pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
ClotheDreamer: Text-Guided Garment Generation with 3D Gaussians
Authors: Yufei Liu, Junshu Tang, Chu Zheng, Shijie Zhang, Jinkun Hao, Junwei Zhu, Dongjin Huang
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Virtual Try-on

High-fidelity 3D garment synthesis from text is desirable yet challenging for digital avatar creation. Recent diffusion-based approaches via Score Distillation Sampling (SDS) have enabled new possibilities but either intricately couple with human body or struggle to reuse. We introduce ClotheDreamer, a 3D Gaussian-based method for generating wearable, production-ready 3D garment assets from text prompts. We propose a novel representation Disentangled Clothe Gaussian Splatting (DCGS) to enable separate optimization. DCGS represents clothed avatar as one Gaussian model but freezes body Gaussian splats. To enhance quality and completeness, we incorporate bidirectional SDS to supervise clothed avatar and garment RGBD renderings respectively with pose conditions and propose a new pruning strategy for loose clothing. Our approach can also support custom clothing templates as input. Benefiting from our design, the synthetic 3D garment can be easily applied to virtual try-on and support physically accurate animation. Extensive experiments showcase our method's superior and competitive performance. Our project page is at https://ggxxii.github.io/clothedreamer.
Beyond Thumbs Up/Down: Untangling Challenges of Fine-Grained Feedback for Text-to-Image Generation
Authors: Katherine M. Collins, Najoung Kim, Yonatan Bitton, Verena Rieser, Shayegan Omidshafiei, Yushi Hu, Sherol Chen, Senjuti Dutta, Minsuk Chang, Kimin Lee, Youwei Liang, Georgina Evans, Sahil Singla, Gang Li, Adrian Weller, Junfeng He, Deepak Ramachandran, Krishnamurthy Dj Dvijotham
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Generation, Text to Image Generation, Text-to-Image Generation

Human feedback plays a critical role in learning and refining reward models for text-to-image generation, but the optimal form the feedback should take for learning an accurate reward function has not been conclusively established. This paper investigates the effectiveness of fine-grained feedback which captures nuanced distinctions in image quality and prompt-alignment, compared to traditional coarse-grained feedback (for example, thumbs up/down or ranking between a set of options). While fine-grained feedback holds promise, particularly for systems catering to diverse societal preferences, we show that demonstrating its superiority to coarse-grained feedback is not automatic. Through experiments on real and synthetic preference data, we surface the complexities of building effective models due to the interplay of model choice, feedback type, and the alignment between human judgment and computational interpretation. We identify key challenges in eliciting and utilizing fine-grained feedback, prompting a reassessment of its assumed benefits and practicality. Our findings -- e.g., that fine-grained feedback can lead to worse models for a fixed budget, in some settings; however, in controlled settings with known attributes, fine grained rewards can indeed be more helpful -- call for careful consideration of feedback attributes and potentially beckon novel modeling approaches to appropriately unlock the potential value of fine-grained feedback in-the-wild.
Instance Consistency Regularization for Semi-Supervised 3D Instance Segmentation
Authors: Yizheng Wu, Zhiyu Pan, Kewei Wang, Xingyi Li, Jiahao Cui, Liwen Xiao, Guosheng Lin, Zhiguo Cao
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: 3D Instance Segmentation, Instance Segmentation, Segmentation, Semantic Segmentation

Large-scale datasets with point-wise semantic and instance labels are crucial to 3D instance segmentation but also expensive. To leverage unlabeled data, previous semi-supervised 3D instance segmentation approaches have explored self-training frameworks, which rely on high-quality pseudo labels for consistency regularization. They intuitively utilize both instance and semantic pseudo labels in a joint learning manner. However, semantic pseudo labels contain numerous noise derived from the imbalanced category distribution and natural confusion of similar but distinct categories, which leads to severe collapses in self-training. Motivated by the observation that 3D instances are non-overlapping and spatially separable, we ask whether we can solely rely on instance consistency regularization for improved semi-supervised segmentation. To this end, we propose a novel self-training network InsTeacher3D to explore and exploit pure instance knowledge from unlabeled data. We first build a parallel base 3D instance segmentation model DKNet, which distinguishes each instance from the others via discriminative instance kernels without reliance on semantic segmentation. Based on DKNet, we further design a novel instance consistency regularization framework to generate and leverage high-quality instance pseudo labels. Experimental results on multiple large-scale datasets show that the InsTeacher3D significantly outperforms prior state-of-the-art semi-supervised approaches. Code is available: https://github.com/W1zheng/InsTeacher3D.
The MRI Scanner as a Diagnostic: Image-less Active Sampling
Authors: Yuning Du, Rohan Dharmakumar, Sotirios A. Tsaftaris
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Diagnostic, Image Reconstruction

Despite the high diagnostic accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), using MRI as a Point-of-Care (POC) disease identification tool poses significant accessibility challenges due to the use of high magnetic field strength and lengthy acquisition times. We ask a simple question: Can we dynamically optimise acquired samples, at the patient level, according to an (automated) downstream decision task, while discounting image reconstruction? We propose an ML-based framework that learns an active sampling strategy, via reinforcement learning, at a patient-level to directly infer disease from undersampled k-space. We validate our approach by inferring Meniscus Tear in undersampled knee MRI data, where we achieve diagnostic performance comparable with ML-based diagnosis, using fully sampled k-space data. We analyse task-specific sampling policies, showcasing the adaptability of our active sampling approach. The introduced frugal sampling strategies have the potential to reduce high field strength requirements that in turn strengthen the viability of MRI-based POC disease identification and associated preliminary screening tools.
μ-Net: A Deep Learning-Based Architecture for μ-CT Segmentation
Authors: Pierangela Bruno, Edoardo De Rose, Carlo Adornetto, Francesco Calimeri, Sandro Donato, Raffaele Giuseppe Agostino, Daniela Amelio, Riccardo Barberi, Maria Carmela Cerra, Maria Caterina Crocco, Mariacristina Filice, Raffaele Filosa, Gianluigi Greco, Sandra Imbrogno, Vincenzo Formoso
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Anatomy, Semantic Segmentation

X-ray computed microtomography ({\mu}-CT) is a non-destructive technique that can generate high-resolution 3D images of the internal anatomy of medical and biological samples. These images enable clinicians to examine internal anatomy and gain insights into the disease or anatomical morphology. However, extracting relevant information from 3D images requires semantic segmentation of the regions of interest, which is usually done manually and results time-consuming and tedious. In this work, we propose a novel framework that uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically segment the full morphology of the heart of Carassius auratus. The framework employs an optimized 2D CNN architecture that can infer a 3D segmentation of the sample, avoiding the high computational cost of a 3D CNN architecture. We tackle the challenges of handling large and high-resoluted image data (over a thousand pixels in each dimension) and a small training database (only three samples) by proposing a standard protocol for data normalization and processing. Moreover, we investigate how the noise, contrast, and spatial resolution of the sample and the training of the architecture are affected by the reconstruction technique, which depends on the number of input images. Experiments show that our framework significantly reduces the time required to segment new samples, allowing a faster microtomography analysis of the Carassius auratus heart shape. Furthermore, our framework can work with any bio-image (biological and medical) from {\mu}-CT with high-resolution and small dataset size
ID-Sculpt: ID-aware 3D Head Generation from Single In-the-wild Portrait Image
Authors: Jinkun Hao, Junshu Tang, Jiangning Zhang, Ran Yi, Yijia Hong, Moran Li, Weijian Cao, Yating Wang, Chengjie Wang, Lizhuang Ma
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Image to 3D, Texture Synthesis

While recent works have achieved great success on image-to-3D object generation, high quality and fidelity 3D head generation from a single image remains a great challenge. Previous text-based methods for generating 3D heads were limited by text descriptions and image-based methods struggled to produce high-quality head geometry. To handle this challenging problem, we propose a novel framework, ID-Sculpt, to generate high-quality 3D heads while preserving their identities. Our work incorporates the identity information of the portrait image into three parts: 1) geometry initialization, 2) geometry sculpting, and 3) texture generation stages. Given a reference portrait image, we first align the identity features with text features to realize ID-aware guidance enhancement, which contains the control signals representing the face information. We then use the canny map, ID features of the portrait image, and a pre-trained text-to-normal/depth diffusion model to generate ID-aware geometry supervision, and 3D-GAN inversion is employed to generate ID-aware geometry initialization. Furthermore, with the ability to inject identity information into 3D head generation, we use ID-aware guidance to calculate ID-aware Score Distillation (ISD) for geometry sculpting. For texture generation, we adopt the ID Consistent Texture Inpainting and Refinement which progressively expands the view for texture inpainting to obtain an initialization UV texture map. We then use the ID-aware guidance to provide image-level supervision for noisy multi-view images to obtain a refined texture map. Extensive experiments demonstrate that we can generate high-quality 3D heads with accurate geometry and texture from a single in-the-wild portrait image.
QUBIQ: Uncertainty Quantification for Biomedical Image Segmentation Challenge
Authors: Hongwei Bran Li, Fernando Navarro, Ivan Ezhov, Amirhossein Bayat, Dhritiman Das, Florian Kofler, Suprosanna Shit, Diana Waldmannstetter, Johannes C. Paetzold, Xiaobin Hu, Benedikt Wiestler, Lucas Zimmer, Tamaz Amiranashvili, Chinmay Prabhakar, Christoph Berger, Jonas Weidner, Michelle Alonso-Basant, Arif Rashid, Ujjwal Baid, Wesam Adel, Deniz Ali, Bhakti Baheti, Yingbin Bai, Ishaan Bhatt, Sabri Can Cetindag, WenTing Chen, Li Cheng, Prasad Dutand, Lara Dular, Mustafa A. Elattar, Ming Feng, Shengbo Gao, Henkjan Huisman, Weifeng Hu, Shubham Innani, Wei Jiat, Davood Karimi, Hugo J. Kuijf, Jin Tae Kwak, Hoang Long Le, Xiang Lia, Huiyan Lin, Tongliang Liu, Jun Ma, Kai Ma, Ting Ma, Ilkay Oksuz, Robbie Holland, Arlindo L. Oliveira, Jimut Bahan Pal, Xuan Pei, Maoying Qiao, Anindo Saha, Raghavendra Selvan, Linlin Shen, Joao Lourenco Silva, Ziga Spiclin, Sanjay Talbar, Dadong Wang, Wei Wang, Xiong Wang, Yin Wang, Ruiling Xia, Kele Xu, Yanwu Yan, Mert Yergin, Shuang Yu, Lingxi Zeng, Yinglin Zhang, Jiachen Zhao, Yefeng Zheng, Martin Zukovec, Richard Do, Anton Becker, Amber Simpson, Ender Konukoglu, Andras Jakab, Spyridon Bakas, Leo Joskowicz, Bjoern Menze
Date: 2024-03-19 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Segmentation, Medical Image Segmentation, Segmentation, Semantic Segmentation, Uncertainty Quantification

Uncertainty in medical image segmentation tasks, especially inter-rater variability, arising from differences in interpretations and annotations by various experts, presents a significant challenge in achieving consistent and reliable image segmentation. This variability not only reflects the inherent complexity and subjective nature of medical image interpretation but also directly impacts the development and evaluation of automated segmentation algorithms. Accurately modeling and quantifying this variability is essential for enhancing the robustness and clinical applicability of these algorithms. We report the set-up and summarize the benchmark results of the Quantification of Uncertainties in Biomedical Image Quantification Challenge (QUBIQ), which was organized in conjunction with International Conferences on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) 2020 and 2021. The challenge focuses on the uncertainty quantification of medical image segmentation which considers the omnipresence of inter-rater variability in imaging datasets. The large collection of images with multi-rater annotations features various modalities such as MRI and CT; various organs such as the brain, prostate, kidney, and pancreas; and different image dimensions 2D-vs-3D. A total of 24 teams submitted different solutions to the problem, combining various baseline models, Bayesian neural networks, and ensemble model techniques. The obtained results indicate the importance of the ensemble models, as well as the need for further research to develop efficient 3D methods for uncertainty quantification methods in 3D segmentation tasks.
Demystifying the Effect of Receptive Field Size in U-Net Models for Medical Image Segmentation
Authors: Vincent Loos, Rohit Pardasani, Navchetan Awasthi
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Computational Efficiency, Image Segmentation, Medical Image Segmentation, Segmentation, Semantic Segmentation

Medical image segmentation is a critical task in healthcare applications, and U-Nets have demonstrated promising results. This work delves into the understudied aspect of receptive field (RF) size and its impact on the U-Net and Attention U-Net architectures. This work explores several critical elements including the relationship between RF size, characteristics of the region of interest, and model performance, as well as the balance between RF size and computational costs for U-Net and Attention U-Net methods for different datasets. This work also proposes a mathematical notation for representing the theoretical receptive field (TRF) of a given layer in a network and proposes two new metrics - effective receptive field (ERF) rate and the Object rate to quantify the fraction of significantly contributing pixels within the ERF against the TRF area and assessing the relative size of the segmentation object compared to the TRF size respectively. The results demonstrate that there exists an optimal TRF size that successfully strikes a balance between capturing a wider global context and maintaining computational efficiency, thereby optimizing model performance. Interestingly, a distinct correlation is observed between the data complexity and the required TRF size; segmentation based solely on contrast achieved peak performance even with smaller TRF sizes, whereas more complex segmentation tasks necessitated larger TRFs. Attention U-Net models consistently outperformed their U-Net counterparts, highlighting the value of attention mechanisms regardless of TRF size. These novel insights present an invaluable resource for developing more efficient U-Net-based architectures for medical imaging and pave the way for future exploration. A tool is also developed that calculates the TRF for a U-Net (and Attention U-Net) model, and also suggest an appropriate TRF size for a given model and dataset.
Geometry-Aware Score Distillation via 3D Consistent Noising and Gradient Consistency Modeling
Authors: Min-Seop Kwak, Donghoon Ahn, Ines Hyeonsu Kim, Jin-Hwa Kim, Seungryong Kim
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: 3D Generation, Text to 3D

Score distillation sampling (SDS), the methodology in which the score from pretrained 2D diffusion models is distilled into 3D representation, has recently brought significant advancements in text-to-3D generation task. However, this approach is still confronted with critical geometric inconsistency problems such as the Janus problem. Starting from a hypothesis that such inconsistency problems may be induced by multiview inconsistencies between 2D scores predicted from various viewpoints, we introduce GSD, a simple and general plug-and-play framework for incorporating 3D consistency and therefore geometry awareness into the SDS process. Our methodology is composed of three components: 3D consistent noising, designed to produce 3D consistent noise maps that perfectly follow the standard Gaussian distribution, geometry-based gradient warping for identifying correspondences between predicted gradients of different viewpoints, and novel gradient consistency loss to optimize the scene geometry toward producing more consistent gradients. We demonstrate that our method significantly improves performance, successfully addressing the geometric inconsistency problems in text-to-3D generation task with minimal computation cost and being compatible with existing score distillation-based models. Our project page is available at https://ku-cvlab.github.io/GSD/.
Repulsive Latent Score Distillation for Solving Inverse Problems
Authors: Nicolas Zilberstein, Morteza Mardani, Santiago Segarra
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Computational Efficiency, Diversity, Image Generation, Text-to-Image Generation

Score Distillation Sampling (SDS) has been pivotal for leveraging pre-trained diffusion models in downstream tasks such as inverse problems, but it faces two major challenges: $(i)$ mode collapse and $(ii)$ latent space inversion, which become more pronounced in high-dimensional data. To address mode collapse, we introduce a novel variational framework for posterior sampling. Utilizing the Wasserstein gradient flow interpretation of SDS, we propose a multimodal variational approximation with a repulsion mechanism that promotes diversity among particles by penalizing pairwise kernel-based similarity. This repulsion acts as a simple regularizer, encouraging a more diverse set of solutions. To mitigate latent space ambiguity, we extend this framework with an augmented variational distribution that disentangles the latent and data. This repulsive augmented formulation balances computational efficiency, quality, and diversity. Extensive experiments on linear and nonlinear inverse tasks with high-resolution images ($512 \times 512$) using pre-trained Stable Diffusion models demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Sampling Strategies in Bayesian Inversion: A Study of RTO and Langevin Methods
Authors: Remi Laumont, Yiqiu Dong, Martin Skovgaard Andersen
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Deblurring

This paper studies two classes of sampling methods for the solution of inverse problems, namely Randomize-Then-Optimize (RTO), which is rooted in sensitivity analysis, and Langevin methods, which are rooted in the Bayesian framework. The two classes of methods correspond to different assumptions and yield samples from different target distributions. We highlight the main conceptual and theoretical differences between the two approaches and compare them from a practical point of view by tackling two classical inverse problems in imaging: deblurring and inpainting. We show that the choice of the sampling method has a significant impact on the quality of the reconstruction and that the RTO method is more robust to the choice of the parameters.
MLAAN: Scaling Supervised Local Learning with Multilaminar Leap Augmented Auxiliary Network
Authors: Yuming Zhang, Shouxin Zhang, Peizhe Wang, Feiyu Zhu, Dongzhi Guan, Junhao Su, Jiabin Liu, Changpeng Cai
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: GPU

Deep neural networks (DNNs) typically employ an end-to-end (E2E) training paradigm which presents several challenges, including high GPU memory consumption, inefficiency, and difficulties in model parallelization during training. Recent research has sought to address these issues, with one promising approach being local learning. This method involves partitioning the backbone network into gradient-isolated modules and manually designing auxiliary networks to train these local modules. Existing methods often neglect the interaction of information between local modules, leading to myopic issues and a performance gap compared to E2E training. To address these limitations, we propose the Multilaminar Leap Augmented Auxiliary Network (MLAAN). Specifically, MLAAN comprises Multilaminar Local Modules (MLM) and Leap Augmented Modules (LAM). MLM captures both local and global features through independent and cascaded auxiliary networks, alleviating performance issues caused by insufficient global features. However, overly simplistic auxiliary networks can impede MLM's ability to capture global information. To address this, we further design LAM, an enhanced auxiliary network that uses the Exponential Moving Average (EMA) method to facilitate information exchange between local modules, thereby mitigating the shortsightedness resulting from inadequate interaction. The synergy between MLM and LAM has demonstrated excellent performance. Our experiments on the CIFAR-10, STL-10, SVHN, and ImageNet datasets show that MLAAN can be seamlessly integrated into existing local learning frameworks, significantly enhancing their performance and even surpassing end-to-end (E2E) training methods, while also reducing GPU memory consumption.
Articulate your NeRF: Unsupervised articulated object modeling via conditional view synthesis
Authors: Jianning Deng, Kartic Subr, Hakan Bilen
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: NeRF, Segmentation

We propose a novel unsupervised method to learn the pose and part-segmentation of articulated objects with rigid parts. Given two observations of an object in different articulation states, our method learns the geometry and appearance of object parts by using an implicit model from the first observation, distils the part segmentation and articulation from the second observation while rendering the latter observation. Additionally, to tackle the complexities in the joint optimization of part segmentation and articulation, we propose a voxel grid-based initialization strategy and a decoupled optimization procedure. Compared to the prior unsupervised work, our model obtains significantly better performance, and generalizes to objects with multiple parts while it can be efficiently from few views for the latter observation.