ดี. เอช. ลอว์เรนซ์

ดี. เอช. ลอว์เรนซ์ (D. H. Lawrence) (11 กันยายน ค.ศ. 1885 – 2 มีนาคม ค.ศ. 1930) เป็นนักประพันธ์, กวี, นักเขียนบทละคร, นักเขียนบทความ และนักวิพากษ์วรรณกรรมชาวอังกฤษ งานเขียนของลอว์เรนซ์สะท้อนให้เห็นถึงการลดความสำคัญของมนุษย์จากความก้าวหน้าของสมัยใหม่และการพัฒนาทางอุตสาหกรรม ในงานเขียนลอว์เรนซ์เผชิญหน้าหัวข้อต่าง ๆ ที่รวมทั้งสุขภาพทางอารมณ์ และความมีชีวิตจิตใจ, การตอบสนองอย่างธรรมชาติ (spontaneity), เรื่องเพศ และ สัญชาตญาณ
ความเห็นของลอว์เรนซ์สร้างศัตรูหลายคน และการเผชิญหน้ากับการถูกกล่าวหา, การถูกเซ็นเซอร์ และการถูกตีความหมายอย่างผิด ๆ ของงานเขียนอันเต็มไปด้วยความสร้างสรรค์ในครึ่งหลังของชีวิต ที่ส่วนใหญ่เป็นช่วงที่ลอว์เรนซ์เลือกที่จะหันหลังให้แก่สังคม ที่เรียกว่า "savage pilgrimage" เมื่อลอว์เรนซ์เสียชีวิต ภาพพจน์ของสาธารณชนต่อลอว์เรนซ์เป็นภาพของผู้สูญเสียความมีพรสวรรค์ไปกับการเขียนงานลามก (pornographer) แต่อี. เอ็ม. ฟอร์สเตอร์แก้ตัวแทนลอว์เรนซ์ในงานศพว่าเป็น “นักประพันธ์ผู้เต็มไปด้วยจินตนาการผู้ยิ่งใหญ่ที่สุดในบรรดานักเขียนร่วมสมัย” ต่อมานักวิพากษ์วรรณกรรมผู้มีอิทธิพลเคมบริดจ์เอฟ. อาร์. เลวิสกลายมาเป็นผู้สนับสนุนลอว์เรนซ์อย่างแข็งขัน และสรรเสริญคุณค่าของงานของลอว์เรนซ์ในด้านความมีศิลปะ และความจริงจังทางจริยธรรรม และถือว่าระดับงานเขียนเทียมเท่างานเขียนระดับคลาสสิกของนวนิยายอังกฤษ ในปัจจุบันงานเขียนของลอว์เรนซ์โดยทั่วไปเห็นกันว่าเป็นงานเขียนของผู้เห็นการณ์ไกล และเป็นงานตัวอย่างของการเขียนแบบสมัยใหม่นิยม แม้ว่าผู้สนับสนุนสิทธิสตรีบางคนจะประท้วงทัศนคติของลอว์เรนซ์เกี่ยวกับสตรี และ เรื่องเพศในงานบางชิ้น
== งานเขียน ==
=== นวนิยาย ===
The White Peacock (1911), edited by Andrew Robertson, Cambridge University Press, 1983, ISBN 0-521-22267-2
The Trespasser (1912), edited by Elizabeth Mansfield, Cambridge University Press,1981, ISBN 0-521-22264-8
ลูกชายและคนรัก (1913), edited by Helen Baron and Carl Baron, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-24276-2
The Rainbow (1915), edited by Mark Kinkead-Weekes, Cambridge University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-521-00944-8
Women in Love (1920), edited by David Farmer, Lindeth Vasey and John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-521-23565-0
The Lost Girl (1920), edited by John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1981, ISBN 0-521-22263-X
Aaron's Rod (1922) edited by Mara Kalnins, Cambridge University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-521-25250-4
Kangaroo (1923) edited by Bruce Steele, Cambridge University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-521-38455-9
The Boy in the Bush (1924), edited by Paul Eggert, Cambridge University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-521-30704-X
The Plumed Serpent (1926), edited by L. D. Clark, Cambridge University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-521-22262-1
Lady Chatterley's Lover (1928), edited by Michael Squires, Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-22266-4
The Escaped Cock (1929) (later re-published as The Man Who Died)
The Virgin and the Gypsy (1930)
=== เรื่องสั้น ===
The Odour of Chrysanthemums (1914)
The Prussian Officer and Other Stories (1914), edited by John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1983, ISBN 0-521-24822-1
England, My England and Other Stories (1922), edited by Bruce Steele, Cambridge University Press, 1990, ISBN 0-521-35267-3
The Horse Dealer's Daughter (1922)
The Fox, The Captain's Doll, The Ladybird (1923), edited by Dieter Mehl, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-35266-5
St Mawr and other stories (1925), edited by Brian Finney, Cambridge University Press, 1983, ISBN 0-521-22265-6
The Woman who Rode Away and other stories (1928) edited by Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-521-22270-2.
The Rocking-Horse Winner (1926)
The Virgin and the Gipsy and Other Stories (1930), edited by Michael Herbert, Bethan Jones, Lindeth Vasey, Cambridge University Press, 2006 (forthcoming), ISBN 0-521-36607-0
Love Among the Haystacks and other stories (1930), edited by John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-521-26836-2
Collected Stories (1994) - Everyman's Library, a comprehensive one volume edition that prints all sixty two of Lawrence's shorter fictions in chronological sequence
=== กวีนิพนธ์ ===
Love Poems and others (1913)
Amores (1916)
Look! We have come through! (1917)
New Poems (1918)
Bay: a book of poems (1919)
Tortoises (1921)
Birds, Beasts and Flowers (1923)
The Collected Poems of D H Lawrence (1928)
Pansies (1929)
Nettles (1930)
Last Poems (1932)
Fire and other poems (1940)
The Complete Poems of D H Lawrence (1964), ed. Vivian de Sola Pinto and F. Warren Roberts
D. H. Lawrence: Selected Poems (1972), ed. Keith Sagar.
=== บทละคร ===
The Daughter-in-Law (1912)
The Widowing of Mrs Holroyd (1914)
Touch and Go (1920)
David (1926)
The Fight for Barbara (1933)
A Collier's Friday Night (1934)
The Married Man (1940)
The Merry-go-round (1941)
The Complete Plays of D H Lawrence (1965)
The Plays, edited by Hans-Wilhelm Schwarze and John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-24277-0
=== งานเขียนทั่วไป ===
Study of Thomas Hardy and other essays (1914), edited by Bruce Steele, Cambridge University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-521-25252-0, Literary criticism and metaphysics
Movements in European History (1921), edited by Philip Crumpton, Cambridge University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-521-26201-1, Originally published under the name of Lawrence H. Davison
Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious and Fantasia of the Unconscious (1921/1922), edited by Bruce Steele, Cambridge University Press, 2004 ISBN 0-521-32791-1
Studies in Classic American Literature (1923), edited by Ezra Greenspan, Lindeth Vasey and John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-55016-5
Reflections on the Death of a Porcupine and other essays (1925), edited by Michael Herbert, Cambridge University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-521-26622-X
A Propos of Lady Chatterley's Lover(1929) - Lawrence wrote this pamphlet to explain his most notorious novel
Apocalypse and the writings on Revelation (1931) edited by Mara Kalnins, Cambridge University Press, 1980, ISBN 0-521-22407-1, His last book touching on primitive symbolism, paganism and pre-Christian religion
 The Posthumous Papers of D. H. Lawrence (1936)
 Uncollected, Unpublished and Other Prose Works by D. H. Lawrence (1968)
Introductions and Reviews, edited by N. H. Reeve and John Worthen, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-83584-4
Late Essays and Articles, edited by James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-58431-0
Selected Letters, Oneworld Classics, 2008. Edited by James T. Boulton. ISBN 978-1-84749-049-0
=== หนังสือท่องเที่ยว ===
Twilight in Italy and Other Essays (1916), edited by Paul Eggert, Cambridge University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-521-26888-5
Sea and Sardinia (1921), edited by Mara Kalnins, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-24275-4
Mornings in Mexico (1927)
Sketches of Etruscan Places and other Italian essays (1932), edited by Simonetta de Filippis, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-25253-9
=== งานแปล ===
Lev Isaakovich Shestov All Things are Possible (1920)
Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin The Gentleman from San Francisco (1922), tr. with S. S. Koteliansky
Giovanni Verga Mastro-Don Gesualdo (1923)
Giovanni Verga Little Novels of Sicily (1925)
Giovanni Verga Cavalleria Rusticana and other stories (1928)
Antonio Francesco Grazzini The Story of Doctor Manente (1929)
=== งานร่าง ===
Paul Morel (1911-12), edited by Helen Baron, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-56009-8, an early manuscript version of Sons and Lovers
The First Women in Love (1916-17) edited by John Worthen and Lindeth Vasey, Cambridge University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-521-37326-3
Mr Noon (1920?) - Parts I and II, edited by Lindeth Vasey, Cambridge University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-521-25251-2
The Symbolic Meaning: The Uncollected Versions of Studies in Classic American Literature, edited by Armin Arnold, Centaur Press, 1962
Quetzalcoatl (1925), edited by Louis L Martz, W W Norton Edition, 1998, ISBN 0-8112-1385-4, Early draft of The Plumed Serpent
The First and Second Lady Chatterley novels, edited by Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-47116-8. These two books,The First Lady Chatterley and John Thomas and Lady Jane were earlier drafts of Lawrence's last novel
=== จดหมาย ===
The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume I, September 1901 - May 1913, ed. James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 1979, ISBN 0-521-22147-1
The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume II, June 1913 - October 1916, ed. George J. Zytaruk and James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 1981, ISBN 0-521-23111-6
The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume III, October 1916 - June 1921, ed. James T. Boulton and Andrew Robertson, Cambridge University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-521-23112-4
The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume IV, June 1921 - March 1924 , ed. Warren Roberts, James T. Boulton and Elizabeth Mansfield, Cambridge University Press, 1987, ISBN 0-521-00695-3
The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume V, March 1924 - March 1927, ed. James T. Boulton and Lindeth Vasey, Cambridge University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-521-00696-1
The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume VI, March 1927 - November 1928 , ed. James T. Boulton and Margaret Boulton with Gerald M. Lacy, Cambridge University Press, 1991, ISBN 0-521-00698-8
The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, Volume VII, November 1928 - February 1930, ed. Keith Sagar and James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-521-00699-6
The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, with index, Volume VIII, ed. James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-521-23117-5
The Selected Letters of D H Lawrence, Compiled and edited by James T. Boulton, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-40115-1
=== จิตรกรรม ===
The Paintings of D. H. Lawrence,London: Mandrake Press, 1929.
D. H. Lawrence's Paintings, ed. Keith Sagar, London: Chaucer Press, 2003.
The Collected Art Works of D. H. Lawrence, ed. Tetsuji Kohno, Tokyo: Sogensha,2004.
== งานเขียนเกี่ยวกับ ดี. เอช. ลอว์เรนซ์ ==
=== งานบรรณานุกรม ===
Paul Poplawski (1995) The Works of D H Lawrence: a Chronological Checklist (Nottingham, D H Lawrence Society)
Paul Poplawski (1996) D. H. Lawrence: A Reference Companion (Westport, Conn., and London: Greenwood Press)
P. Preston (1994) A D H Lawrence Chronology (London, Macmillan)
W. Roberts and P. Poplawski (2001)A Bibliography of D H Lawrence. 3rd ed. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)
Charles L Ross and Dennis Jackson, eds. (1995) Editing D H Lawrence: New Versions of a Modern Author (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press)
Keith Sagar (1979) D H Lawrence: a Calendar of his Works (Manchester, Manchester University Press)
Keith Sagar (1982) D H Lawrence Handbook (Manchester, Manchester University Press)
=== งานศึกษาบรรณานุกรม ===
Catherine Carswell (1932) The Savage Pilgrimage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, reissued 1981)
Frieda Lawrence (1934) Not I, But The Wind (Santa Fe: Rydal Press)
E. T. (Jessie Chambers Wood) (1935) D. H. Lawrence: A Personal Record (Jonathan Cape)
Witter Bynner (1951) Journey with Genius: Recollections and Reflections Concerning the D.H. Lawrences (John Day Company)
Edward Nehls (1957-59) D. H. Lawrence: A Composite Biography, Volumes I-III (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press)
Anaïs Nin (1963) "D. H. Lawrence: An Unprofessional Study" (Athens: Swallow Press)
Emile Delavenay (1972) D. H. Lawrence: The Man and his Work: The Formative Years, 1885-1919, trans. Katherine M. Delavenay (London: Heinemann)
Harry T. Moore (1974) The Priest of Love: A Life of D. H. Lawrence (Heinemann)
Paul Delany (1979) D. H. Lawrence's Nightmare: The Writer and his Circle in the Years of the Great War (Hassocks: Harvester Press)
G H Neville (1981) A Memoir of D. H. Lawrence: The Betrayal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
John Worthen (1991) D. H. Lawrence: The Early Years, 1885 - 1912 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
Mark Kincaid-Weekes (1996) D. H. Lawrence: Triumph to Exile, 1912 - 1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
Brenda Maddox (1994) D. H. Lawrence: The Story of a Marriage (W. W. Norton & Co)
David Ellis (1998) D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game, 1922 - 1930 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
Keith Sagar (2003) The Life of D. H. Lawrence: An Illustrated Biography (London: Chaucer Press)
John Worthen (2005) D. H. Lawrence: The Life of an Outsider (London: Penguin/Allen Lane)
Scandalous! the musical based on the life of D. H. Lawrence. Created by Glyn Bailey, Keith Thomas and Theasa Tuohy. Website / Scandalousthemusical.com 
=== บทละคร ===
Look! We Have Come Through! based on the letters and works of D. H. Lawrence and his wife, Frieda. Scripted by James Petosa and Carole Graham Lehan. Nominated for Helen Hayes Award 1998
=== ละครร้อง ===
Scandalous! the musical based on the life of D. H. Lawrence. Created by Glyn Bailey, Keith Thomas and Theasa Tuohy. Website:/ Scandalousthemusical.com 
=== งานวิพากษ์วรรณกรรม ===
Michael Bell (1992) D. H. Lawrence: Language and Being (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
Richard Beynon, (ed.) (1997) D. H. Lawrence: The Rainbow and Women in Love (Cambridge: Icon Books)
Michael Black (1986) D H Lawrence: The Early Fiction (Palgrave MacMillan)
Michael Black (1991) D. H. Lawrence: The Early Philosophical Works: A Commentary (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan)
Michael Black (1992) Sons and Lovers (Cambridge University Press)
Michael Black (2001) Lawrence's England: The Major Fiction, 1913 - 1920 (Palgrave-MacMillan)
Keith Brown, ed. (1990) Rethinking Lawrence, Milton Keynes: Open University Press
Anthony Burgess (1985) Flame Into Being: The Life And Work Of D. H. Lawrence (William Heinemann)
Aidan Burns (1980) Nature and Culture in D. H. Lawrence (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan)
L D Clark (1980)  The Minoan Distance: The Symbolism of Travel in D H Lawrence, University of Arizona Press
Colin Clarke (1969) River of Dissolution: D. H. Lawrence and English Romanticism (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul)
Joseph Davis (1989) "D.H. Lawrence at Thirroul (Collins, Sydney, Australia)
Carol Dix (1980) D H Lawrence and Women, Macmillan
R P Draper (1970) D H Lawrence: The Critical Heritage, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
Anne Fernihough (1993) D. H. Lawrence: Aesthetics and Ideology (Oxford:Clarendon Press)
Anne Fernihough, ed. (2001) The Cambridge Companion to D H Lawrence (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)
Graham Holderness (1982) D. H. Lawrence: History, Ideology and Fiction (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan)
John R. Harrison (1966) The Reactionaries: Yeats, Lewis, Pound, Eliot, Lawrence: A Study of the Anti-Democratic Intelligentsia (Victor Gollancz, London)
Graham Hough (1956) The Dark Sun: A Study of D H Lawrence, Duckworth
John Humma (1990) Metaphor and Meaning in D. H. Lawrence's Later Novels, University of Missouri Press
Frank Kermode (1973) Lawrence (London: Fontana)
Mark Kinkead - Weekes (1968) The Marble and the Statue: The Exploratory Imagination of D. H. Lawrence, pp.&nbsp;371-418. in Gregor, lan and Maynard Mack (eds.), Imagined Worlds: Essays in Honour of John Butt (London: Methuen,)
F. R. Leavis (1955) D H Lawrence: Novelist (London, Chatto and Windus)
F. R. Leavis (1976) Thought, Words and Creativity: Art and Thought in D H Lawrence (London, Chatto and Windus)
Sheila Macleod (1985) Lawrence's Men and Women (London: Heinemann)
Barbara Mensch (1991)  D. H. Lawrence and the Authoritarian Personality (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan)
Kate Millett (1970) Sexual Politics (Garden City, NY: Doubleday)
Colin Milton (1987) Lawrence and Nietzsche: A Study in Influence (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press)
Robert E Montgomery (1994) The Visionary D. H. Lawrence: Beyond Philosophy and Art (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
Alastair Niven (1978) D. H. Lawrence: The Novels (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
Cornelia Nixon (1986) Lawrence's Leadership Politics and the Turn Against Women (Berkeley: University of California Press)
Tony Pinkney (1990) D. H. Lawrence (London and New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf)
Charles L. Ross (1991) Women in Love: A Novel of Mythic Realism (Boston, Mass.: Twayne)
Keith Sagar (1966) The Art of D H Lawrence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
Keith Sagar (1985) D H Lawrence: Life into Art (University of Georgia Press)
Keith Sagar (2008) D. H. Lawrence: Poet (Penrith: Humanities-Ebooks)
Daniel J. Schneider (1986) The Consciousness of D. H. Lawrence: An Intellectual Biography (Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas)
Michael Squires and Keith Cushman (1990) The Challenge of D. H. Lawrence (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press)
Peter Widdowson , ed. (1992) D. H. Lawrence (London and New York: Longman)
John Worthen (1979) D. H. Lawrence and the Idea of the Novel (London and Basingstoke, Macmillan).
T R Wright (2000) D H Lawrence and the Bible (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)
== อ้างอิง ==
== ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติม ==
=== บรรณานุกรม ===
Biography from the Literary Encyclopedia
Detailed biography and chronology, part of a set of other resources at The University of Nottingham
Audio interview with Mark Kincaid-Weekes, concentrating on the middle years of Lawrence's life
Fyne Times Gay Great - DH Lawrence
=== งานเขียน ===
Works by D H Lawrence at Project Gutenberg Australia
Online editions of works , from eBooks@Adelaide 
Studies in Classic American Literature  from American Studies at the University of Virginia.
D. H. Lawrence: Poems
With the Guns, Lawrence's journalistic, and eerily prophetic, response to the start of the Great War
Poetry Archive: 150 poems of D. H. Lawrence
"The Deep End," a biographical essay by Benjamin Kunkel in The New Yorker.
D.H. Lawrence's Collection  at the Harry Ransom Center at The University of Texas at Austin
=== งานวิพากษ์วรรกรรม ===
"The Hostile Sun: The Poetry of D. H. Lawrence" by Joyce Carol Oates (1974)
"Lawrence's Götterdämmerung: The Apocalyptic Vision of Women in Love" by Joyce Carol Oates (1978)
"The Internal Travel Towards Jouissance" by Juliette Feyel
"St Mawr: The Monk and the Beast" and "The Ending of Sons and Lovers" by Keith Sagar.
=== แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น ===
D. H. Lawrence Museum and Heritage 
Illustrated history of Lawrence's life and death
Frieda Lawrence Collection 
The paintings of D. H. Lawrence 
Online exhibition, 'A Literary Legacy: D H Lawrence at the University of Nottingham'
D. H. Lawrence information and events website, endorsed by the University of Nottingham' 
D. H. Lawrences Resources pages, including biography and details of collections held at the University of Nottingham
Odour of Chrysanthemums: a text in process. Website allowing researchers to study four different versions of D H Lawrence's Odour of Chrysanthemums. From The University of Nottingham
Review of Michael Black's Lawrence's England: Thomas L. Jeffers, “Lawrence’s Major Phase,” Yale Review 90 (Summer 2002), 148-58.
Review of John Worthen's biography of D. H. Lawrence, The Oxonian Review of Books 
"Memoirs of the Foreign Legion" http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0300711.txt
นักเขียนนวนิยายชาวอังกฤษ
นักเขียนเรื่องสั้นชาวอังกฤษ
กวีชาวอังกฤษ
นักวิพากษ์วรรณกรรม
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