pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Generalizing Few Data to Unseen Domains Flexibly Based on Label Smoothing Integrated with Distributionally Robust Optimization
Authors: Yangdi Wang, Zhi-Hai Zhang, Su Xiu Xu, Wenming Guo
Date: 2024-08-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Anomaly Classification, Bayesian Optimization

Overfitting commonly occurs when applying deep neural networks (DNNs) on small-scale datasets, where DNNs do not generalize well from existing data to unseen data. The main reason resulting in overfitting is that small-scale datasets cannot reflect the situations of the real world. Label smoothing (LS) is an effective regularization method to prevent overfitting, avoiding it by mixing one-hot labels with uniform label vectors. However, LS only focuses on labels while ignoring the distribution of existing data. In this paper, we introduce the distributionally robust optimization (DRO) to LS, achieving shift the existing data distribution flexibly to unseen domains when training DNNs. Specifically, we prove that the regularization of LS can be extended to a regularization term for the DNNs parameters when integrating DRO. The regularization term can be utilized to shift existing data to unseen domains and generate new data. Furthermore, we propose an approximate gradient-iteration label smoothing algorithm (GI-LS) to achieve the findings and train DNNs. We prove that the shift for the existing data does not influence the convergence of GI-LS. Since GI-LS incorporates a series of hyperparameters, we further consider using Bayesian optimization (BO) to find the relatively optimal combinations of these hyperparameters. Taking small-scale anomaly classification tasks as a case, we evaluate GI-LS, and the results clearly demonstrate its superior performance.
Improving Mortality Prediction After Radiotherapy with Large Language Model Structuring of Large-Scale Unstructured Electronic Health Records
Authors: Sangjoon Park, Chan Woo Wee, Seo Hee Choi, Kyung Hwan Kim, Jee Suk Chang, Hong In Yoon, Ik Jae Lee, Yong Bae Kim, Jaeho Cho, Ki Chang Keum, Chang Geol Lee, Hwa Kyung Byun, Woong Sub Koom
Date: 2024-08-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Large Language Model, Mortality Prediction, Survival Prediction

Accurate survival prediction in radiotherapy (RT) is critical for optimizing treatment decisions. This study developed and validated the RT-Surv framework, which integrates general-domain, open-source large language models (LLMs) to structure unstructured electronic health records alongside structured clinical data. Using data from 34,276 patients and an external cohort of 852, the framework successfully transformed unstructured clinical information into structured formats. Incorporating LLM-structured clinical features improved the concordance index from 0.779 to 0.842 during external validation, demonstrating a significant performance enhancement. Key LLM-structured features, such as disease extent, general condition, and RT purpose, showed high predictive importance and aligned closely with statistically significant predictors identified through conventional statistical analyses, thereby improving model interpretability. Furthermore, the framework enhanced risk stratification, enabling more distinct differentiation among low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups (p < 0.001) using LLM-structured clinical features. These findings highlight the potential of LLMs to convert unstructured data into actionable insights, improving predictive modeling and patient outcomes in clinics.
A Jailbroken GenAI Model Can Cause Substantial Harm: GenAI-powered Applications are Vulnerable to PromptWares
Authors: Stav Cohen, Ron Bitton, Ben Nassi
Date: 2024-08-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Chatbot

In this paper we argue that a jailbroken GenAI model can cause substantial harm to GenAI-powered applications and facilitate PromptWare, a new type of attack that flips the GenAI model's behavior from serving an application to attacking it. PromptWare exploits user inputs to jailbreak a GenAI model to force/perform malicious activity within the context of a GenAI-powered application. First, we introduce a naive implementation of PromptWare that behaves as malware that targets Plan & Execute architectures (a.k.a., ReAct, function calling). We show that attackers could force a desired execution flow by creating a user input that produces desired outputs given that the logic of the GenAI-powered application is known to attackers. We demonstrate the application of a DoS attack that triggers the execution of a GenAI-powered assistant to enter an infinite loop that wastes money and computational resources on redundant API calls to a GenAI engine, preventing the application from providing service to a user. Next, we introduce a more sophisticated implementation of PromptWare that we name Advanced PromptWare Threat (APwT) that targets GenAI-powered applications whose logic is unknown to attackers. We show that attackers could create user input that exploits the GenAI engine's advanced AI capabilities to launch a kill chain in inference time consisting of six steps intended to escalate privileges, analyze the application's context, identify valuable assets, reason possible malicious activities, decide on one of them, and execute it. We demonstrate the application of APwT against a GenAI-powered e-commerce chatbot and show that it can trigger the modification of SQL tables, potentially leading to unauthorized discounts on the items sold to the user.
GLEAMS: Bridging the Gap Between Local and Global Explanations
Authors: Giorgio Visani, Vincenzo Stanzione, Damien Garreau
Date: 2024-08-09 00:00:00

The explainability of machine learning algorithms is crucial, and numerous methods have emerged recently. Local, post-hoc methods assign an attribution score to each feature, indicating its importance for the prediction. However, these methods require recalculating explanations for each example. On the other side, while there exist global approaches they often produce explanations that are either overly simplistic and unreliable or excessively complex. To bridge this gap, we propose GLEAMS, a novel method that partitions the input space and learns an interpretable model within each sub-region, thereby providing both faithful local and global surrogates. We demonstrate GLEAMS' effectiveness on both synthetic and real-world data, highlighting its desirable properties and human-understandable insights.
SELD-Mamba: Selective State-Space Model for Sound Event Localization and Detection with Source Distance Estimation
Authors: Da Mu, Zhicheng Zhang, Haobo Yue, Zehao Wang, Jin Tang, Jianqin Yin
Date: 2024-08-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Computational Efficiency, Event Detection, Mamba, Sound Event Detection, Sound Event Localization and Detection

In the Sound Event Localization and Detection (SELD) task, Transformer-based models have demonstrated impressive capabilities. However, the quadratic complexity of the Transformer's self-attention mechanism results in computational inefficiencies. In this paper, we propose a network architecture for SELD called SELD-Mamba, which utilizes Mamba, a selective state-space model. We adopt the Event-Independent Network V2 (EINV2) as the foundational framework and replace its Conformer blocks with bidirectional Mamba blocks to capture a broader range of contextual information while maintaining computational efficiency. Additionally, we implement a two-stage training method, with the first stage focusing on Sound Event Detection (SED) and Direction of Arrival (DoA) estimation losses, and the second stage reintroducing the Source Distance Estimation (SDE) loss. Our experimental results on the 2024 DCASE Challenge Task3 dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the selective state-space model in SELD and highlight the benefits of the two-stage training approach in enhancing SELD performance.
A GNN Model with Adaptive Weights for Session-Based Recommendation Systems
Authors: Begüm Özbay, Dr. Resul Tugay, Prof. Dr. Şule Gündüz Öğüdücü
Date: 2024-08-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Graph Neural Network, Recommendation Systems, Session-Based Recommendations

Session-based recommendation systems aim to model users' interests based on their sequential interactions to predict the next item in an ongoing session. In this work, we present a novel approach that can be used in session-based recommendations (SBRs). Our goal is to enhance the prediction accuracy of an existing session-based recommendation model, the SR-GNN model, by introducing an adaptive weighting mechanism applied to the graph neural network (GNN) vectors. This mechanism is designed to incorporate various types of side information obtained through different methods during the study. Items are assigned varying degrees of importance within each session as a result of the weighting mechanism. We hypothesize that this adaptive weighting strategy will contribute to more accurate predictions and thus improve the overall performance of SBRs in different scenarios. The adaptive weighting strategy can be utilized to address the cold start problem in SBRs by dynamically adjusting the importance of items in each session, thus providing better recommendations in cold start situations, such as for new users or newly added items. Our experimental evaluations on the Dressipi dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared to traditional models in enhancing the user experience and highlighting its potential to optimize the recommendation results in real-world applications.
Rag and Roll: An End-to-End Evaluation of Indirect Prompt Manipulations in LLM-based Application Frameworks
Authors: Gianluca De Stefano, Lea Schönherr, Giancarlo Pellegrino
Date: 2024-08-09 00:00:00
Tasks: RAG, Retrieval, Retrieval-augmented Generation

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a technique commonly used to equip models with out of distribution knowledge. This process involves collecting, indexing, retrieving, and providing information to an LLM for generating responses. Despite its growing popularity due to its flexibility and low cost, the security implications of RAG have not been extensively studied. The data for such systems are often collected from public sources, providing an attacker a gateway for indirect prompt injections to manipulate the responses of the model. In this paper, we investigate the security of RAG systems against end-to-end indirect prompt manipulations. First, we review existing RAG framework pipelines, deriving a prototypical architecture and identifying critical parameters. We then examine prior works searching for techniques that attackers can use to perform indirect prompt manipulations. Finally, we implemented Rag 'n Roll, a framework to determine the effectiveness of attacks against end-to-end RAG applications. Our results show that existing attacks are mostly optimized to boost the ranking of malicious documents during the retrieval phase. However, a higher rank does not immediately translate into a reliable attack. Most attacks, against various configurations, settle around a 40% success rate, which could rise to 60% when considering ambiguous answers as successful attacks (those that include the expected benign one as well). Additionally, when using unoptimized documents, attackers deploying two of them (or more) for a target query can achieve similar results as those using optimized ones. Finally, exploration of the configuration space of a RAG showed limited impact in thwarting the attacks, where the most successful combination severely undermines functionality.
COAST: Enhancing the Code Debugging Ability of LLMs through Communicative Agent Based Data Synthesis
Authors: Weiqing Yang, Hanbin Wang, Zhenghao Liu, Xinze Li, Yukun Yan, Shuo Wang, Yu Gu, Minghe Yu, Zhiyuan Liu, Ge Yu
Date: 2024-08-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Code Generation, Code Repair

Code debugging is a vital stage of software development, essential for ensuring the reliability and performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the code generation task. Human debugging typically follows a multi-stage process, which includes Bug Localization, Bug Identification, Code Repair, and Code Recognition. However, existing code debugging benchmarks predominantly focus on the Code Repair stage, which offers only a limited perspective on evaluating the debugging capabilities of LLMs. In this paper, we introduce DEBUGEVAL, a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating the debugging abilities of LLMs by emulating the multi-stage human debugging process. Through evaluating on DEBUGEVAL, we observe that 7B-scale models consistently underperform compared to their larger counterparts, highlighting their limitations in comprehending code semantics. In this case, we propose the COmmunicative Agent-based data SynThesis (COAST) framework, which employs a multi-agent system to generate high-quality training data for supervised fine-tuning (SFT). Experimental results demonstrate that COAST-generated data outperform human-curated and GPT-4-generated data, enabling 7B-scale LLMs to achieve debugging performance comparable to GPT-3.5. All data and codes are available at https://github.com/NEUIR/COAST.
ProFuser: Progressive Fusion of Large Language Models
Authors: Tianyuan Shi, Fanqi Wan, Canbin Huang, Xiaojun Quan, Chenliang Li, Ming Yan, Ji Zhang
Date: 2024-08-09 00:00:00
Tasks: 8k

While fusing the capacities and advantages of various large language models (LLMs) offers a pathway to construct more powerful and versatile models, a fundamental challenge is to properly select advantageous model during the training. Existing fusion methods primarily focus on the training mode that uses cross entropy on ground truth in a teacher-forcing setup to measure a model's advantage, which may provide limited insight towards model advantage. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach that enhances the fusion process by incorporating both the training and inference modes. Our method evaluates model advantage not only through cross entropy during training but also by considering inference outputs, providing a more comprehensive assessment. To combine the two modes effectively, we introduce ProFuser to progressively transition from inference mode to training mode. To validate ProFuser's effectiveness, we fused three models, including vicuna-7b-v1.5, Llama-2-7b-chat, and mpt-7b-8k-chat, and demonstrated the improved performance in knowledge, reasoning, and safety compared to baseline methods.
On the use of neurosymbolic AI for defending against cyber attacks
Authors: Gudmund Grov, Jonas Halvorsen, Magnus Wiik Eckhoff, Bjørn Jervell Hansen, Martin Eian, Vasileios Mavroeidis
Date: 2024-08-09 00:00:00

It is generally accepted that all cyber attacks cannot be prevented, creating a need for the ability to detect and respond to cyber attacks. Both connectionist and symbolic AI are currently being used to support such detection and response. In this paper, we make the case for combining them using neurosymbolic AI. We identify a set of challenges when using AI today and propose a set of neurosymbolic use cases we believe are both interesting research directions for the neurosymbolic AI community and can have an impact on the cyber security field. We demonstrate feasibility through two proof-of-concept experiments.
LLaVA-VSD: Large Language-and-Vision Assistant for Visual Spatial Description
Authors: Yizhang Jin, Jian Li, Jiangning Zhang, Jianlong Hu, Zhenye Gan, Xin Tan, Yong liu, Yabiao Wang, Chengjie Wang, Lizhuang Ma
Date: 2024-08-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Diversity, Instruction Following, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Large Language Model, World Knowledge

Visual Spatial Description (VSD) aims to generate texts that describe the spatial relationships between objects within images. Traditional visual spatial relationship classification (VSRC) methods typically output the spatial relationship between two objects in an image, often neglecting world knowledge and lacking general language capabilities. In this paper, we propose a Large Language-and-Vision Assistant for Visual Spatial Description, named LLaVA-VSD, which is designed for the classification, description, and open-ended description of visual spatial relationships. Specifically, the model first constructs a VSD instruction-following dataset using given figure-caption pairs for the three tasks. It then employs LoRA to fine-tune a Large Language and Vision Assistant for VSD, which has 13 billion parameters and supports high-resolution images. Finally, a large language model (Qwen-2) is used to refine the generated sentences, enhancing their diversity and accuracy. LLaVA-VSD demonstrates excellent multimodal conversational capabilities and can follow open-ended instructions to assist with inquiries about object relationships in images.
CROCODILE: Causality aids RObustness via COntrastive DIsentangled LEarning
Authors: Gianluca Carloni, Sotirios A Tsaftaris, Sara Colantonio
Date: 2024-08-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Contrastive Learning, Deep Learning, Disentanglement, Domain Generalization, Fairness, Lung Disease Classification, Medical Image Analysis

Due to domain shift, deep learning image classifiers perform poorly when applied to a domain different from the training one. For instance, a classifier trained on chest X-ray (CXR) images from one hospital may not generalize to images from another hospital due to variations in scanner settings or patient characteristics. In this paper, we introduce our CROCODILE framework, showing how tools from causality can foster a model's robustness to domain shift via feature disentanglement, contrastive learning losses, and the injection of prior knowledge. This way, the model relies less on spurious correlations, learns the mechanism bringing from images to prediction better, and outperforms baselines on out-of-distribution (OOD) data. We apply our method to multi-label lung disease classification from CXRs, utilizing over 750000 images from four datasets. Our bias-mitigation method improves domain generalization and fairness, broadening the applicability and reliability of deep learning models for a safer medical image analysis. Find our code at: https://github.com/gianlucarloni/crocodile.
UAV-Enhanced Combination to Application: Comprehensive Analysis and Benchmarking of a Human Detection Dataset for Disaster Scenarios
Authors: Ragib Amin Nihal, Benjamin Yen, Katsutoshi Itoyama, Kazuhiro Nakadai
Date: 2024-08-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Benchmarking, Human Detection, Object Detection

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have revolutionized search and rescue (SAR) operations, but the lack of specialized human detection datasets for training machine learning models poses a significant challenge.To address this gap, this paper introduces the Combination to Application (C2A) dataset, synthesized by overlaying human poses onto UAV-captured disaster scenes. Through extensive experimentation with state-of-the-art detection models, we demonstrate that models fine-tuned on the C2A dataset exhibit substantial performance improvements compared to those pre-trained on generic aerial datasets. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of combining the C2A dataset with general human datasets to achieve optimal performance and generalization across various scenarios. This points out the crucial need for a tailored dataset to enhance the effectiveness of SAR operations. Our contributions also include developing dataset creation pipeline and integrating diverse human poses and disaster scenes information to assess the severity of disaster scenarios. Our findings advocate for future developments, to ensure that SAR operations benefit from the most realistic and effective AI-assisted interventions possible.
Avoid Wasted Annotation Costs in Open-set Active Learning with Pre-trained Vision-Language Model
Authors: Jaehyuk Heo, Pilsung Kang
Date: 2024-08-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Active Learning, Informativeness, Language Modeling, Language Modelling

Active learning (AL) aims to enhance model performance by selectively collecting highly informative data, thereby minimizing annotation costs. However, in practical scenarios, unlabeled data may contain out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, leading to wasted annotation costs if data is incorrectly selected. Recent research has explored methods to apply AL to open-set data, but these methods often require or incur unavoidable cost losses to minimize them. To address these challenges, we propose a novel selection strategy, CLIPN for AL (CLIPNAL), which minimizes cost losses without requiring OOD samples. CLIPNAL sequentially evaluates the purity and informativeness of data. First, it utilizes a pre-trained vision-language model to detect and exclude OOD data by leveraging linguistic and visual information of in-distribution (ID) data without additional training. Second, it selects highly informative data from the remaining ID data, and then the selected samples are annotated by human experts. Experimental results on datasets with various open-set conditions demonstrate that CLIPNAL achieves the lowest cost loss and highest performance across all scenarios. Code is available at https://github.com/DSBA-Lab/OpenAL.
Knowledge Base Embeddings: Semantics and Theoretical Properties
Authors: Camille Bourgaux, Ricardo Guimarães, Raoul Koudijs, Victor Lacerda, Ana Ozaki
Date: 2024-08-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Knowledge Graph Embeddings

Research on knowledge graph embeddings has recently evolved into knowledge base embeddings, where the goal is not only to map facts into vector spaces but also constrain the models so that they take into account the relevant conceptual knowledge available. This paper examines recent methods that have been proposed to embed knowledge bases in description logic into vector spaces through the lens of their geometric-based semantics. We identify several relevant theoretical properties, which we draw from the literature and sometimes generalize or unify. We then investigate how concrete embedding methods fit in this theoretical framework.
Unleashing Artificial Cognition: Integrating Multiple AI Systems
Authors: Muntasir Adnan, Buddhi Gamage, Zhiwei Xu, Damith Herath, Carlos C. N. Kuhn
Date: 2024-08-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Answer Generation, Decision Making, Language Modeling, Language Modelling

In this study, we present an innovative fusion of language models and query analysis techniques to unlock cognition in artificial intelligence. The introduced open-source AI system seamlessly integrates a Chess engine with a language model, enabling it to predict moves and provide strategic explanations. Leveraging a vector database to achieve retrievable answer generation, our AI system elucidates its decision-making process, bridging the gap between raw computation and human-like understanding. Our choice of Chess as the demonstration environment underscores the versatility of our approach. Beyond Chess, our system holds promise for diverse applications, from medical diagnostics to financial forecasting. Our AI system is available at https://github.com/TheOpenSI/CoSMIC.git