Bhaktivinoda Thakur
Bhaktivinoda Thakur , also written) (2 September 1838 – 23 June 1914), born Kedarnath Datta ,
was a Hindu philosopher, guru and spiritual reformer of Gaudiya Vaishnavism who effected its resurgence in India in late 19th and early 20th century and was hailed by contemporary scholars as the most influential Gaudiya Vaishnava leader of his time.
He is also credited, along with his son Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, with pioneering the propagation of Gaudiya Vaishnavism in the West and its eventual global spread.
Kedarnath Datta was born on 2 September 1838 in the town of Birnagar, Bengal Presidency, in a traditional Hindu family of wealthy Bengali landlords.
After a village schooling, he continued his education at Hindu College in Calcutta, where he acquainted himself with contemporary Western philosophy and theology.
There he became a close associate of prominent literary and intellectual figures of the Bengal Renaissance, such as Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, and Sisir Kumar Ghosh.
At 18, he began a teaching career in rural areas of Bengal and Orissa until he became an employee with the British Raj in the Judicial Service, from which he retired in 1894 as District Magistrate.
Kedarnath Datta belonged to the "kayastha" community of Bengali intellectual gentry that lived during the Bengal Renaissance and attempted to rationalise their traditional Hindu beliefs and customs.
In his youth he spent much time researching and comparing various religious and philosophical systems, both Indian and Western, with a view of finding among them a comprehensive, authentic and intellectually satisfying path.
He tackled the task of reconciling Western reason and traditional belief by dividing religion into the phenomenal and the transcendent, thus accommodating both modern critical analysis and Hindu mysticism in his writings.
Kedarnath's spiritual quest finally led him at the age of 29 to become a follower of Caitanya Mahaprabhu (1486–1533).
He dedicated himself to a deep study and committed practice of Caitanya's teachings, soon emerging as a reputed leader within the Caitanya Vaishnava movement in Bengal.
He edited and published over 100 books on Vaishnavism, including major theological treatises such as "Krishna-samhita" (1880), "Caitanya-sikshamrita" (1886)
"Jaiva-dharma" (1893), "Tattva-sutra" (1893), "Tattva-viveka" (1893), and "Hari-nama-cintamani" (1900).
Between 1881 and 1909, Kedarnath also published a monthly journal in Bengali entitled "Sajjana-toshaniThe source of pleasure for devotees"), which he used as the prime means for propagating Caitanya's teachings among the "bhadralok".
In 1886, in recognition of his prolific theological, philosophical and literary contributions, the local Gaudiya Vaishnava community conferred upon Kedarnath Datta the honorific title of "Bhaktivinoda".
In his later years Bhaktivinoda founded and conducted "nama-hatta" – a travelling preaching program that spread theology and practice of Caitanya throughout rural and urban Bengal, by means of discourses, printed materials and Bengali songs of his own composition.
He also opposed what he saw as "apasampradayas", or
numerous distortions of the original Caitanya teachings.
He is credited with the rediscovery of the lost site of Caitanya's birth, in Mayapur near Nabadwip, which he commemorated with a prominent temple.
Bhaktivinoda Thakur pioneered the spread of Caitanya's teachings in the West, sending in 1880 copies of his works to Ralph Waldo Emerson in the United States and to Reinhold Rost in Europe.
In 1896 another publication of Bhaktivinoda, a book in English entitled "Srimad-Gaurangalila-Smaranamangala, or Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, His life and Precepts" was sent to several academics and libraries in Canada, Britain and Australia.
The revival of Gaudiya Vaishnavism effected by Bhaktivinoda spawned one of India's most dynamic preaching missions of the early 20th century, the Gaudiya Matha, headed by his son and spiritual heir, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati.
Bhaktisiddhanta's disciple A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami (1896–1977) continued his "guru" Western mission when in 1966 in the United States he founded ISKCON, or the Hare Krishna movement, which then spread Gaudiya Vaishnavism globally.
Bhaktivinoda wrote an autobiographical account titled "Svalikhita-jivani" that spanned the period from his birth in 1838 until retirement in 1894.
He died in Calcutta on 23 June 1914 at age 75.
His remains were interred near Mayapur, West Bengal.
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Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati
Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Goswami (6 February 1874 – 1 January 1937), born Bimla Prasad Datt , was a Gaudīya Vaisnava Hindu guru (spiritual master), ācārya (philosophy instructor), and revivalist in early 20th century
northeastern India.
Bimla Prasad was born in 1874 in Puri (Orissa) a son of Kedarnath Datta Bhaktivinoda Thakur, a recognised Bengali Gaudiya Vaishnava philosopher and teacher.
Bimla Prasad received both Western and traditional Indian education and gradually established himself as a leading intellectual among the "bhadralok "(Western-educated and often Hindu Bengali residents of colonial Calcutta), earning the title Siddhānta Sarasvatī ("the pinnacle of wisdom").
Under the direction of his father and spiritual preceptor, Bimla Prasad took initiation ("diksha") into Gaudiya Vaishnavism from the Vaishnava ascetic Gaurkishor Dās Bābājī, receiving the name Varshabhanavi-devi-dayita Dasa , "servant of Krishna, the beloved of Radha"), and dedicated himself to arduous ascetic discipline, recitation of the Hare Krishna mantra on beads ("japa"), and study of classical Vaishnava literature.
After the deaths of his father and his guru, in 1918 Bimla Prasad accepted the Hindu formal order of asceticism ("sannyasa"), becoming known as Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati Goswami.
In the same year Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati inaugurated in Calcutta the first center of his institution, later known as the Gaudiya Math.
It soon developed into a dynamic missionary and educational institution with sixty-four branches across India and three centres abroad (in Burma, Germany, and England).
The Math propagated the teachings of Gaudiya Vaishnavism by means of daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals, books of the Vaishnava canon, and public programs as well as through such innovations as "theistic exhibitions" with dioramas.
Known for his intense and outspoken oratory and writing style as the acharya-keshari ("lion guru").
Bhaktisiddhanta opposed the monistic interpretation of Hinduism, or "advaita", that had emerged as the prevalent strand of Hindu thought in India, seeking to establish traditional personalist "krishna-bhakti" as its fulfillment and higher synthesis.
At the same time, through lecturing and writing, Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati (Prabhupad) targeted both the ritualistic casteism of smarta brahmanas and sensualised practices of numerous Gaudiya Vaishnavism spin-offs, branding them as "apasampradayas" – deviations from the original Gaudiya Vaishnavism taught in the 16th century by Caitanya Mahaprabhu and his close successors.
The mission initiated by Bhaktivinoda and developed by Bhaktisiddhanta emerged as "the most powerful reformist movement" of Vaishnavism in Bengal of the 19th and early 20th century.
However, after the demise of Bhaktisiddhanta Saraswati Goswami Prabhupad in 1937, the Gaudiya Math became tangled by internal dissent, and the united mission in India was effectively fragmented.
Over decades, the movement regained its momentum.
In 1966 its offshoot, the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), was founded by Bhaktisiddhanta's disciple Bhaktivedanta Swami in New York City and spearheaded the spread of Gaudiya Vaisnava teachings and practice globally.
The Bhaktisiddhanta's branch of Gaudiya Vaishnavism presently counts over 500,000 adherents worldwide, with its public profile far exceeding the size of its constituency.
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Question: When was Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati's father born?
Answer: 2 September 1838