pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Do Existing Testing Tools Really Uncover Gender Bias in Text-to-Image Models?
Authors: Yunbo Lyu, Zhou Yang, Yuqing Niu, Jing Jiang, David Lo
Date: 2025-01-27 00:00:00

Text-to-Image (T2I) models have recently gained significant attention due to their ability to generate high-quality images and are consequently used in a wide range of applications. However, there are concerns about the gender bias of these models. Previous studies have shown that T2I models can perpetuate or even amplify gender stereotypes when provided with neutral text prompts. Researchers have proposed automated gender bias uncovering detectors for T2I models, but a crucial gap exists: no existing work comprehensively compares the various detectors and understands how the gender bias detected by them deviates from the actual situation. This study addresses this gap by validating previous gender bias detectors using a manually labeled dataset and comparing how the bias identified by various detectors deviates from the actual bias in T2I models, as verified by manual confirmation. We create a dataset consisting of 6,000 images generated from three cutting-edge T2I models: Stable Diffusion XL, Stable Diffusion 3, and Dreamlike Photoreal 2.0. During the human-labeling process, we find that all three T2I models generate a portion (12.48% on average) of low-quality images (e.g., generate images with no face present), where human annotators cannot determine the gender of the person. Our analysis reveals that all three T2I models show a preference for generating male images, with SDXL being the most biased. Additionally, images generated using prompts containing professional descriptions (e.g., lawyer or doctor) show the most bias. We evaluate seven gender bias detectors and find that none fully capture the actual level of bias in T2I models, with some detectors overestimating bias by up to 26.95%. We further investigate the causes of inaccurate estimations, highlighting the limitations of detectors in dealing with low-quality images. Based on our findings, we propose an enhanced detector...
Efficient Attention-Sharing Information Distillation Transformer for Lightweight Single Image Super-Resolution
Authors: Karam Park, Jae Woong Soh, Nam Ik Cho
Date: 2025-01-27 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Super-Resolution, Super-Resolution

Transformer-based Super-Resolution (SR) methods have demonstrated superior performance compared to convolutional neural network (CNN)-based SR approaches due to their capability to capture long-range dependencies. However, their high computational complexity necessitates the development of lightweight approaches for practical use. To address this challenge, we propose the Attention-Sharing Information Distillation (ASID) network, a lightweight SR network that integrates attention-sharing and an information distillation structure specifically designed for Transformer-based SR methods. We modify the information distillation scheme, originally designed for efficient CNN operations, to reduce the computational load of stacked self-attention layers, effectively addressing the efficiency bottleneck. Additionally, we introduce attention-sharing across blocks to further minimize the computational cost of self-attention operations. By combining these strategies, ASID achieves competitive performance with existing SR methods while requiring only around 300K parameters - significantly fewer than existing CNN-based and Transformer-based SR models. Furthermore, ASID outperforms state-of-the-art SR methods when the number of parameters is matched, demonstrating its efficiency and effectiveness. The code and supplementary material are available on the project page.
NanoHTNet: Nano Human Topology Network for Efficient 3D Human Pose Estimation
Authors: Jialun Cai, Mengyuan Liu, Hong Liu, Wenhao Li, Shuheng Zhou
Date: 2025-01-27 00:00:00
Tasks: 3D Human Pose Estimation, Contrastive Learning, Pose Estimation

The widespread application of 3D human pose estimation (HPE) is limited by resource-constrained edge devices, requiring more efficient models. A key approach to enhancing efficiency involves designing networks based on the structural characteristics of input data. However, effectively utilizing the structural priors in human skeletal inputs remains challenging. To address this, we leverage both explicit and implicit spatio-temporal priors of the human body through innovative model design and a pre-training proxy task. First, we propose a Nano Human Topology Network (NanoHTNet), a tiny 3D HPE network with stacked Hierarchical Mixers to capture explicit features. Specifically, the spatial Hierarchical Mixer efficiently learns the human physical topology across multiple semantic levels, while the temporal Hierarchical Mixer with discrete cosine transform and low-pass filtering captures local instantaneous movements and global action coherence. Moreover, Efficient Temporal-Spatial Tokenization (ETST) is introduced to enhance spatio-temporal interaction and reduce computational complexity significantly. Second, PoseCLR is proposed as a general pre-training method based on contrastive learning for 3D HPE, aimed at extracting implicit representations of human topology. By aligning 2D poses from diverse viewpoints in the proxy task, PoseCLR aids 3D HPE encoders like NanoHTNet in more effectively capturing the high-dimensional features of the human body, leading to further performance improvements. Extensive experiments verify that NanoHTNet with PoseCLR outperforms other state-of-the-art methods in efficiency, making it ideal for deployment on edge devices like the Jetson Nano. Code and models are available at https://github.com/vefalun/NanoHTNet.
Z-Stack Scanning can Improve AI Detection of Mitosis: A Case Study of Meningiomas
Authors: Hongyan Gu, Ellie Onstott, Wenzhong Yan, Tengyou Xu, Ruolin Wang, Zida Wu, Xiang 'Anthony' Chen, Mohammad Haeri
Date: 2025-01-27 00:00:00
Tasks: Mitosis Detection, whole slide images

Z-stack scanning is an emerging whole slide imaging technology that captures multiple focal planes alongside the z-axis of a glass slide. Because z-stacking can offer enhanced depth information compared to the single-layer whole slide imaging, this technology can be particularly useful in analyzing small-scaled histopathological patterns. However, its actual clinical impact remains debated with mixed results. To clarify this, we investigate the effect of z-stack scanning on artificial intelligence (AI) mitosis detection of meningiomas. With the same set of 22 Hematoxylin and Eosin meningioma glass slides scanned by three different digital pathology scanners, we tested the performance of three AI pipelines on both single-layer and z-stacked whole slide images (WSIs). Results showed that in all scanner-AI combinations, z-stacked WSIs significantly increased AI's sensitivity (+17.14%) on the mitosis detection with only a marginal impact on precision. Our findings provide quantitative evidence that highlights z-stack scanning as a promising technique for AI mitosis detection, paving the way for more reliable AI-assisted pathology workflows, which can ultimately benefit patient management.
SeqSeg: Learning Local Segments for Automatic Vascular Model Construction
Authors: Numi Sveinsson Cepero, Shawn C. Shadden
Date: 2025-01-27 00:00:00
Proceeding: Annals of Biomedical Engineering 2024 9
Tasks: Image Segmentation, Medical Image Segmentation, Segmentation, Semantic Segmentation

Computational modeling of cardiovascular function has become a critical part of diagnosing, treating and understanding cardiovascular disease. Most strategies involve constructing anatomically accurate computer models of cardiovascular structures, which is a multistep, time-consuming process. To improve the model generation process, we herein present SeqSeg (sequential segmentation): a novel deep learning based automatic tracing and segmentation algorithm for constructing image-based vascular models. SeqSeg leverages local U-Net-based inference to sequentially segment vascular structures from medical image volumes. We tested SeqSeg on CT and MR images of aortic and aortofemoral models and compared the predictions to those of benchmark 2D and 3D global nnU-Net models, which have previously shown excellent accuracy for medical image segmentation. We demonstrate that SeqSeg is able to segment more complete vasculature and is able to generalize to vascular structures not annotated in the training data.
MimicGait: A Model Agnostic approach for Occluded Gait Recognition using Correlational Knowledge Distillation
Authors: Ayush Gupta, Rama Chellappa
Date: 2025-01-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Gait Recognition, Gait Recognition in the Wild, Knowledge Distillation

Gait recognition is an important biometric technique over large distances. State-of-the-art gait recognition systems perform very well in controlled environments at close range. Recently, there has been an increased interest in gait recognition in the wild prompted by the collection of outdoor, more challenging datasets containing variations in terms of illumination, pitch angles, and distances. An important problem in these environments is that of occlusion, where the subject is partially blocked from camera view. While important, this problem has received little attention. Thus, we propose MimicGait, a model-agnostic approach for gait recognition in the presence of occlusions. We train the network using a multi-instance correlational distillation loss to capture both inter-sequence and intra-sequence correlations in the occluded gait patterns of a subject, utilizing an auxiliary Visibility Estimation Network to guide the training of the proposed mimic network. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on challenging real-world datasets like GREW, Gait3D and BRIAR. We release the code in https://github.com/Ayush-00/mimicgait.
AirIO: Learning Inertial Odometry with Enhanced IMU Feature Observability
Authors: Yuheng Qiu, Can Xu, Yutian Chen, Shibo Zhao, Junyi Geng, Sebastian Scherer
Date: 2025-01-26 00:00:00
Tasks: State Estimation

Inertial odometry (IO) using only Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) offers a lightweight and cost-effective solution for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications, yet existing learning-based IO models often fail to generalize to UAVs due to the highly dynamic and non-linear-flight patterns that differ from pedestrian motion. In this work, we identify that the conventional practice of transforming raw IMU data to global coordinates undermines the observability of critical kinematic information in UAVs. By preserving the body-frame representation, our method achieves substantial performance improvements, with a 66.7% average increase in accuracy across three datasets. Furthermore, explicitly encoding attitude information into the motion network results in an additional 23.8% improvement over prior results. Combined with a data-driven IMU correction model (AirIMU) and an uncertainty-aware Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), our approach ensures robust state estimation under aggressive UAV maneuvers without relying on external sensors or control inputs. Notably, our method also demonstrates strong generalizability to unseen data not included in the training set, underscoring its potential for real-world UAV applications.
Classifying Deepfakes Using Swin Transformers
Authors: Aprille J. Xi, Eason Chen
Date: 2025-01-26 00:00:00
Tasks: DeepFake Detection, Face Detection, Face Swapping

The proliferation of deepfake technology poses significant challenges to the authenticity and trustworthiness of digital media, necessitating the development of robust detection methods. This study explores the application of Swin Transformers, a state-of-the-art architecture leveraging shifted windows for self-attention, in detecting and classifying deepfake images. Using the Real and Fake Face Detection dataset by Yonsei University's Computational Intelligence Photography Lab, we evaluate the Swin Transformer and hybrid models such as Swin-ResNet and Swin-KNN, focusing on their ability to identify subtle manipulation artifacts. Our results demonstrate that the Swin Transformer outperforms conventional CNN-based architectures, including VGG16, ResNet18, and AlexNet, achieving a test accuracy of 71.29%. Additionally, we present insights into hybrid model design, highlighting the complementary strengths of transformer and CNN-based approaches in deepfake detection. This study underscores the potential of transformer-based architectures for improving accuracy and generalizability in image-based manipulation detection, paving the way for more effective countermeasures against deepfake threats.
A Privacy Enhancing Technique to Evade Detection by Street Video Cameras Without Using Adversarial Accessories
Authors: Jacob Shams, Ben Nassi, Satoru Koda, Asaf Shabtai, Yuval Elovici
Date: 2025-01-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Pedestrian Detection

In this paper, we propose a privacy-enhancing technique leveraging an inherent property of automatic pedestrian detection algorithms, namely, that the training of deep neural network (DNN) based methods is generally performed using curated datasets and laboratory settings, while the operational areas of these methods are dynamic real-world environments. In particular, we leverage a novel side effect of this gap between the laboratory and the real world: location-based weakness in pedestrian detection. We demonstrate that the position (distance, angle, height) of a person, and ambient light level, directly impact the confidence of a pedestrian detector when detecting the person. We then demonstrate that this phenomenon is present in pedestrian detectors observing a stationary scene of pedestrian traffic, with blind spot areas of weak detection of pedestrians with low confidence. We show how privacy-concerned pedestrians can leverage these blind spots to evade detection by constructing a minimum confidence path between two points in a scene, reducing the maximum confidence and average confidence of the path by up to 0.09 and 0.13, respectively, over direct and random paths through the scene. To counter this phenomenon, and force the use of more costly and sophisticated methods to leverage this vulnerability, we propose a novel countermeasure to improve the confidence of pedestrian detectors in blind spots, raising the max/average confidence of paths generated by our technique by 0.09 and 0.05, respectively. In addition, we demonstrate that our countermeasure improves a Faster R-CNN-based pedestrian detector's TPR and average true positive confidence by 0.03 and 0.15, respectively.
IP-Prompter: Training-Free Theme-Specific Image Generation via Dynamic Visual Prompting
Authors: Yuxin Zhang, Minyan Luo, WeiMing Dong, Xiao Yang, Haibin Huang, Chongyang Ma, Oliver Deussen, Tong-Yee Lee, Changsheng Xu
Date: 2025-01-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Diffusion Personalization, Diffusion Personalization Tuning Free, Efficient Diffusion Personalization, Image Generation, Story Generation, Text to Image Generation, Text-to-Image Generation, Visual Prompting

The stories and characters that captivate us as we grow up shape unique fantasy worlds, with images serving as the primary medium for visually experiencing these realms. Personalizing generative models through fine-tuning with theme-specific data has become a prevalent approach in text-to-image generation. However, unlike object customization, which focuses on learning specific objects, theme-specific generation encompasses diverse elements such as characters, scenes, and objects. Such diversity also introduces a key challenge: how to adaptively generate multi-character, multi-concept, and continuous theme-specific images (TSI). Moreover, fine-tuning approaches often come with significant computational overhead, time costs, and risks of overfitting. This paper explores a fundamental question: Can image generation models directly leverage images as contextual input, similarly to how large language models use text as context? To address this, we present IP-Prompter, a novel training-free TSI generation method. IP-Prompter introduces visual prompting, a mechanism that integrates reference images into generative models, allowing users to seamlessly specify the target theme without requiring additional training. To further enhance this process, we propose a Dynamic Visual Prompting (DVP) mechanism, which iteratively optimizes visual prompts to improve the accuracy and quality of generated images. Our approach enables diverse applications, including consistent story generation, character design, realistic character generation, and style-guided image generation. Comparative evaluations against state-of-the-art personalization methods demonstrate that IP-Prompter achieves significantly better results and excels in maintaining character identity preserving, style consistency and text alignment, offering a robust and flexible solution for theme-specific image generation.
IPVTON: Image-based 3D Virtual Try-on with Image Prompt Adapter
Authors: Xiaojing Zhong, Zhonghua Wu, Xiaofeng Yang, Guosheng Lin, Qingyao Wu
Date: 2025-01-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Virtual Try-on

Given a pair of images depicting a person and a garment separately, image-based 3D virtual try-on methods aim to reconstruct a 3D human model that realistically portrays the person wearing the desired garment. In this paper, we present IPVTON, a novel image-based 3D virtual try-on framework. IPVTON employs score distillation sampling with image prompts to optimize a hybrid 3D human representation, integrating target garment features into diffusion priors through an image prompt adapter. To avoid interference with non-target areas, we leverage mask-guided image prompt embeddings to focus the image features on the try-on regions. Moreover, we impose geometric constraints on the 3D model with a pseudo silhouette generated by ControlNet, ensuring that the clothed 3D human model retains the shape of the source identity while accurately wearing the target garments. Extensive qualitative and quantitative experiments demonstrate that IPVTON outperforms previous methods in image-based 3D virtual try-on tasks, excelling in both geometry and texture.
Radiologist-in-the-Loop Self-Training for Generalizable CT Metal Artifact Reduction
Authors: Chenglong Ma, Zilong Li, Yuanlin Li, Jing Han, Junping Zhang, Yi Zhang, Jiannan Liu, Hongming Shan
Date: 2025-01-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Computed Tomography (CT), Metal Artifact Reduction

Metal artifacts in computed tomography (CT) images can significantly degrade image quality and impede accurate diagnosis. Supervised metal artifact reduction (MAR) methods, trained using simulated datasets, often struggle to perform well on real clinical CT images due to a substantial domain gap. Although state-of-the-art semi-supervised methods use pseudo ground-truths generated by a prior network to mitigate this issue, their reliance on a fixed prior limits both the quality and quantity of these pseudo ground-truths, introducing confirmation bias and reducing clinical applicability. To address these limitations, we propose a novel Radiologist-In-the-loop SElf-training framework for MAR, termed RISE-MAR, which can integrate radiologists' feedback into the semi-supervised learning process, progressively improving the quality and quantity of pseudo ground-truths for enhanced generalization on real clinical CT images. For quality assurance, we introduce a clinical quality assessor model that emulates radiologist evaluations, effectively selecting high-quality pseudo ground-truths for semi-supervised training. For quantity assurance, our self-training framework iteratively generates additional high-quality pseudo ground-truths, expanding the clinical dataset and further improving model generalization. Extensive experimental results on multiple clinical datasets demonstrate the superior generalization performance of our RISE-MAR over state-of-the-art methods, advancing the development of MAR models for practical application. Code is available at https://github.com/Masaaki-75/rise-mar.
Advancing TDFN: Precise Fixation Point Generation Using Reconstruction Differences
Authors: Shuguang Wang, Yuanjing Wang
Date: 2025-01-26 00:00:00
Tasks: reinforcement-learning, Reinforcement Learning

Wang and Wang (2025) proposed the Task-Driven Fixation Network (TDFN) based on the fixation mechanism, which leverages low-resolution information along with high-resolution details near fixation points to accomplish specific visual tasks. The model employs reinforcement learning to generate fixation points. However, training reinforcement learning models is challenging, particularly when aiming to generate pixel-level accurate fixation points on high-resolution images. This paper introduces an improved fixation point generation method by leveraging the difference between the reconstructed image and the input image to train the fixation point generator. This approach directs fixation points to areas with significant differences between the reconstructed and input images. Experimental results demonstrate that this method achieves highly accurate fixation points, significantly enhances the network's classification accuracy, and reduces the average number of required fixations to achieve a predefined accuracy level.
SedarEval: Automated Evaluation using Self-Adaptive Rubrics
Authors: Zhiyuan Fan, Weinong Wang, Xing Wu, Debing Zhang
Date: 2025-01-26 00:00:00
Tasks: Logical Reasoning

The evaluation paradigm of LLM-as-judge gains popularity due to its significant reduction in human labor and time costs. This approach utilizes one or more large language models (LLMs) to assess the quality of outputs from other LLMs. However, existing methods rely on generic scoring rubrics that fail to consider the specificities of each question and its problem-solving process, compromising precision and stability in assessments. Inspired by human examination scoring processes, we propose a new evaluation paradigm based on self-adaptive rubrics. Specifically, we create detailed scoring rubrics for each question, capturing the primary and secondary criteria in a structured format of scoring and deduction points that mimic a human evaluator's analytical process. Building on this paradigm, we further develop a novel benchmark called SedarEval, which covers a range of domains including long-tail knowledge, mathematics, coding, and logical reasoning. SedarEval consists of 1,000 meticulously crafted questions, each with its own self-adaptive rubric. To further streamline the evaluation, we train a specialized evaluator language model (evaluator LM) to supplant human graders. Using the same training data, our evaluator LM achieves a higher concordance rate with human grading results than other paradigms, including GPT-4, highlighting the superiority and efficiency of our approach. We release our dataset at https://github.com/wwn1233/sedareval.