pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Anomaly Detection via Generating Diversified and Hard-to-distinguish Synthetic Anomalies
Authors: Hyuntae Kim, Changhee Lee
Date: 2024-09-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Anomaly Detection, Unsupervised Anomaly Detection

Unsupervised anomaly detection is a daunting task, as it relies solely on normality patterns from the training data to identify unseen anomalies during testing. Recent approaches have focused on leveraging domain-specific transformations or perturbations to generate synthetic anomalies from normal samples. The objective here is to acquire insights into normality patterns by learning to differentiate between normal samples and these crafted anomalies. However, these approaches often encounter limitations when domain-specific transformations are not well-specified such as in tabular data, or when it becomes trivial to distinguish between them. To address these issues, we introduce a novel domain-agnostic method that employs a set of conditional perturbators and a discriminator. The perturbators are trained to generate input-dependent perturbations, which are subsequently utilized to construct synthetic anomalies, and the discriminator is trained to distinguish normal samples from them. We ensure that the generated anomalies are both diverse and hard to distinguish through two key strategies: i) directing perturbations to be orthogonal to each other and ii) constraining perturbations to remain in proximity to normal samples. Throughout experiments on real-world datasets, we demonstrate the superiority of our method over state-of-the-art benchmarks, which is evident not only in image data but also in tabular data, where domain-specific transformation is not readily accessible. Additionally, we empirically confirm the adaptability of our method to semi-supervised settings, demonstrating its capacity to incorporate supervised signals to enhance anomaly detection performance even further.
MindGuard: Towards Accessible and Sitgma-free Mental Health First Aid via Edge LLM
Authors: Sijie Ji, Xinzhe Zheng, Jiawei Sun, Renqi Chen, Wei Gao, Mani Srivastava
Date: 2024-09-16 00:00:00

Mental health disorders are among the most prevalent diseases worldwide, affecting nearly one in four people. Despite their widespread impact, the intervention rate remains below 25%, largely due to the significant cooperation required from patients for both diagnosis and intervention. The core issue behind this low treatment rate is stigma, which discourages over half of those affected from seeking help. This paper presents MindGuard, an accessible, stigma-free, and professional mobile mental healthcare system designed to provide mental health first aid. The heart of MindGuard is an innovative edge LLM, equipped with professional mental health knowledge, that seamlessly integrates objective mobile sensor data with subjective Ecological Momentary Assessment records to deliver personalized screening and intervention conversations. We conduct a broad evaluation of MindGuard using open datasets spanning four years and real-world deployment across various mobile devices involving 20 subjects for two weeks. Remarkably, MindGuard achieves results comparable to GPT-4 and outperforms its counterpart with more than 10 times the model size. We believe that MindGuard paves the way for mobile LLM applications, potentially revolutionizing mental healthcare practices by substituting self-reporting and intervention conversations with passive, integrated monitoring within daily life, thus ensuring accessible and stigma-free mental health support.
GlobalMapNet: An Online Framework for Vectorized Global HD Map Construction
Authors: Anqi Shi, Yuze Cai, Xiangyu Chen, Jian Pu, Zeyu Fu, Hong Lu
Date: 2024-09-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Autonomous Driving

High-definition (HD) maps are essential for autonomous driving systems. Traditionally, an expensive and labor-intensive pipeline is implemented to construct HD maps, which is limited in scalability. In recent years, crowdsourcing and online mapping have emerged as two alternative methods, but they have limitations respectively. In this paper, we provide a novel methodology, namely global map construction, to perform direct generation of vectorized global maps, combining the benefits of crowdsourcing and online mapping. We introduce GlobalMapNet, the first online framework for vectorized global HD map construction, which updates and utilizes a global map on the ego vehicle. To generate the global map from scratch, we propose GlobalMapBuilder to match and merge local maps continuously. We design a new algorithm, Map NMS, to remove duplicate map elements and produce a clean map. We also propose GlobalMapFusion to aggregate historical map information, improving consistency of prediction. We examine GlobalMapNet on two widely recognized datasets, Argoverse2 and nuScenes, showing that our framework is capable of generating globally consistent results.
Audio-Driven Reinforcement Learning for Head-Orientation in Naturalistic Environments
Authors: Wessel Ledder, Yuzhen Qin, Kiki van der Heijden
Date: 2024-09-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Audio Signal Processing, Deep Reinforcement Learning, Q-Learning, reinforcement-learning, Reinforcement Learning

Although deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approaches in audio signal processing have seen substantial progress in recent years, audio-driven DRL for tasks such as navigation, gaze control and head-orientation control in the context of human-robot interaction have received little attention. Here, we propose an audio-driven DRL framework in which we utilise deep Q-learning to develop an autonomous agent that orients towards a talker in the acoustic environment based on stereo speech recordings. Our results show that the agent learned to perform the task at a near perfect level when trained on speech segments in anechoic environments (that is, without reverberation). The presence of reverberation in naturalistic acoustic environments affected the agent's performance, although the agent still substantially outperformed a baseline, randomly acting agent. Finally, we quantified the degree of generalization of the proposed DRL approach across naturalistic acoustic environments. Our experiments revealed that policies learned by agents trained on medium or high reverb environments generalized to low reverb environments, but policies learned by agents trained on anechoic or low reverb environments did not generalize to medium or high reverb environments. Taken together, this study demonstrates the potential of audio-driven DRL for tasks such as head-orientation control and highlights the need for training strategies that enable robust generalization across environments for real-world audio-driven DRL applications.
On the Diagram of Thought
Authors: Yifan Zhang, Yang Yuan, Andrew Chi-Chih Yao
Date: 2024-09-16 00:00:00

Current large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities but struggle with complex, multi-step reasoning tasks. Existing methods often tackle this by requiring external control mechanisms or multi-model orchestration, which introduces system complexity and typically lacks formal guarantees of reasoning soundness. We introduce the Diagram of Thought (DoT), a framework wherein a single auto-regressive LLM internally constructs and navigates a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). This DAG represents the iterative reasoning process, encompassing steps like proposing ideas, critiquing them, refining based on feedback, and synthesizing conclusions. This self-orchestrated, self-contained process is guided by learned role-specific tokens (e.g., <proposer>, <critic>, <summarizer>) embedded within the standard generation loop, thereby eliminating external dependencies. Crucially, we establish a rigorous mathematical foundation for DoT using Topos Theory. We formalize the reasoning DAG as a diagram within a suitable topos and prove that the final synthesis step, aggregating validated information, corresponds semantically to computing the colimit of the relevant sub-diagram. This formalization provides theoretical guarantees concerning the logical consistency and robustness of the synthesized outcome. DoT thus offers a unified, self-contained, interpretable, efficient, and formally grounded approach designed to significantly advance the complex reasoning capabilities of LLMs.
Can GPT-O1 Kill All Bugs? An Evaluation of GPT-Family LLMs on QuixBugs
Authors: Haichuan Hu, Ye Shang, Guolin Xu, Congqing He, Quanjun Zhang
Date: 2024-09-16 00:00:00
Tasks: All, Program Repair

LLMs have long demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in automatic program repair (APR), with OpenAI's ChatGPT being one of the most widely used models in this domain. Through continuous iterations and upgrades of GPT-family models, their performance in fixing bugs has already reached state-of-the-art levels. However, there are few works comparing the effectiveness and variations of different versions of GPT-family models on APR. In this work, inspired by the recent public release of the GPT-o1 models, we conduct the first study to compare the effectiveness of different versions of the GPT-family models in APR. We evaluate the performance of the latest version of the GPT-family models (i.e., O1-preview and O1-mini), GPT-4o, and the historical version of ChatGPT on APR. We conduct an empirical study of the four GPT-family models against other LLMs and APR techniques on the QuixBugs benchmark from multiple evaluation perspectives, including repair success rate, repair cost, response length, and behavior patterns. The results demonstrate that O1's repair capability exceeds that of prior GPT-family models, successfully fixing all 40 bugs in the benchmark. Our work can serve as a foundation for further in-depth exploration of the applications of GPT-family models in APR.
AttnMod: Attention-Based New Art Styles
Authors: Shih-Chieh Su
Date: 2024-09-16 00:00:00

Imagine a human artist looking at the generated photo of a diffusion model, and hoping to create a painting out of it. There could be some feature of the object in the photo that the artist wants to emphasize, some color to disperse, some silhouette to twist, or some part of the scene to be materialized. These intentions can be viewed as the modification of the cross attention from the text prompt onto UNet, during the desoising diffusion. This work presents AttnMod, to modify attention for creating new unpromptable art styles out of existing diffusion models. The style-creating behavior is studied across different setups.
E2Map: Experience-and-Emotion Map for Self-Reflective Robot Navigation with Language Models
Authors: Chan Kim, Keonwoo Kim, Mintaek Oh, Hanbi Baek, Jiyang Lee, Donghwi Jung, Soojin Woo, Younkyung Woo, John Tucker, Roya Firoozi, Seung-Woo Seo, Mac Schwager, Seong-Woo Kim
Date: 2024-09-16 00:00:00
Tasks: General Knowledge, Robot Navigation

Large language models (LLMs) have shown significant potential in guiding embodied agents to execute language instructions across a range of tasks, including robotic manipulation and navigation. However, existing methods are primarily designed for static environments and do not leverage the agent's own experiences to refine its initial plans. Given that real-world environments are inherently stochastic, initial plans based solely on LLMs' general knowledge may fail to achieve their objectives, unlike in static scenarios. To address this limitation, this study introduces the Experience-and-Emotion Map (E2Map), which integrates not only LLM knowledge but also the agent's real-world experiences, drawing inspiration from human emotional responses. The proposed methodology enables one-shot behavior adjustments by updating the E2Map based on the agent's experiences. Our evaluation in stochastic navigation environments, including both simulations and real-world scenarios, demonstrates that the proposed method significantly enhances performance in stochastic environments compared to existing LLM-based approaches. Code and supplementary materials are available at https://e2map.github.io/.
HALO: Hallucination Analysis and Learning Optimization to Empower LLMs with Retrieval-Augmented Context for Guided Clinical Decision Making
Authors: Sumera Anjum, Hanzhi Zhang, Wenjun Zhou, Eun Jin Paek, Xiaopeng Zhao, Yunhe Feng
Date: 2024-09-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Answer Generation, Decision Making, Hallucination, Medical Question Answering, Question Answering

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced natural language processing tasks, yet they are susceptible to generating inaccurate or unreliable responses, a phenomenon known as hallucination. In critical domains such as health and medicine, these hallucinations can pose serious risks. This paper introduces HALO, a novel framework designed to enhance the accuracy and reliability of medical question-answering (QA) systems by focusing on the detection and mitigation of hallucinations. Our approach generates multiple variations of a given query using LLMs and retrieves relevant information from external open knowledge bases to enrich the context. We utilize maximum marginal relevance scoring to prioritize the retrieved context, which is then provided to LLMs for answer generation, thereby reducing the risk of hallucinations. The integration of LangChain further streamlines this process, resulting in a notable and robust increase in the accuracy of both open-source and commercial LLMs, such as Llama-3.1 (from 44% to 65%) and ChatGPT (from 56% to 70%). This framework underscores the critical importance of addressing hallucinations in medical QA systems, ultimately improving clinical decision-making and patient care. The open-source HALO is available at: https://github.com/ResponsibleAILab/HALO.
SelECT-SQL: Self-correcting ensemble Chain-of-Thought for Text-to-SQL
Authors: Ke Shen, Mayank Kejriwal
Date: 2024-09-16 00:00:00
Tasks: In-Context Learning, Text to SQL, Text-To-SQL

In recent years,Text-to-SQL, the problem of automatically converting questions posed in natural language to formal SQL queries, has emerged as an important problem at the intersection of natural language processing and data management research. Large language models (LLMs) have delivered impressive performance when used in an off-the-shelf performance, but still fall significantly short of expected expert-level performance. Errors are especially probable when a nuanced understanding is needed of database schemas, questions, and SQL clauses to do proper Text-to-SQL conversion. We introduce SelECT-SQL, a novel in-context learning solution that uses an algorithmic combination of chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting, self-correction, and ensemble methods to yield a new state-of-the-art result on challenging Text-to-SQL benchmarks. Specifically, when configured using GPT-3.5-Turbo as the base LLM, SelECT-SQL achieves 84.2% execution accuracy on the Spider leaderboard's development set, exceeding both the best results of other baseline GPT-3.5-Turbo-based solutions (81.1%), and the peak performance (83.5%) of the GPT-4 result reported on the leaderboard.
FreeMark: A Non-Invasive White-Box Watermarking for Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Yuzhang Chen, Jiangnan Zhu, Yujie Gu, Minoru Kuribayashi, Kouichi Sakurai
Date: 2024-09-16 00:00:00

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved significant success in real-world applications. However, safeguarding their intellectual property (IP) remains extremely challenging. Existing DNN watermarking for IP protection often require modifying DNN models, which reduces model performance and limits their practicality. This paper introduces FreeMark, a novel DNN watermarking framework that leverages cryptographic principles without altering the original host DNN model, thereby avoiding any reduction in model performance. Unlike traditional DNN watermarking methods, FreeMark innovatively generates secret keys from a pre-generated watermark vector and the host model using gradient descent. These secret keys, used to extract watermark from the model's activation values, are securely stored with a trusted third party, enabling reliable watermark extraction from suspect models. Extensive experiments demonstrate that FreeMark effectively resists various watermark removal attacks while maintaining high watermark capacity.
Comprehensive Study on Sentiment Analysis: From Rule-based to modern LLM based system
Authors: Shailja Gupta, Rajesh Ranjan, Surya Narayan Singh
Date: 2024-09-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Deep Learning, Sentiment Analysis, Survey

This paper provides a comprehensive survey of sentiment analysis within the context of artificial intelligence (AI) and large language models (LLMs). Sentiment analysis, a critical aspect of natural language processing (NLP), has evolved significantly from traditional rule-based methods to advanced deep learning techniques. This study examines the historical development of sentiment analysis, highlighting the transition from lexicon-based and pattern-based approaches to more sophisticated machine learning and deep learning models. Key challenges are discussed, including handling bilingual texts, detecting sarcasm, and addressing biases. The paper reviews state-of-the-art approaches, identifies emerging trends, and outlines future research directions to advance the field. By synthesizing current methodologies and exploring future opportunities, this survey aims to understand sentiment analysis in the AI and LLM context thoroughly.
Artificial Intelligence-Based Opportunistic Coronary Calcium Screening in the Veterans Affairs National Healthcare System
Authors: Raffi Hagopian, Timothy Strebel, Simon Bernatz, Gregory A Myers, Erik Offerman, Eric Zuniga, Cy Y Kim, Angie T Ng, James A Iwaz, Sunny P Singh, Evan P Carey, Michael J Kim, R Spencer Schaefer, Jeannie Yu, Amilcare Gentili, Hugo JWL Aerts
Date: 2024-09-16 00:00:00

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) is highly predictive of cardiovascular events. While millions of chest CT scans are performed annually in the United States, CAC is not routinely quantified from scans done for non-cardiac purposes. A deep learning algorithm was developed using 446 expert segmentations to automatically quantify CAC on non-contrast, non-gated CT scans (AI-CAC). Our study differs from prior works as we leverage imaging data across the Veterans Affairs national healthcare system, from 98 medical centers, capturing extensive heterogeneity in imaging protocols, scanners, and patients. AI-CAC performance on non-gated scans was compared against clinical standard ECG-gated CAC scoring. Non-gated AI-CAC differentiated zero vs. non-zero and less than 100 vs. 100 or greater Agatston scores with accuracies of 89.4% (F1 0.93) and 87.3% (F1 0.89), respectively, in 795 patients with paired gated scans within a year of a non-gated CT scan. Non-gated AI-CAC was predictive of 10-year all-cause mortality (CAC 0 vs. >400 group: 25.4% vs. 60.2%, Cox HR 3.49, p < 0.005), and composite first-time stroke, MI, or death (CAC 0 vs. >400 group: 33.5% vs. 63.8%, Cox HR 3.00, p < 0.005). In a screening dataset of 8,052 patients with low-dose lung cancer-screening CTs (LDCT), 3,091/8,052 (38.4%) individuals had AI-CAC >400. Four cardiologists qualitatively reviewed LDCT images from a random sample of >400 AI-CAC patients and verified that 527/531 (99.2%) would benefit from lipid-lowering therapy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first non-gated CT CAC algorithm developed across a national healthcare system, on multiple imaging protocols, without filtering intra-cardiac hardware, and compared against a strong gated CT reference. We report superior performance relative to previous CAC algorithms evaluated against paired gated scans that included patients with intra-cardiac hardware.
An Offline Adaptation Framework for Constrained Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Qian Lin, Zongkai Liu, Danying Mo, Chao Yu
Date: 2024-09-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning, Reinforcement Learning (RL)

In recent years, significant progress has been made in multi-objective reinforcement learning (RL) research, which aims to balance multiple objectives by incorporating preferences for each objective. In most existing studies, specific preferences must be provided during deployment to indicate the desired policies explicitly. However, designing these preferences depends heavily on human prior knowledge, which is typically obtained through extensive observation of high-performing demonstrations with expected behaviors. In this work, we propose a simple yet effective offline adaptation framework for multi-objective RL problems without assuming handcrafted target preferences, but only given several demonstrations to implicitly indicate the preferences of expected policies. Additionally, we demonstrate that our framework can naturally be extended to meet constraints on safety-critical objectives by utilizing safe demonstrations, even when the safety thresholds are unknown. Empirical results on offline multi-objective and safe tasks demonstrate the capability of our framework to infer policies that align with real preferences while meeting the constraints implied by the provided demonstrations.
Deep Graph Anomaly Detection: A Survey and New Perspectives
Authors: Hezhe Qiao, Hanghang Tong, Bo An, Irwin King, Charu Aggarwal, Guansong Pang
Date: 2024-09-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Anomaly Detection, Graph Anomaly Detection, Survey

Graph anomaly detection (GAD), which aims to identify unusual graph instances (nodes, edges, subgraphs, or graphs), has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to its significance in a wide range of applications. Deep learning approaches, graph neural networks (GNNs) in particular, have been emerging as a promising paradigm for GAD, owing to its strong capability in capturing complex structure and/or node attributes in graph data. Considering the large number of methods proposed for GNN-based GAD, it is of paramount importance to summarize the methodologies and findings in the existing GAD studies, so that we can pinpoint effective model designs for tackling open GAD problems. To this end, in this work we aim to present a comprehensive review of deep learning approaches for GAD. Existing GAD surveys are focused on task-specific discussions, making it difficult to understand the technical insights of existing methods and their limitations in addressing some unique challenges in GAD. To fill this gap, we first discuss the problem complexities and their resulting challenges in GAD, and then provide a systematic review of current deep GAD methods from three novel perspectives of methodology, including GNN backbone design, proxy task design for GAD, and graph anomaly measures. To deepen the discussions, we further propose a taxonomy of 13 fine-grained method categories under these three perspectives to provide more in-depth insights into the model designs and their capabilities. To facilitate the experiments and validation, we also summarize a collection of widely-used GAD datasets and empirical comparison. We further discuss multiple open problems to inspire more future high-quality research. A continuously updated repository for datasets, links to the codes of algorithms, and empirical comparison is available at https://github.com/mala-lab/Awesome-Deep-Graph-Anomaly-Detection.