pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Sentiment Informed Sentence BERT-Ensemble Algorithm for Depression Detection
Authors: Bayode Ogunleye, Hemlata Sharma, Olamilekan Shobayo
Date: 2024-09-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Depression Detection, Sentence

The World Health Organisation (WHO) revealed approximately 280 million people in the world suffer from depression. Yet, existing studies on early-stage depression detection using machine learning (ML) techniques are limited. Prior studies have applied a single stand-alone algorithm, which is unable to deal with data complexities, prone to overfitting, and limited in generalization. To this end, our paper examined the performance of several ML algorithms for early-stage depression detection using two benchmark social media datasets (D1 and D2). More specifically, we incorporated sentiment indicators to improve our model performance. Our experimental results showed that sentence bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (SBERT) numerical vectors fitted into the stacking ensemble model achieved comparable F1 scores of 69% in the dataset (D1) and 76% in the dataset (D2). Our findings suggest that utilizing sentiment indicators as an additional feature for depression detection yields an improved model performance, and thus, we recommend the development of a depressive term corpus for future work.
TracrBench: Generating Interpretability Testbeds with Large Language Models
Authors: Hannes Thurnherr, Jérémy Scheurer
Date: 2024-09-07 00:00:00

Achieving a mechanistic understanding of transformer-based language models is an open challenge, especially due to their large number of parameters. Moreover, the lack of ground truth mappings between model weights and their functional roles hinders the effective evaluation of interpretability methods, impeding overall progress. Tracr, a method for generating compiled transformers with inherent ground truth mappings in RASP, has been proposed to address this issue. However, manually creating a large number of models needed for verifying interpretability methods is labour-intensive and time-consuming. In this work, we present a novel approach for generating interpretability test beds using large language models (LLMs) and introduce TracrBench, a novel dataset consisting of 121 manually written and LLM-generated, human-validated RASP programs and their corresponding transformer weights. During this process, we evaluate the ability of frontier LLMs to autonomously generate RASP programs and find that this task poses significant challenges. GPT-4-turbo, with a 20-shot prompt and best-of-5 sampling, correctly implements only 57 out of 101 test programs, necessitating the manual implementation of the remaining programs. With its 121 samples, TracrBench aims to serve as a valuable testbed for evaluating and comparing interpretability methods.
Introducing MeMo: A Multimodal Dataset for Memory Modelling in Multiparty Conversations
Authors: Maria Tsfasman, Bernd Dudzik, Kristian Fenech, Andras Lorincz, Catholijn M. Jonker, Catharine Oertel
Date: 2024-09-07 00:00:00

Conversational memory is the process by which humans encode, retain and retrieve verbal, non-verbal and contextual information from a conversation. Since human memory is selective, differing recollections of the same events can lead to misunderstandings and misalignments within a group. Yet, conversational facilitation systems, aimed at advancing the quality of group interactions, usually focus on tracking users' states within an individual session, ignoring what remains in each participant's memory after the interaction. Understanding conversational memory can be used as a source of information on the long-term development of social connections within a group. This paper introduces the MeMo corpus, the first conversational dataset annotated with participants' memory retention reports, aimed at facilitating computational modelling of human conversational memory. The MeMo corpus includes 31 hours of small-group discussions on Covid-19, repeated 3 times over the term of 2 weeks. It integrates validated behavioural and perceptual measures, audio, video, and multimodal annotations, offering a valuable resource for studying and modelling conversational memory and group dynamics. By introducing the MeMo corpus, analysing its validity, and demonstrating its usefulness for future research, this paper aims to pave the way for future research in conversational memory modelling for intelligent system development.
Constrained Multi-Layer Contrastive Learning for Implicit Discourse Relationship Recognition
Authors: YiHeng Wu, Junhui Li, Muhua Zhu
Date: 2024-09-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Binary Classification, Classification, Contrastive Learning, Multi-class Classification, Representation Learning

Previous approaches to the task of implicit discourse relation recognition (IDRR) generally view it as a classification task. Even with pre-trained language models, like BERT and RoBERTa, IDRR still relies on complicated neural networks with multiple intermediate layers to proper capture the interaction between two discourse units. As a result, the outputs of these intermediate layers may have different capability in discriminating instances of different classes. To this end, we propose to adapt a supervised contrastive learning (CL) method, label- and instance-centered CL, to enhance representation learning. Moreover, we propose a novel constrained multi-layer CL approach to properly impose a constraint that the contrastive loss of higher layers should be smaller than that of lower layers. Experimental results on PDTB 2.0 and PDTB 3.0 show that our approach can significantly improve the performance on both multi-class classification and binary classification.
DiVA-DocRE: A Discriminative and Voice-Aware Paradigm for Document-Level Relation Extraction
Authors: YiHeng Wu, Roman Yangarber, Xian Mao
Date: 2024-09-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Document-level Relation Extraction, Reading Comprehension, Relation, Relation Extraction, Sentence, Triplet

The remarkable capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in text comprehension and generation have revolutionized Information Extraction (IE). One such advancement is in Document-level Relation Triplet Extraction (DocRTE), a critical task in information systems that aims to extract entities and their semantic relationships from documents. However, existing methods are primarily designed for Sentence level Relation Triplet Extraction (SentRTE), which typically handles a limited set of relations and triplet facts within a single sentence. Additionally, some approaches treat relations as candidate choices integrated into prompt templates, resulting in inefficient processing and suboptimal performance when determining the relation elements in triplets. To address these limitations, we introduce a Discriminative and Voice Aware Paradigm DiVA. DiVA involves only two steps: performing document-level relation extraction (DocRE) and then identifying the subject object entities based on the relation. No additional processing is required simply input the document to directly obtain the triplets. This streamlined process more accurately reflects real-world scenarios for triplet extraction. Our innovation lies in transforming DocRE into a discriminative task, where the model pays attention to each relation and to the often overlooked issue of active vs. passive voice within the triplet. Our experiments on the Re-DocRED and DocRED datasets demonstrate state-of-the-art results for the DocRTE task.
Logically Consistent Language Models via Neuro-Symbolic Integration
Authors: Diego Calanzone, Stefano Teso, Antonio Vergari
Date: 2024-09-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Natural Language Understanding

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generating non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradicting themselves when prompted to reason about relations between entities of the world. These problems are currently addressed with large scale fine-tuning or by delegating reasoning to external tools. In this work, we strive for a middle ground and introduce a loss based on neuro-symbolic reasoning that teaches an LLM to be logically consistent with an external set of facts and rules and improves self-consistency even when the LLM is fine-tuned on a limited set of facts. Our approach also allows to easily combine multiple logical constraints at once in a principled way, delivering LLMs that are more consistent w.r.t. all constraints and improve over several baselines w.r.t. a given constraint. Moreover, our method allows LLMs to extrapolate to unseen but semantically similar factual knowledge, represented in unseen datasets, more systematically.
Identity-related Speech Suppression in Generative AI Content Moderation
Authors: Oghenefejiro Isaacs Anigboro, Charlie M. Crawford, Grace Proebsting, Danaë Metaxa, Sorelle A. Friedler
Date: 2024-09-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Text Generation

Automated content moderation has long been used to help identify and filter undesired user-generated content online. Generative AI systems now use such filters to keep undesired generated content from being created by or shown to users. From classrooms to Hollywood, as generative AI is increasingly used for creative or expressive text generation, whose stories will these technologies allow to be told, and whose will they suppress? In this paper, we define and introduce measures of speech suppression, focusing on speech related to different identity groups incorrectly filtered by a range of content moderation APIs. Using both short-form, user-generated datasets traditional in content moderation and longer generative AI-focused data, including two datasets we introduce in this work, we create a benchmark for measurement of speech suppression for nine identity groups. Across one traditional and four generative AI-focused automated content moderation services tested, we find that identity-related speech is more likely to be incorrectly suppressed than other speech. We find differences in identity-related speech suppression for traditional versus generative AI data, with APIs performing better on generative AI data but worse on longer text instances, and by identity, with identity-specific reasons for incorrect flagging behavior. Overall, we find that on traditional short-form data incorrectly suppressed speech is likely to be political, while for generative AI creative data it is likely to be television violence.
Multilingual Dyadic Interaction Corpus NoXi+J: Toward Understanding Asian-European Non-verbal Cultural Characteristics and their Influences on Engagement
Authors: Marius Funk, Shogo Okada, Elisabeth André
Date: 2024-09-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Transfer Learning

Non-verbal behavior is a central challenge in understanding the dynamics of a conversation and the affective states between interlocutors arising from the interaction. Although psychological research has demonstrated that non-verbal behaviors vary across cultures, limited computational analysis has been conducted to clarify these differences and assess their impact on engagement recognition. To gain a greater understanding of engagement and non-verbal behaviors among a wide range of cultures and language spheres, in this study we conduct a multilingual computational analysis of non-verbal features and investigate their role in engagement and engagement prediction. To achieve this goal, we first expanded the NoXi dataset, which contains interaction data from participants living in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, by collecting session data of dyadic conversations in Japanese and Chinese, resulting in the enhanced dataset NoXi+J. Next, we extracted multimodal non-verbal features, including speech acoustics, facial expressions, backchanneling and gestures, via various pattern recognition techniques and algorithms. Then, we conducted a statistical analysis of listening behaviors and backchannel patterns to identify culturally dependent and independent features in each language and common features among multiple languages. These features were also correlated with the engagement shown by the interlocutors. Finally, we analyzed the influence of cultural differences in the input features of LSTM models trained to predict engagement for five language datasets. A SHAP analysis combined with transfer learning confirmed a considerable correlation between the importance of input features for a language set and the significant cultural characteristics analyzed.
Classification performance and reproducibility of GPT-4 omni for information extraction from veterinary electronic health records
Authors: Judit M Wulcan, Kevin L Jacques, Mary Ann Lee, Samantha L Kovacs, Nicole Dausend, Lauren E Prince, Jonatan Wulcan, Sina Marsilio, Stefan M Keller
Date: 2024-09-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Sensitivity, Specificity

Large language models (LLMs) can extract information from veterinary electronic health records (EHRs), but performance differences between models, the effect of temperature settings, and the influence of text ambiguity have not been previously evaluated. This study addresses these gaps by comparing the performance of GPT-4 omni (GPT-4o) and GPT-3.5 Turbo under different conditions and investigating the relationship between human interobserver agreement and LLM errors. The LLMs and five humans were tasked with identifying six clinical signs associated with Feline chronic enteropathy in 250 EHRs from a veterinary referral hospital. At temperature 0, the performance of GPT-4o compared to the majority opinion of human respondents, achieved 96.9% sensitivity (interquartile range [IQR] 92.9-99.3%), 97.6% specificity (IQR 96.5-98.5%), 80.7% positive predictive value (IQR 70.8-84.6%), 99.5% negative predictive value (IQR 99.0-99.9%), 84.4% F1 score (IQR 77.3-90.4%), and 96.3% balanced accuracy (IQR 95.0-97.9%). The performance of GPT-4o was significantly better than that of its predecessor, GPT-3.5 Turbo, particularly with respect to sensitivity where GPT-3.5 Turbo only achieved 81.7% (IQR 78.9-84.8%). Adjusting the temperature for GPT-4o did not significantly impact classification performance. GPT-4o demonstrated greater reproducibility than human pairs regardless of temperature, with an average Cohen's kappa of 0.98 (IQR 0.98-0.99) at temperature 0 compared to 0.8 (IQR 0.78-0.81) for humans. Most GPT-4o errors occurred in instances where humans disagreed (35/43 errors, 81.4%), suggesting that these errors were more likely caused by ambiguity of the EHR than explicit model faults. Using GPT-4o to automate information extraction from veterinary EHRs is a viable alternative to manual extraction.
Rule Extrapolation in Language Models: A Study of Compositional Generalization on OOD Prompts
Authors: Anna Mészáros, Szilvia Ujváry, Wieland Brendel, Patrik Reizinger, Ferenc Huszár
Date: 2024-09-09 00:00:00
Tasks: In-Context Learning, State Space Models

LLMs show remarkable emergent abilities, such as inferring concepts from presumably out-of-distribution prompts, known as in-context learning. Though this success is often attributed to the Transformer architecture, our systematic understanding is limited. In complex real-world data sets, even defining what is out-of-distribution is not obvious. To better understand the OOD behaviour of autoregressive LLMs, we focus on formal languages, which are defined by the intersection of rules. We define a new scenario of OOD compositional generalization, termed rule extrapolation. Rule extrapolation describes OOD scenarios, where the prompt violates at least one rule. We evaluate rule extrapolation in formal languages with varying complexity in linear and recurrent architectures, the Transformer, and state space models to understand the architectures' influence on rule extrapolation. We also lay the first stones of a normative theory of rule extrapolation, inspired by the Solomonoff prior in algorithmic information theory.
MathGLM-Vision: Solving Mathematical Problems with Multi-Modal Large Language Model
Authors: Zhen Yang, Jinhao Chen, Zhengxiao Du, Wenmeng Yu, Weihan Wang, Wenyi Hong, Zhihuan Jiang, Bin Xu, Jie Tang
Date: 2024-09-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Diversity, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Large Language Model, Mathematical Reasoning

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant capabilities in mathematical reasoning, particularly with text-based mathematical problems. However, current multi-modal large language models (MLLMs), especially those specialized in mathematics, tend to focus predominantly on solving geometric problems but ignore the diversity of visual information available in other areas of mathematics. Moreover, the geometric information for these specialized mathematical MLLMs is derived from several public datasets, which are typically limited in diversity and complexity. To address these limitations, we aim to construct a fine-tuning dataset named MathVL, and develop a series of specialized mathematical MLLMs termed MathGLM-Vision by conducting Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) on MathVL with various parameter-scale backbones. To extensively evaluate the effectiveness of MathGLM-Vision, we conduct experiments on several public benchmarks and our curated MathVL-test consisting of 2,000 problems. Experimental results demonstrate that MathGLM-Vision achieves significant improvements compared with some existing models, including backbone models and open-source mathematical MLLMs. These findings indicate the importance of diversity dataset in enhancing the mathematical reasoning abilities of MLLMs.
KAG: Boosting LLMs in Professional Domains via Knowledge Augmented Generation
Authors: Lei Liang, Mengshu Sun, Zhengke Gui, Zhongshu Zhu, Zhouyu Jiang, Ling Zhong, Yuan Qu, Peilong Zhao, Zhongpu Bo, Jin Yang, Huaidong Xiong, Lin Yuan, Jun Xu, Zaoyang Wang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Wen Zhang, Huajun Chen, WenGuang Chen, Jun Zhou
Date: 2024-09-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Knowledge Graphs, Question Answering, RAG, Retrieval, Retrieval-augmented Generation

The recently developed retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) technology has enabled the efficient construction of domain-specific applications. However, it also has limitations, including the gap between vector similarity and the relevance of knowledge reasoning, as well as insensitivity to knowledge logic, such as numerical values, temporal relations, expert rules, and others, which hinder the effectiveness of professional knowledge services. In this work, we introduce a professional domain knowledge service framework called Knowledge Augmented Generation (KAG). KAG is designed to address the aforementioned challenges with the motivation of making full use of the advantages of knowledge graph(KG) and vector retrieval, and to improve generation and reasoning performance by bidirectionally enhancing large language models (LLMs) and KGs through five key aspects: (1) LLM-friendly knowledge representation, (2) mutual-indexing between knowledge graphs and original chunks, (3) logical-form-guided hybrid reasoning engine, (4) knowledge alignment with semantic reasoning, and (5) model capability enhancement for KAG. We compared KAG with existing RAG methods in multihop question answering and found that it significantly outperforms state-of-theart methods, achieving a relative improvement of 19.6% on 2wiki and 33.5% on hotpotQA in terms of F1 score. We have successfully applied KAG to two professional knowledge Q&A tasks of Ant Group, including E-Government Q&A and E-Health Q&A, achieving significant improvement in professionalism compared to RAG methods.
Enhancing Large Language Models with Domain-Specific Knowledge: The Case in Topological Materials
Authors: HuangChao Xu, Baohua Zhang, Zhong Jin, Tiannian Zhu, QuanSheng Wu, Hongming Weng
Date: 2024-09-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Language Modelling, Large Language Model, Prompt Learning, Relational Reasoning, Retrieval, Text Generation

Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have demonstrated impressive performance in the text generation task, showing the ability to understand and respond to complex instructions. However, the performance of naive LLMs in speciffc domains is limited due to the scarcity of domain-speciffc corpora and specialized training. Moreover, training a specialized large-scale model necessitates signiffcant hardware resources, which restricts researchers from leveraging such models to drive advances. Hence, it is crucial to further improve and optimize LLMs to meet speciffc domain demands and enhance their scalability. Based on the condensed matter data center, we establish a material knowledge graph (MaterialsKG) and integrate it with literature. Using large language models and prompt learning, we develop a specialized dialogue system for topological materials called TopoChat. Compared to naive LLMs, TopoChat exhibits superior performance in structural and property querying, material recommendation, and complex relational reasoning. This system enables efffcient and precise retrieval of information and facilitates knowledge interaction, thereby encouraging the advancement on the ffeld of condensed matter materials.
RNR: Teaching Large Language Models to Follow Roles and Rules
Authors: Kuan Wang, Alexander Bukharin, Haoming Jiang, Qingyu Yin, Zhengyang Wang, Tuo Zhao, Jingbo Shang, Chao Zhang, Bing Yin, Xian Li, Jianshu Chen, Shiyang Li
Date: 2024-09-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Instruction Following

Instruction fine-tuning (IFT) elicits instruction following capabilities and steers the behavior of large language models (LLMs) via supervised learning. However, existing models trained on open-source IFT datasets only have the ability to follow instructions from users, and often fail to follow complex role and rules specified by developers, a.k.a. system prompts. The ability to follow these roles and rules is essential for deployment, as it ensures that the model safely interacts with users within developer defined guidelines. To improve such role and rule following ability, we propose \model, an automated data generation pipeline that generates diverse roles and rules from existing IFT instructions, along with corresponding responses. This data can then be used to train models that follow complex system prompts. The models are evaluated on our newly created benchmarks for role and rule following ability, as well as standard instruction-following benchmarks and general NLP tasks. Our framework significantly improves role and rule following capability in LLMs, as evidenced by over 25% increase in pass-rate on rule adherence, i.e. following all requirements, in our experiments with the Alpaca and Ultrachat datasets. Moreover, our models achieves this increase without any regression on popular instruction following benchmarks.
Enhancing Kurdish Text-to-Speech with Native Corpus Training: A High-Quality WaveGlow Vocoder Approach
Authors: Abdulhady Abas Abdullah, Sabat Salih Muhamad, Hadi Veisi
Date: 2024-09-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Speech Synthesis, text-to-speech, Text to Speech

The ability to synthesize spoken language from text has greatly facilitated access to digital content with the advances in text-to-speech technology. However, effective TTS development for low-resource languages, such as Central Kurdish (CKB), still faces many challenges due mainly to the lack of linguistic information and dedicated resources. In this paper, we improve the Kurdish TTS system based on Tacotron by training the Kurdish WaveGlow vocoder on a 21-hour central Kurdish speech corpus instead of using a pre-trained English vocoder WaveGlow. Vocoder training on the target language corpus is required to accurately and fluently adapt phonetic and prosodic changes in Kurdish language. The effectiveness of these enhancements is that our model is significantly better than the baseline system with English pretrained models. In particular, our adaptive WaveGlow model achieves an impressive MOS of 4.91, which sets a new benchmark for Kurdish speech synthesis. On one hand, this study empowers the advanced features of the TTS system for Central Kurdish, and on the other hand, it opens the doors for other dialects in Kurdish and other related languages to further develop.