Nannina de' Medici
Nannina de' Medici( 14 February 1448 – 14 May 1493), born Lucrezia de' Medici, was the second daughter of Piero di Cosimo de' Medici and Lucrezia Tornabuoni.
She was thus the elder sister of Lorenzo de' Medici.
She married Bernardo Rucellai.
Her father's name was Piero, so she is sometimes known as Lucrezia di Piero de' Medici.
Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici( c. 1360 – February 1429) was an Italian banker and founder of the Medici Bank.
While other members of the Medici family, such as Chiarissimo di Giambuono de' Medici, who served in the Signoria of Florence in 1201, and Salvestro de' Medici, who was implicated in the Ciompi Revolt of 1378, are of historical interest, it was Giovanni's founding of the family bank that truly initiated the family's rise to power in Florence.
He was the father of Cosimo de' Medici and Lorenzo de' Medici, and an ancestor of other notable Medici rulers.
For example, he was the grandfather of Piero di Cosimo de' Medici; the great- grandfather of Lorenzo de' Medici( the Magnificent); and the great- great- great- grandfather of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
Catherine de' Medici
Catherine de' Medici (13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589), was an Italian noblewoman who was queen consort of France from 1547 until 1559, by marriage to King Henry II, and Queen mother of kings Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III from 1559 to 1589.
The years during which her sons reigned have been called "the age of Catherine de' Medici" as she had extensive, if at times varying, influence in the political life of France.
She was born in Florence to Lorenzo de’ Medici, Duke of Urbino and Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne.
In 1533, at the age of fourteen, Catherine married Henry, second son of King Francis I and Queen Claude of France.
Catherine's marriage was arranged by her uncle Pope Clement VII.
Henry excluded Catherine from participating in state affairs and instead showered favors on his chief mistress, Diane de Poitiers, who wielded much influence over him.
Henry's death thrust Catherine into the political arena as mother of the frail 15-year-old King Francis II.
When he died in 1560, she became regent on behalf of her 10-year-old son King Charles IX and was granted sweeping powers.
From 1560 to 1563, she ruled France as regent for her son Charles IX, King of France.
After Charles died in 1574, Catherine played a key role in the reign of her third son, Henry III.
He dispensed with her advice only in the last months of her life (he would outlive her by seven months).
Catherine's three sons reigned in an age of almost constant civil and religious war in France.
The problems facing the monarchy were complex and daunting but Catherine was able to keep the monarchy and the state institutions functioning even at a minimum level.
At first, Catherine compromised and made concessions to the rebelling Calvinist Protestants, or Huguenots, as they became known.
She failed, however, to grasp the theological issues that drove their movement.
Later she resorted, in frustration and anger, to hard-line policies against them.
In return, she came to be blamed for the excessive persecutions carried out under her sons' rule, in particular for the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572, in which thousands of Huguenots were killed in Paris and throughout France.
Some historians have excused Catherine from blame for the worst decisions of the crown, though evidence for her ruthlessness can be found in her letters.
In practice, her authority was always limited by the effects of the civil wars.
Her policies, therefore, may be seen as desperate measures to keep the Valois monarchy on the throne at all costs, and her patronage of the arts as an attempt to glorify a monarchy whose prestige was in steep decline.
Without Catherine, it is unlikely that her sons would have remained in power.
According to Mark Strage, one of her biographers, Catherine was the most powerful woman in 16th-century Europe.
Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici( 12 September 1492 – 4 May 1519) was the ruler of Florence from 1516 until his death in 1519.
He was also Duke of Urbino during the same period.
His daughter Catherine de' Medici became Queen Consort of France, while his illegitimate son, Alessandro de' Medici, became the first Duke of Florence.
Edith Helen Sichel
Edith Helen Sichel was an English author, sister of Walter Sichel.
She was born on 13 December 1862, in London, to Jewish migrants from Germany who converted to Christianity, and educated at home by private teachers.
She was the writer of:" Two Salons"( 1895);" The Household of the Lafayettes"( 1897);" Women and Men of the French Renaissance"( 1901);" Catherine de' Medici"( 1905);" Life and Letters of Alfred Ainger"( 1906);" The Later Years of Catherine de' Medici"( 1908);" Michel de Montaigne"( 1911); and" The Renaissance"( 1914).
She died on 13 August 1914 in Carnforth( Lancashire).
Françoise de Rohan
Françoise de Rohan
( 1540 – 1 December 1591) was a French duchess and courtier.
She served as lady- in- waiting to queen Catherine de' Medici.
Cosimo Ruggeri
Cosimo Ruggeri, in France called Côme Ruggieri( died 28 March 1615), was an Italian astrologer, favorite and influential adviser of the queen regent of France, Catherine de Medici.
He was the subject of many legends in the folklore of Catherine de Medici, and reputed as a master of the occult, black magic and witchcraft during his lifetime.
Isabelle de Limeuil
Isabelle de la Tour, Lady of Limeuil( c. 1535 – 25 March 1609) was a French noblewoman and a Maid of Honour to the Queen Mother Catherine de' Medici.
She also formed part of Catherine's notorious" flying squadronL'escadron volant"), a group of beautiful female spies she used for the purpose of forming sexual liaisons with various powerful men at the French court thereby extracting information which would then be passed on to her.
In about 1562 at Catherine's instigation, she became the mistress of Louis, Prince of Condé, brother of King Antoine of Navarre and one of the leading Huguenots in France.
Two years later when Isabelle created a scandal by giving birth to his son whilst the court was on a royal progress, she was banished to a convent.
She later married wealthy Tuscan banker Scipion Sardini, a favoured protégé of Catherine de' Medici.
Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)
Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.
The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997.
Henry II of France
Henry II (31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559.
The second son of Francis I, he became Dauphin of France upon the death of his elder brother Francis III, Duke of Brittany, in 1536.
As a child, Henry and his elder brother spent over four years in captivity in Spain as hostages in exchange for their father.
Henry pursued his father's policies in matters of art, war, and religion.
He persevered in the Italian Wars against the House of Habsburg and tried to suppress the Protestant Reformation, even as the Huguenot numbers were increasing drastically in France during his reign.
The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559), which put an end to the Italian Wars, had mixed results: France renounced its claims to territories in Italy, but gained certain other territories, including the Pale of Calais and the Three Bishoprics.
In addition, even if the Habsburgs maintained a position of primacy, France managed to change the European balance of power by forcing Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to abdicate during the Eighth Italian War and divide the Habsburg Empire between
Spain and Austria.
Henry suffered an untimely death in a jousting tournament held to celebrate the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis.
The king's surgeon, Ambroise Paré, was unable to cure the infected wound inflicted by Gabriel de Montgomery, the captain of his Scottish Guard.
He was succeeded in turn by three of his sons, whose ineffective reigns helped to spark the French Wars of Religion between Protestants and Catholics.

Question: When did Catherine De' Medici's husband die?
Answer: 10 July 1559