pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Detecting Unforeseen Data Properties with Diffusion Autoencoder Embeddings using Spine MRI data
Authors: Robert Graf, Florian Hunecke, Soeren Pohl, Matan Atad, Hendrik Moeller, Sophie Starck, Thomas Kroencke, Stefanie Bette, Fabian Bamberg, Tobias Pischon, Thoralf Niendorf, Carsten Schmidt, Johannes C. Paetzold, Daniel Rueckert, Jan S Kirschke
Date: 2024-10-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Fairness

Deep learning has made significant strides in medical imaging, leveraging the use of large datasets to improve diagnostics and prognostics. However, large datasets often come with inherent errors through subject selection and acquisition. In this paper, we investigate the use of Diffusion Autoencoder (DAE) embeddings for uncovering and understanding data characteristics and biases, including biases for protected variables like sex and data abnormalities indicative of unwanted protocol variations. We use sagittal T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images of the neck, chest, and lumbar region from 11186 German National Cohort (NAKO) participants. We compare DAE embeddings with existing generative models like StyleGAN and Variational Autoencoder. Evaluations on a large-scale dataset consisting of sagittal T2-weighted MR images of three spine regions show that DAE embeddings effectively separate protected variables such as sex and age. Furthermore, we used t-SNE visualization to identify unwanted variations in imaging protocols, revealing differences in head positioning. Our embedding can identify samples where a sex predictor will have issues learning the correct sex. Our findings highlight the potential of using advanced embedding techniques like DAEs to detect data quality issues and biases in medical imaging datasets. Identifying such hidden relations can enhance the reliability and fairness of deep learning models in healthcare applications, ultimately improving patient care and outcomes.
MagicEraser: Erasing Any Objects via Semantics-Aware Control
Authors: Fan Li, Zixiao Zhang, Yi Huang, Jianzhuang Liu, Renjing Pei, Bin Shao, Songcen Xu
Date: 2024-10-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Inpainting, Object, Texture Synthesis

The traditional image inpainting task aims to restore corrupted regions by referencing surrounding background and foreground. However, the object erasure task, which is in increasing demand, aims to erase objects and generate harmonious background. Previous GAN-based inpainting methods struggle with intricate texture generation. Emerging diffusion model-based algorithms, such as Stable Diffusion Inpainting, exhibit the capability to generate novel content, but they often produce incongruent results at the locations of the erased objects and require high-quality text prompt inputs. To address these challenges, we introduce MagicEraser, a diffusion model-based framework tailored for the object erasure task. It consists of two phases: content initialization and controllable generation. In the latter phase, we develop two plug-and-play modules called prompt tuning and semantics-aware attention refocus. Additionally, we propose a data construction strategy that generates training data specially suitable for this task. MagicEraser achieves fine and effective control of content generation while mitigating undesired artifacts. Experimental results highlight a valuable advancement of our approach in the object erasure task.
Identity-Focused Inference and Extraction Attacks on Diffusion Models
Authors: Jayneel Vora, Aditya Krishnan, Nader Bouacida, Prabhu RV Shankar, Prasant Mohapatra
Date: 2024-10-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Inference Attack, Membership Inference Attack

The increasing reliance on diffusion models for generating synthetic images has amplified concerns about the unauthorized use of personal data, particularly facial images, in model training. In this paper, we introduce a novel identity inference framework to hold model owners accountable for including individuals' identities in their training data. Our approach moves beyond traditional membership inference attacks by focusing on identity-level inference, providing a new perspective on data privacy violations. Through comprehensive evaluations on two facial image datasets, Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) and CelebA, our experiments demonstrate that the proposed membership inference attack surpasses baseline methods, achieving an attack success rate of up to 89% and an AUC-ROC of 0.91, while the identity inference attack attains 92% on LDM models trained on LFW, and the data extraction attack achieves 91.6% accuracy on DDPMs, validating the effectiveness of our approach across diffusion models.
Generative Human Video Compression with Multi-granularity Temporal Trajectory Factorization
Authors: Shanzhi Yin, Bolin Chen, Shiqi Wang, Yan Ye
Date: 2024-10-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Video Compression

In this paper, we propose a novel Multi-granularity Temporal Trajectory Factorization framework for generative human video compression, which holds great potential for bandwidth-constrained human-centric video communication. In particular, the proposed motion factorization strategy can facilitate to implicitly characterize the high-dimensional visual signal into compact motion vectors for representation compactness and further transform these vectors into a fine-grained field for motion expressibility. As such, the coded bit-stream can be entailed with enough visual motion information at the lowest representation cost. Meanwhile, a resolution-expandable generative module is developed with enhanced background stability, such that the proposed framework can be optimized towards higher reconstruction robustness and more flexible resolution adaptation. Experimental results show that proposed method outperforms latest generative models and the state-of-the-art video coding standard Versatile Video Coding (VVC) on both talking-face videos and moving-body videos in terms of both objective and subjective quality. The project page can be found at https://github.com/xyzysz/Extreme-Human-Video-Compression-with-MTTF.
X-Fi: A Modality-Invariant Foundation Model for Multimodal Human Sensing
Authors: Xinyan Chen, Jianfei Yang
Date: 2024-10-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Activity Recognition, Human Activity Recognition, Pose Estimation

Human sensing, which employs various sensors and advanced deep learning technologies to accurately capture and interpret human body information, has significantly impacted fields like public security and robotics. However, current human sensing primarily depends on modalities such as cameras and LiDAR, each of which has its own strengths and limitations. Furthermore, existing multi-modal fusion solutions are typically designed for fixed modality combinations, requiring extensive retraining when modalities are added or removed for diverse scenarios. In this paper, we propose a modality-invariant foundation model for all modalities, X-Fi, to address this issue. X-Fi enables the independent or combinatory use of sensor modalities without additional training by utilizing a transformer structure to accommodate variable input sizes and incorporating a novel "X-fusion" mechanism to preserve modality-specific features during multimodal integration. This approach not only enhances adaptability but also facilitates the learning of complementary features across modalities. Extensive experiments conducted on the MM-Fi and XRF55 datasets, employing six distinct modalities, demonstrate that X-Fi achieves state-of-the-art performance in human pose estimation (HPE) and human activity recognition (HAR) tasks. The findings indicate that our proposed model can efficiently support a wide range of human sensing applications, ultimately contributing to the evolution of scalable, multimodal sensing technologies.
Will the Inclusion of Generated Data Amplify Bias Across Generations in Future Image Classification Models?
Authors: Zeliang Zhang, Xin Liang, Mingqian Feng, Susan Liang, Chenliang Xu
Date: 2024-10-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Fairness, image-classification, Image Classification

As the demand for high-quality training data escalates, researchers have increasingly turned to generative models to create synthetic data, addressing data scarcity and enabling continuous model improvement. However, reliance on self-generated data introduces a critical question: Will this practice amplify bias in future models? While most research has focused on overall performance, the impact on model bias, particularly subgroup bias, remains underexplored. In this work, we investigate the effects of the generated data on image classification tasks, with a specific focus on bias. We develop a practical simulation environment that integrates a self-consuming loop, where the generative model and classification model are trained synergistically. Hundreds of experiments are conducted on Colorized MNIST, CIFAR-20/100, and Hard ImageNet datasets to reveal changes in fairness metrics across generations. In addition, we provide a conjecture to explain the bias dynamics when training models on continuously augmented datasets across generations. Our findings contribute to the ongoing debate on the implications of synthetic data for fairness in real-world applications.
Performance Evaluation of Deep Learning and Transformer Models Using Multimodal Data for Breast Cancer Classification
Authors: Sadam Hussain, Mansoor Ali, Usman Naseem, Beatriz Alejandra Bosques Palomo, Mario Alexis Monsivais Molina, Jorge Alberto Garza Abdala, Daly Betzabeth Avendano Avalos, Servando Cardona-Huerta, T. Aaron Gulliver, Jose Gerardo Tamez Pena
Date: 2024-10-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Cancer Classification, Diagnostic

Rising breast cancer (BC) occurrence and mortality are major global concerns for women. Deep learning (DL) has demonstrated superior diagnostic performance in BC classification compared to human expert readers. However, the predominant use of unimodal (digital mammography) features may limit the current performance of diagnostic models. To address this, we collected a novel multimodal dataset comprising both imaging and textual data. This study proposes a multimodal DL architecture for BC classification, utilising images (mammograms; four views) and textual data (radiological reports) from our new in-house dataset. Various augmentation techniques were applied to enhance the training data size for both imaging and textual data. We explored the performance of eleven SOTA DL architectures (VGG16, VGG19, ResNet34, ResNet50, MobileNet-v3, EffNet-b0, EffNet-b1, EffNet-b2, EffNet-b3, EffNet-b7, and Vision Transformer (ViT)) as imaging feature extractors. For textual feature extraction, we utilised either artificial neural networks (ANNs) or long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. The combined imaging and textual features were then inputted into an ANN classifier for BC classification, using the late fusion technique. We evaluated different feature extractor and classifier arrangements. The VGG19 and ANN combinations achieved the highest accuracy of 0.951. For precision, the VGG19 and ANN combination again surpassed other CNN and LSTM, ANN based architectures by achieving a score of 0.95. The best sensitivity score of 0.903 was achieved by the VGG16+LSTM. The highest F1 score of 0.931 was achieved by VGG19+LSTM. Only the VGG16+LSTM achieved the best area under the curve (AUC) of 0.937, with VGG16+LSTM closely following with a 0.929 AUC score.
Hi-Mamba: Hierarchical Mamba for Efficient Image Super-Resolution
Authors: Junbo Qiao, Jincheng Liao, Wei Li, Yulun Zhang, Yong Guo, Yi Wen, Zhangxizi Qiu, Jiao Xie, Jie Hu, Shaohui Lin
Date: 2024-10-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Super-Resolution, Mamba, State Space Models, Super-Resolution

State Space Models (SSM), such as Mamba, have shown strong representation ability in modeling long-range dependency with linear complexity, achieving successful applications from high-level to low-level vision tasks. However, SSM's sequential nature necessitates multiple scans in different directions to compensate for the loss of spatial dependency when unfolding the image into a 1D sequence. This multi-direction scanning strategy significantly increases the computation overhead and is unbearable for high-resolution image processing. To address this problem, we propose a novel Hierarchical Mamba network, namely, Hi-Mamba, for image super-resolution (SR). Hi-Mamba consists of two key designs: (1) The Hierarchical Mamba Block (HMB) assembled by a Local SSM (L-SSM) and a Region SSM (R-SSM) both with the single-direction scanning, aggregates multi-scale representations to enhance the context modeling ability. (2) The Direction Alternation Hierarchical Mamba Group (DA-HMG) allocates the isomeric single-direction scanning into cascading HMBs to enrich the spatial relationship modeling. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of Hi-Mamba across five benchmark datasets for efficient SR. For example, Hi-Mamba achieves a significant PSNR improvement of 0.29 dB on Manga109 for $\times3$ SR, compared to the strong lightweight MambaIR.
MMIE: Massive Multimodal Interleaved Comprehension Benchmark for Large Vision-Language Models
Authors: Peng Xia, Siwei Han, Shi Qiu, Yiyang Zhou, Zhaoyang Wang, Wenhao Zheng, Zhaorun Chen, Chenhang Cui, Mingyu Ding, Linjie Li, Lijuan Wang, Huaxiu Yao
Date: 2024-10-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Multiple-choice

Interleaved multimodal comprehension and generation, enabling models to produce and interpret both images and text in arbitrary sequences, have become a pivotal area in multimodal learning. Despite significant advancements, the evaluation of this capability remains insufficient. Existing benchmarks suffer from limitations in data scale, scope, and evaluation depth, while current evaluation metrics are often costly or biased, lacking in reliability for practical applications. To address these challenges, we introduce MMIE, a large-scale knowledge-intensive benchmark for evaluating interleaved multimodal comprehension and generation in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs). MMIE comprises 20K meticulously curated multimodal queries, spanning 3 categories, 12 fields, and 102 subfields, including mathematics, coding, physics, literature, health, and arts. It supports both interleaved inputs and outputs, offering a mix of multiple-choice and open-ended question formats to evaluate diverse competencies. Moreover, we propose a reliable automated evaluation metric, leveraging a scoring model fine-tuned with human-annotated data and systematic evaluation criteria, aimed at reducing bias and improving evaluation accuracy. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our benchmark and metrics in providing a comprehensive evaluation of interleaved LVLMs. Specifically, we evaluate eight LVLMs, revealing that even the best models show significant room for improvement, with most achieving only moderate results. We believe MMIE will drive further advancements in the development of interleaved LVLMs. We publicly release our benchmark and code in https://mmie-bench.github.io/.
TextCtrl: Diffusion-based Scene Text Editing with Prior Guidance Control
Authors: Weichao Zeng, Yan Shu, Zhenhang Li, Dongbao Yang, Yu Zhou
Date: 2024-10-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Disentanglement, Image Generation, Image Manipulation, Scene Text Editing

Centred on content modification and style preservation, Scene Text Editing (STE) remains a challenging task despite considerable progress in text-to-image synthesis and text-driven image manipulation recently. GAN-based STE methods generally encounter a common issue of model generalization, while Diffusion-based STE methods suffer from undesired style deviations. To address these problems, we propose TextCtrl, a diffusion-based method that edits text with prior guidance control. Our method consists of two key components: (i) By constructing fine-grained text style disentanglement and robust text glyph structure representation, TextCtrl explicitly incorporates Style-Structure guidance into model design and network training, significantly improving text style consistency and rendering accuracy. (ii) To further leverage the style prior, a Glyph-adaptive Mutual Self-attention mechanism is proposed which deconstructs the implicit fine-grained features of the source image to enhance style consistency and vision quality during inference. Furthermore, to fill the vacancy of the real-world STE evaluation benchmark, we create the first real-world image-pair dataset termed ScenePair for fair comparisons. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of TextCtrl compared with previous methods concerning both style fidelity and text accuracy.
MuseTalk: Real-Time High-Fidelity Video Dubbing via Spatio-Temporal Sampling
Authors: Yue Zhang, Zhizhou Zhong, Minhao Liu, Zhaokang Chen, Bin Wu, Yubin Zeng, Chao Zhan, Yingjie He, Junxin Huang, Wenjiang Zhou
Date: 2024-10-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Audio-Visual Synchronization, GPU, Video Generation

Real-time video dubbing that preserves identity consistency while achieving accurate lip synchronization remains a critical challenge. Existing approaches face a trilemma: diffusion-based methods achieve high visual fidelity but suffer from prohibitive computational costs, while GAN-based solutions sacrifice lip-sync accuracy or dental details for real-time performance. We present MuseTalk, a novel two-stage training framework that resolves this trade-off through latent space optimization and spatio-temporal data sampling strategy. Our key innovations include: (1) During the Facial Abstract Pretraining stage, we propose Informative Frame Sampling to temporally align reference-source pose pairs, eliminating redundant feature interference while preserving identity cues. (2) In the Lip-Sync Adversarial Finetuning stage, we employ Dynamic Margin Sampling to spatially select the most suitable lip-movement-promoting regions, balancing audio-visual synchronization and dental clarity. (3) MuseTalk establishes an effective audio-visual feature fusion framework in the latent space, delivering 30 FPS output at 256*256 resolution on an NVIDIA V100 GPU. Extensive experiments demonstrate that MuseTalk outperforms state-of-the-art methods in visual fidelity while achieving comparable lip-sync accuracy. %The codes and models will be made publicly available upon acceptance. The code is made available at \href{https://github.com/TMElyralab/MuseTalk}{https://github.com/TMElyralab/MuseTalk}
StegaINR4MIH: steganography by implicit neural representation for multi-image hiding
Authors: Weina Dong, Jia Liu, Lifeng Chen, Wenquan Sun, Xiaozhong Pan, Yan Ke
Date: 2024-10-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Steganography

Multi-image hiding, which embeds multiple secret images into a cover image and is able to recover these images with high quality, has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of image steganography. However, due to the need to embed a large amount of data in a limited cover image space, issues such as contour shadowing or color distortion often arise, posing significant challenges for multi-image hiding. In this paper, we propose StegaINR4MIH, a novel implicit neural representation steganography framework that enables the hiding of multiple images within a single implicit representation function. In contrast to traditional methods that use multiple encoders to achieve multi-image embedding, our approach leverages the redundancy of implicit representation function parameters and employs magnitude-based weight selection and secret weight substitution on pre-trained cover image functions to effectively hide and independently extract multiple secret images. We conduct experiments on images with a resolution of from three different datasets: CelebA-HQ, COCO, and DIV2K. When hiding two secret images, the PSNR values of both the secret images and the stego images exceed 42. When hiding five secret images, the PSNR values of both the secret images and the stego images exceed 39. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method in terms of visual quality and undetectability.
Mixture of Experts Made Personalized: Federated Prompt Learning for Vision-Language Models
Authors: Jun Luo, Chen Chen, Shandong Wu
Date: 2024-10-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Federated Learning, Mixture-of-Experts, Prompt Learning, Representation Learning

Federated prompt learning benefits federated learning with CLIP-like Vision-Language Model's (VLM's) robust representation learning ability through prompt learning. However, current federated prompt learning methods are habitually restricted to the traditional FL paradigm, where the participating clients are generally only allowed to download a single globally aggregated model from the server. While justifiable for training full-sized models under federated settings, in this work, we argue that this paradigm is ill-suited for lightweight prompts. By facilitating the clients to download multiple pre-aggregated prompts as fixed non-local experts, we propose Personalized Federated Mixture of Adaptive Prompts (pFedMoAP), a novel FL framework that personalizes the prompt learning process through the lens of Mixture of Experts (MoE). pFedMoAP implements a local attention-based gating network that learns to generate enhanced text features for better alignment with local image data, benefiting from both local and downloaded non-local adaptive prompt experts. Extensive experiments on 9 datasets under various federated settings demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed pFedMoAP algorithm. The code is available at https://github.com/ljaiverson/pFedMoAP.
Can We Predict Performance of Large Models across Vision-Language Tasks?
Authors: Qinyu Zhao, Ming Xu, Kartik Gupta, Akshay Asthana, Liang Zheng, Stephen Gould
Date: 2024-10-14 00:00:00
Tasks: Matrix Completion

Evaluating large vision-language models (LVLMs) is very expensive, due to the high computational costs and the wide variety of tasks. The good news is that if we already have some observed performance scores, we may be able to infer unknown ones. In this study, we propose a new framework for predicting unknown performance scores based on observed ones from other LVLMs or tasks. We first formulate the performance prediction as a matrix completion task. Specifically, we construct a sparse performance matrix $\boldsymbol{R}$, where each entry $R_{mn}$ represents the performance score of the $m$-th model on the $n$-th dataset. By applying probabilistic matrix factorization (PMF) with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), we can complete the performance matrix, that is, predict unknown scores. Additionally, we estimate the uncertainty of performance prediction based on MCMC. Practitioners can evaluate their models on untested tasks with higher uncertainty first, quickly reducing errors in performance prediction. We further introduce several improvements to enhance PMF for scenarios with sparse observed performance scores. In experiments, we systematically evaluate 108 LVLMs on 176 datasets from 36 benchmarks, constructing training and testing sets for validating our framework. Our experiments demonstrate the accuracy of PMF in predicting unknown scores, the reliability of uncertainty estimates in ordering evaluations, and the effectiveness of our enhancements for handling sparse data.