Mary of Modena
Mary of Modena  (Maria Beatrice Anna Margherita Isabella d'Este; –) was queen consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland as the second wife of James II and VII (1633–1701).
A devout Roman Catholic, Mary married the widowed James, who was then the younger brother and heir presumptive of Charles II (1630–1685).
She was uninterested in politics and devoted to James and their children, two of whom survived to adulthood: the Jacobite claimant to the thrones, James Francis Edward, and Louisa Maria Teresa.
Born a princess of the northwestern Italian Duchy of Modena, Mary is primarily remembered for the controversial birth of James Francis Edward, her only surviving son.
It was widely rumoured that he was a "changeling", brought into the birth chamber in a warming pan, in order to perpetuate her husband's Catholic Stuart dynasty.
Although the accusation was almost certainly false, and the subsequent Privy Council investigation affirmed this, James Francis Edward's birth was a contributing factor to the "Glorious Revolution", the revolution which deposed James II and VII and replaced him with his Protestant eldest daughter from his first marriage to Anne Hyde (1637–1671), Mary II.
She and her husband, William III of Orange, would reign jointly as "William and Mary".
Exiled to France, the "Queen over the water" – as the Jacobites called Mary – lived with her husband and children in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, provided by Louis XIV of France.
Mary was popular among Louis XIV's courtiers; James, however, was considered a bore.
In widowhood, Mary spent much time with the nuns at the Convent of Chaillot, where she and her daughter Louisa Maria Teresa spent their summers.
In 1701, when James II died, young James Francis Edward became king at age 13 in the eyes of the Jacobites.
As he was too young to assume the nominal reins of government, Mary represented him until he reached the age of 16.
When young James Francis Edward was asked to leave France as part of the settlement from the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), Mary of Modena stayed, despite having no family there, her daughter Louisa Maria Teresa having died of smallpox.
Fondly remembered by her French contemporaries, Mary died of breast cancer in 1718.
Henry Morgan (bishop)
Henry Morgan( died 1559) was a Welsh lawyer and churchman, bishop of St Davids in the reign of Mary I of England.
Theodred II (Bishop of Elmham)
Theodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.
The date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997.
William Rede (by 1529–at least 1569)
William Rede( born by 1529- at least 1569) was an English politician during the reign of Mary I of England.
Etan Boritzer
Etan Boritzer( born 1950) is an American writer of children ’s literature who is best known for his book" What is God?" first published in 1989.
His best selling" What is?" illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child- life professionals.
Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after" What is God?" was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views.
The other current books in the" What is?" series include
What is Love?,
What is Death?,
What is Beautiful?,
What is Funny?,
What is Right?,
What is Peace?,
What is Money?,
What is Dreaming?,
What is a Friend?,
What is True?,
What is a Family?,
What is a Feeling?"
The series is now also translated into 15 languages.
Boritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education.
Boritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also.
He has helped numerous other authors to get published through" How to Get Your Book Published!" programs.
Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest- teaches nationally.
He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on" The Teachings of the Buddha."
Laura Martinozzi
Laura Martinozzi( 27 May 1639 – 19 July 1687) was a Duchess consort of Modena by marriage to Alfonso IV d' Este, Duke of Modena.
She served as regent of Modena during the minority of her son Francesco from 1662 until 1674.
Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena
Alfonso IV d' Este( 14 October 1634 – 16 July 1662) was Duke of Modena and Reggio from 1658 until his death.
He was the father of Mary of Modena, consort of James II of England.
Alfonso was born in Modena, the eldest son of Francesco I d' Este, Duke of Modena, and his first wife, Maria Caterina Farnese.
He became Duke of Modena and Reggio after his father's death in 1658.
Alfonso's health was poor and he suffered from gout and tuberculosis.
He died four years into his reign.
In 1655 he married Laura Martinozzi, Cardinal Mazarin's niece, thus strengthening his alliance with France.
On Laura's sixteenth birthday, 27 May 1655, she was married to the Duke of Modena by proxy at the Palace of Compiègne, with the Count of Soissons standing in the place of the Duke of Modena.
They had two children, Maria and Francesco, who went on to become Queen of England and Duke of Modena respectively.
In 1659 the Franco- Spanish War came to an end and Modena was rewarded with the town of Correggio for supporting France.
He was succeeded by his two- year- old son, under the regency of his widow.
Avelin Mary
Sister Avelin Mary is a marine biologist and a Roman Catholic nun belonging to the Congregation of the Mother of Sorrows Servants of Mary of Mary.
She is a Director of Sacred Heart Marine Research Center( SHMRC), Tuticorin.
James II of England
James II and VII (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
He was the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland; his reign is now remembered primarily for struggles over religious tolerance.
However, it also involved the principles of absolutism and divine right of kings and his deposition ended a century of political and civil strife by confirming the primacy of Parliament over the Crown.
James inherited the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland from his elder brother Charles II with widespread support in all three countries, largely based on the principle of divine right or birth.
Tolerance for his personal Catholicism did not apply to it in general and when the English and Scottish Parliaments refused to pass his measures, James attempted to impose them by decree; it was a political principle, rather than a religious one, that ultimately led to his removal.
In June 1688, two events turned dissent into a crisis; the first on 10 June was the birth of James's son and heir James Francis Edward, threatening to create a Catholic dynasty and excluding his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange.
The second was the prosecution of the Seven Bishops for seditious libel; this was viewed as an assault on the Church of England and their acquittal on 30 June destroyed his political authority in England.
Anti-Catholic riots in England and Scotland now made it seem only his removal as monarch could prevent a civil war.
Representatives of the English political elite invited William to assume the English throne; after he landed in Brixham on 5 November 1688, James's army deserted and he went into exile in France on 23 December.
In February 1689, Parliament held he had 'vacated' the English throne and installed William and Mary as joint monarchs, establishing the principle that sovereignty derived from Parliament, not birth.
James landed in Ireland on 14 March 1689 in an attempt to recover his kingdoms but despite a simultaneous rising in Scotland, in April a Scottish Convention followed their English colleagues by ruling James had 'forfeited' the throne and offered it to William and Mary.
After the defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690, James returned to France where he spent the rest of his life in exile at Saint-Germain, protected by Louis XIV.
Francesco Ferrari (bishop)
Francesco Ferrari( died 1507) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Modena( 1502 – 1507).
On 20 July 1502, Francesco Ferrari was appointed during the papacy of Pope Alexander VI as Bishop of Modena.
He served as Bishop of Modena until his death in 1507.

Question: What is the date of birth of Mary Of Modena's husband?
Answer: 14 October 1633