pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
UNIT: Backdoor Mitigation via Automated Neural Distribution Tightening
Authors: Siyuan Cheng, Guangyu Shen, Kaiyuan Zhang, Guanhong Tao, Shengwei An, Hanxi Guo, Shiqing Ma, Xiangyu Zhang
Date: 2024-07-16 00:00:00

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have demonstrated effectiveness in various fields. However, DNNs are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, which inject a unique pattern, called trigger, into the input to cause misclassification to an attack-chosen target label. While existing works have proposed various methods to mitigate backdoor effects in poisoned models, they tend to be less effective against recent advanced attacks. In this paper, we introduce a novel post-training defense technique UNIT that can effectively eliminate backdoor effects for a variety of attacks. In specific, UNIT approximates a unique and tight activation distribution for each neuron in the model. It then proactively dispels substantially large activation values that exceed the approximated boundaries. Our experimental results demonstrate that UNIT outperforms 7 popular defense methods against 14 existing backdoor attacks, including 2 advanced attacks, using only 5\% of clean training data. UNIT is also cost efficient. The code is accessible at https://github.com/Megum1/UNIT.
The Devil is in the Statistics: Mitigating and Exploiting Statistics Difference for Generalizable Semi-supervised Medical Image Segmentation
Authors: Muyang Qiu, Jian Zhang, Lei Qi, Qian Yu, Yinghuan Shi, Yang Gao
Date: 2024-07-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Domain Generalization, Image Segmentation, Medical Image Segmentation, Pseudo Label, Semantic Segmentation, Semi-Supervised Domain Generalization, Semi-supervised Medical Image Segmentation

Despite the recent success of domain generalization in medical image segmentation, voxel-wise annotation for all source domains remains a huge burden. Semi-supervised domain generalization has been proposed very recently to combat this challenge by leveraging limited labeled data along with abundant unlabeled data collected from multiple medical institutions, depending on precisely harnessing unlabeled data while improving generalization simultaneously. In this work, we observe that domain shifts between medical institutions cause disparate feature statistics, which significantly deteriorates pseudo-label quality due to an unexpected normalization process. Nevertheless, this phenomenon could be exploited to facilitate unseen domain generalization. Therefore, we propose 1) multiple statistics-individual branches to mitigate the impact of domain shifts for reliable pseudo-labels and 2) one statistics-aggregated branch for domain-invariant feature learning. Furthermore, to simulate unseen domains with statistics difference, we approach this from two aspects, i.e., a perturbation with histogram matching at image level and a random batch normalization selection strategy at feature level, producing diverse statistics to expand the training distribution. Evaluation results on three medical image datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method compared with recent SOTA methods. The code is available at https://github.com/qiumuyang/SIAB.
Learning Modality-agnostic Representation for Semantic Segmentation from Any Modalities
Authors: Xu Zheng, Yuanhuiyi Lyu, Lin Wang
Date: 2024-07-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Knowledge Distillation, Semantic Segmentation

Image modality is not perfect as it often fails in certain conditions, e.g., night and fast motion. This significantly limits the robustness and versatility of existing multi-modal (i.e., Image+X) semantic segmentation methods when confronting modality absence or failure, as often occurred in real-world applications. Inspired by the open-world learning capability of multi-modal vision-language models (MVLMs), we explore a new direction in learning the modality-agnostic representation via knowledge distillation (KD) from MVLMs. Intuitively, we propose Any2Seg, a novel framework that can achieve robust segmentation from any combination of modalities in any visual conditions. Specifically, we first introduce a novel language-guided semantic correlation distillation (LSCD) module to transfer both inter-modal and intra-modal semantic knowledge in the embedding space from MVLMs, e.g., LanguageBind. This enables us to minimize the modality gap and alleviate semantic ambiguity to combine any modalities in any visual conditions. Then, we introduce a modality-agnostic feature fusion (MFF) module that reweights the multi-modal features based on the inter-modal correlation and selects the fine-grained feature. This way, our Any2Seg finally yields an optimal modality-agnostic representation. Extensive experiments on two benchmarks with four modalities demonstrate that Any2Seg achieves the state-of-the-art under the multi-modal setting (+3.54 mIoU) and excels in the challenging modality-incomplete setting(+19.79 mIoU).
Flatfish Disease Detection Based on Part Segmentation Approach and Disease Image Generation
Authors: Seo-Bin Hwang, Han-Young Kim, Chae-Yeon Heo, Hie-Yong Jung, Sung-Ju Jung, Yeong-Jun Cho
Date: 2024-07-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Generation, Image Harmonization

The flatfish is a major farmed species consumed globally in large quantities. However, due to the densely populated farming environment, flatfish are susceptible to injuries and diseases, making early disease detection crucial. Traditionally, diseases were detected through visual inspection, but observing large numbers of fish is challenging. Automated approaches based on deep learning technologies have been widely used, to address this problem, but accurate detection remains difficult due to the diversity of the fish and the lack of the fish disease dataset. In this study, augments fish disease images using generative adversarial networks and image harmonization methods. Next, disease detectors are trained separately for three body parts (head, fins, and body) to address individual diseases properly. In addition, a flatfish disease image dataset called \texttt{FlatIMG} is created and verified on the dataset using the proposed methods. A flash salmon disease dataset is also tested to validate the generalizability of the proposed methods. The results achieved 12\% higher performance than the baseline framework. This study is the first attempt to create a large-scale flatfish disease image dataset and propose an effective disease detection framework. Automatic disease monitoring could be achieved in farming environments based on the proposed methods and dataset.
I$^2$-SLAM: Inverting Imaging Process for Robust Photorealistic Dense SLAM
Authors: Gwangtak Bae, Changwoon Choi, Hyeongjun Heo, Sang Min Kim, Young Min Kim
Date: 2024-07-16 00:00:00

We present an inverse image-formation module that can enhance the robustness of existing visual SLAM pipelines for casually captured scenarios. Casual video captures often suffer from motion blur and varying appearances, which degrade the final quality of coherent 3D visual representation. We propose integrating the physical imaging into the SLAM system, which employs linear HDR radiance maps to collect measurements. Specifically, individual frames aggregate images of multiple poses along the camera trajectory to explain prevalent motion blur in hand-held videos. Additionally, we accommodate per-frame appearance variation by dedicating explicit variables for image formation steps, namely white balance, exposure time, and camera response function. Through joint optimization of additional variables, the SLAM pipeline produces high-quality images with more accurate trajectories. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach can be incorporated into recent visual SLAM pipelines using various scene representations, such as neural radiance fields or Gaussian splatting.
Centering the Value of Every Modality: Towards Efficient and Resilient Modality-agnostic Semantic Segmentation
Authors: Xu Zheng, Yuanhuiyi Lyu, Jiazhou Zhou, Lin Wang
Date: 2024-07-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Semantic Segmentation

Fusing an arbitrary number of modalities is vital for achieving robust multi-modal fusion of semantic segmentation yet remains less explored to date. Recent endeavors regard RGB modality as the center and the others as the auxiliary, yielding an asymmetric architecture with two branches. However, the RGB modality may struggle in certain circumstances, e.g., nighttime, while others, e.g., event data, own their merits; thus, it is imperative for the fusion model to discern robust and fragile modalities, and incorporate the most robust and fragile ones to learn a resilient multi-modal framework. To this end, we propose a novel method, named MAGIC, that can be flexibly paired with various backbones, ranging from compact to high-performance models. Our method comprises two key plug-and-play modules. Firstly, we introduce a multi-modal aggregation module to efficiently process features from multi-modal batches and extract complementary scene information. On top, a unified arbitrary-modal selection module is proposed to utilize the aggregated features as the benchmark to rank the multi-modal features based on the similarity scores. This way, our method can eliminate the dependence on RGB modality and better overcome sensor failures while ensuring the segmentation performance. Under the commonly considered multi-modal setting, our method achieves state-of-the-art performance while reducing the model parameters by 60%. Moreover, our method is superior in the novel modality-agnostic setting, where it outperforms prior arts by a large margin of +19.41% mIoU
Ev-GS: Event-based Gaussian splatting for Efficient and Accurate Radiance Field Rendering
Authors: Jingqian Wu, Shuo Zhu, Chutian Wang, Edmund Y. Lam
Date: 2024-07-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Novel View Synthesis

Computational neuromorphic imaging (CNI) with event cameras offers advantages such as minimal motion blur and enhanced dynamic range, compared to conventional frame-based methods. Existing event-based radiance field rendering methods are built on neural radiance field, which is computationally heavy and slow in reconstruction speed. Motivated by the two aspects, we introduce Ev-GS, the first CNI-informed scheme to infer 3D Gaussian splatting from a monocular event camera, enabling efficient novel view synthesis. Leveraging 3D Gaussians with pure event-based supervision, Ev-GS overcomes challenges such as the detection of fast-moving objects and insufficient lighting. Experimental results show that Ev-GS outperforms the method that takes frame-based signals as input by rendering realistic views with reduced blurring and improved visual quality. Moreover, it demonstrates competitive reconstruction quality and reduced computing occupancy compared to existing methods, which paves the way to a highly efficient CNI approach for signal processing.
Continuity Preserving Online CenterLine Graph Learning
Authors: Yunhui Han, Kun Yu, Zhiwei Li
Date: 2024-07-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Autonomous Driving, Graph Learning

Lane topology, which is usually modeled by a centerline graph, is essential for high-level autonomous driving. For a high-quality graph, both topology connectivity and spatial continuity of centerline segments are critical. However, most of existing approaches pay more attention to connectivity while neglect the continuity. Such kind of centerline graph usually cause problem to planning of autonomous driving. To overcome this problem, we present an end-to-end network, CGNet, with three key modules: 1)Junction Aware Query Enhancement module, which provides positional prior to accurately predict junction points; 2)B\'ezier Space Connection module, which enforces continuity constraints on any two topologically connected segments in a B\'ezier space; 3) Iterative Topology Refinement module, which is a graph-based network with memory to iteratively refine the predicted topological connectivity. CGNet achieves state-of-the-art performance on both nuScenes and Argoverse2 datasets.
LaMI-DETR: Open-Vocabulary Detection with Language Model Instruction
Authors: Penghui Du, Yu Wang, Yifan Sun, Luting Wang, Yue Liao, Gang Zhang, Errui Ding, Yan Wang, Jingdong Wang, Si Liu
Date: 2024-07-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Language Modeling, Language Modelling, object-detection, Object Detection, Open-vocabulary object detection, Open Vocabulary Object Detection

Existing methods enhance open-vocabulary object detection by leveraging the robust open-vocabulary recognition capabilities of Vision-Language Models (VLMs), such as CLIP.However, two main challenges emerge:(1) A deficiency in concept representation, where the category names in CLIP's text space lack textual and visual knowledge.(2) An overfitting tendency towards base categories, with the open vocabulary knowledge biased towards base categories during the transfer from VLMs to detectors.To address these challenges, we propose the Language Model Instruction (LaMI) strategy, which leverages the relationships between visual concepts and applies them within a simple yet effective DETR-like detector, termed LaMI-DETR.LaMI utilizes GPT to construct visual concepts and employs T5 to investigate visual similarities across categories.These inter-category relationships refine concept representation and avoid overfitting to base categories.Comprehensive experiments validate our approach's superior performance over existing methods in the same rigorous setting without reliance on external training resources.LaMI-DETR achieves a rare box AP of 43.4 on OV-LVIS, surpassing the previous best by 7.8 rare box AP.
TCFormer: Visual Recognition via Token Clustering Transformer
Authors: Wang Zeng, Sheng Jin, Lumin Xu, Wentao Liu, Chen Qian, Wanli Ouyang, Ping Luo, Xiaogang Wang
Date: 2024-07-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Clustering, image-classification, Image Classification, object-detection, Object Detection, Pose Estimation, Semantic Segmentation

Transformers are widely used in computer vision areas and have achieved remarkable success. Most state-of-the-art approaches split images into regular grids and represent each grid region with a vision token. However, fixed token distribution disregards the semantic meaning of different image regions, resulting in sub-optimal performance. To address this issue, we propose the Token Clustering Transformer (TCFormer), which generates dynamic vision tokens based on semantic meaning. Our dynamic tokens possess two crucial characteristics: (1) Representing image regions with similar semantic meanings using the same vision token, even if those regions are not adjacent, and (2) concentrating on regions with valuable details and represent them using fine tokens. Through extensive experimentation across various applications, including image classification, human pose estimation, semantic segmentation, and object detection, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our TCFormer. The code and models for this work are available at https://github.com/zengwang430521/TCFormer.
BUSClean: Open-source software for breast ultrasound image pre-processing and knowledge extraction for medical AI
Authors: Arianna Bunnell, Kailee Hung, John A. Shepherd, Peter Sadowski
Date: 2024-07-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Sensitivity, Specificity, text annotation

Development of artificial intelligence (AI) for medical imaging demands curation and cleaning of large-scale clinical datasets comprising hundreds of thousands of images. Some modalities, such as mammography, contain highly standardized imaging. In contrast, breast ultrasound imaging (BUS) can contain many irregularities not indicated by scan metadata, such as enhanced scan modes, sonographer annotations, or additional views. We present an open-source software solution for automatically processing clinical BUS datasets. The algorithm performs BUS scan filtering (flagging of invalid and non-B-mode scans), cleaning (dual-view scan detection, scan area cropping, and caliper detection), and knowledge extraction (BI-RADS Labeling and Measurement fields) from sonographer annotations. Its modular design enables users to adapt it to new settings. Experiments on an internal testing dataset of 430 clinical BUS images achieve >95% sensitivity and >98% specificity in detecting every type of text annotation, >98% sensitivity and specificity in detecting scans with blood flow highlighting, alternative scan modes, or invalid scans. A case study on a completely external, public dataset of BUS scans found that BUSClean identified text annotations and scans with blood flow highlighting with 88.6% and 90.9% sensitivity and 98.3% and 99.9% specificity, respectively. Adaptation of the lesion caliper detection method to account for a type of caliper specific to the case study demonstrates the intended use of BUSClean in new data distributions and improved performance in lesion caliper detection from 43.3% and 93.3% out-of-the-box to 92.1% and 92.3% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. Source code, example notebooks, and sample data are available at https://github.com/hawaii-ai/bus-cleaning.
Gaussian Splatting Lucas-Kanade
Authors: Liuyue Xie, Joel Julin, Koichiro Niinuma, Laszlo A. Jeni
Date: 2024-07-16 00:00:00

Gaussian Splatting and its dynamic extensions are effective for reconstructing 3D scenes from 2D images when there is significant camera movement to facilitate motion parallax and when scene objects remain relatively static. However, in many real-world scenarios, these conditions are not met. As a consequence, data-driven semantic and geometric priors have been favored as regularizers, despite their bias toward training data and their neglect of broader movement dynamics. Departing from this practice, we propose a novel analytical approach that adapts the classical Lucas-Kanade method to dynamic Gaussian splatting. By leveraging the intrinsic properties of the forward warp field network, we derive an analytical velocity field that, through time integration, facilitates accurate scene flow computation. This enables the precise enforcement of motion constraints on warp fields, thus constraining both 2D motion and 3D positions of the Gaussians. Our method excels in reconstructing highly dynamic scenes with minimal camera movement, as demonstrated through experiments on both synthetic and real-world scenes.
PADRe: A Unifying Polynomial Attention Drop-in Replacement for Efficient Vision Transformer
Authors: Pierre-David Letourneau, Manish Kumar Singh, Hsin-Pai Cheng, Shizhong Han, Yunxiao Shi, Dalton Jones, Matthew Harper Langston, Hong Cai, Fatih Porikli
Date: 2024-07-16 00:00:00
Tasks: 2D Object Detection, Computational Efficiency, GPU, image-classification, Image Classification, Mamba, object-detection, Object Detection

We present Polynomial Attention Drop-in Replacement (PADRe), a novel and unifying framework designed to replace the conventional self-attention mechanism in transformer models. Notably, several recent alternative attention mechanisms, including Hyena, Mamba, SimA, Conv2Former, and Castling-ViT, can be viewed as specific instances of our PADRe framework. PADRe leverages polynomial functions and draws upon established results from approximation theory, enhancing computational efficiency without compromising accuracy. PADRe's key components include multiplicative nonlinearities, which we implement using straightforward, hardware-friendly operations such as Hadamard products, incurring only linear computational and memory costs. PADRe further avoids the need for using complex functions such as Softmax, yet it maintains comparable or superior accuracy compared to traditional self-attention. We assess the effectiveness of PADRe as a drop-in replacement for self-attention across diverse computer vision tasks. These tasks include image classification, image-based 2D object detection, and 3D point cloud object detection. Empirical results demonstrate that PADRe runs significantly faster than the conventional self-attention (11x ~ 43x faster on server GPU and mobile NPU) while maintaining similar accuracy when substituting self-attention in the transformer models.
FR-SLAM: A SLAM Improvement Method Based on Floor Plan Registration
Authors: Jiantao Feng, Xinde Li, HyunCheol Park, Juan Liu, Zhentong Zhang
Date: 2024-07-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Autonomous Navigation, Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) technology enables the construction of environmental maps and localization, serving as a key technique for indoor autonomous navigation of mobile robots. Traditional SLAM methods typically require exhaustive traversal of all rooms during indoor navigation to obtain a complete map, resulting in lengthy path planning times and prolonged time to reach target points. Moreover, cumulative errors during motion lead to inaccurate robot localization, impacting navigation efficiency.This paper proposes an improved SLAM method, FR-SLAM, based on floor plan registration, utilizing a morphology-based floor plan registration algorithm to align and transform original floor plans. This approach facilitates the rapid acquisition of comprehensive motion maps and efficient path planning, enabling swift navigation to target positions within a shorter timeframe. To enhance registration and robot motion localization accuracy, a real-time update strategy is employed, comparing the current position's building structure with the map and dynamically updating floor plan registration results for precise localization. Comparative tests conducted on real and simulated datasets demonstrate that, compared to other benchmark algorithms, this method achieves higher floor plan registration accuracy and shorter time consumption to reach target positions.
COHO: Context-Sensitive City-Scale Hierarchical Urban Layout Generation
Authors: Liu He, Daniel Aliaga
Date: 2024-07-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Layout Generation

The generation of large-scale urban layouts has garnered substantial interest across various disciplines. Prior methods have utilized procedural generation requiring manual rule coding or deep learning needing abundant data. However, prior approaches have not considered the context-sensitive nature of urban layout generation. Our approach addresses this gap by leveraging a canonical graph representation for the entire city, which facilitates scalability and captures the multi-layer semantics inherent in urban layouts. We introduce a novel graph-based masked autoencoder (GMAE) for city-scale urban layout generation. The method encodes attributed buildings, city blocks, communities and cities into a unified graph structure, enabling self-supervised masked training for graph autoencoder. Additionally, we employ scheduled iterative sampling for 2.5D layout generation, prioritizing the generation of important city blocks and buildings. Our approach achieves good realism, semantic consistency, and correctness across the heterogeneous urban styles in 330 US cities. Codes and datasets are released at https://github.com/Arking1995/COHO.