pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Crash Frequency Modeling Based on Augmented Multi-Type Data by Hybrid VAE-Diffusion-Based Generative Neural Networks
Authors: Junlan Chen, Qijie He, Pei Liu, Wei Ma, Ziyuan Pu
Date: 2025-01-17 00:00:00

Crash frequency modelling analyzes the impact of factors like traffic volume, road geometry, and environmental conditions on crash occurrences. Inaccurate predictions can distort our understanding of these factors, leading to misguided policies and wasted resources, which jeopardize traffic safety. A key challenge in crash frequency modelling is the prevalence of excessive zero observations, caused by underreporting, the low probability of crashes, and high data collection costs. These zero observations often reduce model accuracy and introduce bias, complicating safety decision making. While existing approaches, such as statistical methods, data aggregation, and resampling, attempt to address this issue, they either rely on restrictive assumptions or result in significant information loss, distorting crash data. To overcome these limitations, we propose a hybrid VAE-Diffusion neural network, designed to reduce zero observations and handle the complexities of multi-type tabular crash data (count, ordinal, nominal, and real-valued variables). We assess the synthetic data quality generated by this model through metrics like similarity, accuracy, diversity, and structural consistency, and compare its predictive performance against traditional statistical models. Our findings demonstrate that the hybrid VAE-Diffusion model outperforms baseline models across all metrics, offering a more effective approach to augmenting crash data and improving the accuracy of crash frequency predictions. This study highlights the potential of synthetic data to enhance traffic safety by improving crash frequency modelling and informing better policy decisions.
Mitigating Hallucinations on Object Attributes using Multiview Images and Negative Instructions
Authors: Zhijie Tan, Yuzhi Li, Shengwei Meng, Xiang Yuan, Weiping Li, Tong Mo, Bingce Wang, Xu Chu
Date: 2025-01-17 00:00:00
Tasks: 3D Generation

Current popular Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) are suffering from Hallucinations on Object Attributes (HoOA), leading to incorrect determination of fine-grained attributes in the input images. Leveraging significant advancements in 3D generation from a single image, this paper proposes a novel method to mitigate HoOA in LVLMs. This method utilizes multiview images sampled from generated 3D representations as visual prompts for LVLMs, thereby providing more visual information from other viewpoints. Furthermore, we observe the input order of multiple multiview images significantly affects the performance of LVLMs. Consequently, we have devised Multiview Image Augmented VLM (MIAVLM), incorporating a Multiview Attributes Perceiver (MAP) submodule capable of simultaneously eliminating the influence of input image order and aligning visual information from multiview images with Large Language Models (LLMs). Besides, we designed and employed negative instructions to mitigate LVLMs' bias towards ``Yes" responses. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
Adaptive Spatiotemporal Augmentation for Improving Dynamic Graph Learning
Authors: Xu Chu, Hanlin Xue, Bingce Wang, Xiaoyang Liu, Weiping Li, Tong Mo, Tuoyu Feng, Zhijie Tan
Date: 2025-01-17 00:00:00
Tasks: Graph Learning, Link Prediction, Node Classification

Dynamic graph augmentation is used to improve the performance of dynamic GNNs. Most methods assume temporal locality, meaning that recent edges are more influential than earlier edges. However, for temporal changes in edges caused by random noise, overemphasizing recent edges while neglecting earlier ones may lead to the model capturing noise. To address this issue, we propose STAA (SpatioTemporal Activity-Aware Random Walk Diffusion). STAA identifies nodes likely to have noisy edges in spatiotemporal dimensions. Spatially, it analyzes critical topological positions through graph wavelet coefficients. Temporally, it analyzes edge evolution through graph wavelet coefficient change rates. Then, random walks are used to reduce the weights of noisy edges, deriving a diffusion matrix containing spatiotemporal information as an augmented adjacency matrix for dynamic GNN learning. Experiments on multiple datasets show that STAA outperforms other dynamic graph augmentation methods in node classification and link prediction tasks.
Deep Learning for Early Alzheimer Disease Detection with MRI Scans
Authors: Mohammad Rafsan, Tamer Oraby, Upal Roy, Sanjeev Kumar, Hansapani Rodrigo
Date: 2025-01-17 00:00:00
Tasks: Computational Efficiency, Deep Learning, Specificity

Alzheimer's Disease is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by dementia and impairment in neurological function. The study primarily focuses on the individuals above age 40, affecting their memory, behavior, and cognitive processes of the brain. Alzheimer's disease requires diagnosis by a detailed assessment of MRI scans and neuropsychological tests of the patients. This project compares existing deep learning models in the pursuit of enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of AD diagnosis, specifically focusing on the Convolutional Neural Network, Bayesian Convolutional Neural Network, and the U-net model with the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies brain MRI dataset. Besides, to ensure robustness and reliability in the model evaluations, we address the challenge of imbalance in data. We then perform rigorous evaluation to determine strengths and weaknesses for each model by considering sensitivity, specificity, and computational efficiency. This comparative analysis would shed light on the future role of AI in revolutionizing AD diagnostics but also paved ways for future innovation in medical imaging and the management of neurodegenerative diseases.
Attention-guided Self-reflection for Zero-shot Hallucination Detection in Large Language Models
Authors: Qiang Liu, Xinlong Chen, Yue Ding, Shizhen Xu, Shu Wu, Liang Wang
Date: 2025-01-17 00:00:00
Tasks: Hallucination

Hallucination has emerged as a significant barrier to the effective application of Large Language Models (LLMs). In this work, we introduce a novel Attention-Guided SElf-Reflection (AGSER) approach for zero-shot hallucination detection in LLMs. The AGSER method utilizes attention contributions to categorize the input query into attentive and non-attentive queries. Each query is then processed separately through the LLMs, allowing us to compute consistency scores between the generated responses and the original answer. The difference between the two consistency scores serves as a hallucination estimator. In addition to its efficacy in detecting hallucinations, AGSER notably reduces computational complexity, requiring only three passes through the LLM and utilizing two sets of tokens. We have conducted extensive experiments with four widely-used LLMs across three different hallucination benchmarks, demonstrating that our approach significantly outperforms existing methods in zero-shot hallucination detection.
Fast energy-aware OLSR routing in VANETs by means of a parallel evolutionary algorithm
Authors: Jamal Toutouh, Sergio Nesmachnow, Enrique Alba
Date: 2025-01-17 00:00:00

This work tackles the problem of reducing the power consumption of the OLSR routing protocol in vehicular networks. Nowadays, energy-aware and green communication protocols are important research topics, specially when deploying wireless mobile networks. This article introduces a fast automatic methodology to search for energy-efficient OLSR configurations by using a parallel evolutionary algorithm. The experimental analysis demonstrates that significant improvements over the standard configuration can be attained in terms of power consumption, with no noteworthy loss in the QoS.
Multi-Modal Attention Networks for Enhanced Segmentation and Depth Estimation of Subsurface Defects in Pulse Thermography
Authors: Mohammed Salah, Naoufel Werghi, Davor Svetinovic, Yusra Abdulrahman
Date: 2025-01-17 00:00:00
Tasks: Data Augmentation, Depth Estimation, Segmentation

AI-driven pulse thermography (PT) has become a crucial tool in non-destructive testing (NDT), enabling automatic detection of hidden anomalies in various industrial components. Current state-of-the-art techniques feed segmentation and depth estimation networks compressed PT sequences using either Principal Component Analysis (PCA) or Thermographic Signal Reconstruction (TSR). However, treating these two modalities independently constrains the performance of PT inspection models as these representations possess complementary semantic features. To address this limitation, this work proposes PT-Fusion, a multi-modal attention-based fusion network that fuses both PCA and TSR modalities for defect segmentation and depth estimation of subsurface defects in PT setups. PT-Fusion introduces novel feature fusion modules, Encoder Attention Fusion Gate (EAFG) and Attention Enhanced Decoding Block (AEDB), to fuse PCA and TSR features for enhanced segmentation and depth estimation of subsurface defects. In addition, a novel data augmentation technique is proposed based on random data sampling from thermographic sequences to alleviate the scarcity of PT datasets. The proposed method is benchmarked against state-of-the-art PT inspection models, including U-Net, attention U-Net, and 3D-CNN on the Universit\'e Laval IRT-PVC dataset. The results demonstrate that PT-Fusion outperforms the aforementioned models in defect segmentation and depth estimation accuracies with a margin of 10%.
RichSpace: Enriching Text-to-Video Prompt Space via Text Embedding Interpolation
Authors: Yuefan Cao, Chengyue Gong, Xiaoyu Li, YIngyu Liang, Zhizhou Sha, Zhenmei Shi, Zhao Song
Date: 2025-01-17 00:00:00
Tasks: Text-to-Video Generation, Video Generation

Text-to-video generation models have made impressive progress, but they still struggle with generating videos with complex features. This limitation often arises from the inability of the text encoder to produce accurate embeddings, which hinders the video generation model. In this work, we propose a novel approach to overcome this challenge by selecting the optimal text embedding through interpolation in the embedding space. We demonstrate that this method enables the video generation model to produce the desired videos. Additionally, we introduce a simple algorithm using perpendicular foot embeddings and cosine similarity to identify the optimal interpolation embedding. Our findings highlight the importance of accurate text embeddings and offer a pathway for improving text-to-video generation performance.
Aneumo: A Large-Scale Comprehensive Synthetic Dataset of Aneurysm Hemodynamics
Authors: Xigui Li, Yuanye Zhou, Feiyang Xiao, Xin Guo, Yichi Zhang, Chen Jiang, Jianchao Ge, Xiansheng Wang, Qimeng Wang, Taiwei Zhang, Chensen Lin, Yuan Cheng, Yuan Qi
Date: 2025-01-17 00:00:00

Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a common cerebrovascular disease that is usually asymptomatic but may cause severe subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) if ruptured. Although clinical practice is usually based on individual factors and morphological features of the aneurysm, its pathophysiology and hemodynamic mechanisms remain controversial. To address the limitations of current research, this study constructed a comprehensive hemodynamic dataset of intracranial aneurysms. The dataset is based on 466 real aneurysm models, and 10,000 synthetic models were generated by resection and deformation operations, including 466 aneurysm-free models and 9,534 deformed aneurysm models. The dataset also provides medical image-like segmentation mask files to support insightful analysis. In addition, the dataset contains hemodynamic data measured at eight steady-state flow rates (0.001 to 0.004 kg/s), including critical parameters such as flow velocity, pressure, and wall shear stress, providing a valuable resource for investigating aneurysm pathogenesis and clinical prediction. This dataset will help advance the understanding of the pathologic features and hemodynamic mechanisms of intracranial aneurysms and support in-depth research in related fields. Dataset hosted at https://github.com/Xigui-Li/Aneumo.
GVMGen: A General Video-to-Music Generation Model with Hierarchical Attentions
Authors: Heda Zuo, Weitao You, Junxian Wu, Shihong Ren, Pei Chen, Mingxu Zhou, Yujia Lu, Lingyun Sun
Date: 2025-01-17 00:00:00
Tasks: Diversity, Music Generation

Composing music for video is essential yet challenging, leading to a growing interest in automating music generation for video applications. Existing approaches often struggle to achieve robust music-video correspondence and generative diversity, primarily due to inadequate feature alignment methods and insufficient datasets. In this study, we present General Video-to-Music Generation model (GVMGen), designed for generating high-related music to the video input. Our model employs hierarchical attentions to extract and align video features with music in both spatial and temporal dimensions, ensuring the preservation of pertinent features while minimizing redundancy. Remarkably, our method is versatile, capable of generating multi-style music from different video inputs, even in zero-shot scenarios. We also propose an evaluation model along with two novel objective metrics for assessing video-music alignment. Additionally, we have compiled a large-scale dataset comprising diverse types of video-music pairs. Experimental results demonstrate that GVMGen surpasses previous models in terms of music-video correspondence, generative diversity, and application universality.
Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI): from inherent explainability to large language models
Authors: Fuseini Mumuni, Alhassan Mumuni
Date: 2025-01-17 00:00:00
Tasks: Autonomous Driving, Explainable artificial intelligence, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has continued to achieve tremendous success in recent times. However, the decision logic of these frameworks is often not transparent, making it difficult for stakeholders to understand, interpret or explain their behavior. This limitation hinders trust in machine learning systems and causes a general reluctance towards their adoption in practical applications, particularly in mission-critical domains like healthcare and autonomous driving. Explainable AI (XAI) techniques facilitate the explainability or interpretability of machine learning models, enabling users to discern the basis of the decision and possibly avert undesirable behavior. This comprehensive survey details the advancements of explainable AI methods, from inherently interpretable models to modern approaches for achieving interpretability of various black box models, including large language models (LLMs). Additionally, we review explainable AI techniques that leverage LLM and vision-language model (VLM) frameworks to automate or improve the explainability of other machine learning models. The use of LLM and VLM as interpretability methods particularly enables high-level, semantically meaningful explanations of model decisions and behavior. Throughout the paper, we highlight the scientific principles, strengths and weaknesses of state-of-the-art methods and outline different areas of improvement. Where appropriate, we also present qualitative and quantitative comparison results of various methods to show how they compare. Finally, we discuss the key challenges of XAI and directions for future research.
AIRCHITECT v2: Learning the Hardware Accelerator Design Space through Unified Representations
Authors: Jamin Seo, Akshat Ramachandran, Yu-Chuan Chuang, Anirudh Itagi, Tushar Krishna
Date: 2025-01-17 00:00:00
Tasks: Contrastive Learning, Navigate

Design space exploration (DSE) plays a crucial role in enabling custom hardware architectures, particularly for emerging applications like AI, where optimized and specialized designs are essential. With the growing complexity of deep neural networks (DNNs) and the introduction of advanced foundational models (FMs), the design space for DNN accelerators is expanding at an exponential rate. Additionally, this space is highly non-uniform and non-convex, making it increasingly difficult to navigate and optimize. Traditional DSE techniques rely on search-based methods, which involve iterative sampling of the design space to find the optimal solution. However, this process is both time-consuming and often fails to converge to the global optima for such design spaces. Recently, AIrchitect v1, the first attempt to address the limitations of search-based techniques, transformed DSE into a constant-time classification problem using recommendation networks. In this work, we propose AIrchitect v2, a more accurate and generalizable learning-based DSE technique applicable to large-scale design spaces that overcomes the shortcomings of earlier approaches. Specifically, we devise an encoder-decoder transformer model that (a) encodes the complex design space into a uniform intermediate representation using contrastive learning and (b) leverages a novel unified representation blending the advantages of classification and regression to effectively explore the large DSE space without sacrificing accuracy. Experimental results evaluated on 10^5 real DNN workloads demonstrate that, on average, AIrchitect v2 outperforms existing techniques by 15% in identifying optimal design points. Furthermore, to demonstrate the generalizability of our method, we evaluate performance on unseen model workloads (LLMs) and attain a 1.7x improvement in inference latency on the identified hardware architecture.
MultiPruner: Balanced Structure Removal in Foundation Models
Authors: J. Pablo Muñoz, Jinjie Yuan, Nilesh Jain
Date: 2025-01-17 00:00:00
Tasks: Model Compression

Recently, state-of-the-art approaches for pruning large pre-trained models (LPMs) have demonstrated that the training-free removal of non-critical residual blocks in Transformers is viable for reducing model size, achieving results that outperform previous training-free pruning approaches. Motivated by these findings, we extend BlockPruner (Zhong et al., 2024) and propose MultiPruner, a pruning approach that surpasses recent training-free pruning methods by adopting a multidimensional, iterative, fine-grained pruning strategy. In MultiPruner, multidimensional pruning reinstates the structural balance in block-pruned models by sequentially compressing along three dimensions: i) residual blocks, ii) channels of multilayer perceptrons (MLP), and iii) attention heads. This solution enhances zero-shot accuracy on downstream tasks compared to other techniques while improving model compression ratios, producing compressed models with fewer computing and memory requirements. Extensive experiments demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method across various large pre-trained models. The code and pruning configurations are available at https://github.com/IntelLabs/Hardware-Aware-Automated-Machine-Learning.
AI Explainability for Power Electronics: From a Lipschitz Continuity Perspective
Authors: Xinze Li, Fanfan Lin, Homer Alan Mantooth, Juan José Rodríguez-Andina
Date: 2025-01-17 00:00:00
Tasks: Fault Diagnosis

Lifecycle management of power converters continues to thrive with emerging artificial intelligence (AI) solutions, yet AI mathematical explainability remains unexplored in power electronics (PE) community. The lack of theoretical rigor challenges adoption in mission-critical applications. Therefore, this letter proposes a generic framework to evaluate mathematical explainability, highlighting inference stability and training convergence from a Lipschitz continuity perspective. Inference stability governs consistent outputs under input perturbations, essential for robust real-time control and fault diagnosis. Training convergence guarantees stable learning dynamics, facilitating accurate modeling in PE contexts. Additionally, a Lipschitz-aware learning rate selection strategy is introduced to accelerate convergence while mitigating overshoots and oscillations. The feasibility of the proposed Lipschitz-oriented framework is demonstrated by validating the mathematical explainability of a state-of-the-art physics-in-architecture neural network, and substantiated through empirical case studies on dual-active-bridge converters. This letter serves as a clarion call for the PE community to embrace mathematical explainability, heralding a transformative era of trustworthy and explainable AI solutions that potentially redefine the future of power electronics.
Client-Centric Federated Adaptive Optimization
Authors: Jianhui Sun, Xidong Wu, Heng Huang, Aidong Zhang
Date: 2025-01-17 00:00:00
Tasks: Federated Learning

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed learning paradigm where clients collaboratively train a model while keeping their own data private. With an increasing scale of clients and models, FL encounters two key challenges, client drift due to a high degree of statistical/system heterogeneity, and lack of adaptivity. However, most existing FL research is based on unrealistic assumptions that virtually ignore system heterogeneity. In this paper, we propose Client-Centric Federated Adaptive Optimization, which is a class of novel federated adaptive optimization approaches. We enable several features in this framework such as arbitrary client participation, asynchronous server aggregation, and heterogeneous local computing, which are ubiquitous in real-world FL systems but are missed in most existing works. We provide a rigorous convergence analysis of our proposed framework for general nonconvex objectives, which is shown to converge with the best-known rate. Extensive experiments show that our approaches consistently outperform the baseline by a large margin across benchmarks.
HEART: Achieving Timely Multi-Model Training for Vehicle-Edge-Cloud-Integrated Hierarchical Federated Learning
Authors: Xiaohong Yang, Minghui LiWang, Xianbin Wang, Zhipeng Cheng, Seyyedali Hosseinalipour, Huaiyu Dai, Zhenzhen Jiao
Date: 2025-01-17 00:00:00
Tasks: Federated Learning, Scheduling

The rapid growth of AI-enabled Internet of Vehicles (IoV) calls for efficient machine learning (ML) solutions that can handle high vehicular mobility and decentralized data. This has motivated the emergence of Hierarchical Federated Learning over vehicle-edge-cloud architectures (VEC-HFL). Nevertheless, one aspect which is underexplored in the literature on VEC-HFL is that vehicles often need to execute multiple ML tasks simultaneously, where this multi-model training environment introduces crucial challenges. First, improper aggregation rules can lead to model obsolescence and prolonged training times. Second, vehicular mobility may result in inefficient data utilization by preventing the vehicles from returning their models to the network edge. Third, achieving a balanced resource allocation across diverse tasks becomes of paramount importance as it majorly affects the effectiveness of collaborative training. We take one of the first steps towards addressing these challenges via proposing a framework for multi-model training in dynamic VEC-HFL with the goal of minimizing global training latency while ensuring balanced training across various tasks-a problem that turns out to be NP-hard. To facilitate timely model training, we introduce a hybrid synchronous-asynchronous aggregation rule. Building on this, we present a novel method called Hybrid Evolutionary And gReedy allocaTion (HEART). The framework operates in two stages: first, it achieves balanced task scheduling through a hybrid heuristic approach that combines improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithms (GA); second, it employs a low-complexity greedy algorithm to determine the training priority of assigned tasks on vehicles. Experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate the superiority of HEART over existing methods.