pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
DAISY: Data Adaptive Self-Supervised Early Exit for Speech Representation Models
Authors: Tzu-Quan Lin, Hung-Yi Lee, Hao Tang
Date: 2024-06-08 00:00:00

Self-supervised speech models have shown to be useful for various tasks, but their large size limits the use in devices with low computing power and memory. In this work, we explore early exit, an approach for reducing latency by exiting the forward process of a network early. Most approaches of early exit need a separate early exit model for each task, with some even requiring fine-tuning of the entire pretrained model. We introduce Data Adaptive Self-Supervised Early Exit (DAISY), an approach that decides when to exit based on the self-supervised loss, eliminating the need for multiple round of training and fine-tuning. DAISY matches the performance of HuBERT on the MiniSUPERB benchmark, but with much faster inference times. Our analysis on the adaptivity of DAISY shows that the model exits early (using fewer layers) on clean data while exits late (using more layers) on noisy data, dynamically adjusting the computational cost of inference based on the noise level of each sample.
Fighting Against the Repetitive Training and Sample Dependency Problem in Few-shot Named Entity Recognition
Authors: Chang Tian, Wenpeng Yin, Dan Li, Marie-Francine Moens
Date: 2024-06-08 00:00:00
Tasks: few-shot-ner, Few-shot NER, Language Modelling, Large Language Model, named-entity-recognition, Named Entity Recognition, Named Entity Recognition (NER), NER

Few-shot named entity recognition (NER) systems recognize entities using a few labeled training examples. The general pipeline consists of a span detector to identify entity spans in text and an entity-type classifier to assign types to entities. Current span detectors rely on extensive manual labeling to guide training. Almost every span detector requires initial training on basic span features followed by adaptation to task-specific features. This process leads to repetitive training of the basic span features among span detectors. Additionally, metric-based entity-type classifiers, such as prototypical networks, typically employ a specific metric that gauges the distance between the query sample and entity-type referents, ultimately assigning the most probable entity type to the query sample. However, these classifiers encounter the sample dependency problem, primarily stemming from the limited samples available for each entity-type referent. To address these challenges, we proposed an improved few-shot NER pipeline. First, we introduce a steppingstone span detector that is pre-trained on open-domain Wikipedia data. It can be used to initialize the pipeline span detector to reduce the repetitive training of basic features. Second, we leverage a large language model (LLM) to set reliable entity-type referents, eliminating reliance on few-shot samples of each type. Our model exhibits superior performance with fewer training steps and human-labeled data compared with baselines, as demonstrated through extensive experiments on various datasets. Particularly in fine-grained few-shot NER settings, our model outperforms strong baselines, including ChatGPT. We will publicly release the code, datasets, LLM outputs, and model checkpoints.
Design of reliable technology valuation model with calibrated machine learning of patent indicators
Authors: SeungHyun Lee, Janghyeok Yoon, Jaewoong Choi
Date: 2024-06-08 00:00:00

Machine learning (ML) has revolutionized the digital transformation of technology valuation by predicting the value of patents with high accuracy. However, the lack of validation regarding the reliability of these models hinders experts from fully trusting the confidence of model predictions. To address this issue, we propose an analytical framework for reliable technology valuation using calibrated ML models, which provide robust confidence levels in model predictions. We extract quantitative patent indicators that represent various technology characteristics as input data, using the patent maintenance period as a proxy for technology values. Multiple ML models are developed to capture the nonlinear relationship between patent indicators and technology value. The reliability and accuracy of these models are evaluated, presenting a Pareto-front map where the expected calibration error, Matthews correlation coefficient and F1-scores are compared. After identifying the best-performing model, we apply SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) analysis to pinpoint the most significant input features by confidence bin. Through a case study, we confirmed that the proposed approach offers a practical guideline for developing reliable and accurate ML-based technology valuation models, with significant implications for both academia and industry.
Novel Approach to Intrusion Detection: Introducing GAN-MSCNN-BILSTM with LIME Predictions
Authors: Asmaa Benchama, Khalid Zebbara
Date: 2024-06-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Binary Classification, Intrusion Detection, Multi-class Classification

This paper introduces an innovative intrusion detection system that harnesses Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), Multi-Scale Convolutional Neural Networks (MSCNNs), and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks, supplemented by Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) for interpretability. Employing a GAN, the system generates realistic network traffic data, encompassing both normal and attack patterns. This synthesized data is then fed into an MSCNN-BiLSTM architecture for intrusion detection. The MSCNN layer extracts features from the network traffic data at different scales, while the BiLSTM layer captures temporal dependencies within the traffic sequences. Integration of LIME allows for explaining the model's decisions. Evaluation on the Hogzilla dataset, a standard benchmark, showcases an impressive accuracy of 99.16\% for multi-class classification and 99.10\% for binary classification, while ensuring interpretability through LIME. This fusion of deep learning and interpretability presents a promising avenue for enhancing intrusion detection systems by improving transparency and decision support in network security.
A Scalable and Near-Optimal Conformance Checking Approach for Long Traces
Authors: Eli Bogdanov, Izack Cohen, Avigdor Gal
Date: 2024-06-08 00:00:00

Long traces and large event logs that originate from sensors and prediction models are becoming more common in our data-rich world. In such circumstances, conformance checking, a key task in process mining, can become computationally infeasible due to the exponential complexity of finding an optimal alignment. This paper introduces a novel sliding window approach to address these scalability challenges while preserving the interpretability of alignment-based methods. By breaking down traces into manageable subtraces and iteratively aligning each with the process model, our method significantly reduces the search space. The approach uses global information that captures structural properties of the trace and the process model to make informed alignment decisions, discarding unpromising alignments even if they are optimal for a local subtrace. This improves the overall accuracy of the results. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that the proposed method consistently finds optimal alignments in most cases and highlight its scalability. This is further supported by a theoretical complexity analysis, which shows the reduced growth of the search space compared to other common conformance checking methods. This work provides a valuable contribution towards efficient conformance checking for large-scale process mining applications.
Diffusion-based Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic UAV-assisted Vehicle Twins Migration in Vehicular Metaverses
Authors: Yongju Tong, Jiawen Kang, Junlong Chen, Minrui Xu, Gaolei Li, Weiting Zhang, Xincheng Yan
Date: 2024-06-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Heuristic Search, Reinforcement Learning (RL)

Air-ground integrated networks can relieve communication pressure on ground transportation networks and provide 6G-enabled vehicular Metaverses services offloading in remote areas with sparse RoadSide Units (RSUs) coverage and downtown areas where users have a high demand for vehicular services. Vehicle Twins (VTs) are the digital twins of physical vehicles to enable more immersive and realistic vehicular services, which can be offloaded and updated on RSU, to manage and provide vehicular Metaverses services to passengers and drivers. The high mobility of vehicles and the limited coverage of RSU signals necessitate VT migration to ensure service continuity when vehicles leave the signal coverage of RSUs. However, uneven VT task migration might overload some RSUs, which might result in increased service latency, and thus impactive immersive experiences for users. In this paper, we propose a dynamic Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-assisted VT migration framework in air-ground integrated networks, where UAVs act as aerial edge servers to assist ground RSUs during VT task offloading. In this framework, we propose a diffusion-based Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm, which can efficiently make immersive VT migration decisions in UAV-assisted vehicular networks. To balance the workload of RSUs and improve VT migration quality, we design a novel dynamic path planning algorithm based on a heuristic search strategy for UAVs. Simulation results show that the diffusion-based RL algorithm with UAV-assisted performs better than other baseline schemes.
Multi-attribute Auction-based Resource Allocation for Twins Migration in Vehicular Metaverses: A GPT-based DRL Approach
Authors: Yongju Tong, Junlong Chen, Minrui Xu, Jiawen Kang, Zehui Xiong, Dusit Niyato, Chau Yuen, Zhu Han
Date: 2024-06-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Attribute, Deep Reinforcement Learning

Vehicular Metaverses are developed to enhance the modern automotive industry with an immersive and safe experience among connected vehicles and roadside infrastructures, e.g., RoadSide Units (RSUs). For seamless synchronization with virtual spaces, Vehicle Twins (VTs) are constructed as digital representations of physical entities. However, resource-intensive VTs updating and high mobility of vehicles require intensive computation, communication, and storage resources, especially for their migration among RSUs with limited coverages. To address these issues, we propose an attribute-aware auction-based mechanism to optimize resource allocation during VTs migration by considering both price and non-monetary attributes, e.g., location and reputation. In this mechanism, we propose a two-stage matching for vehicular users and Metaverse service providers in multi-attribute resource markets. First, the resource attributes matching algorithm obtains the resource attributes perfect matching, namely, buyers and sellers can participate in a double Dutch auction (DDA). Then, we train a DDA auctioneer using a generative pre-trained transformer (GPT)-based deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm to adjust the auction clocks efficiently during the auction process. We compare the performance of social welfare and auction information exchange costs with state-of-the-art baselines under different settings. Simulation results show that our proposed GPT-based DRL auction schemes have better performance than others.
Discover Your Neighbors: Advanced Stable Test-Time Adaptation in Dynamic World
Authors: Qinting Jiang, Chuyang Ye, Dongyan Wei, Yuan Xue, Jingyan Jiang, Zhi Wang
Date: 2024-06-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Clustering, Test-time Adaptation

Despite progress, deep neural networks still suffer performance declines under distribution shifts between training and test domains, leading to a substantial decrease in Quality of Experience (QoE) for multimedia applications. Existing test-time adaptation (TTA) methods are challenged by dynamic, multiple test distributions within batches. This work provides a new perspective on analyzing batch normalization techniques through class-related and class-irrelevant features, our observations reveal combining source and test batch normalization statistics robustly characterizes target distributions. However, test statistics must have high similarity. We thus propose Discover Your Neighbours (DYN), the first backward-free approach specialized for dynamic TTA. The core innovation is identifying similar samples via instance normalization statistics and clustering into groups which provides consistent class-irrelevant representations. Specifically, Our DYN consists of layer-wise instance statistics clustering (LISC) and cluster-aware batch normalization (CABN). In LISC, we perform layer-wise clustering of approximate feature samples at each BN layer by calculating the cosine similarity of instance normalization statistics across the batch. CABN then aggregates SBN and TCN statistics to collaboratively characterize the target distribution, enabling more robust representations. Experimental results validate DYN's robustness and effectiveness, demonstrating maintained performance under dynamic data stream patterns.
MLLM-SR: Conversational Symbolic Regression base Multi-Modal Large Language Models
Authors: YanJie Li, Weijun Li, Lina Yu, Min Wu, Jingyi Liu, Wenqiang Li, Shu Wei, Yusong Deng
Date: 2024-06-08 00:00:00
Tasks: regression, Symbolic Regression

Formulas are the language of communication between humans and nature. It is an important research topic of artificial intelligence to find expressions from observed data to reflect the relationship between each variable in the data, which is called a symbolic regression problem. The existing symbolic regression methods directly generate expressions according to the given observation data, and we cannot require the algorithm to generate expressions that meet specific requirements according to the known prior knowledge. For example, the expression needs to contain $\sin$ or be symmetric, and so on. Even if it can, it often requires very complex operations, which is very inconvenient. In this paper, based on multi-modal large language models, we propose MLLM-SR, a conversational symbolic regression method that can generate expressions that meet the requirements simply by describing the requirements with natural language instructions. By experimenting on the Nguyen dataset, we can demonstrate that MLLM-SR leads the state-of-the-art baselines in fitting performance. More notably, we experimentally demonstrate that MLLM-SR can well understand the prior knowledge we add to the natural language instructions. Moreover, the addition of prior knowledge can effectively guide MLLM-SR to generate correct expressions.
Natural Language-Oriented Programming (NLOP): Towards Democratizing Software Creation
Authors: Amin Beheshti
Date: 2024-06-08 00:00:00

As generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies evolve, they offer unprecedented potential to automate and enhance various tasks, including coding. Natural Language-Oriented Programming (NLOP), a vision introduced in this paper, harnesses this potential by allowing developers to articulate software requirements and logic in their natural language, thereby democratizing software creation. This approach streamlines the development process and significantly lowers the barrier to entry for software engineering, making it feasible for non-experts to contribute effectively to software projects. By simplifying the transition from concept to code, NLOP can accelerate development cycles, enhance collaborative efforts, and reduce misunderstandings in requirement specifications. This paper reviews various programming models, assesses their contributions and limitations, and highlights that natural language will be the new programming language. Through this comparison, we illustrate how NLOP stands to transform the landscape of software engineering by fostering greater inclusivity and innovation.
Mean-field Chaos Diffusion Models
Authors: Sungwoo Park, Dongjun Kim, Ahmed Alaa
Date: 2024-06-08 00:00:00

In this paper, we introduce a new class of score-based generative models (SGMs) designed to handle high-cardinality data distributions by leveraging concepts from mean-field theory. We present mean-field chaos diffusion models (MF-CDMs), which address the curse of dimensionality inherent in high-cardinality data by utilizing the propagation of chaos property of interacting particles. By treating high-cardinality data as a large stochastic system of interacting particles, we develop a novel score-matching method for infinite-dimensional chaotic particle systems and propose an approximation scheme that employs a subdivision strategy for efficient training. Our theoretical and empirical results demonstrate the scalability and effectiveness of MF-CDMs for managing large high-cardinality data structures, such as 3D point clouds.
Deconstructing The Ethics of Large Language Models from Long-standing Issues to New-emerging Dilemmas: A Survey
Authors: Chengyuan Deng, Yiqun Duan, Xin Jin, Heng Chang, Yijun Tian, Han Liu, Yichen Wang, Kuofeng Gao, Henry Peng Zou, Yiqiao Jin, Yijia Xiao, Shenghao Wu, Zongxing Xie, Weimin Lyu, Sihong He, Lu Cheng, Haohan Wang, Jun Zhuang
Date: 2024-06-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Ethics, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Survey

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved unparalleled success across diverse language modeling tasks in recent years. However, this progress has also intensified ethical concerns, impacting the deployment of LLMs in everyday contexts. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of ethical challenges associated with LLMs, from longstanding issues such as copyright infringement, systematic bias, and data privacy, to emerging problems like truthfulness and social norms. We critically analyze existing research aimed at understanding, examining, and mitigating these ethical risks. Our survey underscores integrating ethical standards and societal values into the development of LLMs, thereby guiding the development of responsible and ethically aligned language models.
LEMMA-RCA: A Large Multi-modal Multi-domain Dataset for Root Cause Analysis
Authors: Lecheng Zheng, Zhengzhang Chen, Dongjie Wang, Chengyuan Deng, Reon Matsuoka, Haifeng Chen
Date: 2024-06-08 00:00:00
Tasks: LEMMA

Root cause analysis (RCA) is crucial for enhancing the reliability and performance of complex systems. However, progress in this field has been hindered by the lack of large-scale, open-source datasets tailored for RCA. To bridge this gap, we introduce LEMMA-RCA, a large dataset designed for diverse RCA tasks across multiple domains and modalities. LEMMA-RCA features various real-world fault scenarios from IT and OT operation systems, encompassing microservices, water distribution, and water treatment systems, with hundreds of system entities involved. We evaluate the quality of LEMMA-RCA by testing the performance of eight baseline methods on this dataset under various settings, including offline and online modes as well as single and multiple modalities. Our experimental results demonstrate the high quality of LEMMA-RCA. The dataset is publicly available at https://lemma-rca.github.io/.
Venn Diagram Prompting : Accelerating Comprehension with Scaffolding Effect
Authors: Sakshi Mahendru, Tejul Pandit
Date: 2024-06-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Question Answering

We introduce Venn Diagram (VD) Prompting, an innovative prompting technique which allows Large Language Models (LLMs) to combine and synthesize information across complex, diverse and long-context documents in knowledge-intensive question-answering tasks. Generating answers from multiple documents involves numerous steps to extract relevant and unique information and amalgamate it into a cohesive response. To improve the quality of the final answer, multiple LLM calls or pretrained models are used to perform different tasks such as summarization, reorganization and customization. The approach covered in the paper focuses on replacing the multi-step strategy via a single LLM call using VD prompting. Our proposed technique also aims to eliminate the inherent position bias in the LLMs, enhancing consistency in answers by removing sensitivity to the sequence of input information. It overcomes the challenge of inconsistency traditionally associated with varying input sequences. We also explore the practical applications of the VD prompt based on our examination of the prompt's outcomes. In the experiments performed on four public benchmark question-answering datasets, VD prompting continually matches or surpasses the performance of a meticulously crafted instruction prompt which adheres to optimal guidelines and practices.
CaLM: Contrasting Large and Small Language Models to Verify Grounded Generation
Authors: I-Hung Hsu, Zifeng Wang, Long T. Le, Lesly Miculicich, Nanyun Peng, Chen-Yu Lee, Tomas Pfister
Date: 2024-06-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Open-Domain Question Answering, Question Answering

Grounded generation aims to equip language models (LMs) with the ability to produce more credible and accountable responses by accurately citing verifiable sources. However, existing methods, by either feeding LMs with raw or preprocessed materials, remain prone to errors. To address this, we introduce CaLM, a novel verification framework. CaLM leverages the insight that a robust grounded response should be consistent with information derived solely from its cited sources. Our framework empowers smaller LMs, which rely less on parametric memory and excel at processing relevant information given a query, to validate the output of larger LMs. Larger LM responses that closely align with the smaller LMs' output, which relies exclusively on cited documents, are verified. Responses showing discrepancies are iteratively refined through a feedback loop. Experiments on three open-domain question-answering datasets demonstrate significant performance gains of 1.5% to 7% absolute average without any required model fine-tuning.
Is On-Device AI Broken and Exploitable? Assessing the Trust and Ethics in Small Language Models
Authors: Kalyan Nakka, Jimmy Dani, Nitesh Saxena
Date: 2024-06-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Ethics, Prompt Engineering, valid

In this paper, we present a very first study to investigate trust and ethical implications of on-device artificial intelligence (AI), focusing on small language models (SLMs) amenable for personal devices like smartphones. While on-device SLMs promise enhanced privacy, reduced latency, and improved user experience compared to cloud-based services, we posit that they might also introduce significant risks and vulnerabilities compared to their on-server counterparts. As part of our trust assessment study, we conduct a systematic evaluation of the state-of-the-art on-devices SLMs, contrasted to their on-server counterparts, based on a well-established trustworthiness measurement framework. Our results show on-device SLMs to be significantly less trustworthy, specifically demonstrating more stereotypical, unfair and privacy-breaching behavior. Informed by these findings, we then perform our ethics assessment study using a dataset of unethical questions, that depicts harmful scenarios. Our results illustrate the lacking ethical safeguards in on-device SLMs, emphasizing their capabilities of generating harmful content. Further, the broken safeguards and exploitable nature of on-device SLMs is demonstrated using potentially unethical vanilla prompts, to which the on-device SLMs answer with valid responses without any filters and without the need for any jailbreaking or prompt engineering. These responses can be abused for various harmful and unethical scenarios like: societal harm, illegal activities, hate, self-harm, exploitable phishing content and many others, all of which indicates the severe vulnerability and exploitability of these on-device SLMs.