pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Can Language Models Replace Programmers for Coding? REPOCOD Says 'Not Yet'
Authors: Shanchao Liang, Yiran Hu, Nan Jiang, Lin Tan
Date: 2024-10-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Code Completion, Code Generation, HumanEval, mbpp, Retrieval-augmented Generation

Recently, a number of repository-level code generation benchmarks-such as CoderEval, DevEval, RepoEval, RepoBench, and LongCodeArena-have emerged to evaluate the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) beyond standalone benchmarks like HumanEval and MBPP. Thus, a natural question is, would LLMs have similar performance in real world coding tasks as their performance in these benchmarks? Unfortunately, one cannot answer this question, since these benchmarks consist of short completions, synthetic examples, or focus on limited scale repositories, failing to represent real-world coding tasks. To address these challenges, we create REPOCOD, a Python code-generation benchmark containing complex tasks with realistic dependencies in real-world large projects and appropriate metrics for evaluating source code. It includes 980 whole-function generation tasks from 11 popular projects, 50.8% of which require repository-level context. REPOCOD includes 314 developer-written test cases per instance for better evaluation. We evaluate ten LLMs on REPOCOD and find that none achieves more than 30% pass@1 on REPOCOD, indicating the necessity of building stronger LLMs that can help developers in real-world software development. In addition, we found that retrieval-augmented generation achieves better results than using target function dependencies as context.
Unveiling Context-Aware Criteria in Self-Assessing LLMs
Authors: Taneesh Gupta, Shivam Shandilya, Xuchao Zhang, Supriyo Ghosh, Chetan Bansal, Huaxiu Yao, Saravan Rajmohan
Date: 2024-10-28 00:00:00
Tasks: Knowledge Distillation

The use of large language models (LLMs) as evaluators has garnered significant attention due to their potential to rival human-level evaluations in long-form response assessments. However, current LLM evaluators rely heavily on static, human-defined criteria, limiting their ability to generalize across diverse generative tasks and incorporate context-specific knowledge. In this paper, we propose a novel Self-Assessing LLM framework that integrates Context-Aware Criteria (SALC) with dynamic knowledge tailored to each evaluation instance. This instance-level knowledge enhances the LLM evaluator's performance by providing relevant and context-aware insights that pinpoint the important criteria specific to the current instance. Additionally, the proposed framework adapts seamlessly to various tasks without relying on predefined human criteria, offering a more flexible evaluation approach. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms existing baseline evaluation frameworks, yielding improvements on average 4.8% across a wide variety of datasets. Furthermore, by leveraging knowledge distillation techniques, we fine-tuned smaller language models for criteria generation and evaluation, achieving comparable or superior performance to larger models with much lower cost. Our method also exhibits a improvement in LC Win-Rate in AlpacaEval2 leaderboard up to a 12% when employed for preference data generation in Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), underscoring its efficacy as a robust and scalable evaluation framework.
SandboxAQ's submission to MRL 2024 Shared Task on Multi-lingual Multi-task Information Retrieval
Authors: Isidora Chara Tourni, Sayontan Ghosh, Brenda Miao, Constantijn van der Poel
Date: 2024-10-28 00:00:00
Tasks: Information Retrieval, Multilingual Named Entity Recognition, Multilingual NLP, Multiple Choice Question Answering (MCQA), named-entity-recognition, Named Entity Recognition, Named Entity Recognition (NER), NER, Question Answering, Retrieval, Zero-shot Named Entity Recognition (NER)

This paper explores the problems of Question Answering (QA) and Named Entity Recognition (NER) in five diverse languages. We tested five Large Language Models with various prompting methods, including zero-shot, chain-of-thought reasoning, and translation techniques. Our results show that while some models consistently outperform others, their effectiveness varies significantly across tasks and languages. We saw that advanced prompting techniques generally improved QA performance but had mixed results for NER; and we observed that language difficulty patterns differed between tasks. Our findings highlight the need for task-specific approaches in multilingual NLP and suggest that current models may develop different linguistic competencies for different tasks.
RoBIn: A Transformer-Based Model For Risk Of Bias Inference With Machine Reading Comprehension
Authors: Abel Corrêa Dias, Viviane Pereira Moreira, João Luiz Dihl Comba
Date: 2024-10-28 00:00:00
Tasks: Binary Classification, Machine Reading Comprehension, Reading Comprehension

Objective: Scientific publications play a crucial role in uncovering insights, testing novel drugs, and shaping healthcare policies. Accessing the quality of publications requires evaluating their Risk of Bias (RoB), a process typically conducted by human reviewers. In this study, we introduce a new dataset for machine reading comprehension and RoB assessment and present RoBIn (Risk of Bias Inference), an innovative model crafted to automate such evaluation. The model employs a dual-task approach, extracting evidence from a given context and assessing the RoB based on the gathered evidence. Methods: We use data from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) as ground truth to label open-access clinical trial publications from PubMed. This process enabled us to develop training and test datasets specifically for machine reading comprehension and RoB inference. Additionally, we created extractive (RoBInExt) and generative (RoBInGen) Transformer-based approaches to extract relevant evidence and classify the RoB effectively. Results: RoBIn is evaluated across various settings and benchmarked against state-of-the-art methods for RoB inference, including large language models in multiple scenarios. In most cases, the best-performing RoBIn variant surpasses traditional machine learning and LLM-based approaches, achieving an ROC AUC of 0.83. Conclusion: Based on the evidence extracted from clinical trial reports, RoBIn performs a binary classification to decide whether the trial is at a low RoB or a high/unclear RoB. We found that both RoBInGen and RoBInExt are robust and have the best results in many settings.
FATH: Authentication-based Test-time Defense against Indirect Prompt Injection Attacks
Authors: Jiongxiao Wang, Fangzhou Wu, Wendi Li, Jinsheng Pan, Edward Suh, Z. Morley Mao, Muhao Chen, Chaowei Xiao
Date: 2024-10-28 00:00:00

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely deployed as the backbone with additional tools and text information for real-world applications. However, integrating external information into LLM-integrated applications raises significant security concerns. Among these, prompt injection attacks are particularly threatening, where malicious instructions injected in the external text information can exploit LLMs to generate answers as the attackers desire. While both training-time and test-time defense methods have been developed to mitigate such attacks, the unaffordable training costs associated with training-time methods and the limited effectiveness of existing test-time methods make them impractical. This paper introduces a novel test-time defense strategy, named Formatting AuThentication with Hash-based tags (FATH). Unlike existing approaches that prevent LLMs from answering additional instructions in external text, our method implements an authentication system, requiring LLMs to answer all received instructions with a security policy and selectively filter out responses to user instructions as the final output. To achieve this, we utilize hash-based authentication tags to label each response, facilitating accurate identification of responses according to the user's instructions and improving the robustness against adaptive attacks. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our defense method can effectively defend against indirect prompt injection attacks, achieving state-of-the-art performance under Llama3 and GPT3.5 models across various attack methods. Our code is released at: https://github.com/Jayfeather1024/FATH
SpeechQE: Estimating the Quality of Direct Speech Translation
Authors: Hyojung Han, Kevin Duh, Marine Carpuat
Date: 2024-10-28 00:00:00
Tasks: Machine Translation, Translation

Recent advances in automatic quality estimation for machine translation have exclusively focused on written language, leaving the speech modality underexplored. In this work, we formulate the task of quality estimation for speech translation (SpeechQE), construct a benchmark, and evaluate a family of systems based on cascaded and end-to-end architectures. In this process, we introduce a novel end-to-end system leveraging pre-trained text LLM. Results suggest that end-to-end approaches are better suited to estimating the quality of direct speech translation than using quality estimation systems designed for text in cascaded systems. More broadly, we argue that quality estimation of speech translation needs to be studied as a separate problem from that of text, and release our data and models to guide further research in this space.
A Survey on Automatic Credibility Assessment of Textual Credibility Signals in the Era of Large Language Models
Authors: Ivan Srba, Olesya Razuvayevskaya, João A. Leite, Robert Moro, Ipek Baris Schlicht, Sara Tonelli, Francisco Moreno García, Santiago Barrio Lottmann, Denis Teyssou, Valentin Porcellini, Carolina Scarton, Kalina Bontcheva, Maria Bielikova
Date: 2024-10-28 00:00:00
Tasks: Fake News Detection, Logical Fallacies

In the current era of social media and generative AI, an ability to automatically assess the credibility of online social media content is of tremendous importance. Credibility assessment is fundamentally based on aggregating credibility signals, which refer to small units of information, such as content factuality, bias, or a presence of persuasion techniques, into an overall credibility score. Credibility signals provide a more granular, more easily explainable and widely utilizable information in contrast to currently predominant fake news detection, which utilizes various (mostly latent) features. A growing body of research on automatic credibility assessment and detection of credibility signals can be characterized as highly fragmented and lacking mutual interconnections. This issue is even more prominent due to a lack of an up-to-date overview of research works on automatic credibility assessment. In this survey, we provide such systematic and comprehensive literature review of 175 research papers while focusing on textual credibility signals and Natural Language Processing (NLP), which undergoes a significant advancement due to Large Language Models (LLMs). While positioning the NLP research into the context of other multidisciplinary research works, we tackle with approaches for credibility assessment as well as with 9 categories of credibility signals (we provide a thorough analysis for 3 of them, namely: 1) factuality, subjectivity and bias, 2) persuasion techniques and logical fallacies, and 3) claims and veracity). Following the description of the existing methods, datasets and tools, we identify future challenges and opportunities, while paying a specific attention to recent rapid development of generative AI.
An Actor-Critic Approach to Boosting Text-to-SQL Large Language Model
Authors: Ziyang Zheng, Haipeng Jing, Canyu Rui, Askar Hamdulla, Dong Wang
Date: 2024-10-28 00:00:00
Tasks: Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Large Language Model, Text to SQL, Text-To-SQL

Text-To-SQL (T2S) conversion based on large language models (LLMs) has found a wide range of applications, by leveraging the capabilities of LLMs in interpreting the query intent expressed in natural language. Existing research focuses on suitable representations for data schema and/or questions, task-specific instructions and representative examples, and complicated inference pipelines. All these methods are empirical and task specific, without a theoretical bound on performance. In this paper, we propose a simple, general, and performance guaranteed T2S enhancement approach called Actor-Critic (AC). Specifically, we design two roles using the same LLM: an Actor to produce SQL queries and a Critic to evaluate the produced SQL. If the Critic believes the produced SQL is wrong, it notifies the Actor to reproduce the SQL and perform evaluation again. By this simple iterative process, expected performance can be derived in theory. We conducted extensive experiments on the Spider and related datasets with eleven LLMs, and demonstrated that the Actor-Critic method consistently improves the performance of T2S, thus serving as a general enhancement approach for T2S conversion.
Dataset Awareness is not Enough: Implementing Sample-level Tail Encouragement in Long-tailed Self-supervised Learning
Authors: Haowen Xiao, Guanghui Liu, Xinyi Gao, Yang Li, Fengmao Lv, Jielei Chu
Date: 2024-10-30 00:00:00
Tasks: Contrastive Learning, Pseudo Label, Self-Supervised Learning

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has shown remarkable data representation capabilities across a wide range of datasets. However, when applied to real-world datasets with long-tailed distributions, performance on multiple downstream tasks degrades significantly. Recently, the community has begun to focus more on self-supervised long-tailed learning. Some works attempt to transfer temperature mechanisms to self-supervised learning or use category-space uniformity constraints to balance the representation of different categories in the embedding space to fight against long-tail distributions. However, most of these approaches focus on the joint optimization of all samples in the dataset or on constraining the category distribution, with little attention given to whether each individual sample is optimally guided during training. To address this issue, we propose Temperature Auxiliary Sample-level Encouragement (TASE). We introduce pseudo-labels into self-supervised long-tailed learning, utilizing pseudo-label information to drive a dynamic temperature and re-weighting strategy. Specifically, We assign an optimal temperature parameter to each sample. Additionally, we analyze the lack of quantity awareness in the temperature parameter and use re-weighting to compensate for this deficiency, thereby achieving optimal training patterns at the sample level. Comprehensive experimental results on six benchmarks across three datasets demonstrate that our method achieves outstanding performance in improving long-tail recognition, while also exhibiting high robustness.
Enhancing Autonomous Driving Safety Analysis with Generative AI: A Comparative Study on Automated Hazard and Risk Assessment
Authors: Alireza Abbaspour, Aliasghar Arab, Yashar Mousavi
Date: 2024-10-30 00:00:00
Tasks: Autonomous Driving

The advent of autonomous driving technology has accentuated the need for comprehensive hazard analysis and risk assessment (HARA) to ensure the safety and reliability of vehicular systems. Traditional HARA processes, while meticulous, are inherently time-consuming and subject to human error, necessitating a transformative approach to fortify safety engineering. This paper presents an integrative application of generative artificial intelligence (AI) as a means to enhance HARA in autonomous driving safety analysis. Generative AI, renowned for its predictive modeling and data generation capabilities, is leveraged to automate the labor-intensive elements of HARA, thus expediting the process and augmenting the thoroughness of the safety analyses. Through empirical research, the study contrasts conventional HARA practices conducted by safety experts with those supplemented by generative AI tools. The benchmark comparisons focus on critical metrics such as analysis time, error rates, and scope of risk identification. By employing generative AI, the research demonstrates a significant upturn in efficiency, evidenced by reduced timeframes and expanded analytical coverage. The AI-augmented processes also deliver enhanced brainstorming support, stimulating creative problem-solving and identifying previously unrecognized risk factors.
Efficient Machine Translation with a BiLSTM-Attention Approach
Authors: Yuxu Wu, Yiren Xing
Date: 2024-10-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Decoder, Machine Translation, Translation

With the rapid development of Natural Language Processing (NLP) technology, the accuracy and efficiency of machine translation have become hot topics of research. This paper proposes a novel Seq2Seq model aimed at improving translation quality while reducing the storage space required by the model. The model employs a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory network (Bi-LSTM) as the encoder to capture the context information of the input sequence; the decoder incorporates an attention mechanism, enhancing the model's ability to focus on key information during the translation process. Compared to the current mainstream Transformer model, our model achieves superior performance on the WMT14 machine translation dataset while maintaining a smaller size. The study first introduces the design principles and innovative points of the model architecture, followed by a series of experiments to verify the effectiveness of the model. The experimental includes an assessment of the model's performance on different language pairs, as well as comparative analysis with traditional Seq2Seq models. The results show that while maintaining translation accuracy, our model significantly reduces the storage requirements, which is of great significance for translation applications in resource-constrained scenarios. our code are available at https://github.com/mindspore-lab/models/tree/master/research/arxiv_papers/miniformer. Thanks for the support provided by MindSpore Community.
HijackRAG: Hijacking Attacks against Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models
Authors: Yucheng Zhang, Qinfeng Li, Tianyu Du, Xuhong Zhang, Xinkui Zhao, Zhengwen Feng, Jianwei Yin
Date: 2024-10-30 00:00:00
Tasks: RAG, Retrieval, Retrieval-augmented Generation

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems enhance large language models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge, making them adaptable and cost-effective for various applications. However, the growing reliance on these systems also introduces potential security risks. In this work, we reveal a novel vulnerability, the retrieval prompt hijack attack (HijackRAG), which enables attackers to manipulate the retrieval mechanisms of RAG systems by injecting malicious texts into the knowledge database. When the RAG system encounters target questions, it generates the attacker's pre-determined answers instead of the correct ones, undermining the integrity and trustworthiness of the system. We formalize HijackRAG as an optimization problem and propose both black-box and white-box attack strategies tailored to different levels of the attacker's knowledge. Extensive experiments on multiple benchmark datasets show that HijackRAG consistently achieves high attack success rates, outperforming existing baseline attacks. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the attack is transferable across different retriever models, underscoring the widespread risk it poses to RAG systems. Lastly, our exploration of various defense mechanisms reveals that they are insufficient to counter HijackRAG, emphasizing the urgent need for more robust security measures to protect RAG systems in real-world deployments.
HelloMeme: Integrating Spatial Knitting Attentions to Embed High-Level and Fidelity-Rich Conditions in Diffusion Models
Authors: Shengkai Zhang, Nianhong Jiao, Tian Li, Chaojie Yang, Chenhui Xue, Boya Niu, Jun Gao
Date: 2024-10-30 00:00:00
Tasks: Video Generation

We propose an effective method for inserting adapters into text-to-image foundation models, which enables the execution of complex downstream tasks while preserving the generalization ability of the base model. The core idea of this method is to optimize the attention mechanism related to 2D feature maps, which enhances the performance of the adapter. This approach was validated on the task of meme video generation and achieved significant results. We hope this work can provide insights for post-training tasks of large text-to-image models. Additionally, as this method demonstrates good compatibility with SD1.5 derivative models, it holds certain value for the open-source community. Therefore, we will release the related code (\url{https://songkey.github.io/hellomeme}).
DiffLight: A Partial Rewards Conditioned Diffusion Model for Traffic Signal Control with Missing Data
Authors: Hanyang Chen, Yang Jiang, Shengnan Guo, Xiaowei Mao, Youfang Lin, Huaiyu Wan
Date: 2024-10-30 00:00:00
Tasks: Decision Making, Imputation, Traffic Data Imputation, Traffic Signal Control

The application of reinforcement learning in traffic signal control (TSC) has been extensively researched and yielded notable achievements. However, most existing works for TSC assume that traffic data from all surrounding intersections is fully and continuously available through sensors. In real-world applications, this assumption often fails due to sensor malfunctions or data loss, making TSC with missing data a critical challenge. To meet the needs of practical applications, we introduce DiffLight, a novel conditional diffusion model for TSC under data-missing scenarios in the offline setting. Specifically, we integrate two essential sub-tasks, i.e., traffic data imputation and decision-making, by leveraging a Partial Rewards Conditioned Diffusion (PRCD) model to prevent missing rewards from interfering with the learning process. Meanwhile, to effectively capture the spatial-temporal dependencies among intersections, we design a Spatial-Temporal transFormer (STFormer) architecture. In addition, we propose a Diffusion Communication Mechanism (DCM) to promote better communication and control performance under data-missing scenarios. Extensive experiments on five datasets with various data-missing scenarios demonstrate that DiffLight is an effective controller to address TSC with missing data. The code of DiffLight is released at https://github.com/lokol5579/DiffLight-release.