John Cuff (optician)
John Cuff( c. 1708 – c. 1772) was an important English scientific instrument maker, particularly of microscopes.
He was apprenticed to the optical instrument maker James Mann.
Cuff eventually set up his own establishment as a" SPECTACLE" and" MICROSCOPE" Maker", At the sign of the Reflecting MICROSCOPE and SPECTACLES opposite Serjeant's Inn( 1737 -57)& Double Microscope, three Pairs of Golden Spectacles& Hadley's Quadrant opposite Salisbury Court( 1757- 8) both in Fleet St& Strand, all in London, England."
In 1743, he advertised that he made and sold" Wholesale and Retale, all Manner of curious Optical INSTRUMENTS".
Cuff failed to gain membership in the Royal Society, but at a Society meeting in the winter of 1738- 1739, he encountered Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn, a German physician who was promoting two microscopes of his own invention.
Cuff soon made improvements to the designs.
In 1745, the Swiss naturalist Abraham Trembley visited London and asked him to design a microscope that would make it easier to observe aquatic creatures as they were moving about.
Two years later, Cuff produced the" AQUATIC MICROSCOPEinvented by him for the Examination of Water Animals."
The naturalist Henry Baker complained to him about the shortcomings of Baker's Culpeper- type microscope:
" Pulling the body of the Instrument up and down was likewise subject to Jerks, which caused a Difficulty in fixing it exactly at the Focus: there was also no good Contrivance for viewing opake Objects".
Under Baker's direction, Cuff designed and produced an improved" Double Microscope" that quickly supplanted the Culpeper type and became much sought- after not only in England, but all over Europe.
While superior to other microscopes of the time, optically it was no improvement, and like them it still" suffered from severe chromatic and spherical aberration."
Unfortunately, Cuff was apparently not much of a businessman: despite Baker's support, he had to declare bankruptcy in 1750.
In 1757, a Benjamin Martin opened a competing shop next door to Cuff's establishment on Fleet Street and drove him out of business the following year.
According to the Royal Collection Trust, the German painter Johan Zoffany was commissioned by King George III, a purchaser of Cuff's microscopes, to depict him.
However, doubts have been expressed whether the painting titled" John Cuff" actually is a portrayal of him, and it has also been known as" The Lapidaries" or" Two Old Men".
Johann Gottlieb Walter
Johann Gottlieb Walter (1 July 1734 – 4 January 1818) was a German physician, specialising in human anatomy.
Walter was born in Königsberg.
He studied in Königsberg and Berlin under Johann Friedrich Meckel von Hemsbach and Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn.
He was awarded a medical degree at Frankfurt (Oder) in 1757.
After Meckel's death, he became professor of anatomy in Berlin in 1774.
Walter started and maintained a large collection and museum of anatomical samples, which was bought for 100.000 Thaler by the state, and became the foundation for the anatomical-zoological museum of the Berlin Academy.
Walter died in Berlin.
Friedrich Wilhelm von Thulemeyer
Friedrich Wilhelm von Thulemeyer or Frederick William von Thulemeier was born or baptized on November 9, 1735.
He died July 6, 1811, also in Berlin.
In 1763 he was sent by Frederick the Great as a diplomat in the Republic of the Seven United Provinces.
In 1784/ 85 he was one of the architects of a trade relations between the US and Prussia.
In 1788 he became justice minister under Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia.
Of particular importance is- even today- his collection of music prints.
Frederick C. Martindale
Frederick C. Martindale( December 18, 1865 September 21, 1928) was a Michigan politician.
Frank N. Wilcox
Frank Nelson Wilcox( October 3, 1887 – April 17, 1964) was a modernist American artist and a master of watercolor.
Wilcox is described as the" Dean of Cleveland School painters," though some sources give this appellation to Henry Keller or Frederick Gottwald.
Frederick Wurm
Louis Friedrich Wurm( 1832 – 1 December 1910), generally known as Fred or Frederick was an early colonist of South Australia.
Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn
Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn( 5 September 1711, Berlin – 7 October 1756, Berlin) was a German physician.
His middle name is sometimes misspelled" Nathaniel".
Lieberkühn studied theology initially, and then moved to physics, in particular mechanics.
It was only after this that he commenced medicine.
In 1739 he moved to Leiden, in the Netherlands, and then a year later to London and Paris.
Following this he returned to Berlin as a member of the Collegium medico- chirurgicum, the body charged with improving the teaching and science of medicine in the Holy Roman Empire, making mathematical and optical instruments and working as a professor and medical doctor.
Besides his physiological work, Lieberkühn was most known for his preparation of medical specimens — these were still presented up to the nineteenth century, especially in Moscow, as masterpieces.
His specimens were prepared primarily with injections of wax- containing fluids into body cavities, creating relatively durable shapes.
The Crypts of Lieberkühn( intestinal glands) are named for him; he first described these in detail in" De fabrica et actione vollorum intestinorum tenuium hominis", in 1745.
Beyond this, Lieberkühn produced optical instruments, further developing the light microscope, which he had seen for the first time in Amsterdam.
His custom microscopes for studying blood vessels were called" Wundergläser", ‘ wonder- glasses ’ by his contemporaries.
In 1755, Lieberkühn was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Frederic Dan Huntington
Frederic (or Frederick) Dan Huntington (May 28, 1819, Hadley, Massachusetts – July 11, 1904, Hadley, Massachusetts) was an American clergyman and the first Protestant Episcopal bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Central New York.
Frederick George Penney (colonial administrator)
Frederick George Penney or Frederick Gordon Penney( c.1856 – 5 August 1928) was a colonial administrator.
He was a cadet of Straits Settlement in 1876 and retired as the Colonial Secretary of Straits Settlements in 1906.
Frederick of Montbéliard
Frederick of Montbéliard or Frederick of Mömpelgard( died 29 June 1091) was from a noble family in Lotharingia.
Through marriage he became margrave of Turin( 1080 – 1091).

Question: Who was born earlier, Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn or Frederick C. Martindale?
Answer: Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn