pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
BIA Transmission in Rate Splitting-based Optical Wireless Networks
Authors: Ahmad Adnan Qidan, Khulood Alazwary, Taisir El-Gorashi, Majid Safari, Harald Haas, Richard V. Penty, Ian H. White, Jaafar M. H. Elmirghani
Date: 2025-04-09 00:00:00

Optical wireless communication (OWC) has recently received massive interest as a new technology that can support the enormous data traffic increasing on daily basis. In particular, laser-based OWC networks can provide terabits per second (Tbps) aggregate data rates. However, the emerging OWC networks require a high number of optical access points (APs), each AP corresponding to an optical cell, to provide uniform coverage for multiple users. Therefore, inter-cell interference (ICI) and multi-user interference (MUI) are crucial issues that must be managed efficiently to provide high spectral efficiency. In radio frequency (RF) networks, rate splitting (RS) is proposed as a transmission scheme to serve multiple users simultaneously following a certain strategy. It was shown that RS provides high data rates compared to orthogonal and non-orthogonal interference management schemes. Considering the high density of OWC networks, the application of RS within each optical cell might not be practical due to severe ICI. In this paper, a new strategy is derived referred to as blind interference alignment-rate splitting (BIA-RS) to fully coordinate the transmission among the optical APs, while determining the precoding matrices of multiple groups of users formed beforehand. Therefore, RS can be implemented within each group to manage MUI. The proposed BIA-RS scheme requires two layers of power allocation to achieve high performance. Given that, a max-min fractional optimization problem is formulated to optimally distribute the power budget among the groups and the messages intended to the users of each group. Finally, a power allocation algorithm is designed with multiple Lagrangian multipliers to provide practical and sub-optimal solutions. The results show the high performance of the proposed scheme compared to other counterpart schemes.
LCL Resonance Analysis and Damping in Single-Loop Grid-Forming Wind Turbines
Authors: Meng Chen, Yufei Xi, Frede Blaabjerg, Lin Cheng, Ioannis Lestas
Date: 2025-04-09 00:00:00
Tasks: valid

A dynamic phenomenon known as LCL resonance is often neglected when stability analysis is carried out for grid-forming (GFM) control schemes by wind turbine systems, due to its high frequency. This paper shows that this simplification is not always valid for single-loop (SL) control schemes. A detailed small-signal analysis reveals that reactive power (RAP) control significantly influences the resonant modes, which may be dominant in determining overall system stability, even if the resonant frequency is high. The underlying mechanism via which the LCL resonance may dominate the overall system stability is systematically analyzed. Furthermore, various RAP control strategies are compared to assess their different effects on resonant modes. An active damping (AD) strategy favorable for SL-GFM control is then designed. We also provide a comparison between SL-GFM and well-studied grid-following control schemes, highlighting quite different resonance features between them. Finally, case studies associated with a 14-bus, 5-machine IEEE test system are presented. These show that instability originates from the LCL resonance rather than low-frequency interactions among multiple machines, validating the theoretical analysis and the proposed AD strategy.
Maximizing Battery Storage Profits via High-Frequency Intraday Trading
Authors: David Schaurecker, David Wozabal, Nils Löhndorf, Thorsten Staake
Date: 2025-04-09 00:00:00

Maximizing revenue for grid-scale battery energy storage systems in continuous intraday electricity markets requires strategies that are able to seize trading opportunities as soon as new information arrives. This paper introduces and evaluates an automated high-frequency trading strategy for battery energy storage systems trading on the intraday market for power while explicitly considering the dynamics of the limit order book, market rules, and technical parameters. The standard rolling intrinsic strategy is adapted for continuous intraday electricity markets and solved using a dynamic programming approximation that is two to three orders of magnitude faster than an exact mixed-integer linear programming solution. A detailed backtest over a full year of German order book data demonstrates that the proposed dynamic programming formulation does not reduce trading profits and enables the policy to react to every relevant order book update, enabling realistic rapid backtesting. Our results show the significant revenue potential of high-frequency trading: our policy earns 58% more than when re-optimizing only once every hour and 14% more than when re-optimizing once per minute, highlighting that profits critically depend on trading speed. Furthermore, we leverage the speed of our algorithm to train a parametric extension of the rolling intrinsic, increasing yearly revenue by 8.4% out of sample.
Controlling a Social Network of Individuals with Coevolving Actions and Opinions
Authors: Roberta Raineri, Mengbin Ye, Lorenzo Zino
Date: 2025-04-09 00:00:00

In this paper, we consider a population of individuals who have actions and opinions, which coevolve, mutually influencing one another on a complex network structure. In particular, we formulate a control problem for this social network, in which we assume that we can inject into the network a committed minority -- a set of stubborn nodes -- with the objective of steering the population, initially at a consensus, to a different consensus state. Our study focuses on two main objectives: i) determining the conditions under which the committed minority succeeds in its goal, and ii) identifying the optimal placement for such a committed minority. After deriving general monotone convergence result for the controlled dynamics, we leverage these results to build a computationally-efficient algorithm to solve the first problem and an effective heuristics for the second problem, which we prove to be NP-complete. For both algorithms, we establish theoretical guarantees. The proposed methodology is illustrated though academic examples, and demonstrated on a real-world case study.
Deep Neural Koopman Operator-based Economic Model Predictive Control of Shipboard Carbon Capture System
Authors: Minghao Han, Xunyuan Yin
Date: 2025-04-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Model Predictive Control

Shipboard carbon capture is a promising solution to help reduce carbon emissions in international shipping. In this work, we propose a data-driven dynamic modeling and economic predictive control approach within the Koopman framework. This integrated modeling and control approach is used to achieve safe and energy-efficient process operation of shipboard post-combustion carbon capture plants. Specifically, we propose a deep neural Koopman operator modeling approach, based on which a Koopman model with time-varying model parameters is established. This Koopman model predicts the overall economic operational cost and key system outputs, based on accessible partial state measurements. By leveraging this learned model, a constrained economic predictive control scheme is developed. Despite time-varying parameters involved in the formulated model, the formulated optimization problem associated with the economic predictive control design is convex, and it can be solved efficiently during online control implementations. Extensive tests are conducted on a high-fidelity simulation environment for shipboard post-combustion carbon capture processes. Four ship operational conditions are taken into account. The results show that the proposed method significantly improves the overall economic operational performance and carbon capture rate. Additionally, the proposed method guarantees safe operation by ensuring that hard constraints on the system outputs are satisfied.
Variable Metric Splitting Methods for Neuromorphic Circuits Simulation
Authors: Amir Shahhosseini, Thomas Burger, Rodolphe Sepulchre
Date: 2025-04-09 00:00:00

This paper proposes a variable metric splitting algorithm to solve the electrical behavior of neuromorphic circuits made of capacitors, memristive elements, and batteries. The gradient property of the memristive elements is exploited to split the current to voltage operator as the sum of the derivative operator, a Riemannian gradient operator, and a nonlinear residual operator that is linearized at each step of the algorithm. The diagonal structure of the three operators makes the variable metric forward-backward splitting algorithm scalable and amenable to the simulation of large-scale neuromorphic circuits.
Optimal Duration of Reserve Capacity Ancillary Services for Distributed Energy Resources
Authors: Lorenzo Zapparoli, Blazhe Gjorgiev, Giovanni Sansavini
Date: 2025-04-09 00:00:00

The increasing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) into power systems presents opportunities and challenges for ancillary services (AS) provision. Technical requirements of existing AS (i.e., duration, reliability, ramp rate, and lead time) have been designed for traditional generating units, making their provision by DER aggregates particularly challenging. This paper proposes a method to design the duration of reserve capacity AS products considering the operational constraints of DERs and the temporal dynamics of system imbalances. The optimal product duration is determined by maximizing product availability and aligning the supply profile with the system's balancing needs. We apply the methodology to a realistic Swiss low-voltage network with a diverse DER portfolio. The results reveal that (i) shorter product durations maximize average availability and (ii) long product durations improve the alignment with system balancing needs. This paper offers valuable insights for system operators to design AS products tailored for DER participation.
Learning-Inspired Fuzzy Logic Algorithms for Enhanced Control of Oscillatory Systems
Authors: Vuong Anh Trung, Thanh Son Pham, Truc Thanh Tran, Tran le Thang Dong, Tran Thuan Hoang
Date: 2025-04-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Decision Making

The transportation of sensitive equipment often suffers from vibrations caused by terrain, weather, and motion speed, leading to inefficiencies and potential damage. To address this challenge, this paper explores an intelligent control framework leveraging fuzzy logic, a foundational AI technique, to suppress oscillations in suspension systems. Inspired by learning based methodologies, the proposed approach utilizes fuzzy inference and Gaussian membership functions to emulate adaptive, human like decision making. By minimizing the need for explicit mathematical models, the method demonstrates robustness in both linear and nonlinear systems. Experimental validation highlights the controllers ability to adapt to varying suspension lengths, reducing oscillation amplitudes and improving stability under dynamic conditions. This research bridges the gap between traditional control systems and learning inspired techniques, offering a scalable, data efficient solution for modern transportation challenges
Robo-taxi Fleet Coordination at Scale via Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Luigi Tresca, Carolin Schmidt, James Harrison, Filipe Rodrigues, Gioele Zardini, Daniele Gammelli, Marco Pavone
Date: 2025-04-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Computational Efficiency, Graph Representation Learning, reinforcement-learning, Reinforcement Learning, Representation Learning

Fleets of robo-taxis offering on-demand transportation services, commonly known as Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand (AMoD) systems, hold significant promise for societal benefits, such as reducing pollution, energy consumption, and urban congestion. However, orchestrating these systems at scale remains a critical challenge, with existing coordination algorithms often failing to exploit the systems' full potential. This work introduces a novel decision-making framework that unites mathematical modeling with data-driven techniques. In particular, we present the AMoD coordination problem through the lens of reinforcement learning and propose a graph network-based framework that exploits the main strengths of graph representation learning, reinforcement learning, and classical operations research tools. Extensive evaluations across diverse simulation fidelities and scenarios demonstrate the flexibility of our approach, achieving superior system performance, computational efficiency, and generalizability compared to prior methods. Finally, motivated by the need to democratize research efforts in this area, we release publicly available benchmarks, datasets, and simulators for network-level coordination alongside an open-source codebase designed to provide accessible simulation platforms and establish a standardized validation process for comparing methodologies. Code available at: https://github.com/StanfordASL/RL4AMOD
A Control-Oriented Simplified Single Particle Model with Grouped Parameter and Sensitivity Analysis for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Feng Guo, Luis D. Couto
Date: 2025-04-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Computational Efficiency, parameter estimation, Sensitivity, State Estimation

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in transportation, energy storage, and consumer electronics, driving the need for reliable battery management systems (BMS) for state estimation and control. The Single Particle Model (SPM) balances computational efficiency and accuracy but faces challenges in parameter estimation due to numerous parameters. Current SPM models using parabolic approximation introduce intermediate variables and hard to do parameter grouping. This study presents a control-oriented SPM reformulation that employs parameter grouping and parabolic approximation to simplify model parameters while using average and surface lithium-ion concentrations as model output. By parameter grouping, the original 17 parameters were reduced to 9 grouped parameters. The reformulated model achieves a reduced-order ordinary differential equation form while maintaining mathematical accuracy equivalent to the pre-grouped discretized SPM. Through Sobol sensitivity analysis under various current profiles, the grouped parameters were reduced from 9 to 6 highly sensitive parameters. Results demonstrate that estimating these 6 parameters achieves comparable practical accuracy to estimating all 9 parameters, with faster convergence. This control-oriented SPM enhances BMS applications by facilitating state estimation and control while reducing parameter estimation requirements.
Reliability Assessment of Low-Cost PM Sensors under High Humidity and High PM Level Outdoor Conditions
Authors: Gulshan Kumar, Prasannaa Kumar D, Jay Dhariwal, Seshan Srirangarajan
Date: 2025-04-09 00:00:00

Low-cost particulate matter (PM) sensors have become increasingly popular due to their compact size, low power consumption, and cost-effective installation and maintenance. While several studies have explored the effects of meteorological conditions and pollution exposure on low-cost sensor (LCS) performance, few have addressed the combined impact of high PM concentration and high humidity levels. In contrast to most evaluation studies, which generally report $\text{PM}_{2.5}$ levels below $150~\mu\text{g/m}^3$, our study observed hourly average $\text{PM}_{2.5}$ concentrations ranging from $6-611~\mu\text{g/m}^3$ (mean value of $137~\mu\text{g/m}^3$), with relative humidity between $25-95\%$ (mean value of $72\%$), and temperature varying from $6-29^\circ$C (mean value of $16^\circ$C). We evaluate three LCS models (SPS30, PMS7003, HPMA115C0-004) in outdoor conditions during the winter season in New Delhi, India, deployed alongside a reference-grade beta attenuation monitor (BAM). The results indicate a strong correlation between LCS and BAM measurements (${R^2} > 90\%$). The RMSE increases with increasing PM concentration and humidity levels but the narrow $95\%$ confidence interval range of LCS as a function of the reference BAM suggests the importance of LCS in air pollution monitoring. Among the evaluated LCS models, SPS30 showed the highest overall accuracy. Overall, the study demonstrates that LCS can effectively monitor air quality in regions with high PM and high humidity levels, provided appropriate correction models are applied.
NAPER: Fault Protection for Real-Time Resource-Constrained Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Rian Adam Rajagede, Muhammad Husni Santriaji, Muhammad Arya Fikriansyah, Hilal Hudan Nuha, Yanjie Fu, Yan Solihin
Date: 2025-04-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Ensemble Learning, Fault Detection, Scheduling

Fault tolerance in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) deployed on resource-constrained systems presents unique challenges for high-accuracy applications with strict timing requirements. Memory bit-flips can severely degrade DNN accuracy, while traditional protection approaches like Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) often sacrifice accuracy to maintain reliability, creating a three-way dilemma between reliability, accuracy, and timeliness. We introduce NAPER, a novel protection approach that addresses this challenge through ensemble learning. Unlike conventional redundancy methods, NAPER employs heterogeneous model redundancy, where diverse models collectively achieve higher accuracy than any individual model. This is complemented by an efficient fault detection mechanism and a real-time scheduler that prioritizes meeting deadlines by intelligently scheduling recovery operations without interrupting inference. Our evaluations demonstrate NAPER's superiority: 40% faster inference in both normal and fault conditions, maintained accuracy 4.2% higher than TMR-based strategies, and guaranteed uninterrupted operation even during fault recovery. NAPER effectively balances the competing demands of accuracy, reliability, and timeliness in real-time DNN applications
A Digital Twin of an Electrical Distribution Grid: SoCal 28-Bus Dataset
Authors: Yiheng Xie, Lucien Werner, Kaibo Chen, Thuy-Linh Le, Christine Ortega, Steven Low
Date: 2025-04-09 00:00:00
Tasks: State Estimation

We provide an open-access dataset of phasor & waveform measurement units (PMUs/WMUs) of a real-world electrical distribution network. The network consists of diverse sets of generation resources (including solar panels, fuel cells, natural gas generators, and utility interconnections), loads (including large-scale electric vehicle charging, data centers, central cooling, offices), topology changes (such as line outages and load transfers), as well as a mixture of single- and three-phase networks. We describe a densely deployed PMU sensor network in a distribution grid, in which all buses with non-zero power injections are measured. This approach enables a range of applications such as state estimation, system identification, power flow optimization, and feedback control, several of which are discussed in this paper. Additionally, we provide a synchronized waveform dataset which allows the analysis of harmonics, transient events, dynamic grid impedance, and stability. Data collection started in 2023 while new data is generated continuously and made available online. A characterization of measurement error is provided. Finally, we provide circuit topology and parameters as a part of the dataset. Together, the circuit and timeseries data offer an opportunity for researchers to develop and test algorithms on a real-world system.
Data-Driven Reachability with Scenario Optimization and the Holdout Method
Authors: Elizabeth Dietrich, Rosalyn Devonport, Stephen Tu, Murat Arcak
Date: 2025-04-09 00:00:00

Reachability analysis is an important method in providing safety guarantees for systems with unknown or uncertain dynamics. Due to the computational intractability of exact reachability analysis for general nonlinear, high-dimensional systems, recent work has focused on the use of probabilistic methods for computing approximate reachable sets. In this work, we advocate for the use of a general purpose, practical, and sharp method for data-driven reachability: the holdout method. Despite the simplicity of the holdout method, we show -- on several numerical examples including scenario-based reach tubes -- that the resulting probabilistic bounds are substantially sharper and require fewer samples than existing methods for data-driven reachability. Furthermore, we complement our work with a discussion on the necessity of probabilistic reachability bounds. We argue that any method that attempts to de-randomize the bounds, by converting the guarantees to hold deterministically, requires (a) an exponential in state-dimension amount of samples to achieve non-vacuous guarantees, and (b) extra assumptions on the dynamics.
Learning Flatness-Preserving Residuals for Pure-Feedback Systems
Authors: Fengjun Yang, Jake Welde, Nikolai Matni
Date: 2025-04-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Model Predictive Control

We study residual dynamics learning for differentially flat systems, where a nominal model is augmented with a learned correction term from data. A key challenge is that generic residual parameterizations may destroy flatness, limiting the applicability of flatness-based planning and control methods. To address this, we propose a framework for learning flatness-preserving residual dynamics in systems whose nominal model admits a pure-feedback form. We show that residuals with a lower-triangular structure preserve both the flatness of the system and the original flat outputs. Moreover, we provide a constructive procedure to recover the flatness diffeomorphism of the augmented system from that of the nominal model. We then introduce a learning algorithm that fits such residuals from trajectory data using smooth function approximators. Our approach is validated in simulation on a 2D quadrotor subject to unmodeled aerodynamic effects. We demonstrate that the resulting learned flat model enables tracking performance comparable to nonlinear model predictive control ($5\times$ lower tracking error than the nominal flat model) while also achieving over a $20\times$ speedup in computation.
Graph Neural Network-Based Distributed Optimal Control for Linear Networked Systems: An Online Distributed Training Approach
Authors: Zihao Song, Panos J. Antsaklis, Hai Lin
Date: 2025-04-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Distributed Optimization, Graph Neural Network, Self-Supervised Learning

In this paper, we consider the distributed optimal control problem for linear networked systems. In particular, we are interested in learning distributed optimal controllers using graph recurrent neural networks (GRNNs). Most of the existing approaches result in centralized optimal controllers with offline training processes. However, as the increasing demand of network resilience, the optimal controllers are further expected to be distributed, and are desirable to be trained in an online distributed fashion, which are also the main contributions of our work. To solve this problem, we first propose a GRNN-based distributed optimal control method, and we cast the problem as a self-supervised learning problem. Then, the distributed online training is achieved via distributed gradient computation, and inspired by the (consensus-based) distributed optimization idea, a distributed online training optimizer is designed. Furthermore, the local closed-loop stability of the linear networked system under our proposed GRNN-based controller is provided by assuming that the nonlinear activation function of the GRNN-based controller is both local sector-bounded and slope-restricted. The effectiveness of our proposed method is illustrated by numerical simulations using a specifically developed simulator.