pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Distribution-Aware Compensation Design for Sustainable Data Rights in Machine Learning
Authors: Jiaqi Shao, Tao Lin, Bing Luo
Date: 2024-10-19 00:00:00
Tasks: Decision Making, Diversity

Modern distributed learning systems face a critical challenge when clients request the removal of their data influence from trained models, as this process can significantly destabilize system performance and affect remaining participants. We propose an innovative mechanism that views this challenge through the lens of game theory, establishing a leader-follower framework where a central coordinator provides strategic incentives to maintain system stability during data removal operations. Our approach quantifies the ripple effects of data removal through a comprehensive analytical model that captures both system-wide and participant-specific impacts. We establish mathematical foundations for measuring participant utility and system outcomes, revealing critical insights into how data diversity influences both individual decisions and overall system stability. The framework incorporates a computationally efficient solution method that addresses the inherent complexity of optimizing participant interactions and resource allocation.
Adversarial Training: A Survey
Authors: Mengnan Zhao, Lihe Zhang, Jingwen Ye, Huchuan Lu, BaoCai Yin, Xinchao Wang
Date: 2024-10-19 00:00:00
Tasks: Survey

Adversarial training (AT) refers to integrating adversarial examples -- inputs altered with imperceptible perturbations that can significantly impact model predictions -- into the training process. Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of AT in improving the robustness of deep neural networks against diverse adversarial attacks. However, a comprehensive overview of these developments is still missing. This survey addresses this gap by reviewing a broad range of recent and representative studies. Specifically, we first describe the implementation procedures and practical applications of AT, followed by a comprehensive review of AT techniques from three perspectives: data enhancement, network design, and training configurations. Lastly, we discuss common challenges in AT and propose several promising directions for future research.
Retrieval Augmented Diffusion Model for Structure-informed Antibody Design and Optimization
Authors: Zichen Wang, Yaokun Ji, Jianing Tian, Shuangjia Zheng
Date: 2024-10-19 00:00:00
Tasks: Denoising, Model Optimization, Retrieval

Antibodies are essential proteins responsible for immune responses in organisms, capable of specifically recognizing antigen molecules of pathogens. Recent advances in generative models have significantly enhanced rational antibody design. However, existing methods mainly create antibodies from scratch without template constraints, leading to model optimization challenges and unnatural sequences. To address these issues, we propose a retrieval-augmented diffusion framework, termed RADAb, for efficient antibody design. Our method leverages a set of structural homologous motifs that align with query structural constraints to guide the generative model in inversely optimizing antibodies according to desired design criteria. Specifically, we introduce a structure-informed retrieval mechanism that integrates these exemplar motifs with the input backbone through a novel dual-branch denoising module, utilizing both structural and evolutionary information. Additionally, we develop a conditional diffusion model that iteratively refines the optimization process by incorporating both global context and local evolutionary conditions. Our approach is agnostic to the choice of generative models. Empirical experiments demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance in multiple antibody inverse folding and optimization tasks, offering a new perspective on biomolecular generative models.
A Multimodal Vision Foundation Model for Clinical Dermatology
Authors: Siyuan Yan, Zhen Yu, Clare Primiero, Cristina Vico-Alonso, Zhonghua Wang, Litao Yang, Philipp Tschandl, Ming Hu, Lie Ju, Gin Tan, Vincent Tang, Aik Beng Ng, David Powell, Paul Bonnington, Simon See, Elisabetta Magnaterra, Peter Ferguson, Jennifer Nguyen, Pascale Guitera, Jose Banuls, Monika Janda, Victoria Mar, Harald Kittler, H. Peter Soyer, ZongYuan Ge
Date: 2024-10-19 00:00:00
Tasks: Diagnostic, Lesion Segmentation, model, Prognosis, Self-Supervised Learning, Skin Lesion Segmentation

Diagnosing and treating skin diseases require advanced visual skills across domains and the ability to synthesize information from multiple imaging modalities. While current deep learning models excel at specific tasks like skin cancer diagnosis from dermoscopic images, they struggle to meet the complex, multimodal requirements of clinical practice. Here, we introduce PanDerm, a multimodal dermatology foundation model pretrained through self-supervised learning on over 2 million real-world skin disease images from 11 clinical institutions across 4 imaging modalities. We evaluated PanDerm on 28 diverse benchmarks, including skin cancer screening, risk stratification, differential diagnosis of common and rare skin conditions, lesion segmentation, longitudinal monitoring, and metastasis prediction and prognosis. PanDerm achieved state-of-the-art performance across all evaluated tasks, often outperforming existing models when using only 10% of labeled data. We conducted three reader studies to assess PanDerm's potential clinical utility. PanDerm outperformed clinicians by 10.2% in early-stage melanoma detection through longitudinal analysis, improved clinicians' skin cancer diagnostic accuracy by 11% on dermoscopy images, and enhanced non-dermatologist healthcare providers' differential diagnosis by 16.5% across 128 skin conditions on clinical photographs. These results demonstrate PanDerm's potential to improve patient care across diverse clinical scenarios and serve as a model for developing multimodal foundation models in other medical specialties, potentially accelerating the integration of AI support in healthcare.
Enhancing Multimodal Sentiment Analysis for Missing Modality through Self-Distillation and Unified Modality Cross-Attention
Authors: Yuzhe Weng, Haotian Wang, Tian Gao, Kewei Li, Shutong Niu, Jun Du
Date: 2024-10-19 00:00:00
Tasks: Automatic Speech Recognition, Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Multimodal Sentiment Analysis, Sentiment Analysis, speech-recognition, Speech Recognition

In multimodal sentiment analysis, collecting text data is often more challenging than video or audio due to higher annotation costs and inconsistent automatic speech recognition (ASR) quality. To address this challenge, our study has developed a robust model that effectively integrates multimodal sentiment information, even in the absence of text modality. Specifically, we have developed a Double-Flow Self-Distillation Framework, including Unified Modality Cross-Attention (UMCA) and Modality Imagination Autoencoder (MIA), which excels at processing both scenarios with complete modalities and those with missing text modality. In detail, when the text modality is missing, our framework uses the LLM-based model to simulate the text representation from the audio modality, while the MIA module supplements information from the other two modalities to make the simulated text representation similar to the real text representation. To further align the simulated and real representations, and to enable the model to capture the continuous nature of sample orders in sentiment valence regression tasks, we have also introduced the Rank-N Contrast (RNC) loss function. When testing on the CMU-MOSEI, our model achieved outstanding performance on MAE and significantly outperformed other models when text modality is missing. The code is available at: https://github.com/WarmCongee/SDUMC
A Novel Reinforcement Learning Model for Post-Incident Malware Investigations
Authors: Dipo Dunsin, Mohamed Chahine Ghanem, Karim Ouazzane, Vassil Vassilev
Date: 2024-10-19 00:00:00
Tasks: Malware Detection, Q-Learning, reinforcement-learning, Reinforcement Learning, Reinforcement Learning (RL)

This Research proposes a Novel Reinforcement Learning (RL) model to optimise malware forensics investigation during cyber incident response. It aims to improve forensic investigation efficiency by reducing false negatives and adapting current practices to evolving malware signatures. The proposed RL framework leverages techniques such as Q-learning and the Markov Decision Process (MDP) to train the system to identify malware patterns in live memory dumps, thereby automating forensic tasks. The RL model is based on a detailed malware workflow diagram that guides the analysis of malware artefacts using static and behavioural techniques as well as machine learning algorithms. Furthermore, it seeks to address challenges in the UK justice system by ensuring the accuracy of forensic evidence. We conduct testing and evaluation in controlled environments, using datasets created with Windows operating systems to simulate malware infections. The experimental results demonstrate that RL improves malware detection rates compared to conventional methods, with the RL model's performance varying depending on the complexity and learning rate of the environment. The study concludes that while RL offers promising potential for automating malware forensics, its efficacy across diverse malware types requires ongoing refinement of reward systems and feature extraction methods.
A Recommendation Model Utilizing Separation Embedding and Self-Attention for Feature Mining
Authors: Wenyi Liu, Rui Wang, Yuanshuai Luo, Jianjun Wei, Zihao Zhao, Junming Huang
Date: 2024-10-19 00:00:00
Tasks: Click-Through Rate Prediction, feature selection, Product Recommendation, Recommendation Systems

With the explosive growth of Internet data, users are facing the problem of information overload, which makes it a challenge to efficiently obtain the required resources. Recommendation systems have emerged in this context. By filtering massive amounts of information, they provide users with content that meets their needs, playing a key role in scenarios such as advertising recommendation and product recommendation. However, traditional click-through rate prediction and TOP-K recommendation mechanisms are gradually unable to meet the recommendations needs in modern life scenarios due to high computational complexity, large memory consumption, long feature selection time, and insufficient feature interaction. This paper proposes a recommendations system model based on a separation embedding cross-network. The model uses an embedding neural network layer to transform sparse feature vectors into dense embedding vectors, and can independently perform feature cross operations on different dimensions, thereby improving the accuracy and depth of feature mining. Experimental results show that the model shows stronger adaptability and higher prediction accuracy in processing complex data sets, effectively solving the problems existing in existing models.
LLM-Driven Learning Analytics Dashboard for Teachers in EFL Writing Education
Authors: Minsun Kim, SeonGyeom Kim, Suyoun Lee, Yoosang Yoon, Junho Myung, Haneul Yoo, Hyunseung Lim, Jieun Han, Yoonsu Kim, So-Yeon Ahn, Juho Kim, Alice Oh, Hwajung Hong, Tak Yeon Lee
Date: 2024-10-19 00:00:00

This paper presents the development of a dashboard designed specifically for teachers in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing education. Leveraging LLMs, the dashboard facilitates the analysis of student interactions with an essay writing system, which integrates ChatGPT for real-time feedback. The dashboard aids teachers in monitoring student behavior, identifying noneducational interaction with ChatGPT, and aligning instructional strategies with learning objectives. By combining insights from NLP and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), this study demonstrates how a human-centered approach can enhance the effectiveness of teacher dashboards, particularly in ChatGPT-integrated learning.
DM-Codec: Distilling Multimodal Representations for Speech Tokenization
Authors: Md Mubtasim Ahasan, Md Fahim, Tasnim Mohiuddin, A K M Mahbubur Rahman, Aman Chadha, Tariq Iqbal, M Ashraful Amin, Md Mofijul Islam, Amin Ahsan Ali
Date: 2024-10-19 00:00:00
Tasks: Self-Supervised Learning, Speech Tokenization

Recent advancements in speech-language models have yielded significant improvements in speech tokenization and synthesis. However, effectively mapping the complex, multidimensional attributes of speech into discrete tokens remains challenging. This process demands acoustic, semantic, and contextual information for precise speech representations. Existing speech representations generally fall into two categories: acoustic tokens from audio codecs and semantic tokens from speech self-supervised learning models. Although recent efforts have unified acoustic and semantic tokens for improved performance, they overlook the crucial role of contextual representation in comprehensive speech modeling. Our empirical investigations reveal that the absence of contextual representations results in elevated Word Error Rate (WER) and Word Information Lost (WIL) scores in speech transcriptions. To address these limitations, we propose two novel distillation approaches: (1) a language model (LM)-guided distillation method that incorporates contextual information, and (2) a combined LM and self-supervised speech model (SM)-guided distillation technique that effectively distills multimodal representations (acoustic, semantic, and contextual) into a comprehensive speech tokenizer, termed DM-Codec. The DM-Codec architecture adopts a streamlined encoder-decoder framework with a Residual Vector Quantizer (RVQ) and incorporates the LM and SM during the training process. Experiments show DM-Codec significantly outperforms state-of-the-art speech tokenization models, reducing WER by up to 13.46%, WIL by 9.82%, and improving speech quality by 5.84% and intelligibility by 1.85% on the LibriSpeech benchmark dataset. The code, samples, and model checkpoints are available at https://github.com/mubtasimahasan/DM-Codec.
Transit Pulse: Utilizing Social Media as a Source for Customer Feedback and Information Extraction with Large Language Model
Authors: Jiahao Wang, Amer Shalaby
Date: 2024-10-19 00:00:00
Tasks: Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Large Language Model, RAG, Retrieval-augmented Generation, Sarcasm Detection, Sentiment Analysis

Users of the transit system flood social networks daily with messages that contain valuable insights crucial for improving service quality. These posts help transit agencies quickly identify emerging issues. Parsing topics and sentiments is key to gaining comprehensive insights to foster service excellence. However, the volume of messages makes manual analysis impractical, and standard NLP techniques like Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) fall short in nuanced interpretation. Traditional sentiment analysis separates topics and sentiments before integrating them, often missing the interaction between them. This incremental approach complicates classification and reduces analytical productivity. To address these challenges, we propose a novel approach to extracting and analyzing transit-related information, including sentiment and sarcasm detection, identification of unusual system problems, and location data from social media. Our method employs Large Language Models (LLM), specifically Llama 3, for a streamlined analysis free from pre-established topic labels. To enhance the model's domain-specific knowledge, we utilize Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), integrating external knowledge sources into the information extraction pipeline. We validated our method through extensive experiments comparing its performance with traditional NLP approaches on user tweet data from the real world transit system. Our results demonstrate the potential of LLMs to transform social media data analysis in the public transit domain, providing actionable insights and enhancing transit agencies' responsiveness by extracting a broader range of information.
DST-TransitNet: A Dynamic Spatio-Temporal Deep Learning Model for Scalable and Efficient Network-Wide Prediction of Station-Level Transit Ridership
Authors: Jiahao Wang, Amer Shalaby
Date: 2024-10-19 00:00:00
Tasks: Computational Efficiency, Prediction, Prediction Intervals, Time Series

Accurate prediction of public transit ridership is vital for efficient planning and management of transit in rapidly growing urban areas in Canada. Unexpected increases in passengers can cause overcrowded vehicles, longer boarding times, and service disruptions. Traditional time series models like ARIMA and SARIMA face limitations, particularly in short-term predictions and integration of spatial and temporal features. These models struggle with the dynamic nature of ridership patterns and often ignore spatial correlations between nearby stops. Deep Learning (DL) models present a promising alternative, demonstrating superior performance in short-term prediction tasks by effectively capturing both spatial and temporal features. However, challenges such as dynamic spatial feature extraction, balancing accuracy with computational efficiency, and ensuring scalability remain. This paper introduces DST-TransitNet, a hybrid DL model for system-wide station-level ridership prediction. This proposed model uses graph neural networks (GNN) and recurrent neural networks (RNN) to dynamically integrate the changing temporal and spatial correlations within the stations. The model also employs a precise time series decomposition framework to enhance accuracy and interpretability. Tested on Bogota's BRT system data, with three distinct social scenarios, DST-TransitNet outperformed state-of-the-art models in precision, efficiency and robustness. Meanwhile, it maintains stability over long prediction intervals, demonstrating practical applicability.
Pathologist-like explainable AI for interpretable Gleason grading in prostate cancer
Authors: Gesa Mittmann, Sara Laiouar-Pedari, Hendrik A. Mehrtens, Sarah Haggenmüller, Tabea-Clara Bucher, Tirtha Chanda, Nadine T. Gaisa, Mathias Wagner, Gilbert Georg Klamminger, Tilman T. Rau, Christina Neppl, Eva Maria Compérat, Andreas Gocht, Monika Hämmerle, Niels J. Rupp, Jula Westhoff, Irene Krücken, Maximillian Seidl, Christian M. Schürch, Marcus Bauer, Wiebke Solass, Yu Chun Tam, Florian Weber, Rainer Grobholz, Jaroslaw Augustyniak, Thomas Kalinski, Christian Hörner, Kirsten D. Mertz, Constanze Döring, Andreas Erbersdobler, Gabriele Deubler, Felix Bremmer, Ulrich Sommer, Michael Brodhun, Jon Griffin, Maria Sarah L. Lenon, Kiril Trpkov, Liang Cheng, Fei Chen, Angelique Levi, Guoping Cai, Tri Q. Nguyen, Ali Amin, Alessia Cimadamore, Ahmed Shabaik, Varsha Manucha, Nazeel Ahmad, Nidia Messias, Francesca Sanguedolce, Diana Taheri, Ezra Baraban, Liwei Jia, Rajal B. Shah, Farshid Siadat, Nicole Swarbrick, Kyung Park, Oudai Hassan, Siamak Sakhaie, Michelle R. Downes, Hiroshi Miyamoto, Sean R. Williamson, Tim Holland-Letz, Carolin V. Schneider, Jakob Nikolas Kather, Yuri Tolkach, Titus J. Brinker
Date: 2024-10-19 00:00:00
Tasks: Segmentation

The aggressiveness of prostate cancer, the most common cancer in men worldwide, is primarily assessed based on histopathological data using the Gleason scoring system. While artificial intelligence (AI) has shown promise in accurately predicting Gleason scores, these predictions often lack inherent explainability, potentially leading to distrust in human-machine interactions. To address this issue, we introduce a novel dataset of 1,015 tissue microarray core images, annotated by an international group of 54 pathologists. The annotations provide detailed localized pattern descriptions for Gleason grading in line with international guidelines. Utilizing this dataset, we develop an inherently explainable AI system based on a U-Net architecture that provides predictions leveraging pathologists' terminology. This approach circumvents post-hoc explainability methods while maintaining or exceeding the performance of methods trained directly for Gleason pattern segmentation (Dice score: 0.713 $\pm$ 0.003 trained on explanations vs. 0.691 $\pm$ 0.010 trained on Gleason patterns). By employing soft labels during training, we capture the intrinsic uncertainty in the data, yielding strong results in Gleason pattern segmentation even in the context of high interobserver variability. With the release of this dataset, we aim to encourage further research into segmentation in medical tasks with high levels of subjectivity and to advance the understanding of pathologists' reasoning processes.
FlexMol: A Flexible Toolkit for Benchmarking Molecular Relational Learning
Authors: Sizhe Liu, Jun Xia, Lecheng Zhang, Yuchen Liu, Yue Liu, Wenjie Du, Zhangyang Gao, Bozhen Hu, Cheng Tan, Hongxin Xiang, Stan Z. Li
Date: 2024-10-19 00:00:00
Tasks: Benchmarking, Drug Discovery, Relational Reasoning

Molecular relational learning (MRL) is crucial for understanding the interaction behaviors between molecular pairs, a critical aspect of drug discovery and development. However, the large feasible model space of MRL poses significant challenges to benchmarking, and existing MRL frameworks face limitations in flexibility and scope. To address these challenges, avoid repetitive coding efforts, and ensure fair comparison of models, we introduce FlexMol, a comprehensive toolkit designed to facilitate the construction and evaluation of diverse model architectures across various datasets and performance metrics. FlexMol offers a robust suite of preset model components, including 16 drug encoders, 13 protein sequence encoders, 9 protein structure encoders, and 7 interaction layers. With its easy-to-use API and flexibility, FlexMol supports the dynamic construction of over 70, 000 distinct combinations of model architectures. Additionally, we provide detailed benchmark results and code examples to demonstrate FlexMol's effectiveness in simplifying and standardizing MRL model development and comparison.
Neural machine translation of clinical procedure codes for medical diagnosis and uncertainty quantification
Authors: Pei-Hung Chung, Shuhan He, Norawit Kijpaisalratana, Abdel-badih el Ariss, Byung-Jun Yoon
Date: 2024-02-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Decision Making, Diagnostic, Machine Translation, Medical Diagnosis, Uncertainty Quantification

A Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) is designed to enhance clinician decision-making by combining system-generated recommendations with medical expertise. Given the high costs, intensive labor, and time-sensitive nature of medical treatments, there is a pressing need for efficient decision support, especially in complex emergency scenarios. In these scenarios, where information can be limited, an advanced CDSS framework that leverages AI (artificial intelligence) models to effectively reduce diagnostic uncertainty has utility. Such an AI-enabled CDSS framework with quantified uncertainty promises to be practical and beneficial in the demanding context of real-world medical care. In this study, we introduce the concept of Medical Entropy, quantifying uncertainties in patient outcomes predicted by neural machine translation based on the ICD-9 code of procedures. Our experimental results not only show strong correlations between procedure and diagnosis sequences based on the simple ICD-9 code but also demonstrate the promising capacity to model trends of uncertainties during hospitalizations through a data-driven approach.