qi2peng2/beerqa huggingface dataset:
Infrared
In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction Coefficient (k) can be determined via the Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion equations. The reflectance from the infrared light can also be used to determine the critical dimension, depth, and sidewall angle of high aspect ratio trench structures.

Question: What letter represents the extinction Coefficient?
Answer: k
Stronger (film)
Stronger is a 2017 American biographical drama film directed by David Gordon Green and written by John Pollono, based on the memoir of the same name by Jeff Bauman and Bret Witter. It follows Bauman, who loses his legs in the Boston Marathon bombings and must adjust to his new life. It stars Jake Gyllenhaal as Bauman, with Tatiana Maslany, Miranda Richardson, and Clancy Brown in supporting roles.
Boston Marathon bombing
During the annual Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013, two homemade pressure cooker bombs detonated 14 seconds and 210 yd apart at 2:49p.m., near the finish line of the race, killing 3 people and injuring several hundred others, including 17 who lost limbs.

Question: Who lost his legs in a bombing on April 15, 2013?
Answer: Jeff Bauman
Torino F.C.
Torino Football Club (] ), commonly referred to as Torino or simply Toro, is an Italian professional football club based in Turin, Piedmont. It currently plays in Serie A.
Antonio Comi
Antonio Comi (born 26 July 1964) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder and the current general manager of Torino.

Question: Antonio Comi is the current general manager of a football club based in what city?
Answer: Turin, Piedmont
Armenians
Carpet-weaving is historically a major traditional profession for the majority of <a hrian women</a>,luding many Armenian families. Prominent Karabakh carpet weavers there were men too. The oldest extant <a hrian carpet</a>  the region, referred to as <a hrkh</a>  also <a hrakh carpet</a>)ing the medieval era, is from the village of Banants (near <a hrak</a>) dates to the early 13th century. The first time that the Armenian word for carpet, "kork", was used in historical sources was in a 1242–1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh.

Question: What is 'gorg'?
Answer: the Armenian word for carpet
Ming–Tibet relations
P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a "mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron," respectively. He adds that "Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans, Ming and Qing emperors, it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state."

Question: Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries?
Answer: the Republic of China and its Communist successors
Operation Grenade
During World War II, Operation Grenade was the crossing of the Roer river between Roermond and Düren by the U.S. Ninth Army, commanded by Lieutenant General William Hood Simpson, in February 1945, which marked the beginning of the Allied invasion of Germany.
Battle of Cold Harbor
The Battle of Cold Harbor was fought during the American Civil War near Mechanicsville, Virginia, from May 31 to June 12, 1864, with the most significant fighting occurring on June 3. It was one of the final battles of Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign, and is remembered as one of American history's bloodiest, most lopsided battles. Thousands of Union soldiers were killed or wounded in a hopeless frontal assault against the fortified positions of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's army.

Question: Which happened first, Battle of Cold Harbor or Operation Grenade?
Answer: Battle of Cold Harbor
Ming–Tibet relations
The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a "living Buddha" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa. Zhengde's top advisors made every attempt to dissuade him from inviting this lama to court, arguing that Tibetan Buddhism was wildly heterodox and unorthodox. Despite protests by the Grand Secretary Liang Chu, in 1515 the Zhengde Emperor sent his eunuch official Liu Yun of the Palace Chancellery on a mission to invite this Karmapa to Beijing. Liu commanded a fleet of hundreds of ships requisitioned along the Yangtze, consuming 2,835 g (100 oz) of silver a day in food expenses while stationed for a year in Chengdu of Sichuan. After procuring necessary gifts for the mission, he departed with a cavalry force of about 1,000 troops. When the request was delivered, the Karmapa lama refused to leave Tibet despite the Ming force brought to coerce him. The Karmapa launched a surprise ambush on Liu Yun's camp, seizing all the goods and valuables while killing or wounding half of Liu Yun's entire escort. After this fiasco, Liu fled for his life, but only returned to Chengdu several years later to find that the Zhengde Emperor had died.

Question: Who was the 8th Karmapa Lama?
Answer: Mikyö Dorje
Boy George
George Alan O'Dowd (born 14 June 1961), known professionally as Boy George, is an English singer, songwriter, DJ and fashion designer. He is the lead singer of the pop band Culture Club. At the height of the band's fame, during the 1980s, they recorded global hit songs such as "Karma Chameleon", "Do You Really Want to Hurt Me" and "Time (Clock of the Heart)". George is known for his soulful voice and his androgynous appearance. He was part of the English New Romantic movement which emerged in the late 1970s to the early 1980s.
Tony Hadley
Anthony Patrick Hadley MBE (born 2 June 1960) is an English singer-songwriter, occasional stage actor and radio presenter. He rose to fame in the 1980s as the lead singer of the New Romantic band Spandau Ballet and launched a solo career following the group's split in 1990.
Tony Hadley
Hadley is known for his suave image, as well as his powerful voice, which has been described by AllMusic as a "dramatic warble". Music journalist and author Dave Rimmer described his voice as "like a foghorn—if a foghorn could be imagined trying to emulate both [Frank] Sinatra and [David] Bowie". His Spandau Ballet bandmate Steve Norman described him as having "a massive vocal range". According to Tim Rice, Hadley has a "strong and expressive voice that few of his contemporaries came near to matching".

Question: Are either Boy George or Tony Hadley American?
Answer: no
Insect
Many of these species have adaptations to help in under-water locomotion. Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures. Dragonfly naiads use jet propulsion, forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber. Some species like the water striders are capable of walking on the surface of water. They can do this because their claws are not at the tips of the legs as in most insects, but recessed in a special groove further up the leg; this prevents the claws from piercing the water's surface film. Other insects such as the Rove beetle "Stenus" are known to emit pygidial gland secretions that reduce surface tension making it possible for them to move on the surface of water by Marangoni propulsion (also known by the German term "Entspannungsschwimmen").

Question: Water beetles have legs of what type of structure?
Answer: paddle-like
Anti-aircraft warfare
As this process continued, the missile found itself being used for more and more of the roles formerly filled by guns. First to go were the large weapons, replaced by equally large missile systems of much higher performance. Smaller missiles soon followed, eventually becoming small enough to be mounted on armoured cars and tank chassis. These started replacing, or at least supplanting, similar gun-based SPAAG systems in the 1960s, and by the 1990s had replaced almost all such systems in modern armies. Man-portable missiles, MANPADs as they are known today, were introduced in the 1960s and have supplanted or replaced even the smallest guns in most advanced armies.

Question: What are man-portable missiles better known as?
Answer: MANPADs
Hindu philosophy
Samkhya philosophy includes a theory of gunas (qualities, innate tendencies, psyche). Guna, it states, are of three types: "Sattva" being good, compassionate, illuminating, positive, and constructive; "Rajas" guna is one of activity, chaotic, passion, impulsive, potentially good or bad; and "Tamas" being the quality of darkness, ignorance, destructive, lethargic, negative. Everything, all life forms and human beings, state Samkhya scholars, have these three "gunas", but in different proportions. The interplay of these "gunas" defines the character of someone or something, of nature and determines the progress of life. Samkhya theorises a pluralism of souls ("Jeevatmas") who possess consciousness. Samkhya has historically been theistic or non-theistic, and there has been debate about its specific view on God. 
Hindu philosophy
The "Samkhya karika", one of the key texts of this school of Hindu philosophy, opens by stating its goal to be "three kinds of human suffering" and means to prevent them. The text then presents a distillation of its theories on epistemology, metaphysics, axiology and soteriology. For example, it states,

Question: How many types of Guna exist in Hindu philosophy?
Answer: three
Chris Bosh
Christopher Wesson Bosh (born March 24, 1984) is an American former professional basketball player. A Texas Mr. Basketball in high school, Bosh played one season of college basketball for Georgia Tech before declaring for the 2003 NBA draft. He was selected fourth overall by the Toronto Raptors.
Chris Bosh
While at Toronto, Bosh became a five-time NBA All-Star, was named to the All-NBA Second Team once, played for the U.S. national team (with whom he won a gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics), and supplanted former fan favorite Vince Carter as the face and leader of the Raptors franchise. In the 2006–07 season, Bosh led the Raptors to their first playoff appearance in five years and their first-ever division title. He left Toronto in 2010 as the franchise's all-time leader in points, rebounds, blocks, and minutes played.
2010–11 Toronto Raptors season
The 2010–11 Toronto Raptors season is the 16th season of the Toronto Raptors in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The season began after a much anticipated off-season as All-Star Chris Bosh became a free agent. Bosh didn't play for the Raptors for the first time since 2002-03, as he signed with the Miami Heat, teaming up with fellow NBA Superstars and 2003 draftees LeBron James and Dwyane Wade, and beginning the Heat's Big 3 era. Bosh's departure caused the Raptors to start rebuilding and began the DeMar DeRozan era, which would last for the next 7 years. They finished with a 22-60 record missing the playoffs for a third-straight year.

Question: Who was selected fourth overall by the Toronto Raptors in a draft class that included multiple future NBA superstars such as LeBron James, Dwyane Wade and Carmelo Anthony, and had a season begin  after a much anticipated off-season as the All-Star  became a free agent in the 16th season of the Toronto Raptors?
Answer: Christopher Wesson Bosh
Ashkenazi Jews
Several famous people have Ashkenazi as a surname, such as Vladimir Ashkenazy. However, most people with this surname hail from within Sephardic communities, particularly from the Syrian Jewish community. The Sephardic carriers of the surname would have some Ashkenazi ancestors since the surname was adopted by families who were initially of Ashkenazic origins who moved to Sephardi countries and joined those communities. Ashkenazi would be formally adopted as the family surname having started off as a nickname imposed by their adopted communities. Some have shortened the name to Ash.

Question: Some people with the surname shorten it to what?
Answer: Ash
Brian Molko
Brian Molko (born 10 December 1972) is a Belgian-born British-American musician and songwriter who is the lead vocalist and guitarist of the band Placebo. He is known in particular for his distinctive nasal, high-pitched vocals, feminine/androgynous appearance, aggressive guitar style and unique tunings.
Too Many Friends
"Too Many Friends" is a single by alternative rock band Placebo, the first single off of their seventh studio album "Loud Like Love". The single was released on 8 July 2013, as a digital download but was actually released on 23 August 2013 in physical format as a limited edition CD and 7" single in Germany. The song deals with people on the internet and being far more close to friends on the internet, rather than off the computer. It is also about loneliness, which Placebo frontman Brian Molko said was the "modern version of, 'I’m sitting by the phone, waiting for you to call.'"

Question: The singer from the band who had the song "Too Many Friends" was born in what year?
Answer: 1972
Law of the United States
Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism (actually tripartite because of the presence of Indian reservations), states are the plenary sovereigns, each with their own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution. Indeed, states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Thus, most U.S. law (especially the actual "living law" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis) consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.

Question: Can states grant rights to citizens that are not defined by the constitution?
Answer: as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights
Fayetteville, North Carolina
Fayetteville ( ) is a city in Cumberland County, North Carolina, United States. It is the county seat of Cumberland County, and is best known as the home of Fort Bragg, a major U.S. Army installation northwest of the city.
WIRP-LD
WIRP-LD is a digital low-powered Estrella TV-affiliated television station located in and licensed to Fayetteville, North Carolina. The station is an Estrella TV affiliate owned by DTV America Corporation. Its digital signal is broadcast on UHF channel 22, but is displayed as virtual channel 27 via PSIP on consumer digital tuners. It mainly serves the immediate Fayetteville area, which is considered to be in the Raleigh/Durham, North Carolina media market.

Question: In which county the city is located to which WIRP-LD is licensed to?
Answer: Cumberland County
'Til Tuesday
'Til Tuesday (often written as ’til tuesday) was an American new wave and alternative rock band formed in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The band, consisting of Aimee Mann (lead vocals, bass), Robert Holmes (guitar), Joey Pesce (keyboards), and Michael Hausman (drums), was active from 1982 to 1989. They are best known for their 1985 hit single "Voices Carry".
Voices Carry
"Voices Carry" is a song by the American rock band 'Til Tuesday. It was produced by Mike Thorne for the band's debut studio album, "Voices Carry" (1985). There is debate over the subject of the inspiration for the song. One claim says that an argument between Michael Hausman and bandmate/former girlfriend Aimee Mann inspired the song's lyrics, but producer Mike Thorne disputes this and states the lyrics originally had Mann singing to another woman and that the gender was changed due to pressure from Epic Records. In his 2013 autobiography, "Ministry: The Lost Gospels According to Al Jourgensen", Ministry frontman Al Jourgensen made the claim that the song was based on a brief relationship he had with Mann while living in Boston.

Question: What song was inspired by a breakup and a hit single in 1985?
Answer: "Voices Carry"
Architecture
Early Asian writings on architecture include the "Kao Gong Ji" of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India; Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka and Araniko of Nepal .

Question: What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?
Answer: Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
Million Dollar Arm
Million Dollar Arm is a 2014 American biographical sports drama film directed by Craig Gillespie and produced by Walt Disney Pictures from a screenplay written by Thomas McCarthy. The film is based on the true story of baseball pitchers Rinku Singh and Dinesh Patel who were discovered by sports agent J. B. Bernstein after winning a reality show competition.
Herbie Rides Again
Herbie Rides Again is a 1974 American comedy film and the second installment of "The Love Bug" film series made by Walt Disney Productions starring an anthropomorphic (and quite autonomous) 1963 Volkswagen racing Beetle named Herbie. The movie was directed by Robert Stevenson, produced by Bill Walsh and starred Helen Hayes, Stefanie Powers, Ken Berry, and Keenan Wynn reprising his villainous role as Alonzo Hawk (originated in the films "The Absent-Minded Professor" and "Son of Flubber" starring Fred MacMurray as Professor Ned Brainard).

Question: Which movie and entertainment conglomerate was behind Million Dollar Arm and Herbie Rides Again?
Answer: Walt Disney
Valentín Elizalde
Valentín Elizalde Valencia (] ; 1 February 1979 – 25 November 2006) was a Regional Mexican singer. Known by the nickname "El Gallo de Oro" (The Golden Rooster), his biggest hits included: "Vete Ya," "Ebrio de Amor", " Vete Con Él", "Vuelve Cariñito", "Cómo Me Duele", "Vencedor", " Mi Virgencita", and "Soy Así". Some of his songs were narcocorridos eulogizing Mexican drug lords like Vicente Carrillo Fuentes. He was murdered in an ambush, allegedly by members of the drug trafficking gang Los Zetas, which at that time served as the armed wing of the Gulf Cartel.
Vicente Carrillo Fuentes
Vicente Carrillo Fuentes (born October 16, 1962), commonly referred to by his alias El Viceroy, is a Mexican suspected drug lord and former leader of the Juárez Cartel, a drug trafficking organization. The cartel is based in Chihuahua, one of the primary transportation routes for billions of dollars' worth of illegal drug shipments entering the United States from Mexico annually. He was one of Mexico's most-wanted drug lords.

Question: Mexican banda music singer Valentín Elizalde had songs that eulogized which Mexican suspected drug lord based in Chihuahua?
Answer: Vicente Carrillo Fuentes
Ralph Lauren Corporation
Ralph Lauren Corporation is an American fashion company producing products ranging from the mid-range to the luxury segments. They are known for the clothing, marketing and distribution of products in four categories: apparel, home, accessories, and fragrances. The Company's brands include the mid-range Chaps brand, to the sub-premium Lauren Ralph Lauren brand, to the premium Polo Ralph Lauren, Double RL, Ralph Lauren Childrenswear, Denim & Supply Ralph Lauren, and Club Monaco brands, up to the full luxury Ralph Lauren Purple Label and Ralph Lauren Collection brands. Ralph Lauren Corporation is an American, publicly traded holding company headquartered in New York City, and founded in 1967 by American fashion designer Ralph Lauren.
Patrice Louvet
Patrice Louvet (born 1964) is a French American business executive. The CEO and president of the Ralph Lauren Corporation since July 17, 2017, he began his career at Procter & Gamble (P&G) in 1989, where he held numerous executive roles across Northeast Asia, North America and Europe. In 2015 he became group president of P&G's global beauty and hair care units, a role he held until June 30, 2017. He currently serves on the board of Bacardi Limited.

Question: The company that Patrice Louvet has been the CEO and president of since July 17, 2017 was founded in what year?
Answer: 1967
Political corruption
Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy. It can be seen as corruption if this means that incompetent persons, as a payment for supporting the regime, are selected before more able ones. In nondemocracies many government officials are often selected for loyalty rather than ability. They may be almost exclusively selected from a particular group (for example, Sunni Arabs in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the nomenklatura in the Soviet Union, or the Junkers in Imperial Germany) that support the regime in return for such favors. A similar problem can also be seen in Eastern Europe, for example in Romania, where the government is often accused of patronage (when a new government comes to power it rapidly changes most of the officials in the public sector).

Question: What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power?
Answer: Romania
Qing dynasty
Banner Armies were organized along ethnic lines, namely Manchu and Mongol, but included non-Manchu bondservants registered under the household of their Manchu masters. The years leading up to the conquest increased the number of Han Chinese under Manchu rule, leading Hong Taiji to create the , and around the time of the Qing takeover of Beijing, their numbers rapidly swelled. Han Bannermen held high status and power, especially immediately after the conquest during Shunzhi and Kangxi's reign where they dominated Governor-Generalships and Governorships at the expense of both Manchu Bannermen and Han civilians. Han also numerically dominated the Banners up until the mid 18th century. European visitors in Beijing called them "Tartarized Chinese" or "Tartarified Chinese".

Question: What did the Europeans call Han Bannermen?
Answer: "Tartarized Chinese" or "Tartarified Chinese"
Catalan language
In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".

Question: Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon?
Answer: city of Valencia
Exhibition game
Traditionally, major college basketball teams began their seasons with a few exhibition games. They played traveling teams made up of former college players on teams such as Athletes in Action or a team sponsored by Marathon Petroleum. On occasion before 1992, when FIBA allowed professional players on foreign national teams, colleges played those teams in exhibitions. However, in 2003, the National Collegiate Athletic Association banned games with non-college teams. Some teams have begun scheduling exhibition games against teams in NCAA Division II and NCAA Division III, or even against colleges and universities located in Canada. Major college basketball teams still travel to other countries during the summer to play in exhibition games, although a college team is allowed only one foreign tour every four years and a maximum of ten games in each tour.

Question: What is an example of a team of former college players?
Answer: Athletes in Action
Rule of law
One important aspect of the rule-of-law initiatives is the study and analysis of the rule of law's impact on economic development. The rule-of-law movement cannot be fully successful in transitional and developing countries without an answer to the question: does the rule of law matter to economic development or not? Constitutional economics is the study of the compatibility of economic and financial decisions within existing constitutional law frameworks, and such a framework includes government spending on the judiciary, which, in many transitional and developing countries, is completely controlled by the executive. It is useful to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary: corruption by the executive branch, in contrast to corruption by private actors.

Question: What doctrine seeks to study rules and their relationship with the economy?
Answer: Constitutional economics
Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont
Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont (sometimes spelled Bellamont, 1636 – 5 March 1700/01), known as The Lord Coote between 1683–89, was a member of the English Parliament and a colonial governor. Born in Ireland, he was an early supporter of William III and Mary II, siding with them in the Glorious Revolution.
John Nanfan
John Nanfan (1634–1716) was a Lieutenant Governor of the Province of New York from 1698 to 1702. He served as acting governor for about a year between the death of the Earl of Bellomont and the arrival of Bellomont's successor, Lord Cornbury. During the Glorious Revolution in 1688 he served as a captain in William of Orange's invasion army with Bellomont, who was his uncle by marriage.

Question: Where did the English Parliament and a colonial governor born after who's death John Nanfan served as acting governor?
Answer: Ireland
Jon Lee Anderson
Jon Lee Anderson (born January 15, 1957) is an American biographer, author, investigative reporter, war correspondent and staff writer for "The New Yorker", reporting from war zones such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Uganda, Palestine, El Salvador, Ireland, Lebanon, Iran, and throughout the Middle East as well as during Hurricane Katrina rescue efforts with K38 Water Safety as documented in the "New Yorker" article "Leaving Desire". Anderson has also written for "The New York Times", "Harper's", "Life", and "The Nation". Anderson has profiled political leaders such as Hugo Chávez, Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, and Augusto Pinochet.
Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz ( ; ] ; 13 August 1926 – 25 November 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who served as Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and President from 1976 to 2008. Ideologically a Marxist-Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he also served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011. Under his administration the Republic of Cuba became a one-party communist state; industry and business were nationalized, and state socialist reforms were implemented throughout society.

Question: In what year was the Cuban politician whom Jon Lee Anderson profiled born?
Answer: 1926
Hans Baur
Hans Baur (19 June 1897–17 February 1993) was Adolf Hitler's pilot during Hitler's political campaigns of the early 1930s. He later became Hitler's personal pilot and leader of the "Reichsregierung" squadron. Apprehended by the Soviet Union at the end of World War II in Europe, he was imprisoned in the USSR for ten years before being extradited to France on 10 October 1955, where he was imprisoned until 1957. He died in Herrsching, Bavaria, in 1993.
Georg Betz
Georg Betz (15 June 1903 – 2 May 1945) was an SS officer (SS number: 625,419), who rose to the rank of SS-"Obersturmbannfuhrer" during World War II. Betz served as Adolf Hitler's personal co-pilot and Hans Baur's substitute. Betz was present in the "Führerbunker" in Berlin in late April 1945. On 1 May 1945, Betz took part in the break-out from the Reich Chancellery in Berlin. Early on 2 May 1945, Betz was wounded and died while crossing the Weidendammer Bridge which was under heavy fire from Soviet troops.

Question: Georg Betz was the substitute for which pilot during Hitler's early 1930s campaigns?
Answer: Hans Baur
Dwight D. Eisenhower
In 1955 American nuclear arms policy became one aimed primarily at arms control as opposed to disarmament. The failure of negotiations over arms until 1955 was due mainly to the refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections. In talks located in London that year, they expressed a willingness to discuss inspections; the tables were then turned on Eisenhower, when he responded with an unwillingness on the part of the U.S. to permit inspections. In May of that year the Russians agreed to sign a treaty giving independence to Austria, and paved the way for a Geneva summit with the US, UK and France. At the Geneva Conference Eisenhower presented a proposal called "Open Skies" to facilitate disarmament, which included plans for Russia and the U.S. to provide mutual access to each other's skies for open surveillance of military infrastructure. Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev dismissed the proposal out of hand.

Question: In May of 1955, a treaty was signed giving independence to what country?
Answer: Austria
Somerset
Until the 1960s the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell who ran regular services to Barry and Cardiff as well as Ilfracombe and Lundy Island. The original stone pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods, one of the reasons for the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway was to provide a link between the Bristol Channel and the English Channel. The newer concrete pier at Burnham-on-Sea is claimed to be the shortest pier in Britain. In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol.

Question: What  did paddle streamers serve until the 1960's 
Answer: the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell
Identity (social science)
Although the self is distinct from identity, the literature of self-psychology can offer some insight into how identity is maintained . From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the "I"), and the actual content of the schemata which compose the self-concept (the "Me"). In the latter field, theorists have shown interest in relating the self-concept to self-esteem, the differences between complex and simple ways of organizing self-knowledge, and the links between those organizing principles and the processing of information .

Question: The I and the Me are two areas of interest in what?
Answer: self-psychology
51st state
The Philippines has had small grassroots movements for U.S. statehood. Originally part of the platform of the Progressive Party, then known as the Federalista Party, the party dropped it in 1907, which coincided with the name change. In 1981, the presidential candidate for the Federal Party ran on a platform of Philippine Statehood. As recently as 2004, the concept of the Philippines becoming a U.S. state has been part of a political platform in the Philippines. Supporters of this movement include Filipinos who believe that the quality of life in the Philippines would be higher and that there would be less poverty there if the Philippines were an American state or territory. Supporters also include Filipinos that had fought as members of the United States Armed Forces in various wars during the Commonwealth period.

Question: What was the most recent year of the Phillipines pushing for statehood?
Answer: 2004
Hunter-gatherer
Most hunter-gatherers are nomadic or semi-nomadic and live in temporary settlements. Mobile communities typically construct shelters using impermanent building materials, or they may use natural rock shelters, where they are available.

Question: What is the permanence of hunter-gatherer settlements?
Answer: temporary
Russian language
The language possesses five vowels (or six, under the St.Petersburg Phonological School), which are written with different letters depending on whether the preceding consonant is palatalized. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called "hard" and "soft." The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish and Marshallese. The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. Stressed vowels are somewhat lengthened, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa. (See also: vowel reduction in Russian.)

Question: What language does Russian treat hard consonants similar to?
Answer: Irish
Thodi Der
"Thodi Der" (English dub: Stay a Little Longer) is a popular song from the soundtrack of the Bollywood film "Half Girlfriend". The song was composed by Pakistani singer Farhan Saeed, who originally performed the song (titled "Tu Thodi Dair") with established Indian singer Shreya Ghoshal.
Half Girlfriend (film)
Half Girlfriend is an Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film based on the novel of the same name written by Chetan Bhagat. The film is directed by Mohit Suri and stars Arjun Kapoor and Shraddha Kapoor & Rhea Chakraborty.
Half Girlfriend (film)
Principal photography commenced in June 2016 and filming locations include Delhi, Mumbai, Patna, Dumraon, Varanasi, New York City and Cape Town. The film was released worldwide on 19 May 2017.

Question: "Thodi Der" is a song from the soundtrack of a Bollywood film directed by who?
Answer: Mohit Suri
Jamie Redknapp
Jamie Frank Redknapp (born 25 June 1973) is an English former professional footballer who was active from 1989 until 2005. He is a pundit at Sky Sports and an editorial sports columnist at the "Daily Mail". A technically skilful and creative midfielder, who was also an accurate and powerful free-kick taker, Redknapp played for AFC Bournemouth, Southampton, Liverpool, and Tottenham Hotspur, captaining the latter two. He also gained 17 England caps between 1995 and 1999. His 11 years at Liverpool were the most prolific, playing more than 237 league games for the club and being involved in winning the 1995 Football League Cup Final.
Spice Boys (footballers)
The Spice Boys was a media pejorative used to described a group of high-profile Liverpool F.C. footballers in the mid-late 1990s, typically Jamie Redknapp, David James, Steve McManaman Robbie Fowler and Jason McAteer, but occasionally team-mates such as Stan Collymore and Paul Ince. The name was a play on the Spice Girls, who were extremely popular at the same time and famed for their 'Girl Power' persona.

Question: The Spice Boys was a media pejorative used to described a group of high-profile Liverpool F.C. footballers in the mid-late 1990s,, and includes which English retired professional footballer who was active from 1989 until 2005?
Answer: Jamie Redknapp
Advantageous
Advantageous is a 2015 American science fiction drama film directed by Jennifer Phang and written by Jacqueline Kim and Jennifer Phang. The film stars Jacqueline Kim, James Urbaniak, Freya Adams, Ken Jeong, Jennifer Ehle, and Samantha Kim. The film was released exclusively to Netflix on June 23, 2015.
Jennifer Ehle
Jennifer Anne Ehle ( ; born December 29, 1969) is an American actress. She won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for her role as Elizabeth Bennet in the 1995 BBC miniseries "Pride and Prejudice". For her work on Broadway, she won the 2000 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for "The Real Thing", and the 2007 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for "The Coast of Utopia". She is the daughter of English actress Rosemary Harris and American author John Ehle.

Question: Which member of the 2015 American drama film "Advantageous" plays the role of Elizabeth Bennet in the 1995 BBC miniseries "Pride and Prejudice"?
Answer: Jennifer Ehle
Architecture
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft. It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world.

Question: Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?
Answer: trial and error
2011 Major League Baseball draft
The 2011 Major League Baseball First-Year Player Draft was held from June 6 through June 8, 2011, from Studio 42 of the MLB Network in Secaucus, New Jersey. The Pittsburgh Pirates selected Gerrit Cole out of the University of California, Los Angeles, with the first overall pick.
Gerrit Cole
Gerrit Alan Cole (born September 8, 1990) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the Pittsburgh Pirates and Houston Astros. Cole played for the baseball team at Orange Lutheran High School, and was selected by the Yankees in the first round of the 2008 MLB Draft. Cole opted not to sign, and instead attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he played college baseball for the UCLA Bruins.
Gerrit Cole
After his college baseball career, the Pirates made Cole the first overall selection in the 2011 MLB draft. Cole made his MLB debut in 2013, and was named the National League (NL) Rookie of the Month in September 2013. He was named the NL Pitcher of the Month for April 2015, and an MLB All-Star in 2015. The Pirates traded Cole to the Astros in the 2017–18 offseason. On September 18, 2019, Cole became the 18th pitcher in major league history to strike out at least 300 batters in a season. On December 16, 2019, Cole signed a $324 million contract with the Yankees, the largest contract in major league history for a pitcher.

Question: during the 2011 Major League Baseball draft the Pittsburgh Pirates selected what pitcher that attended the University of California?
Answer: Gerrit Cole
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a "Qadi", or judge. Since the closing of the "ijtihad", or "Gate of Interpretation, Qadis "throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions in the areas that they administered. However, the Ottoman court system lacked an appellate structure, leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favor.

Question: Who was the one that presided over the empire's Islamic Courts?
Answer: Qadi
Queen (band)
On 15 August 2006, May confirmed through his website and fan club that Queen + Paul Rodgers would begin producing their first studio album beginning in October, to be recorded at a "secret location". Queen + Paul Rodgers performed at the Nelson Mandela 90th Birthday Tribute held in Hyde Park, London on 27 June 2008, to commemorate Mandela's ninetieth birthday, and again promote awareness of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The first Queen + Paul Rodgers album, titled "The Cosmos Rocks", was released in Europe on 12 September 2008 and in the United States on 28 October 2008. Following the release of the album, the band again went on a tour through Europe, opening on Kharkiv's Freedom Square in front of 350,000 Ukrainian fans. The Kharkiv concert was later released on DVD. The tour then moved to Russia, and the band performed two sold-out shows at the Moscow Arena. Having completed the first leg of its extensive European tour, which saw the band play 15 sold-out dates across nine countries, the UK leg of the tour sold out within 90 minutes of going on sale and included three London dates, the first of which was the O Arena on 13 October. The last leg of the tour took place in South America, and included a sold-out concert at José Amalfitani Stadium, Buenos Aires.

Question: When did Queen + Paul Rodgers release their debut album?
Answer: 2008
Roman Republic
The consuls of the Roman Republic were the highest ranking ordinary magistrates. Each served for one year. They retained several elements of the former kingly regalia, such as the "toga praetexta", and the "fasces", which represented the power to inflict physical punishment. Consular powers included the kings' former "power to command" ("imperium") and appointment of new senators. Consuls had supreme power in both civil and military matters. While in the city of Rome, the consuls were the head of the Roman government. They would preside over the senate and the assemblies. While abroad, each consul would command an army. His authority abroad would be nearly absolute. Praetors administered civil law and commanded provincial armies. Every five years, two censors were elected for an 18-month term, during which they would conduct a census. During the census, they could enroll citizens in the senate, or purge them from the senate. Aediles were officers elected to conduct domestic affairs in Rome, such as managing public games and shows. The quaestors would usually assist the consuls in Rome, and the governors in the provinces. Their duties were often financial.

Question: Which official had supremacy in both civil and military matters?
Answer: Consuls
Between Shades of Gray
Between Shades of Gray, a "New York Times" Best Seller, is the debut novel of American novelist Ruta Sepetys. It follows the Stalinist repressions of the mid-20th century and follows the life of Lina as she is deported from her native Lithuania with her mother and younger brother, and the journey they take to a labor camp in Siberia. It was nominated for the 2012 CILIP Carnegie Medal and has been translated into more than 27 languages.
Ashes in the Snow
Ashes in the Snow is a Lithuanian-American World War II drama film based on "The New York Times" best selling novel "Between Shades of Gray" by Ruta Sepetys. It stars Aistė Diržiūtė, Bel Powley, Martin Wallström, Lisa Loven Kongsli, Jonah Hauer-King, Peter Franzén and Sophie Cookson. It had its world premiere at the LA Film Festival on 21 September 2018.

Question: What is the best-seller by Ruta Sepetys?
Answer: Between Shades of Gray
Joseph Stiglitz
Joseph Eugene Stiglitz ( ; born February 9, 1943) is an American economist, public policy analyst, and a professor at Columbia University. He is a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (2001) and the John Bates Clark Medal (1979). He is a former senior vice president and chief economist of the World Bank and is a former member and chairman of the (US president's) Council of Economic Advisers. He is known for his support of Georgist public finance theory and for his critical view of the management of globalization, of "laissez-faire" economists (whom he calls "free-market fundamentalists"), and of international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
The Price of Inequality
The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future is a 2012 book by Joseph Stiglitz that deals with income inequality in the United States. He attacks the growing wealth disparity and the effects it has on the economy at large.

Question: The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future is a 2012 book by Joseph Eugene Stiglitz that deals with income inequality in the United States, an American economist and a professor at where?
Answer: Columbia University
Holidayland
Holidayland was a 9 acre grassy picnic ground located along the western edge of Disneyland, near the area that is now New Orleans Square. It is often referred to as the "lost" land of Disneyland. Opening on June 16, 1957, Holidayland had its own admission gate into Disneyland and could hold up to 7,000 guests for large events. It also had playgrounds, horseshoes, baseball field, volleyball, "the world's largest candy-striped circus tent" (previously used by the short-lived Mickey Mouse Club Circus and Keller's Jungle Killers attractions) and other activities. Food and concessions were available for purchase including beer, which was not sold on the neighboring premises of Disneyland.
New Orleans Square
New Orleans Square is a themed land found at Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California. Based on 19th-century New Orleans, Louisiana, the roughly three-acre area was the first land to be added to Disneyland after the park's opening, at a cost of $18 million. It is exclusive to Disneyland, although a similarly themed area can be found within Adventureland at Tokyo Disneyland.

Question: New Orleans Square was a part of a larger area known as Holidayland,which was located along the western edge of what amusement park?
Answer: Disneyland
Fred Meyer
Fred Meyer is a chain of hypermarket superstores founded in 1931 in Portland, Oregon, USA, by Fred G. Meyer. The stores are found in the western U.S., within the states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Alaska. The company merged with Kroger in 1998, though the stores are still branded Fred Meyer. The chain was one of the first in the United States to promote one-stop shopping, eventually combining a complete grocery supermarket with a drugstore, bank, clothing, jewelry, home decor, home improvement, garden, electronics, restaurant, shoes, sporting goods and toys.
Fred G. Meyer
Fred G. Meyer (February 21, 1886 – September 2, 1978) was an American businessman who founded the Oregon-based Fred Meyer store chain, which had 63 stores in four western states at the time of his death. He was known for successfully introducing several innovative marketing concepts.

Question: Fred G. Meyer's chain of one-stop Fred Meyer superstores spread across the western states, but which state did it originate from?
Answer: Oregon
Sixto Rodriguez
Sixto Diaz Rodriguez, known professionally as Rodriguez (born July 10, 1942), is an American singer-songwriter from Detroit, Michigan. His music career initially proved disappointing in the United States, but unknown to Rodriguez his albums became extremely successful and influential in South Africa, where he is believed to have sold more records than Elvis Presley. His work also found a following in some other countries in Africa, and also in Australia and New Zealand. Because information about him was scarce, it was incorrectly rumored there that he had committed suicide shortly after releasing his second album.
Cold Fact
Cold Fact is the debut album from American singer-songwriter Rodriguez. It was released in the United States on the Sussex label in March 1970. The album sold very poorly in the United States (Rodriguez was himself an unknown in the U.S.), but managed to sell well in both South Africa and Australia, with Rodriguez touring Australia in 1979.

Question: When does the singer of Cold Fact born?
Answer: July 10, 1942
T-Mobile Arena
T-Mobile Arena is a multi-purpose indoor arena on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, and is the home venue for the National Hockey League's Vegas Golden Knights, who began play in 2017.
T-Mobile Arena
Opened on April 6, 2016, the arena was built as a joint venture between MGM Resorts International and the Anschutz Entertainment Group. Aside from the Golden Knights, T-Mobile Arena has primarily been used for entertainment events such as concerts, and has been booked for mixed martial arts and professional boxing events, as well as other annual sporting events.
2017 Billboard Music Awards
The 2017 "Billboard" Music Awards ceremony was held at the T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas on May 21, 2017. The list of nominees was announced on April 10, 2017. Non-televised awards were announced on "Billboard" website the same day as the main ceremony.

Question: The arena that hosted the 2017 "Billboard" Music Awards opened  on what date?
Answer: April 6, 2016