The Public Domain Review
The Public Domain Review is an online journal, a project of the Open Knowledge Foundation, showcasing works which have entered the public domain.
It was co-founded by Jonathan Gray and Adam Green.
It was launched on January 1, 2011 to coincide with Public Domain Day.
The "Review" aims to raise awareness of the public domain by promoting public domain works from across the web, including from Europeana, the Internet Archive, and Wikimedia Commons.
As well as curated collections of public domain images, texts, and films
, it features longer essays from contemporary writers, scholars, and public intellectuals.
The "Guardian" reviewed it as "magnificent ... a model of digital curation", an interview in "Vice" labelled it "beautifully curated", and
"The A.V. Club" described it as "endlessly and deeply absorbing".
It regularly contributes collections to "The New Inquiry", and collections are frequently highlighted by diverse publications including "The Huffington PostThe Paris Review", and
"The New York Times".
Contributors of articles have included Julian Barnes, Frank Delaney Jack Zipes, Richard Hamblyn, Philipp Blom, and Arika Okrent.
In addition to the thematic essays, a monthly "Curator's Choice" series highlights professional curators' essays about material from their cultural institutions.
The "Review" published its first print anthology in late 2014, a collection of 34 essays published online during 2011-13.
It was reviewed as "an incredible collection of esoterica" by "The Paris Review", and featured as one of Wired's best science books of 2014.
A second volume in "The Public Domain:
Selected Essays" print series was published in 2015.
2012 in public domain
When a work's copyright expires, it enters the public domain.
The following is a list of works that enter the public domain in 2012.
Since laws vary globally, the copyright status of some works are not uniform.
Not all works in the public domain have been expired, some works are deliberately donated into the collection for the public good or have been abandoned by their owners.
Chappell & Co.
Chappell& Co. was an English company that published music and manufactured pianos.
Public Domain Mark
Public Domain Mark( PDM) is a symbol used to indicate that a work is free of known copyright restrictions and therefore in the public domain.
It is analogous to the copyright symbol, which is commonly used to indicate that a work is copyrighted, often as part of a copyright notice.
The Public Domain Mark was developed by Creative Commons and is only an indicator of the public domain status of a work, it does itself not" release" a copyrighted work into the public domain like CC0.
As there is no single definition of public domain and copyright laws differ by jurisdiction, a work can be in the public domain in some countries while still being under copyright in others( so called hybrid status).
It is also difficult to assess the legal status of many works.
The PDM is recommended to be used only for works that are likely free from any copyright restrictions" worldwide".
Under California Stars
This film is now in the public domain.
Open Knowledge Foundation
Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) is a global, non-profit network that promotes and shares information at no charge, including both content and data.
It was founded by Rufus Pollock on 20 May 2004 and launched on 24 May 2004 in Cambridge, UK.
It is incorporated in England and Wales as a company limited by guarantee.
Between May 2016 and May 2019 the organisation was named "Open Knowledge International", but decided in May 2019 to return to "Open Knowledge Foundation".
List of animated films in the public domain in the United States
The following is a list of animated films in the public domain in the United States for which there is a source to verify its status as public domain under the terms of U.S. copyright law.
For more information, see List of films in the public domain in the United States.
Films published before are not included because all such films are in the public domain.
( Note that while the film in and of itself may be in the public domain, the original versions may incorporate elements that remain under separate copyright.)
Some shorts listed here were produced for the United States government such as the" Private Snafu" series.
Because they were produced for the U.S. government, they automatically fall into the public domain.
Public domain
The public domain consists of all the creative work to which no exclusive intellectual property rights apply.
Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly waived, or may be inapplicable.
As examples, the works of William Shakespeare and Ludwig van Beethoven, and most early silent films, are in the public domain either by virtue of their having been created before copyright existed, or by their copyright term having expired.
Some works are not covered by copyright, and are therefore in the public domain—among them the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes, and all computer software created prior to 1974.
Other works are actively dedicated by their authors to the public domain( see waiver); some examples include reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms, the image- processing software ImageJ( created by the National Institutes of Health), and the CIA's" World Factbook".
The term" public domain" is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as" under license" or" with permission".
As rights vary by country and jurisdiction, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another.
Some rights depend on registrations on a country- by- country basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required, gives rise to public- domain status for a work in that country.
The term" public domain" may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the" public sphere" or" commons", including concepts such as the" commons of the mind", the" intellectual commons", and the" information commons".
Public Domain Day
Public Domain Day is an observance of when copyrights expire and works enter into the public domain.
This legal transition of copyright works into the public domain usually happens every year on 1 January based on the individual copyright laws of each country.
The observance of a "Public Domain Day" was initially informal; the earliest known mention was in 2004 by Wallace McLean (a Canadian public domain activist), with support for the idea echoed by Lawrence Lessig.
Several websites list the authors whose works are entering the public domain each January 1.
There are activities in countries around the world by various organizations all under the banner Public Domain Day.
Web enhancement
A web enhancement is a bonus expansion to a role- playing game product, that can be read and/ or downloaded from the website of the company that published the role- playing product it is associated with.

Question: Who is the founder of the company which published The Public Domain Review?
Answer: Rufus Pollock