pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
How Does the Disclosure of AI Assistance Affect the Perceptions of Writing?
Authors: Zhuoyan Li, Chen Liang, Jing Peng, Ming Yin
Date: 2024-10-06 00:00:00

Recent advances in generative AI technologies like large language models have boosted the incorporation of AI assistance in writing workflows, leading to the rise of a new paradigm of human-AI co-creation in writing. To understand how people perceive writings that are produced under this paradigm, in this paper, we conduct an experimental study to understand whether and how the disclosure of the level and type of AI assistance in the writing process would affect people's perceptions of the writing on various aspects, including their evaluation on the quality of the writing and their ranking of different writings. Our results suggest that disclosing the AI assistance in the writing process, especially if AI has provided assistance in generating new content, decreases the average quality ratings for both argumentative essays and creative stories. This decrease in the average quality ratings often comes with an increased level of variations in different individuals' quality evaluations of the same writing. Indeed, factors such as an individual's writing confidence and familiarity with AI writing assistants are shown to moderate the impact of AI assistance disclosure on their writing quality evaluations. We also find that disclosing the use of AI assistance may significantly reduce the proportion of writings produced with AI's content generation assistance among the top-ranked writings.
Casablanca: Data and Models for Multidialectal Arabic Speech Recognition
Authors: Bashar Talafha, Karima Kadaoui, Samar Mohamed Magdy, Mariem Habiboullah, Chafei Mohamed Chafei, Ahmed Oumar El-Shangiti, Hiba Zayed, Mohamedou cheikh tourad, Rahaf Alhamouri, Rwaa Assi, Aisha Alraeesi, Hour Mohamed, Fakhraddin Alwajih, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Abdellah El Mekki, El Moatez Billah Nagoudi, Benelhadj Djelloul Mama Saadia, Hamzah A. Alsayadi, Walid Al-Dhabyani, Sara Shatnawi, Yasir Ech-Chammakhy, Amal Makouar, Yousra Berrachedi, Mustafa Jarrar, Shady Shehata, Ismail Berrada, Muhammad Abdul-Mageed
Date: 2024-10-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Arabic Speech Recognition, speech-recognition, Speech Recognition

In spite of the recent progress in speech processing, the majority of world languages and dialects remain uncovered. This situation only furthers an already wide technological divide, thereby hindering technological and socioeconomic inclusion. This challenge is largely due to the absence of datasets that can empower diverse speech systems. In this paper, we seek to mitigate this obstacle for a number of Arabic dialects by presenting Casablanca, a large-scale community-driven effort to collect and transcribe a multi-dialectal Arabic dataset. The dataset covers eight dialects: Algerian, Egyptian, Emirati, Jordanian, Mauritanian, Moroccan, Palestinian, and Yemeni, and includes annotations for transcription, gender, dialect, and code-switching. We also develop a number of strong baselines exploiting Casablanca. The project page for Casablanca is accessible at: www.dlnlp.ai/speech/casablanca.
Towards Secure Tuning: Mitigating Security Risks Arising from Benign Instruction Fine-Tuning
Authors: Yanrui Du, Sendong Zhao, Jiawei Cao, Ming Ma, Danyang Zhao, Fenglei Fan, Ting Liu, Bing Qin
Date: 2024-10-06 00:00:00

Instruction Fine-Tuning (IFT) has become an essential method for adapting base Large Language Models (LLMs) into variants for professional and private use. However, researchers have raised concerns over a significant decrease in LLMs' security following IFT, even when the IFT process involves entirely benign instructions (termed Benign IFT). Our study represents a pioneering effort to mitigate the security risks arising from Benign IFT. Specifically, we conduct a Module Robustness Analysis, aiming to investigate how LLMs' internal modules contribute to their security. Based on our analysis, we propose a novel IFT strategy, called the Modular Layer-wise Learning Rate (ML-LR) strategy. In our analysis, we implement a simple security feature classifier that serves as a proxy to measure the robustness of modules (e.g. $Q$/$K$/$V$, etc.). Our findings reveal that the module robustness shows clear patterns, varying regularly with the module type and the layer depth. Leveraging these insights, we develop a proxy-guided search algorithm to identify a robust subset of modules, termed Mods$_{Robust}$. During IFT, the ML-LR strategy employs differentiated learning rates for Mods$_{Robust}$ and the rest modules. Our experimental results show that in security assessments, the application of our ML-LR strategy significantly mitigates the rise in harmfulness of LLMs following Benign IFT. Notably, our ML-LR strategy has little impact on the usability or expertise of LLMs following Benign IFT. Furthermore, we have conducted comprehensive analyses to verify the soundness and flexibility of our ML-LR strategy.
RevMUX: Data Multiplexing with Reversible Adapters for Efficient LLM Batch Inference
Authors: Yige Xu, Xu Guo, Zhiwei Zeng, Chunyan Miao
Date: 2024-10-06 00:00:00

Large language models (LLMs) have brought a great breakthrough to the natural language processing (NLP) community, while leading the challenge of handling concurrent customer queries due to their high throughput demands. Data multiplexing addresses this by merging multiple inputs into a single composite input, allowing more efficient inference through a shared forward pass. However, as distinguishing individuals from a composite input is challenging, conventional methods typically require training the entire backbone, yet still suffer from performance degradation. In this paper, we introduce RevMUX, a parameter-efficient data multiplexing framework that incorporates a reversible design in the multiplexer, which can be reused by the demultiplexer to perform reverse operations and restore individual samples for classification. Extensive experiments on four datasets and three types of LLM backbones demonstrate the effectiveness of RevMUX for enhancing LLM inference efficiency while retaining a satisfactory classification performance.
ErrorRadar: Benchmarking Complex Mathematical Reasoning of Multimodal Large Language Models Via Error Detection
Authors: Yibo Yan, Shen Wang, Jiahao Huo, Hang Li, Boyan Li, Jiamin Su, Xiong Gao, Yi-Fan Zhang, Tianlong Xu, Zhendong Chu, Aoxiao Zhong, Kun Wang, Hui Xiong, Philip S. Yu, Xuming Hu, Qingsong Wen
Date: 2024-10-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Benchmarking, Mathematical Reasoning

As the field of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) continues to evolve, their potential to revolutionize artificial intelligence is particularly promising, especially in addressing mathematical reasoning tasks. Current mathematical benchmarks predominantly focus on evaluating MLLMs' problem-solving ability, yet there is a crucial gap in addressing more complex scenarios such as error detection, for enhancing reasoning capability in complicated settings. To fill this gap, we formally formulate the new task: multimodal error detection, and introduce ErrorRadar, the first benchmark designed to assess MLLMs' capabilities in such a task. ErrorRadar evaluates two sub-tasks: error step identification and error categorization, providing a comprehensive framework for evaluating MLLMs' complex mathematical reasoning ability. It consists of 2,500 high-quality multimodal K-12 mathematical problems, collected from real-world student interactions in an educational organization, with rigorous annotation and rich metadata such as problem type and error category. Through extensive experiments, we evaluated both open-source and closed-source representative MLLMs, benchmarking their performance against educational expert evaluators. Results indicate significant challenges still remain, as GPT-4o with best performance is still around 10% behind human evaluation. The dataset will be available upon acceptance.
Fine-Grained Prediction of Reading Comprehension from Eye Movements
Authors: Omer Shubi, Yoav Meiri, Cfir Avraham Hadar, Yevgeni Berzak
Date: 2024-10-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Prediction, Reading Comprehension

Can human reading comprehension be assessed from eye movements in reading? In this work, we address this longstanding question using large-scale eyetracking data over textual materials that are geared towards behavioral analyses of reading comprehension. We focus on a fine-grained and largely unaddressed task of predicting reading comprehension from eye movements at the level of a single question over a passage. We tackle this task using three new multimodal language models, as well as a battery of prior models from the literature. We evaluate the models' ability to generalize to new textual items, new participants, and the combination of both, in two different reading regimes, ordinary reading and information seeking. The evaluations suggest that although the task is highly challenging, eye movements contain useful signals for fine-grained prediction of reading comprehension. Code and data will be made publicly available.
Configurable Multilingual ASR with Speech Summary Representations
Authors: Harrison Zhu, Ivan Fung, Yingke Zhu, Lahiru Samarakoon
Date: 2024-10-06 00:00:00

Approximately half of the world's population is multilingual, making multilingual ASR (MASR) essential. Deploying multiple monolingual models is challenging when the ground-truth language is unknown in advance. This motivates research efforts on configurable multilingual MASR models that can be prompted manually or adapted automatically to recognise specific languages. In this paper, we present the Configurable MASR model with Summary Vector (csvMASR), a novel architecture designed to enhance configurability. Our approach leverages adapters and introduces speech summary vector representations, inspired by conversational summary representations in speech diarization, to combine outputs from language-specific components at the utterance level. We also incorporate an auxiliary language classification loss to enhance configurability. Using data from 7 languages in the Multilingual Librispeech (MLS) dataset, csvMASR outperforms existing MASR models and reduces the word error rate (WER) from 10.33\% to 9.95\% when compared with the baseline. Additionally, csvMASR demonstrates superior performance in language classification and prompting tasks.
Collapsed Language Models Promote Fairness
Authors: Jingxuan Xu, Wuyang Chen, Linyi Li, Yao Zhao, Yunchao Wei
Date: 2024-10-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Data Augmentation, Fairness, Natural Language Understanding, Word Embeddings

To mitigate societal biases implicitly encoded in recent successful pretrained language models, a diverse array of approaches have been proposed to encourage model fairness, focusing on prompting, data augmentation, regularized fine-tuning, and more. Despite the development, it is nontrivial to reach a principled understanding of fairness and an effective algorithm that can consistently debias language models. In this work, by rigorous evaluations of Neural Collapse -- a learning phenomenon happen in last-layer representations and classifiers in deep networks -- on fairness-related words, we find that debiased language models exhibit collapsed alignment between token representations and word embeddings. More importantly, this observation inspires us to design a principled fine-tuning method that can effectively improve fairness in a wide range of debiasing methods, while still preserving the performance of language models on standard natural language understanding tasks. We attach our code at https://github.com/Xujxyang/Fairness-NC-main.
Wrong-of-Thought: An Integrated Reasoning Framework with Multi-Perspective Verification and Wrong Information
Authors: Yongheng Zhang, Qiguang Chen, Jingxuan Zhou, Peng Wang, Jiasheng Si, Jin Wang, Wenpeng Lu, Libo Qin
Date: 2024-10-06 00:00:00

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) has become a vital technique for enhancing the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), attracting increasing attention from researchers. One stream of approaches focuses on the iterative enhancement of LLMs by continuously verifying and refining their reasoning outputs for desired quality. Despite its impressive results, this paradigm faces two critical issues: (1) Simple verification methods: The current paradigm relies solely on a single verification method. (2) Wrong Information Ignorance: Traditional paradigms directly ignore wrong information during reasoning and refine the logic paths from scratch each time. To address these challenges, we propose Wrong-of-Thought (WoT), which includes two core modules: (1) Multi-Perspective Verification: A multi-perspective verification method for accurately refining the reasoning process and result, and (2) Wrong Information Utilization: Utilizing wrong information to alert LLMs and reduce the probability of LLMs making same mistakes. Experiments on 8 popular datasets and 5 LLMs demonstrate that WoT surpasses all previous baselines. In addition, WoT exhibits powerful capabilities in difficult computation tasks.
SWEb: A Large Web Dataset for the Scandinavian Languages
Authors: Tobias Norlund, Tim Isbister, Amaru Cuba Gyllensten, Paul Dos Santos, Danila Petrelli, Ariel Ekgren, Magnus Sahlgren
Date: 2024-10-06 00:00:00

This paper presents the hitherto largest pretraining dataset for the Scandinavian languages: the Scandinavian WEb (SWEb), comprising over one trillion tokens. The paper details the collection and processing pipeline, and introduces a novel model-based text extractor that significantly reduces complexity in comparison with rule-based approaches. We also introduce a new cloze-style benchmark for evaluating language models in Swedish, and use this test to compare models trained on the SWEb data to models trained on FineWeb, with competitive results. All data, models and code are shared openly.
Inner-Probe: Discovering Copyright-related Data Generation in LLM Architecture
Authors: Qichao Ma, Rui-Jie Zhu, Peiye Liu, Renye Yan, Fahong Zhang, Ling Liang, Meng Li, Zhaofei Yu, Zongwei Wang, Yimao Cai, Tiejun Huang
Date: 2024-10-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Contrastive Learning, Prompt Engineering, Text Detection, Text Generation

Large Language Models (LLMs) utilize extensive knowledge databases and show powerful text generation ability. However, their reliance on high-quality copyrighted datasets raises concerns about copyright infringements in generated texts. Current research often employs prompt engineering or semantic classifiers to identify copyrighted content, but these approaches have two significant limitations: (1) Challenging to identify which specific sub-dataset (e.g., works from particular authors) influences an LLM's output. (2) Treating the entire training database as copyrighted, hence overlooking the inclusion of non-copyrighted training data. We propose InnerProbe, a lightweight framework designed to evaluate the influence of copyrighted sub-datasets on LLM-generated texts. Unlike traditional methods relying solely on text, we discover that the results of multi-head attention (MHA) during LLM output generation provide more effective information. Thus, InnerProbe performs sub-dataset contribution analysis using a lightweight LSTM-based network trained on MHA results in a supervised manner. Harnessing such a prior, InnerProbe enables non-copyrighted text detection through a concatenated global projector trained with unsupervised contrastive learning. InnerProbe demonstrates 3x improved efficiency compared to semantic model training in sub-dataset contribution analysis on Books3, achieves 15.04%-58.7% higher accuracy over baselines on the Pile, and delivers a 0.104 increase in AUC for non-copyrighted data filtering.
Long-context Language Models Cannot Retrieve Without Sufficient Steps
Authors: Yijiong Yu, Ma Xiufa, Fang Jianwei, Zhi Xu, Su Guangyao, Wang Jiancheng, Yongfeng Huang, Zhixiao Qi, Wei Wang, Weifeng Liu, Ran Chen, Ji Pei
Date: 2024-10-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Retrieval

Long-context language models (LCLMs), characterized by their extensive context window, are becoming popular. However, despite they are nearly perfect at standard long-context retrieval tasks, we find they are not good at all types of retrieval tasks. Specifically, we identify 2 basic cases, "multi-matching retrieval," and "logic-based retrieval", which are beyond LCLMs' ability boundary under normal settings. Later, we find these cases can be well addressed with a specific number of reasoning steps, guided by specific CoT prompts, but it may cost too much time. Thus we propose a critical viewpoint that there are currently no perfect solutions for current LCLMs to solve all types of retrieval tasks. Our work reveals some novel properties of retrieval tasks and LCLMs, proving that long-context handling still has a long way to go.
Blocks Architecture (BloArk): Efficient, Cost-Effective, and Incremental Dataset Architecture for Wikipedia Revision History
Authors: Lingxi Li, Zonghai Yao, Sunjae Kwon, Hong Yu
Date: 2024-10-06 00:00:00

Wikipedia (Wiki) is one of the most widely used and publicly available resources for natural language processing (NLP) applications. Wikipedia Revision History (WikiRevHist) shows the order in which edits were made to any Wiki page since its first modification. While the most up-to-date Wiki has been widely used as a training source, WikiRevHist can also be valuable resources for NLP applications. However, there are insufficient tools available to process WikiRevHist without having substantial computing resources, making additional customization, and spending extra time adapting others' works. Therefore, we report Blocks Architecture (BloArk), an efficiency-focused data processing architecture that reduces running time, computing resource requirements, and repeated works in processing WikiRevHist dataset. BloArk consists of three parts in its infrastructure: blocks, segments, and warehouses. On top of that, we build the core data processing pipeline: builder and modifier. The BloArk builder transforms the original WikiRevHist dataset from XML syntax into JSON Lines (JSONL) format for improving the concurrent and storage efficiency. The BloArk modifier takes previously-built warehouses to operate incremental modifications for improving the utilization of existing databases and reducing the cost of reusing others' works. In the end, BloArk can scale up easily in both processing Wikipedia Revision History and incrementally modifying existing dataset for downstream NLP use cases. The source code, documentations, and example usages are publicly available online and open-sourced under GPL-2.0 license.
Lens: Rethinking Multilingual Enhancement for Large Language Models
Authors: Weixiang Zhao, Yulin Hu, Jiahe Guo, Xingyu Sui, Tongtong Wu, Yang Deng, Yanyan Zhao, Bing Qin, Wanxiang Che, Ting Liu
Date: 2024-10-06 00:00:00

Despite the growing global demand for large language models (LLMs) that serve users from diverse linguistic backgrounds, most cutting-edge LLMs remain predominantly English-centric. This creates a performance gap across languages, restricting access to advanced AI services for non-English speakers. Current methods to enhance multilingual capabilities largely rely on data-driven post-training techniques, such as multilingual instruction tuning or continual pre-training. However, these approaches encounter significant challenges, including the scarcity of high-quality multilingual datasets and the limited enhancement of multilingual capabilities. They often suffer from off-target issues and catastrophic forgetting of central language abilities. To this end, we propose Lens, a novel approach to enhance multilingual capabilities of LLMs by leveraging their internal language representation spaces. Specially, Lens operates by manipulating the hidden representations within the language-agnostic and language-specific subspaces from top layers of LLMs. Using the central language as a pivot, the target language is drawn closer to it within the language-agnostic subspace, allowing it to inherit well-established semantic representations. Meanwhile, in the language-specific subspace, the representations of the target and central languages are pushed apart, enabling the target language to express itself distinctly. Extensive experiments on one English-centric and two multilingual LLMs demonstrate that Lens effectively improves multilingual performance without sacrificing the original central language capabilities of the backbone model, achieving superior results with much fewer computational resources compared to existing post-training approaches.
CiMaTe: Citation Count Prediction Effectively Leveraging the Main Text
Authors: Jun Hirako, Ryohei Sasano, Koichi Takeda
Date: 2024-10-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Prediction

Prediction of the future citation counts of papers is increasingly important to find interesting papers among an ever-growing number of papers. Although a paper's main text is an important factor for citation count prediction, it is difficult to handle in machine learning models because the main text is typically very long; thus previous studies have not fully explored how to leverage it. In this paper, we propose a BERT-based citation count prediction model, called CiMaTe, that leverages the main text by explicitly capturing a paper's sectional structure. Through experiments with papers from computational linguistics and biology domains, we demonstrate the CiMaTe's effectiveness, outperforming the previous methods in Spearman's rank correlation coefficient; 5.1 points in the computational linguistics domain and 1.8 points in the biology domain.
BrainCodec: Neural fMRI codec for the decoding of cognitive brain states
Authors: Yuto Nishimura, Masataka Sawayama, Ayumu Yamashita, Hideki Nakayama, Kaoru Amano
Date: 2024-10-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Denoising

Recently, leveraging big data in deep learning has led to significant performance improvements, as confirmed in applications like mental state decoding using fMRI data. However, fMRI datasets remain relatively small in scale, and the inherent issue of low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) in fMRI data further exacerbates these challenges. To address this, we apply compression techniques as a preprocessing step for fMRI data. We propose BrainCodec, a novel fMRI codec inspired by the neural audio codec. We evaluated BrainCodec's compression capability in mental state decoding, demonstrating further improvements over previous methods. Furthermore, we analyzed the latent representations obtained through BrainCodec, elucidating the similarities and differences between task and resting state fMRI, highlighting the interpretability of BrainCodec. Additionally, we demonstrated that fMRI reconstructions using BrainCodec can enhance the visibility of brain activity by achieving higher SNR, suggesting its potential as a novel denoising method. Our study shows that BrainCodec not only enhances performance over previous methods but also offers new analytical possibilities for neuroscience. Our codes, dataset, and model weights are available at https://github.com/amano-k-lab/BrainCodec.