pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A Step towards Automated and Generalizable Tactile Map Generation using Generative Adversarial Networks
Authors: David G Hobson, Majid Komeili
Date: 2024-12-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Generative Adversarial Network

Blindness and visual impairments affect many people worldwide. For help with navigation, people with visual impairments often rely on tactile maps that utilize raised surfaces and edges to convey information through touch. Although these maps are helpful, they are often not widely available and current tools to automate their production have similar limitations including only working at certain scales, for particular world regions, or adhering to specific tactile map standards. To address these shortcomings, we train a proof-of-concept model as a first step towards applying computer vision techniques to help automate the generation of tactile maps. We create a first-of-its-kind tactile maps dataset of street-views from Google Maps spanning 6500 locations and including different tactile line- and area-like features. Generative adversarial network (GAN) models trained on a single zoom successfully identify key map elements, remove extraneous ones, and perform inpainting with median F1 and intersection-over-union (IoU) scores of better than 0.97 across all features. Models trained on two zooms experience only minor drops in performance, and generalize well both to unseen map scales and world regions. Finally, we discuss future directions towards a full implementation of a tactile map solution that builds on our results.
Robust Feature Engineering Techniques for Designing Efficient Motor Imagery-Based BCI-Systems
Authors: Syed Saim Gardezi, Soyiba Jawed, Mahnoor Khan, Muneeba Bukhari, Rizwan Ahmed Khan
Date: 2024-12-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Brain Computer Interface, EEG, Feature Engineering, Motor Imagery

A multitude of individuals across the globe grapple with motor disabilities. Neural prosthetics utilizing Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology exhibit promise for improving motor rehabilitation outcomes. The intricate nature of EEG data poses a significant hurdle for current BCI systems. Recently, a qualitative repository of EEG signals tied to both upper and lower limb execution of motor and motor imagery tasks has been unveiled. Despite this, the productivity of the Machine Learning (ML) Models that were trained on this dataset was alarmingly deficient, and the evaluation framework seemed insufficient. To enhance outcomes, robust feature engineering (signal processing) methodologies are implemented. A collection of time domain, frequency domain, and wavelet-derived features was obtained from 16-channel EEG signals, and the Maximum Relevance Minimum Redundancy (MRMR) approach was employed to identify the four most significant features. For classification K Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), and Na\"ive Bayes (NB) models were implemented with these selected features, evaluating their effectiveness through metrics such as testing accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 Score. By leveraging SVM with a Gaussian Kernel, a remarkable maximum testing accuracy of 92.50% for motor activities and 95.48% for imagery activities is achieved. These results are notably more dependable and gratifying compared to the previous study, where the peak accuracy was recorded at 74.36%. This research work provides an in-depth analysis of the MI Limb EEG dataset and it will help in designing and developing simple, cost-effective and reliable BCI systems for neuro-rehabilitation.
Rate-In: Information-Driven Adaptive Dropout Rates for Improved Inference-Time Uncertainty Estimation
Authors: Tal Zeevi, Ravid Shwartz-Ziv, Yann Lecun, Lawrence H. Staib, John A. Onofrey
Date: 2024-12-10 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2025 1
Tasks: Medical Diagnosis

Accurate uncertainty estimation is crucial for deploying neural networks in risk-sensitive applications such as medical diagnosis. Monte Carlo Dropout is a widely used technique for approximating predictive uncertainty by performing stochastic forward passes with dropout during inference. However, using static dropout rates across all layers and inputs can lead to suboptimal uncertainty estimates, as it fails to adapt to the varying characteristics of individual inputs and network layers. Existing approaches optimize dropout rates during training using labeled data, resulting in fixed inference-time parameters that cannot adjust to new data distributions, compromising uncertainty estimates in Monte Carlo simulations. In this paper, we propose Rate-In, an algorithm that dynamically adjusts dropout rates during inference by quantifying the information loss induced by dropout in each layer's feature maps. By treating dropout as controlled noise injection and leveraging information-theoretic principles, Rate-In adapts dropout rates per layer and per input instance without requiring ground truth labels. By quantifying the functional information loss in feature maps, we adaptively tune dropout rates to maintain perceptual quality across diverse medical imaging tasks and architectural configurations. Our extensive empirical study on synthetic data and real-world medical imaging tasks demonstrates that Rate-In improves calibration and sharpens uncertainty estimates compared to fixed or heuristic dropout rates without compromising predictive performance. Rate-In offers a practical, unsupervised, inference-time approach to optimizing dropout for more reliable predictive uncertainty estimation in critical applications.
3A-YOLO: New Real-Time Object Detectors with Triple Discriminative Awareness and Coordinated Representations
Authors: Xuecheng Wu, Junxiao Xue, Liangyu Fu, Jiayu Nie, Danlei Huang, Xinyi Yin
Date: 2024-12-10 00:00:00

Recent research on real-time object detectors (e.g., YOLO series) has demonstrated the effectiveness of attention mechanisms for elevating model performance. Nevertheless, existing methods neglect to unifiedly deploy hierarchical attention mechanisms to construct a more discriminative YOLO head which is enriched with more useful intermediate features. To tackle this gap, this work aims to leverage multiple attention mechanisms to hierarchically enhance the triple discriminative awareness of the YOLO detection head and complementarily learn the coordinated intermediate representations, resulting in a new series detectors denoted 3A-YOLO. Specifically, we first propose a new head denoted TDA-YOLO Module, which unifiedly enhance the representations learning of scale-awareness, spatial-awareness, and task-awareness. Secondly, we steer the intermediate features to coordinately learn the inter-channel relationships and precise positional information. Finally, we perform neck network improvements followed by introducing various tricks to boost the adaptability of 3A-YOLO. Extensive experiments across COCO and VOC benchmarks indicate the effectiveness of our detectors.
Compositional Zero-Shot Learning with Contextualized Cues and Adaptive Contrastive Training
Authors: Yun Li, Zhe Liu, Lina Yao
Date: 2024-12-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Attribute, Compositional Zero-Shot Learning, Contrastive Learning, Zero-Shot Learning

Compositional Zero-Shot Learning (CZSL) aims to recognize unseen combinations of seen attributes and objects. Current CLIP-based methods in CZSL, despite their advancements, often fail to effectively understand and link the attributes and objects due to inherent limitations in CLIP's pretraining mechanisms. To address these shortcomings, this paper introduces a novel framework, Understanding and Linking Attributes and Objects (ULAO) in CZSL, which comprises two innovative modules. The Understanding Attributes and Objects (UAO) module improves primitive understanding by sequential primitive prediction and leveraging recognized objects as contextual hints for attribute classification. Concurrently, the Linking Attributes and Objects (LAO) module improves the attribute-object linkage understanding through a new contrastive learning strategy that incorporates tailored hard negative generation and adaptive loss adjustments. We demonstrate our model's superiority by showcasing its state-of-the-art performance across three benchmark datasets in both Closed-World (CW) and Open-World (OW) scenarios.
Motion-aware Contrastive Learning for Temporal Panoptic Scene Graph Generation
Authors: Thong Thanh Nguyen, Xiaobao Wu, Yi Bin, Cong-Duy T Nguyen, See-Kiong Ng, Anh Tuan Luu
Date: 2024-12-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Contrastive Learning, Graph Generation, Panoptic Scene Graph Generation, Relation, Representation Learning, Scene Graph Generation

To equip artificial intelligence with a comprehensive understanding towards a temporal world, video and 4D panoptic scene graph generation abstracts visual data into nodes to represent entities and edges to capture temporal relations. Existing methods encode entity masks tracked across temporal dimensions (mask tubes), then predict their relations with temporal pooling operation, which does not fully utilize the motion indicative of the entities' relation. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a contrastive representation learning framework that focuses on motion pattern for temporal scene graph generation. Firstly, our framework encourages the model to learn close representations for mask tubes of similar subject-relation-object triplets. Secondly, we seek to push apart mask tubes from their temporally shuffled versions. Moreover, we also learn distant representations for mask tubes belonging to the same video but different triplets. Extensive experiments show that our motion-aware contrastive framework significantly improves state-of-the-art methods on both video and 4D datasets.
Multi-Scale Contrastive Learning for Video Temporal Grounding
Authors: Thong Thanh Nguyen, Yi Bin, Xiaobao Wu, Zhiyuan Hu, Cong-Duy T Nguyen, See-Kiong Ng, Anh Tuan Luu
Date: 2024-12-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Contrastive Learning, Data Augmentation, Form, Video Grounding, Video Understanding

Temporal grounding, which localizes video moments related to a natural language query, is a core problem of vision-language learning and video understanding. To encode video moments of varying lengths, recent methods employ a multi-level structure known as a feature pyramid. In this structure, lower levels concentrate on short-range video moments, while higher levels address long-range moments. Because higher levels experience downsampling to accommodate increasing moment length, their capacity to capture information is reduced and consequently leads to degraded information in moment representations. To resolve this problem, we propose a contrastive learning framework to capture salient semantics among video moments. Our key methodology is to leverage samples from the feature space emanating from multiple stages of the video encoder itself requiring neither data augmentation nor online memory banks to obtain positive and negative samples. To enable such an extension, we introduce a sampling process to draw multiple video moments corresponding to a common query. Subsequently, by utilizing these moments' representations across video encoder layers, we instantiate a novel form of multi-scale and cross-scale contrastive learning that links local short-range video moments with global long-range video moments. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework for not only long-form but also short-form video grounding.
QCResUNet: Joint Subject-level and Voxel-level Segmentation Quality Prediction
Authors: Peijie Qiu, Satrajit Chakrabarty, Phuc Nguyen, Soumyendu Sekhar Ghosh, Aristeidis Sotiras
Date: 2024-12-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Brain Tumor Segmentation, MRI segmentation, Segmentation, Tumor Segmentation

Deep learning has made significant strides in automated brain tumor segmentation from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in recent years. However, the reliability of these tools is hampered by the presence of poor-quality segmentation outliers, particularly in out-of-distribution samples, making their implementation in clinical practice difficult. Therefore, there is a need for quality control (QC) to screen the quality of the segmentation results. Although numerous automatic QC methods have been developed for segmentation quality screening, most were designed for cardiac MRI segmentation, which involves a single modality and a single tissue type. Furthermore, most prior works only provided subject-level predictions of segmentation quality and did not identify erroneous parts segmentation that may require refinement. To address these limitations, we proposed a novel multi-task deep learning architecture, termed QCResUNet, which produces subject-level segmentation-quality measures as well as voxel-level segmentation error maps for each available tissue class. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we conducted experiments on assessing its performance on evaluating the quality of two distinct segmentation tasks. First, we aimed to assess the quality of brain tumor segmentation results. For this task, we performed experiments on one internal and two external datasets. Second, we aimed to evaluate the segmentation quality of cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data from the Automated Cardiac Diagnosis Challenge. The proposed method achieved high performance in predicting subject-level segmentation-quality metrics and accurately identifying segmentation errors on a voxel basis. This has the potential to be used to guide human-in-the-loop feedback to improve segmentations in clinical settings.
Annotation Techniques for Judo Combat Phase Classification from Tournament Footage
Authors: Anthony Miyaguchi, Jed Moutahir, Tanmay Sutar
Date: 2024-12-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Information Retrieval, Transfer Learning

This paper presents a semi-supervised approach to extracting and analyzing combat phases in judo tournaments using live-streamed footage. The objective is to automate the annotation and summarization of live streamed judo matches. We train models that extract relevant entities and classify combat phases from fixed-perspective judo recordings. We employ semi-supervised methods to address limited labeled data in the domain. We build a model of combat phases via transfer learning from a fine-tuned object detector to classify the presence, activity, and standing state of the match. We evaluate our approach on a dataset of 19 thirty-second judo clips, achieving an F1 score on a $20\%$ test hold-out of 0.66, 0.78, and 0.87 for the three classes, respectively. Our results show initial promise for automating more complex information retrieval tasks using rigorous methods with limited labeled data.
Hero-SR: One-Step Diffusion for Super-Resolution with Human Perception Priors
Authors: Jiangang Wang, Qingnan Fan, Qi Zhang, Haigen Liu, Yuhang Yu, Jinwei Chen, Wenqi Ren
Date: 2024-12-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Super-Resolution

Owing to the robust priors of diffusion models, recent approaches have shown promise in addressing real-world super-resolution (Real-SR). However, achieving semantic consistency and perceptual naturalness to meet human perception demands remains difficult, especially under conditions of heavy degradation and varied input complexities. To tackle this, we propose Hero-SR, a one-step diffusion-based SR framework explicitly designed with human perception priors. Hero-SR consists of two novel modules: the Dynamic Time-Step Module (DTSM), which adaptively selects optimal diffusion steps for flexibly meeting human perceptual standards, and the Open-World Multi-modality Supervision (OWMS), which integrates guidance from both image and text domains through CLIP to improve semantic consistency and perceptual naturalness. Through these modules, Hero-SR generates high-resolution images that not only preserve intricate details but also reflect human perceptual preferences. Extensive experiments validate that Hero-SR achieves state-of-the-art performance in Real-SR. The code will be publicly available upon paper acceptance.
RAP-SR: RestorAtion Prior Enhancement in Diffusion Models for Realistic Image Super-Resolution
Authors: Jiangang Wang, Qingnan Fan, Jinwei Chen, Hong Gu, Feng Huang, Wenqi Ren
Date: 2024-12-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Super-Resolution, Super-Resolution

Benefiting from their powerful generative capabilities, pretrained diffusion models have garnered significant attention for real-world image super-resolution (Real-SR). Existing diffusion-based SR approaches typically utilize semantic information from degraded images and restoration prompts to activate prior for producing realistic high-resolution images. However, general-purpose pretrained diffusion models, not designed for restoration tasks, often have suboptimal prior, and manually defined prompts may fail to fully exploit the generated potential. To address these limitations, we introduce RAP-SR, a novel restoration prior enhancement approach in pretrained diffusion models for Real-SR. First, we develop the High-Fidelity Aesthetic Image Dataset (HFAID), curated through a Quality-Driven Aesthetic Image Selection Pipeline (QDAISP). Our dataset not only surpasses existing ones in fidelity but also excels in aesthetic quality. Second, we propose the Restoration Priors Enhancement Framework, which includes Restoration Priors Refinement (RPR) and Restoration-Oriented Prompt Optimization (ROPO) modules. RPR refines the restoration prior using the HFAID, while ROPO optimizes the unique restoration identifier, improving the quality of the resulting images. RAP-SR effectively bridges the gap between general-purpose models and the demands of Real-SR by enhancing restoration prior. Leveraging the plug-and-play nature of RAP-SR, our approach can be seamlessly integrated into existing diffusion-based SR methods, boosting their performance. Extensive experiments demonstrate its broad applicability and state-of-the-art results. Codes and datasets will be available upon acceptance.
Integrating MedCLIP and Cross-Modal Fusion for Automatic Radiology Report Generation
Authors: Qianhao Han, Junyi Liu, Zengchang Qin, Zheng Zheng
Date: 2024-12-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Retrieval

Automating radiology report generation can significantly reduce the workload of radiologists and enhance the accuracy, consistency, and efficiency of clinical documentation.We propose a novel cross-modal framework that uses MedCLIP as both a vision extractor and a retrieval mechanism to improve the process of medical report generation.By extracting retrieved report features and image features through an attention-based extract module, and integrating them with a fusion module, our method improves the coherence and clinical relevance of generated reports.Experimental results on the widely used IU-Xray dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, showing improvements over commonly used methods in both report quality and relevance.Additionally, ablation studies provide further validation of the framework, highlighting the importance of accurate report retrieval and feature integration in generating comprehensive medical reports.
FIRE: Robust Detection of Diffusion-Generated Images via Frequency-Guided Reconstruction Error
Authors: Beilin Chu, Xuan Xu, Xin Wang, Yufei Zhang, Weike You, Linna Zhou
Date: 2024-12-10 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2025 1
Tasks: Image Forensics

The rapid advancement of diffusion models has significantly improved high-quality image generation, making generated content increasingly challenging to distinguish from real images and raising concerns about potential misuse. In this paper, we observe that diffusion models struggle to accurately reconstruct mid-band frequency information in real images, suggesting the limitation could serve as a cue for detecting diffusion model generated images. Motivated by this observation, we propose a novel method called Frequency-guided Reconstruction Error (FIRE), which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to investigate the influence of frequency decomposition on reconstruction error. FIRE assesses the variation in reconstruction error before and after the frequency decomposition, offering a robust method for identifying diffusion model generated images. Extensive experiments show that FIRE generalizes effectively to unseen diffusion models and maintains robustness against diverse perturbations.
A multimodal ensemble approach for clear cell renal cell carcinoma treatment outcome prediction
Authors: Meixu Chen, Kai Wang, Payal Kapur, James Brugarolas, Raquibul Hannan, Jing Wang
Date: 2024-12-10 00:00:00
Tasks: feature selection, Prognosis

Purpose: A reliable cancer prognosis model for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) can enhance personalized treatment. We developed a multi-modal ensemble model (MMEM) that integrates pretreatment clinical data, multi-omics data, and histopathology whole slide image (WSI) data to predict overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) for ccRCC patients. Methods: We analyzed 226 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (TCGA-KIRC) dataset, which includes OS, DFS follow-up data, and five data modalities: clinical data, WSIs, and three multi-omics datasets (mRNA, miRNA, and DNA methylation). Separate survival models were built for OS and DFS. Cox-proportional hazards (CPH) model with forward feature selection is used for clinical and multi-omics data. Features from WSIs were extracted using ResNet and three general-purpose foundation models. A deep learning-based CPH model predicted survival using encoded WSI features. Risk scores from all models were combined based on training performance. Results: Performance was assessed using concordance index (C-index) and AUROC. The clinical feature-based CPH model received the highest weight for both OS and DFS tasks. Among WSI-based models, the general-purpose foundation model (UNI) achieved the best performance. The final MMEM model surpassed single-modality models, achieving C-indices of 0.820 (OS) and 0.833 (DFS), and AUROC values of 0.831 (3-year patient death) and 0.862 (cancer recurrence). Using predicted risk medians to stratify high- and low-risk groups, log-rank tests showed improved performance in both OS and DFS compared to single-modality models. Conclusion: MMEM is the first multi-modal model for ccRCC patients, integrating five data modalities. It outperformed single-modality models in prognostic ability and has the potential to assist in ccRCC patient management if independently validated.
Revisiting Lesion Tracking in 3D Total Body Photography
Authors: Wei-Lun Huang, Minghao Xue, Zhiyou Liu, Davood Tashayyod, Jun Kang, Amir Gandjbakhche, Misha Kazhdan, Mehran Armand
Date: 2024-12-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Lesion Detection

Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer. Tracking the evolution of nevi and detecting new lesions across the body is essential for the early detection of melanoma. Despite prior work on longitudinal tracking of skin lesions in 3D total body photography, there are still several challenges, including 1) low accuracy for finding correct lesion pairs across scans, 2) sensitivity to noisy lesion detection, and 3) lack of large-scale datasets with numerous annotated lesion pairs. We propose a framework that takes in a pair of 3D textured meshes, matches lesions in the context of total body photography, and identifies unmatchable lesions. We start by computing correspondence maps bringing the source and target meshes to a template mesh. Using these maps to define source/target signals over the template domain, we construct a flow field aligning the mapped signals. The initial correspondence maps are then refined by advecting forward/backward along the vector field. Finally, lesion assignment is performed using the refined correspondence maps. We propose the first large-scale dataset for skin lesion tracking with 25K lesion pairs across 198 subjects. The proposed method achieves a success rate of 89.9% (at 10 mm criterion) for all pairs of annotated lesions and a matching accuracy of 98.2% for subjects with more than 200 lesions.