Casimir II the Just
Casimir II the Just (1138 – 5 May 1194) was a Lesser Polish Duke of Wiślica from 1166–1173, and of Sandomierz after 1173.
He became ruler over the Polish Seniorate Province at Kraków and thereby High Duke of Poland in 1177; a position he held until his death, though interrupted once by his elder brother and predecessor Mieszko III the Old.
In 1186 Casimir also inherited the Duchy of Masovia from his nephew Leszek, becoming the progenitor of the Masovian branch of the royal Piast dynasty, and great-grandfather of the later Polish king Władysław
I the Elbow-high.
The honorific title "the Just" was not contemporary and first appeared in the 16th century.
Place of birth
The place of birth( POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born.
This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person.
As a general rule with respect to passports, the place of birth is determined to be the country that currently has" sovereignty" over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred.
The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live.
If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth.
In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth.
Some countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents.
For example, Sweden has used the concept of" födelsehemortdomicile of birth") since 1947.
This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth.
The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant.
Similarly, Switzerland uses the concept of" Heimatortlieu d'origineluogo d'origineplace of origin" in German, French and Italian respectively).
A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets their mother's or father's place of origin.
A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent.
In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth.
In some countries( primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase" jus soli".
Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality( ies) of the baby's parents( referred to as" jus sanguinis").
There can be some confusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise.
The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality( ies) of the parents and/ or the location of the plane or ship( if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country).
Some administrative forms may request the applicant's" country of birth".
It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's" place of birth" or" nationality at birth".
For US citizens born abroad who under the US Constitution acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA( American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place.
Where Was I
" Where Was I?" may refer to:
Coloman of Galicia
Coloman of Galicia( 1208 – 1241) was the rulerfrom 1214 prince, and from 1215 or 1216 to 1221 kingof Halych, and duke of Slavonia from 1226 to his death.
He was the second son of Andrew II of Hungary and Gertrude of Merania.
His father and Leszek the White, Duke of Poland, concluded an agreement about the marriage of Coloman and Leszek's daughter, Salomea, and the division of Halych, allotting its western regions to Leszek, the remaining lands to Coloman.
The Hungarian and Polish armies occupied the principality in late 1214.
Andrew II appointed a Hungarian nobleman, Benedict the Bald, to administer it on Coloman's behalf.
Coloman was crowned the first king of Halych with the pope's authorization in early 1216.
After the Hungarian troops occupied the western Galician territories, Leszek made an alliance with Mstislav Mstislavich, Prince of Novgorod.
Mstislav invaded Halych, forcing Coloman and his supporters to flee to Hungary, most probably in early 1219.
Mstislav supported his son-in- law, Daniel Romanovichwho had claimed Halych since 1205to invade Polish territories, which brought about a reconciliation between Andrew II and Leszek.
The Hungarians and Poles again occupied Halych and restored it to Coloman in the autumn of 1219.
Mstislav and his Cuman allies defeated the Hungarians near Halych and captured Coloman and Salomea in August 1221.
To secure their release, Andrew II renounced Halych and arranged a marriage alliance between his youngest son, Andrew, and Mstislav's daughter.
Coloman returned to Hungary in late 1221 or 1222.
He settled in Szepes( now Spiš in Slovakia) where he had held large estates since the late 1210s.
Andrew II made him duke of Slavonia, with jurisdiction also in Croatia and Dalmatia, in 1226.
He cooperated with his eldest brother, Béla, in revising their father's donations already during Andrew II's lifetime.
Marcinkowo Górne
Marcinkowo Górne is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gąsawa, within Żnin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland.
It lies approximately west of Gąsawa, south of Żnin, and south-west of Bydgoszcz.
On 24 November 1227 High Duke of Poland Leszek the White was assassinated here.
This incident is commemorated with a statue of Leszek hit by an arrow.
Constance of Wrocław
Constance of Wrocław( c.1221–27 – 21 or 23 February 1257) was a Princess of Silesia and the Duchess of Kuyavia.
She was a member of the Polish House of Piast and mother of Leszek the Black and Ziemomysł of Kuyavia.
Leszek the White
Leszek the White (ca. 1184/85 – 24 November 1227) was Prince of Sandomierz and High Duke of Poland during 1194–1198, 1199, 1206–1210, and 1211–1227.
During the early stages of his reign his uncle, Duke Mieszko III the Old, and cousin Władysław III Spindleshanks, from the Greater Polish branch of the royal Piast dynasty, contested Leszek's right to be High Duke.
Leszek was the third or fourth, but eldest surviving son of Casimir II the Just and his wife Helen of Znojmo.
Constance of Wrocław
Constance of Wrocław( c.1221–27 – 21 or 23 February 1257) was a Princess of Silesia and the Duchess of Kuyavia.
She was a member of the Polish House of Piast and mother of Leszek the Black and Ziemomysł of Kuyavia.
Henryk Kietlicz
Henryk Kietlicz
( 1150 – March 22, 1219) was Archbishop of Gniezno from 1199 to 1219 was the main architect of the changes that allowed the Polish church to gain independence from the secular authorities.
Henryk was born in 1150 to a Czech family who moved to Silesia and then Poland.
Jan Długosz claims he was the son of prince Theodoric Kietlicz, and Eudocia, the daughter of Duke Konrad I Mazowiecki.
In his earlier life he was an administrator for Mieszko III.
He became Archbishop in 1198 or 1199, and had political skills and influenced both the secular and church politics of his day.
He instigated a program of church reform which included the introduction of celibate clergy, the exclusion of clergy from the authority of secular courts and privileges in the selection of bishops.
At the in June 1210 he gained church privileges including its own courts and tax exemptions, in exchange for his support in gaining the Pope's recognition of the King.
Here he negotiated with Leszek the White, Konrad I Mazowiecki and Władysław Odonic to renounce jus spolii.
These privileges were enshrined in a papal bull of 1211, and were confirmed and expanded at the Wolbórz Synod in 1216.
He attended Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215, at which the mission to Prussia was approved and Henryk was made Papal legate to Prussia.
Here he met with Innocent III who confirmed his support for Henryk's reforms.
At the synod of Wolborz in 1216 he gained further privileges for the church from Leszek I the White, Konrad of Masovia, Duke Wladyslaw and Casimir I of Opole.
He then convened similar meetings in 1217 at Dańkowie and Sądowlu 1218, where a pact was formed between the Polish rulers.
Henryk was also active in secular politics, giving his support to the claims of Władysław Odonic over Władysław III Spindleshanks and advocated to Pope Innocent III to reverse the excommunication of High Duke Leszek I the White.
He emerged as an advocate of the younger dukes in the divided kingdom period.
His activism, however, did produce enemies and he had to spend some time in exile with Henry the Bearded of Silesia.
Despite his success, however, the death of Innocent III in 1216 and the succession of Honorius III saw Henryk lose Papal support.
Resentment among Polish nobles and clergy resulted in Gedko Powało Bishop of Płock complaining to the new pope that Henryk was guilty of apparent excess and pride.
Henryk Kietlicz was instructed and from that time did not participate in political life.
Henryk Kietlicz died on 22 March 1219.
Motherland (disambiguation)
Motherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.
Motherland may also refer to:

Question: Where did Leszek The White's father die?
Answer: Kraków