pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Validation of musculoskeletal segmentation model with uncertainty estimation for bone and muscle assessment in hip-to-knee clinical CT images
Authors: Mazen Soufi, Yoshito Otake, Makoto Iwasa, Keisuke Uemura, Tomoki Hakotani, Masahiro Hashimoto, Yoshitake Yamada, Minoru Yamada, Yoichi Yokoyama, Masahiro Jinzaki, Suzushi Kusano, Masaki Takao, Seiji Okada, Nobuhiko Sugano, Yoshinobu Sato
Date: 2024-09-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Computed Tomography (CT), Density Estimation, Image Segmentation, Segmentation, Semantic Segmentation

Deep learning-based image segmentation has allowed for the fully automated, accurate, and rapid analysis of musculoskeletal (MSK) structures from medical images. However, current approaches were either applied only to 2D cross-sectional images, addressed few structures, or were validated on small datasets, which limit the application in large-scale databases. This study aimed to validate an improved deep learning model for volumetric MSK segmentation of the hip and thigh with uncertainty estimation from clinical computed tomography (CT) images. Databases of CT images from multiple manufacturers/scanners, disease status, and patient positioning were used. The segmentation accuracy, and accuracy in estimating the structures volume and density, i.e., mean HU, were evaluated. An approach for segmentation failure detection based on predictive uncertainty was also investigated. The model has shown an overall improvement with respect to all segmentation accuracy and structure volume/density evaluation metrics. The predictive uncertainty yielded large areas under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves (AUROCs>=.95) in detecting inaccurate and failed segmentations. The high segmentation and muscle volume/density estimation accuracy, along with the high accuracy in failure detection based on the predictive uncertainty, exhibited the model's reliability for analyzing individual MSK structures in large-scale CT databases.
Collaborative Learning for Enhanced Unsupervised Domain Adaptation
Authors: Minhee Cho, Hyesong Choi, Hayeon Jo, Dongbo Min
Date: 2024-09-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Domain Adaptation, Knowledge Distillation, Semantic Segmentation, Unsupervised Domain Adaptation

Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) endeavors to bridge the gap between a model trained on a labeled source domain and its deployment in an unlabeled target domain. However, current high-performance models demand significant resources, making deployment costs prohibitive and highlighting the need for compact, yet effective models. For UDA of lightweight models, Knowledge Distillation (KD) leveraging a Teacher-Student framework could be a common approach, but we found that domain shift in UDA leads to a significant increase in non-salient parameters in the teacher model, degrading model's generalization ability and transferring misleading information to the student model. Interestingly, we observed that this phenomenon occurs considerably less in the student model. Driven by this insight, we introduce Collaborative Learning for UDA (CLDA), a method that updates the teacher's non-salient parameters using the student model and at the same time utilizes the updated teacher model to improve UDA performance of the student model. Experiments show consistent performance improvements for both student and teacher models. For example, in semantic segmentation, CLDA achieves an improvement of +0.7% mIoU for the teacher model and +1.4% mIoU for the student model compared to the baseline model in the GTA-to-Cityscapes datasets. In the Synthia-to-Cityscapes dataset, it achieves an improvement of +0.8% mIoU and +2.0% mIoU for the teacher and student models, respectively.
Rethinking HTG Evaluation: Bridging Generation and Recognition
Authors: Konstantina Nikolaidou, George Retsinas, Giorgos Sfikas, Marcus Liwicki
Date: 2024-09-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Diversity, Handwriting generation, HTR

The evaluation of generative models for natural image tasks has been extensively studied. Similar protocols and metrics are used in cases with unique particularities, such as Handwriting Generation, even if they might not be completely appropriate. In this work, we introduce three measures tailored for HTG evaluation, $ \text{HTG}_{\text{HTR}} $, $ \text{HTG}_{\text{style}} $, and $ \text{HTG}_{\text{OOV}} $, and argue that they are more expedient to evaluate the quality of generated handwritten images. The metrics rely on the recognition error/accuracy of Handwriting Text Recognition and Writer Identification models and emphasize writing style, textual content, and diversity as the main aspects that adhere to the content of handwritten images. We conduct comprehensive experiments on the IAM handwriting database, showcasing that widely used metrics such as FID fail to properly quantify the diversity and the practical utility of generated handwriting samples. Our findings show that our metrics are richer in information and underscore the necessity of standardized evaluation protocols in HTG. The proposed metrics provide a more robust and informative protocol for assessing HTG quality, contributing to improved performance in HTR. Code for the evaluation protocol is available at: https://github.com/koninik/HTG_evaluation.
Improved Single Camera BEV Perception Using Multi-Camera Training
Authors: Daniel Busch, Ido Freeman, Richard Meyes, Tobias Meisen
Date: 2024-09-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Autonomous Driving, Hallucination, Trajectory Prediction

Bird's Eye View (BEV) map prediction is essential for downstream autonomous driving tasks like trajectory prediction. In the past, this was accomplished through the use of a sophisticated sensor configuration that captured a surround view from multiple cameras. However, in large-scale production, cost efficiency is an optimization goal, so that using fewer cameras becomes more relevant. But the consequence of fewer input images correlates with a performance drop. This raises the problem of developing a BEV perception model that provides a sufficient performance on a low-cost sensor setup. Although, primarily relevant for inference time on production cars, this cost restriction is less problematic on a test vehicle during training. Therefore, the objective of our approach is to reduce the aforementioned performance drop as much as possible using a modern multi-camera surround view model reduced for single-camera inference. The approach includes three features, a modern masking technique, a cyclic Learning Rate (LR) schedule, and a feature reconstruction loss for supervising the transition from six-camera inputs to one-camera input during training. Our method outperforms versions trained strictly with one camera or strictly with six-camera surround view for single-camera inference resulting in reduced hallucination and better quality of the BEV map.
Multi-Head Attention Residual Unfolded Network for Model-Based Pansharpening
Authors: Ivan Pereira-Sánchez, Eloi Sans, Julia Navarro, Joan Duran
Date: 2024-09-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Pansharpening

The objective of pansharpening and hypersharpening is to accurately combine a high-resolution panchromatic (PAN) image with a low-resolution multispectral (MS) or hyperspectral (HS) image, respectively. Unfolding fusion methods integrate the powerful representation capabilities of deep learning with the robustness of model-based approaches. These techniques involve unrolling the steps of the optimization scheme derived from the minimization of an energy into a deep learning framework, resulting in efficient and highly interpretable architectures. In this paper, we propose a model-based deep unfolded method for satellite image fusion. Our approach is based on a variational formulation that incorporates the classic observation model for MS/HS data, a high-frequency injection constraint based on the PAN image, and an arbitrary convex prior. For the unfolding stage, we introduce upsampling and downsampling layers that use geometric information encoded in the PAN image through residual networks. The backbone of our method is a multi-head attention residual network (MARNet), which replaces the proximity operator in the optimization scheme and combines multiple head attentions with residual learning to exploit image self-similarities via nonlocal operators defined in terms of patches. Additionally, we incorporate a post-processing module based on the MARNet architecture to further enhance the quality of the fused images. Experimental results on PRISMA, Quickbird, and WorldView2 datasets demonstrate the superior performance of our method and its ability to generalize across different sensor configurations and varying spatial and spectral resolutions. The source code will be available at https://github.com/TAMI-UIB/MARNet.
When Does Visual Prompting Outperform Linear Probing for Vision-Language Models? A Likelihood Perspective
Authors: Hsi-Ai Tsao, Lei Hsiung, Pin-Yu Chen, Tsung-Yi Ho
Date: 2024-09-03 00:00:00
Tasks: Transfer Learning, Visual Prompting

Adapting pre-trained models to new tasks can exhibit varying effectiveness across datasets. Visual prompting, a state-of-the-art parameter-efficient transfer learning method, can significantly improve the performance of out-of-distribution tasks. On the other hand, linear probing, a standard transfer learning method, can sometimes become the best approach. We propose a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) approach to analyze the comparative benefits of visual prompting and linear probing. By employing the LLR score alongside resource-efficient visual prompts approximations, our cost-effective measure attains up to a 100-fold reduction in run time compared to full training, while achieving prediction accuracies up to 91%. The source code is available at https://github.com/IBM/VP-LLR.
Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Reprogramming Visual-Language Model for General Deepfake Detection
Authors: Kaiqing Lin, Yuzhen Lin, Weixiang Li, Taiping Yao, Bin Li
Date: 2024-09-04 00:00:00
Tasks: DeepFake Detection, Face Swapping, Language Modeling, Language Modelling

The proliferation of deepfake faces poses huge potential negative impacts on our daily lives. Despite substantial advancements in deepfake detection over these years, the generalizability of existing methods against forgeries from unseen datasets or created by emerging generative models remains constrained. In this paper, inspired by the zero-shot advantages of Vision-Language Models (VLMs), we propose a novel approach that repurposes a well-trained VLM for general deepfake detection. Motivated by the model reprogramming paradigm that manipulates the model prediction via input perturbations, our method can reprogram a pre-trained VLM model (e.g., CLIP) solely based on manipulating its input without tuning the inner parameters. First, learnable visual perturbations are used to refine feature extraction for deepfake detection. Then, we exploit information of face embedding to create sample-level adaptative text prompts, improving the performance. Extensive experiments on several popular benchmark datasets demonstrate that (1) the cross-dataset and cross-manipulation performances of deepfake detection can be significantly and consistently improved (e.g., over 88\% AUC in cross-dataset setting from FF++ to WildDeepfake); (2) the superior performances are achieved with fewer trainable parameters, making it a promising approach for real-world applications.
Skip-and-Play: Depth-Driven Pose-Preserved Image Generation for Any Objects
Authors: Kyungmin Jo, Jaegul Choo
Date: 2024-09-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Depth Estimation, Image Generation

The emergence of diffusion models has enabled the generation of diverse high-quality images solely from text, prompting subsequent efforts to enhance the controllability of these models. Despite the improvement in controllability, pose control remains limited to specific objects (e.g., humans) or poses (e.g., frontal view) due to the fact that pose is generally controlled via camera parameters (e.g., rotation angle) or keypoints (e.g., eyes, nose). Specifically, camera parameters-conditional pose control models generate unrealistic images depending on the object, owing to the small size of 3D datasets for training. Also, keypoint-based approaches encounter challenges in acquiring reliable keypoints for various objects (e.g., church) or poses (e.g., back view). To address these limitations, we propose depth-based pose control, as depth maps are easily obtainable from a single depth estimation model regardless of objects and poses, unlike camera parameters and keypoints. However, depth-based pose control confronts issues of shape dependency, as depth maps influence not only the pose but also the shape of the generated images. To tackle this issue, we propose Skip-and-Play (SnP), designed via analysis of the impact of three components of depth-conditional ControlNet on the pose and the shape of the generated images. To be specific, based on the analysis, we selectively skip parts of the components to mitigate shape dependency on the depth map while preserving the pose. Through various experiments, we demonstrate the superiority of SnP over baselines and showcase the ability of SnP to generate images of diverse objects and poses. Remarkably, SnP exhibits the ability to generate images even when the objects in the condition (e.g., a horse) and the prompt (e.g., a hedgehog) differ from each other.
Creating a Microstructure Latent Space with Rich Material Information for Multiphase Alloy Design
Authors: Xudong Ma, Yuqi Zhang, Chenchong Wang, Ming Wang, Mingxin Huang, Wei Xu
Date: 2024-09-04 00:00:00

The intricate microstructure serves as the cornerstone for the composition/processing-structure-property (CPSP) connection in multiphase alloys. Traditional alloy design methods often overlook microstructural details, which diminishes the reliability and effectiveness of the outcomes. This study introduces an improved alloy design algorithm that integrates authentic microstructural information to establish precise CPSP relationships. The approach utilizes a deep-learning framework based on a variational autoencoder to map real microstructural data to a latent space, enabling the prediction of composition, processing steps, and material properties from the latent space vector. By integrating this deep learning model with a specific sampling strategy in the latent space, a novel, microstructure-centered algorithm for multiphase alloy design is developed. This algorithm is demonstrated through the design of a unified dual-phase steel, and the results are assessed at three performance levels. Moreover, an exploration into the latent vector space of the model highlights its seamless interpolation ability and its rich material information content. Notably, the current configuration of the latent space is particularly advantageous for alloy design, offering an exhaustive representation of microstructure, composition, processing, and property variations essential for multiphase alloys.
Learning-Based Error Detection System for Advanced Vehicle Instrument Cluster Rendering
Authors: Cornelius Bürkle, Fabian Oboril, Kay-Ulrich Scholl
Date: 2024-09-04 00:00:00

The automotive industry is currently expanding digital display options with every new model that comes onto the market. This entails not just an expansion in dimensions, resolution, and customization choices, but also the capability to employ novel display effects like overlays while assembling the content of the display cluster. Unfortunately, this raises the need for appropriate monitoring systems that can detect rendering errors and apply appropriate countermeasures when required. Classical solutions such as Cyclic Redundancy Checks (CRC) will soon be no longer viable as any sort of alpha blending, warping of scaling of content can cause unwanted CRC violations. Therefore, we propose a novel monitoring approach to verify correctness of displayed content using telltales (e.g. warning signs) as example. It uses a learning-based approach to separate "good" telltales, i.e. those that a human driver will understand correctly, and "corrupted" telltales, i.e. those that will not be visible or perceived correctly. As a result, it possesses inherent resilience against individual pixel errors and implicitly supports changing backgrounds, overlay or scaling effects. This is underlined by our experimental study where all "corrupted" test patterns were correctly classified, while no false alarms were triggered.
MADiff: Motion-Aware Mamba Diffusion Models for Hand Trajectory Prediction on Egocentric Videos
Authors: Junyi Ma, Xieyuanli Chen, Wentao Bao, Jingyi Xu, Hesheng Wang
Date: 2024-09-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Denoising, Mamba, Robot Manipulation, Trajectory Prediction

Understanding human intentions and actions through egocentric videos is important on the path to embodied artificial intelligence. As a branch of egocentric vision techniques, hand trajectory prediction plays a vital role in comprehending human motion patterns, benefiting downstream tasks in extended reality and robot manipulation. However, capturing high-level human intentions consistent with reasonable temporal causality is challenging when only egocentric videos are available. This difficulty is exacerbated under camera egomotion interference and the absence of affordance labels to explicitly guide the optimization of hand waypoint distribution. In this work, we propose a novel hand trajectory prediction method dubbed MADiff, which forecasts future hand waypoints with diffusion models. The devised denoising operation in the latent space is achieved by our proposed motion-aware Mamba, where the camera wearer's egomotion is integrated to achieve motion-driven selective scan (MDSS). To discern the relationship between hands and scenarios without explicit affordance supervision, we leverage a foundation model that fuses visual and language features to capture high-level semantics from video clips. Comprehensive experiments conducted on five public datasets with the existing and our proposed new evaluation metrics demonstrate that MADiff predicts comparably reasonable hand trajectories compared to the state-of-the-art baselines, and achieves real-time performance. We will release our code and pretrained models of MADiff at the project page: https://irmvlab.github.io/madiff.github.io.
GoT-CQA: Graph-of-Thought Guided Compositional Reasoning for Chart Question Answering
Authors: Lingling Zhang, Muye Huang, Qianying Wang, Yaxian Wang, Wenjun Wu, Jun Liu
Date: 2024-09-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Chart Question Answering, Question Answering

Chart Question Answering (CQA) aims at answering questions based on the visual chart content, which plays an important role in chart sumarization, business data analysis, and data report generation. CQA is a challenging multi-modal task because of the strong context dependence and complex reasoning requirement. The former refers to answering this question strictly based on the analysis of the visual content or internal data of the given chart, while the latter emphasizes the various logical and numerical reasoning involved in answer prediction process. In this paper, we pay more attention on the complex reasoning in CQA task, and propose a novel Graph-of-Thought (GoT) guided compositional reasoning model called GoT-CQA to overcome this problem. At first, we transform the chart-oriented question into a directed acyclic GoT composed of multiple operator nodes, including localization, numerical and logical operator. It intuitively reflects the human brain's solution process to this question. After that, we design an efficient auto-compositional reasoning framework guided by the GoT, to excute the multi-step reasoning operations in various types of questions. Comprehensive experiments on ChartQA and PlotQA-D datasets show that GoT-CQA achieves outstanding performance, especially in complex human-written and reasoning questions, comparing with the latest popular baselines.
A Medical Multimodal Large Language Model for Pediatric Pneumonia
Authors: Weiwei Tian, Xinyu Huang, Tianhao Cheng, Wen He, Jinwu Fang, Rui Feng, Daoying Geng, Xiaobo Zhang
Date: 2024-09-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Diagnostic, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Large Language Model, Multimodal Large Language Model

Pediatric pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children under five years worldwide, imposing a substantial burden on affected families. Currently, there are three significant hurdles in diagnosing and treating pediatric pneumonia. Firstly, pediatric pneumonia shares similar symptoms with other respiratory diseases, making rapid and accurate differential diagnosis challenging. Secondly, primary hospitals often lack sufficient medical resources and experienced doctors. Lastly, providing personalized diagnostic reports and treatment recommendations is labor-intensive and time-consuming. To tackle these challenges, we proposed a Medical Multimodal Large Language Model for Pediatric Pneumonia (P2Med-MLLM). It was capable of handling diverse clinical tasks, such as generating free-text radiology reports and medical records within a unified framework. Specifically, P2Med-MLLM can process both pure text and image-text data, trained on an extensive and large-scale dataset (P2Med-MD), including real clinical information from 163,999 outpatient and 8,684 inpatient cases. This dataset comprised 2D chest X-ray images, 3D chest CT images, corresponding radiology reports, and outpatient and inpatient records. We designed a three-stage training strategy to enable P2Med-MLLM to comprehend medical knowledge and follow instructions for various clinical tasks. To rigorously evaluate P2Med-MLLM's performance, we developed P2Med-MBench, a benchmark consisting of 642 meticulously verified samples by pediatric pulmonology specialists, covering six clinical decision-support tasks and a balanced variety of diseases. The automated scoring results demonstrated the superiority of P2Med-MLLM. This work plays a crucial role in assisting primary care doctors with prompt disease diagnosis and treatment planning, reducing severe symptom mortality rates, and optimizing the allocation of medical resources.
A Fashion Item Recommendation Model in Hyperbolic Space
Authors: Ryotaro Shimizu, Yu Wang, Masanari Kimura, Yuki Hirakawa, Takashi Wada, Yuki Saito, Julian McAuley
Date: 2024-09-04 00:00:00
Tasks: model, Multi-Task Learning

In this work, we propose a fashion item recommendation model that incorporates hyperbolic geometry into user and item representations. Using hyperbolic space, our model aims to capture implicit hierarchies among items based on their visual data and users' purchase history. During training, we apply a multi-task learning framework that considers both hyperbolic and Euclidean distances in the loss function. Our experiments on three data sets show that our model performs better than previous models trained in Euclidean space only, confirming the effectiveness of our model. Our ablation studies show that multi-task learning plays a key role, and removing the Euclidean loss substantially deteriorates the model performance.