John Christian Kunkel
John Christian Kunkel (September 18, 1816 – October 14, 1870) was a Whig and Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
He was the grandfather of John Crain Kunkel.
Constance of Austria
Constance of Austria (24 December 1588 – 10 July 1631) was queen of Poland as the second wife of King Sigismund III Vasa and the mother of King John II Casimir.
Kaya Alp
Kaya Alp was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa and the father of Suleyman Shah, who was, in turn, the grandfather of Ertuğrul, and the great grandfather of the Ottoman Empire founder, Osman I.
John Sigismund Vasa
John Sigismund Vasa( January 6, 1652, Warsaw- February 20, 1652, Warsaw)- Polish prince, the son of John II Casimir and Marie Louise Gonzaga.
Maria Anna Vasa
Maria Anna Theresa Vasa (1 July 1650 - 1 August 1651), was a Polish-Lithuanian princess and a member of the House of Vasa.
Born in Warsaw, she was the eldest child and only daughter of John II Casimir Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, by his wife Marie Louise Gonzaga.
John II Casimir Vasa
John II Casimir (22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania during the era of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Duke of Opole in Upper Silesia, and titular King of Sweden 1648–1660.
In Poland, he is known and commonly referred as Jan Kazimierz.
His parents were Sigismund III Vasa (1566–1632) and Constance of Austria (1588–1631).
His older brother, and predecessor on the throne, was Władysław IV Vasa.
In 1638 he embarked at Genoa for Spain to negotiate a league with Philip IV against France, but suffering shipwreck on the coast of Provence, he was seized and by order of Cardinal Richelieu imprisoned at Vincennes, where he remained two years, and was only released on promise of his brother the king of Poland never to wage war against France.
He then travelled through various countries of western Europe, entered the order of Jesuits in Rome, was made cardinal by Innocent X, however, after his return to Poland he again became a layman, and, having succeeded his brother in 1648, married his widow, Queen Marie Louise Gonzaga.
His reign commenced amid the confusion and disasters caused by the great revolt of the Cossacks under Chmielnicki, who had advanced into the very heart of Poland.
The power of the king had been stripped of almost all its prerogatives by the growing influence of the nobles.
Russia and Sweden, which had long been active enemies of Poland, availed themselves of its distracted condition, and renewed their attacks.
George II Rakoczy of Transylvania also invaded the Polish territory, while diet after diet was dissolved by abuses of the "liberum veto".
Charles X Gustav of Sweden triumphantly marched through the country, and occupied Kraków (1655) while John Casimir fled to Silesia.
Before Częstochowa, however, the Swedes met with an unexpected check, and a confederation of the nobles against all enemies of the country having been formed, Stefan Czarniecki won a series of victories over the Swedes, Transylvanians, Cossacks, and Russians.
The wars with the Swedes and Russians were terminated by treaties involving considerable cessions of provinces on the Baltic and the Dnieper on the part of Poland, which also lost its sway over the Cossacks, who put themselves under the protection of the czar.
During these long disturbances John Casimir, though feeble and of a peaceful disposition, frequently proved his patriotism and bravery.
The intrigues of his wife in favor of the duke of Enghien, son of the prince of Condé, as successor to the throne, having brought about a rebellion under Hetman Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, and a bloody though short civil war, the king finally resolved upon abdication, and resigned his crown at the diet of Warsaw on 16 September 1668.
In the following year he retired to France, where he was hospitably treated by Louis XIV.
His wife had died without issue before his abdication.
John Casimir's reign was one of the most disastrous in the history of Poland, whose dismemberment by the houses of Moscow, Brandenburg, and Habsburg, as it took place 100 years after his death, he predicted in a memorable speech to the diet of 1661.
He was the third and last monarch on the Polish throne from the House of Vasa.
Angelo Maria Bandinelli
Angelo Maria Bandinelli, sometimes written Angiolo Maria( active around 1650 – 1670) was a secretary to John II Casimir Vasa, and postmaster general of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth.
John Westley
Rev. John Westley( 1636 – 78) was an English nonconformist minister.
He was the grandfather of John Wesley( founder of Methodism).
Sigismund III Vasa
Sigismund III Vasa (20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632
), also known as Sigismund III of Poland, was King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and monarch of the united Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587 to 1632 as well as King of Sweden and Grand Duke of Finland from 1592 until his deposition in 1599.
Sigismund was the son of John III of Sweden and his first wife, Catherine Jagiellon of Poland.
Elected to the throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, he sought to create a personal union between the Commonwealth and Sweden (Polish–Swedish union), and succeeded for a time in 1592.
After he had been deposed in 1599 from the Swedish throne by his Protestant uncle, Charles IX of Sweden, and a meeting of the Riksens ständer, he spent much of the rest of his life attempting to reclaim it.
A pious yet erratic ruler, Sigismund attempted to hold absolute power in all his dominions.
Shortly after his victory over internal opposition, Sigismund took advantage of a period of civil unrest in Muscovy, known as the Time of Troubles, and invaded Russia, holding Moscow for two years (1610–12) and Smolensk thereafter.
In 1617 the Polish–Swedish conflict, which had been interrupted by an armistice in 1611, broke out again.
While Sigismund's army was also fighting Ottoman forces in Moldavia (1617–21), King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden invaded Sigismund's lands, capturing Riga in 1621 and seizing almost all of Polish Livonia.
Sigismund, who concluded the Truce of Altmark with Sweden in 1629, never regained the Swedish crown.
His Swedish wars resulted, moreover, in Poland's loss of northern Livonian territories and in a diminution of the kingdom's international prestige.
Sigismund remains a highly controversial figure in Poland.
One of the country's most recognizable monarchs, he transferred the capital from Kraków to Warsaw in 1596 and his long reign coincided with the apex of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's prestige, power and economic influence.
On the other hand, it was during his reign that the symptoms of decline leading to the Commonwealth's eventual demise surfaced.
Popular histories, such as the books of Paweł Jasienica, tend to present Sigismund as the principal source of these destructive processes; whereas academic histories are usually not as damning of him.
However, the question of whether the Commonwealth's decline was caused by Sigismund's decisions or had its roots in historical processes beyond his personal control remains highly debatable.
He was commemorated in Warsaw with Sigismund's Column, one of the city's landmarks and the first secular monument in the form of a column in modern history.
It was commissioned after Sigismund's death by his son and successor, Władysław IV.
Gilbert Talbot, 3rd Baron Talbot
Gilbert Talbot, 3rd Baron Talbot( c. 1332–1387) was an English nobleman and soldier.
He was the grandfather of John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury.

Question: Who is John Ii Casimir Vasa's paternal grandfather?
Answer: John III of Sweden