Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities
Authors: Gheorghe Comanici, Eric Bieber, Mike Schaekermann, Ice Pasupat, Noveen Sachdeva, Inderjit Dhillon, Marcel Blistein, Ori Ram, Dan Zhang, Evan Rosen, Luke Marris, Sam Petulla, Colin Gaffney, Asaf Aharoni, Nathan Lintz, Tiago Cardal Pais, Henrik Jacobsson, Idan Szpektor, Nan-Jiang Jiang, Krishna Haridasan, Ahmed Omran, Nikunj Saunshi, Dara Bahri, Gaurav Mishra, Eric Chu, Toby Boyd, Brad Hekman, Aaron Parisi, Chaoyi Zhang, Kornraphop Kawintiranon, Tania Bedrax-Weiss, Oliver Wang, Ya Xu, Ollie Purkiss, Uri Mendlovic, Ilaï Deutel, Nam Nguyen, Adam Langley, Flip Korn, Lucia Rossazza, Alexandre Ramé, Sagar Waghmare, Helen Miller, Vaishakh Keshava, Ying Jian, Xiaofan Zhang, Raluca Ada Popa, Kedar Dhamdhere, Blaž Bratanič, Kyuyeun Kim, Terry Koo, Ferran Alet, Yi-Ting Chen, Arsha Nagrani, Hannah Muckenhirn, Zhiyuan Zhang, Corbin Quick, Filip Pavetić, Duc Dung Nguyen, Joao Carreira, Michael Elabd, Haroon Qureshi, Fabian Mentzer, Yao-Yuan Yang, Danielle Eisenbud, Anmol Gulati, Ellie Talius, Eric Ni, Sahra Ghalebikesabi, Edouard Yvinec, Alaa Saade, Thatcher Ulrich, Lorenzo Blanco, Dan A. Calian, Muhuan Huang, Aäron van den Oord, Naman Goyal, Terry Chen, Praynaa Rawlani, Christian Schallhart, Swachhand Lokhande, Xianghong Luo, Jyn Shan, Ceslee Montgomery, Victoria Krakovna, Federico Piccinini, Omer Barak, Jingyu Cui, Yiling Jia, Mikhail Dektiarev, Alexey Kolganov, Shiyu Huang, Zhe Chen, Xingyu Wang, Jessica Austin, Peter de Boursac, Evgeny Sluzhaev, Frank Ding, Huijian Li, Surya Bhupatiraju, Mohit Agarwal, Sławek Kwasiborski, Paramjit Sandhu, Patrick Siegler, Ahmet Iscen, Eyal Ben-David, Shiraz Butt, Miltos Allamanis, Seth Benjamin, Robert Busa-Fekete, Felix Hernandez-Campos, Sasha Goldshtein, Matt Dibb, Weiyang Zhang, Annie Marsden, Carey Radebaugh, Stephen Roller, Abhishek Nayyar, Jacob Austin, Tayfun Terzi, Bhargav Kanagal Shamanna, Pete Shaw, Aayush Singh, Florian Luisier, Artur Mendonça, Vaibhav Aggarwal, Larisa Markeeva, Claudio Fantacci, Sergey Brin, HyunJeong Choe, Guanyu Wang, Hartwig Adam, Avigail Dabush, Tatsuya Kiyono, Eyal Marcus, Jeremy Cole, Theophane Weber, Hongrae Lee, Ronny Huang, Alex Muzio, Leandro Kieliger, Maigo Le, Courtney Biles, Long Le, Archit Sharma, Chengrun Yang, Avery Lamp, Dave Dopson, Nate Hurley, Katrina, Zhihao Shan, Shuang Song, Jiewen Tan, Alexandre Senges, George Zhang, Chong You, Yennie Jun, David Raposo, Susanna Ricco, Xuan Yang, WeiJie Chen, Prakhar Gupta, Arthur Szlam, Kevin Villela, Chun-Sung Ferng, Daniel Kasenberg, Chen Liang, Rui Zhu, Arunachalam Narayanaswamy, Florence Perot, Paul Pucciarelli, Anna Shekhawat, Alexey Stern, Rishikesh Ingale, Stefani Karp, Sanaz Bahargam, Adrian Goedeckemeyer, Jie Han, Sicheng Li, Andrea Tacchetti, Dian Yu, Abhishek Chakladar, Zhiying Zhang, Mona El Mahdy, Xu Gao, Dale Johnson, Samrat Phatale, AJ Piergiovanni, Hyeontaek Lim, Clement Farabet, Carl Lebsack, Theo Guidroz, John Blitzer, Nico Duduta, David Madras, Steve Li, Daniel von Dincklage, Xin Li, Mahdis Mahdieh, George Tucker, Ganesh Jawahar, Owen Xiao, Danny Tarlow, Robert Geirhos, Noam Velan, Daniel Vlasic, Kalesha Bullard, SK Park, Nishesh Gupta, Kellie Webster, Ayal Hitron, Jieming Mao, Julian Eisenschlos, Laurel Prince, Nina D'Souza, Kelvin Zheng, Sara Nasso, Gabriela Botea, Carl Doersch, Caglar Unlu, Chris Alberti, Alexey Svyatkovskiy, Ankita Goel, Krzysztof Choromanski, Pan-Pan Jiang, Richard Nguyen, Four Flynn, Daria Ćurko, Peter Chen, Nicholas Roth, Kieran Milan, Caleb Habtegebriel, Shashi Narayan, Michael Moffitt, Jake Marcus, Thomas Anthony, Brendan Mcmahan, Gowoon Cheon, Ruibo Liu, Megan Barnes, Lukasz Lew, Rebeca Santamaria-Fernandez, Mayank Upadhyay, Arjun Akula, Arnar Mar Hrafnkelsson, Alvaro Caceres, Andrew Bunner, Michal Sokolik, Subha Puttagunta, Lawrence Moore, Berivan Isik, Jay Hartford, Lawrence Chan, Pradeep Shenoy, Dan Holtmann-Rice, Jane Park, Fabio Viola, Alex Salcianu, Sujeevan Rajayogam, Ian Stewart-Binks, Zelin Wu, Richard Everett, Xi Xiong, Pierre-Antoine Manzagol, Gary Leung, Carl Saroufim, Bo Pang, Dawid Wegner, George Papamakarios, Jennimaria Palomaki, Helena Pankov, Guangda Lai, Guilherme Tubone, Shubin Zhao, Theofilos Strinopoulos, Seth Neel, Mingqiu Wang, Joe Kelley, Li Li, Pingmei Xu, Anitha Vijayakumar, Andrea D'olimpio, Omer Levy, Massimo Nicosia, Grigory Rozhdestvenskiy, Ni Lao, Sirui Xie, Yash Katariya, Jon Simon, Sanjiv Kumar, Florian Hartmann, Michael Kilgore, Jinhyuk Lee, Aroma Mahendru, Roman Ring, Tom Hennigan, Fiona Lang, Colin Cherry, David Steiner, Dawsen Hwang, Ray Smith, Pidong Wang, Jeremy Chen, Ming-Hsuan Yang, Sam Kwei, Philippe Schlattner, Donnie Kim, Ganesh Poomal Girirajan, Nikola Momchev, Ayushi Agarwal, Xingyi Zhou, Ilkin Safarli, Zachary Garrett, AJ Pierigiovanni, Sarthak Jauhari, Alif Raditya Rochman, Shikhar Vashishth, Quan Yuan, Christof Angermueller, Jon Blanton, Xinying Song, Nitesh Bharadwaj Gundavarapu, Thi Avrahami, Maxine Deines, Subhrajit Roy, Manish Gupta, Christopher Semturs, Shobha Vasudevan, Aditya Srikanth Veerubhotla, Shriya Sharma, Josh Jacob, Zhen Yang, Andreas Terzis, Dan Karliner, Auriel Wright, Tania Rojas-Esponda, Ashley Brown, Abhijit Guha Roy, Pawan Dogra, Andrei Kapishnikov, Peter Young, Wendy Kan, Vinodh Kumar Rajendran, Maria Ivanova, Salil Deshmukh, Chia-Hua Ho, Mike Kwong, Stav Ginzburg, Annie Louis, KP Sawhney, Slav Petrov, Jing Xie, Yunfei Bai, Georgi Stoyanov, Alex Fabrikant, Rajesh Jayaram, Yuqi Li, Joe Heyward, Justin Gilmer, Yaqing Wang, Radu Soricut, Luyang Liu, Qingnan Duan, Jamie Hayes, Maura O'Brien, Gaurav Singh Tomar, Sivan Eiger, Bahar Fatemi, Jeffrey Hui, Catarina Barros, Adaeze Chukwuka, Alena Butryna, Saksham Thakur, Austin Huang, Zhufeng Pan, Haotian Tang, Serkan Cabi, Tulsee Doshi, Michiel Bakker, Sumit Bagri, Ruy Ley-Wild, Adam Lelkes, Jennie Lees, Patrick Kane, David Greene, Shimu Wu, Jörg Bornschein, Gabriela Surita, Sarah Hodkinson, Fangtao Li, Chris Hidey, Sébastien Pereira, Sean Ammirati, Phillip Lippe, Adam Kraft, Pu Han, Sebastian Gerlach, Zifeng Wang, Liviu Panait, Feng Han, Brian Farris, Yingying Bi, Hannah DeBalsi, Miaosen Wang, Gladys Tyen, James Cohan, Susan Zhang, Jarred Barber, Da-Woon Chung, Jaeyoun Kim, Markus Kunesch, Steven Pecht, Nami Akazawa, Abe Friesen, James Lyon, Ali Eslami, Junru Wu, Jie Tan, Yue Song, Ravi Kumar, Chris Welty, Ilia Akolzin, Gena Gibson, Sean Augenstein, Arjun Pillai, Nancy Yuen, Du Phan, Xin Wang, Iain Barr, Heiga Zen, Nan Hua, Casper Liu, Jilei, Wang, Tanuj Bhatia, Hao Xu, Oded Elyada, Pushmeet Kohli, Mirek Olšák, Ke Chen, Azalia Mirhoseini, Noam Shazeer, Shoshana Jakobovits, Maggie Tran, Nolan Ramsden, Tarun Bharti, Fred Alcober, Yunjie Li, Shilpa Shetty, Jing Chen, Dmitry Kalashnikov, Megha Nawhal, Sercan Arik, Hanwen Chen, Michiel Blokzijl, Shubham Gupta, James Rubin, Rigel Swavely, Sophie Bridgers, Ian Gemp, Chen Su, Arun Suggala, Juliette Pluto, Mary Cassin, Alain Vaucher, Kaiyang Ji, Jiahao Cai, Andrew Audibert, Animesh Sinha, David Tian, Efrat Farkash, Amy Hua, Jilin Chen, Duc-Hieu Tran, Edward Loper, Nicole Brichtova, Lara McConnaughey, Ballie Sandhu, Robert Leland, Doug DeCarlo, Andrew Over, James Huang, Xing Wu, Connie Fan, Eric Li, Yun Lei, Deepak Sharma, Cosmin Paduraru, Luo Yu, Matko Bošnjak, Phuong Dao, Min Choi, Sneha Kudugunta, Jakub Adamek, Carlos Guía, Ali Khodaei, Jie Feng, Wenjun Zeng, David Welling, Sandeep Tata, Christina Butterfield, Andrey Vlasov, Seliem El-Sayed, Swaroop Mishra, Tara Sainath, Shentao Yang, RJ Skerry-Ryan, Jeremy Shar, Robert Berry, Arunkumar Rajendran, Arun Kandoor, Andrea Burns, Deepali Jain, Tom Stone, Wonpyo Park, Shibo Wang, Albin Cassirer, Guohui Wang, Hayato Kobayashi, Sergey Rogulenko, Vineetha Govindaraj, Mikołaj Rybiński, Nadav Olmert, Colin Evans, Po-Sen Huang, Kelvin Xu, Premal Shah, Terry Thurk, Caitlin Sikora, Mu Cai, Jin Xie, Elahe Dabir, Saloni Shah, Norbert Kalb, Carrie Zhang, Shruthi Prabhakara, Amit Sabne, Artiom Myaskovsky, Vikas Raunak, Blanca Huergo, Behnam Neyshabur, Jon Clark, Ye Zhang, Shankar Krishnan, Eden Cohen, Dinesh Tewari, James Lottes, Yumeya Yamamori, Hui, Li, Mohamed Elhawaty, Ada Maksutaj Oflazer, Adrià Recasens, Sheryl Luo, Duy Nguyen, Taylor Bos, Kalyan Andra, Ana Salazar, Ed Chi, Jeongwoo Ko, Matt Ginsberg, Anders Andreassen, Anian Ruoss, Todor Davchev, Elnaz Davoodi, Chenxi Liu, Min Kim, Santiago Ontanon, Chi Ming To, Dawei Jia, Rosemary Ke, Jing Wang, Anna Korsun, Moran Ambar, Ilya Kornakov, Irene Giannoumis, Toni Creswell, Denny Zhou, Yi Su, Ishaan Watts, Aleksandr Zaks, Evgenii Eltyshev, Ziqiang Feng, Sidharth Mudgal, Alex Kaskasoli, Juliette Love, Kingshuk Dasgupta, Sam Shleifer, Richard Green, Sungyong Seo, Chansoo Lee, Dale Webster, Prakash Shroff, Ganna Raboshchuk, Isabel Leal, James Manyika, Sofia Erell, Daniel Murphy, Zhisheng Xiao, Anton Bulyenov, Julian Walker, Mark Collier, Matej Kastelic, Nelson George, Sushant Prakash, Sailesh Sidhwani, Alexey Frolov, Steven Hansen, Petko Georgiev, Tiberiu Sosea, Chris Apps, Aishwarya Kamath, David Reid, Emma Cooney, Charlotte Magister, Oriana Riva, Alec Go, Pu-Chin Chen, Sebastian Krause, Nir Levine, Marco Fornoni, Ilya Figotin, Nick Roy, Parsa Mahmoudieh, Vladimir Magay, Mukundan Madhavan, Jin Miao, Jianmo Ni, Yasuhisa Fujii, Ian Chou, George Scrivener, Zak Tsai, Siobhan Mcloughlin, Jeremy Selier, Sandra Lefdal, Jeffrey Zhao, Abhijit Karmarkar, Kushal Chauhan, Shivanker Goel, Zhaoyi Zhang, Vihan Jain, Parisa Haghani, Mostafa Dehghani, Jacob Scott, Erin Farnese, Anastasija Ilić, Steven Baker, Julia Pawar, Li Zhong, Josh Camp, Yoel Zeldes, Shravya Shetty, Anand Iyer, Vít Listík, Jiaxian Guo, Luming Tang, Mark Geller, Simon Bucher, Yifan Ding, Hongzhi Shi, Carrie Muir, Dominik Grewe, Ramy Eskander, Octavio Ponce, Boqing Gong, Derek Gasaway, Samira Khan, Umang Gupta, Angelos Filos, Weicheng Kuo, Klemen Kloboves, Jennifer Beattie, Christian Wright, Leon Li, Alicia Jin, Sandeep Mariserla, Miteyan Patel, Jens Heitkaemper, Dilip Krishnan, Vivek Sharma, David Bieber, Christian Frank, John Lambert, Paul Caron, Martin Polacek, Mai Giménez, Himadri Choudhury, Xing Yu, Sasan Tavakkol, Arun Ahuja, Franz Och, Rodolphe Jenatton, Wojtek Skut, Bryan Richter, David Gaddy, Andy Ly, Misha Bilenko, Megh Umekar, Ethan Liang, Martin Sevenich, Mandar Joshi, Hassan Mansoor, Rebecca Lin, Sumit Sanghai, Abhimanyu Singh, Xiaowei Li, Sudheendra Vijayanarasimhan, Zaheer Abbas, Yonatan Bitton, Hansa Srinivasan, Manish Reddy Vuyyuru, Alexander Frömmgen, Yanhua Sun, Ralph Leith, Alfonso Castaño, DJ Strouse, Le Yan, Austin Kyker, Satish Kambala, Mary Jasarevic, Thibault Sellam, Chao Jia, Alexander Pritzel, Raghavender R, Huizhong Chen, Natalie Clay, Sudeep Gandhe, Sean Kirmani, Sayna Ebrahimi, Hannah Kirkwood, Jonathan Mallinson, Chao Wang, Adnan Ozturel, Kuo Lin, Shyam Upadhyay, Vincent Cohen-Addad, Sean Purser-haskell, Yichong Xu, Ebrahim Songhori, Babi Seal, Alberto Magni, Almog Gueta, Tingting Zou, Guru Guruganesh, Thais Kagohara, Hung Nguyen, Khalid Salama, Alejandro Cruzado Ruiz, Justin Frye, Zhenkai Zhu, Matthias Lochbrunner, Simon Osindero, Wentao Yuan, Lisa Lee, Aman Prasad, Lam Nguyen Thiet, Daniele Calandriello, Victor Stone, Qixuan Feng, Han Ke, Maria Voitovich, Geta Sampemane, Lewis Chiang, Ling Wu, Alexander Bykovsky, Matt Young, Luke Vilnis, Ishita Dasgupta, Aditya Chawla, Qin Cao, Bowen Liang, Daniel Toyama, Szabolcs Payrits, Anca Stefanoiu, Dimitrios Vytiniotis, Ankesh Anand, Tianxiao Shen, Blagoj Mitrevski, Michael Tschannen, Sreenivas Gollapudi, Aishwarya P S, José Leal, Zhe Shen, Han Fu, Wei Wang, Arvind Kannan, Doron Kukliansky, Sergey Yaroshenko, Svetlana Grant, Umesh Telang, David Wood, Alexandra Chronopoulou, Alexandru Ţifrea, Tao Zhou, Tony, Nguy\~ên, Muge Ersoy, Anima Singh, Meiyan Xie, Emanuel Taropa, Woohyun Han, Eirikur Agustsson, Andrei Sozanschi, Hui Peng, Alex Chen, Yoel Drori, Efren Robles, Yang Gao, Xerxes Dotiwalla, Ying Chen, Anudhyan Boral, Alexei Bendebury, John Nham, Chris Tar, Luis Castro, Jiepu Jiang, Canoee Liu, Felix Halim, Jinoo Baek, Andy Wan, Jeremiah Liu, Yuan Cao, Shengyang Dai, Trilok Acharya, Ruoxi Sun, Fuzhao Xue, Saket Joshi, Morgane Lustman, Yongqin Xian, Rishabh Joshi, Deep Karkhanis, Nora Kassner, Jamie Hall, Xiangzhuo Ding, Gan Song, Gang Li, Chen Zhu, Yana Kulizhskaya, Bin Ni, Alexey Vlaskin, Solomon Demmessie, Lucio Dery, Salah Zaiem, Yanping Huang, Cindy Fan, Felix Gimeno, Ananth Balashankar, Koji Kojima, Hagai Taitelbaum, Maya Meng, Dero Gharibian, Sahil Singla, Wei Chen, Ambrose Slone, Guanjie Chen, Sujee Rajayogam, Max Schumacher, Suyog Kotecha, Rory Blevins, Qifei Wang, Mor Hazan Taege, Alex Morris, Xin Liu, Fayaz Jamil, Richard Zhang, Pratik Joshi, Ben Ingram, Tyler Liechty, Ahmed Eleryan, Scott Baird, Alex Grills, Gagan Bansal, Shan Han, Kiran Yalasangi, Shawn Xu, Majd Al Merey, Isabel Gao, Felix Weissenberger, Igor Karpov, Robert Riachi, Ankit Anand, Gautam Prasad, Kay Lamerigts, Reid Hayes, Jamie Rogers, Mandy Guo, Ashish Shenoy, Qiong, Hu, Kyle He, Yuchen Liu, Polina Zablotskaia, Sagar Gubbi, Yifan Chang, Jay Pavagadhi, Kristian Kjems, Archita Vadali, Diego Machado, Yeqing Li, Renshen Wang, Dipankar Ghosh, Aahil Mehta, Dana Alon, George Polovets, Alessio Tonioni, Nate Kushman, Joel D'sa, Lin Zhuo, Allen Wu, Rohin Shah, John Youssef, Jiayu Ye, Justin Snyder, Karel Lenc, Senaka Buthpitiya, Matthew Tung, Jichuan Chang, Tao Chen, David Saxton, Jenny Lee, Lydia Lihui Zhang, James Qin, Prabakar Radhakrishnan, Maxwell Chen, Piotr Ambroszczyk, Metin Toksoz-Exley, Yan Zhong, Nitzan Katz, Brendan O'Donoghue, Tamara von Glehn, Adi Gerzi Rosenthal, Aga Świetlik, Xiaokai Zhao, Nick Fernando, Jinliang Wei, Jieru Mei, Sergei Vassilvitskii, Diego Cedillo, Pranjal Awasthi, Hui Zheng, Koray Kavukcuoglu, Itay Laish, Joseph Pagadora, Marc Brockschmidt, Christopher A. Choquette-Choo, Arunkumar Byravan, Yifeng Lu, Xu Chen, Mia Chen, Kenton Lee, Rama Pasumarthi, Sijal Bhatnagar, Aditya Shah, Qiyin Wu, Zhuoyuan Chen, Zack Nado, Bartek Perz, Zixuan Jiang, David Kao, Ganesh Mallya, Nino Vieillard, Lantao Mei, Sertan Girgin, Mandy Jordan, Yeongil Ko, Alekh Agarwal, Yaxin Liu, Yasemin Altun, Raoul de Liedekerke, Anastasios Kementsietsidis, Daiyi Peng, Dangyi Liu, Utku Evci, Peter Humphreys, Austin Tarango, Xiang Deng, Yoad Lewenberg, Kevin Aydin, Chengda Wu, Bhavishya Mittal, Tsendsuren Munkhdalai, Kleopatra Chatziprimou, Rodrigo Benenson, Uri First, Xiao Ma, Jinning Li, Armand Joulin, Hamish Tomlinson, Tingnan Zhang, Milad Nasr, Zhi Hong, Michaël Sander, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Anuj Sharma, Andrew Bolt, Eszter Vértes, Jiri Simsa, Tomer Levinboim, Olcan Sercinoglu, Divyansh Shukla, Austin Wu, Craig Swanson, Danny Vainstein, Fan Bu, Bo wang, Ryan Julian, Charles Yoon, Sergei Lebedev, Antonious Girgis, Bernd Bandemer, David Du, Todd Wang, Xi Chen, Ying Xiao, Peggy Lu, Natalie Ha, Vlad Ionescu, Simon Rowe, Josip Matak, Federico Lebron, Andreas Steiner, Lalit Jain, Manaal Faruqui, Nicolas Lacasse, Georgie Evans, Neesha Subramaniam, Dean Reich, Giulia Vezzani, Aditya Pandey, Joe Stanton, Tianhao Zhou, Liam McCafferty, Henry Griffiths, Verena Rieser, Soheil Hassas Yeganeh, Eleftheria Briakou, Lu Huang, Zichuan Wei, Liangchen Luo, Erik Jue, Gabby Wang, Victor Cotruta, Myriam Khan, Jongbin Park, Qiuchen Guo, Peiran Li, Rong Rong, Diego Antognini, Anastasia Petrushkina, Chetan Tekur, Eli Collins, Parul Bhatia, Chester Kwak, Wenhu Chen, Arvind Neelakantan, Immanuel Odisho, Sheng Peng, Vincent Nallatamby, Vaibhav Tulsyan, Fabian Pedregosa, Peng Xu, Raymond Lin, Yulong Wang, Emma Wang, Sholto Douglas, Reut Tsarfaty, Elena Gribovskaya, Renga Aravamudhan, Manu Agarwal, Mara Finkelstein, Qiao Zhang, Elizabeth Cole, Phil Crone, Sarmishta Velury, Anil Das, Chris Sauer, Luyao Xu, Danfeng Qin, Chenjie Gu, Dror Marcus, CJ Zheng, Wouter Van Gansbeke, Sobhan Miryoosefi, Haitian Sun, Yaguang Li, Charlie Chen, Jae Yoo, Pavel Dubov, Alex Tomala, Adams Yu, Paweł Wesołowski, Alok Gunjan, Eddie Cao, Jiaming Luo, Nikhil Sethi, Arkadiusz Socala, Laura Graesser, Tomas Kocisky, Arturo BC, Minmin Chen, Edward Lee, Sophie Wang, Weize Kong, Qiantong Xu, Nilesh Tripuraneni, Yiming Li, Xinxin Yu, Allen Porter, Paul Voigtlaender, Biao Zhang, Arpi Vezer, Sarah York, Qing Wei, Geoffrey Cideron, Mark Kurzeja, Seungyeon Kim, Benny Li, Angéline Pouget, Hyo Lee, Kaspar Daugaard, Yang Li, Dave Uthus, Aditya Siddhant, Paul Cavallaro, Sriram Ganapathy, Maulik Shah, Rolf Jagerman, Jeff Stanway, Piermaria Mendolicchio, Li Xiao, Kayi Lee, Tara Thompson, Shubham Milind Phal, Jason Chase, Sun Jae Lee, Adrian N Reyes, Disha Shrivastava, Zhen Qin, Roykrong Sukkerd, Seth Odoom, Lior Madmoni, John Aslanides, Jonathan Herzig, Elena Pochernina, Sheng Zhang, Parker Barnes, Daisuke Ikeda, Qiujia Li, Shuo-Yiin Chang, Shakir Mohamed, Jim Sproch, Richard Powell, Bidisha Samanta, Domagoj Ćevid, Anton Kovsharov, Shrestha Basu Mallick, Srinivas Tadepalli, Anne Zheng, Kareem Ayoub, Andreas Noever, Christian Reisswig, Zhuo Xu, Junhyuk Oh, Martin Matysiak, Tim Blyth, Shereen Ashraf, Julien Amelot, Boone Severson, Michele Bevilacqua, Motoki Sano, Ethan Dyer, Ofir Roval, Anu Sinha, Yin Zhong, Sagi Perel, Tea Sabolić, Johannes Mauerer, Willi Gierke, Mauro Verzetti, Rodrigo Cabrera, Alvin Abdagic, Steven Hemingray, Austin Stone, Jong Lee, Farooq Ahmad, Karthik Raman, Lior Shani, Jonathan Lai, Orhan Firat, Nathan Waters, Eric Ge, Mo Shomrat, Himanshu Gupta, Rajeev Aggarwal, Tom Hudson, Bill Jia, Simon Baumgartner, Palak Jain, Joe Kovac, Junehyuk Jung, Ante Žužul, Will Truong, Morteza Zadimoghaddam, Songyou Peng, Marco Liang, Rachel Sterneck, Balaji Lakshminarayanan, Machel Reid, Oliver Woodman, Tong Zhou, Jianling Wang, Vincent Coriou, Arjun Narayanan, Jay Hoover, Yenai Ma, Apoorv Jindal, Clayton Sanford, Doug Reid, Swaroop Ramaswamy, Alex Kurakin, Roland Zimmermann, Yana Lunts, Dragos Dena, Zalán Borsos, Vered Cohen, Shujian Zhang, Will Grathwohl, Robert Dadashi, Morgan Redshaw, Joshua Kessinger, Julian Odell, Silvano Bonacina, Zihang Dai, Grace Chen, Ayush Dubey, Pablo Sprechmann, Mantas Pajarskas, Wenxuan Zhou, Niharika Ahuja, Tara Thomas, Martin Nikoltchev, Matija Kecman, Bharath Mankalale, Andrey Ryabtsev, Jennifer She, Christian Walder, Jiaming Shen, Lu Li, Carolina Parada, Sheena Panthaplackel, Okwan Kwon, Matt Lawlor, Utsav Prabhu, Yannick Schroecker, Marc'Aurelio Ranzato, Pete Blois, Iurii Kemaev, Ting Yu, Dmitry Lepikhin, Hao Xiong, Sahand Sharifzadeh, Oleaser Johnson, Jeremiah Willcock, Rui Yao, Greg Farquhar, Sujoy Basu, Hidetoshi Shimokawa, Nina Anderson, Haiguang Li, Khiem Pham, Yizhong Liang, Sebastian Borgeaud, Alexandre Moufarek, Hideto Kazawa, Blair Kutzman, Marcin Sieniek, Sara Smoot, Ruth Wang, Natalie Axelsson, Nova Fallen, Prasha Sundaram, Yuexiang Zhai, Varun Godbole, Petros Maniatis, Alek Wang, Ilia Shumailov, Santhosh Thangaraj, Remi Crocker, Nikita Gupta, Gang Wu, Phil Chen, Gellért Weisz, Celine Smith, Mojtaba Seyedhosseini, Boya Fang, Xiyang Luo, Roey Yogev, Zeynep Cankara, Andrew Hard, Helen Ran, Rahul Sukthankar, George Necula, Gaël Liu, Honglong Cai, Praseem Banzal, Daniel Keysers, Sanjay Ghemawat, Connie Tao, Emma Dunleavy, Aditi Chaudhary, Wei Li, Maciej Mikuła, Chen-Yu Lee, Tiziana Refice, Krishna Somandepalli, Alexandre Fréchette, Dan Bahir, John Karro, Keith Rush, Sarah Perrin, Bill Rosgen, Xiaomeng Yang, Clara Huiyi Hu, Mahmoud Alnahlawi, Justin Mao-Jones, Roopal Garg, Hoang Nguyen, Bat-Orgil Batsaikhan, Iñaki Iturrate, Anselm Levskaya, Avi Singh, Ashyana Kachra, Tony Lu, Denis Petek, Zheng Xu, Mark Graham, Lukas Zilka, Yael Karov, Marija Kostelac, Fangyu Liu, Yaohui Guo, Weiyue Wang, Bernd Bohnet, Emily Pitler, Tony Bruguier, Keisuke Kinoshita, Chrysovalantis Anastasiou, Nilpa Jha, Ting Liu, Jerome Connor, Phil Wallis, Philip Pham, Eric Bailey, Shixin Li, Heng-Tze Cheng, Sally Ma, Haiqiong Li, Akanksha Maurya, Kate Olszewska, Manfred Warmuth, Christy Koh, Dominik Paulus, Siddhartha Reddy Jonnalagadda, Enrique Piqueras, Ali Elqursh, Geoff Brown, Hadar Shemtov, Loren Maggiore, Fei Xia, Ryan Foley, Beka Westberg, George van den Driessche, Livio Baldini Soares, Arjun Kar, MICHAEL QUINN, Siqi Zuo, Jialin Wu, Kyle Kastner, Anna Bortsova, Aijun Bai, Ales Mikhalap, Luowei Zhou, Jennifer Brennan, Vinay Ramasesh, Honglei Zhuang, John Maggs, Johan Schalkwyk, Yuntao Xu, Hui Huang, Andrew Howard, Sasha Brown, Linting Xue, Gloria Shen, Brian Albert, Neha Jha, Daniel Zheng, Varvara Krayvanova, Spurthi Amba Hombaiah, Olivier Lacombe, Gautam Vasudevan, Dan Graur, Tian Xie, Meet Gandhi, Bangju Wang, Dustin Zelle, Harman Singh, Dahun Kim, Sébastien Cevey, Victor Ungureanu, Natasha Noy, Fei Liu, Annie Xie, Fangxiaoyu Feng, Katerina Tsihlas, Daniel Formoso, Neera Vats, Quentin Wellens, Yinan Wang, Niket Kumar Bhumihar, Samrat Ghosh, Matt Hoffman, Tom Lieber, Oran Lang, Kush Bhatia, Tom Paine, Aroonalok Pyne, Ronny Votel, Madeleine Clare Elish, Benoit Schillings, Alex Panagopoulos, Haichuan Yang, Adam Raveret, Zohar Yahav, Shuang Liu, Dalia El Badawy, Nishant Agrawal, Mohammed Badawi, Mahdi Mirzazadeh, Carla Bromberg, Fan Ye, Chang Liu, Tatiana Sholokhova, George-Cristian Muraru, Gargi Balasubramaniam, Jonathan Malmaud, Alen Carin, Danilo Martins, Irina Jurenka, Pankil Botadra, Dave Lacey, Richa Singh, Mariano Schain, Dan Zheng, Isabelle Guyon, Victor Lavrenko, Seungji Lee, Xiang Zhou, Demis Hassabis, Jeshwanth Challagundla, Derek Cheng, Nikhil Mehta, Matthew Mauger, Michela Paganini, Pushkar Mishra, Kate Lee, Zhang Li, Lexi Baugher, Ondrej Skopek, Max Chang, Amir Zait, Gaurav Menghani, Lizzetth Bellot, Guangxing Han, Jean-Michel Sarr, Sharat Chikkerur, Himanshu Sahni, Rohan Anil, Arun Narayanan, Chandu Thekkath, Daniele Pighin, Hana Strejček, Marko Velic, Fred Bertsch, Manuel Tragut, Keran Rong, Alicia Parrish, Kai Bailey, Jiho Park, Isabela Albuquerque, Abhishek 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Alan Ansell, Sean Sun, Clara Barbu, Jonathan Lee, Seb Noury, James Allingham, Bilal Piot, Mohit Sharma, Christopher Yew, Ivan Korotkov, Bibo Xu, Demetra Brady, Goran Petrovic, Shibl Mourad, Claire Cui, Aditya Gupta, Parker Schuh, Saarthak Khanna, Anna Goldie, Abhinav Arora, Vadim Zubov, Amy Stuart, Mark Epstein, Yun Zhu, Jianqiao Liu, Yury Stuken, Ziyue Wang, Karolis Misiunas, Dee Guo, Ashleah Gill, Ale Hartman, Zaid Nabulsi, Aurko Roy, Aleksandra Faust, Jason Riesa, Ben Withbroe, Mengchao Wang, Marco Tagliasacchi, Andreea Marzoca, James Noraky, Serge Toropov, Malika Mehrotra, Bahram Raad, Sanja Deur, Steve Xu, Marianne Monteiro, Zhongru Wu, Yi Luan, Sam Ritter, Nick Li, Håvard Garnes, Yanzhang He, Martin Zlocha, Jifan Zhu, Matteo Hessel, Will Wu, Spandana Raj Babbula, Chizu Kawamoto, Yuanzhen Li, Mehadi Hassen, Yan Wang, Brian Wieder, James Freedman, Yin Zhang, Xinyi Bai, Tianli Yu, David Reitter, XiangHai Sheng, Mateo Wirth, Aditya Kini, Dima Damen, Mingcen Gao, Rachel Hornung, Michael Voznesensky, Brian Roark, Adhi Kuncoro, Yuxiang Zhou, Rushin Shah, Anthony Brohan, Kuangyuan Chen, James Wendt, David Rim, Paul Kishan Rubenstein, Jonathan Halcrow, Michelle Liu, Ty Geri, YunHsuan Sung, Jane Shapiro, Shaan Bijwadia, Chris Duvarney, Christina Sorokin, Paul Natsev, Reeve Ingle, Pramod Gupta, Young Maeng, Ndaba Ndebele, Kexin Zhu, Valentin Anklin, Katherine Lee, YuAn Liu, Yaroslav Akulov, Shaleen Gupta, Guolong Su, Flavien Prost, Tianlin Liu, Vitaly Kovalev, Pol Moreno, Martin Scholz, Sam Redmond, Zongwei Zhou, Alex Castro-Ros, André Susano Pinto, Dia Kharrat, Michal Yarom, Rachel Saputro, Jannis Bulian, Ben Caine, Ji Liu, Abbas Abdolmaleki, Shariq Iqbal, Tautvydas Misiunas, Mikhail Sirotenko, Shefali Garg, Guy Bensky, Huan Gui, Xuezhi Wang, Raphael Koster, Mike Bernico, Da Huang, Romal Thoppilan, Trevor Cohn, Ben Golan, Wenlei Zhou, Andrew Rosenberg, Markus Freitag, Tynan Gangwani, Vincent Tsang, Anand Shukla, Xiaoqi Ren, Minh Giang, Chi Zou, Andre Elisseeff, Charline Le Lan, Dheeru Dua, Shuba Lall, Pranav Shyam, Frankie Garcia, Sarah Nguyen, Michael Guzman, AJ Maschinot, Marcello Maggioni, Ming-Wei Chang, Karol Gregor, Lotte Weerts, Kumaran Venkatesan, Bogdan Damoc, Leon Liu, Jan Wassenberg, Lewis Ho, Becca Roelofs, Majid Hadian, François-Xavier Aubet, Yu Liang, Sami Lachgar, Danny Karmon, Yong Cheng, Amelio Vázquez-Reina, Angie Chen, Zhuyun Dai, Andy Brock, Shubham Agrawal, Chenxi Pang, Peter Garst, Mariella Sanchez-Vargas, Ivor Rendulic, Aditya Ayyar, Andrija Ražnatović, Olivia Ma, Roopali Vij, Neha Sharma, Ashwin Balakrishna, Bingyuan Liu, Ian Mackinnon, Sorin Baltateanu, Petra Poklukar, Gabriel Ibagon, Colin Ji, Hongyang Jiao, Isaac Noble, Wojciech Stokowiec, Zhihao LI, Jeff Dean, David Lindner, Mark Omernick, Kristen Chiafullo, Mason Dimarco, Vitor Rodrigues, Vittorio Selo, Garrett Honke, Xintian, Wu, wei he, Adam Hillier, Anhad Mohananey, Vihari Piratla, Chang Ye, Chase Malik, Sebastian Riedel, Samuel Albanie, Zi Yang, Kenny Vassigh, Maria Bauza, Sheng Li, Yiqing Tao, Nevan Wichers, Andrii Maksai, Abe Ittycheriah, Ross Mcilroy, Bryan Seybold, Noah Goodman, Romina Datta, Steven M. Hernandez, Tian Shi, Yony Kochinski, Anna Bulanova, Ken Franko, Mikita Sazanovich, Nicholas FitzGerald, Praneeth Kacham, Shubha Srinivas Raghvendra, Vincent Hellendoorn, Alexander Grushetsky, Julian Salazar, Angeliki Lazaridou, Jason Chang, Jan-Thorsten Peter, Sushant Kafle, Yann Dauphin, Abhishek Rao, Filippo Graziano, Izhak Shafran, Yuguo Liao, Tianli Ding, Geng Yan, Grace Chu, Zhao Fu, Vincent Roulet, Gabriel Rasskin, Duncan Williams, Shahar Drath, Alex Mossin, Raphael Hoffmann, Jordi Orbay, Francesco Bertolini, Hila Sheftel, Justin Chiu, Siyang Xue, Yuheng Kuang, Ferjad Naeem, Swaroop Nath, Nana Nti, Phil Culliton, Kashyap Krishnakumar, Michael Isard, Pei Sun, Ayan Chakrabarti, Nathan Clement, Regev Cohen, Arissa Wongpanich, GS Oh, Ashwin Murthy, Hao Zheng, Jessica Hamrick, Oskar Bunyan, Suhas Ganesh, Nitish Gupta, Roy Frostig, John Wieting, Yury Malkov, Pierre Marcenac, Zhixin, Lai, Xiaodan Tang, Mohammad Saleh, Fedir Zubach, Chinmay Kulkarni, Huanjie Zhou, Vicky Zayats, Nan Ding, Anshuman Tripathi, Arijit Pramanik, Patrik Zochbauer, Harish Ganapathy, Vedant Misra, Zach Behrman, Hugo Vallet, Mingyang Zhang, Mukund Sridhar, Ye Jin, Mohammad Babaeizadeh, Siim Põder, Megha Goel, Divya Jain, Tajwar Nasir, Shubham Mittal, Tim Dozat, Diego Ardila, Aliaksei Severyn, Fabio Pardo, Sammy Jerome, Siyang Qin, Louis Rouillard, Amir Yazdanbakhsh, Zizhao Zhang, Shivani Agrawal, Kaushik Shivakumar, Caden Lu, Praveen Kallakuri, Rachita Chhaparia, Kanishka Rao, Charles Kwong, Asya Fadeeva, Shitij Nigam, Yan Virin, Yuan Zhang, Balaji Venkatraman, Beliz Gunel, Marc Wilson, Huiyu Wang, Abhinav Gupta, Xiaowei Xu, Adrien Ali Taïga, Kareem Mohamed, Doug Fritz, Daniel Rodriguez, Zoubin Ghahramani, Harry Askham, Lior Belenki, James Zhao, Rahul Gupta, Krzysztof Jastrzębski, Takahiro Kosakai, Kaan Katircioglu, Jon Schneider, Rina Panigrahy, Konstantinos Bousmalis, Peter Grabowski, Prajit Ramachandran, Chaitra Hegde, Mihaela Rosca, Angelo Scorza Scarpati, Kyriakos Axiotis, Ying Xu, Zach Gleicher, Assaf Hurwitz Michaely, Mandar Sharma, Sanil Jain, Christoph Hirnschall, Tal Marian, Xuhui Jia, Kevin Mather, Kilol Gupta, Linhai Qiu, Nigamaa Nayakanti, Lucian Ionita, Steven Zheng, Lucia Loher, Kurt Shuster, Igor Petrovski, Roshan Sharma, Rahma Chaabouni, Angel Yeh, James An, Arushi Gupta, Steven Schwarcz, Seher Ellis, Sam Conway-Rahman, Javier Snaider, Alex Zhai, James Atwood, Daniel Golovin, Liqian Peng, Te I, Vivian Xia, Salvatore Scellato, Mahan Malihi, Arthur Bražinskas, Vlad-Doru Ion, Younghoon Jun, James Swirhun, Soroosh Mariooryad, Jiao Sun, Steve Chien, Rey Coaguila, Ariel Brand, Yi Gao, Tom Kwiatkowski, Roee Aharoni, Cheng-Chun Lee, Mislav Žanić, Yichi Zhang, Dan Ethier, Vitaly Nikolaev, Pranav Nair, Yoav Ben Shalom, Hen Fitoussi, Jai Gupta, Hongbin Liu, Dee Cattle, Tolga Bolukbasi, Ben Murdoch, Fantine Huot, Yin Li, Chris Hahn, Urvashi Khandelwal, Frederik Benzing, Arthur Conmy, Andrey Simanovsky, Françoise Beaufays, Eugene Weinstein, Tongzhou Chen, Luke Leonhard, Bhuvana Ramabhadran
Date: 2025-07-07 00:00:00

In this report, we introduce the Gemini 2.X model family: Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 2.5 Flash, as well as our earlier Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite models. Gemini 2.5 Pro is our most capable model yet, achieving SoTA performance on frontier coding and reasoning benchmarks. In addition to its incredible coding and reasoning skills, Gemini 2.5 Pro is a thinking model that excels at multimodal understanding and it is now able to process up to 3 hours of video content. Its unique combination of long context, multimodal and reasoning capabilities can be combined to unlock new agentic workflows. Gemini 2.5 Flash provides excellent reasoning abilities at a fraction of the compute and latency requirements and Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite provide high performance at low latency and cost. Taken together, the Gemini 2.X model generation spans the full Pareto frontier of model capability vs cost, allowing users to explore the boundaries of what is possible with complex agentic problem solving.