pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Computational Politeness in Natural Language Processing: A Survey
Authors: Priyanshu Priya, Mauajama Firdaus, Asif Ekbal
Date: 2024-06-28 00:00:00
Tasks: Survey

Computational approach to politeness is the task of automatically predicting and generating politeness in text. This is a pivotal task for conversational analysis, given the ubiquity and challenges of politeness in interactions. The computational approach to politeness has witnessed great interest from the conversational analysis community. This article is a compilation of past works in computational politeness in natural language processing. We view four milestones in the research so far, viz. supervised and weakly-supervised feature extraction to identify and induce politeness in a given text, incorporation of context beyond the target text, study of politeness across different social factors, and study the relationship between politeness and various sociolinguistic cues. In this article, we describe the datasets, approaches, trends, and issues in computational politeness research. We also discuss representative performance values and provide pointers to future works, as given in the prior works. In terms of resources to understand the state-of-the-art, this survey presents several valuable illustrations, most prominently, a table summarizing the past papers along different dimensions, such as the types of features, annotation techniques, and datasets used.
SMLT-MUGC: Small, Medium, and Large Texts -- Machine versus User-Generated Content Detection and Comparison
Authors: Anjali Rawal, Hui Wang, Youjia Zheng, Yu-Hsuan Lin, Shanu Sushmita
Date: 2024-06-28 00:00:00

Large language models (LLMs) have gained significant attention due to their ability to mimic human language. Identifying texts generated by LLMs is crucial for understanding their capabilities and mitigating potential consequences. This paper analyzes datasets of varying text lengths: small, medium, and large. We compare the performance of machine learning algorithms on four datasets: (1) small (tweets from Election, FIFA, and Game of Thrones), (2) medium (Wikipedia introductions and PubMed abstracts), and (3) large (OpenAI web text dataset). Our results indicate that LLMs with very large parameters (such as the XL-1542 variant of GPT2 with 1542 million parameters) were harder (74%) to detect using traditional machine learning methods. However, detecting texts of varying lengths from LLMs with smaller parameters (762 million or less) can be done with high accuracy (96% and above). We examine the characteristics of human and machine-generated texts across multiple dimensions, including linguistics, personality, sentiment, bias, and morality. Our findings indicate that machine-generated texts generally have higher readability and closely mimic human moral judgments but differ in personality traits. SVM and Voting Classifier (VC) models consistently achieve high performance across most datasets, while Decision Tree (DT) models show the lowest performance. Model performance drops when dealing with rephrased texts, particularly shorter texts like tweets. This study underscores the challenges and importance of detecting LLM-generated texts and suggests directions for future research to improve detection methods and understand the nuanced capabilities of LLMs.
Error Correction by Paying Attention to Both Acoustic and Confidence References for Automatic Speech Recognition
Authors: Yuchun Shu, Bo Hu, Yifeng He, Hao Shi, Longbiao Wang, Jianwu Dang
Date: 2024-06-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Automatic Speech Recognition, Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), speech-recognition, Speech Recognition

Accurately finding the wrong words in the automatic speech recognition (ASR) hypothesis and recovering them well-founded is the goal of speech error correction. In this paper, we propose a non-autoregressive speech error correction method. A Confidence Module measures the uncertainty of each word of the N-best ASR hypotheses as the reference to find the wrong word position. Besides, the acoustic feature from the ASR encoder is also used to provide the correct pronunciation references. N-best candidates from ASR are aligned using the edit path, to confirm each other and recover some missing character errors. Furthermore, the cross-attention mechanism fuses the information between error correction references and the ASR hypothesis. The experimental results show that both the acoustic and confidence references help with error correction. The proposed system reduces the error rate by 21% compared with the ASR model.
PQCache: Product Quantization-based KVCache for Long Context LLM Inference
Authors: Hailin Zhang, Xiaodong Ji, Yilin Chen, Fangcheng Fu, Xupeng Miao, Xiaonan Nie, WeiPeng Chen, Bin Cui
Date: 2024-07-01 00:00:00
Tasks: GPU, Quantization, Retrieval

As the field of Large Language Models (LLMs) continues to evolve, the context length in inference is steadily growing. Key-Value Cache (KVCache), the intermediate representations of tokens within LLM inference, has now become the primary memory bottleneck due to limited GPU memory. Current methods selectively determine suitable keys and values for self-attention computation in LLMs to address the issue. However, they either fall short in maintaining model quality or result in high serving latency. Drawing inspiration from advanced embedding retrieval techniques prevalent in the data management community, we consider the storage and retrieval of KVCache as a typical embedding retrieval problem. We propose PQCache, which employs Product Quantization (PQ) to manage KVCache, maintaining model quality while ensuring low serving latency. During the prefilling phase, we apply PQ to tokens' keys for each LLM layer and head. During the autoregressive decoding phase, we use PQ codes and centroids to approximately identify important preceding tokens, then fetch the corresponding key-value pairs for self-attention computation. Through meticulous design of overlapping and caching, we minimize any additional computation and communication overhead during both phases. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PQCache achieves both effectiveness and efficiency, with 4.60% score improvement over existing methods on InfiniteBench and low system latency in both prefilling and decoding.
AutoFlow: Automated Workflow Generation for Large Language Model Agents
Authors: Zelong Li, Shuyuan Xu, Kai Mei, Wenyue Hua, Balaji Rama, Om Raheja, Hao Wang, He Zhu, Yongfeng Zhang
Date: 2024-07-01 00:00:00
Tasks: AI Agent, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Large Language Model

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant progress in understanding complex natural language. One important application of LLM is LLM-based AI Agent, which leverages the ability of LLM as well as external tools for complex-task solving. To make sure LLM Agents follow an effective and reliable procedure to solve the given task, manually designed workflows are usually used to guide the working mechanism of agents. However, manually designing the workflows requires considerable efforts and domain knowledge, making it difficult to develop and deploy agents on massive scales. To address these issues, we propose AutoFlow, a framework designed to automatically generate workflows for agents to solve complex tasks. AutoFlow takes natural language program as the format of agent workflow and employs a workflow optimization procedure to iteratively optimize the workflow quality. Besides, this work offers two workflow generation methods: fine-tuning-based and in-context-based methods, making the AutoFlow framework applicable to both open-source and closed-source LLMs. Experimental results show that our framework can produce robust and reliable agent workflows. We believe that the automatic generation and interpretation of workflows in natural language represent a promising paradigm for solving complex tasks, particularly with the rapid development of LLMs. The source code of this work is available at https://github.com/agiresearch/AutoFlow.
Lightweight Large Language Model for Medication Enquiry: Med-Pal
Authors: Kabilan Elangovan, Jasmine Chiat Ling Ong, Liyuan Jin, Benjamin Jun Jie Seng, Yu Heng Kwan, Lit Soo Tan, Ryan Jian Zhong, Justina Koi Li Ma, Yuhe Ke, Nan Liu, Kathleen M Giacomini, Daniel Shu Wei Ting
Date: 2024-07-02 00:00:00
Tasks: Chatbot, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Large Language Model

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a potential solution to assist digital health development with patient education, commonly medication-related enquires. We trained and validated Med-Pal, a medication domain-specific LLM-chatbot fine-tuned with a fine-grained and expert curated dataset from a selection of five light-weighted open-source LLMs of smaller parameter size (7 billion or less) regarding computational constraints and prioritizing operational efficiency. A multi-disciplinary team performed a clinical evaluation of LLMs responses using the SCORE criteria, focusing on safety, accuracy, bias, reproducibility, and ease of understanding. Best performing light-weighted LLM was chosen as Med-Pal for further engineering with guard-railing using adversarial prompting. Med-Pal and existing light-weighted LLMs, including pretrained Biomistral and finetuned Meerkat, were validated on an independent dataset on a broad range of medication-related questions (231 in total), 12 different question types across 14 different medication classes. Mistral-7b emerged as the top performer among selected lightweight LLMs, achieving the highest median score of 14 and 71.9% high-quality responses in accuracy and safety domains, hence chosen as the backbone LLM for Med-Pal. When compared against Biomistral, Med-pal outperformed in generating responses appropriate for patient communication, with significant reductions bias and errors typical of general LLMs. Comparable performance was observed when comparing Med-Pal with Meerkat. Med-Pal showcases the feasibility of developing and employing fine-tuned light-weighted LLMs to enhance digital health communications.
WTU-EVAL: A Whether-or-Not Tool Usage Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models
Authors: Kangyun Ning, Yisong Su, Xueqiang Lv, Yuanzhe Zhang, Jian Liu, Kang Liu, Jinan Xu
Date: 2024-07-02 00:00:00

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in NLP tasks, they still need external tools to extend their ability. Current research on tool learning with LLMs often assumes mandatory tool use, which does not always align with real-world situations, where the necessity for tools is uncertain, and incorrect or unnecessary use of tools can damage the general abilities of LLMs. Therefore, we propose to explore whether LLMs can discern their ability boundaries and use tools flexibly. We then introduce the Whether-or-not tool usage Evaluation benchmark (WTU-Eval) to assess LLMs with eleven datasets, where six of them are tool-usage datasets, and five are general datasets. LLMs are prompted to use tools according to their needs. The results of eight LLMs on WTU-Eval reveal that LLMs frequently struggle to determine tool use in general datasets, and LLMs' performance in tool-usage datasets improves when their ability is similar to ChatGPT. In both datasets, incorrect tool usage significantly impairs LLMs' performance. To mitigate this, we also develop the finetuning dataset to enhance tool decision-making. Fine-tuning Llama2-7B results in a 14\% average performance improvement and a 16.8\% decrease in incorrect tool usage. We will release the WTU-Eval benchmark.
Whispering Experts: Neural Interventions for Toxicity Mitigation in Language Models
Authors: Xavier Suau, Pieter Delobelle, Katherine Metcalf, Armand Joulin, Nicholas Apostoloff, Luca Zappella, Pau Rodríguez
Date: 2024-07-02 00:00:00
Tasks: Common Sense Reasoning

An important issue with Large Language Models (LLMs) is their undesired ability to generate toxic language. In this work, we show that the neurons responsible for toxicity can be determined by their power to discriminate toxic sentences, and that toxic language can be mitigated by reducing their activation levels proportionally to this power. We propose AUROC adaptation (AurA), an intervention that can be applied to any pre-trained LLM to mitigate toxicity. As the intervention is proportional to the ability of each neuron to discriminate toxic content, it is free of any model-dependent hyperparameters. We show that AurA can achieve up to $2.2 \times$ reduction in toxicity with only a $0.72$ perplexity increase. We also show that AurA is effective with models of different scale (from 1.5B to 40B parameters), and its effectiveness in mitigating toxic language, while preserving common-sense zero-shot abilities, holds across all scales. AurA can be combined with pre-prompting strategies, boosting its average mitigation potential from $1.28\times$ to $2.35\times$. Moreover, AurA can counteract adversarial pre-prompts that maliciously elicit toxic content, making it an effective method for deploying safer and less toxic models.
A Depression Detection Method Based on Multi-Modal Feature Fusion Using Cross-Attention
Authors: Shengjie Li, Yinhao Xiao
Date: 2024-07-02 00:00:00
Tasks: Depression Detection

Depression, a prevalent and serious mental health issue, affects approximately 3.8\% of the global population. Despite the existence of effective treatments, over 75\% of individuals in low- and middle-income countries remain untreated, partly due to the challenge in accurately diagnosing depression in its early stages. This paper introduces a novel method for detecting depression based on multi-modal feature fusion utilizing cross-attention. By employing MacBERT as a pre-training model to extract lexical features from text and incorporating an additional Transformer module to refine task-specific contextual understanding, the model's adaptability to the targeted task is enhanced. Diverging from previous practices of simply concatenating multimodal features, this approach leverages cross-attention for feature integration, significantly improving the accuracy in depression detection and enabling a more comprehensive and precise analysis of user emotions and behaviors. Furthermore, a Multi-Modal Feature Fusion Network based on Cross-Attention (MFFNC) is constructed, demonstrating exceptional performance in the task of depression identification. The experimental results indicate that our method achieves an accuracy of 0.9495 on the test dataset, marking a substantial improvement over existing approaches. Moreover, it outlines a promising methodology for other social media platforms and tasks involving multi-modal processing. Timely identification and intervention for individuals with depression are crucial for saving lives, highlighting the immense potential of technology in facilitating early intervention for mental health issues.
Assessing the Effectiveness of GPT-4o in Climate Change Evidence Synthesis and Systematic Assessments: Preliminary Insights
Authors: Elphin Tom Joe, Sai Dileep Koneru, Christine J Kirchhoff
Date: 2024-07-02 00:00:00
Tasks: Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Large Language Model

In this research short, we examine the potential of using GPT-4o, a state-of-the-art large language model (LLM) to undertake evidence synthesis and systematic assessment tasks. Traditional workflows for such tasks involve large groups of domain experts who manually review and synthesize vast amounts of literature. The exponential growth of scientific literature and recent advances in LLMs provide an opportunity to complementing these traditional workflows with new age tools. We assess the efficacy of GPT-4o to do these tasks on a sample from the dataset created by the Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative (GAMI) where we check the accuracy of climate change adaptation related feature extraction from the scientific literature across three levels of expertise. Our results indicate that while GPT-4o can achieve high accuracy in low-expertise tasks like geographic location identification, their performance in intermediate and high-expertise tasks, such as stakeholder identification and assessment of depth of the adaptation response, is less reliable. The findings motivate the need for designing assessment workflows that utilize the strengths of models like GPT-4o while also providing refinements to improve their performance on these tasks.
The Solution for The PST-KDD-2024 OAG-Challenge
Authors: Shupeng Zhong, Xinger Li, Shushan Jin, Yang Yang
Date: 2024-07-02 00:00:00

In this paper, we introduce the second-place solution in the KDD-2024 OAG-Challenge paper source tracing track. Our solution is mainly based on two methods, BERT and GCN, and combines the reasoning results of BERT and GCN in the final submission to achieve complementary performance. In the BERT solution, we focus on processing the fragments that appear in the references of the paper, and use a variety of operations to reduce the redundant interference in the fragments, so that the information received by BERT is more refined. In the GCN solution, we map information such as paper fragments, abstracts, and titles to a high-dimensional semantic space through an embedding model, and try to build edges between titles, abstracts, and fragments to integrate contextual relationships for judgment. In the end, our solution achieved a remarkable score of 0.47691 in the competition.
Why Does New Knowledge Create Messy Ripple Effects in LLMs?
Authors: Jiaxin Qin, Zixuan Zhang, Chi Han, Manling Li, Pengfei Yu, Heng Ji
Date: 2024-07-02 00:00:00
Tasks: knowledge editing, Negation

Extensive previous research has focused on post-training knowledge editing (KE) for language models (LMs) to ensure that knowledge remains accurate and up-to-date. One desired property and open question in KE is to let edited LMs correctly handle ripple effects, where LM is expected to answer its logically related knowledge accurately. In this paper, we answer the question of why most KE methods still create messy ripple effects. We conduct extensive analysis and identify a salient indicator, GradSim, that effectively reveals when and why updated knowledge ripples in LMs. GradSim is computed by the cosine similarity between gradients of the original fact and its related knowledge. We observe a strong positive correlation between ripple effect performance and GradSim across different LMs, KE methods, and evaluation metrics. Further investigations into three counter-intuitive failure cases (Negation, Over-Ripple, Multi-Lingual) of ripple effects demonstrate that these failures are often associated with very low GradSim. This finding validates that GradSim is an effective indicator of when knowledge ripples in LMs.
Knowledge-based Consistency Testing of Large Language Models
Authors: Sai Sathiesh Rajan, Ezekiel Soremekun, Sudipta Chattopadhyay
Date: 2024-07-03 00:00:00

In this work, we systematically expose and measure the inconsistency and knowledge gaps of Large Language Models (LLMs). Specifically, we propose an automated testing framework (called KonTest) which leverages a knowledge graph to construct test cases. KonTest probes and measures the inconsistencies in the LLM's knowledge of the world via a combination of semantically-equivalent queries and test oracles (metamorphic or ontological oracle). KonTest further mitigates knowledge gaps via a weighted LLM model ensemble. Using four state-of-the-art LLMs (Falcon, Gemini, GPT3.5, and Llama2), we show that KonTest generates 19.2% error inducing inputs (1917 errors from 9979 test inputs). It also reveals a 16.5% knowledge gap across all tested LLMs. A mitigation method informed by KonTest's test suite reduces LLM knowledge gap by 32.48%. Our ablation study further shows that GPT3.5 is not suitable for knowledge-based consistency testing because it is only 60%-68% effective in knowledge construction.
Truth is Universal: Robust Detection of Lies in LLMs
Authors: Lennart Bürger, Fred A. Hamprecht, Boaz Nadler
Date: 2024-07-03 00:00:00

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionised natural language processing, exhibiting impressive human-like capabilities. In particular, LLMs are capable of "lying", knowingly outputting false statements. Hence, it is of interest and importance to develop methods to detect when LLMs lie. Indeed, several authors trained classifiers to detect LLM lies based on their internal model activations. However, other researchers showed that these classifiers may fail to generalise, for example to negated statements. In this work, we aim to develop a robust method to detect when an LLM is lying. To this end, we make the following key contributions: (i) We demonstrate the existence of a two-dimensional subspace, along which the activation vectors of true and false statements can be separated. Notably, this finding is universal and holds for various LLMs, including Gemma-7B, LLaMA2-13B, Mistral-7B and LLaMA3-8B. Our analysis explains the generalisation failures observed in previous studies and sets the stage for more robust lie detection; (ii) Building upon (i), we construct an accurate LLM lie detector. Empirically, our proposed classifier achieves state-of-the-art performance, attaining 94% accuracy in both distinguishing true from false factual statements and detecting lies generated in real-world scenarios.
Sentence-level Aggregation of Lexical Metrics Correlates Stronger with Human Judgements than Corpus-level Aggregation
Authors: Paulo Cavalin, Pedro Henrique Domingues, Claudio Pinhanez
Date: 2024-07-03 00:00:00
Tasks: Machine Translation, Sentence

In this paper we show that corpus-level aggregation hinders considerably the capability of lexical metrics to accurately evaluate machine translation (MT) systems. With empirical experiments we demonstrate that averaging individual segment-level scores can make metrics such as BLEU and chrF correlate much stronger with human judgements and make them behave considerably more similar to neural metrics such as COMET and BLEURT. We show that this difference exists because corpus- and segment-level aggregation differs considerably owing to the classical average of ratio versus ratio of averages Mathematical problem. Moreover, as we also show, such difference affects considerably the statistical robustness of corpus-level aggregation. Considering that neural metrics currently only cover a small set of sufficiently-resourced languages, the results in this paper can help make the evaluation of MT systems for low-resource languages more trustworthy.
ESQA: Event Sequences Question Answering
Authors: Irina Abdullaeva, Andrei Filatov, Mikhail Orlov, Ivan Karpukhin, Viacheslav Vasilev, Denis Dimitrov, Andrey Kuznetsov, Ivan Kireev, Andrey Savchenko
Date: 2024-07-03 00:00:00
Tasks: Question Answering

Event sequences (ESs) arise in many practical domains including finance, retail, social networks, and healthcare. In the context of machine learning, event sequences can be seen as a special type of tabular data with annotated timestamps. Despite the importance of ESs modeling and analysis, little effort was made in adapting large language models (LLMs) to the ESs domain. In this paper, we highlight the common difficulties of ESs processing and propose a novel solution capable of solving multiple downstream tasks with little or no finetuning. In particular, we solve the problem of working with long sequences and improve time and numeric features processing. The resulting method, called ESQA, effectively utilizes the power of LLMs and, according to extensive experiments, achieves state-of-the-art results in the ESs domain.