Birth control
Birth control, also known as contraception and fertility control, is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy.
Birth control has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods of birth control only became available in the 20th century.
Planning, making available, and using birth control is called family planning.
Some cultures limit or discourage access to birth control because they consider it to be morally, religiously, or politically undesirable.
The most effective methods of birth control are sterilization by means of vasectomy in males and tubal ligation in females, intrauterine devices( IUDs), and implantable birth control.
This is followed by a number of hormone- based methods including oral pills, patches, vaginal rings, and injections.
Less effective methods include physical barriers such as condoms, diaphragms and birth control sponges and fertility awareness methods.
The least effective methods are spermicides and withdrawal by the male before ejaculation.
Sterilization, while highly effective, is not usually reversible; all other methods are reversible, most immediately upon stopping them.
Safe sex practices, such as with the use of male or female condoms, can also help prevent sexually transmitted infections.
Other methods of birth control do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases.
Emergency birth control can prevent pregnancy if taken within the 72 to 120 hours after unprotected sex.
Some argue not having sex is a form of birth control, but abstinence- only sex education may increase teenage pregnancies if offered without birth control education, due to non-compliance.
In teenagers, pregnancies are at greater risk of poor outcomes.
Comprehensive sex education and access to birth control decreases the rate of unwanted pregnancies in this age group.
While all forms of birth control can generally be used by young people, long- acting reversible birth control such as implants, IUDs, or vaginal rings are more successful in reducing rates of teenage pregnancy.
After the delivery of a child, a woman who is not exclusively breastfeeding may become pregnant again after as few as four to six weeks.
Some methods of birth control can be started immediately following the birth, while others require a delay of up to six months.
In women who are breastfeeding, progestin- only methods are preferred over combined oral birth control pills.
In women who have reached menopause, it is recommended that birth control be continued for one year after the last period.
About 222 million women who want to avoid pregnancy in developing countries are not using a modern birth control method.
Birth control use in developing countries has decreased the number of deaths during or around the time of pregnancy by 40%( about 270,000 deaths prevented in 2008) and could prevent 70% if the full demand for birth control were met.
By lengthening the time between pregnancies, birth control can improve adult women's delivery outcomes and the survival of their children.
In the developing world women's earnings, assets, weight, and their children's schooling and health all improve with greater access to birth control.
Birth control increases economic growth because of fewer dependent children, more women participating in the workforce, and less use of scarce resources.
Hilda Crosby Standish
Hilda Crosby Standish( 1902 – June 1, 2005) was a pioneer in the birth control movement in the state of Connecticut.
In 1935, she became medical director of the Maternal Health Center in Hartford, the state's first birth control clinic.
Dr. Standish was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994.
Juliet Barrett Rublee
Juliet Barrett Rublee (March 2, 1875 - May 17, 1966) was an American birth control advocate, suffragist, and film producer.
She was married to George Rublee.
Born in Chicago, Juliet Barrett Rublee was the heir to the Barrett Company, a roofing supply and tar manufacturer.
She attended Miss Porter's School.
In 1899, Juliet married George Rublee, a Wilson appointee to the Federal Trade Commission.
Juliet Rublee was a member of the Committee of 100 which was organized in January 1917 to protest the recent arrest of birth control activists in Brownsville, Brooklyn.
Other members of the Committee of 100 included Mary Ware Dennett, Rose Pastor Stokes, and Crystal Eastman.
They held a protest rally at Carnegie Hall on January 28, 1917 and published a booklet titled The Birth Control Movement, highlighting Sanger's work and the positive effects of family limitation.
Rublee was responsible for writing many of the materials produced by the Committee of 100.
The Committee of 100 disbanded shortly after Sanger's trial ended, but Committee members continued to support Sanger and the birth control movement.
They funded the "Birth Control Review", a monthly journal founded in 1917, and by lent their support to the First American Birth Control Conference, in held in 1921.
Rublee was Sanger's most significant financial backer.
She helped Sanger establish herself among the wealthy and powerful in New York, Washington, and Chicago.
She also paid the rent of the "Birth Control Review" offices
She led a diving expedition for treasure in the Mediterranean Sea in 1925.
She produced the silent film "Flame of Mexico" (1932), also known as "The Soul of MexicoThe Heart of Mexico" and "Alma Mexicana".
Rublee invested $150,000 of her own money into the film.
It may be the first US feature motion picture made entirely in Mexico.
Her papers are maintained by Smith College.
Illinois Birth Control League
The Illinois Birth Control League( IBCL) was an organization created by the Chicago Citizens' Committee and the Chicago Woman's Club, to provide information and education about birth control.
Later, the organization helped create the first birth control clinic in Chicago.
The early birth control clinics run by IBCL often had staff members on hand who were fluent in several languages, in order to better serve immigrant communities.
The IBCL also sponsored discussions about issues relating to family planning and birth control.
Birth Control Council of America
The Birth Control Council of America (BCCA) was a short-lived organization that was established 1937 to reconcile the activities of the American Birth Control League (ABCL) and the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau (BCCRB).
The goal was to reduce redundancy, improve cooperation, and discuss the future of the birth control movement in the United States.
The BCCA was created following the 1936 United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries federal court case, effectively removing legal obstacles limiting the ability of doctors to import, disseminate and prescribe contraceptives.
Margaret Sanger was the chairman of the BCCA, and under her leadership, it held several meetings in 1937.
Topics addressed included clinic affiliation and the possible merger of the two birth control publications: The Birth Control Review and The Birth Control News.
The members of the BCCA failed to reach agreement.
In 1937, Sanger resigned her role as chairman due to the lack of progress and effectiveness.
The BCCA was terminated in late 1937.
Margaret Sanger
Margaret Higgins Sanger( born Margaret Louise Higgins, September 14, 1879 September 6, 1966, also known as Margaret Sanger Slee) was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse.
Sanger popularized the term" birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.
Sanger used her writings and speeches primarily to promote her way of thinking.
She was prosecuted for her book" Family Limitation" under the Comstock Act in 1914.
She was afraid of what would happen, so she fled to Britain until she knew it was safe to return to the US.
Sanger's efforts contributed to several judicial cases that helped legalize contraception in the United States.
Due to her connection with Planned Parenthood, Sanger is a frequent target of criticism by opponents of abortion.
However, Sanger drew a sharp distinction between birth control and abortion and was opposed to abortion through the bulk of her career.
Sanger remains an admired figure in the American reproductive rights movement.
She has been criticized for supporting eugenics.
In 1916, Sanger opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, which led to her arrest for distributing information on contraception, after an undercover policewoman bought a copy of her pamphlet on family planning.
Her subsequent trial and appeal generated controversy.
Sanger felt that in order for women to have a more equal footing in society and to lead healthier lives, they needed to be able to determine when to bear children.
She also wanted to prevent so- called back- alley abortions, which were common at the time because abortions were illegal in the United States.
She believed that while abortion was sometimes justified it should generally be avoided, and she considered contraception the only practical way to avoid them.
In 1921, Sanger founded the American Birth Control League, which later became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.
In New York City, she organized the first birth control clinic staffed by all- female doctors, as well as a clinic in Harlem with an all African- American advisory council, where African- American staff were later added.
In 1929, she formed the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control, which served as the focal point of her lobbying efforts to legalize contraception in the United States.
From 1952 to 1959, Sanger served as president of the International Planned Parenthood Federation.
She died in 1966, and is widely regarded as a founder of the modern birth control movement.
London Saturday Journal
The London Saturday Journal was a general interest magazine publishing short fiction and nonfiction pieces.
Established in 1839, it was published in London, England in the Victorian era.
The magazine was published by William Smith.
During its existence the magazine had four volumes the last of which was issued in 1842.
Nova revija (magazine)
Nova revija (Slovene for "New Review" or "New Journal") is a Slovene language literary magazine published in Slovenia.
Birth Control Review
Birth Control Review was a lay magazine established and edited by Margaret Sanger in 1917, three years after her friend, Otto Bobsein, coined the term" birth control" to describe voluntary motherhood or the ability of a woman to space children" in keeping with a family's financial and health resources.".
Sanger published the first issue while imprisoned with Ethel Byrne, her sister, and Fannie Mindell for giving contraceptives and instruction to poor women at the Brownsville Clinic in New York.
Sanger remained editor- in- chief until 1928, when she turned it over to the American Birth Control League
The last issue was published in January 1940.
National Birth Control League
The National Birth Control League was a United States organization founded in the early 20th century to promote the education and use of birth control.
It was founded in 1915 by Mary Dennett, Jesse Ashley and Clara Gruening Stillman, while Margaret Sanger was in Europe, to improve birth control education and prevent legislation that would prohibit the dissemination of birth control information.
It published birth control literature, drafted federal legislation, and held conferences at its Fifth Avenue headquarters.
Its activities were published in the" Birth Control Review".
A committee was formed of 100 women to support the birth control activism work of Margaret Sanger.
On the whole, though, the organization was subtler than Sanger in approach.
It targeted much of its activities towards conservative and wealthy individuals.
It eschewed membership of extremists, like Emma Goldman, and it particularly sought to spotlight the" scientific" aspects of birth control in an era when the topic was considered obscene.
Parents in 24 states were not allowed to discuss contraception with their married children.
In 1919, Mary Dennett pushed for a birth control bill in the New York legislature, which failed.
As a result, the National Birth Control League was dismantled.
Dennett immediately formed a new organization, the Voluntary Parenthood League.
Her sole purpose was to revise federal obscenity- focused legislation to exclude birth control, rather than tackle the issue on a state- by- state basis.
The organization's successor was the American Birth Control League, founded by Margaret Sanger" to enlighten and educate all sections of the American public in the various aspects of the dangers of uncontrolled procreation and the imperative necessity of a world program of Birth Control."
The American Birth Control League later became Planned Parenthood.

Question: Which magazine came out first, Birth Control Review or London Saturday Journal?