Rica.
In Costa Rica, Janzen and his partner Winifred Hallwachs helped to establish the Area de Conservación Guanacaste World Heritage Site, one of the oldest, largest and most successful habitat restoration projects in the world.
As of 2019, it consists of, located just south of the Costa Rica- Nicaragua border, between the Pacific Ocean and the Cordillera de Tilaran.
The park exemplifies their beliefs about how a park should be run.
It is known as a center of biological research, forest restoration and community outreach.
Closely related is their work cataloguing the biodiversity of Costa Rica.
Through a DNA barcoding initiative with geneticist Paul Hebert, they have registered over 500,000 specimens representing more than 45,000 species from Área de Conservación Guanacaste.
This research has led to the identification of cryptic species of near-identical appearance that differ in terms of genetics and ecological niche.
Janzen and Hallwachs have supported species barcoding initiatives at both national and international levels through the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad( IN Bio), CBOL( Consortium for the Barcode of Life) and iBOL( International Barcode of Life).
Bannino da Polenta
Bannino da Polenta( died 1326) was lord of Cervia from 1313 until his death.
He was the son of Guido I da Polenta.
In 1313 he succeeded his brother Bernardino as the lord of Cervia.
Bernardino's son Ostasio, who had already seized the power in Ravenna in 1322, killed Bannino and his son Guido in 1326, gaining also the lordship of Cervia.
Bernardino II da Polenta
Bernardino II da Polenta was lord of Ravenna, Italy from 1389 to 1400.
He was the son of Guido III da Polenta, grandson of Bernardino I and a member of the da Polenta family.
Bernardino's mother was Elisa d' Este, the daughter of Obizzo III d' Este of Ferrara, who gave him numerous children.
In 1389, Bernardino and his brothers, Ostasio, Obizzo, Aldobrandino, Azzo and Pietro imprisoned their father and ruled Ravenna.
The brothers died in quick succession; allegedly Bernardino was poisoned by his brother Obizzo.
Lamberto I da Polenta
Lamberto I da Polenta( died 1316) was lord of Ravenna from 1297 until his death.
The son of Guido I da Polenta, he inherited the lordship of Ravenna after the latter's death, while his brother Bernardino became lord of Cervia.
In 1312 he hosted Robert of Anjou in Ravenna during his struggle against the Emperor Henry VII.
He was succeeded by his nephew Guido Novello.
Ostasio I da Polenta
Ostasio I da Polenta( died November 14, 1346) was lord of Ravenna from 1322 until his death.
He was the son of Bernardino da Polenta, lord of Cervia.
On September 20, 1322 he profited from the absence of Guido Novello da Polenta to seize power in Ravenna, killing the archbishop Rinaldo da Polenta.
Four years later Ostasio had his uncle Bannino da Polenta, who held power in Cervia, killed, assuming thenceforth the lordship of that city also.
Ostasio was also a patron of the arts, and housed Giovanni Boccaccio in his court( 1345 – 1346).
Pope Benedict XII legitimised his power with the title Papal vicar, but soon afterwards Ostasio died, allegedly assassinated by his son Bernardino.
Guido I da Polenta
Guido I da Polenta( died 1310) was lord of Ravenna from 1275 until his abdication in 1297.
The son of Lamberto da Polenta, he was ousted from Ravenna by the imperial troops in 1240.
When the city was returned to the Papal States in 1248, Guido was able to return and was made chief of the local council.
In 1270, after the death of Bishop Felix, he divided the power in the city and that of Comacchio with Guido Riccio da Polenta, in collaboration with the other major Ravennate family, the Traversari.
However, Guido and Guido Riccio soon were at war, and Guido allied with the Malatesta of Rimini in order also to counter Guido I da Montefeltro who had conquered Forlì and Cervia.
Through this alliance Guido was able to gain the complete seigniory of Ravenna.
The marriage of his daughter Francesca with Giovanni Malatesta caused a revolt in the city, whose outcome was the expulsion of the Traversari.
In 1282 he took part to the offensive of Pope Martin V against Guido da Montefeltro, and was able to gain Cervia in the fray.
In 1290 he was elected" podestà" of Florence.
In 1293 Guido Riccio died, and Guido added Comacchio to the family's territories.
At his abdication in 1297 he was succeeded by his sons Lamberto and Bernardino.

Question: Were both Daniel H. Janzen and Guido I Da Polenta, born in the same place?
Answer: no