pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
ReLearn: Unlearning via Learning for Large Language Models
Authors: Haoming Xu, Ningyuan Zhao, Liming Yang, Sendong Zhao, Shumin Deng, Mengru Wang, Bryan Hooi, Nay Oo, Huajun Chen, Ningyu Zhang
Date: 2025-02-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Data Augmentation, Text Generation

Current unlearning methods for large language models usually rely on reverse optimization to reduce target token probabilities. However, this paradigm disrupts the subsequent tokens prediction, degrading model performance and linguistic coherence. Moreover, existing evaluation metrics overemphasize contextual forgetting while inadequately assessing response fluency and relevance. To address these challenges, we propose ReLearn, a data augmentation and fine-tuning pipeline for effective unlearning, along with a comprehensive evaluation framework. This framework introduces Knowledge Forgetting Rate (KFR) and Knowledge Retention Rate (KRR) to measure knowledge-level preservation, and Linguistic Score (LS) to evaluate generation quality. Our experiments show that ReLearn successfully achieves targeted forgetting while preserving high-quality output. Through mechanistic analysis, we further demonstrate how reverse optimization disrupts coherent text generation, while ReLearn preserves this essential capability. Code is available at https://github.com/zjunlp/unlearn.
Automated Visualization Code Synthesis via Multi-Path Reasoning and Feedback-Driven Optimization
Authors: Wonduk Seo, Seungyong Lee, Daye Kang, Hyunjin An, Zonghao Yuan, SeungHyun Lee
Date: 2025-02-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Code Generation, Data Visualization, Natural Language Queries

Rapid advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have accelerated their integration into automated visualization code generation applications. Despite advancements through few-shot prompting and query expansion, existing methods remain limited in handling ambiguous and complex queries, thereby requiring manual intervention. To overcome these limitations, we propose VisPath: a Multi-Path Reasoning and Feedback-Driven Optimization Framework for Visualization Code Generation. VisPath handles underspecified queries through structured, multi-stage processing. It begins by reformulating the user input via Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting, which refers to the initial query while generating multiple extended queries in parallel, enabling the LLM to capture diverse interpretations of the user intent. These queries then generate candidate visualization scripts, which are executed to produce diverse images. By assessing the visual quality and correctness of each output, VisPath generates targeted feedback that is aggregated to synthesize an optimal final result. Extensive experiments on widely-used benchmarks including MatPlotBench and the Qwen-Agent Code Interpreter Benchmark show that VisPath outperforms state-of-the-art methods, offering a more reliable solution for AI-driven visualization code generation.
GenComUI: Exploring Generative Visual Aids as Medium to Support Task-Oriented Human-Robot Communication
Authors: Yate Ge, Meiying Li, Xipeng Huang, Yuanda Hu, Qi Wang, Xiaohua Sun, Weiwei Guo
Date: 2025-02-15 00:00:00

This work investigates the integration of generative visual aids in human-robot task communication. We developed GenComUI, a system powered by large language models that dynamically generates contextual visual aids (such as map annotations, path indicators, and animations) to support verbal task communication and facilitate the generation of customized task programs for the robot. This system was informed by a formative study that examined how humans use external visual tools to assist verbal communication in spatial tasks. To evaluate its effectiveness, we conducted a user experiment (n = 20) comparing GenComUI with a voice-only baseline. The results demonstrate that generative visual aids, through both qualitative and quantitative analysis, enhance verbal task communication by providing continuous visual feedback, thus promoting natural and effective human-robot communication. Additionally, the study offers a set of design implications, emphasizing how dynamically generated visual aids can serve as an effective communication medium in human-robot interaction. These findings underscore the potential of generative visual aids to inform the design of more intuitive and effective human-robot communication, particularly for complex communication scenarios in human-robot interaction and LLM-based end-user development.
USER-VLM 360: Personalized Vision Language Models with User-aware Tuning for Social Human-Robot Interactions
Authors: Hamed Rahimi, Adil Bahaj, Mouad Abrini, Mahdi Khoramshahi, Mounir Ghogho, Mohamed Chetouani
Date: 2025-02-15 00:00:00
Tasks: Multimodal Reasoning, Visual Question Answering (VQA)

The integration of vision-language models into robotic systems constitutes a significant advancement in enabling machines to interact with their surroundings in a more intuitive manner. While VLMs offer rich multimodal reasoning, existing approaches lack user-specific adaptability, often relying on generic interaction paradigms that fail to account for individual behavioral, contextual, or socio-emotional nuances. When customization is attempted, ethical concerns arise from unmitigated biases in user data, risking exclusion or unfair treatment. To address these dual challenges, we propose User-VLM 360{\deg}, a holistic framework integrating multimodal user modeling with bias-aware optimization. Our approach features: (1) user-aware tuning that adapts interactions in real time using visual-linguistic signals; (2) bias mitigation via preference optimization; and (3) curated 360{\deg} socio-emotive interaction datasets annotated with demographic, emotion, and relational metadata. Evaluations across eight benchmarks demonstrate state-of-the-art results: +35.3% F1 in personalized VQA, +47.5% F1 in facial features understanding, 15% bias reduction, and 30X speedup over baselines. Ablation studies confirm component efficacy, and deployment on the Pepper robot validates real-time adaptability across diverse users. We open-source parameter-efficient 3B/10B models and an ethical verification framework for responsible adaptation.
Quantifying the Impact of Motion on 2D Gaze Estimation in Real-World Mobile Interactions
Authors: Yaxiong Lei, Yuheng Wang, Fergus Buchanan, Mingyue Zhao, Yusuke Sugano, Shijing He, Mohamed Khamis, Juan Ye
Date: 2025-02-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Gaze Estimation

Mobile gaze tracking involves inferring a user's gaze point or direction on a mobile device's screen from facial images captured by the device's front camera. While this technology inspires an increasing number of gaze-interaction applications, achieving consistent accuracy remains challenging due to dynamic user-device spatial relationships and varied motion conditions inherent in mobile contexts. This paper provides empirical evidence on how user mobility and behaviour affect mobile gaze tracking accuracy. We conduct two user studies collecting behaviour and gaze data under various motion conditions - from lying to maze navigation - and during different interaction tasks. Quantitative analysis has revealed behavioural regularities among daily tasks and identified head distance, head pose, and device orientation as key factors affecting accuracy, with errors increasing by up to 48.91% in dynamic conditions compared to static ones. These findings highlight the need for more robust, adaptive eye-tracking systems that account for head movements and device deflection to maintain accuracy across diverse mobile contexts.
Expert-Agnostic Learning to Defer
Authors: Joshua Strong, Pramit Saha, Yasin Ibrahim, Cheng Ouyang, Alison Noble
Date: 2025-02-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Diversity

Learning to Defer (L2D) trains autonomous systems to handle straightforward cases while deferring uncertain ones to human experts. Recent advancements in this field have introduced methods that offer flexibility to unseen experts at test time. However, we find these approaches struggle to generalise to experts with behaviours not seen during training, require extensive human annotation, and lack mechanisms for incorporating prior knowledge of expert capabilities. To address these challenges, we introduce Expert-Agnostic Learning to Defer (EA-L2D), a novel L2D framework that employs a Bayesian approach to model expert behaviour in an \textit{expert-agnostic} fashion. Across benchmark medical imaging datasets (HAM10000, Blood Cells, Retinal OCT, and Liver Tumours), EA-L2D significantly outperforms prior methods on unseen experts, achieving up to a 28\% relative improvement, while also matching or exceeding state-of-the-art performance on seen experts.
Tempo: Helping Data Scientists and Domain Experts Collaboratively Specify Predictive Modeling Tasks
Authors: Venkatesh Sivaraman, Anika Vaishampayan, Xiaotong Li, Brian R Buck, Ziyong Ma, Richard D Boyce, Adam Perer
Date: 2025-02-14 00:00:00

Temporal predictive models have the potential to improve decisions in health care, public services, and other domains, yet they often fail to effectively support decision-makers. Prior literature shows that many misalignments between model behavior and decision-makers' expectations stem from issues of model specification, namely how, when, and for whom predictions are made. However, model specifications for predictive tasks are highly technical and difficult for non-data-scientist stakeholders to interpret and critique. To address this challenge we developed Tempo, an interactive system that helps data scientists and domain experts collaboratively iterate on model specifications. Using Tempo's simple yet precise temporal query language, data scientists can quickly prototype specifications with greater transparency about pre-processing choices. Moreover, domain experts can assess performance within data subgroups to validate that models behave as expected. Through three case studies, we demonstrate how Tempo helps multidisciplinary teams quickly prune infeasible specifications and identify more promising directions to explore.
Unknown Word Detection for English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners Using Gaze and Pre-trained Language Models
Authors: Jiexin Ding, Bowen Zhao, Yuntao Wang, Xinyun Liu, Rui Hao, Ishan Chatterjee, Yuanchun Shi
Date: 2025-02-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Reading Comprehension

English as a Second Language (ESL) learners often encounter unknown words that hinder their text comprehension. Automatically detecting these words as users read can enable computing systems to provide just-in-time definitions, synonyms, or contextual explanations, thereby helping users learn vocabulary in a natural and seamless manner. This paper presents EyeLingo, a transformer-based machine learning method that predicts the probability of unknown words based on text content and eye gaze trajectory in real time with high accuracy. A 20-participant user study revealed that our method can achieve an accuracy of 97.6%, and an F1-score of 71.1%. We implemented a real-time reading assistance prototype to show the effectiveness of EyeLingo. The user study shows improvement in willingness to use and usefulness compared to baseline methods.
ExplainReduce: Summarising local explanations via proxies
Authors: Lauri Seppäläinen, Mudong Guo, Kai Puolamäki
Date: 2025-02-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Explainable artificial intelligence, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)

Most commonly used non-linear machine learning methods are closed-box models, uninterpretable to humans. The field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to develop tools to examine the inner workings of these closed boxes. An often-used model-agnostic approach to XAI involves using simple models as local approximations to produce so-called local explanations; examples of this approach include LIME, SHAP, and SLISEMAP. This paper shows how a large set of local explanations can be reduced to a small "proxy set" of simple models, which can act as a generative global explanation. This reduction procedure, ExplainReduce, can be formulated as an optimisation problem and approximated efficiently using greedy heuristics.
PromptArtisan: Multi-instruction Image Editing in Single Pass with Complete Attention Control
Authors: Kunal Swami, Raghu Chittersu, Pranav Adlinge, Rajeev Irny, Shashavali Doodekula, Alok Shukla
Date: 2025-02-14 00:00:00

We present PromptArtisan, a groundbreaking approach to multi-instruction image editing that achieves remarkable results in a single pass, eliminating the need for time-consuming iterative refinement. Our method empowers users to provide multiple editing instructions, each associated with a specific mask within the image. This flexibility allows for complex edits involving mask intersections or overlaps, enabling the realization of intricate and nuanced image transformations. PromptArtisan leverages a pre-trained InstructPix2Pix model in conjunction with a novel Complete Attention Control Mechanism (CACM). This mechanism ensures precise adherence to user instructions, granting fine-grained control over the editing process. Furthermore, our approach is zero-shot, requiring no additional training, and boasts improved processing complexity compared to traditional iterative methods. By seamlessly integrating multi-instruction capabilities, single-pass efficiency, and complete attention control, PromptArtisan unlocks new possibilities for creative and efficient image editing workflows, catering to both novice and expert users alike.
AutoS$^2$earch: Unlocking the Reasoning Potential of Large Models for Web-based Source Search
Authors: Zhengqiu Zhu, Yatai Ji, Jiaheng Huang, Yong Zhao, Sihang Qiu, Rusheng Ju
Date: 2025-02-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Large Language Model

Web-based management systems have been widely used in risk control and industrial safety. However, effectively integrating source search capabilities into these systems, to enable decision-makers to locate and address the hazard (e.g., gas leak detection) remains a challenge. While prior efforts have explored using web crowdsourcing and AI algorithms for source search decision support, these approaches suffer from overheads in recruiting human participants and slow response times in time-sensitive situations. To address this, we introduce AutoS$^2$earch, a novel framework leveraging large models for zero-shot source search in web applications. AutoS$^2$earch operates on a simplified visual environment projected through a web-based display, utilizing a chain-of-thought prompt designed to emulate human reasoning. The multi-modal large language model (MLLMs) dynamically converts visual observations into language descriptions, enabling the LLM to perform linguistic reasoning on four directional choices. Extensive experiments demonstrate that AutoS$^2$earch achieves performance nearly equivalent to human-AI collaborative source search while eliminating dependency on crowdsourced labor. Our work offers valuable insights in using web engineering to design such autonomous systems in other industrial applications.
The Ann Arbor Architecture for Agent-Oriented Programming
Authors: Wei Dong
Date: 2025-02-14 00:00:00
Tasks: In-Context Learning, Prompt Engineering

In this paper, we reexamine prompt engineering for large language models through the lens of automata theory. We argue that language models function as automata and, like all automata, should be programmed in the languages they accept, a unified collection of all natural and formal languages. Therefore, traditional software engineering practices--conditioned on the clear separation of programming languages and natural languages--must be rethought. We introduce the Ann Arbor Architecture, a conceptual framework for agent-oriented programming of language models, as a higher-level abstraction over raw token generation, and provide a new perspective on in-context learning. Based on this framework, we present the design of our agent platform Postline, and report on our initial experiments in agent training.
A Taxonomy of Linguistic Expressions That Contribute To Anthropomorphism of Language Technologies
Authors: Alicia DeVrio, Myra Cheng, Lisa Egede, Alexandra Olteanu, Su Lin Blodgett
Date: 2025-02-14 00:00:00

Recent attention to anthropomorphism -- the attribution of human-like qualities to non-human objects or entities -- of language technologies like LLMs has sparked renewed discussions about potential negative impacts of anthropomorphism. To productively discuss the impacts of this anthropomorphism and in what contexts it is appropriate, we need a shared vocabulary for the vast variety of ways that language can be anthropomorphic. In this work, we draw on existing literature and analyze empirical cases of user interactions with language technologies to develop a taxonomy of textual expressions that can contribute to anthropomorphism. We highlight challenges and tensions involved in understanding linguistic anthropomorphism, such as how all language is fundamentally human and how efforts to characterize and shift perceptions of humanness in machines can also dehumanize certain humans. We discuss ways that our taxonomy supports more precise and effective discussions of and decisions about anthropomorphism of language technologies.
A Survey on Human-Centered Evaluation of Explainable AI Methods in Clinical Decision Support Systems
Authors: Alessandro Gambetti, Qiwei Han, Hong Shen, Claudia Soares
Date: 2025-02-14 00:00:00

Explainable AI (XAI) has become a crucial component of Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) to enhance transparency, trust, and clinical adoption. However, while many XAI methods have been proposed, their effectiveness in real-world medical settings remains underexplored. This paper provides a survey of human-centered evaluations of Explainable AI methods in Clinical Decision Support Systems. By categorizing existing works based on XAI methodologies, evaluation frameworks, and clinical adoption challenges, we offer a structured understanding of the landscape. Our findings reveal key challenges in the integration of XAI into healthcare workflows and propose a structured framework to align the evaluation methods of XAI with the clinical needs of stakeholders.
MuDoC: An Interactive Multimodal Document-grounded Conversational AI System
Authors: Karan Taneja, Ashok K. Goel
Date: 2025-02-14 00:00:00
Tasks: AI Agent, Response Generation

Multimodal AI is an important step towards building effective tools to leverage multiple modalities in human-AI communication. Building a multimodal document-grounded AI system to interact with long documents remains a challenge. Our work aims to fill the research gap of directly leveraging grounded visuals from documents alongside textual content in documents for response generation. We present an interactive conversational AI agent 'MuDoC' based on GPT-4o to generate document-grounded responses with interleaved text and figures. MuDoC's intelligent textbook interface promotes trustworthiness and enables verification of system responses by allowing instant navigation to source text and figures in the documents. We also discuss qualitative observations based on MuDoC responses highlighting its strengths and limitations.
TableTalk: Scaffolding Spreadsheet Development with a Language Agent
Authors: Jenny T. Liang, Aayush Kumar, Yasharth Bajpai, Sumit Gulwani, Vu Le, Chris Parnin, Arjun Radhakrishna, Ashish Tiwari, Emerson Murphy-Hill, Guastavo Soares
Date: 2025-02-13 00:00:00
Tasks: Human Agent Collaboration

Despite its ubiquity in the workforce, spreadsheet programming remains challenging as programmers need both spreadsheet-specific knowledge (e.g., APIs to write formulas) and problem-solving skills to create complex spreadsheets. Large language models (LLMs) can help automate aspects of this process, and recent advances in planning and reasoning have enabled language agents, which dynamically plan, use tools, and take iterative actions to complete complex tasks. These agents observe, plan, and act, making them well-suited to scaffold spreadsheet programming by following expert processes. We present TableTalk, a language agent that helps programmers build spreadsheets conversationally. Its design reifies three design principles -- scaffolding, flexibility, and incrementality -- which we derived from two studies of seven programmers and 62 Excel templates. TableTalk structures spreadsheet development by generating step-by-step plans and suggesting three next steps users can choose from. It also integrates tools that enable incremental spreadsheet construction. A user study with 20 programmers shows that TableTalk produces spreadsheets 2.3 times more likely to be preferred over a baseline agent, while reducing cognitive load and time spent reasoning about spreadsheet actions by 12.6%. TableTalk's approach has implications for human-agent collaboration. This includes providing persistent direct manipulation interfaces for stopping or undoing agent actions, while ensuring that such interfaces for accepting actions can be deactivated.
The AI-Therapist Duo: Exploring the Potential of Human-AI Collaboration in Personalized Art Therapy for PICS Intervention
Authors: Bereket A. Yilma, Chan Mi Kim, Geke Ludden, Thomas van Rompay, Luis A. Leiva
Date: 2025-02-13 00:00:00
Tasks: Recommendation Systems

Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) is a multifaceted condition that arises from prolonged stays in an intensive care unit (ICU). While preventing PICS among ICU patients is becoming increasingly important, interventions remain limited. Building on evidence supporting the effectiveness of art exposure in addressing the psychological aspects of PICS, we propose a novel art therapy solution through a collaborative Human-AI approach that enhances personalized therapeutic interventions using state-of-the-art Visual Art Recommendation Systems. We developed two Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) personalization methods and assessed their impact through a large-scale user study (N=150). Our findings demonstrate that this Human-AI collaboration not only enhances the personalization and effectiveness of art therapy but also supports therapists by streamlining their workload. While our study centres on PICS intervention, the results suggest that human-AI collaborative Art therapy could potentially benefit other areas where emotional support is critical, such as cases of anxiety and depression.
Mind What You Ask For: Emotional and Rational Faces of Persuasion by Large Language Models
Authors: Wiktoria Mieleszczenko-Kowszewicz, Beata Bajcar, Jolanta Babiak, Berenika Dyczek, Jakub Świstak, Przemysław Biecek
Date: 2025-02-13 00:00:00
Tasks: Misinformation

Be careful what you ask for, you just might get it. This saying fits with the way large language models (LLMs) are trained, which, instead of being rewarded for correctness, are increasingly rewarded for pleasing the recipient. So, they are increasingly effective at persuading us that their answers are valuable. But what tricks do they use in this persuasion? In this study, we examine what are the psycholinguistic features of the responses used by twelve different language models. By grouping response content according to rational or emotional prompts and exploring social influence principles employed by LLMs, we ask whether and how we can mitigate the risks of LLM-driven mass misinformation. We position this study within the broader discourse on human-centred AI, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary approaches to mitigate cognitive and societal risks posed by persuasive AI responses.