Valley of Mexico
The Valley of Mexico is a highlands plateau in central Mexico roughly coterminous with present- day Mexico City and the eastern half of the State of Mexico.
Surrounded by mountains and volcanoes, the Valley of Mexico was a centre for several pre-Columbian civilizations, including Teotihuacan, the Toltec, and the Aztec.
The ancient Aztec term" Anahuac( Land Between the Waters)" and the phrase Basin of Mexico are both used at times to refer to the Valley of Mexico.
The Basin of Mexico became a well known site that epitomized the scene of early Classic Mesoamerican cultural development as well.
The Valley of Mexico is located in the Trans- Mexican Volcanic Belt.
The valley contains most of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, as well as parts of the State of Mexico, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala and Puebla.
The Valley of Mexico can be subdivided into four basins, but the largest and most-studied is the area which contains Mexico City.
This section of the valley in particular is colloquially referred to as the" Valley of Mexico".
The valley has a minimum elevation of above sea level and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over.
It is an enclosed valley with no natural outlet for water to flow and a gap to the north where there is a high mesa but no high mountain peaks.
Within this vulnerable watershed all the native fishes were extinct by the end of the 20th century.
Hydrologically, the valley has three features.
The first feature is the lakebeds of five now- extinct lakes, which are located in the southernmost and largest of the four sub-basins.
The other two features are piedmont, and the mountainsides that collect the precipitation that eventually flows to the lake area.
These last two are found in all four of the sub- basins of the valley.
Today, the Valley drains through a series of artificial canals to the Tula River, and eventually the Pánuco River and the Gulf of Mexico.
Seismic activity is frequent here, and the valley is considered an earthquake- prone zone.
The valley has been inhabited for at least 12,000 years, attracting humans with its mild climate( average temperatures between 12 and 15 ° C, or 54 and 59 ° F), abundant game and ability to support large- scale agriculture.
Civilizations that have arisen in this area include the Teotihuacan( 800 BC to 800 AD) the Toltec Empire( 10th to 13th century) and the Aztec Empire( 1325 to 1521).
When the Spaniards arrived in the Valley of Mexico, it had one of the highest population concentrations in the world with about one million people.
After the Conquest, the Spaniards rebuilt the largest and most dominant city here, Tenochtitlan, renaming it Mexico City.
The valley used to contain five lakes called Lake Zumpango, Lake Xaltocan, Lake Xochimilco, Lake Chalco, and the largest, Texcoco covering about of the valley floor, but as the Spaniards expanded Mexico City, they began to drain the lakes' waters to control flooding.
Although violence and disease significantly lowered the population of the valley after the Conquest, by 1900 it was again over one million people.
The 20th and 21st centuries have seen an explosion of population in the valley along with the growth of industry.
Since 1900, the population has doubled every fifteen years.
Today, around 21 million people live in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area which extends throughout almost all of the valley into the states of Mexico and Hidalgo.
The growth of a major urban, industrial centre in an enclosed basin has created significant air and water quality issues for the valley.
Wind patterns and thermal inversions trap contaminants in the valley.
Over-extraction of ground water has caused new flooding problems for the city as it sinks below the historic lake floor.
This causes stress on the valley's drainage system, requiring new tunnels and canals to be built.
James Cruze
James Cruze (born Jens Vera Cruz Bosen, March 27, 1884 near Ogden, Utah – August 3, 1942 in Hollywood, California) was a silent film actor and film director.
Valley of the Giants (film)
Valley of the Giants is a 1938 American Technicolor adventure film directed by William Keighley, written by Seton I. Miller and Michael Fessier, and starring Wayne Morris, Claire Trevor, Frank McHugh, Alan Hale Sr., Donald Crisp, and Charles Bickford.
It is based on the novel" The Valley of the Giants" by Peter B. Kyne.
The film was released by Warner Bros. on September 17, 1938.
Valley of the Giants (album)
Valley of the Giants is the self- titled debut album by Canadian indie rock supergroup Valley of the Giants.
It was released in February 2004 on the record label Arts& Crafts.
Valley of the Giants
Valley of the Giants may refer to:
Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)
Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.
The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997.
The Valley of the Giants (1919 film)
Valley of the Giants is a 1919 American silent romantic drama film directed by James Cruze and starring Wallace Reid and Grace Darmond.
Based on Peter B. Kyne's popular 1918 novel of the same name, the film produced by Famous Players-Lasky and distributed through Paramount Pictures.
Valley of the Queens
The Valley of the Queens is a site in Egypt, where the wives of pharaohs were buried in ancient times.
It was known then as Ta- Set- Neferu, meaning" the place of beauty".
It was most famous for being the burrial site of many wives of Pharaohs.
Pharaohs themselves were burried in The Valley of the Kings.
Using the limits described by Christian Leblanc, the Valley of the Queens consists of the main wadi, which contains most of the tombs, along with the Valley of Prince Ahmose, the Valley of the Rope, the Valley of the Three Pits, and the Valley of the Dolmen.
The main wadi contains 91 tombs and the subsidiary valleys add another 19 tombs.
The burials in the subsidiary valleys all date to the 18th Dynasty.
The reason for choosing the Valley of the Queens as a burial site is not known.
The close proximity to the workers' village of Deir el- Medina and the Valley of the Kings may have been a factor.
Another consideration could have been the existence of a sacred grotto dedicated to Hathor at the entrance of the Valley.
This grotto may have been associated with rejuvenation of the dead.
Etan Boritzer
Etan Boritzer( born 1950) is an American writer of children ’s literature who is best known for his book" What is God?" first published in 1989.
His best selling" What is?" illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child- life professionals.
Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after" What is God?" was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views.
The other current books in the" What is?" series include
What is Love?,
What is Death?,
What is Beautiful?,
What is Funny?,
What is Right?,
What is Peace?,
What is Money?,
What is Dreaming?,
What is a Friend?,
What is True?,
What is a Family?,
What is a Feeling?"
The series is now also translated into 15 languages.
Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education.
Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also.
He has helped numerous other authors to get published through" How to Get Your Book Published!" programs.
Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest- teaches nationally.
He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on" The Teachings of the Buddha."
Valley of the Shadow (disambiguation)
The Valley of the Shadow may refer to:

Question: When was the director of film The Valley Of The Giants (1919 Film) born?
Answer: March 27, 1884