Chalo-Saint-Mars
Chalo- Saint- Mars is a commune in the Essonne department in Île- de- France in northern France.
Inhabitants of Chalo- Saint- Mars are known as" Chaloins".
Man in the Iron Mask
The Man in the Iron Mask( French:" L' Homme au Masque de Fer"; c.
1640 – 19 November 1703) was an unidentified prisoner who was arrested in 1669 or 1670 and subsequently held in a number of French prisons, including the Bastille and the Fortress of Pignerol( modern Pinerolo, Italy).
He was held in the custody of the same jailer, Bénigne Dauvergne de Saint- Mars, for a period of 34 years.
He died on 19 November 1703 under the name" Marchioly", during the reign of King Louis XIV of France( 1643 – 1715).
Since no one ever saw his face because it was hidden by a mask of black velvet cloth, the true identity of the prisoner remains a mystery; it has been extensively debated by historians, and various theories have been expounded in numerous books and films.
Among the leading theories are those proposed by writer and philosopher Voltaire: he claimed in the second edition of his" Questions sur l' Encyclopédie"( 1771) that the prisoner wore a mask made of iron rather than of cloth, and that he was the older, illegitimate brother of Louis XIV.
What little is known about the historical Man in the Iron Mask is based mainly on correspondence between Saint- Mars and his superiors in Paris.
Recent research suggests that his name might have been" Eustache Dauger", a man who was involved in several political scandals of the late 17th century, but this assertion has not been proven, either.
The National Archives of France has made available( online) the original data relating to the inventories of the goods and papers of Saint- Mars( one inventory, of 64 pages, was drawn up at the Bastille in 1708; the other, of 68 pages, at the citadel of Sainte- Marguerite in 1691).
These documents had been sought in vain for more than a century and were thought to have been lost.
They were discovered in 2015, among the 100 million documents of the.
They show that some of the 800 documents in the possession of the jailer Saint- Mars were analysed after his death.
These documents confirm the reputed avarice of Saint- Mars, who appears to have diverted the funds paid by the king for the prisoner.
They also give a description of a cell occupied by the masked prisoner, which contained only a sleeping mat, but no luxuries, as was previously thought.
With the scientific support of the National Library of France collections of ancient textiles, the accuracy of these notary documents discovered in 2015 has allowed the creation of the first virtual reconstruction of the prison of the man in the iron mask.
The Man in the Iron Mask has also appeared in many works of fiction, most prominently in the late 1840s by Alexandre Dumas.
A section of his novel, the final installment of his D'Artagnan saga, features the Man in the Iron Mask.
Here the prisoner is forced to wear an iron mask and is portrayed as Louis XIV's identical twin.
Dumas also presented a review of the popular theories about the prisoner extant in his time in the chapter" L'homme au masque de fer" in the sixth volume of his non-fiction" Crimes Célèbres".
Countess Dash
Gabrielle Anne Cisterne de Courtiras, vicomtesse de Saint- Mars( 2 August 180411 September 1872)," nom de plume" Countess Dash, was a prolific French writer.
Matthias A. K. Zimmermann
Matthias Alexander Kristian Zimmermann(* 6 May 1981 in Basel) is a painter and new media artist from Switzerland.
Bernard Blanchet
Bernard Blanchet( born 1 December 1943 in Saint- Mars- la- Jaille) is a former professional French football player.
Matthias Alexander Rath
Matthias Alexander Rath( born 2 August 1984) is a German dressage rider.
Representing Germany, he competed at the 2010 World Equestrian Games and at three European Dressage Championships( in 2009, 2011 and 2015).
Altogether, Rath has won four team medals at various championships( one silver and three bronze).
Meanwhile, his best individual championship result is 4th place in freestyle dressage at the 2011 European Dressage Championship, where he rode the famous stallion Totilas.
He also competed at the 2010 edition of Dressage World Cup finals in Den Bosch where he finished 8th.
Bénigne Dauvergne de Saint-Mars
Bénigne d' Auvergne de Saint- Mars was a French prison governor in the late 17th and early 18th century.
He is best known as the apparent keeper of the Man in the Iron Mask.
According to letters written by Saint- Mars to various officials and ministers of France, he had in his custody a prisoner of State, whom he carried with him from Pinerolo to the Lérins Islands, and later to the Bastille.
From 1665 to the spring of 1681 Saint- Mars was the Officer- in- Charge of the" donjon"( the main tower) of the fortress Pinerolo( present day Pignerol, 40 kilometers WSW of Turin, Italy), which then belonged to France.
Saint- Mars acted as governor of the fortified castle" Exiles" from 1681.
In 1687 Saint- Mars became the governor of two islands, Île Sainte- Marguerite and Île Saint- Honorat, in the gulf of Cannes( these islands are now called the Lérins Islands) until 1698.
At that time he became governor of the Bastille in Paris, a post he held until his death on 18 September 1708.
Man in the Iron Mask
The Man in the Iron Mask( French:" L' Homme au Masque de Fer"; c.
1640 – 19 November 1703) was an unidentified prisoner who was arrested in 1669 or 1670 and subsequently held in a number of French prisons, including the Bastille and the Fortress of Pignerol( modern Pinerolo, Italy).
He was held in the custody of the same jailer, Bénigne Dauvergne de Saint- Mars, for a period of 34 years.
He died on 19 November 1703 under the name" Marchioly", during the reign of King Louis XIV of France( 1643 – 1715).
Since no one ever saw his face because it was hidden by a mask of black velvet cloth, the true identity of the prisoner remains a mystery; it has been extensively debated by historians, and various theories have been expounded in numerous books and films.
Among the leading theories are those proposed by writer and philosopher Voltaire: he claimed in the second edition of his" Questions sur l' Encyclopédie"( 1771) that the prisoner wore a mask made of iron rather than of cloth, and that he was the older, illegitimate brother of Louis XIV.
What little is known about the historical Man in the Iron Mask is based mainly on correspondence between Saint- Mars and his superiors in Paris.
Recent research suggests that his name might have been" Eustache Dauger", a man who was involved in several political scandals of the late 17th century, but this assertion has not been proven, either.
The National Archives of France has made available( online) the original data relating to the inventories of the goods and papers of Saint- Mars( one inventory, of 64 pages, was drawn up at the Bastille in 1708; the other, of 68 pages, at the citadel of Sainte- Marguerite in 1691).
These documents had been sought in vain for more than a century and were thought to have been lost.
They were discovered in 2015, among the 100 million documents of the.
They show that some of the 800 documents in the possession of the jailer Saint- Mars were analysed after his death.
These documents confirm the reputed avarice of Saint- Mars, who appears to have diverted the funds paid by the king for the prisoner.
They also give a description of a cell occupied by the masked prisoner, which contained only a sleeping mat, but no luxuries, as was previously thought.
With the scientific support of the National Library of France collections of ancient textiles, the accuracy of these notary documents discovered in 2015 has allowed the creation of the first virtual reconstruction of the prison of the man in the iron mask.
The Man in the Iron Mask has also appeared in many works of fiction, most prominently in the late 1840s by Alexandre Dumas.
A section of his novel, the final installment of his D'Artagnan saga, features the Man in the Iron Mask.
Here the prisoner is forced to wear an iron mask and is portrayed as Louis XIV's identical twin.
Dumas also presented a review of the popular theories about the prisoner extant in his time in the chapter" L'homme au masque de fer" in the sixth volume of his non-fiction" Crimes Célèbres".
Ballon-Saint-Mars
Ballon- Saint- Mars is a commune in the department of Sarthe, western France.
The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 by merger of the former communes of Ballon and Saint- Mars- sous- Ballon.
Saint-Mars-sous-Ballon
Saint- Mars- sous- Ballon is a former commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north- western France.
On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Ballon- Saint- Mars.

Question: Were Matthias Alexander Rath and Bénigne Dauvergne De Saint-Mars of the same nationality?
Answer: no