The Citadel
The Citadel may refer to:
Citadel of Damascus
The Citadel of Damascus is a large medieval fortified palace and citadel in Damascus, Syria.
It is part of the Ancient City of Damascus, which was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.
The location of the current citadel was first fortified in 1076 by the Turkman warlord Atsiz bin Uvak, although it is possible but not proven that a citadel stood on this place in the Hellenistic and Roman periods.
After the assassination of Atsiz bin Uvak, the project was finished by the Seljuq ruler Tutush I.
The emirs of the subsequent Burid and Zengid dynasties carried out modifications and added new structures to it.
During this period, the citadel and the city were besieged several times by Crusader and Muslim armies.
In 1174, the citadel was captured by Saladin, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, who made it his residence and had the defences and residential buildings modified.
Saladin's brother Al- Adil rebuilt the citadel completely between 1203 and 1216 in response to the development of the counterweight trebuchet.
After his death, power struggles broke out between the other Ayyubid princes and although Damascus switched hands several times, the citadel was taken by force only once, in 1239.
The citadel remained in Ayyubid hands until the Mongols under their general Kitbuqa captured Damascus in 1260, thereby ending Ayyubid rule in Syria.
After an unsuccessful revolt broke out in the citadel, the Mongols had most of it dismantled.
After the defeat of the Mongols in 1260 by the Mamluks, who had succeeded the Ayyubids as rulers of Egypt, Damascus came under Mamluk rule.
Except for brief periods in 1300 and 1401, when the Mongols conquered Damascus, the Mamluks controlled the citadel until 1516.
In that year, Syria fell into the hands of the Ottoman Empire.
Damascus surrendered without a fight and from the 17th century onward the citadel functioned as barracks for the Jannisaries — Ottoman infantry units.
The citadel started to fall into disrepair in the 19th century and its last military use was in 1925, when French soldiers shelled the old city from the citadel in response to the Great Syrian Revolt against the French Mandate of Syria.
The citadel continued to serve as a barracks and prison until 1986, when excavations and restorations started.
As of 2011, excavation and restoration efforts are still ongoing.
The citadel is located in the northwest corner of the city walls, between the Bab al- Faradis and the Bab al- Jabiyah.
The citadel consists of a more or less rectangular curtain wall enclosing an area of.
The walls were originally protected by 14 massive towers, but today only 12 remain.
The citadel has gates on its northern, western and eastern flanks.
The current citadel dates primarily to the Ayyubid period while incorporating parts of the older Seljuq fortress.
Extensive repairs in response to sieges and earthquakes were carried out in the Mamluk and Ottoman periods.
Oleg Menshikov
Oleg Evgenyevich Menshikov,( born 8 November 1960) is a Russian actor, theatre director and occasional singer.
He is the current artistic director of the Yermolova Theatre in Moscow.
Internationally, Menshikov is the best known for his roles in the films by Nikita Mikhalkov" Burnt by the Sun"( 1994)," The Barber of Siberia"( 1998)," Burnt by the Sun 2: Exodus"( 2010) and" Burnt by the Sun 2: Citadel"( 2011), as well as for his performance in Régis Wargnier's" East/ West"( 1999).
Menshikov is the winner of a Laurence Olivier Award, a Nika Award and three State Prizes of the Russian Federation, and the recipient of the Order of Honour of the Russian Federation.
Burned
Burned or burnt may refer to:
Doosri Sita
Doosri Sita is a 1974 Bollywood drama film directed by Gogi Anand.
Burnt by the Sun 2
Burnt by the Sun 2( translit.
Utomlyonnye solntsem 2: Predstoyanie) is a 2010 Russian drama film directed by and starring Nikita Mikhalkov.
The film consists of two parts: Exodus(" Предстояние", literally' Prestanding') and(" Цитадель").
It is the sequel to Mikhalkov's 1994 film" Burnt by the Sun", set in the Eastern Front of World War II.
" Burnt by the Sun 2" had the largest production budget ever seen in Russian cinema($ 55 mln), but it turned out to be Russia's biggest box office flop, and received negative reviews from critics both in Russia and abroad.
Burnt by the Sun (EP)
Burnt by the Sun is the first EP by metalcore band Burnt by the Sun, released on Relapse Records.
Burnt by the Sun 2
Burnt by the Sun 2( translit.
Utomlyonnye solntsem 2: Predstoyanie) is a 2010 Russian drama film directed by and starring Nikita Mikhalkov.
The film consists of two parts: Exodus(" Предстояние", literally' Prestanding') and(" Цитадель").
It is the sequel to Mikhalkov's 1994 film" Burnt by the Sun", set in the Eastern Front of World War II.
" Burnt by the Sun 2" had the largest production budget ever seen in Russian cinema($ 55 mln), but it turned out to be Russia's biggest box office flop, and received negative reviews from critics both in Russia and abroad.
Burnt by the Sun 2: The Citadel
Burnt by the Sun 2: The Citadel is a 2011 Russian language film directed by Nikita Mikhalkov, released on May 5, 2011.
It is a sequel to the films" Burnt by the Sun"( 1994) and" Burnt by the Sun 2"( 2010).
Burnt by the Sun (disambiguation)
Burnt by the Sun can refer to:

Question: Which film was released more recently, Doosri Sita or Burnt By The Sun 2: The Citadel?
Answer: Burnt By The Sun 2: The Citadel