Trương Phúc Loan
Trương Phúc Loan( ?–1776) was a mandarin who served under the reign of two Nguyễn lords: Nguyễn Phúc Khoát and Nguyễn Phúc Thuần.
In 1765, Nguyễn Phúc Khoát died, and appointed his second son Nguyễn Phúc Luân as successor.
But Loan changed the lord's will and throned Nguyễn Phúc Thuần the new lord.
Then, Luân was imprisoned and murdered.
Trương Phúc Loan served as regent during Nguyễn Phúc Thuần's reign.
He was so unpopular that people compared him with Qin Hui( 秦檜), a chancellor of the Song China, so he got the nickname" Trương Tần Cối"( 張秦檜).
In order to remove Trương Phúc Loan, Tây Sơn brothers rebelled in 1771, and they said they would enthrone Nguyễn Phúc Dương, the eldest grandson of Khoát.
Southern Vietnam felt into chaos.
Hearing the news, Trịnh Sâm, the lord of northern Vietnam, sent Hoàng Ngũ Phúc marched south in 1774, using the excuse that they would help Nguyễn lord to arrest the treacherous minister Trương Phúc Loan.
When Trịnh army reached Phú Xuân, Loan was arrested by Nguyễn officials and presented to Trịnh army.
He was taken to Thang Long, and died on the halfway.
Đào Duy Từ
Đào Duy Từ( 1572 – 1634) was a Vietnamese scholar, poet, military adviser, and mandarin who served under the reign of Nguyễn lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên.
Nguyễn Phúc Khoát
Nguyễn Phúc Khoát (26 September 1714 – 7 July 1765) was one of the Nguyễn lords who ruled over the southern portion of Vietnam from the 16th–18th centuries.
Also known as Chúa Võ or Võ vương (roughly "Martial Prince"), he continued the southern expansion undertaken by his predecessor as lord, Nguyễn Phúc Trú.
Provinces and districts originally belonging to Cambodia were taken by Vo Vuong.
The Vietnamese-Cambodian border established by the end of his reign remains the border today.
In 1747, Vo Vuong sent a number of Vietnamese warriors to aid rebel princes of Cambodia against the newly crowned Cambodian King Ang Tong.
These forces seized Sóc Trăng and then moved towards Oudong, then royal capital of Cambodia.
Ang Tong requested aid from Mạc Thiên Tứ, who secured a truce with the Nguyễn lord, in exchange for a few more provinces, namely Gò Công and Tân An.
Ten years later, the Cambodian throne was seized by Outey II, with the help of Nguyễn and Mac.
In return for their contributions, he granted them seven provinces, including Sóc Trăng, Trà Vinh, Kampot, and Kompong Som.
The de jure pretense of loyalty to the Le was performed by Vo vuong.
Trousers and tunics on the Chinese pattern in 1774 were ordered by the Vo Vuong Emperor to replace the traditional Vietnamese skirt of women.
However, Han-Chinese clothing is assembled by several pieces of clothing including both pants and skirts called Qun (裙) or chang (裳) which is a part of Hanfu garments throughout the history of Han Chinese clothing..
The Chinese Ming dynasty, Tang dynasty, and Han dynasty clothing was referred by Nguyễn Phúc Khoát (Nguyen The Tong).
Vo-vuong listened to music by western missionaries.
Missionaries and Christianity were banned by Vo Vuong in 1750.
Nguyễn Phúc Khoát died in 1765, and was succeeded by his sixteenth son, Nguyễn Phúc Thuần.
The presumed heir was originally his second son Chuong Vo.
When Vo vuong died his demise was taken advantage of by the Tay Son.
Nguyễn Phúc Miên Bửu
Nguyễn Phúc Miên Bửu( 30 May 1820 – 8 March 1854) was a prince of Nguyễn dynasty, Vietnam.
He was the twelfth son of Minh Mạng, and his mother was Hồ Thị Tùy.
In 1843, he was granted the title Tương An Công( 襄安公," Duke of Tương An") by Emperor Thiệu Trị, and became the teacher of two princes, Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Bảo and Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm( later Emperor Tự Đức).
Hồng Bảo disliked studying, so Thiệu Trị did not like him, and lost his succession of the throne.
Thiệu Trị died in 1847, and appointed Hồng Bảo's younger brother Hồng Nhậm as successor.
In 1854, Hồng Bảo plotted a rebellion against Tự Đức and was forced to commit suicide.
Miên Bửu was suspected of taking in this plot, but there was no evidence.
Feeling sad for the fate of Hồng Bảo, he died in the same year.
Finally,
Tự Đức decided to pardon him, and granted him the title Tương An Quận Vương( 襄安郡王," Provincial Prince of Tương An") in 1878 posthumously.
Miên Bửu was good at writing Vietnamese poetry.
He and Nguyễn Phúc Miên Thẩm( Prince of Tùng Thiện), Nguyễn Phúc Miên Trinh( Prince of Tuy Lý), were known as" Tam Đường"( 三堂) of Nguyễn dynasty.
He was a member of" Mạc Vân thi x ã Mạc Vân Poetry Society").
Nguyễn Phúc Miên Định( Prince of Thọ Xuân), Nguyễn Phúc Miên
Thủ( Prince of Hàm Thuận), Nguyễn Phúc Miên Thẩm( Prince of Tùng Thiện), Nguyễn Phúc Miên Trinh( Prince of Tuy Lý), Nguyễn Phúc Miên Triện( Prince of Hoằng Hóa), Nguyễn Văn Siêu, Cao Bá Quát, Hà Tôn Quyền, Phan Thanh Giản and Nguyễn Đăng Giai were also members of this poetry society.
Nguyễn Phúc Miên Trinh
Nguyễn Phúc Miên Trinh( 3 February 1820 – 18 November 1897), born Nguyễn Phúc Thư( 阮福書), was a prince of Nguyễn dynasty, Vietnam.
Thừa Thiên (empress)
Empress Thừa Thiên( 1762–1814), born Tống Phúc Thị Lan( 宋福氏蘭), was the first wife of Nguyễn Phúc Ánh( future Emperor Gia Long) and mother of Crown Prince Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh.
She was a daughter of general Tống Phước Khuông of Nguyễn lords.
Nguyễn
Ánh married her when he was at the age of 18.
Empress Thừa Thiên had two sons with Gia Long: Nguyen Phuc Chieu( who died after several days) and Crown Prince Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh.
After her death, she was buried at Gia Long's Thiên Thọ tomb, alongside the Emperor.
Nguyễn Phúc Luân
Nguyễn Phúc Luân or Nguyễn Phúc Côn (阮福㫻, 1733–1765) was a son of lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát and father of Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (future emperor Gia Long of Vietnam).
Trương Văn Hiến
Trương Văn Hiến (張文獻, ?–?), also called Giáo Hiến (教獻, lit. "
Teacher Hiến"), was a scholar of Revival Lê dynasty, Vietnam.
Born in Nghệ An, he was a retainer of Trương Văn Hạnh.
Hạnh was a teacher of Nguyễn Phúc Luân.
In 1765, lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát died, and appointed Luân as successor.
But Trương Phúc Loan changed the lord's will and throned Nguyễn Phúc Thuần, the new lord.
Luân and his supporters were thrown into prison and killed, including Hạnh.
Trương Văn Hiến had to flee to Quy Nhơn.
There, he built a school to teach Confucianism and martial arts.
The Tây Sơn brothers, Nguyễn Nhạc, Nguyễn Lữ and Nguyễn Huệ, were his students.
He also encouraged the brothers to revolt against Nguyễn lords.
Finally, they rebelled in 1771.
His son, Trương Văn Đa, was a general of the Tây Sơn dynasty, and married a daughter of Nguyễn Nhạc.
Nguyễn Phúc Lan
Nguyễn Phúc Lan( 13 August 1601 – 19 March 1648) was one of the Nguyễn lords who ruled south Vietnam from the city of Phú Xuân( modern- day Huế) from 1635 to 1648.
During his rule the Trịnh – Nguyễn War continued.
Nguyễn Phúc Lan was the second son of Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên.
His father died in the midst of the war by Trịnh Tráng to conquer the southern provinces.
Unwilling to make peace, Nguyễn Phúc Lan continued his father's policies of maintaining a strong defensive position on the great walls while continuing friendly relations with the Portuguese and expanding south into Cambodian and Champa territory.
Following after his grandfather, he took the title of Vuong( Prince/ Lord), calling himself" Cong- Thuong Vuong".
In 1640, famed Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes returned to Vietnam, this time to the Nguyễn court at Phú Xuân.
He had been forced to leave the court at Hanoi ten years earlier but now he was back, reasoning correctly that rules against him in Hanoi did not apply in Phú Xuân.
He began work on converting people to the Roman Catholic faith and building churches.
However, after six years, Nguyễn Phúc Lan came to the same conclusion as Trịnh Tráng had: that de Rhodes and the Catholic Church represented a threat to his rule.
De Rhodes was condemned to death but the sentence was reduced to exile on pain of death should he return.
De Rhodes never returned to Vietnam but Vietnamese Catholics remained and continued to practice their new religion.
After a break of nine years, Trịnh Tráng launched a new major assault in 1642.
This time they had their own European cannons, purchased from the Dutch.
They also had modern Dutch ships to lead their fleet.
At first the assault went well and the first of the great walls was breached.
The attack was renewed in 1643 but the second wall could not be taken.
At sea, once again the Nguyễn fleet defeated the Royal( Trịnh) fleet.
The offensive halted and the Trịnh withdrew.
On March 19, 1648, Nguyễn Phúc Lan died and was succeeded by his son, Nguyễn Phúc Tần, who was 28 years old.
Nguyễn Phúc Miên Định
Nguyễn Phúc Miên Định( 阮福綿定, 5 August 1810 – 5 November 1886), born Nguyễn Phúc Yến( 阮福宴), was a prince of Nguyễn dynasty, Vietnam.

Question: Who is the paternal grandfather of Nguyễn Phúc Luân?
Answer: Nguyễn Phúc Trú