pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
VSSD: Vision Mamba with Non-Causal State Space Duality
Authors: Yuheng Shi, Minjing Dong, Mingjia Li, Chang Xu
Date: 2024-07-26 00:00:00
Tasks: image-classification, Image Classification, Mamba, State Space Models

Vision transformers have significantly advanced the field of computer vision, offering robust modeling capabilities and global receptive field. However, their high computational demands limit their applicability in processing long sequences. To tackle this issue, State Space Models (SSMs) have gained prominence in vision tasks as they offer linear computational complexity. Recently, State Space Duality (SSD), an improved variant of SSMs, was introduced in Mamba2 to enhance model performance and efficiency. However, the inherent causal nature of SSD/SSMs restricts their applications in non-causal vision tasks. To address this limitation, we introduce Visual State Space Duality (VSSD) model, which has a non-causal format of SSD. Specifically, we propose to discard the magnitude of interactions between the hidden state and tokens while preserving their relative weights, which relieves the dependencies of token contribution on previous tokens. Together with the involvement of multi-scan strategies, we show that the scanning results can be integrated to achieve non-causality, which not only improves the performance of SSD in vision tasks but also enhances its efficiency. We conduct extensive experiments on various benchmarks including image classification, detection, and segmentation, where VSSD surpasses existing state-of-the-art SSM-based models. Code and weights are available at \url{https://github.com/YuHengsss/VSSD}.
Skin Cancer Detection utilizing Deep Learning: Classification of Skin Lesion Images using a Vision Transformer
Authors: Carolin Flosdorf, Justin Engelker, Igor Keller, Nicolas Mohr
Date: 2024-07-26 00:00:00

Skin cancer detection still represents a major challenge in healthcare. Common detection methods can be lengthy and require human assistance which falls short in many countries. Previous research demonstrates how convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can help effectively through both automation and an accuracy that is comparable to the human level. However, despite the progress in previous decades, the precision is still limited, leading to substantial misclassifications that have a serious impact on people's health. Hence, we employ a Vision Transformer (ViT) that has been developed in recent years based on the idea of a self-attention mechanism, specifically two configurations of a pre-trained ViT. We generally find superior metrics for classifying skin lesions after comparing them to base models such as decision tree classifier and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier, as well as to CNNs and less complex ViTs. In particular, we attach greater importance to the performance of melanoma, which is the most lethal type of skin cancer. The ViT-L32 model achieves an accuracy of 91.57% and a melanoma recall of 58.54%, while ViT-L16 achieves an accuracy of 92.79% and a melanoma recall of 56.10%. This offers a potential tool for faster and more accurate diagnoses and an overall improvement for the healthcare sector.
Multimodal Emotion Recognition using Audio-Video Transformer Fusion with Cross Attention
Authors: Joe Dhanith P R, Shravan Venkatraman, Vigya Sharma, Santhosh Malarvannan, Modigari Narendra
Date: 2024-07-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Emotion Recognition, Multimodal Emotion Recognition

Understanding emotions is a fundamental aspect of human communication. Integrating audio and video signals offers a more comprehensive understanding of emotional states compared to traditional methods that rely on a single data source, such as speech or facial expressions. Despite its potential, multimodal emotion recognition faces significant challenges, particularly in synchronization, feature extraction, and fusion of diverse data sources. To address these issues, this paper introduces a novel transformer-based model named Audio-Video Transformer Fusion with Cross Attention (AVT-CA). The AVT-CA model employs a transformer fusion approach to effectively capture and synchronize interlinked features from both audio and video inputs, thereby resolving synchronization problems. Additionally, the Cross Attention mechanism within AVT-CA selectively extracts and emphasizes critical features while discarding irrelevant ones from both modalities, addressing feature extraction and fusion challenges. Extensive experimental analysis conducted on the CMU-MOSEI, RAVDESS and CREMA-D datasets demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed model. The results underscore the importance of AVT-CA in developing precise and reliable multimodal emotion recognition systems for practical applications.
Boosting Cross-Domain Point Classification via Distilling Relational Priors from 2D Transformers
Authors: Longkun Zou, Wanru Zhu, Ke Chen, Lihua Guo, Kailing Guo, Kui Jia, YaoWei Wang
Date: 2024-07-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Domain Adaptation, Domain Generalization, Knowledge Distillation, Point Cloud Classification, Unsupervised Domain Adaptation

Semantic pattern of an object point cloud is determined by its topological configuration of local geometries. Learning discriminative representations can be challenging due to large shape variations of point sets in local regions and incomplete surface in a global perspective, which can be made even more severe in the context of unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA). In specific, traditional 3D networks mainly focus on local geometric details and ignore the topological structure between local geometries, which greatly limits their cross-domain generalization. Recently, the transformer-based models have achieved impressive performance gain in a range of image-based tasks, benefiting from its strong generalization capability and scalability stemming from capturing long range correlation across local patches. Inspired by such successes of visual transformers, we propose a novel Relational Priors Distillation (RPD) method to extract relational priors from the well-trained transformers on massive images, which can significantly empower cross-domain representations with consistent topological priors of objects. To this end, we establish a parameter-frozen pre-trained transformer module shared between 2D teacher and 3D student models, complemented by an online knowledge distillation strategy for semantically regularizing the 3D student model. Furthermore, we introduce a novel self-supervised task centered on reconstructing masked point cloud patches using corresponding masked multi-view image features, thereby empowering the model with incorporating 3D geometric information. Experiments on the PointDA-10 and the Sim-to-Real datasets verify that the proposed method consistently achieves the state-of-the-art performance of UDA for point cloud classification. The source code of this work is available at https://github.com/zou-longkun/RPD.git.
Revisit Event Generation Model: Self-Supervised Learning of Event-to-Video Reconstruction with Implicit Neural Representations
Authors: Zipeng Wang, Yunfan Lu, Lin Wang
Date: 2024-07-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Optical Flow Estimation, Self-Supervised Learning, Video Reconstruction

Reconstructing intensity frames from event data while maintaining high temporal resolution and dynamic range is crucial for bridging the gap between event-based and frame-based computer vision. Previous approaches have depended on supervised learning on synthetic data, which lacks interpretability and risk over-fitting to the setting of the event simulator. Recently, self-supervised learning (SSL) based methods, which primarily utilize per-frame optical flow to estimate intensity via photometric constancy, has been actively investigated. However, they are vulnerable to errors in the case of inaccurate optical flow. This paper proposes a novel SSL event-to-video reconstruction approach, dubbed EvINR, which eliminates the need for labeled data or optical flow estimation. Our core idea is to reconstruct intensity frames by directly addressing the event generation model, essentially a partial differential equation (PDE) that describes how events are generated based on the time-varying brightness signals. Specifically, we utilize an implicit neural representation (INR), which takes in spatiotemporal coordinate $(x, y, t)$ and predicts intensity values, to represent the solution of the event generation equation. The INR, parameterized as a fully-connected Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP), can be optimized with its temporal derivatives supervised by events. To make EvINR feasible for online requisites, we propose several acceleration techniques that substantially expedite the training process. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our EvINR surpasses previous SSL methods by 38% w.r.t. Mean Squared Error (MSE) and is comparable or superior to SoTA supervised methods. Project page: https://vlislab22.github.io/EvINR/.
Answerability Fields: Answerable Location Estimation via Diffusion Models
Authors: Daichi Azuma, Taiki Miyanishi, Shuhei Kurita, Koya Sakamoto, Motoaki Kawanabe
Date: 2024-07-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Question Answering, Scene Understanding

In an era characterized by advancements in artificial intelligence and robotics, enabling machines to interact with and understand their environment is a critical research endeavor. In this paper, we propose Answerability Fields, a novel approach to predicting answerability within complex indoor environments. Leveraging a 3D question answering dataset, we construct a comprehensive Answerability Fields dataset, encompassing diverse scenes and questions from ScanNet. Using a diffusion model, we successfully infer and evaluate these Answerability Fields, demonstrating the importance of objects and their locations in answering questions within a scene. Our results showcase the efficacy of Answerability Fields in guiding scene-understanding tasks, laying the foundation for their application in enhancing interactions between intelligent agents and their environments.
Neural Modulation Alteration to Positive and Negative Emotions in Depressed Patients: Insights from fMRI Using Positive/Negative Emotion Atlas
Authors: Yu Feng, Weiming Zeng, Yifan Xie, Hongyu Chen, Lei Wang, Yingying Wang, Hongjie Yan, Kaile Zhang, Ran Tao, Wai Ting Siok, Nizhuan Wang
Date: 2024-07-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Diagnostic

Background: Although it has been noticed that depressed patients show differences in processing emotions, the precise neural modulation mechanisms of positive and negative emotions remain elusive. FMRI is a cutting-edge medical imaging technology renowned for its high spatial resolution and dynamic temporal information, making it particularly suitable for the neural dynamics of depression research. Methods: To address this gap, our study firstly leveraged fMRI to delineate activated regions associated with positive and negative emotions in healthy individuals, resulting in the creation of positive emotion atlas (PEA) and negative emotion atlas (NEA). Subsequently, we examined neuroimaging changes in depression patients using these atlases and evaluated their diagnostic performance based on machine learning. Results: Our findings demonstrate that the classification accuracy of depressed patients based on PEA and NEA exceeded 0.70, a notable improvement compared to the whole-brain atlases. Furthermore, ALFF analysis unveiled significant differences between depressed patients and healthy controls in eight functional clusters during the NEA, focusing on the left cuneus, cingulate gyrus, and superior parietal lobule. In contrast, the PEA revealed more pronounced differences across fifteen clusters, involving the right fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule. Limitations: Due to the limited sample size and subtypes of depressed patients, the efficacy may need further validation in future. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the complex interplay between emotion modulation and depression, showcasing significant alterations in both PEA and NEA among depression patients. This research enhances our understanding of emotion modulation in depression, with implications for diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
SMPISD-MTPNet: Scene Semantic Prior-Assisted Infrared Ship Detection Using Multi-Task Perception Networks
Authors: Chen Hu, Xiaogang Dong, Yian Huang Lele Wang, Liang Xu, Tian Pu, Zhenming Peng
Date: 2024-07-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Data Augmentation, Scene Segmentation

Infrared ship detection (IRSD) has received increasing attention in recent years due to the robustness of infrared images to adverse weather. However, a large number of false alarms may occur in complex scenes. To address these challenges, we propose the Scene Semantic Prior-Assisted Multi-Task Perception Network (SMPISD-MTPNet), which includes three stages: scene semantic extraction, deep feature extraction, and prediction. In the scene semantic extraction stage, we employ a Scene Semantic Extractor (SSE) to guide the network by the features extracted based on expert knowledge. In the deep feature extraction stage, a backbone network is employed to extract deep features. These features are subsequently integrated by a fusion network, enhancing the detection capabilities across targets of varying sizes. In the prediction stage, we utilize the Multi-Task Perception Module, which includes the Gradient-based Module and the Scene Segmentation Module, enabling precise detection of small and dim targets within complex scenes. For the training process, we introduce the Soft Fine-tuning training strategy to suppress the distortion caused by data augmentation. Besides, due to the lack of a publicly available dataset labelled for scenes, we introduce the Infrared Ship Dataset with Scene Segmentation (IRSDSS). Finally, we evaluate the network and compare it with state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods, indicating that SMPISD-MTPNet outperforms existing approaches. The source code and dataset for this research can be accessed at https://github.com/greekinRoma/KMNDNet.
A Progressive Single-Modality to Multi-Modality Classification Framework for Alzheimer's Disease Sub-type Diagnosis
Authors: Yuxiao Liu, Mianxin Liu, Yuanwang Zhang, Kaicong Sun, Dinggang Shen
Date: 2024-07-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Disentanglement

The current clinical diagnosis framework of Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves multiple modalities acquired from multiple diagnosis stages, each with distinct usage and cost. Previous AD diagnosis research has predominantly focused on how to directly fuse multiple modalities for an end-to-end one-stage diagnosis, which practically requires a high cost in data acquisition. Moreover, a significant part of these methods diagnose AD without considering clinical guideline and cannot offer accurate sub-type diagnosis. In this paper, by exploring inter-correlation among multiple modalities, we propose a novel progressive AD sub-type diagnosis framework, aiming to give diagnosis results based on easier-to-access modalities in earlier low-cost stages, instead of modalities from all stages. Specifically, first, we design 1) a text disentanglement network for better processing tabular data collected in the initial stage, and 2) a modality fusion module for fusing multi-modality features separately. Second, we align features from modalities acquired in earlier low-cost stage(s) with later high-cost stage(s) to give accurate diagnosis without actual modality acquisition in later-stage(s) for saving cost. Furthermore, we follow the clinical guideline to align features at each stage for achieving sub-type diagnosis. Third, we leverage a progressive classifier that can progressively include additional acquired modalities (if needed) for diagnosis, to achieve the balance between diagnosis cost and diagnosis performance. We evaluate our proposed framework on large diverse public and in-home datasets (8280 in total) and achieve superior performance over state-of-the-art methods. Our codes will be released after the acceptance.
Diffusion-driven lensless fiber endomicroscopic quantitative phase imaging towards digital pathology
Authors: Zhaoqing Chen, Jiawei Sun, Xibin Yang, Xinyi Ye, Bin Zhao, Xuelong Li, Juergen Czarske
Date: 2024-07-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Attribute, Cell Segmentation, Denoising

Lensless fiber endomicroscope is an emerging tool for in-vivo microscopic imaging, where quantitative phase imaging (QPI) can be utilized as a label-free method to enhance image contrast. However, existing single-shot phase reconstruction methods through lensless fiber endomicroscope typically perform well on simple images but struggle with complex microscopic structures. Here, we propose a speckle-conditioned diffusion model (SpecDiffusion), which reconstructs phase images directly from speckles captured at the detection side of a multi-core fiber (MCF). Unlike conventional neural networks, SpecDiffusion employs iterative phase denoising steps for speckle-driven phase reconstruction. The iteration scheme allows SpecDiffusion to break down the phase reconstruction process into multiple steps, gradually building up to the final phase image. This attribute alleviates the computation challenge at each step and enables the reconstruction of rich details in complex microscopic images. To validate its efficacy, we build an optical system to capture speckles from MCF and construct a dataset consisting of 100,000 paired images. SpecDiffusion provides high-fidelity phase reconstruction results and shows powerful generalization capacity for unseen objects, such as test charts and biological tissues, reducing the average mean absolute error of the reconstructed tissue images by 7 times. Furthermore, the reconstructed tissue images using SpecDiffusion shows higher accuracy in zero-shot cell segmentation tasks compared to the conventional method, demonstrating the potential for further cell morphology analysis through the learning-based lensless fiber endomicroscope. SpecDiffusion offers a precise and generalized method to phase reconstruction through scattering media, including MCFs, opening new perspective in lensless fiber endomicroscopic imaging.
Textile Anomaly Detection: Evaluation of the State-of-the-Art for Automated Quality Inspection of Carpet
Authors: Briony Forsberg, Dr Henry Williams, Prof Bruce MacDonald, Tracy Chen, Dr Kirstine Hulse
Date: 2024-07-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Anomaly Detection, CPU, GPU

In this study, state-of-the-art unsupervised detection models were evaluated for the purpose of automated anomaly inspection of wool carpets. A custom dataset of four unique types of carpet textures was created to thoroughly test the models and their robustness in detecting subtle anomalies in complex textures. Due to the requirements of an inline inspection system in a manufacturing use case, the metrics of importance in this study were accuracy in detecting anomalous areas, the number of false detections, and the inference times of each model for real-time performance. Of the evaluated models, the student-teacher network based methods were found on average to yield the highest detection accuracy and lowest false detection rates. When trained on a multi-class dataset the models were found to yield comparable if not better results than single-class training. Finally, in terms of detection speed, with exception to the generative model, all other evaluated models were found to have comparable inference times on a GPU, with an average of 0.16s per image. On a CPU, most of these models typically produced results between 1.5 to 2 times the respective GPU inference times.
Towards A Generalizable Pathology Foundation Model via Unified Knowledge Distillation
Authors: Jiabo Ma, Zhengrui Guo, Fengtao Zhou, Yihui Wang, Yingxue Xu, Jinbang Li, Fang Yan, Yu Cai, Zhengjie ZHU, Cheng Jin, Yi Lin, Xinrui Jiang, Chenglong Zhao, Danyi Li, Anjia Han, Zhenhui Li, Ronald Cheong Kin Chan, Jiguang Wang, Peng Fei, Kwang-Ting Cheng, Shaoting Zhang, Li Liang, Hao Chen
Date: 2024-07-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Knowledge Distillation, Question Answering, Representation Learning, Self-Knowledge Distillation, Survival Prediction, Visual Question Answering, whole slide images

Foundation models pretrained on large-scale datasets are revolutionizing the field of computational pathology (CPath). The generalization ability of foundation models is crucial for the success in various downstream clinical tasks. However, current foundation models have only been evaluated on a limited type and number of tasks, leaving their generalization ability and overall performance unclear. To address this gap, we established a most comprehensive benchmark to evaluate the performance of off-the-shelf foundation models across six distinct clinical task types, encompassing a total of 72 specific tasks, including slide-level classification, survival prediction, ROI-tissue classification, ROI retrieval, visual question answering, and report generation. Our findings reveal that existing foundation models excel at certain task types but struggle to effectively handle the full breadth of clinical tasks. To improve the generalization of pathology foundation models, we propose a unified knowledge distillation framework consisting of both expert and self-knowledge distillation, where the former allows the model to learn from the knowledge of multiple expert models, while the latter leverages self-distillation to enable image representation learning via local-global alignment. Based on this framework, we curated a dataset of 96,000 whole slide images (WSIs) and developed a Generalizable Pathology Foundation Model (GPFM). This advanced model was trained on a substantial dataset comprising 190 million images extracted from approximately 72,000 publicly available slides, encompassing 34 major tissue types. Evaluated on the established benchmark, GPFM achieves an impressive average rank of 1.6, with 42 tasks ranked 1st, while the second-best model, UNI, attains an average rank of 3.7, with only 6 tasks ranked 1st.
HybridDepth: Robust Metric Depth Fusion by Leveraging Depth from Focus and Single-Image Priors
Authors: Ashkan Ganj, Hang Su, Tian Guo
Date: 2024-07-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Depth Estimation, GPU, Monocular Depth Estimation, Zero-shot Generalization

We propose HYBRIDDEPTH, a robust depth estimation pipeline that addresses key challenges in depth estimation,including scale ambiguity, hardware heterogeneity, and generalizability. HYBRIDDEPTH leverages focal stack, data conveniently accessible in common mobile devices, to produce accurate metric depth maps. By incorporating depth priors afforded by recent advances in singleimage depth estimation, our model achieves a higher level of structural detail compared to existing methods. We test our pipeline as an end-to-end system, with a newly developed mobile client to capture focal stacks, which are then sent to a GPU-powered server for depth estimation. Comprehensive quantitative and qualitative analyses demonstrate that HYBRIDDEPTH outperforms state-of-the-art(SOTA) models on common datasets such as DDFF12 and NYU Depth V2. HYBRIDDEPTH also shows strong zero-shot generalization. When trained on NYU Depth V2, HYBRIDDEPTH surpasses SOTA models in zero-shot performance on ARKitScenes and delivers more structurally accurate depth maps on Mobile Depth. The code is available at https://github.com/cake-lab/HybridDepth/.