user: What is CBT?

assistant: <think>
Technological advances also renewed interest in mental states and mental representations. English neuroscientist Charles Sherrington and Canadian psychologist Donald O. Hebb used experimental methods to link psychological phenomena to the structure and function of the brain. The rise of computer science, cybernetics, and artificial intelligence underlined the value of comparing information processing in humans and machines.

A popular and representative topic in this area is cognitive bias, or irrational thought. Psychologists (and economists) have classified and described a sizeable catalogue of biases which recur frequently in human thought. The availability heuristic, for example, is the tendency to overestimate the importance of something which happens to come readily to mind.

Elements of behaviorism and cognitive psychology were synthesized to form cognitive behavioral therapy, a form of psychotherapy modified from techniques developed by American psychologist Albert Ellis and American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck.

On a broader level, cognitive science is an interdisciplinary enterprise involving cognitive psychologists, cognitive neuroscientists, linguists, and researchers in artificial intelligence, human–computer interaction, and computational neuroscience. The discipline of cognitive science covers cognitive psychology as well as philosophy of mind, computer science, and neuroscience. Computer simulations are sometimes used to model phenomena of interest.</think>
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychological treatment that is very effective to treat anxiety, substance abuse, eating disorders and several other mental health disorders.

user: Extract the total annual return of S&P500 over the last 10 years, and place them in the format {Source} - {Percentage}

assistant: <think>
Price history & milestones
Main article: Closing milestones of the S&P 500
On August 12, 1982, the index closed at 102.42.

On Black Monday (1987), the index realized its worst daily percentage loss, falling 20.47% in a single day.

On February 12, 1997, the index closed above 800 for the first time.

On February 2, 1998, the index closed above 1,000 for the first time.

On March 24, 2000, at the peak of the dot-com bubble, the index reached an intraday high of 1,552.87; this high was not exceeded until May 30, 2007. On October 10, 2002, during the stock market downturn of 2002, the index fell to 768.83, a decline of approximately 50% from its high in March 2000.

On May 30, 2007, the index closed at 1,530.23, setting its first all-time closing high in more than 7 years. The index achieved a new all-time intraday high on October 11, 2007, at 1,576.09.

Between the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers on September 15, 2008, and the end of 2008, the index closed either up or down 3% in one day 29 times. On October 13, 2008, the index closed up 11.6%, its best single-day percentage gain since being founded in 1957.

On November 20, 2008, the index closed at 752.44, its lowest since early 1997.

The index ended 2008 at 903.25, a yearly loss of 38.5%. The index continued to decline in early 2009, closing at 676.53 on March 9, 2009, its lowest close in 13 years. The drawdown from the high in October 2007 to the low in March 2009 was 56.8%, the largest since World War II.

At the trough of the United States bear market of 2007–2009, on March 6, 2009, the index was at 666. By March 23, 2009, the index had risen 20% from its low, closing at 822.92.

The index closed 2009 at 1,115.10, the second-best year of the decade.

On April 14, 2010, the index closed at 1,210.65, its first close above 1,200 since the financial crisis of 2007–2008. By July 2, 2010, it had fallen to 1,022.58, its lowest point of the year.

On April 29, 2011, the index closed at a post-crisis high of 1,363.61. However, after the August 2011 stock markets fall, on October 4, 2011, the index briefly broke below 1,100.

The index rose 13% in 2012 despite significant volatility amid electoral and fiscal uncertainty and round 3 of quantitative easing. On December 31, 2012, the index closed at 1,426.19, an annual gain of 13% and its biggest gain in 3 years.

On March 28, 2013, the index surpassed its closing high of 1,565.15, recovering all its losses from the Great Recession. On April 10, 2013, it closed above the intraday high from 2007.

On August 26, 2014, the index closed above 2,000 for the first time.

On March 2, 2015, the index reached an all-time closing high, while the Nasdaq Composite closed above 5,000 for the first time since 2000.

After the 2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence, a period of over a year with no new record highs ended on July 11, 2016, with the index closing at 2,137.16.

In June 2017, the index posted the largest weekly rise since the 2016 United States presidential election.

For the full year 2017, the index was up 19.4%, its best year since 2013. On September 25, 2017, the index closed above 2,500 for the first time.

The index rose sharply in January 2018, extending one of its longest monthly winning streaks, only to fall 4% in February 2018 during a month of extremely high volatility, including a day in which the VIX doubled. It was the first monthly decline in 11 months. In the third quarter of 2018, the index posted its best quarter since 2013. However, the index fell 11% in the month of December 2018, its worst December performance since the Great Depression. The index fell 6% in 2018, its worst year in a decade.

However, in 2019, the index posted its best first half in 22 years including the best June since 1938. On July 10, 2019, the index reached 3,000 for the first time. The index rose 31.5% in 2019, one of its best years.

On February 19, 2020, the index hit a new closing peak of 3,386.15; however, it fell 10% in the next six trading days, its fastest drop from a new peak as a result of the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19 recession. On March 23, 2020, at the trough of the 2020 stock market crash, the index had fallen 34% from its peak. Overall, the index fell 20% during the first quarter of 2020, its worst quarter since 2008. However, this was followed by a 20% gain in the second quarter, its biggest quarterly gain since 1998. The index reached a new record high on August 18, 2020. In the following months the index reached several all-time highs. On April 1, 2021, the index closed above 4,000 for the first time.

In 2021, the index closed 70 days of the year at a new record closing price, the second highest number ever recorded, behind the 77 closing highs recorded in 1995. 2021 also marked the first year since 2005 when the S&P 500 beat the other two closely watched U.S. stock indices: the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the Nasdaq Composite.

On January 3, 2022, the index reached a record of 4796.56.

Returns by year
Returns are generally quoted as price returns (excluding returns from dividends). However, they can also be quoted as total return, which include returns from dividends and the reinvestment thereof, and "net total return", which reflects the effects of dividend reinvestment after the deduction of withholding tax.

Show / Hide table 
Year	Change in Index	Total Annual Return, Including Dividends	Value of $1.00 Invested on January 1, 1970	5-Year Annualized Return	10-Year Annualized Return	15-Year Annualized Return	20-Year Annualized Return	25-Year Annualized Return
1961	23.13%	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1962	-11.81%	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1963	18.89%	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1964	12.97%	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1965	9.06%	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1966	-13.09%	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1967	20.09%	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1968	7.66%	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1969	-11.36%	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1970	0.10%	4.01%	$1.04	-	-	-	-	-
1971	10.79%	14.31%	$1.19	-	-	-	-	-
1972	15.63%	18.98%	$1.41	-	-	-	-	-
1973	−17.37%	−14.66%	$1.21	-	-	-	-	-
1974	−29.72%	−26.47%	$0.89	−2.35%	-	-	-	-
1975	31.55%	37.20%	$1.22	3.21%	-	-	-	-
1976	19.15%	23.84%	$1.51	4.87%	-	-	-	-
1977	−11.50%	−7.18%	$1.40	−0.21%	-	-	-	-
1978	1.06%	6.56%	$1.49	4.32%	-	-	-	-
1979	12.31%	18.44%	$1.77	14.76%	5.86%	-	-	-
1980	25.77%	32.50%	$2.34	13.96%	8.45%	-	-	-
1981	−9.73%	−4.92%	$2.23	8.10%	6.47%	-	-	-
1982	14.76%	21.55%	$2.71	14.09%	6.70%	-	-	-
1983	17.27%	22.56%	$3.32	17.32%	10.63%	-	-	-
1984	1.40%	6.27%	$3.52	14.81%	14.78%	8.76%	-	-
1985	26.33%	31.73%	$4.64	14.67%	14.32%	10.49%	-	-
1986	14.62%	18.67%	$5.51	19.87%	13.83%	10.76%	-	-
1987	2.03%	5.25%	$5.80	16.47%	15.27%	9.86%	-	-
1988	12.40%	16.61%	$6.76	15.31%	16.31%	12.17%	-	-
1989	27.25%	31.69%	$8.90	20.37%	17.55%	16.61%	11.55%	-
1990	−6.56%	−3.10%	$8.63	13.20%	13.93%	13.94%	11.16%	-
1991	26.31%	30.47%	$11.26	15.36%	17.59%	14.34%	11.90%	-
1992	4.46%	7.62%	$12.11	15.88%	16.17%	15.47%	11.34%	-
1993	7.06%	10.08%	$13.33	14.55%	14.93%	15.72%	12.76%	-
1994	−1.54%	1.32%	$13.51	8.70%	14.38%	14.52%	14.58%	10.98%
1995	34.11%	37.58%	$18.59	16.59%	14.88%	14.81%	14.60%	12.22%
1996	20.26%	22.96%	$22.86	15.22%	15.29%	16.80%	14.56%	12.55%
1997	31.01%	33.36%	$30.48	20.27%	18.05%	17.52%	16.65%	13.07%
1998	26.67%	28.58%	$39.19	24.06%	19.21%	17.90%	17.75%	14.94%
1999	19.53%	21.04%	$47.44	28.56%	18.21%	18.93%	17.88%	17.25%
2000	−10.14%	−9.10%	$43.12	18.33%	17.46%	16.02%	15.68%	15.34%
2001	−13.04%	−11.89%	$37.99	10.70%	12.94%	13.74%	15.24%	13.78%
2002	−23.37%	−22.10%	$29.60	−0.59%	9.34%	11.48%	12.71%	12.98%
2003	26.38%	28.68%	$38.09	−0.57%	11.07%	12.22%	12.98%	13.84%
2004	8.99%	10.88%	$42.23	−2.30%	12.07%	10.94%	13.22%	13.54%
2005	3.00%	4.91%	$44.30	0.54%	9.07%	11.52%	11.94%	12.48%
2006	13.62%	15.79%	$51.30	6.19%	8.42%	10.64%	11.80%	13.37%
2007	3.53%	5.49%	$54.12	12.83%	5.91%	10.49%	11.82%	12.73%
2008	−38.49%	−37.00%	$34.09	−2.19%	−1.38%	6.46%	8.43%	9.77%
2009	23.45%	26.46%	$43.11	0.41%	−0.95%	8.04%	8.21%	10.54%
2010	12.78%	15.06%	$49.61	2.29%	1.41%	6.76%	9.14%	9.94%
2011	-0.00%	2.11%	$50.65	−0.25%	2.92%	5.45%	7.81%	9.28%
2012	13.41%	16.00%	$58.76	1.66%	7.10%	4.47%	8.22%	9.71%
2013	29.60%	32.39%	$77.79	17.94%	7.40%	4.68%	9.22%	10.26%
2014	11.39%	13.69%	$88.44	15.45%	7.67%	4.24%	9.85%	9.62%
2015	−0.73%	1.38%	$89.66	12.57%	7.30%	5.00%	8.19%	9.82%
2016	9.54%	11.96%	$100.38	14.66%	6.94%	6.69%	7.68%	9.15%
2017	19.42%	21.83%	$122.30	15.79%	8.49%	9.92%	7.19%	9.69%
2018	−6.24%	−4.38%	$116.94	8.49%	13.12%	7.77%	5.62%	9.07%
2019	28.88%	31.49%	$153.76	11.70%	13.56%	9.00%	6.06%	10.22%
2020	16.26%	18.40%	$182.06	15.22%	13.89%	9.88%	7.47%	9.56%
2021	26.89%	28.71%	$234.33	18.48%	16.55%	10.66%	9.52%	9.76%
2022	−19.44%	−18.11%	$191.89	9.42%	12.56%	8.81%	9.80%	7.64%
Low	−38.49%	−37.00%	---	−2.35%	−1.38%	4.24%	5.62%	7.64%
Median	12.31%	15.06%	---	13.96%	12.75%	10.66%	11.45%	10.54%
Year	Change in Index	Total Annual Return, Including Dividends	Value of $1.00 Invested on 1970‑01‑01	5-Year Annualized Return	10-Year Annualized Return	15-Year Annualized Return	20-Year Annualized Return	25-Year Annualized Return</think>
2013; 32.39%
2014; 13.69%
2015; 1.38%
2016; 11.96%
2017; 21.83%
2018; −4.38%
2019; 31.49%
2020; 18.40%
2021; 28.71%
2022; −18.11%

user: Are these things you would find in a jungle? Categorize them as Yes, Maybe and No Way:
Rivers
Fence
Trees
Iphones
Subway
Animals
Mosquitos
Wildfires
Mountains
Electric scooters
Flora
Crocodiles
Trump Tower
Fauna

assistant: Yes:
Trees
Animals
Mosquitos
Flora
Fauna

Maybe:
Wildfires
Mountains
Rivers
Fence
Crocodiles

No Way:
Iphones
Subway
Electric scooters
Trump Tower