François Bernier
François Bernier( 25 September 162022 September 1688) was a French physician and traveller.
He was born at Joué- Etiau in Anjou.
He was briefly personal physician to Mughal prince Dara Shikoh( 28 October 161530 August 1659), the eldest son of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, and after Dara Shikoh's demise, was attached to the court of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb( 14 October 161820 February 1707), for around 12 years during his stay in India.
His 1684 publication" Nouvelle division de la terre par les différentes espèces ou races qui l'habitent A new division of the Earth") is considered the first published post-Classical classification of humans into distinct races.
He also wrote" Travels in the Mughal Empire", which is mainly about the reigns of Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb.
It is based on his own extensive journeys and observations, and on information from eminent Mughal courtiers who had witnessed the events at first hand.
Bernier abridged and translated the philosophical writings of his friend Pierre Gassendi from Latin into French.
Initial editions of Bernier's" Abregé de la Philosophie de Gassendi" were published in Paris in 1674 by the family Langlois and in 1675 by Estienne Michallet.
A complete edition in eight volumes was published by Anisson and Posuel at Lyon in 1678; Anisson and Posuel joined with Rigaud to publish a second edition in seven volumes in 1684.
Bernier objectively and faithfully rendered Gassendi's ideas in his" Abregé", without editorial interjection or invention.
However, Bernier remained uncomfortable with some of Gassendi's notions: in 1682, Estienne Michallet was again his publisher, putting forth his" Doutes de Mr. Bernier sur quelques- uns des principaux Chapitres de son Abregé de la Philosophie de Gassendi".
Ali Rahuma
Ali Khalifa Rahuma( born May 16, 1982) is a Libyan football midfielder who's nationality is Libyan.
He currently plays for Al- Ittihad, and is a member of the Libya national football team.
Nadira Banu Begum
Nadira Banu Begum( 14 March 1618 – 6 June 1659) was a Mughal princess and the wife of Crown prince Dara Shikoh, the eldest son and heir- apparent of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.
After Aurangzeb's rise to power, Dara Shikoh's immediate family and all of his supporters were in grave danger.
Nadira died in 1659, few months before her husband's execution, and was survived by two sons and a daughter.
Sulaiman Shikoh
Sulaiman Shikoh was a Mughal prince and the eldest son of Crown prince Dara Shikoh.
He was executed in May 1662 at Gwalior Fort on the orders of paternal uncle, Emperor Aurangzeb.
Murad Mirza (son of Akbar)
Shahzada Murad Mirza (15 June 1570 – 12 May 1599) was a Mughal prince as the second surviving son of Mughal Emperor Akbar.
He was the maternal grandfather of Nadira Banu Begum, wife of Prince Dara Shikoh (eldest son of emperor Shah Jahan).
Sipihr Shikoh
Sipihr Shikoh( 13 October 1644 – 2 or 3 July 1708) also known as Sipihr Shukoh, was a Mughal prince as the fourth son of Crown Prince Dara Shikoh and his consort Nadira Banu Begum.
Dara Shikoh
Dara Shikoh, also known as Dara Shukoh ,
(20 March 1615 – 30 August 1659) was the eldest son and heir-apparent of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.
Dara was designated with the title "Padshahzada-i-Buzurg MartabaPrince of High Rank") and was favoured as a successor by his father and his older sister, Princess Jahanara Begum.
In the war of succession which ensued after Shah Jahan's illness in 1657, Dara was defeated by his younger brother Prince Muhiuddin (later, the Emperor Aurangzeb).
He was executed in 1659 on Aurangzeb's orders in a bitter struggle for the imperial throne.
Dara was a liberal-minded unorthodox Muslim as opposed to the orthodox Aurangzeb.
A great patron of the arts, he was also more inclined towards philosophy and mysticism rather than military pursuits.
The course of the history of the Indian subcontinent, had Dara Shikoh prevailed over Aurangzeb, has been a matter of some conjecture among historians.
Parviz Mirza
Parviz Mirza (2 October 1589 – 28 October 1626) was the second son of Mughal emperor Jahangir from his third wife, Sahib Jamal.
He was also a grandson of the third Mughal emperor Akbar.
His daughter, Nadira Banu Begum, later became the wife of Dara Shikoh.
Shah Jahan
Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666), better known by his regnal name Shah Jahan (Persian: ; "King of the World"), was the fifth Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1628 to 1658.
His reign represented the height of the Mughal architecture, most notably the Taj Mahal.
His relationship with his wife Mumtaz Mahal has been heavily adapted into Indian art, literature, and cinema.
Shah Jahan was widely considered the most competent of Emperor Jahangir's four sons and after Jahangir's death in late 1627, when a war of succession ensued, Shah Jahan emerged victorious.
He put to death all of his rivals for the throne and crowned himself emperor in January 1628 in Agra under the regnal title "Shah Jahan" (which was originally given to him as a princely title).
Although an able military commander, Shah Jahan is perhaps best remembered for his architectural achievements.
The period of his reign is widely considered the golden age of Mughal architecture.
Shah Jahan commissioned many monuments, the best known of which is the Taj Mahal in Agra, which entombs his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
In September 1657, Shah Jahan fell seriously ill.
This set off a war of succession among his four sons in which his third son, Aurangzeb, emerged victorious.
Shah Jahan recovered from his illness, but Aurangzeb put his father under house arrest in Agra Fort from July 1658 until his death in January 1666.
On 31 July 1658, Aurangzeb crowned himself emperor under the title "Alamgir".
The Mughal Empire reached the pinnacle of its glory during Shah Jahan's reign and he is widely considered to be one of the greatest Mughal emperors.
Mumtaz Shikoh
Shahzada Mumtaz Shikoh,( 16 August 1643 – 6 December 1647) also known as Mumtaz Shukoh, was the third son of Mughal prince Dara Shikoh.

Question: Which country Dara Shikoh's father is from?
Answer: Mughal Empire