Girl Authority (album)
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Girl
Authority is the debut cover album by pop girl group Girl Authority.
The album is a cover album of previous hit songs by other female solo singers and girl groups, with the exception of two songs, originally recorded by Smokey Robinson& the Miracles and ABBA.
The album peaked at No. 167 on the" Billboard" 200 albums chart, No. 9 on the" Billboard" Top Kid Audio chart( a chart that records sales of children's music albums) and No. 5 on their Top Heatseekers chart.
Flour City Ornamental Iron Works Company
Flour City Ornamental Iron Works Company was an early pioneer in the manufacturing of architectural wrought and cast iron building components.
Gray iron
Gray iron, or grey cast iron, is a type of cast iron that has a graphitic microstructure.
It is named after the gray color of the fracture it forms, which is due to the presence of graphite.
It is the most common cast iron and the most widely used cast material based on weight.
It is used for housings where the stiffness of the component is more important than its tensile strength, such as internal combustion engine cylinder blocks, pump housings, valve bodies, electrical boxes, and decorative castings.
Grey cast iron's high thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity are often exploited to make cast iron cookware and disc brake rotors.
John Cragg
John Cragg (1767 – 17 July 1854) was an English ironmaster who ran a foundry in Liverpool, Merseyside, England.
He was born in Warrington (then in the historic county of Lancashire, now in the ceremonial county of Cheshire).
His business was the Merseyside Iron Foundry, which was located in Tithebarn Street, Liverpool.
Cragg was an enthusiast in the use of prefabricated ironwork in the structure of buildings, and in the early 19th century became interested in building churches.
He had been discussing building a church in Toxteth Park, Liverpool, and in 1809 plans had been drawn up for this by J. M. Gandy.
This church was never built, but in 1812 Cragg met Thomas Rickman, and together they designed the three churches in Liverpool incorporating Cragg's cast iron elements.
The first of these was St George's Church, Everton (1813–14).
The exterior of this church is largely in stone, but the framework of its interior, including the galleries, and the window tracery are in cast iron.
The ceilings consist of slate slabs supported by cast iron rafters, which are decorated with cast iron tracery.
The second church resulting from this collaboration was St Michael's Church, Aigburth (1813–15), Here, in addition to the cast iron framework of the interior, and the window tracery, the parapets, battlements, pinnacles, hoodmoulds, the dado, and other details are also in cast iron.
The area around the church, known as St Michael's Hamlet contains five villas containing many cast iron features.
The third cast iron church was St Philip's Church (1815–16) in Hardman Street, Liverpool, which was closed in 1882 and demolished.
Some cast iron fragments have been incorporated in the fabric of the block of buildings now occupying the site of the churchyard.
Cragg did not marry.
He died on 17 July 1854, aged 87, and was buried in St James Cemetery, Liverpool.
J. Eshelman and Company Store
J. Eshelman and Company Store, also known as The Square Deal Store, is a historic general store located at Clarence Center in Erie County, New York.
It is a three- story, brick and cast iron commercial building constructed in the Italianate style in 1872.
It exemplifies the type of brick and cast iron commercial building common to the region from the 1850s to the 1880s.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
Girl Authority
Girl Authority was an American cover pop girl group.
The group consisted of nine girls, at the time, ranging in ages 8 to 13; Jacqueline Laviolette, Carly Grayson, Jessica" Jess" Bonner, Crystal Evans, Kate Barker, Zoë Virant, Jessica Tarr, Gina Miele and Alexandra" Alex" Bilbo.
The group was established in the summer of 2005 by the group's vocal coach/ executive producer Samantha Hammel, Scott Billington( a Grammy award- winning producer) and the CEO of Rounder Records, John Virant, the father of Zoe, one of the members of Girl Authority.
Based on the oldest girls graduating high school; in the summer of 2010, the girls contracts with Rounder Records ceased, and the band officially retired.
Currently, the majority of the group members are attending or just graduating college.
All of these girls are still close friends and get together for reunions.
All of the girls participated in local musical theater together for five years before joining the group.
Each member of the group had a persona during their time in the group; Laviolette was All- Star Girl, Grayson was Glamour Girl, Bonner was Boho Girl, Evans was Country Girl, Barker was Party Girl, Virant was Preppy Girl, Tarr was Rock N' Roll Girl, Miele was Urban Girl, and Bilbo was Fashion Girl.
Girl Authority's self- titled album was released on the Zoë Records label in April 2006.
The album reached# 9 on Billboard's Top Kid Audio chart and# 17 on the Top Heatseekers chart.
On the album, the girls recorded past songs such as Madonna's" Material Girl" and Kelly Clarkson's" Breakaway".
The album ran several TV advertisements on Nickelodeon.
In April 2006, the girls were invited to sing with The Dresden Dolls at a show in Boston.
The girls have also shared the stage with the Jonas Brothers and Jesse McCartney, and have appeared on CBS'" The Early Show".
Their second album," Road Trip", was released on March 13, 2007.
Featured on this album is a version of the early previously unreleased Depeche Mode song called" Let's Get Together" that Vince Clarke re-wrote for the band.
80s pop singer Cyndi Lauper wrote a ballad for the group titled" Shine", and Tanya Donelly wrote four tracks for the album, including" This Is My Day".
In addition, three remaining original songs on the album include" Rhythm of the World" by Ch! pz," Wild Side"( a song sung by Jessica Tarr), and their theme song" Girl Authority".
The group also recorded and released an EP titled" Girl Authority- Halloween Party Songs", a cover recording of Halloween- themed songs.
However, the EP was only sold in iParty stores.
Road Trip (Girl Authority album)
Road Trip is the second and final album from American girl group Girl Authority.
Unlike the first album," Road Trip" is a mixture of cover songs and original songs performed by Girl Authority.
" Road Trip" is also featured with a DVD, documenting a behind the scenes glance into the production of the album and the girls.
In the February," Girl Talk" featuring" Urban Girl" Gina, she explains a few of the upcoming songs and the meaning behind the title of their second album.
Featured on this album is also a version of the early previously unreleased Depeche Mode song called" Let's Get Together" that Vince Clarke re-wrote for Girl Authority.
Cyndi Lauper wrote" Shine", a ballad, featured on the album.
Tanya
Donelly wrote four tracks for the album, including the group's new signature song titled" This Is My Day".
The album reached No. 30 on the" Billboard" Top Heatseekers chart and No. 10 on the Top Kid Audio chart.
With the release of" Road Trip", the group's EP," Halloween Party Songs" was sold along with the album at i Party stores as a promotion.
Cast iron pipe
Cast iron pipe is a pipe which has had historic use as a pressure pipe for transmission of water, gas and sewage, and as a water drainage pipe during the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.
It comprises predominantly a gray cast iron tube and was frequently used uncoated, although later coatings and linings reduced corrosion and improved hydraulics.
In cast iron pipe, the graphite forms flakes during the casting process, when examined under a microscope.
Cast iron pipe was superseded by ductile iron pipe, which is a direct development, with most existing manufacturing plants transitioning to the new material during the 1970s and 1980s.
Ductile iron pipe is different than cast iron, because the introduction of magnesium during the casting process causes the graphite to form spheres( graphite nodules) rather than flakes.
While this allows the material to remain castable, the end product is much tougher than cast iron, and allows elastic behavior at lower stress levels.
Little cast iron pipe is currently manufactured, since ductile iron pipe is widely accepted as a superior product.
Many public utilities, municipalities, and private industries still have functional cast iron pipe in service to this day.
Cast Iron Hike
Cast Iron Hike was an American punk rock band from Clinton, Massachusetts.
Cast iron
Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2%.
Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature.
The alloy constituents affect its colour when fractured: white cast iron has carbide impurities which allow cracks to pass straight through, grey cast iron has graphite flakes which deflect a passing crack and initiate countless new cracks as the material breaks, and ductile cast iron has spherical graphite" nodules" which stop the crack from further progressing.
Carbon( C) ranging from 1.8 to 4 wt%, and silicon( Si) 1 – 3 wt%, are the main alloying elements of cast iron.
Iron alloys with lower carbon content are known as steel.
Cast iron tends to be brittle, except for malleable cast irons.
With its relatively low melting point, good fluidity, castability, excellent machinability, resistance to deformation and wear resistance, cast irons have become an engineering material with a wide range of applications and are used in pipes, machines and automotive industry parts, such as cylinder heads, cylinder blocks and gearbox cases.
It is resistant to damage by oxidation.
The earliest cast- iron artefacts date to the 5th century BC, and were discovered by archaeologists in what is now Jiangsu in China.
Cast iron was used in ancient China for warfare, agriculture, and architecture.
During the 15th century, cast iron became utilized for cannon in Burgundy, France, and in England during the Reformation.
The amounts of cast iron used for cannon required large scale production.
The first cast- iron bridge was built during the 1770s by Abraham Darby III, and is known as The Iron Bridge in Shropshire, England.
Cast iron was also used in the construction of buildings.

Question: Are both Girl Authority and Cast Iron Hike from the same country?
Answer: yes