Crown Prince Uigyeong
Crown Prince Uigyeong or Deokjong of Joseon or Prince Dowon( 1438 – 2 September 1457) was a crown prince of the Korean Joseon Dynasty.
John Sigismund Zápolya
John Sigismund Zápolya or Szapolyai (7 July 1540 – 14 March 1571) was King of Hungary as John II from 1540 to 1551 and from 1556 to 1570, and the first Prince of Transylvania, from 1570 to his death.
He was the only son of John I, King of Hungary, and Isabella of Poland.
JohnI ruled parts of the Kingdom of Hungary, with the support of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman; the remaining areas were ruled by Ferdinand I, who also claimed Hungary.
The two kings concluded a peace treaty in 1538 acknowledging Ferdinand's right to reunite Hungary after JohnI's death, but shortly after John Sigismund's birth, and on his deathbed, JohnI bequeathed his realm to his son.
The late king's staunchest supporters elected the infant John Sigismund king, but he was not crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary.
Suleiman invaded Hungary under the pretext of protecting John Sigismund against Ferdinand.
The capital of Hungary, Buda, fell to the Ottomans without opposition in 1541, but Suleiman allowed the dowager queen, Isabella, to retain the territory east of the river Tisza on John Sigismund's behalf.
Isabella and John Sigismund moved to Lippa (now Lipova in Romania).
Before long, they took up residence in Gyulafehérvár in Transylvania (now Alba Iulia in Romania).
John Sigismund's realm was administered by his father's treasurer, George Martinuzzi, who wanted to reunite Hungary under the rule of Ferdinand.
Martinuzzi forced Isabella to renounce her son's realm in exchange for two Silesian duchies and 140,000 florins in 1551.
John Sigismund and his mother settled in Poland, but she continued to negotiate for John Sigismund's restoration with Ferdinand's enemies.
Ferdinand could not protect eastern Hungary against the Ottomans.
Urged by Suleiman, the Transylvanian Diet in 1556 persuaded John Sigismund and his mother to return to Transylvania.
She ruled her son's realm until her death in 1559.
A wealthy lord, Melchior Balassa, rebelled against John Sigismund in late 1561, which contributed to the loss to Ferdinand of most counties outside Transylvania.
The Székely people, whose liberties had been restricted in the 1550s, also rose up against John Sigismund, but he crushed the rebellion.
During the ensuing war against the Habsburgs, the Ottomans supported John Sigismund, and he paid homage to Suleiman in Zemun in 1566.
The 1568 Treaty of Adrianople concluded the war, confirming John Sigismund in the eastern territories of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary (Transylvania and "Partium").
John Sigismund initiated a series of theological debates among the representatives of the concurring theological schools of the Reformation in the 1560s.
He converted from Catholicism to Lutheranism in 1562 and from Lutheranism to Calvinism in 1564.
Around five years later, accepting the Anti-Trinitarian views of his physician, Giorgio Biandrata and court preacher Ferenc Dávid, he became the only Unitarian monarch in history.
In 1568, the Diet passed the Edict of Torda (now Turda in Romania), which emphasized that "faith is a gift of God" and prohibited the persecution of people for religious reasons.
The edict expanded the limits of freedom of religion beyond the standards of late 16th-century Europe.
John Sigismund abandoned the title "elected king of Hungary" in the Treaty of Speyer in 1570.
Thereafter, he styled himself "Prince of Transylvania and Lord of Parts of the Kingdom of Hungary".
He died childless.
The Catholic Stephen Báthory succeeded him.
Christopher Báthory
Christopher Báthory( 1530 – 27 May 1581) was voivode of Transylvania from 1576 to 1581.
He was a younger son of Stephen Báthory of Somlyó.
Christopher's career began during the reign of Queen Isabella Jagiellon, who administered the eastern territories of the Kingdom of Hungary on behalf of her son, John Sigismund Zápolya, from 1556 to 1559.
He was one of the commanders of John Sigismund's army in the early 1560s.
Christopher's brother, Stephen Báthory, who succeeded John Sigismund in 1571, made Christopher captain of Várad( now Oradea in Romania).
After being elected King of Poland, Stephen Báthory adopted the title of Prince of Transylvania and made Christopher voivode in 1576.
Christopher cooperated with Márton Berzeviczy, whom his brother appointed to supervise the administration of the Principality of Transylvania as the head of the Transylvanian chancellery at Kraków.
Christopher ordered the imprisonment of Ferenc Dávid, a leading theologian of the Unitarian Church of Transylvania, who started to condemn the adoration of Jesus.
He supported his brother's efforts to settle the Jesuits in Transylvania.
Marie Louise Gonzaga
Marie Louise Gonzaga (18 August 1611 – 10 May 1667) was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania by marriage to two Kings of Poland and grand dukes of Lithuania, brothers Władysław IV and John II Casimir.
She was born in Nevers to Charles I, Duke of Mantua, and Catherine of Guise.
An active and energetic woman, she was a strong supporter of monarchy and religious persecution, for which she was disliked by the highly democratic Polish court and Polish nobility.
However, she managed to stay involved in the Commonwealth's politics, which led to the foundation of the first Polish newspaper as well as other public institutions.
Together with Bona Sforza, she is regarded as one of the most influential and most powerful queens of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Sima Yu
Sima Yu (司馬遹) (278–300), courtesy name Xizu (熙祖),
formally Crown Prince Minhuai (愍懷太子) was a Chinese crown prince during the Jin Dynasty (265-420).
Sima Yu's father Sima Zhong was developmentally disabled, and before he, then crown prince, was to marry his wife Jia Nanfeng, his father Emperor Wu gave him one of his own concubines, Consort Xie Jiu (謝玖), so that Consort Xie could teach him how to have sexual relations.
While Crown Princess Jia bore the crown prince four daughters, Sima Yu was his only son.
When Sima Yu was four years old, there was a fire in the palace, and Emperor Wu walked up a tower to observe it.
Sima Yu pulled him aside and said, "At night, when something unusual like this happens, we should take precautions.
The light of the fire should not shine on the emperor."
Emperor Wu was surprised by this perceptive observation by a child, and praised the young prince as very much like his own grandfather Sima Yi.
This was part of the reason why Emperor Wu let Crown Prince Zhong remain his heir.
In 289, he created Prince Yu the Prince of Guangling.
After Emperor Wu died in 290, Crown Prince Zhong ascended the throne as Emperor Hui, and Prince Yu was created crown prince.
As Crown Prince Yu grew in age, however, he lost some of the good reputation that he had as a child, as he disliked studying and spent much time on building projects and games.
Empress Jia, who had constantly been jealous of Crown Prince Yu and Consort Xie, did not discourage this behavior, but in fact encouraged it to further damage Crown Prince Yu's reputation.
When Crown Prince Yu's staff would try to correct his ways, he would not listen to them.
He also would not listen to them with regard to their advice to maintain strong relations with Empress Jia's family members.
Empress Jia's mother Guo Huai (郭槐) had constantly advised Empress Jia to treat Crown Prince Yu
well, as her own son, and she advocated marrying a daughter of Empress Jia's sister Jia Wu (賈午) to Crown Prince Yu.
However, Empress Jia and Jia Wu opposed this, and instead married a daughter of the official Wang Yan (王衍) to Crown Prince Yu.
(Wang had two daughters, but Empress Jia had Crown Prince Yu marry the less beautiful one and had her nephew Jia Mi marry the more beautiful one.)
After Lady Guo's death, the relationship between Empress Jia and Crown Prince Yu quickly deteriorated, as Jia Wu and another associate of Empress Jia, Emperor Wu's concubine Consort Zhao Can (趙粲), provoked difficulties between them.
Further, Crown Prince Yu and Jia Mi never liked each other, and Jia Mi, as a result, also advised Empress Jia to depose Crown Prince Yu.
In 299, Empress Jia agreed and took action.
When Crown Prince Yu was in the palace to make an official petition to have his ill son Sima Bin (司馬彬) created a prince, Empress Jia forced him to drink a large amount of wine and, once he was drunk, had him write out a statement in which he declared intention to murder the emperor and the empress and to take over as emperor.
Empress Jia presented the writing to the officials and initially wanted Crown Prince Yu executed—but after some resistance, she only had him deposed and reduced to status of a commoner.
Crown Prince Yu's mother Consort Xie was executed, as was his favorite concubine Consort Jiang Jun (蔣俊, Sima Bin's mother).
Wang Yan divorced his daughter from the crown prince, who wrote an extant, lengthy letter to her explaining the incident through which Empress Jia framed him.
In 300, under the advice of a prince she favored -- Sima Lun the Prince of Zhao, Emperor Wu's granduncle—Empress Jia decided to eliminate Crown Prince Yu as a threat.
She sent assassins and had Crown Prince Yu assassinated.
He was buried with honors due a prince—under the title of Prince of Guanling.
Sima Lun's intent was, however, to use this assassination as excuse to overthrow Empress Jia, and he did so later that year.
He had Crown Prince Yu reburied with the honors due a crown prince and had him given the posthumous name Minhuai.
He also welcomed Crown Princess Wang back to the palace, along with Crown Prince Yu's surviving sons Sima Zang (司馬臧) (whom he had created crown prince) and Sima Shang (司馬尚).
However, when Sima Lun then usurped the throne briefly in 301, Crown Prince Zang was killed.
After Emperor Hui's restoration later that year, Sima Shang was created crown prince, but died in 302, extinguishing Crown Prince Yu's line.
Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony
Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony or George( 15 January 1893 – 14 May 1943) the last Crown Prince of Saxony, was the heir to the King of Saxony, Frederick Augustus III, at the time of the monarchy's abolition on 13 November 1918.
He later became a Roman Catholic priest and a Jesuit.
John Sigismund Vasa
John Sigismund Vasa (January 6, 1652, Warsaw - February 20, 1652, Warsaw) -
Polish prince, the son of John II Casimir and Marie Louise Gonzaga.
Xiao Daqi
Xiao Daqi (蕭大器) (524–551), courtesy name Renzong (仁宗), formally Crown Prince Ai (哀太子, literally "the lamentable crown prince"), was a crown prince of the Chinese dynasty Liang Dynasty.
He was the oldest son of Emperor Jianwen (Xiao Gang).
Li Jiancheng
Li Jiancheng (589 – July 2, 626, formally Crown Prince Yin (literally, "the hidden crown prince"), nickname Pishamen (Sanskrit: Vaiśravaṇa), was the first crown prince of the Chinese Tang Dynasty.
He was the oldest son of the founding emperor Emperor Gaozu (Li Yuan) and the crown prince after the founding of the dynasty in 618 CE.
Li Jiancheng was murdered by his younger brother, Li Shimin, the Prince of Qin, in the Xuanwu Gate indident in 626.
His sons were subsequently executed or excluded from the imperial clan.
After Li Shimin took the throne, Li Jiancheng was posthumously stripped of his crown prince status and granted the title "Prince Yin of Xi" (息隐王).
Later, he was buried with the ceremonies due to an imperial prince.
In 642, Li Jiancheng's title of Crown Prince Yin (隐太子) was restored.
Wilhelm, German Crown Prince
Wilhelm, German Crown Prince (6 May 1882 – 20 July 1951) was the eldest child and heir of the last German Emperor, Wilhelm II, and the last Crown Prince of the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia.
After the death of his grandfather Emperor Frederick III, Wilhelm became crown prince at the age of six, retaining that title for more than 30 years until the fall of the empire on 9 November 1918.
During World War I, he commanded the 5th Army from 1914 to 1916 and was commander of the Army Group German Crown Prince for the remainder of the war.
Crown Prince Wilhelm became head of the House of Hohenzollern on 4 June 1941 following the death of his father and held the position until his own death on 20 July 1951.

Question: What nationality is John Sigismund Vasa's mother?
Answer: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth