Its ostensible cause was the July 1870 proclamation of the doctrine of papal infallibility by the First Vatican Council, but that was only a convenient pretext for portraying certain groups as enemies of the state.
Its ostensible cause was the July 1870 proclamation of the doctrine of papal infallibility by the First Vatican Council, but that was only a convenient pretext for portraying certain groups as enemies of the state. Those groups included the opposition Center Party, oppressed Poles in the east, particularists in Bavaira, and Guelphs in Hannover--all Catholic enemies of Bismarck. By 1878, the state had taken control of schools, the clergy were under state supervision, and the Jesuits had been expelled from Germany. FTP, name this strugle between Bismarckian Germany and the Papacy.
Its ostensible cause was the July 1870 proclamation of the doctrine of papal infallibility by the First Vatican Council, but that was only a convenient pretext for portraying certain groups as enemies of the state.
{Kulturkampf}