pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Space-LLaVA: a Vision-Language Model Adapted to Extraterrestrial Applications
Authors: Matthew Foutter, Daniele Gammelli, Justin Kruger, Ethan Foss, Praneet Bhoj, Tommaso Guffanti, Simone D'Amico, Marco Pavone
Date: 2024-08-12 00:00:00
Tasks: Instruction Following, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Navigate, Spatial Reasoning, visual instruction following

Foundation Models (FMs), e.g., large language models, possess attributes of intelligence which offer promise to endow a robot with the contextual understanding necessary to navigate complex, unstructured tasks in the wild. We see three core challenges in the future of space robotics that motivate building an FM for the space robotics community: 1) Scalability of ground-in-the-loop operations; 2) Generalizing prior knowledge to novel environments; and 3) Multi-modality in tasks and sensor data. As a first-step towards a space foundation model, we programmatically augment three extraterrestrial databases with fine-grained language annotations inspired by the sensory reasoning necessary to e.g., identify a site of scientific interest on Mars, building a synthetic dataset of visual-question-answer and visual instruction-following tuples. We fine-tune a pre-trained LLaVA 13B checkpoint on our augmented dataset to adapt a Vision-Language Model (VLM) to the visual semantic features in an extraterrestrial environment, demonstrating FMs as a tool for specialization and enhancing a VLM's zero-shot performance on unseen task types in comparison to state-of-the-art VLMs. Ablation studies show that fine-tuning the language backbone and vision-language adapter in concert is key to facilitate adaption while a small percentage, e.g., 20%, of the pre-training data can be used to safeguard against catastrophic forgetting.
Urban Region Pre-training and Prompting: A Graph-based Approach
Authors: Jiahui Jin, YiFan Song, Dong Kan, Haojia Zhu, Xiangguo Sun, Zhicheng Li, Xigang Sun, Jinghui Zhang
Date: 2024-08-12 00:00:00
Tasks: Representation Learning

Urban region representation is crucial for various urban downstream tasks. However, despite the proliferation of methods and their success, acquiring general urban region knowledge and adapting to different tasks remains challenging. Previous work often neglects the spatial structures and functional layouts between entities, limiting their ability to capture transferable knowledge across regions. Further, these methods struggle to adapt effectively to specific downstream tasks, as they do not adequately address the unique features and relationships required for different downstream tasks. In this paper, we propose a $\textbf{G}$raph-based $\textbf{U}$rban $\textbf{R}$egion $\textbf{P}$re-training and $\textbf{P}$rompting framework ($\textbf{GURPP}$) for region representation learning. Specifically, we first construct an urban region graph that integrates detailed spatial entity data for more effective urban region representation. Then, we develop a subgraph-centric urban region pre-training model to capture the heterogeneous and transferable patterns of interactions among entities. To further enhance the adaptability of these embeddings to different tasks, we design two graph-based prompting methods to incorporate explicit/hidden task knowledge. Extensive experiments on various urban region prediction tasks and different cities demonstrate the superior performance of our GURPP framework.
Inverse design of Non-parameterized Ventilated Acoustic Resonator via Variational Autoencoder with Acoustic Response-encoded Latent Space
Authors: Min Woo Cho, Seok Hyeon Hwang, Jun-Young Jang, Jin Yeong Song, Sun-kwang Hwang, Kyoung Je Cha, Dong Yong Park, Kyungjun Song, Sang Min Park
Date: 2024-08-12 00:00:00

Ventilated acoustic resonator(VAR), a type of acoustic metamaterial, emerge as an alternative for sound attenuation in environments that require ventilation, owing to its excellent low-frequency attenuation performance and flexible shape adaptability. However, due to the non-linear acoustic responses of VARs, the VAR designs are generally obtained within a limited parametrized design space, and the design relies on the iteration of the numerical simulation which consumes a considerable amount of computational time and resources. This paper proposes an acoustic response-encoded variational autoencoder (AR-VAE), a novel variational autoencoder-based generative design model for the efficient and accurate inverse design of VAR even with non-parametrized designs. The AR-VAE matches the high-dimensional acoustic response with the VAR cross-section image in the dimension-reduced latent space, which enables the AR-VAE to generate various non-parametrized VAR cross-section images with the target acoustic response. AR-VAE generates non-parameterized VARs from target acoustic responses, which show a 25-fold reduction in mean squared error compared to conventional deep learning-based parameter searching methods while exhibiting lower average mean squared error and peak frequency variance. By combining the inverse-designed VARs by AR-VAE, multi-cavity VAR was devised for broadband and multitarget peak frequency attenuation. The proposed design method presents a new approach for structural inverse-design with a high-dimensional non-linear physical response.
A New Pipeline For Generating Instruction Dataset via RAG and Self Fine-Tuning
Authors: Chih-Wei Song, Yu-Kai Lee, Yin-Te Tsai
Date: 2024-08-12 00:00:00
Tasks: RAG, Retrieval-augmented Generation

With the rapid development of large language models in recent years, there has been an increasing demand for domain-specific Agents that can cater to the unique needs of enterprises and organizations. Unlike general models, which strive for broad coverage, these specialized Agents rely on focused datasets tailored to their intended applications. This research proposes a pipeline that leverages the power of LLMs and the Retrieval-Augmented Generation related framework to construct high-quality instruction datasets for fine-tuning on specific domains using custom document collections. By ingesting domain-specific documents, the pipeline generates relevant and contextually appropriate instructions, thus effectively creating a comprehensive dataset for fine-tuning LLMs on the target domain. This approach overcomes the limitations of traditional dataset creation methods, which often rely on manual curation or web-scraping techniques that may introduce noise and irrelevant data. Notably, our pipeline offers a dynamic solution that can quickly adapt to updates or modifications in the domain-specific document collection, eliminating the need for complete retraining. Additionally, it addresses the challenge of data scarcity by enabling the generation of instruction datasets from a limited set of initial documents, rendering it suitable for unpopular or specialized domains where comprehensive datasets are scarce. As a case study, we apply this approach to the domain of psychiatry, a field requiring specialized knowledge and sensitive handling of patient information. The resulting fine-tuned LLM demonstrates showcases the viability of the proposed approach and underscores its potential for widespread adoption across various industries and domains where tailored, accurate, and contextually relevant language models are indispensable.
Weakly Supervised Video Anomaly Detection and Localization with Spatio-Temporal Prompts
Authors: Peng Wu, Xuerong Zhou, Guansong Pang, Zhiwei Yang, Qingsen Yan, Peng Wang, Yanning Zhang
Date: 2024-08-12 00:00:00
Tasks: Anomaly Detection, Event Detection, object-detection, Object Detection, Video Anomaly Detection, Weakly-supervised Video Anomaly Detection

Current weakly supervised video anomaly detection (WSVAD) task aims to achieve frame-level anomalous event detection with only coarse video-level annotations available. Existing works typically involve extracting global features from full-resolution video frames and training frame-level classifiers to detect anomalies in the temporal dimension. However, most anomalous events tend to occur in localized spatial regions rather than the entire video frames, which implies existing frame-level feature based works may be misled by the dominant background information and lack the interpretation of the detected anomalies. To address this dilemma, this paper introduces a novel method called STPrompt that learns spatio-temporal prompt embeddings for weakly supervised video anomaly detection and localization (WSVADL) based on pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs). Our proposed method employs a two-stream network structure, with one stream focusing on the temporal dimension and the other primarily on the spatial dimension. By leveraging the learned knowledge from pre-trained VLMs and incorporating natural motion priors from raw videos, our model learns prompt embeddings that are aligned with spatio-temporal regions of videos (e.g., patches of individual frames) for identify specific local regions of anomalies, enabling accurate video anomaly detection while mitigating the influence of background information. Without relying on detailed spatio-temporal annotations or auxiliary object detection/tracking, our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on three public benchmarks for the WSVADL task.
Quantum Gradient Class Activation Map for Model Interpretability
Authors: Hsin-Yi Lin, Huan-Hsin Tseng, Samuel Yen-Chi Chen, Shinjae Yoo
Date: 2024-08-12 00:00:00
Tasks: model, Quantum Machine Learning

Quantum machine learning (QML) has recently made significant advancements in various topics. Despite the successes, the safety and interpretability of QML applications have not been thoroughly investigated. This work proposes using Variational Quantum Circuits (VQCs) for activation mapping to enhance model transparency, introducing the Quantum Gradient Class Activation Map (QGrad-CAM). This hybrid quantum-classical computing framework leverages both quantum and classical strengths and gives access to the derivation of an explicit formula of feature map importance. Experimental results demonstrate significant, fine-grained, class-discriminative visual explanations generated across both image and speech datasets.
Polyp SAM 2: Advancing Zero shot Polyp Segmentation in Colorectal Cancer Detection
Authors: Mobina Mansoori, Sajjad Shahabodini, Jamshid Abouei, Konstantinos N. Plataniotis, Arash Mohammadi
Date: 2024-08-12 00:00:00
Tasks: Segmentation

Polyp segmentation plays a crucial role in the early detection and diagnosis of colorectal cancer. However, obtaining accurate segmentations often requires labor-intensive annotations and specialized models. Recently, Meta AI Research released a general Segment Anything Model 2 (SAM 2), which has demonstrated promising performance in several segmentation tasks. In this manuscript, we evaluate the performance of SAM 2 in segmenting polyps under various prompted settings. We hope this report will provide insights to advance the field of polyp segmentation and promote more interesting work in the future. This project is publicly available at https://github.com/ sajjad-sh33/Polyp-SAM-2.
Integrative Approaches in Cybersecurity and AI
Authors: marwan omar
Date: 2024-08-12 00:00:00
Tasks: Management

In recent years, the convergence of cybersecurity, artificial intelligence (AI), and data management has emerged as a critical area of research, driven by the increasing complexity and interdependence of modern technological ecosystems. This paper provides a comprehensive review and analysis of integrative approaches that harness AI techniques to enhance cybersecurity frameworks and optimize data management practices. By exploring the synergies between these domains, we identify key trends, challenges, and future directions that hold the potential to revolutionize the way organizations protect, analyze, and leverage their data. Our findings highlight the necessity of cross-disciplinary strategies that incorporate AI-driven automation, real-time threat detection, and advanced data analytics to build more resilient and adaptive security architectures.
LLM-Based Robust Product Classification in Commerce and Compliance
Authors: Sina Gholamian, Gianfranco Romani, Bartosz Rudnikowicz, Stavroula Skylaki
Date: 2024-08-11 00:00:00
Tasks: Classification, In-Context Learning

Product classification is a crucial task in international trade, as compliance regulations are verified and taxes and duties are applied based on product categories. Manual classification of products is time-consuming and error-prone, and the sheer volume of products imported and exported renders the manual process infeasible. Consequently, e-commerce platforms and enterprises involved in international trade have turned to automatic product classification using machine learning. However, current approaches do not consider the real-world challenges associated with product classification, such as very abbreviated and incomplete product descriptions. In addition, recent advancements in generative Large Language Models (LLMs) and their reasoning capabilities are mainly untapped in product classification and e-commerce. In this research, we explore the real-life challenges of industrial classification and we propose data perturbations that allow for realistic data simulation. Furthermore, we employ LLM-based product classification to improve the robustness of the prediction in presence of incomplete data. Our research shows that LLMs with in-context learning outperform the supervised approaches in the clean-data scenario. Additionally, we illustrate that LLMs are significantly more robust than the supervised approaches when data attacks are present.
Leveraging Knowledge Graph-Based Human-Like Memory Systems to Solve Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes
Authors: Taewoon Kim, Vincent François-Lavet, Michael Cochez
Date: 2024-08-11 00:00:00
Tasks: RoomEnv-v2

Humans observe only part of their environment at any moment but can still make complex, long-term decisions thanks to our long-term memory. To test how an AI can learn and utilize its long-term memory, we have developed a partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDP) environment, where the agent has to answer questions while navigating a maze. The environment is completely knowledge graph (KG) based, where the hidden states are dynamic KGs. A KG is both human- and machine-readable, making it easy to see what the agents remember and forget. We train and compare agents with different memory systems, to shed light on how human brains work when it comes to managing its own memory. By repurposing the given learning objective as learning a memory management policy, we were able to capture the most likely hidden state, which is not only interpretable but also reusable.
Root Cause Attribution of Delivery Risks via Causal Discovery with Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Shi Bo, Minheng Xiao
Date: 2024-08-11 00:00:00
Tasks: Causal Discovery, Decision Making, reinforcement-learning, Reinforcement Learning

This paper presents a novel approach to root cause attribution of delivery risks within supply chains by integrating causal discovery with reinforcement learning. As supply chains become increasingly complex, traditional methods of root cause analysis struggle to capture the intricate interrelationships between various factors, often leading to spurious correlations and suboptimal decision-making. Our approach addresses these challenges by leveraging causal discovery to identify the true causal relationships between operational variables, and reinforcement learning to iteratively refine the causal graph. This method enables the accurate identification of key drivers of late deliveries, such as shipping mode and delivery status, and provides actionable insights for optimizing supply chain performance. We apply our approach to a real-world supply chain dataset, demonstrating its effectiveness in uncovering the underlying causes of delivery delays and offering strategies for mitigating these risks. The findings have significant implications for improving operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and overall profitability within supply chains.
The Cognitive Revolution in Interpretability: From Explaining Behavior to Interpreting Representations and Algorithms
Authors: Adam Davies, Ashkan Khakzar
Date: 2024-08-11 00:00:00

Artificial neural networks have long been understood as "black boxes": though we know their computation graphs and learned parameters, the knowledge encoded by these weights and functions they perform are not inherently interpretable. As such, from the early days of deep learning, there have been efforts to explain these models' behavior and understand them internally; and recently, mechanistic interpretability (MI) has emerged as a distinct research area studying the features and implicit algorithms learned by foundation models such as large language models. In this work, we aim to ground MI in the context of cognitive science, which has long struggled with analogous questions in studying and explaining the behavior of "black box" intelligent systems like the human brain. We leverage several important ideas and developments in the history of cognitive science to disentangle divergent objectives in MI and indicate a clear path forward. First, we argue that current methods are ripe to facilitate a transition in deep learning interpretation echoing the "cognitive revolution" in 20th-century psychology that shifted the study of human psychology from pure behaviorism toward mental representations and processing. Second, we propose a taxonomy mirroring key parallels in computational neuroscience to describe two broad categories of MI research, semantic interpretation (what latent representations are learned and used) and algorithmic interpretation (what operations are performed over representations) to elucidate their divergent goals and objects of study. Finally, we elaborate the parallels and distinctions between various approaches in both categories, analyze the respective strengths and weaknesses of representative works, clarify underlying assumptions, outline key challenges, and discuss the possibility of unifying these modes of interpretation under a common framework.
Open Role-Playing with Delta-Engines
Authors: Hongqiu Wu, Zekai Xu, Tianyang Xu, Shize Wei, Yan Wang, Jiale Hong, Weiqi Wu, Hai Zhao
Date: 2024-08-11 00:00:00

Game roles can be reflections of personas from a parallel world. In this paper, we propose a new style of game-play to bridge self-expression and role-playing: \emph{open role-playing games (ORPGs)}, where players are allowed to craft and embody their unique characters in the game world. Our vision is that, in the real world, we are individually similar when we are born, but we grow into unique ones as a result of the strongly different choices we make afterward. Therefore, in an ORPG, we empower players with freedom to decide their own growing curves through natural language inputs, ultimately becoming unique characters. To technically do this, we propose a special engine called Delta-Engine. This engine is not a traditional game engine used for game development, but serves as an in-game module to provide new game-play experiences. A delta-engine consists of two components, a base engine and a neural proxy. The base engine programs the prototype of the character as well as the foundational settings of the game; the neural proxy is an LLM, which realizes the character growth by generating new code snippets on the base engine incrementally. In this paper, we self-develop a specific ORPG based on delta-engines. It is adapted from the popular animated series ``Pok\'emon''. We present our efforts in generating out-of-domain and interesting role data in the development process as well as accessing the performance of a delta-engine. While the empirical results in this work are specific, we aim for them to provide general insights for future games.
Real-Time Drowsiness Detection Using Eye Aspect Ratio and Facial Landmark Detection
Authors: Varun Shiva Krishna Rupani, Velpooru Venkata Sai Thushar, Kondadi Tejith
Date: 2024-08-11 00:00:00
Tasks: Facial Landmark Detection

Drowsiness detection is essential for improving safety in areas such as transportation and workplace health. This study presents a real-time system designed to detect drowsiness using the Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) and facial landmark detection techniques. The system leverages Dlibs pre-trained shape predictor model to accurately detect and monitor 68 facial landmarks, which are used to compute the EAR. By establishing a threshold for the EAR, the system identifies when eyes are closed, indicating potential drowsiness. The process involves capturing a live video stream, detecting faces in each frame, extracting eye landmarks, and calculating the EAR to assess alertness. Our experiments show that the system reliably detects drowsiness with high accuracy while maintaining low computational demands. This study offers a strong solution for real-time drowsiness detection, with promising applications in driver monitoring and workplace safety. Future research will investigate incorporating additional physiological and contextual data to further enhance detection accuracy and reliability.
Divide-and-Conquer Predictive Coding: a structured Bayesian inference algorithm
Authors: Eli Sennesh, Hao Wu, Tommaso Salvatori
Date: 2024-08-11 00:00:00
Tasks: Bayesian Inference, Variational Inference

Unexpected stimuli induce "error" or "surprise" signals in the brain. The theory of predictive coding promises to explain these observations in terms of Bayesian inference by suggesting that the cortex implements variational inference in a probabilistic graphical model. However, when applied to machine learning tasks, this family of algorithms has yet to perform on par with other variational approaches in high-dimensional, structured inference problems. To address this, we introduce a novel predictive coding algorithm for structured generative models, that we call divide-and-conquer predictive coding (DCPC). DCPC differs from other formulations of predictive coding, as it respects the correlation structure of the generative model and provably performs maximum-likelihood updates of model parameters, all without sacrificing biological plausibility. Empirically, DCPC achieves better numerical performance than competing algorithms and provides accurate inference in a number of problems not previously addressed with predictive coding. We provide an open implementation of DCPC in Pyro on Github.
Robust Domain Generalization for Multi-modal Object Recognition
Authors: Yuxin Qiao, Keqin Li, Junhong Lin, Rong Wei, Chufeng Jiang, Yang Luo, HaoYu Yang
Date: 2024-08-11 00:00:00
Tasks: Domain Generalization, Multi-Label Classification, MUlTI-LABEL-ClASSIFICATION, Object, Object Recognition

In multi-label classification, machine learning encounters the challenge of domain generalization when handling tasks with distributions differing from the training data. Existing approaches primarily focus on vision object recognition and neglect the integration of natural language. Recent advancements in vision-language pre-training leverage supervision from extensive visual-language pairs, enabling learning across diverse domains and enhancing recognition in multi-modal scenarios. However, these approaches face limitations in loss function utilization, generality across backbones, and class-aware visual fusion. This paper proposes solutions to these limitations by inferring the actual loss, broadening evaluations to larger vision-language backbones, and introducing Mixup-CLIPood, which incorporates a novel mix-up loss for enhanced class-aware visual fusion. Our method demonstrates superior performance in domain generalization across multiple datasets.