The energy necessary to form one of these is approximated computationally by Koopmans' theorem.
The energy necessary to form one of these is approximated computationally by Koopmans' theorem. MALDI and electrospray are two techniques to form these species in mass spectrometry. One type of these obeys a naming convention such that those with one more oxygen atoms are prefixed with "per" and with two fewer with "hypo." Those examples include carbonate and sulfate. For 10 points, name these species with a number of electrons that leads them to be charged.
The energy necessary to form one of these is approximated computationally by Koopmans' theorem.
{ion}s [or polyatomic {ion}s; or {cation}s; or {anion}s]