Franjo Tuđman
Franjo Tuđman, also written as Franjo Tudjman (14 May 1922 – 10 December 1999), was a Croatian politician and historian.
Following the country's independence from Yugoslavia he became the first President of Croatia and served as president from 1990 until his death in 1999.
He was the 9th and last President of the Presidency of SR Croatia from May to July 1990.
Tuđman was born in Veliko Trgovišće, Croatia.
In his youth he fought during World War II as a member of the 10th Zagreb Corps of the Croatian Partisans.
After the war he took a post in the Ministry of Defence, later attaining the rank of major general of the Yugoslav Army in 1960.
After his military career he dedicated himself to the study of geopolitics.
In 1963 he became a professor on the Zagreb Faculty of Political Sciences.
He received a doctorate in history in 1965 and worked as a historian until coming into conflict with the regime.
Tuđman participated in the Croatian Spring movement that called for reforms in the country and was imprisoned for his activities in 1972.
He lived relatively anonymously in the following years until the end of Communism, whereupon he began his political career by founding the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) in 1989.
HDZ won the first Croatian parliamentary elections in 1990 and Tuđman became the President of the Presidency of SR Croatia.
As president, Tuđman introduced a new constitution and pressed for the creation of an independent Croatia.
On 19 May 1991, an independence referendum was held, which was approved by 93 percent of voters.
Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991.
Areas with a Serb majority revolted, backed by the Yugoslav army, and Tuđman led Croatia during its War of Independence.
A ceasefire was signed in 1992, but the war had spread into Bosnia and Herzegovina, where Croats fought in an alliance with Bosniaks.
Their cooperation fell apart in late 1992 and Tuđman's government sided with Herzeg-Bosnia during the Croat-Bosniak War with the goal to reunite the Croatian people, a move that brought criticism from the international community.
In March 1994, he signed the Washington Agreement with Bosnian President Alija Izetbegović that re-allied Croats and Bosniaks.
In August 1995, he authorized a major offensive known as Operation Storm which effectively ended the war in Croatia.
In the same year, he was one of the signatories of the Dayton Agreement that put an end to the Bosnian War.
He was re-elected president in 1992 and 1997 and remained in power until his death in 1999.
While supporters point out his role in achieving Croatian independence, critics have described his presidency as authoritarian.
Surveys after Tuđman's death have generally shown a high favorability rating among the Croatian public.
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Miroslav Tuđman
Miroslav Tuđman (born 25 May 1946) is a Croatian scientist and politician, the son and eldest child of the first President of Croatia Franjo Tuđman and his wife, Ankica Tuđman.
Tuđman was born in Belgrade (then PR Serbia, FPR Yugoslavia) where he completed grade school, before he moved with his family to Zagreb in 1961.
He was born on his parents 1st anniversary.
He was named "Miroslav" for Miroslav Krleža who was adored by his father at that period.
He graduated from gymnasium and then from the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Zagreb in 1970.
He became part of the faculty, and received a doctorate in information sciences at the same University in 1985.
In 1989 he founded the Institute for Information Studies at the Faculty.
He participated in the Croatian War of Independence in 1991, and in 1992 he became the head of the Center for Strategic Research.
Later he was the deputy head of the National Security Office and
then the founder and leader of the first Croatian intelligence agency (HIS) between 1993 and 1998, and then from 1999 to 2000.
In 1995, President Tuđman decorated him with the Order of Duke Domagoj, for war-time merit as a member of the political administration of the Ministry of Defence.
In 1998 he became a tenured professor at the Faculty of Philosophy.
His first political activity was as a co-founder of the Social Democrats of Croatia together with his friend Antun Vujić, but he soon switched to his father's party the Croatian Democratic Union.
He briefly retired from politics until 2001, when he ran for the Zagreb City Council and his list won 7.6% of the vote.
The same year he and Nenad Ivanković founded the party Croatian True Revival , which later cooperated with Croatian Bloc of Ivić Pašalić, but gained no traction at the 2003 Croatian parliamentary election.
In 2009 he was a candidate in the Croatian presidential election, 2009-2010, where he won 4.09% of the vote in the first round and was eliminated.
In 2011, he became a candidate in the 2011 Croatian parliamentary election on the electoral list of the Croatian Democratic Union.
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Question: When is Miroslav Tuđman's father's birthday?
Answer: 14 May 1922