pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
STLLM-DF: A Spatial-Temporal Large Language Model with Diffusion for Enhanced Multi-Mode Traffic System Forecasting
Authors: Zhiqi Shao, Haoning Xi, Haohui Lu, Ze Wang, Michael G. H. Bell, Junbin Gao
Date: 2024-09-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Denoising, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Large Language Model

The rapid advancement of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) presents challenges, particularly with missing data in multi-modal transportation and the complexity of handling diverse sequential tasks within a centralized framework. To address these issues, we propose the Spatial-Temporal Large Language Model Diffusion (STLLM-DF), an innovative model that leverages Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models (DDPMs) and Large Language Models (LLMs) to improve multi-task transportation prediction. The DDPM's robust denoising capabilities enable it to recover underlying data patterns from noisy inputs, making it particularly effective in complex transportation systems. Meanwhile, the non-pretrained LLM dynamically adapts to spatial-temporal relationships within multi-modal networks, allowing the system to efficiently manage diverse transportation tasks in both long-term and short-term predictions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that STLLM-DF consistently outperforms existing models, achieving an average reduction of 2.40\% in MAE, 4.50\% in RMSE, and 1.51\% in MAPE. This model significantly advances centralized ITS by enhancing predictive accuracy, robustness, and overall system performance across multiple tasks, thus paving the way for more effective spatio-temporal traffic forecasting through the integration of frozen transformer language models and diffusion techniques.
KModels: Unlocking AI for Business Applications
Authors: Roy Abitbol, Eyal Cohen, Muhammad Kanaan, Bhavna Agrawal, Yingjie Li, Anuradha Bhamidipaty, Erez Bilgory
Date: 2024-09-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Management

As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to rapidly advance, there is a growing demand to integrate AI capabilities into existing business applications. However, a significant gap exists between the rapid progress in AI and how slowly AI is being embedded into business environments. Deploying well-performing lab models into production settings, especially in on-premise environments, often entails specialized expertise and imposes a heavy burden of model management, creating significant barriers to implementing AI models in real-world applications. KModels leverages proven libraries and platforms (Kubeflow Pipelines, KServe) to streamline AI adoption by supporting both AI developers and consumers. It allows model developers to focus solely on model development and share models as transportable units (Templates), abstracting away complex production deployment concerns. KModels enables AI consumers to eliminate the need for a dedicated data scientist, as the templates encapsulate most data science considerations while providing business-oriented control. This paper presents the architecture of KModels and the key decisions that shape it. We outline KModels' main components as well as its interfaces. Furthermore, we explain how KModels is highly suited for on-premise deployment but can also be used in cloud environments. The efficacy of KModels is demonstrated through the successful deployment of three AI models within an existing Work Order Management system. These models operate in a client's data center and are trained on local data, without data scientist intervention. One model improved the accuracy of Failure Code specification for work orders from 46% to 83%, showcasing the substantial benefit of accessible and localized AI solutions.
Unlocking Potential Binders: Multimodal Pretraining DEL-Fusion for Denoising DNA-Encoded Libraries
Authors: Chunbin Gu, Mutian He, Hanqun Cao, Guangyong Chen, Chang-Yu Hsieh, Pheng Ann Heng
Date: 2024-09-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Denoising, Drug Discovery

In the realm of drug discovery, DNA-encoded library (DEL) screening technology has emerged as an efficient method for identifying high-affinity compounds. However, DEL screening faces a significant challenge: noise arising from nonspecific interactions within complex biological systems. Neural networks trained on DEL libraries have been employed to extract compound features, aiming to denoise the data and uncover potential binders to the desired therapeutic target. Nevertheless, the inherent structure of DEL, constrained by the limited diversity of building blocks, impacts the performance of compound encoders. Moreover, existing methods only capture compound features at a single level, further limiting the effectiveness of the denoising strategy. To mitigate these issues, we propose a Multimodal Pretraining DEL-Fusion model (MPDF) that enhances encoder capabilities through pretraining and integrates compound features across various scales. We develop pretraining tasks applying contrastive objectives between different compound representations and their text descriptions, enhancing the compound encoders' ability to acquire generic features. Furthermore, we propose a novel DEL-fusion framework that amalgamates compound information at the atomic, submolecular, and molecular levels, as captured by various compound encoders. The synergy of these innovations equips MPDF with enriched, multi-scale features, enabling comprehensive downstream denoising. Evaluated on three DEL datasets, MPDF demonstrates superior performance in data processing and analysis for validation tasks. Notably, MPDF offers novel insights into identifying high-affinity molecules, paving the way for improved DEL utility in drug discovery.
Property Neurons in Self-Supervised Speech Transformers
Authors: Tzu-Quan Lin, Guan-Ting Lin, Hung-Yi Lee, Hao Tang
Date: 2024-09-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Model Editing

There have been many studies on analyzing self-supervised speech Transformers, in particular, with layer-wise analysis. It is, however, desirable to have an approach that can pinpoint exactly a subset of neurons that is responsible for a particular property of speech, being amenable to model pruning and model editing. In this work, we identify a set of property neurons in the feedforward layers of Transformers to study how speech-related properties, such as phones, gender, and pitch, are stored. When removing neurons of a particular property (a simple form of model editing), the respective downstream performance significantly degrades, showing the importance of the property neurons. We apply this approach to pruning the feedforward layers in Transformers, where most of the model parameters are. We show that protecting property neurons during pruning is significantly more effective than norm-based pruning. The code for identifying property neurons is available at https://github.com/nervjack2/PropertyNeurons.
Programming Refusal with Conditional Activation Steering
Authors: Bruce W. Lee, Inkit Padhi, Karthikeyan Natesan Ramamurthy, Erik Miehling, Pierre Dognin, Manish Nagireddy, Amit Dhurandhar
Date: 2024-09-06 00:00:00

LLMs have shown remarkable capabilities, but precisely controlling their response behavior remains challenging. Existing activation steering methods alter LLM behavior indiscriminately, limiting their practical applicability in settings where selective responses are essential, such as content moderation or domain-specific assistants. In this paper, we propose Conditional Activation Steering (CAST), which analyzes LLM activation patterns during inference to selectively apply or withhold activation steering based on the input context. Our method is based on the observation that different categories of prompts activate distinct patterns in the model's hidden states. Using CAST, one can systematically control LLM behavior with rules like "if input is about hate speech or adult content, then refuse" or "if input is not about legal advice, then refuse." This allows for selective modification of responses to specific content while maintaining normal responses to other content, all without requiring weight optimization. We release an open-source implementation of our framework.
GeoCalib: Learning Single-image Calibration with Geometric Optimization
Authors: Alexander Veicht, Paul-Edouard Sarlin, Philipp Lindenberger, Marc Pollefeys
Date: 2024-09-10 00:00:00
Tasks: 3D geometry, Visual Localization

From a single image, visual cues can help deduce intrinsic and extrinsic camera parameters like the focal length and the gravity direction. This single-image calibration can benefit various downstream applications like image editing and 3D mapping. Current approaches to this problem are based on either classical geometry with lines and vanishing points or on deep neural networks trained end-to-end. The learned approaches are more robust but struggle to generalize to new environments and are less accurate than their classical counterparts. We hypothesize that they lack the constraints that 3D geometry provides. In this work, we introduce GeoCalib, a deep neural network that leverages universal rules of 3D geometry through an optimization process. GeoCalib is trained end-to-end to estimate camera parameters and learns to find useful visual cues from the data. Experiments on various benchmarks show that GeoCalib is more robust and more accurate than existing classical and learned approaches. Its internal optimization estimates uncertainties, which help flag failure cases and benefit downstream applications like visual localization. The code and trained models are publicly available at https://github.com/cvg/GeoCalib.
LEIA: Latent View-invariant Embeddings for Implicit 3D Articulation
Authors: Archana Swaminathan, Anubhav Gupta, Kamal Gupta, Shishira R. Maiya, Vatsal Agarwal, Abhinav Shrivastava
Date: 2024-09-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Motion Estimation, NeRF, Object

Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) have revolutionized the reconstruction of static scenes and objects in 3D, offering unprecedented quality. However, extending NeRFs to model dynamic objects or object articulations remains a challenging problem. Previous works have tackled this issue by focusing on part-level reconstruction and motion estimation for objects, but they often rely on heuristics regarding the number of moving parts or object categories, which can limit their practical use. In this work, we introduce LEIA, a novel approach for representing dynamic 3D objects. Our method involves observing the object at distinct time steps or "states" and conditioning a hypernetwork on the current state, using this to parameterize our NeRF. This approach allows us to learn a view-invariant latent representation for each state. We further demonstrate that by interpolating between these states, we can generate novel articulation configurations in 3D space that were previously unseen. Our experimental results highlight the effectiveness of our method in articulating objects in a manner that is independent of the viewing angle and joint configuration. Notably, our approach outperforms previous methods that rely on motion information for articulation registration.
A study on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks, Transfer Learning and Ensemble Model for Breast Cancer Detection
Authors: Md Taimur Ahad, Sumaya Mustofa, Faruk Ahmed, Yousuf Rayhan Emon, Aunirudra Dey Anu
Date: 2024-09-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Breast Cancer Detection, Transfer Learning

In deep learning, transfer learning and ensemble models have shown promise in improving computer-aided disease diagnosis. However, applying the transfer learning and ensemble model is still relatively limited. Moreover, the ensemble model's development is ad-hoc, overlooks redundant layers, and suffers from imbalanced datasets and inadequate augmentation. Lastly, significant Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (D-CNNs) have been introduced to detect and classify breast cancer. Still, very few comparative studies were conducted to investigate the accuracy and efficiency of existing CNN architectures. Realising the gaps, this study compares the performance of D-CNN, which includes the original CNN, transfer learning, and an ensemble model, in detecting breast cancer. The comparison study of this paper consists of comparison using six CNN-based deep learning architectures (SE-ResNet152, MobileNetV2, VGG19, ResNet18, InceptionV3, and DenseNet-121), a transfer learning, and an ensemble model on breast cancer detection. Among the comparison of these models, the ensemble model provides the highest detection and classification accuracy of 99.94% for breast cancer detection and classification. However, this study also provides a negative result in the case of transfer learning, as the transfer learning did not increase the accuracy of the original SE-ResNet152, MobileNetV2, VGG19, ResNet18, InceptionV3, and DenseNet-121 model. The high accuracy in detecting and categorising breast cancer detection using CNN suggests that the CNN model is promising in breast cancer disease detection. This research is significant in biomedical engineering, computer-aided disease diagnosis, and ML-based disease detection.
A comprehensive study on Blood Cancer detection and classification using Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Md Taimur Ahad, Sajib Bin Mamun, Sumaya Mustofa, Bo Song, Yan Li
Date: 2024-09-10 00:00:00
Tasks: object-detection, Object Detection, Transfer Learning

Over the years in object detection several efficient Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) networks, such as DenseNet201, InceptionV3, ResNet152v2, SEresNet152, VGG19, Xception gained significant attention due to their performance. Moreover, CNN paradigms have expanded to transfer learning and ensemble models from original CNN architectures. Research studies suggest that transfer learning and ensemble models are capable of increasing the accuracy of deep learning (DL) models. However, very few studies have conducted comprehensive experiments utilizing these techniques in detecting and localizing blood malignancies. Realizing the gap, this study conducted three experiments; in the first experiment -- six original CNNs were used, in the second experiment -- transfer learning and, in the third experiment a novel ensemble model DIX (DenseNet201, InceptionV3, and Xception) was developed to detect and classify blood cancer. The statistical result suggests that DIX outperformed the original and transfer learning performance, providing an accuracy of 99.12%. However, this study also provides a negative result in the case of transfer learning, as the transfer learning did not increase the accuracy of the original CNNs. Like many other cancers, blood cancer diseases require timely identification for effective treatment plans and increased survival possibilities. The high accuracy in detecting and categorization blood cancer detection using CNN suggests that the CNN model is promising in blood cancer disease detection. This research is significant in the fields of biomedical engineering, computer-aided disease diagnosis, and ML-based disease detection.
A study on deep feature extraction to detect and classify Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Authors: Sabit Ahamed Preanto, Md. Taimur Ahad, Yousuf Rayhan Emon, Sumaya Mustofa, Md Alamin
Date: 2024-09-10 00:00:00
Tasks: All, Diagnostic, Medical Diagnosis

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a blood malignancy that mainly affects adults and children. This study looks into the use of deep learning, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), for the detection and classification of ALL. Conventional techniques for ALL diagnosis, such bone marrow biopsy, are costly and prone to mistakes made by hand. By utilising automated technologies, the research seeks to improve diagnostic accuracy. The research uses a variety of pre-trained CNN models, such as InceptionV3, ResNet101, VGG19, DenseNet121, MobileNetV2, and DenseNet121, to extract characteristics from pictures of blood smears. ANOVA, Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), Random Forest, Lasso, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are a few of the selection approaches used to find the most relevant features after feature extraction. Following that, machine learning methods like Na\"ive Bayes, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) are used to classify these features. With an 87% accuracy rate, the ResNet101 model produced the best results, closely followed by DenseNet121 and VGG19. According to the study, CNN-based models have the potential to decrease the need for medical specialists by increasing the speed and accuracy of ALL diagnosis. To improve model performance, the study also recommends expanding and diversifying datasets and investigating more sophisticated designs such as transformers. This study highlights how well automated deep learning systems do medical diagnosis.
GigaGS: Scaling up Planar-Based 3D Gaussians for Large Scene Surface Reconstruction
Authors: Junyi Chen, Weicai Ye, Yifan Wang, Danpeng Chen, Di Huang, Wanli Ouyang, Guofeng Zhang, Yu Qiao, Tong He
Date: 2024-09-10 00:00:00
Tasks: 3DGS, GPU, Novel View Synthesis, Surface Reconstruction

3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has shown promising performance in novel view synthesis. Previous methods adapt it to obtaining surfaces of either individual 3D objects or within limited scenes. In this paper, we make the first attempt to tackle the challenging task of large-scale scene surface reconstruction. This task is particularly difficult due to the high GPU memory consumption, different levels of details for geometric representation, and noticeable inconsistencies in appearance. To this end, we propose GigaGS, the first work for high-quality surface reconstruction for large-scale scenes using 3DGS. GigaGS first applies a partitioning strategy based on the mutual visibility of spatial regions, which effectively grouping cameras for parallel processing. To enhance the quality of the surface, we also propose novel multi-view photometric and geometric consistency constraints based on Level-of-Detail representation. In doing so, our method can reconstruct detailed surface structures. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on various datasets. The consistent improvement demonstrates the superiority of GigaGS.
Alignist: CAD-Informed Orientation Distribution Estimation by Fusing Shape and Correspondences
Authors: Shishir Reddy Vutukur, Rasmus Laurvig Haugaard, Junwen Huang, Benjamin Busam, Tolga Birdal
Date: 2024-09-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Contrastive Learning, valid

Object pose distribution estimation is crucial in robotics for better path planning and handling of symmetric objects. Recent distribution estimation approaches employ contrastive learning-based approaches by maximizing the likelihood of a single pose estimate in the absence of a CAD model. We propose a pose distribution estimation method leveraging symmetry respecting correspondence distributions and shape information obtained using a CAD model. Contrastive learning-based approaches require an exhaustive amount of training images from different viewpoints to learn the distribution properly, which is not possible in realistic scenarios. Instead, we propose a pipeline that can leverage correspondence distributions and shape information from the CAD model, which are later used to learn pose distributions. Besides, having access to pose distribution based on correspondences before learning pose distributions conditioned on images, can help formulate the loss between distributions. The prior knowledge of distribution also helps the network to focus on getting sharper modes instead. With the CAD prior, our approach converges much faster and learns distribution better by focusing on learning sharper distribution near all the valid modes, unlike contrastive approaches, which focus on a single mode at a time. We achieve benchmark results on SYMSOL-I and T-Less datasets.
Constructing an Interpretable Deep Denoiser by Unrolling Graph Laplacian Regularizer
Authors: Seyed Alireza Hosseini, Tam Thuc Do, Gene Cheung, Yuichi Tanaka
Date: 2024-09-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Denoising, Image Denoising

An image denoiser can be used for a wide range of restoration problems via the Plug-and-Play (PnP) architecture. In this paper, we propose a general framework to build an interpretable graph-based deep denoiser (GDD) by unrolling a solution to a maximum a posteriori (MAP) problem equipped with a graph Laplacian regularizer (GLR) as signal prior. Leveraging a recent theorem showing that any (pseudo-)linear denoiser $\boldsymbol \Psi$, under mild conditions, can be mapped to a solution of a MAP denoising problem regularized using GLR, we first initialize a graph Laplacian matrix $\mathbf L$ via truncated Taylor Series Expansion (TSE) of $\boldsymbol \Psi^{-1}$. Then, we compute the MAP linear system solution by unrolling iterations of the conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm into a sequence of neural layers as a feed-forward network -- one that is amenable to parameter tuning. The resulting GDD network is "graph-interpretable", low in parameter count, and easy to initialize thanks to $\mathbf L$ derived from a known well-performing denoiser $\boldsymbol \Psi$. Experimental results show that GDD achieves competitive image denoising performance compared to competitors, but employing far fewer parameters, and is more robust to covariate shift.
A Semantic Segmentation Approach on Sweet Orange Leaf Diseases Detection Utilizing YOLO
Authors: Sabit Ahamed Preanto, Md. Taimur Ahad, Yousuf Rayhan Emon, Sumaya Mustofa, Md Alamin
Date: 2024-09-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Semantic Segmentation

This research introduces an advanced method for diagnosing diseases in sweet orange leaves by utilising advanced artificial intelligence models like YOLOv8 . Due to their significance as a vital agricultural product, sweet oranges encounter significant threats from a variety of diseases that harmfully affect both their yield and quality. Conventional methods for disease detection primarily depend on manual inspection which is ineffective and frequently leads to errors, resulting in delayed treatment and increased financial losses. In response to this challenge, the research utilized YOLOv8 , harnessing their proficiencies in detecting objects and analyzing images. YOLOv8 is recognized for its rapid and precise performance, while VIT is acknowledged for its detailed feature extraction abilities. Impressively, during both the training and validation stages, YOLOv8 exhibited a perfect accuracy of 80.4%, while VIT achieved an accuracy of 99.12%, showcasing their potential to transform disease detection in agriculture. The study comprehensively examined the practical challenges related to the implementation of AI technologies in agriculture, encompassing the computational demands and user accessibility, and offering viable solutions for broader usage. Moreover, it underscores the environmental considerations, particularly the potential for reduced pesticide usage, thereby promoting sustainable farming and environmental conservation. These findings provide encouraging insights into the application of AI in agriculture, suggesting a transition towards more effective, sustainable, and technologically advanced farming methods. This research not only highlights the efficacy of YOLOv8 within a specific agricultural domain but also lays the foundation for further studies that encompass a broader application in crop management and sustainable agricultural practices.