Revenue-cap regulation
Revenue- cap regulation allows the operator to change its prices within baskets of services so long as the change in revenue does not exceed the revenue cap index.
This index typically reflects the overall rate of inflation in the economy, the inflation in the operator's input prices relative to the average firm in the economy and the ability of the operator to gain efficiencies relative to the average firm in the economy.
Price- cap regulation attempts to do the same thing but for prices, rather than revenue.
The system is intended to provide incentives for efficiency savings, as any savings above the productivity factor( this predicted rate of efficiency is commonly called the X- factor) can be passed on to shareholders, at least until the revenue caps are next reviewed( usually every five years).
A key part of the system is that the X-factor is based not only a firm's past performance, but on the performance of other firms in the industry:
X is intended to be a proxy for a competitive market, in industries which are natural monopolies.
Now consider how a utility operator might be different from the average firm in the economy.
First, assume that the operator is just like the average firm, except that the operator's input prices change at a rate that is different from the rate of change for the average firm.
If the operator's input prices increase faster than( conversely, slower than) the rate of inflation, then the operator's revenue will need to increase faster than( conversely, slower than) the rate of inflation for the operator to be able to have earnings that are at least as great as the operator's cost of capital.
Now assume that the operator is just like the average firm, except with respect to the operator's ability to improve efficiency.
If the operator increases its productivity faster than( conversely, slower than) the average firm, then the operator's revenue will need to decrease( conversely, increase) relative to the rate of inflation.
Combining these two possible differences between the operator and the average firm in the economy, the operator's revenue should change at the rate of inflation, minus( conversely, plus) the extent to which its input prices inflate less than( conversely, greater than) the rate of inflation, and minus( conversely, plus) the extent to which the operator's productivity is expected to improve at a rate that is greater than( conversely, less than) the average firm in the economy.
The above analysis identifies two things.
First, the inflation rate, I, used in the revenue cap index represents the general rate of inflation for the economy.
Second, the X-factor is intended to capture the difference between the operator and the average firm in the economy with respect to inflation in input prices and changes in productivity.
That is to say, the choice of inflation index and of the X- factor go hand in hand.
Some regulators choose a general measure of inflation, such as a gross national product price index.
In this case, the X- factor reflects the difference between the operator and the average firm in the economy with respect to the operator's ability to improve its productivity and the effect of inflation on the operator's input costs.
Other regulators choose a retail( or producer) price index.
In these cases, the X- factor represents the difference between the operator and the average retail( or wholesale) firm.
Lastly, some regulators construct price indices of operator inputs.
In these cases, the X- factor reflects productivity changes of the operator.
Revenue cap regulation is more appropriate than price cap regulation when costs do not vary appreciably with units of sales.
The Operator
The Operator is a 2000 American film, starring Michael Laurence, Stephen Tobolowsky, Brion James, Brad Leland and Jacqueline Kim.
It was written and directed by Jon Dichter.
Lou Blaney
Louis George" Lou" Blaney( January 4, 1940 – January 25, 2009) was an American racecar driver who raced modifieds and sprint cars.
He was also the operator and part- owner of Sharon Speedway.
List of Static enemies
This is a list of enemies of the DC Comics superhero Static.
Price-cap regulation
Price- cap regulation is a form of regulation.
Designed in the 1980s by UK Treasury economist Stephen Littlechild, it has been applied to all privatized British network utilities.
It is contrasted with both rate- of- return regulation, with utilities being permitted a set rate of return on capital, and with revenue- cap regulation, with total revenue being the regulated variable.
Price cap regulation adjusts the operator's prices according to the price cap index that reflects the overall rate of inflation in the economy, the ability of the operator to gain efficiencies relative to the average firm in the economy, and the inflation in the operator's input prices relative to the average firm in the economy.
Revenue cap regulation attempts to do the same thing but for revenue, rather than prices.
Price cap regulation is sometimes called" CPI- X",( in the United Kingdom" RPI- X") after the basic formula employed to set price caps.
This takes the rate of inflation, measured by the Consumer Price Index( UK Retail Prices Index, RPI) and subtracts expected efficiency savings
X.
In the water industry, the formula is" RPI- X+ K", where K is based on capital investment requirements.
The system is intended to provide incentives for efficiency savings, as any savings above the predicted rate X can be passed on to shareholders, at least until the price caps are next reviewed( usually every five years).
A key part of the system is that the rate X is based not only a firm's past performance, but on the performance of other firms in the industry:
X is intended to be a proxy for a competitive market, in industries which are natural monopolies.
Now consider how a utility operator might be different from the average firm in the economy.
First, assume that the operator is just like the average firm, except that the operator's input prices change at a rate that is different from the rate of change for the average firm.
If the operator's input prices increase faster than( conversely, slower than) the rate of inflation, then the operator's retail prices( revenue) will need to increase faster than( conversely, slower than) the rate of inflation for the operator to be able to have earnings that are at least as great as the operator's cost of capital.
Now assume that the operator is just like the average firm, except with respect to the operator's ability to improve efficiency.
If the operator increases its productivity faster than( conversely, slower than) the average firm, then the operator's retail prices( revenue) will need to decrease( conversely, increase) relative to the rate of inflation.
Combining these two possible differences between the operator and the average firm in the economy, the operator's retail prices( revenue) should change at the rate of inflation, minus( conversely, plus) the extent to which its input prices inflate less than( conversely, greater than) the rate of inflation, and minus( conversely, plus) the extent to which the operator's productivity is expected to improve at a rate that is greater than( conversely, less than) the average firm in the economy.
The above analysis identifies two things.
First, the inflation rate, I, used in the price cap index represents the general rate of inflation for the economy.
Second, the X-factor is intended to capture the difference between the operator and the average firm in the economy with respect to inflation in input prices and changes in productivity.
That is to say, the choice of inflation index and of the X- factor go hand in hand.
Some regulators choose a general measure of inflation, such as a gross national product price index.
In this case, the X- factor reflects the difference between the operator and the average firm in the economy with respect to the operator's ability to improve its productivity and the effect of inflation on the operator's input costs.
Other regulators choose a retail( or producer) price index.
In these cases, the X- factor represents the difference between the operator and the average retail( or wholesale) firm.
Lastly, some regulators construct price indices of operator inputs.
In these cases, the X- factor reflects productivity changes of the operator.
In most industries in the UK, estimation of a firm's efficiency is carried out by comparing regional monopolies and using a total factor productivity method.
However, for telecommunications, Ofcom instead relies on international comparisons.
In practice, the distinction between price- cap and rate- of- return regulation may be lost, as regulators may end up making implicit decisions on the acceptable real rates of return on capital employed in order to arrive at price limit determinations.
This has been the experience in the UK water sector, where the 1999 periodic review led Ofwat to determine a standard( real post- tax) cost of capital of 4.75%, with minor adjustments for smaller companies.
This standard rate was then used to help calculate X.
In addition, detailed aspects of the price elements incorporated into the price index may be more important to the actual operation of a price cap regulatory regime than either the X-factor or the inflation adjustment.
How rate elements are incorporated and removed from price caps is particularly important in industries with rapidly changing service offerings.
Price- cap regulation is no longer a uniquely British form of regulation.
Particularly in the telecommunications industry, many Asian countries are implementing some form of price cap on their newly privatised operators.
In addition, many US Local Exchange Carriers are now regulated by price- cap rather than rate- of- return regulation: in 2003, of the 73 companies reporting to the ARMIS database, 22 were regulated according to an RPI- X price cap( and a further 35 were subject to other retail price controls).
In Australia, the preferred form of price regulation for utilities is the CPI- X regime.
Presence sensing device
A presence densing device( PSD) is one of the more common safety devices for press brake safety.
It is difficult to protect the operator using a metal bending machine such as a press brake.
Often the operator must hold the sheet metal work- piece in one place while another portion of the piece is being formed in the die.
If a foreign object is detected, the laser, camera, or light curtain technology will immediately retract the die or stop the motion of the ram.
PSDs protect the operator and other employees in the area.
List of Aquaman enemies
This page lists the known enemies of Aquaman.
Film Freak
Film Freak is the name of two DC Comics villains and enemies of Batman and Catwoman.
They are among the myriad" gimmick" villains in Gotham City, their trademark being their obsession with motion pictures.
Conveyor (sternwheeler)
The Conveyor was one of five sternwheelers built for the use on the Skeena River by Foley, Welch and Stewart for construction work on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway.
The other four were the" Operator", the" Skeena", the" Distributor" and the" Omineca".
Three of these, the" Conveyor", the" Operator" and the" Distributor" were built at Victoria, British Columbia in 1908 by Alexander Watson Jr.
Enemies of Society
Enemies of Society is a 1927 American silent film directed by Ralph Ince and starring Conway Tearle, Margaret Morris and Frankie Darro.
It is also known by the alternative title of Moulders of Men.

Question: Are both The Operator and Enemies Of Society from the same country?
Answer: yes