Cherokee freedmen controversy
The Cherokee Freedmen Controversy was a political and tribal dispute between the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma and descendants of the Cherokee Freedmen regarding the issue of tribal membership.
The controversy had resulted in several legal proceedings between the two parties from the late 20th century to August 2017.
During the antebellum period, the Cherokee and other Southeast Native American nations known as the Five Civilized Tribes held African-American slaves as workers and property.
After the American Civil War, the Cherokee Freedmen were emancipated and allowed to become citizens of the Cherokee Nation in accordance with a reconstruction treaty made with the United States in 1866.
In the early 1980s, the Cherokee Nation administration amended citizenship rules to require direct descent from an ancestor listed on the "Cherokee By Blood" section of the Dawes Rolls.
The change stripped descendants of the Cherokee Freedmen of citizenship and voting rights unless they satisfied this new criterion.
On March 7, 2006, the Cherokee Supreme Court ruled that the membership change was unconstitutional and that the Freedmen descendants were entitled to enroll in the Cherokee Nation.
A special election, held on March 3, 2007, resulted in passage of a constitutional amendment that excluded the Cherokee Freedmen descendants from membership unless they satisfied the "Cherokee by blood" requirement.
The Cherokee Nation District Court voided the 2007 amendment on January 14, 2011.
This decision was overturned by a 4-1 ruling in Cherokee Nation Supreme Court on August 22, 2011.
The ruling also excluded the Cherokee Freedmen descendants from voting in the special run-off election for Principal Chief.
In response, the Department of Housing and Urban Development froze $33 million in funds and the Assistant Secretary of the Bureau of Indian Affairs wrote a letter objecting to the ruling.
Afterward, the Cherokee Nation, Freedmen descendants, and the U.S. government reached an agreement in federal court to allow the Freedmen descendants to vote in the special election.
Through several legal proceedings in United States and Cherokee Nation courts, the Freedmen descendants conducted litigation to regain their treaty rights and recognition as Cherokee Nation members.
While the Cherokee Nation filed a complaint in federal court in early 2012, Freedmen descendants and the United States Department of the Interior filed separate counterclaims on July 2, 2012.
The U.S. Court of Appeals upheld tribal sovereignty, but stated that the cases had to be combined due to the same parties being involved.
On May 5, 2014 in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, oral arguments were made in the first hearing on the merits of the case.
On August 30, 2017, the U.S. District Court ruled in favor of the Freedmen descendants and the U.S. Department of the Interior, granting the Freedmen descendants full rights to citizenship in the Cherokee Nation.
The Cherokee Nation has accepted this decision, effectively ending the dispute.
5D/Brorsen
5D/Brorsen (also known as Brorsen's Comet or Comet Brorsen) was a periodic Jupiter-family comet discovered February 26, 1846, by the Danish astronomer Theodor Brorsen.
The perihelion of 5D/Brorsen was February 25, just a day before its discovery, and maintained the approach to Earth after that, passing closest to Earth on March 27 (at a distance of 0.52 AU).
As a result of this close encounter to Earth the comet's coma diameter increased.
Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt estimated it as 3 to 4 arcmin across on March 9, and 8 to 10 arcmin across on the 22nd of that same month.
Last seen on April 22, it was stationed about 20 degrees from the north celestial pole.
By the end of this first apparition the orbital period was identified as 5.5 years.
It was discovered that a close approach to Jupiter in 1842 put in its discovery orbit.
The comet's 5.5-year period would mean that apparitions would alternate between good and poor.
As expected, the comet was missed in its 1851 apparition, when it only came as close as 1.5 AU to Earth.
The comet's orbit was still relatively uncertain, made worse by its approach to Jupiter in 1854.
Karl Christian Bruhns found a comet on 18 March 1857.
Soon an orbit was computed and it was found to be 5D/Brorsen, although predictions were three months off.
The comet was followed until June 1857, and the orbit was then well known.
The comet was missed in 1862, and the next recovery was in 1868.
A close approach to Jupiter shortened the period enough to make the comet visible in 1873.
A very favorable apparition followed in 1879, allowing the comet to be observed for the longest time to date – four months.
The comet was missed in 1884, due to observing circumstances, but was also missed in 1890, a favorable apparition.
The next favorable apparition occurred in 1901, but searches did not locate the comet.
The next serious search was started by Brian G. Marsden, who believed the comet had faded out of existence, but computed the orbit for a very favorable 1973 apparition.
Japanese observers made intensive searches for the comet, but nothing turned up.
The comet is currently considered lost (see lost comet).
Comet (Impact Comics)
The Comet is a fictional character, a superhero that first appeared in the DC Comics' Impact Comics series," The Comet".
The character is loosely based on the Archie Comics character," The Comet".
The Comet Strikes
The Comet Strikes( Chinese: 鬼流星;" Gui Liu Xing") is a 1971 Hong Kong action horror film directed by Lo Wei for Golden Harvest.
Comet V
The Comet V railcar is the fifth generation of the Comet railcar series.
Produced by the manufacturer Alstom, the Comet V is a rather different car compared to previous models in the series.
The Comet V has been in use by New York metropolitan area commuter rail operators New Jersey Transit and Metro- North since April 2002.
Anglo-Cherokee War
The Anglo – Cherokee War( 1758 –1761; in the Cherokee language: the war with those in the red coats or War with the English), was also known from the Anglo- European perspective as the Cherokee War, the Cherokee Uprising, or the Cherokee Rebellion.
The war was a conflict between British forces in North America and Cherokee Indian tribes during the French and Indian War.
The British and the Cherokee had been allies at the start of the war, but each party had suspected the other of betrayals.
Tensions between British- American settlers and the Cherokee increased during the 1750s, culminating in open hostilities in 1758.
Cherokee Outlet
The Cherokee Outlet, or Cherokee Strip, was located in what is now the state of Oklahoma in the United States.
It was a sixty- mile( 97 km) wide parcel of land south of the Oklahoma- Kansas border between the 96th and 100th meridians.
The Cherokee Outlet was created in 1836.
The United States forced the Cherokee Nation of Indians to cede to the United States all lands east of the Mississippi River in exchange for a reservation and an" outlet" in Indian Territory( later Oklahoma).
At the time of its creation, the Cherokee Outlet was about 225 miles( 360 km) long.
The cities of Enid, Woodward, and Ponca City would later be founded within the boundaries of what had been the Cherokee Outlet.
The Cherokee Strip was a two- mile wide piece of land running along the northern border of much of the Cherokee Outlet.
It was the result of a surveying error.
The whole of the Cherokee Outlet is often called the Cherokee Strip.
C/1847 T1
Miss Mitchell's Comet( formally designated C/ 1847 T1) is a non-periodic comet that American astronomer Maria Mitchell discovered in 1847.
The discovery was initially credited to Francesco de Vico.
Vico, observing from Rome, was the first to report the comet's discovery in Europe.
However, Mitchell observed the comet two days before Vico did, so she became recognized as the comet's discoverer.
The comet had a weakly hyperbolic orbit solution while inside the planetary region of the Solar System.
An orbit solution when the comet is outside of the planetary region shows that the comet is bound to the Sun.
29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
Comet 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann, also known as Schwassmann – Wachmann 1, was discovered on November 15, 1927, by Arnold Schwassmann and Arno Arthur Wachmann at the Hamburg Observatory in Bergedorf, Germany.
It was discovered photographically, when the comet was in outburst and the magnitude was about 13.
Precovery images of the comet from March 4, 1902, were found in 1931 and showed the comet at 12th magnitude.
The comet is unusual in that while normally hovering at around 16th magnitude, it suddenly undergoes an outburst.
This causes the comet to brighten by 1 to 5 magnitudes.
This happens with a frequency of 7.3 outbursts per year, fading within a week or two.
The magnitude of the comet has been known to vary from 18th magnitude to 10th magnitude, a more than thousand- fold increase in brightness, during its brightest outbursts.
Outbursts are very sudden, rising to maximum in about 2 hours, which is indicative of their cryovolcanic origin; and with the times of outburst modulated by an underlying 57- day periodicity possibly suggesting that its large nucleus is an extremely slow rotator.
The comet is a member of a relatively new class of objects called" Centaurs", of which at least 400 are known.
These are small icy bodies with orbits between those of Jupiter and Neptune.
Astronomers believe that Centaurs have been recently perturbed inward from the Kuiper belt, a disk of Trans- Neptunian Objects occupying a region extending from the orbit of Neptune to approximately 50 AU from the Sun. Frequent perturbations by Jupiter will likely accumulate and cause the comet to migrate either inward or outward by the year 4000.
The dust and gas comprising the comet's nucleus is part of the same primordial materials from which the Sun and planets were formed billions of years ago.
The complex carbon- rich molecules they contain may have provided some of the raw materials from which life originated on Earth.
The comet nucleus is estimated to be in diameter.
29 P reached perihelion on March 7, 2019 and opposition on October 9, 2019.
The Cherokee Flash
The Cherokee Flash is a 1945 American Western directed by Thomas Carr.
The film is a Sunset Carson serial Western.
In the film, Sunset Carson works to free his father and clear the family name from a crime his father did not commit.

Question: Are The Cherokee Flash and The Comet Strikes both from the same country?
Answer: no