For two identical particles, this quantity-squared equals four pi times the permittivity of free space times the distance between the particles squared times force.
For two identical particles, this quantity-squared equals four pi times the permittivity of free space times the distance between the particles squared times force. The energy stored in a capacitor is equal to this quantity-squared divided by two times voltage, and the (*) electric dipole moment is equal to this quantity times distance between the particles. This quantity was shown to be quantized by the Millikan oil drop experiment, and it is equal to current times time. The letter Q often symbolizes, for ten points, what quantity measured in Coulombs, which is positive for protons and negative for electrons?
For two identical particles, this quantity-squared equals four pi times the permittivity of free space times the distance between the particles squared times force.
electric {charge}