pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
On learning capacities of Sugeno integrals with systems of fuzzy relational equations
Authors: Ismaïl Baaj
Date: 2024-08-14 00:00:00

In this article, we introduce a method for learning a capacity underlying a Sugeno integral according to training data based on systems of fuzzy relational equations. To the training data, we associate two systems of equations: a $\max-\min$ system and a $\min-\max$ system. By solving these two systems (in the case that they are consistent) using Sanchez's results, we show that we can directly obtain the extremal capacities representing the training data. By reducing the $\max-\min$ (resp. $\min-\max$) system of equations to subsets of criteria of cardinality less than or equal to $q$ (resp. of cardinality greater than or equal to $n-q$), where $n$ is the number of criteria, we give a sufficient condition for deducing, from its potential greatest solution (resp. its potential lowest solution), a $q$-maxitive (resp. $q$-minitive) capacity. Finally, if these two reduced systems of equations are inconsistent, we show how to obtain the greatest approximate $q$-maxitive capacity and the lowest approximate $q$-minitive capacity, using recent results to handle the inconsistency of systems of fuzzy relational equations.
Enhancing Model Interpretability with Local Attribution over Global Exploration
Authors: Zhiyu Zhu, Zhibo Jin, Jiayu Zhang, Huaming Chen
Date: 2024-08-14 00:00:00

In the field of artificial intelligence, AI models are frequently described as `black boxes' due to the obscurity of their internal mechanisms. It has ignited research interest on model interpretability, especially in attribution methods that offers precise explanations of model decisions. Current attribution algorithms typically evaluate the importance of each parameter by exploring the sample space. A large number of intermediate states are introduced during the exploration process, which may reach the model's Out-of-Distribution (OOD) space. Such intermediate states will impact the attribution results, making it challenging to grasp the relative importance of features. In this paper, we firstly define the local space and its relevant properties, and we propose the Local Attribution (LA) algorithm that leverages these properties. The LA algorithm comprises both targeted and untargeted exploration phases, which are designed to effectively generate intermediate states for attribution that thoroughly encompass the local space. Compared to the state-of-the-art attribution methods, our approach achieves an average improvement of 38.21\% in attribution effectiveness. Extensive ablation studies in our experiments also validate the significance of each component in our algorithm. Our code is available at: https://github.com/LMBTough/LA/
Graph neural network surrogate for strategic transport planning
Authors: Nikita Makarov, Santhanakrishnan Narayanan, Constantinos Antoniou
Date: 2024-08-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Graph Attention, Graph Neural Network

As the complexities of urban environments continue to grow, the modelling of transportation systems become increasingly challenging. This paper explores the application of advanced Graph Neural Network (GNN) architectures as surrogate models for strategic transport planning. Building upon a prior work that laid the foundation with graph convolution networks (GCN), our study delves into the comparative analysis of established GCN with the more expressive Graph Attention Network (GAT). Additionally, we propose a novel GAT variant (namely GATv3) to address over-smoothing issues in graph-based models. Our investigation also includes the exploration of a hybrid model combining both GCN and GAT architectures, aiming to investigate the performance of the mixture. The three models are applied to various experiments to understand their limits. We analyse hierarchical regression setups, combining classification and regression tasks, and introduce fine-grained classification with a proposal of a method to convert outputs to precise values. Results reveal the superior performance of the new GAT in classification tasks. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first GAT model in literature to achieve larger depths. Surprisingly, the fine-grained classification task demonstrates the GCN's unexpected dominance with additional training data. This shows that synthetic data generators can increase the training data, without overfitting issues whilst improving model performance. In conclusion, this research advances GNN based surrogate modelling, providing insights for refining GNN architectures. The findings open avenues for investigating the potential of the newly proposed GAT architecture and the modelling setups for other transportation problems.
Re-Thinking Process Mining in the AI-Based Agents Era
Authors: Alessandro Berti, Mayssa Maatallah, Urszula Jessen, Michal Sroka, Sonia Ayachi Ghannouchi
Date: 2024-08-14 00:00:00

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful conversational interfaces, and their application in process mining (PM) tasks has shown promising results. However, state-of-the-art LLMs struggle with complex scenarios that demand advanced reasoning capabilities. In the literature, two primary approaches have been proposed for implementing PM using LLMs: providing textual insights based on a textual abstraction of the process mining artifact, and generating code executable on the original artifact. This paper proposes utilizing the AI-Based Agents Workflow (AgWf) paradigm to enhance the effectiveness of PM on LLMs. This approach allows for: i) the decomposition of complex tasks into simpler workflows, and ii) the integration of deterministic tools with the domain knowledge of LLMs. We examine various implementations of AgWf and the types of AI-based tasks involved. Additionally, we discuss the CrewAI implementation framework and present examples related to process mining.
Operator Feature Neural Network for Symbolic Regression
Authors: Yusong Deng, Min Wu, Lina Yu, Jingyi Liu, Shu Wei, YanJie Li, Weijun Li
Date: 2024-08-14 00:00:00
Tasks: regression, Symbolic Regression

Symbolic regression is a task aimed at identifying patterns in data and representing them through mathematical expressions, generally involving skeleton prediction and constant optimization. Many methods have achieved some success, however they treat variables and symbols merely as characters of natural language without considering their mathematical essence. This paper introduces the operator feature neural network (OF-Net) which employs operator representation for expressions and proposes an implicit feature encoding method for the intrinsic mathematical operational logic of operators. By substituting operator features for numeric loss, we can predict the combination of operators of target expressions. We evaluate the model on public datasets, and the results demonstrate that the model achieves superior recovery rates and high $R^2$ scores. With the discussion of the results, we analyze the merit and demerit of OF-Net and propose optimizing schemes.
Impact of Inaccurate Contamination Ratio on Robust Unsupervised Anomaly Detection
Authors: Jordan F. Masakuna, DJeff Kanda Nkashama, Arian Soltani, Marc Frappier, Pierre-Martin Tardif, Froduald Kabanza
Date: 2024-08-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Anomaly Detection, Misinformation, Unsupervised Anomaly Detection

Training data sets intended for unsupervised anomaly detection, typically presumed to be anomaly-free, often contain anomalies (or contamination), a challenge that significantly undermines model performance. Most robust unsupervised anomaly detection models rely on contamination ratio information to tackle contamination. However, in reality, contamination ratio may be inaccurate. We investigate on the impact of inaccurate contamination ratio information in robust unsupervised anomaly detection. We verify whether they are resilient to misinformed contamination ratios. Our investigation on 6 benchmark data sets reveals that such models are not adversely affected by exposure to misinformation. In fact, they can exhibit improved performance when provided with such inaccurate contamination ratios.
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Majid Ghasemi, Dariush Ebrahimi
Date: 2024-08-13 00:00:00
Tasks: reinforcement-learning, Reinforcement Learning, Reinforcement Learning (RL)

Reinforcement Learning (RL), a subfield of Artificial Intelligence (AI), focuses on training agents to make decisions by interacting with their environment to maximize cumulative rewards. This paper provides an overview of RL, covering its core concepts, methodologies, and resources for further learning. It offers a thorough explanation of fundamental components such as states, actions, policies, and reward signals, ensuring readers develop a solid foundational understanding. Additionally, the paper presents a variety of RL algorithms, categorized based on the key factors such as model-free, model-based, value-based, policy-based, and other key factors. Resources for learning and implementing RL, such as books, courses, and online communities are also provided. By offering a clear, structured introduction, this paper aims to simplify the complexities of RL for beginners, providing a straightforward pathway to understanding.
Understanding the Local Geometry of Generative Model Manifolds
Authors: Ahmed Imtiaz Humayun, Ibtihel Amara, Candice Schumann, Golnoosh Farnadi, Negar Rostamzadeh, Mohammad Havaei
Date: 2024-08-15 00:00:00
Tasks: Memorization, model

Deep generative models learn continuous representations of complex data manifolds using a finite number of samples during training. For a pre-trained generative model, the common way to evaluate the quality of the manifold representation learned, is by computing global metrics like Fr\'echet Inception Distance using a large number of generated and real samples. However, generative model performance is not uniform across the learned manifold, e.g., for \textit{foundation models} like Stable Diffusion generation performance can vary significantly based on the conditioning or initial noise vector being denoised. In this paper we study the relationship between the \textit{local geometry of the learned manifold} and downstream generation. Based on the theory of continuous piecewise-linear (CPWL) generators, we use three geometric descriptors - scaling ($\psi$), rank ($\nu$), and complexity ($\delta$) - to characterize a pre-trained generative model manifold locally. We provide quantitative and qualitative evidence showing that for a given latent, the local descriptors are correlated with generation aesthetics, artifacts, uncertainty, and even memorization. Finally we demonstrate that training a \textit{reward model} on the local geometry can allow controlling the likelihood of a generated sample under the learned distribution.
Towards Flexible Visual Relationship Segmentation
Authors: Fangrui Zhu, Jianwei Yang, Huaizu Jiang
Date: 2024-08-15 00:00:00
Tasks: Graph Generation, Human-Object Interaction Detection, Scene Graph Generation, Segmentation

Visual relationship understanding has been studied separately in human-object interaction(HOI) detection, scene graph generation(SGG), and referring relationships(RR) tasks. Given the complexity and interconnectedness of these tasks, it is crucial to have a flexible framework that can effectively address these tasks in a cohesive manner. In this work, we propose FleVRS, a single model that seamlessly integrates the above three aspects in standard and promptable visual relationship segmentation, and further possesses the capability for open-vocabulary segmentation to adapt to novel scenarios. FleVRS leverages the synergy between text and image modalities, to ground various types of relationships from images and use textual features from vision-language models to visual conceptual understanding. Empirical validation across various datasets demonstrates that our framework outperforms existing models in standard, promptable, and open-vocabulary tasks, e.g., +1.9 $mAP$ on HICO-DET, +11.4 $Acc$ on VRD, +4.7 $mAP$ on unseen HICO-DET. Our FleVRS represents a significant step towards a more intuitive, comprehensive, and scalable understanding of visual relationships.
HeightLane: BEV Heightmap guided 3D Lane Detection
Authors: Chaesong Park, Eunbin Seo, Jongwoo Lim
Date: 2024-08-15 00:00:00
Tasks: 3D Lane Detection, Lane Detection

Accurate 3D lane detection from monocular images presents significant challenges due to depth ambiguity and imperfect ground modeling. Previous attempts to model the ground have often used a planar ground assumption with limited degrees of freedom, making them unsuitable for complex road environments with varying slopes. Our study introduces HeightLane, an innovative method that predicts a height map from monocular images by creating anchors based on a multi-slope assumption. This approach provides a detailed and accurate representation of the ground. HeightLane employs the predicted heightmap along with a deformable attention-based spatial feature transform framework to efficiently convert 2D image features into 3D bird's eye view (BEV) features, enhancing spatial understanding and lane structure recognition. Additionally, the heightmap is used for the positional encoding of BEV features, further improving their spatial accuracy. This explicit view transformation bridges the gap between front-view perceptions and spatially accurate BEV representations, significantly improving detection performance. To address the lack of the necessary ground truth (GT) height map in the original OpenLane dataset, we leverage the Waymo dataset and accumulate its LiDAR data to generate a height map for the drivable area of each scene. The GT heightmaps are used to train the heightmap extraction module from monocular images. Extensive experiments on the OpenLane validation set show that HeightLane achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of F-score, highlighting its potential in real-world applications.
Computer Vision Model Compression Techniques for Embedded Systems: A Survey
Authors: Alexandre Lopes, Fernando Pereira dos Santos, Diulhio de Oliveira, Mauricio Schiezaro, Helio Pedrini
Date: 2024-08-15 00:00:00
Tasks: Model Compression, Survey

Deep neural networks have consistently represented the state of the art in most computer vision problems. In these scenarios, larger and more complex models have demonstrated superior performance to smaller architectures, especially when trained with plenty of representative data. With the recent adoption of Vision Transformer (ViT) based architectures and advanced Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), the total number of parameters of leading backbone architectures increased from 62M parameters in 2012 with AlexNet to 7B parameters in 2024 with AIM-7B. Consequently, deploying such deep architectures faces challenges in environments with processing and runtime constraints, particularly in embedded systems. This paper covers the main model compression techniques applied for computer vision tasks, enabling modern models to be used in embedded systems. We present the characteristics of compression subareas, compare different approaches, and discuss how to choose the best technique and expected variations when analyzing it on various embedded devices. We also share codes to assist researchers and new practitioners in overcoming initial implementation challenges for each subarea and present trends for Model Compression. Case studies for compression models are available at \href{https://github.com/venturusbr/cv-model-compression}{https://github.com/venturusbr/cv-model-compression}.
Comparative Evaluation of 3D Reconstruction Methods for Object Pose Estimation
Authors: Varun Burde, Assia Benbihi, Pavel Burget, Torsten Sattler
Date: 2024-08-15 00:00:00
Tasks: 3D Reconstruction, Object, Object Reconstruction, Pose Estimation

Object pose estimation is essential to many industrial applications involving robotic manipulation, navigation, and augmented reality. Current generalizable object pose estimators, i.e., approaches that do not need to be trained per object, rely on accurate 3D models. Predominantly, CAD models are used, which can be hard to obtain in practice. At the same time, it is often possible to acquire images of an object. Naturally, this leads to the question whether 3D models reconstructed from images are sufficient to facilitate accurate object pose estimation. We aim to answer this question by proposing a novel benchmark for measuring the impact of 3D reconstruction quality on pose estimation accuracy. Our benchmark provides calibrated images for object reconstruction registered with the test images of the YCB-V dataset for pose evaluation under the BOP benchmark format. Detailed experiments with multiple state-of-the-art 3D reconstruction and object pose estimation approaches show that the geometry produced by modern reconstruction methods is often sufficient for accurate pose estimation. Our experiments lead to interesting observations: (1) Standard metrics for measuring 3D reconstruction quality are not necessarily indicative of pose estimation accuracy, which shows the need for dedicated benchmarks such as ours. (2) Classical, non-learning-based approaches can perform on par with modern learning-based reconstruction techniques and can even offer a better reconstruction time-pose accuracy tradeoff. (3) There is still a sizable gap between performance with reconstructed and with CAD models. To foster research on closing this gap, our benchmark is publicly available at https://github.com/VarunBurde/reconstruction_pose_benchmark}.
Rethinking Medical Anomaly Detection in Brain MRI: An Image Quality Assessment Perspective
Authors: Zixuan Pan, Jun Xia, Zheyu Yan, Guoyue Xu, Yawen Wu, Zhenge Jia, Jianxu Chen, Yiyu Shi
Date: 2024-08-15 00:00:00
Tasks: Anomaly Detection, Image Quality Assessment

Reconstruction-based methods, particularly those leveraging autoencoders, have been widely adopted to perform anomaly detection in brain MRI. While most existing works try to improve detection accuracy by proposing new model structures or algorithms, we tackle the problem through image quality assessment, an underexplored perspective in the field. We propose a fusion quality loss function that combines Structural Similarity Index Measure loss with l1 loss, offering a more comprehensive evaluation of reconstruction quality. Additionally, we introduce a data pre-processing strategy that enhances the average intensity ratio (AIR) between normal and abnormal regions, further improving the distinction of anomalies. By fusing the aforementioned two methods, we devise the image quality assessment (IQA) approach. The proposed IQA approach achieves significant improvements (>10%) in terms of Dice coefficient (DICE) and Area Under the Precision-Recall Curve (AUPRC) on the BraTS21 (T2, FLAIR) and MSULB datasets when compared with state-of-the-art methods. These results highlight the importance of invoking the comprehensive image quality assessment in medical anomaly detection and provide a new perspective for future research in this field.
Learned Multimodal Compression for Autonomous Driving
Authors: Hadi Hadizadeh, Ivan V. Bajić
Date: 2024-08-15 00:00:00
Tasks: 3D Object Detection, Autonomous Driving, object-detection, Object Detection

Autonomous driving sensors generate an enormous amount of data. In this paper, we explore learned multimodal compression for autonomous driving, specifically targeted at 3D object detection. We focus on camera and LiDAR modalities and explore several coding approaches. One approach involves joint coding of fused modalities, while others involve coding one modality first, followed by conditional coding of the other modality. We evaluate the performance of these coding schemes on the nuScenes dataset. Our experimental results indicate that joint coding of fused modalities yields better results compared to the alternatives.
WaterSplatting: Fast Underwater 3D Scene Reconstruction Using Gaussian Splatting
Authors: Huapeng Li, Wenxuan Song, Tianao Xu, Alexandre Elsig, Jonas Kulhanek
Date: 2024-08-15 00:00:00
Tasks: 3DGS, 3D Scene Reconstruction, NeRF, Underwater 3D Scene Reconstruction

The underwater 3D scene reconstruction is a challenging, yet interesting problem with applications ranging from naval robots to VR experiences. The problem was successfully tackled by fully volumetric NeRF-based methods which can model both the geometry and the medium (water). Unfortunately, these methods are slow to train and do not offer real-time rendering. More recently, 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) method offered a fast alternative to NeRFs. However, because it is an explicit method that renders only the geometry, it cannot render the medium and is therefore unsuited for underwater reconstruction. Therefore, we propose a novel approach that fuses volumetric rendering with 3DGS to handle underwater data effectively. Our method employs 3DGS for explicit geometry representation and a separate volumetric field (queried once per pixel) for capturing the scattering medium. This dual representation further allows the restoration of the scenes by removing the scattering medium. Our method outperforms state-of-the-art NeRF-based methods in rendering quality on the underwater SeaThru-NeRF dataset. Furthermore, it does so while offering real-time rendering performance, addressing the efficiency limitations of existing methods. Web: https://water-splatting.github.io
A Multi-task Adversarial Attack Against Face Authentication
Authors: Hanrui Wang, Shuo Wang, Cunjian Chen, Massimo Tistarelli, Zhe Jin
Date: 2024-08-15 00:00:00
Tasks: Adversarial Attack, Management

Deep-learning-based identity management systems, such as face authentication systems, are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. However, existing attacks are typically designed for single-task purposes, which means they are tailored to exploit vulnerabilities unique to the individual target rather than being adaptable for multiple users or systems. This limitation makes them unsuitable for certain attack scenarios, such as morphing, universal, transferable, and counter attacks. In this paper, we propose a multi-task adversarial attack algorithm called MTADV that are adaptable for multiple users or systems. By interpreting these scenarios as multi-task attacks, MTADV is applicable to both single- and multi-task attacks, and feasible in the white- and gray-box settings. Furthermore, MTADV is effective against various face datasets, including LFW, CelebA, and CelebA-HQ, and can work with different deep learning models, such as FaceNet, InsightFace, and CurricularFace. Importantly, MTADV retains its feasibility as a single-task attack targeting a single user/system. To the best of our knowledge, MTADV is the first adversarial attack method that can target all of the aforementioned scenarios in one algorithm.