Emperor Houshao of Han
Emperor Houshao of Han
(?
– 14 November 180 BC), personal name Liu Hong, was the fourth emperor of the Han dynasty in China.
He was a son of Emperor Hui, likely by a concubine—although there is some controversy on the subject—and adopted by Emperor Hui's wife, Empress Zhang Yan.
At the instigation of his grandmother, Empress Dowager Lü, Empress Zhang had Emperor Houshao's mother put to death.
Very little about Emperor Houshao's life and personality is known.
There are only a few major important events in his life that are documented (which does not even include the year of his birth).
In 188 BC, his father Emperor Hui died, and his brother Liu Gong succeeded to the throne as Emperor Qianshao.
In 187 BC, he was made the Marquess of Xiangcheng.
In 186 BC, after his brother Liu Buyi (劉不疑), the Prince of Hengshan, died, he was made the Prince of Hengshan, and his name was changed to Liu Yi, likely because it was considered inappropriate to have one's name (or one's male ancestors' names)
share characters with one's titles.
Some time during or before 184 BC, Emperor Qianshao discovered that he was not, in fact, now-Empress Dowager Zhang's son and that his mother, like Prince Hong's mother, had been put to death.
Emperor Qianshao made the mistake of publicly making the remark that when he grew up, Empress Dowager Zhang would pay for this.
Grand Empress Dowager Lü, once she heard of this, had Emperor Qianshao secretly imprisoned within the palace and publicly announced that he was severely ill and unable to receive anyone.
After some time, Grand Empress Dowager Lü told the officials that he continued to be ill and incapable of governing, and that he had also suffered a psychosis.
She proposed that he be deposed and replaced.
The officials complied with her wishes, and he was deposed and put to death.
Prince Hong then succeeded his brother to the throne as Emperor Houshao and in effect as Grand Empress Dowager Lü's puppet.
Because Grand Empress Dowager Lü was actually the ruling figure, one thing that is normally done when a new emperor succeeds to the throne—the resetting of the calendar year to one—was not done; rather, the calendar continued from the start of Emperor Qianshao's reign.
In the autumn of 180 BC, Grand Empress Dowager Lü died of an illness.
Emperor Houshao, however, still had few actual powers, because power was still largely controlled by the Lü clan.
Indeed, the grand empress dowager's will required him to marry the daughter of her nephew Lü Lu (呂禄) and make her empress.
The officials of the imperial government, led by Chen Ping and Zhou Bo, however, formed a conspiracy against the Lü clan, and they were successful in surprising the Lü clan and slaughtering them.
Afterwards, the conspirators met and made the assertion that none of the sons of Emperor Hui was actually his.
Admitting that they were concerned that these imperial children, when they grew up, would take vengeance on the officials, the conspirators resolved to find a replacement emperor.
After a period of disagreement, they settled on Emperor Houshao's uncle, Prince Liu Heng of Dai.
Prince Heng soon arrived in the capital Xi'an and was declared emperor, and Emperor Houshao was deposed.
Initially, one of the officials involved in the conspiracy, Emperor Houshao's cousin, Liu Xingju, the Marquess of Dongmou, merely expelled Emperor Houshao from the palace and had him stay at the Ministry of Palace Supplies.
Some of the imperial guard still wished to resist the coup d'etat but were eventually persuaded by the officials to desist.
Some time later that year, Emperor Houshao was executed.
Historians are of the view that his wife, Empress Lü, was also executed, but there is no explicit evidence to support this view.
Emperor Houshao, considered to be a mere puppet of Grand Empress Dowager Lü, is often omitted from the official list of emperors of the Han Dynasty.
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Empress Lü (Houshao)
Empress Lü (呂皇后, personal name unknown) (died c. 180 BC) was an empress during Han Dynasty.
Lady Lü was the daughter of Lü Lu (呂祿), the son of Lü Shizhi (吕雉)— the elder brother of the powerful Grand Empress Dowager Lü Zhi, who was the true power at the time even though her grandson Emperor Houshao
(Liu Hong) was the titular emperor.
As Grand Empress Dowager Lü grew sick in 180 BC, she put Lü Lu (along with her other nephew Lü Chan (呂產), son of Lü Ze (吕泽), her elder brother) in charge of Emperor Houshao's regency, and married Lady Lü to Emperor Houshao.
When the Lü clan was later destroyed that year, in the Lü Clan Disturbance, Emperor Houshao was deposed and executed.
Historians implied that Empress Lü was also executed, although her fate was not explicitly stated.
Liu Xiang, Prince of Qi
Liu Xiang( died 179 BC), formally King Ai of Qi was a key player during the Lü Clan Disturbance( 180 BC).
He was the grandson of Emperor Gaozu of Han and the eldest son of Liu Fei, Prince of Qi by Consort Si. With Liu Fei's death in 189 BC, Emperor Hui allowed Liu Xiang to inherit the title of" Prince of Qi".
During the Lü Clan Disturbance, Liu Xiang led the Qi forces and also seized the forces of the nearby Principality of Langye, and was ready to march to the capital Chang'an to claim the imperial throne for himself, assisted by his brothers Liu Zhang and Liu Xingju.
After the officials in the capital overthrew the Lü clan and deposed Emperor Houshao of Han, however, they instead invited his uncle Prince Liu Heng of Dai( later Emperor Wen) to be emperor.
Liu Xiang acquiesced and did not fight Emperor Wen for the throne, and he withdrew his forces back to his territory, though in fact he should be the heir presumptive after the extinction of the male line of Emperor Hui of Han.
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Zhang Yan (died 163 BC), known formally as Empress Xiaohui (孝惠皇后) was an empress during the Han Dynasty.
She was the daughter of Princess Yuan of Lu (the only daughter of Emperor Gao (Liu Bang) and his wife Empress Lü) and her husband Zhang Ao (張敖, son of Zhang Er), the Prince of Zhao and later Marquess of Xuanping.
In 192 BC, at the insistence of then-Empress Dowager Lü, Lady Yan married her uncle Emperor Hui, the son of Emperor Gao and Empress Dowager Lü, and she was created empress.
The marriage was a childless one.
At Empress Dowager Lü's instruction, Empress Zhang took several male children as her own and killed their mothers.
(Whether these children were Emperor Hui's is a matter of controversy, although it appears likely that they were Emperor Hui's children by his concubines.)
When Emperor Hui died in 188 BC at the age of 22, one of the children that Empress Zhang adopted became emperor (as Emperor Qianshao), but Grand Empress Dowager Lü had effective total control of the imperial government.
Empress Zhang, was not made empress dowager as this title was retained by Empress Dowager Lü who never claimed the title Grand Empress Dowager and did not appear to have significant influence.
Nevertheless, when Emperor Qianshao found out in 184 BC that he was not actually her child, he made a careless comment that he would take vengeance on her—at which Empress Dowager Lü had him deposed and executed, and replaced him with his brother Liu Hong (as Emperor Houshao), who was also adopted by Empress Zhang.
It was during Emperor Qianshao's reign that Empress Zhang's brother Zhang Yan (張偃, pinyin Zhāng Yǎn—notice difference in tone) was created the Prince of Lu.
After Empress Dowager Lü died in 180 BC, and the Lü clan overthrown and slaughtered by the officials opposed to the Lüs in the Lü Clan Disturbance, Emperor Houshao was deposed and killed.
Empress Zhang was not killed, but she was put under house arrest in a palace to the north after being deposed from her position as empress and henceforth referred to as Empress Hui.
Her brother, the Prince of Lu, was also deposed and reduced in rank to Marquess of Nangong.
After this no records exist of her later life until her death.
Empress Zhang died in 163 BC and was buried with her husband of merely four years.
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He was the son of Wuzi of Han.
Qiubo was succeeded by his son Dingbo of Han.
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He was the son of Dingbo of Han.
Ziyu was succeeded by his son Xianzi of Han.
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Question: Who is the maternal grandmother of Emperor Houshao Of Han?