Louis I of Hungary
Louis I, also Louis
the Great ; or Louis the Hungarian
(5 March 132610 September 1382), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 and King of Poland from 1370.
He was the first child of Charles I of Hungary and his wife, Elizabeth of Poland, to survive infancy.
A 1338 treaty between his father and Casimir III of Poland, Louis's maternal uncle, confirmed Louis's right to inherit the Kingdom of Poland if his uncle died without a son.
In exchange, Louis was obliged to assist his uncle to reoccupy the lands that Poland had lost in previous decades.
He bore the title of Duke of Transylvania between 1339 and 1342 but did not administer the province.
Louis was of age when he succeeded his father in 1342, but his deeply religious mother exerted a powerful influence on him.
He inherited a centralized kingdom and a rich treasury from his father.
During the first years of his reign, Louis launched a crusade against the Lithuanians and restored royal power in Croatia; his troops defeated a Tatar army, expanding his authority towards the Black Sea.
When his brother, Andrew, Duke of Calabria, husband of Queen Joanna
I of Naples, was assassinated in 1345
, Louis accused the queen of his murder and punishing her became the principal goal of his foreign policy.
He launched two campaigns to the Kingdom of Naples between 1347 and 1350.
His troops occupied large territories on both occasions, and Louis adopted the styles of Neapolitan sovereigns (including the title of King of Sicily and Jerusalem), but the Holy See never recognized his claim.
Louis's arbitrary acts and atrocities committed by his mercenaries made his rule unpopular in Southern Italy.
He withdrew all his troops from the Kingdom of Naples in 1351.
Like his father, Louis administered Hungary with absolute power and used royal prerogatives to grant privileges to his courtiers.
However, he also confirmed the liberties of the Hungarian nobility at the Diet of 1351, emphasizing the equal status of all noblemen.
At the same Diet, he introduced an entail system and a uniform rent payable by the peasants to the landowners, and confirmed the right to free movement for all peasants.
He waged wars against the Lithuanians, Serbia, and the Golden Horde in the 1350s, restoring the authority of Hungarian monarchs over territories along frontiers that had been lost during previous decades.
He forced the Republic of Venice to renounce the Dalmatian towns in 1358.
He also made several attempts to expand his suzerainty over the rulers of Bosnia, Moldavia, Wallachia, and parts of Bulgaria and Serbia.
These rulers were sometimes willing to yield to him, either under duress or in the hope of support against their internal opponents, but Louis's rule in these regions was only nominal during most of his reign.
His attempts to convert his pagan or Orthodox subjects to Catholicism made him unpopular in the Balkan states.
Louis established a university in Pécs in 1367, but it was closed within two decades because he did not arrange for sufficient revenues to maintain it.
Louis inherited Poland after his uncle's death in 1370.
Since he had no sons, he wanted his subjects to acknowledge the right of his daughters to succeed him in both Hungary and Poland.
For this purpose, he issued the Privilege of Koszyce in 1374 spelling out the liberties of Polish noblemen.
However, his rule remained unpopular in Poland.
In Hungary, he authorized the royal free cities to delegate jurors to the high court hearing their cases and set up a new high court.
Suffering from a skin disease, Louis became even more religious during the last years of his life.
At the beginning of the Western Schism, he acknowledged Urban VI as the legitimate pope.
After Urban deposed Joanna and put Louis's relative Charles of Durazzo on the throne of Naples, Louis helped Charles occupy the kingdom.
In Hungarian historiography, Louis was regarded for centuries as the most powerful Hungarian monarch who ruled over an empire "whose shores were washed by three seas".
Nicholas Sáfár
Nicholas( I) Sáfár de Csév( died after 1384) was a Hungarian nobleman who held secular positions during the reign of Louis I of Hungary.
Charles I of Hungary
Charles I, also known as Charles Robert (128816 July 1342) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1308 to his death.
He was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou and the only son of Charles Martel, Prince of Salerno.
His father was the eldest son of Charles II of Naples and Mary of Hungary.
She laid claim to Hungary after her brother, Ladislaus IV of Hungary, died in 1290, but the Hungarian prelates and lords elected her cousin, Andrew III, king.
Instead of abandoning her claim to Hungary, she transferred it to her son, Charles Martel, and after his death in 1295, to her grandson, Charles.
On the other hand, her husband, Charles II of Naples, made their third son, Robert, heir to the Kingdom of Naples, thus disinheriting Charles.
Charles came to the Kingdom of Hungary upon the invitation of an influential Croatian lord, Paul Šubić, in August 1300.
Andrew III died on 14 January 1301, and within four months Charles was crowned king, but with a provisional crown instead of the Holy Crown of Hungary.
Most Hungarian noblemen refused to yield to him and elected Wenceslaus of Bohemia king.
Charles withdrew to the southern regions of the kingdom.
Pope Boniface VIII acknowledged Charles as the lawful king in 1303, but Charles was unable to strengthen his position against his opponent.
Wenceslaus abdicated in favor of Otto of Bavaria in 1305.
Because it had no central government, the Kingdom of Hungary had disintegrated into a dozen provinces, each headed by a powerful nobleman, or oligarch.
One of those oligarchs, Ladislaus III Kán, captured and imprisoned Otto of Bavaria in 1307.
Charles was elected king in Pest on 27 November 1308, but his rule remained nominal in most parts of his kingdom even after he was crowned with the Holy Crown on 27 August 1310.
Charles won his first decisive victory in the Battle of Rozgony (at present-day Rozhanovce in Slovakia) on 15 June 1312.
After that his troops seized most fortresses of the powerful Aba family.
During the next decade, Charles restored royal power primarily with the assistance of the prelates and lesser noblemen in most regions of the kingdom.
After the death of the most powerful oligarch, Matthew Csák, in 1321, Charles became the undisputed ruler of the whole kingdom, with the exception of Croatia where local noblemen were able to preserve their autonomous status.
He was not able to hinder the development of Wallachia into an independent principality after his defeat in the Battle of Posada in 1330.
Charles's contemporaries described his defeat in that battle as a punishment from God for his cruel revenge against the family of Felician Záh who had attempted to slaughter the royal family.
Charles rarely made perpetual land grants, instead introducing a system of "office fiefs", whereby his officials enjoyed significant revenues, but only for the time they held a royal office, which ensured their loyalty.
In the second half of his reign, Charles did not hold Diets and administered his kingdom with absolute power.
He established the Order of Saint George, which was the first secular order of knights.
He promoted the opening of new gold mines, which made Hungary the largest producer of gold in Europe.
The first Hungarian gold coins were minted during his reign.
At the congress of Visegrád in 1335, he mediated a reconciliation between two neighboring monarchs, John of Bohemia and Casimir III of Poland.
Treaties signed at the same congress also contributed to the development of new commercial routes linking Hungary with Western Europe.
Charles's efforts to reunite Hungary, together with his administrative and economic reforms, established the basis for the achievements of his successor, Louis the Great.
Louis, Count of Gravina
Louis of Durazzo (1324 – 22 July 1362) was Count of Gravina and Morrone.
He was the son of John of Gravina and Agnes of Périgord.
In 1337, he was named Vicar- and Captain-General of the Kingdom of Albania.
During the ascension of the Durazzeschi at the court of Naples during the reign of Joanna I, he was one of the royal ambassadors to the Roman Curia.
Upon the invasion of Louis I of Hungary and the execution of his elder brother, Charles, Duke of Durazzo, in 1348, he was imprisoned, with his younger brother Robert of Durazzo, until 1352.
The rest of his life was spent stirring up revolts against Joanna in Apulia with the aid of some Free Companions.
These were ultimately quashed in 1360 by Louis of Taranto, and Louis of Durazzo was imprisoned in the Castel dell'Ovo in Naples and murdered by poison.
Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of France
Margaret of Burgundy( 1290 – 30 April 1315) was Queen of France and Navarre as the first wife of Louis X of France( and Louis I of Navarre).
Louis of Brienne
Louis of Brienne, also known as Louis of Acre( died in 1297), was viscount of Beaumont- sur- Sarthe in Maine.
Nicholas, Palatine of Hungary
Nicholas( died after 1215) was a Hungarian influential lord in the Kingdom of Hungary, who served as Palatine of Hungary twice during the reign of Andrew II of Hungary.
Bogdan I of Moldavia
Bogdan I, or Bogdan the Founder, was the first independent ruler, or voivode, of Moldavia in the 1360s.
He had initially been the voivode, or head, of the Vlachs in Maramureș in the Kingdom of Hungary.
However, when the first certain record was made of him in 1343, he was mentioned as a former voivode who had become disloyal to Louis I of Hungary.
He invaded the domains of a Vlach landowner who remained loyal to the king in 1349.
Four years later, he was again mentioned as voivode in a charter, which was the last record of his presence in Maramureș.
Bogdan and his retainers left Maramureș for Moldavia between 1359 and 1365.
Moldavia had been under the rule of Sas of Moldavia, a vassal of Louis I of Hungary, but the local Vlachs were opposed to the Hungarian suzerainty.
Bogdan expelled Sas's son, Balc, by force and seized the throne.
In retaliation, Louis I confiscated Bogdan's estates in Maramureș in 1365.
Bogdan reigned as the first voivode of Moldavia.
He did not accept the overlordship of Louis I of Hungary, transforming Moldavia into the second independent Romanian principality.
William of Koppenbach
William of Koppenbach( died 1374) was bishop of Pécs in the Kingdom of Hungary from 1361 to his death in 1374.
He served as the first Chancellor of the University of Pécs which founded by Louis I of Hungary and Pope Urban V in 1367.
Andrew, Duke of Calabria
Andrew, Duke of Calabria( 30 October 1327 – 18 September 1345) was the first husband of Joanna I of Naples, and a son of Charles I of Hungary and brother of Louis I of Hungary.

Question: Where did Louis I Of Hungary's father die?