pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
How to Learn More? Exploring Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks for Hyperspectral Image Classification
Authors: Ali Jamali, Swalpa Kumar Roy, Danfeng Hong, Bing Lu, Pedram Ghamisi
Date: 2024-06-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Classification, Hyperspectral Image Classification, image-classification, Image Classification, Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and vision transformers (ViTs) have shown excellent capability in complex hyperspectral image (HSI) classification. However, these models require a significant number of training data and are computational resources. On the other hand, modern Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLPs) have demonstrated great classification capability. These modern MLP-based models require significantly less training data compared to CNNs and ViTs, achieving the state-of-the-art classification accuracy. Recently, Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) were proposed as viable alternatives for MLPs. Because of their internal similarity to splines and their external similarity to MLPs, KANs are able to optimize learned features with remarkable accuracy in addition to being able to learn new features. Thus, in this study, we assess the effectiveness of KANs for complex HSI data classification. Moreover, to enhance the HSI classification accuracy obtained by the KANs, we develop and propose a Hybrid architecture utilizing 1D, 2D, and 3D KANs. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed KAN architecture, we conducted extensive experiments on three newly created HSI benchmark datasets: QUH-Pingan, QUH-Tangdaowan, and QUH-Qingyun. The results underscored the competitive or better capability of the developed hybrid KAN-based model across these benchmark datasets over several other CNN- and ViT-based algorithms, including 1D-CNN, 2DCNN, 3D CNN, VGG-16, ResNet-50, EfficientNet, RNN, and ViT. The code are publicly available at (https://github.com/aj1365/HSIConvKAN)
Predicting fluorescent labels in label-free microscopy images with pix2pix and adaptive loss in Light My Cells challenge
Authors: Han Liu, Hao Li, Jiacheng Wang, Yubo Fan, Zhoubing Xu, Ipek Oguz
Date: 2024-06-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Partially Labeled Datasets

Fluorescence labeling is the standard approach to reveal cellular structures and other subcellular constituents for microscopy images. However, this invasive procedure may perturb or even kill the cells and the procedure itself is highly time-consuming and complex. Recently, in silico labeling has emerged as a promising alternative, aiming to use machine learning models to directly predict the fluorescently labeled images from label-free microscopy. In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based in silico labeling method for the Light My Cells challenge. Built upon pix2pix, our proposed method can be trained using the partially labeled datasets with an adaptive loss. Moreover, we explore the effectiveness of several training strategies to handle different input modalities, such as training them together or separately. The results show that our method achieves promising performance for in silico labeling. Our code is available at https://github.com/MedICL-VU/LightMyCells.
psPRF:Pansharpening Planar Neural Radiance Field for Generalized 3D Reconstruction Satellite Imagery
Authors: Tongtong Zhang, Yuanxiang Li
Date: 2024-06-22 00:00:00
Tasks: 3D Reconstruction, NeRF

Most current NeRF variants for satellites are designed for one specific scene and fall short of generalization to new geometry. Additionally, the RGB images require pan-sharpening as an independent preprocessing step. This paper introduces psPRF, a Planar Neural Radiance Field designed for paired low-resolution RGB (LR-RGB) and high-resolution panchromatic (HR-PAN) images from satellite sensors with Rational Polynomial Cameras (RPC). To capture the cross-modal prior from both of the LR-RGB and HR-PAN images, for the Unet-shaped architecture, we adapt the encoder with explicit spectral-to-spatial convolution (SSConv) to enhance the multimodal representation ability. To support the generalization ability of psRPF across scenes, we adopt projection loss to ensure strong geometry self-supervision. The proposed method is evaluated with the multi-scene WorldView-3 LR-RGB and HR-PAN pairs, and achieves state-of-the-art performance.
video-SALMONN: Speech-Enhanced Audio-Visual Large Language Models
Authors: Guangzhi Sun, Wenyi Yu, Changli Tang, Xianzhao Chen, Tian Tan, Wei Li, Lu Lu, Zejun Ma, Yuxuan Wang, Chao Zhang
Date: 2024-06-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Diversity, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Large Language Model, Video Understanding

Speech understanding as an element of the more generic video understanding using audio-visual large language models (av-LLMs) is a crucial yet understudied aspect. This paper proposes video-SALMONN, a single end-to-end av-LLM for video processing, which can understand not only visual frame sequences, audio events and music, but speech as well. To obtain fine-grained temporal information required by speech understanding, while keeping efficient for other video elements, this paper proposes a novel multi-resolution causal Q-Former (MRC Q-Former) structure to connect pre-trained audio-visual encoders and the backbone large language model. Moreover, dedicated training approaches including the diversity loss and the unpaired audio-visual mixed training scheme are proposed to avoid frames or modality dominance. On the introduced speech-audio-visual evaluation benchmark, video-SALMONN achieves more than 25\% absolute accuracy improvements on the video-QA task and over 30\% absolute accuracy improvements on audio-visual QA tasks with human speech. In addition, video-SALMONN demonstrates remarkable video comprehension and reasoning abilities on tasks that are unprecedented by other av-LLMs. Our training code and model checkpoints are available at \texttt{\url{https://github.com/bytedance/SALMONN/}}.
Self-Supervised Alignment Learning for Medical Image Segmentation
Authors: Haofeng Li, Yiming Ouyang, Xiang Wan
Date: 2024-06-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Contrastive Learning, Image Segmentation, Medical Image Segmentation, Self-Supervised Learning, Semantic Segmentation

Recently, self-supervised learning (SSL) methods have been used in pre-training the segmentation models for 2D and 3D medical images. Most of these methods are based on reconstruction, contrastive learning and consistency regularization. However, the spatial correspondence of 2D slices from a 3D medical image has not been fully exploited. In this paper, we propose a novel self-supervised alignment learning framework to pre-train the neural network for medical image segmentation. The proposed framework consists of a new local alignment loss and a global positional loss. We observe that in the same 3D scan, two close 2D slices usually contain similar anatomic structures. Thus, the local alignment loss is proposed to make the pixel-level features of matched structures close to each other. Experimental results show that the proposed alignment learning is competitive with existing self-supervised pre-training approaches on CT and MRI datasets, under the setting of limited annotations.
Segmenting Dead Sea Scroll Fragments for a Scientific Image Set
Authors: Bronson Brown-deVost, Berat Kurar-Barakat, Nachum Dershowitz
Date: 2024-06-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Segmentation, Segmentation, Semantic Segmentation

This paper presents a customized pipeline for segmenting manuscript fragments from images curated by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA). The images present challenges for standard segmentation methods due to the presence of the ruler, color, and plate number bars, as well as a black background that resembles the ink and varying backing substrates. The proposed pipeline, consisting of four steps, addresses these challenges by isolating and solving each difficulty using custom tailored methods. Further, the usage of a multi-step pipeline will surely be helpful from a conceptual standpoint for other image segmentation projects that encounter problems that have proven intractable when applying any of the more commonly used segmentation techniques. In addition, we create a dataset with bar detection and fragment segmentation ground truth and evaluate the pipeline steps qualitatively and quantitatively on it. This dataset is publicly available to support the development of the field. It aims to address the lack of standard sets of fragment images and evaluation metrics and enable researchers to evaluate their methods in a reliable and reproducible manner.
PathoWAve: A Deep Learning-based Weight Averaging Method for Improving Domain Generalization in Histopathology Images
Authors: Parastoo Sotoudeh Sharifi, M. Omair Ahmad, M. N. S. Swamy
Date: 2024-06-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Data Augmentation, Decision Making, Diagnostic, Domain Generalization, Medical Image Analysis

Recent advancements in deep learning (DL) have significantly advanced medical image analysis. In the field of medical image processing, particularly in histopathology image analysis, the variation in staining protocols and differences in scanners present significant domain shift challenges, undermine the generalization capabilities of models to the data from unseen domains, prompting the need for effective domain generalization (DG) strategies to improve the consistency and reliability of automated cancer detection tools in diagnostic decision-making. In this paper, we introduce Pathology Weight Averaging (PathoWAve), a multi-source DG strategy for addressing domain shift phenomenon of DL models in histopathology image analysis. Integrating specific weight averaging technique with parallel training trajectories and a strategically combination of regular augmentations with histopathology-specific data augmentation methods, PathoWAve enables a comprehensive exploration and precise convergence within the loss landscape. This method significantly enhanced generalization capabilities of DL models across new, unseen histopathology domains. To the best of our knowledge, PathoWAve is the first proposed weight averaging method for DG in histopathology image analysis. Our quantitative results on Camelyon17 WILDS dataset demonstrate PathoWAve's superiority over previous proposed methods to tackle the domain shift phenomenon in histopathology image processing. Our code is available at \url{https://github.com/ParastooSotoudeh/PathoWAve}.
Self-Supervised Adversarial Diffusion Models for Fast MRI Reconstruction
Authors: Mojtaba Safari, Zach Eidex, Shaoyan Pan, Richard L. J. Qiu, Xiaofeng Yang
Date: 2024-06-21 00:00:00
Tasks: compressed sensing, MRI Reconstruction, SSIM

Purpose: To propose a self-supervised deep learning-based compressed sensing MRI (DL-based CS-MRI) method named "Adaptive Self-Supervised Consistency Guided Diffusion Model (ASSCGD)" to accelerate data acquisition without requiring fully sampled datasets. Materials and Methods: We used the fastMRI multi-coil brain axial T2-weighted (T2-w) dataset from 1,376 cases and single-coil brain quantitative magnetization prepared 2 rapid acquisition gradient echoes (MP2RAGE) T1 maps from 318 cases to train and test our model. Robustness against domain shift was evaluated using two out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets: multi-coil brain axial postcontrast T1 -weighted (T1c) dataset from 50 cases and axial T1-weighted (T1-w) dataset from 50 patients. Data were retrospectively subsampled at acceleration rates R in {2x, 4x, 8x}. ASSCGD partitions a random sampling pattern into two disjoint sets, ensuring data consistency during training. We compared our method with ReconFormer Transformer and SS-MRI, assessing performance using normalized mean squared error (NMSE), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity index (SSIM). Statistical tests included one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multi-comparison Tukey's Honesty Significant Difference (HSD) tests. Results: ASSCGD preserved fine structures and brain abnormalities visually better than comparative methods at R = 8x for both multi-coil and single-coil datasets. It achieved the lowest NMSE at R in {4x, 8x}, and the highest PSNR and SSIM values at all acceleration rates for the multi-coil dataset. Similar trends were observed for the single-coil dataset, though SSIM values were comparable to ReconFormer at R in {2x, 8x}. These results were further confirmed by the voxel-wise correlation scatter plots. OOD results showed significant (p << 10^-5 ) improvements in undersampled image quality after reconstruction.
Efficient Human Pose Estimation: Leveraging Advanced Techniques with MediaPipe
Authors: Sandeep Singh Sengar, Abhishek Kumar, Owen Singh
Date: 2024-06-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Computational Efficiency, Pose Estimation, Sports Analytics

This study presents significant enhancements in human pose estimation using the MediaPipe framework. The research focuses on improving accuracy, computational efficiency, and real-time processing capabilities by comprehensively optimising the underlying algorithms. Novel modifications are introduced that substantially enhance pose estimation accuracy across challenging scenarios, such as dynamic movements and partial occlusions. The improved framework is benchmarked against traditional models, demonstrating considerable precision and computational speed gains. The advancements have wide-ranging applications in augmented reality, sports analytics, and healthcare, enabling more immersive experiences, refined performance analysis, and advanced patient monitoring. The study also explores the integration of these enhancements within mobile and embedded systems, addressing the need for computational efficiency and broader accessibility. The implications of this research set a new benchmark for real-time human pose estimation technologies and pave the way for future innovations in the field. The implementation code for the paper is available at https://github.com/avhixd/Human_pose_estimation.
VigilEye -- Artificial Intelligence-based Real-time Driver Drowsiness Detection
Authors: Sandeep Singh Sengar, Aswin Kumar, Owen Singh
Date: 2024-06-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Deep Learning, Specificity

This study presents a novel driver drowsiness detection system that combines deep learning techniques with the OpenCV framework. The system utilises facial landmarks extracted from the driver's face as input to Convolutional Neural Networks trained to recognise drowsiness patterns. The integration of OpenCV enables real-time video processing, making the system suitable for practical implementation. Extensive experiments on a diverse dataset demonstrate high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in detecting drowsiness. The proposed system has the potential to enhance road safety by providing timely alerts to prevent accidents caused by driver fatigue. This research contributes to advancing real-time driver monitoring systems and has implications for automotive safety and intelligent transportation systems. The successful application of deep learning techniques in this context opens up new avenues for future research in driver monitoring and vehicle safety. The implementation code for the paper is available at https://github.com/LUFFY7001/Driver-s-Drowsiness-Detection.
Taming 3DGS: High-Quality Radiance Fields with Limited Resources
Authors: Saswat Subhajyoti Mallick, Rahul Goel, Bernhard Kerbl, Francisco Vicente Carrasco, Markus Steinberger, Fernando de la Torre
Date: 2024-06-21 00:00:00
Tasks: 3DGS, Attribute, Novel View Synthesis

3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has transformed novel-view synthesis with its fast, interpretable, and high-fidelity rendering. However, its resource requirements limit its usability. Especially on constrained devices, training performance degrades quickly and often cannot complete due to excessive memory consumption of the model. The method converges with an indefinite number of Gaussians -- many of them redundant -- making rendering unnecessarily slow and preventing its usage in downstream tasks that expect fixed-size inputs. To address these issues, we tackle the challenges of training and rendering 3DGS models on a budget. We use a guided, purely constructive densification process that steers densification toward Gaussians that raise the reconstruction quality. Model size continuously increases in a controlled manner towards an exact budget, using score-based densification of Gaussians with training-time priors that measure their contribution. We further address training speed obstacles: following a careful analysis of 3DGS' original pipeline, we derive faster, numerically equivalent solutions for gradient computation and attribute updates, including an alternative parallelization for efficient backpropagation. We also propose quality-preserving approximations where suitable to reduce training time even further. Taken together, these enhancements yield a robust, scalable solution with reduced training times, lower compute and memory requirements, and high quality. Our evaluation shows that in a budgeted setting, we obtain competitive quality metrics with 3DGS while achieving a 4--5x reduction in both model size and training time. With more generous budgets, our measured quality surpasses theirs. These advances open the door for novel-view synthesis in constrained environments, e.g., mobile devices.
DataFreeShield: Defending Adversarial Attacks without Training Data
Authors: Hyeyoon Lee, Kanghyun Choi, Dain Kwon, Sunjong Park, Mayoore Selvarasa Jaiswal, Noseong Park, Jonghyun Choi, Jinho Lee
Date: 2024-06-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Adversarial Robustness, Dataset Generation

Recent advances in adversarial robustness rely on an abundant set of training data, where using external or additional datasets has become a common setting. However, in real life, the training data is often kept private for security and privacy issues, while only the pretrained weight is available to the public. In such scenarios, existing methods that assume accessibility to the original data become inapplicable. Thus we investigate the pivotal problem of data-free adversarial robustness, where we try to achieve adversarial robustness without accessing any real data. Through a preliminary study, we highlight the severity of the problem by showing that robustness without the original dataset is difficult to achieve, even with similar domain datasets. To address this issue, we propose DataFreeShield, which tackles the problem from two perspectives: surrogate dataset generation and adversarial training using the generated data. Through extensive validation, we show that DataFreeShield outperforms baselines, demonstrating that the proposed method sets the first entirely data-free solution for the adversarial robustness problem.
Texture Feature Analysis for Classification of Early-Stage Prostate Cancer in mpMRI
Authors: Asmail Muftah, S M Schirmer, Frank C Langbein
Date: 2024-06-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Classification

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a crucial tool in the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer, owing to its superior tissue contrast. However, it also creates large volumes of data that must be assessed by trained experts, a time-consuming and laborious task. This has prompted the development of machine learning tools for the automation of Prostate cancer (PCa) risk classification based on multiple MRI modalities (T2W, ADC, and high-b-value DWI). Understanding and interpreting the predictions made by the models, however, remains a challenge. We analyze Random Forests (RF) and Support Vector Machines (SVM), for two complementary datasets, the public Prostate-X dataset, and an in-house, mostly early-stage PCa dataset to elucidate the contributions made by first-order statistical features, Haralick texture features, and local binary patterns to the classification. Using correlation analysis and Shapley impact scores, we find that many of the features typically used are strongly correlated, and that the majority of features have negligible impact on the classification. We identify a small set of features that determine the classification outcome, which may aid the development of explainable AI approaches.
Unseen Object Reasoning with Shared Appearance Cues
Authors: Paridhi Singh, Arun Kumar
Date: 2024-06-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Diversity, Object

This paper introduces an innovative approach to open world recognition (OWR), where we leverage knowledge acquired from known objects to address the recognition of previously unseen objects. The traditional method of object modeling relies on supervised learning with strict closed-set assumptions, presupposing that objects encountered during inference are already known at the training phase. However, this assumption proves inadequate for real-world scenarios due to the impracticality of accounting for the immense diversity of objects. Our hypothesis posits that object appearances can be represented as collections of "shareable" mid-level features, arranged in constellations to form object instances. By adopting this framework, we can efficiently dissect and represent both known and unknown objects in terms of their appearance cues. Our paper introduces a straightforward yet elegant method for modeling novel or unseen objects, utilizing established appearance cues and accounting for inherent uncertainties. This representation not only enables the detection of out-of-distribution objects or novel categories among unseen objects but also facilitates a deeper level of reasoning, empowering the identification of the superclass to which an unknown instance belongs. This novel approach holds promise for advancing open world recognition in diverse applications.
Open-Vocabulary Temporal Action Localization using Multimodal Guidance
Authors: Akshita Gupta, Aditya Arora, Sanath Narayan, Salman Khan, Fahad Shahbaz Khan, Graham W. Taylor
Date: 2024-06-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Action Localization, Language Modelling, Large Language Model, Temporal Action Localization

Open-Vocabulary Temporal Action Localization (OVTAL) enables a model to recognize any desired action category in videos without the need to explicitly curate training data for all categories. However, this flexibility poses significant challenges, as the model must recognize not only the action categories seen during training but also novel categories specified at inference. Unlike standard temporal action localization, where training and test categories are predetermined, OVTAL requires understanding contextual cues that reveal the semantics of novel categories. To address these challenges, we introduce OVFormer, a novel open-vocabulary framework extending ActionFormer with three key contributions. First, we employ task-specific prompts as input to a large language model to obtain rich class-specific descriptions for action categories. Second, we introduce a cross-attention mechanism to learn the alignment between class representations and frame-level video features, facilitating the multimodal guided features. Third, we propose a two-stage training strategy which includes training with a larger vocabulary dataset and finetuning to downstream data to generalize to novel categories. OVFormer extends existing TAL methods to open-vocabulary settings. Comprehensive evaluations on the THUMOS14 and ActivityNet-1.3 benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Code and pretrained models will be publicly released.