Al-Mu'tadid
Abu'l- Abbas Ahmad ibn Talha al- Muwaffaq( 853/4 or 860/1 – 5 April 902), better known by his regnal name al- Mu'tadid bi-llah(" Seeking Support in God"), was the Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 892 until his death in 902.
Al- Mu'tadid was the son of al- Muwaffaq, who was the regent and effective ruler of the Abbasid state during the reign of his brother, Caliph al- Mu'tamid.
As a prince, the future al- Mu'tadid served under his father during various military campaigns, most notably in the suppression of the Zanj Rebellion, in which he played a major role.
When al- Muwaffaq died in June 891 al- Mu'tadid succeeded him as regent.
He quickly sidelined his cousin and heir- apparent al- Mufawwid; when al- Mu'tamid died in October 892, he succeeded to the throne.
Like his father, al- Mu'tadid's power depended on his close relations with the army.
These were first forged during the campaigns against the Zanj and were reinforced in later expeditions which the Caliph led in person: al- Mu'tadid would prove to be the most militarily active of all Abbasid caliphs.
Through his energy and ability, he succeeded in restoring to the Abbasid state some of the power and provinces it had lost during the turmoil of the previous decades.
In a series of campaigns he recovered the provinces of Jazira, Thughur, and Jibal, and effected a rapprochement with the Saffarids in the east and the Tulunids in the west that secured their—albeit largely nominal—recognition of caliphal suzerainty.
These successes came at the cost of gearing the economy almost exclusively towards the maintenance of the army, which resulted in the expansion and rise to power of the central fiscal bureaucracy and contributed to the Caliph's lasting reputation for avarice.
Al- Mu'tadid was renowned for his cruelty when punishing criminals, and subsequent chroniclers recorded his extensive and ingenious use of torture.
His reign saw the permanent move of the capital back to Baghdad, where he engaged in major building activities.
A firm supporter of Sunni traditionalist orthodoxy, he nevertheless maintained good relations with the Alids, and was interested in natural sciences, renewing caliphal sponsorship of scholars and scientists.
Despite his successes, al- Mu'tadid's reign was ultimately too short to effect a lasting reversal of the Caliphate's fortunes, and the revival that he spearheaded was too dependent on the presence of capable personalities at the helm of the state.
The brief reign of his less able son and heir, al- Muktafi, still saw some major gains, notably the annexation of the Tulunid domains, but his later successors lacked his energy, and new enemies appeared in the form of the Qarmatians.
In addition, factionalism within the bureaucracy, that had become apparent during the later years of al- Mu'tadid's reign, would debilitate the Abbasid government for decades to come, eventually leading to the subjugation of the Caliphate by a series of military strongmen, culminating in the conquest of Baghdad by the Buyids in 946.
Abu Bakar of Pahang
Sultan Abu Bakar Ri’ayatuddin Al- Mu’azzam Shah Ibni Al- Marhum Sultan Abdullah Al- Mu’tassim Billah Shah( 29 May 1904 – 7 May 1974), was the fourth modern Sultan of Pahang.
Al-Mu'ayyad
Al- Mu'ayyad( died 866) was the third son of the Abbasid caliph, al- Mutawakkil and the brother of al- Muntasir and al- Mu'tazz, who both would eventually become Caliphs as well.
In 860, al- Mutawakkil had named his three sons heirs and seemed to favour al- Muntasir.
However, this appeared to change and al- Muntasir feared his father was going to move against him.
With the implicit support of the Turkish faction of the army, he ordered the assassination of al- Mutawakkil which was carried out by a Turkish soldier on December 11, 861.
The Turkish party then prevailed on al- Muntasir to remove his brothers from the succession, fearing revenge for the murder of their father.
In their place, he was to appoint his son as heir- apparent.
On April 27, 862 both brothers, al- Mu'ayyad and al- Mu'tazz, wrote a statement of abdication.
Al- Muntasir's reign lasted for half a year and ended with his death of unknown causes on 862.
After the death of al- Muntasir, the Turkish chiefs assembled in a council to select his successor.
They did not want to elect al- Mu'ayyad or any of the brothers; so they elected al- Musta'in, another grandson of al- Mu'tasim.
In 866, al- Musta'in was deposed and al- Mu'tazz came into power.
Immediately upon becoming the new Caliph, al- Mu'tazz had the former Caliph al- Musta'in executed.
The Turkish soldiery, after a brawl with the" Maghariba" troops, now turned their support to al- Mu'ayyad.
Enraged by this predicament, the jealous Caliph had his brother, al- Mu'ayyad, being next heir to the throne, imprisoned along with another brother, Abu Ahmad, who had bravely led the troops in the late struggle on his side.
The Turks attempted his release, but al- Mu'tazz, the more alarmed, resolved on his death.
He was smothered in a downy robe( or, as others say, frozen in a bed of ice); and the body was then exposed before the Court, as if, being without mark of violence, he had died a natural death,( a transparent subterfuge).
This period saw the rise of a legend that an Abbasid prince had converted to Christianity under the influence of Theodore of Edessa, taken the name" John" and been killed for his apostasy; Alexander Vasiliev speculates that Muayyad, who was killed in 866 by his brother Mu`tazz, may have been the convert.
However, there is no Christian or Muslim record remotely associating Muayyad with Christianity or even, indeed, religious speculation.
The motives for his murder seem to have been purely political; had he indeed converted, it would have given Mutazz an excuse to murder him for apostasy and been recorded.
Al-Mufawwid
Ja'far ibn al- Mu'tamid, better known by his regnal name of al- Mufawwid ila-llah(" Deferring to God"), was a son of the Abbasid caliph al- Mu'tamid and heir- apparent of the Caliphate from 875 until his sidelining by his cousin al- Mu'tadid in 891.
Abdullah al-Mu’tasim Billah Shah of Pahang
Sultan Abdullah Al- Mu’tassim Billah Shah Ibni Al- Marhum Sultan Ahmad Al- Mu’azzam Shah( 12 October 1874 22 June 1932) was the third modern Sultan of Pahang who ruled from 1917 to 1932.
Al-Adil I
Al-Adil
I (in full al-Malik al-Adil Sayf ad-Din Abu-Bakr Ahmed ibn Najm ad-Din Ayyub, , "Ahmed, son of Najm ad-Din Ayyub, father of Bakr, the King, the Just, Sword of the Faith"; 1145 – 31 August 1218) was an Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt and Syria of Kurdish descent.
From his "laqab" or honorific title Sayf ad-Din ("Sword of Faith"), he was known to the Crusaders as Saphadin, a name by which he is still called in the Western world.
A gifted and effective administrator and organizer, Al-Adil provided crucial military and civilian support for the great campaigns of his brother Saladin (an early example of a great minister of war).
He was also a capable general and strategist in his own right, and the foundation and persistence of the Ayyubid state was as much his achievement as it was Saladin
's.
Buthaina bint al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad
Buthaina bint al- Mu'tamid ibn Abbad was a poet of Al- Andalus.
She was born in 1070 and was the daughter of al- Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, ruler of the Taifa of Seville.
One of her poems," Listen to my words", is about being sold into slavery after her father was overthrown.
Al-Mu'azzam Isa
Sharaf ad-Din al-Mu'azzam Isa (1176 - 1227) an Ayyubid sultan who ruled Damascus from 1218 to 1227.
The son of Sultan al-Adil I and nephew of Saladin, founder of the dynasty, al-Mu'azzam was installed by his father as governor of Damascus in 1200.
After his father's death in 1218, al-Mu'azzam ruled the Ayyubid lands in Syria in his own name, down to his own death in 1227.
He was succeeded by his son, an-Nasir Dawud.
Al-Hasan ibn Ali Kurah
Al-Ḥasan ibn ʻAlī Kūrah was a military leader of the Abbasid Caliphate under Caliph al-Mu'tadid.
Al-Hasan ibn Ali Kurah first appears in 894/5, during the course of the reimposition of Abbasid authority over the Jibal and Rayy by al-Mu'tadid.
According to al-Tabari, he was the agent of the renegade general Rafi ibn Harthama in Rayy, and surrendered to al-Mu'tadid's son Ali (the future al-Muktafi) with a thousand men.
In 896, al-Mu'tadid sent him as leader of an expedition against the Kharijite rebels in the Jazira, but he failed to achieve any decisive result.
Sometime in the year 900, he was appointed as governor of the Cilician border zone ("ath-thughur ash-Shamiya") with the Byzantine Empire.
In November of the same year, he participated in al-Mu'tadid's pursuit of the eunuch Wasif in the border regions, while in 901, he dispatched his deputy Nizar ibn Muhammad for a raid into Byzantine territory, from which the latter returned with many prisoners and booty, including 160 priests and many crosses and flags.
Following the death of al-Mu'tadid and the falling out of the new caliph al-Muktafi and the commander-in-chief Badr al-Mu'tadidi in June/July 902, al-Hasan was sent with an army to Wasit, where Badr had sought refuge.
In the event, abandoned by his followers, Badr was tricked into accepting a caliphal pardon and was murdered on his way to meet with al-Muktafi.
Mahmud Shah II of Pahang
Sultan Mahmud Shah Ibni Al- Marhum Sultan Ahmad Al- Mu’azzam Shah( 4 February 1868 – 19 June 1917) is the second modern Sultan of Pahang who ruled from 1914 to 1917.
Born as Tun Long Mahmud, he was the eldest son of Paduka Sri Baginda Sultan Besar Ahmad Al- Mu’azzam Shah Ibni Al- Marhum Bendahara Sri Maharaja Tun Ali by his second wife, Che ’ Ungku Pah Binti Al- Marhum Dato’ Temenggong Sri Maharaja Tun Ibrahim.

Question: Who is Al-Mu'Azzam Isa's paternal grandfather?