qi2peng2/beerqa huggingface dataset:
University of Notre Dame
One of the main driving forces in the growth of the university was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the "Four Horsemen". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division I/FBS football history. Rockne's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme. The last game Rockne coached was on December 14, 1930, when he led a group of Notre Dame all-stars against the New York Giants in New York City.

Question: In what year did the team lead by Knute Rockne win the Rose Bowl?
Answer: 1925
Artur Dmitriev
Artur Valeryevich Dmitriev ( ; born 21 January 1968) is a Russian former pair skater who competed internationally for the Soviet Union, the Unified Team, and Russia. He is a two-time Olympic champion, having won gold with Natalia Mishkutionok in 1992 and with Oksana Kazakova in 1998. He and Mishkutionok also won Olympic silver in 1994. Dmitriev is the only male pair skater to win the Olympics with two different partners.
Irina Rodnina
Irina Konstantinovna Rodnina (Russian: , ] ; born 12 September 1949) is a Russian politician and figure skater, who is the only pair skater to win 10 successive World Championships (1969–78) and three successive Olympic gold medals (1972, 1976, 1980). She was elected to the State Duma in the 2007 legislative election as a member of President Vladimir Putin's United Russia party. As a figure skater, she initially competed with Alexei Ulanov and later teamed up with Alexander Zaitsev. She is the first pair skater to win the Olympic title with two different partners, followed only by Artur Dmitriev.

Question: other than irina rodnina, who is the other russian pair skater to win with 2 different partners
Answer: Artur Dmitriev
Christopher Hitchens
Christopher Eric Hitchens (13 April 1949 – 15 December 2011) was an English-American intellectual, polemicist, and socio-political critic who expressed himself as an author, orator, essayist, journalist, and columnist. Hitchens was the author, co-author, editor, or co-editor of over 30 books, including five collections of essays on culture, politics, and literature. 
Christopher Hitchens
A staple of public discourse, his confrontational style of debate made him both a lauded public intellectual and a controversial public figure. He contributed to "New Statesman", "The Nation", "The Weekly Standard", "The Atlantic", "London Review of Books", "The Times Literary Supplement", "Slate", "Free Inquiry", "The Spectator", and "Vanity Fair".
The Rage Against God
The Rage Against God (subtitle in US editions: How Atheism Led Me to Faith) is the fifth book by Peter Hitchens, first published in 2010. The book describes Hitchens's journey from atheism, far-left politics, and bohemianism, to Christianity and conservatism, detailing the influences on him that led to his conversion. The book is partly intended as a response to "God Is Not Great", a book written by his brother Christopher Hitchens in 2007.

Question: In what year was the brother of the author of The Rage Against God born?
Answer: 1949
Alan Pardew
Alan Scott Pardew (born 18 July 1961) is an English football manager and former professional footballer. He was most recently head coach of Eredivisie side ADO Den Haag.
Alan Pardew
Pardew's highest achievements in the sport include reaching the FA Cup Final three times, as a player with Crystal Palace in 1990 and as a manager with West Ham United in 2006 and in 2016 when his Crystal Palace side lost to Manchester United. He has also achieved promotion three times in his career, as a player with Palace and as a manager with Reading and West Ham. He managed Newcastle United from 2010 to 2014.
2000–01 Reading F.C. season
The 2000–01 season was Reading's third season in Division Two, following their relegation from the Division One in 1998. It was Alan Pardew's second season as manager of the club. Reading finished the season in third place, qualifying for the Playoffs, where they were defeated in the final by Walsall 3-2. In the FA Cup, Reading where knocked out by York City after a replay in the Second Round, whilst in the League Cup, Leyton Orient defeated Reading over two legs in the First Round. Reading also reached the Second Round of the League Trophy, before defeat to Swansea City.

Question: Alan Pardew, English football manager and former professional player, was a part of the 2000-01 Reading F.C. season as what?
Answer: manager of the club
Ballota
Ballota (horehound) is a genus of flowering evergreen perennial plants and subshrubs in the family Lamiaceae. native to temperate regions. The Mediterranean region has the highest diversity in the genus, with more isolated locations in South Africa, Central Asia, northern Europe, and the islands of the eastern North Atlantic. It is found in rocky and waste ground.
Kleinia
Kleinia is a genus of African flowering plants in the sunflower family. "Kleinia" contains around 50 species and is distributed from the Canary Islands, throughout Tropical Africa to India and Arabia. It is closely related to the genus "Senecio" but is distinguished primarily by having succulent stems and/or leaves.

Question: Are Ballota and Kleinia both evergreen plants?
Answer: no
Renewable energy commercialization
By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360 GW, up 8%. Renewables producing electricity accounted for almost half of the 208 GW of capacity added globally during 2011. Wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) accounted for almost 40% and 30%. Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass.

Question: Renewables contributed what percentage to our electricity generation?
Answer: 22 percent
A. J. After Hours
A. J. After Hours is a television program that aired on the E! cable network in 2001. The talk show, hosted by gossip columnist A. J. Benza, was described as a show that "mixes interviews with comedy sketches and man-on-the-street segments, and which explores the New York's hip club scene."
A. J. After Hours
The program received mixed reviews with "Entertainment Weekly" calling the show "retro sexist...contempo goofy...hairier than "The Man Show"," and Andrew Wallenstein, writing for "Media Life", said the show "is about as compelling a talk show as "The Magic Hour"," referring to Magic Johnson's failed attempt at a talk show.
A. J. Benza
Alfred Joseph Benza is an American gossip columnist and television host.

Question: After Hours talk show is hosted by which American gossip columnist born on June 2, 1962?
Answer: A. J. Benza
Prince Christoph of Hesse
Prince Christoph Ernst August of Hesse (14 May 1901 – 7 October 1943) was a nephew of Kaiser Wilhelm II. He was a German SS officer and was killed on active duty in a plane crash during World War II. His brother-in-law, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, fought on the British side and married the future Queen Elizabeth II after the war.
Prince Christoph of Hesse
Prince Christoph of Hesse was born in Frankfurt, the fifth son of Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse and Princess Margaret of Prussia. His father, Frederick Charles, a scion of the House of Hesse, was elected King of Finland in 1918, when Finland declared its independence after the collapse of the Russian Empire. However, the overwhelming Republican victories in the 1919 Finnish parliamentary election effectively ended any ambitions for a Finnish monarchy.
Princess Christina Margarethe of Hesse
Princess Christina Margarethe of Hesse ( ; 10 January 1933 – 22 November 2011) was the eldest daughter of Prince Christoph of Hesse, nephew of Germany's last emperor Wilhelm II, and of Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark. A niece by marriage of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, from 1956 to 1962 she was married to Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia, a son of Alexander I of Yugoslavia.
Princess Christina Margarethe of Hesse
Born in Germany on 10 January 1933 at Friedrichshof Castle near Kronberg im Taunus, Princess Christina ("Krista") of Hesse was the eldest child of Prince Christoph of Hesse (1901 — 1943) and Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark (1914 — 2001), the youngest sister of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. She belonged by birth to the senior line of the House of Hesse, a junior branch of which reigned as grand dukes of Hesse and by Rhine within the German Empire until 1918. Christina's paternal grandmother, Princess Margaret of Prussia, was a daughter of Queen Victoria's eldest daughter Victoria, and as such a sister of Kaiser Wilhelm II.

Question: What countries did Princess Christina Margarethe of Hesse and Prince Christoph of Hesse family rule over?
Answer: Greece and Denmark
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Kaabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century, it was colonised as Portuguese Guinea. Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the name of its capital, Bissau, was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with Guinea (formerly French Guinea). Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since independence, and only one elected president (José Mário Vaz) has successfully served a full five-year term.

Question: Guinea-Bissau has a history of what since independence?
Answer: political instability
Katharine Hepburn
Katharine Houghton Hepburn (May 12, 1907 – June 29, 2003) was an American actress who was a leading lady in Hollywood for more than 60 years. She appeared in a range of genres, from screwball comedy to literary drama, and she received a record four Academy Awards for Lead Acting Performances, plus eight further nominations. In 1999, Hepburn was named by the American Film Institute the greatest female star of Classic Hollywood Cinema. She was known for her fierce independence and spirited personality.
Song of Love (1947 film)
Song of Love is a 1947 biopic starring Katharine Hepburn, Paul Henreid, Robert Walker, and Leo G. Carroll, directed by Clarence Brown and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The screenplay was co-authored by Ivan Tors, Irma von Cube, Allen Vincent, and Robert Ardrey, based on a play by Bernard Schubert and Mario Silva.

Question: Song of Love starred the actress who received how many Best Actress Academy Awards?
Answer: four
Videotelephony
A "videoconference system" is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A "videoconference" (also known as a "videoteleconference") allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a multipoint control unit (a centralized distribution and call management system) or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit. Again, technology improvements have circumvented traditional definitions by allowing multiple party videoconferencing via web-based applications.

Question: How does video-conferencing allow multiple parties to communicate with each other?
Answer: web-based applications
Meic Stevens
Meic Stevens (born 13 March 1942) is a Welsh singer-songwriter often referred to as "the Welsh Dylan", who has been compared with Syd Barrett. Stevens's songs have a mystical, faintly psychedelic flavour, and are mostly sung in his native Welsh language. Still largely unknown outside Wales, he was discovered by DJ Jimmy Savile, who saw him performing in a Manchester folk club in 1965. This led to Stevens recording his first single - with arranger John Paul Jones (later of Led Zeppelin) - for Decca Records that same year, though it sold badly.
Jimmy Savile
Sir James Wilson Vincent Savile {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ( ; 31 October 1926 – 29 October 2011) was an English DJ, television and radio personality who hosted BBC shows including "Top of the Pops" and "Jim'll Fix It". He raised an estimated £40 million for charities and, during his lifetime, was widely praised for his personal qualities and as a fund-raiser. After his death, hundreds of allegations of sexual abuse were made against him, leading the police to conclude that Savile had been a predatory sex offender—possibly one of Britain's most prolific. There had been allegations during his lifetime, but they were dismissed and accusers ignored or disbelieved; Savile took legal action against some accusers.

Question: Meic Stevens is a Welsh singer-songwriter, discovered by which DJ ?
Answer: Jimmy Savile
Macau Wine Museum
The Macau Wine Museum (; ) is a wine museum in Sé, Macau, China. It is located next to the Grand Prix Museum.
Grand Prix Museum
The Grand Prix Museum (; ) is a motor racing museum in Sé, Macau, China. It is co-located with and adjacent to the Macau Wine Museum.

Question: What kind of museum is the Grand Prix museum located near?
Answer: a wine museum
2008 Sichuan earthquake
Experts point out that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's economic rise. Health care is poor in inland areas such as Sichuan, highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people. Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing that the "public health care system in China is insufficient." The Vice Minister of Health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims, many of whom have little or no insurance: "The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them," he said.

Question: What is poor about inland areas such as Sichuan?
Answer: Health care
Styal
Styal ( , like "style") is a village on the River Bollin near Wilmslow, Cheshire, England.
River Bollin
The River Bollin is a major tributary of the River Mersey in the north-west of England.

Question: The River Bollin that runs through Styal is a major tributary of the River Mersey in what country?
Answer: England
Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by the Manchu, descendants of a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The Manchus are sometimes mistaken for a nomadic people, which they were not.

Question: What type of lifestyle did the Jurchen live?
Answer: sedentary farming
Raleigh, North Carolina
Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University (NCSU) and is part of Research Triangle Park (RTP), together with Durham (home of Duke University and North Carolina Central University) and Chapel Hill (home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). The "Triangle" nickname originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park, located in Durham and Wake counties, among the three cities and their universities. The Research Triangle region encompasses the U.S. Census Bureau's Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area (CSA), which had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013. The Raleigh metropolitan statistical area had an estimated population of 1,214,516 in 2013.

Question: What is the MSA of Raleigh?
Answer: 1,214,516
Moby
Richard Melville Hall (born September 11, 1965), better known as Moby, is an American musician, songwriter, singer, producer, and animal rights activist. He has sold 20 million records worldwide. 
Moby
AllMusic considers him to be "among the most important dance music figures of the early 1990s, helping bring dance music to a mainstream audience both in the United Kingdom and the United States".
Savage Henry (comics)
Savage Henry is the title of a comic book series written and illustrated by Matt Howarth. The stories center on Savage Henry, lead guitarist of the "insect rock" band the Bulldaggers. Howarth regularly drew "guest appearances" by real world musicians in the comic book, including The Residents, Moby, Foetus, Hawkwind, Nash the Slash, and others.

Question: What is the main characters band name in Matt Howarth's comic-series featuring American DJ Richard Melville Hall?
Answer: Bulldaggers
Wood
The chemical composition of wood varies from species to species, but is approximately 50% carbon, 42% oxygen, 6% hydrogen, 1% nitrogen, and 1% other elements (mainly calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, and manganese) by weight. Wood also contains sulfur, chlorine, silicon, phosphorus, and other elements in small quantity.

Question: About what percentage of wood is composed of nitrogen?
Answer: 1%
Galicia (Spain)
The lands of Galicia are ascribed to two different areas in the Köppen climate classification: a south area (roughly, the province of Ourense and Pontevedra) with an appreciable summer drought, classified as a warm-summer Mediterranean climate ("Csb"), with mild temperatures and rainfall usual throughout the year; and the western and northern coastal regions, the provinces of Lugo and A Coruña, which are characterized by their Oceanic climate ("Cfb"), with a more uniform precipitation distribution along the year, and milder summers. However, precipitation in southern coastal areas are often classified as oceanic since the averages remain significantly higher than a typical Mediterranean climate.

Question: What about the climate of its coastal areas?
Answer: Oceanic
Ohio State University
The Ohio State University (commonly Ohio State or OSU) is a public research university in Columbus, Ohio. Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and the ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862, the university was originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. The college originally focused on various agricultural and mechanical disciplines but it developed into a comprehensive university under the direction of then-Governor (later, U.S. president) Rutherford B. Hayes, and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to "The Ohio State University". The main campus in Columbus, Ohio, has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States. The university also operates regional campuses in Lima, Mansfield, Marion, Newark, and Wooster.
University of Virginia
The University of Virginia (U.Va. or UVA) is a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia. It was founded in 1819 by United States Declaration of Independence author Thomas Jefferson. It is the flagship university of Virginia and home to Jefferson's Academical Village, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. UVA is known for its historic foundations, student-run honor code and secret societies.

Question: Which university between Ohio State University and the University of Virginia had a former president involved in its current existence but also has regional was founded before the Civil War?
Answer: University of Virginia
Frank Wilczek
Frank Anthony Wilczek ( ; born May 15, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist, mathematician and a Nobel laureate. He is currently the Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Founding Director of T. D. Lee Institute and Chief Scientist at the Wilczek Quantum Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), Distinguished Professor at Arizona State University (ASU) and full Professor at Stockholm University.
Hugh David Politzer
Hugh David Politzer ( ; born August 31, 1949) is an American theoretical physicist and the Richard Chace Tolman Professor of Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology. He shared the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics with David Gross and Frank Wilczek for their discovery of asymptotic freedom in quantum chromodynamics.

Question: Who is the full Professor at Stockholm University who won a Nobel Peace Prize for the discovery of asymptomatic freedom in quantum chromodynamics?
Answer: Frank Wilczek
Pentatonix
Pentatonix (abbreviated PTX) is an American a cappella group from Arlington, Texas, consisting of vocalists Scott Hoying, Mitch Grassi, Kirstin Maldonado, Kevin Olusola, and Matt Sallee. Characterized by their pop-style arrangements with vocal harmonies, basslines, riffing, percussion, and beatboxing, they produce cover versions of modern pop works or Christmas songs, sometimes in the form of medleys, along with original material. Pentatonix formed in 2011 and subsequently won the third season of NBC's "The Sing-Off," receiving $200,000 and a recording contract with Sony Music. When Sony's Epic Records dropped the group after "The Sing-Off", the group formed its YouTube channel, distributing its music through Madison Gate Records, a label owned by Sony Pictures. Their YouTube channel currently has over 18 million subscribers and 4 billion views. The group's video tribute to Daft Punk had received over 328 million views as of May 2020.
Avi Kaplan
Avriel Benjamin "Avi" Kaplan (born April 17, 1989) is an American singer and songwriter, best known as a past member of the a cappella group Pentatonix. He is known for his deep bass voice, and often acted as the vocal bass of Pentatonix. In May 2017, Kaplan announced that he was leaving Pentatonix following their upcoming tour.

Question: Avriel Benjamin "Avi" Kaplan won what show as part of the group Pentatonix?
Answer: The Sing-Off
Turner Classic Movies
Turner Classic Movies is available in many other countries around the world. In Canada, TCM began to be carried on Shaw Cable and satellite provider Shaw Direct in 2005. Rogers Cable started offering TCM in December 2006 as a free preview for subscribers of its digital cable tier, and was added to its analogue tier in February 2007. While the schedule for the Canadian feed is generally the same as that of the U.S. network, some films are replaced for broadcast in Canada due to rights issues and other reasons. Other versions of TCM are available in France, Greece, Italy, Middle East, Africa, Spain, Asia, Latin America, Nordic countries, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta. The UK version operates two channels, including a spinoff called TCM 2.

Question: In what year did Rogers Cable begin to include TCM?
Answer: 2006
Myanmar
A tiny Jewish community in Yangon had a synagogue but no resident rabbi to conduct services.

Question: What problem presented itself to the Jewish locale in Rangoon ?
Answer: a synagogue but no resident rabbi to conduct services
Jean Epstein
Jean Epstein (] ; 25 March 1897 – 2 April 1953) was a French filmmaker, film theorist, literary critic, and novelist. Although he is remembered today primarily for his adaptation of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Fall of the House of Usher", he directed three dozen films and was an influential critic of literature and film from the early 1920s through the late 1940s. He is often associated with French Impressionist Cinema and the concept of "photogénie".
Mike Valerio
Mike Valerio is an award-winning writer, producer, director, and executive in the entertainment industry for over 20 years. Valerio has worked on over a hundred TV shows, films, documentaries, and mini-series and over a dozen television networks and entertainment companies. Valerio is most famous for his 1999 film "Carlo's Wake".

Question: who has worked on more projects, Mike Valerio or Jean Epstein?
Answer: Mike Valerio
Middle Ages
Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Gloucester Candlestick. Large illuminated bibles and psalters were the typical forms of luxury manuscripts, and wall-painting flourished in churches, often following a scheme with a "Last Judgement" on the west wall, a Christ in Majesty at the east end, and narrative biblical scenes down the nave, or in the best surviving example, at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, on the barrel-vaulted roof.

Question: Where are narrative biblical scenes painted in the church at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe?
Answer: on the barrel-vaulted roof
MSNBC
MSNBC is an American news-based pay television cable channel, owned by the NBCUniversal Worldwide News Group division of NBCUniversal (all of which are ultimately owned by Comcast). It provides NBC News coverage as well as its own reporting and political commentary on current events.
MSNBC
MSNBC and its website were founded in 1996 under a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming. Although they had the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations. msnbc.com was headquartered on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington, while MSNBC operated out of NBC's headquarters in New York City. Microsoft divested itself of its stakes in the MSNBC channel in 2005 and in msnbc.com in July 2012. The general news site was rebranded as NBCNews.com, and a new msnbc.com was created as the online home of the cable channel.
NASASpaceFlight.com
NASASpaceFlight.com is a news website and forum covering crewed and uncrewed spaceflight news. The site focuses on the engineering aspects of spaceflight. NASASpaceFlight.com has had stories picked up by news organizations such as MSNBC, USA Today, The New York Times, and Popular Science. It is run by owner and managing editor Chris Bergin.

Question: Which news organization, owned by Comcast has featured stories covered by NASASpaceFlight.com?
Answer: MSNBC
Charles Dwight Sigsbee
Charles Dwight Sigsbee (January 16, 1845 – July 13, 1923) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy. In his earlier career he was a pioneering oceanographer and hydrographer. He is best remembered as the captain of , which exploded in Havana harbor, Cuba, in 1898. The explosion set off the events that led up to the start of the Spanish–American War.
USS Maine (1889)
"Maine" is described as an armored cruiser or second-class battleship, depending on the source. Commissioned in 1895, she was the first U.S. Navy ship to be named after the state of Maine. "Maine" and the similar battleship , were both represented as an advance in American warship design, reflecting the latest European naval developments. Both ships had two gun turrets staggered "en échelon", and full masts were omitted due to the increased reliability of steam engines. Due to a protracted 9-year construction period, "Maine" and "Texas" were obsolete by the time of completion. Far more advanced vessels were either in service or nearing completion that year.
USS Maine (1889)
"Maine" was sent to Havana Harbor to protect U.S. interests during the Cuban War of Independence. She blew up and sank on the evening of 15 February 1898, killing three-quarters of her crew. In 1898, a U.S. Navy board of inquiry ruled that the ship had been sunk by an external explosion from a mine. However, some U.S. Navy officers disagreed with the board, suggesting that the ship's magazines had been ignited by a spontaneous fire in a coal bunker. The coal used in "Maine" was bituminous, which is known for releasing firedamp, a mixture of gases composed primarily of flammable methane that is prone to spontaneous explosions. An investigation by Admiral Hyman Rickover in 1974 agreed with the coal fire hypothesis. The cause of her sinking remains a subject of debate.

Question: Charles Dwight Sigsbee si remembered as the captain of a naval ship that sank in which harbor ?
Answer: Havana Harbor
New Haven, Connecticut
A second New Haven gastronomical claim to fame is Louis' Lunch, which is located in a small brick building on Crown Street and has been serving fast food since 1895. Though fiercely debated, the restaurant's founder Louis Lassen is credited by the Library of Congress with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich. Louis' Lunch broils hamburgers, steak sandwiches and hot dogs vertically in original antique 1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons, patented by local resident Luigi Pieragostini in 1939, that hold the meat in place while it cooks.

Question: In what year did Louis' Lunch begin serving fast food in New Haven?
Answer: 1895
Versus (band)
Versus is an American indie rock band formed in 1990 by Richard Baluyut, Fontaine Toups, and Edward Baluyut in New York City, United States. Richard and Fontaine were to remain the two core members throughout the band's history. The band was noted for their marriage of indie pop songwriting and vocal harmonies to the "loud-soft" dynamics of grunge and alternative rock. They were also noted for their proficient and disciplined musicianship and for their credo of "meat, sports, and rock", none of which had much currency in the early 1990s American indie scene. They named themselves after the Mission of Burma album "Vs." 
Shipping News
Shipping News was an American post-rock/post-hardcore band. The group formed in the fall of 1996 when members Jason Noble and Jeff Mueller, who were both in Rodan, collaborated to create music for the Chicago-based syndicated National Public Radio program "This American Life". Kyle Crabtree was later recruited as drummer which completed the original lineup. In 2004, Todd Cook, former member of Parlour, The For Carnation, and the reunited Slint, was recruited as bass player.

Question: Are Shipping News and Versus both American bands who play in their own genre of rock?
Answer: yes
Sheldon Harnick
Sheldon Mayer Harnick (born April 30, 1924) is an American lyricist and songwriter best known for his collaborations with composer Jerry Bock on musicals such as "Fiddler on the Roof".
Portofino (musical)
Portofino is a musical with a book by Richard Ney (who also served as producer), lyrics by Ney and Sheldon Harnick, and music by Louis Bellson and Will Irwin.

Question: Who wrote the lyrics of Portofino with a collaborator on "Fiddler on the Roof"
Answer: Richard Ney
Emma Matthews
Emma Matthews (née Lysons; born 1970) is an English-born Australian lyric coloratura soprano, noted for operatic roles, but also popular on the concert stage. A Principal Artist with Opera Australia, Matthews has received more Helpmann Awards than any other individual artist, nine Green Room Awards, the Mo Award and the Remy Martin Australian Opera Award.
Lyric soprano
A lyric soprano is a type of operatic soprano voice that has a warm quality with a bright, full timbre that can be heard over an orchestra. The lyric soprano voice generally has a higher tessitura than a soubrette and usually plays ingenues and other sympathetic characters in opera. Lyric sopranos have a range from approximately middle C (C) to "high D" (D). This is the most common female singing voice. There is a tendency to divide lyric sopranos into two groups: light and full.

Question: What type of soprano was Emma Matthews famous for?
Answer: lyric soprano is a type of operatic soprano voice
John Kerry
The "Forbes 400" survey estimated in 2004 that Teresa Heinz Kerry had a net worth of $750 million. However, estimates have frequently varied, ranging from around $165 million to as high as $3.2 billion, according to a study in the "Los Angeles Times". Regardless of which figure is correct, Kerry was the wealthiest U.S. Senator while serving in the Senate. Independent of Heinz, Kerry is wealthy in his own right, and is the beneficiary of at least four trusts inherited from Forbes family relatives, including his mother, Rosemary Forbes Kerry, who died in 2002. "Forbes" magazine (named for the Forbes family of publishers, unrelated to Kerry) estimated that if elected, and if Heinz family assets were included, Kerry would have been the third-richest U.S. President in history, when adjusted for inflation. This assessment was based on Heinz's and Kerry's combined assets, but the couple signed a prenuptial agreement that keeps their assets separate. Kerry's financial disclosure form for 2011 put his personal assets in the range of $230,000,000 to $320,000,000, including the assets of his spouse and any dependent children. This included slightly more than three million dollars worth of H. J. Heinz Company assets, which increased in value by over six hundred thousand dollars in 2013 when Berkshire Hathaway announced their intention to purchase the company.

Question: What was Teresa Heinz Kerry's net worth in 2004 according to Forbes?
Answer: $750 million
Southern Europe
The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia. The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean Basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Goths led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own.

Question: Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire?
Answer: Germanic peoples
Ian McKellen, roles and awards
Ian McKellen is an English stage and screen actor. He is the recipient of six Laurence Olivier Awards, a Tony Award, a Golden Globe Award, two Academy Award nominations, four BAFTA nominations and five Emmy Award nominations. McKellen's work spans genres ranging from Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction. His notable film roles include Gandalf in "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Hobbit" trilogies, Magneto in the "X-Men" films, Sir Leigh Teabing in "The Da Vinci Code" (2006), Sherlock Holmes in "Mr. Holmes" (2015) and Cogsworth in the live-action adaptation of "Beauty and the Beast" (2017).
Gandalf
Gandalf is a protagonist in J. R. R. Tolkien's novels "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings". He is a wizard, one of the "Istari" order, and the leader of the Fellowship of the Ring. Tolkien took the name "Gandalf" from the Old Norse "Catalogue of Dwarves" ("Dvergatal") in the "Völuspá". 
Gandalf
As a wizard and the bearer of a Ring of Power, Gandalf has great power, but works mostly by encouraging and persuading. He sets out as Gandalf the Grey, possessing great knowledge, and travelling continually, always focused on the mission to counter the Dark Lord Sauron. He is associated with fire, his ring being Narya, the Ring of Fire, and he both delights in fireworks to entertain the hobbits of the Shire, and in great need uses fire as a weapon. As one of the Maiar he is an immortal spirit, but being in a physical body on Middle-earth, he can be killed in battle, as he is by the Balrog from Moria. He is sent back to Middle-earth to complete his mission, now as Gandalf the White and leader of the Istari.

Question: Gandalf is a fictional character played by English stage and screen actor, Ian McKellen, in what two J.R.R. Tolkien novels turned films?
Answer: "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings"
Human Development Index
The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)", and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)". The index does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower the ranking for some of the most advanced countries, such as the G7 members and others.

Question: In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?
Answer: 2010
Anti-aircraft warfare
The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. By 1955, the US Military deemed the 40mm Bofors obsolete due to its reduced capability to shoot down jet powered aircraft, and turned to SAM development, with the Nike Ajax and the RSD-58. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System.

Question: What did NADGE become?
Answer: the NATO Integrated Air Defence System
Sabattus, Maine
Sabattus is a town in Androscoggin County, Maine, United States. The population was 4,876 at the 2010 census. It is included in both the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine Metropolitan New England City and Town Area. The town was formerly known as Webster, and changed its name to Sabattus in 1971, in honor of a former Anasagunticook Indian chief.
Oak Hill High School (Maine)
Oak Hill High School is a high school located in Wales, Maine, United States. A part of Regional School Unit 4, this regional high school serves students from the towns of Sabattus, Litchfield, and Wales. The mascot is the Raider, generally represented by a raccoon.

Question: Oak Hill High School serves students from Litchfield, Wales, and what town that is in Androscoggin County, Maine, with a population of 4,876, and was formerly known as Webster?
Answer: Sabattus
Batman: The Killing Joke
Batman: The Killing Joke is a 1988 DC Comics one-shot graphic novel featuring the characters Batman and the Joker written by Alan Moore and illustrated by Brian Bolland. "The Killing Joke" provides an origin story for the supervillain the Joker, loosely adapted from the 1951 story arc "The Man Behind the Red Hood!". The Joker's origin is presented via flashback, while simultaneously depicting his attempt to drive Jim Gordon insane and Batman's desperate attempt to stop him.
Joker (character)
The Joker is a supervillain created by Bill Finger, Bob Kane, and Jerry Robinson who first appeared in the debut issue of the comic book "Batman" (April 25, 1940), published by DC Comics. Credit for the Joker's creation is disputed; Kane and Robinson claimed responsibility for the Joker's design while acknowledging Finger's writing contribution. Although the Joker was planned to be killed off during his initial appearance, he was spared by editorial intervention, allowing the character to endure as the archenemy of the superhero Batman.

Question: Batman: The Killing Joke is a 1988 DC Comics graphic novel featuring characters Batman and who else?
Answer: Joker
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
With the collapse of the fishing industry in Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1990s, the role of the ocean is now tied to what lies beneath it – oil and gas – as opposed to what swims in or travels across it. The city is the centre of the oil and gas industry in Eastern Canada and is one of 19 World Energy Cities. ExxonMobil Canada is headquartered in St. John's and companies such as Chevron, Husky Energy, Suncor Energy and Statoil have major regional operations in the city. Three major offshore oil developments, Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose, are in production off the coast of the city and a fourth development, Hebron, discovered in 1981 and put online in 2017, is estimated to contain over 700 million barrels of producible hydrocarbons.

Question: What years did the fishing industry fall in Newfoundland and Labrador?
Answer: 1990s
Kauaʻi ʻōʻō
The Kauaʻ i ʻ ōʻ ō or ʻ ōʻ ōʻ āʻ ā (Moho braccatus) was a member of the extinct genus of the ʻ ōʻ ōs ("Moho") within the extinct family Mohoidae from the islands of Hawai'i. It was previously regarded as member of the Australo-Pacific honeyeaters (family Meliphagidae). This bird was endemic to the island of Kauaʻ i. It was common in the subtropical forests of the island until the early twentieth century, when its decline began. Its song was last heard in 1987, and it is now probably extinct. The causes of its extinction include the introduction of the Polynesian rat, the domestic pig, and mosquitoes, as well as habitat destruction.
Polynesian rat
The Polynesian rat, Pacific rat or little rat ("Rattus exulans"), known to the Māori as kiore, is the third most widespread species of rat in the world behind the brown rat and black rat. The Polynesian rat originated in Southeast Asia, and like its relatives, has become widespread, migrating to most of Polynesia, including New Zealand, Easter Island, and Hawaii. It shares high adaptability with other rat species extending to many environments, from grasslands to forests. It is also closely associated with humans, who provide easy access to food. It has become a major pest in most areas of its distribution.

Question: The cause of the Moho braccatus extinction include the introduction of the third most widespread species of rat in the world behind what other two rats?
Answer: brown rat and black rat
Bird
Cooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin. Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated groups. In general, inbreeding is avoided because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness (inbreeding depression) due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive alleles. Cross-fertilisation between unrelated individuals ordinarily leads to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny.

Question: What occurs when offspring delay dispersal from their natal group?
Answer: Cooperative breeding
Ann Arbor, Michigan
A person from Ann Arbor is called an "Ann Arborite", and many long-time residents call themselves "townies". The city itself is often called "A²" ("A-squared") or "A2" ("A two") or "AA", "The Deuce" (mainly by Chicagoans), and "Tree Town". With tongue-in-cheek reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as "The People's Republic of Ann Arbor" or "25 square miles surrounded by reality", the latter phrase being adapted from Wisconsin Governor Lee Dreyfus's description of Madison, Wisconsin. In "A Prairie Home Companion" broadcast from Ann Arbor, Garrison Keillor described Ann Arbor as "a city where people discuss socialism, but only in the fanciest restaurants." Ann Arbor sometimes appears on citation indexes as an author, instead of a location, often with the academic degree "MI", a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan.
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ann Arbor is also the city that rock band Tally Hall is based in.

Question: Which city is referred to as the "People's Republic of Ann Arbor"?
Answer: Ann Arbor
Mosaic
Another great undertaking by Constantine Monomachos was the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem between 1042 and 1048. Nothing survived of the mosaics which covered the walls and the dome of the edifice but the Russian abbot Daniel, who visited Jerusalem in 1106–1107 left a description: "Lively mosaics of the holy prophets are under the ceiling, over the tribune. The altar is surmounted by a mosaic image of Christ. In the main altar one can see the mosaic of the Exaltation of Adam. In the apse the Ascension of Christ. The Annunciation occupies the two pillars next to the altar."

Question: Where did the Russian abbot Daniel travel in 1106-07?
Answer: Jerusalem
Exhibition game
High school football teams frequently participate in controlled scrimmages with other teams during preseason practice, but full exhibition games are rare because of league rules and concerns about finances, travel and player injuries, along with enrollments not being registered until the early part of August in most school districts under the traditional September–June academic term. Some states hold preseason events known as "jamborees" in which several pairs of high school football squads take turns playing one half (usually 24 minutes of game time) to give players some experience before the first official game. Another high school football exhibition contest is the all-star game, which usually brings together top players from a region. These games are typically played by graduating seniors after the regular season or in the summer. Many of these games, which include the U.S. Army All-American Bowl and Under Armour All-America Game, are used as showcases for players to be seen by colleges and increase their college recruiting profile.

Question: When is the usual high school academic term?
Answer: September–June
Supreme court
In Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the Supreme Court considers all other cases. The judges are appointed by the Government. In most cases, the Supreme Courts will only grant leave to appeal a case ("prövningstillstånd") if the case involves setting a precedent in the interpretation of the law. Exceptions are issues where the Supreme Court is the court of first instance. Such cases include an application for a retrial of a criminal case in the light of new evidence, and prosecutions made against an incumbent minister of the Government for severe neglect of duty. If a lower court has to try a case which involves a question where there is no settled interpretation of the law, it can also refer the question to the relevant Supreme Court for an answer.

Question: What is a type of case heard by the Supreme Administrative Court?
Answer: cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs
Sexual orientation
Research focusing on sexual orientation uses scales of assessment to identify who belongs in which sexual population group. It is assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation. However, it is difficult to determine an individual's sexual orientation through scales of assessment, due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation. Generally, there are three components of sexual orientation used in assessment. Their definitions and examples of how they may be assessed are as follows:

Question: What can cause problems with these scales that are used?
Answer: ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation
Samoa
From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs. During the period of New Zealand control, their administrators were responsible for two major incidents.

Question: What official organization was responsible for Samoa during most of the 20th century?
Answer: the Department of External Affairs