pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Integrating AI in College Education: Positive yet Mixed Experiences with ChatGPT
Authors: Xinrui Song, Jiajin Zhang, Pingkun Yan, Juergen Hahn, Uwe Kruger, Hisham Mohamed, Ge Wang
Date: 2024-07-08 00:00:00

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots into higher education marks a shift towards a new generation of pedagogical tools, mirroring the arrival of milestones like the internet. With the launch of ChatGPT-4 Turbo in November 2023, we developed a ChatGPT-based teaching application (https://chat.openai.com/g/g-1imx1py4K-chatge-medical-imaging) and integrated it into our undergraduate medical imaging course in the Spring 2024 semester. This study investigates the use of ChatGPT throughout a semester-long trial, providing insights into students' engagement, perception, and the overall educational effectiveness of the technology. We systematically collected and analyzed data concerning students' interaction with ChatGPT, focusing on their attitudes, concerns, and usage patterns. The findings indicate that ChatGPT offers significant advantages such as improved information access and increased interactivity, but its adoption is accompanied by concerns about the accuracy of the information provided and the necessity for well-defined guidelines to optimize its use.
FedMRL: Data Heterogeneity Aware Federated Multi-agent Deep Reinforcement Learning for Medical Imaging
Authors: Pranab Sahoo, Ashutosh Tripathi, Sriparna Saha, Samrat Mondal
Date: 2024-07-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Deep Reinforcement Learning, Fairness, Federated Learning, Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning, reinforcement-learning, Reinforcement Learning

Despite recent advancements in federated learning (FL) for medical image diagnosis, addressing data heterogeneity among clients remains a significant challenge for practical implementation. A primary hurdle in FL arises from the non-IID nature of data samples across clients, which typically results in a decline in the performance of the aggregated global model. In this study, we introduce FedMRL, a novel federated multi-agent deep reinforcement learning framework designed to address data heterogeneity. FedMRL incorporates a novel loss function to facilitate fairness among clients, preventing bias in the final global model. Additionally, it employs a multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) approach to calculate the proximal term $(\mu)$ for the personalized local objective function, ensuring convergence to the global optimum. Furthermore, FedMRL integrates an adaptive weight adjustment method using a Self-organizing map (SOM) on the server side to counteract distribution shifts among clients' local data distributions. We assess our approach using two publicly available real-world medical datasets, and the results demonstrate that FedMRL significantly outperforms state-of-the-art techniques, showing its efficacy in addressing data heterogeneity in federated learning. The code can be found here~{\url{https://github.com/Pranabiitp/FedMRL}}.
Automated Computational Energy Minimization of ML Algorithms using Constrained Bayesian Optimization
Authors: Pallavi Mitra, Felix Biessmann
Date: 2024-07-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Bayesian Optimization, Hyperparameter Optimization

Bayesian optimization (BO) is an efficient framework for optimization of black-box objectives when function evaluations are costly and gradient information is not easily accessible. BO has been successfully applied to automate the task of hyperparameter optimization (HPO) in machine learning (ML) models with the primary objective of optimizing predictive performance on held-out data. In recent years, however, with ever-growing model sizes, the energy cost associated with model training has become an important factor for ML applications. Here we evaluate Constrained Bayesian Optimization (CBO) with the primary objective of minimizing energy consumption and subject to the constraint that the generalization performance is above some threshold. We evaluate our approach on regression and classification tasks and demonstrate that CBO achieves lower energy consumption without compromising the predictive performance of ML models.
Large Language Models for Judicial Entity Extraction: A Comparative Study
Authors: Atin Sakkeer Hussain, Anu Thomas
Date: 2024-07-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Information Retrieval, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Large Language Model, Machine Translation, Question Answering, Sentiment Analysis, Text Summarization

Domain-specific Entity Recognition holds significant importance in legal contexts, serving as a fundamental task that supports various applications such as question-answering systems, text summarization, machine translation, sentiment analysis, and information retrieval specifically within case law documents. Recent advancements have highlighted the efficacy of Large Language Models in natural language processing tasks, demonstrating their capability to accurately detect and classify domain-specific facts (entities) from specialized texts like clinical and financial documents. This research investigates the application of Large Language Models in identifying domain-specific entities (e.g., courts, petitioner, judge, lawyer, respondents, FIR nos.) within case law documents, with a specific focus on their aptitude for handling domain-specific language complexity and contextual variations. The study evaluates the performance of state-of-the-art Large Language Model architectures, including Large Language Model Meta AI 3, Mistral, and Gemma, in the context of extracting judicial facts tailored to Indian judicial texts. Mistral and Gemma emerged as the top-performing models, showcasing balanced precision and recall crucial for accurate entity identification. These findings confirm the value of Large Language Models in judicial documents and demonstrate how they can facilitate and quicken scientific research by producing precise, organised data outputs that are appropriate for in-depth examination.
When is the consistent prediction likely to be a correct prediction?
Authors: Alex Nguyen, Dheeraj Mekala, chengyu dong, Jingbo Shang
Date: 2024-07-08 00:00:00
Tasks: GSM8K, Prediction

Self-consistency (Wang et al., 2023) suggests that the most consistent answer obtained through large language models (LLMs) is more likely to be correct. In this paper, we challenge this argument and propose a nuanced correction. Our observations indicate that consistent answers derived through more computation i.e. longer reasoning texts, rather than simply the most consistent answer across all outputs, are more likely to be correct. This is predominantly because we demonstrate that LLMs can autonomously produce chain-of-thought (CoT) style reasoning with no custom prompts merely while generating longer responses, which lead to consistent predictions that are more accurate. In the zero-shot setting, by sampling Mixtral-8x7B model multiple times and considering longer responses, we achieve 86% of its self-consistency performance obtained through zero-shot CoT prompting on the GSM8K and MultiArith datasets. Finally, we demonstrate that the probability of LLMs generating a longer response is quite low, highlighting the need for decoding strategies conditioned on output length.
Structural Generalization in Autonomous Cyber Incident Response with Message-Passing Neural Networks and Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Jakob Nyberg, Pontus Johnson
Date: 2024-07-08 00:00:00

We believe that agents for automated incident response based on machine learning need to handle changes in network structure. Computer networks are dynamic, and can naturally change in structure over time. Retraining agents for small network changes costs time and energy. We attempt to address this issue with an existing method of relational agent learning, where the relations between objects are assumed to remain consistent across problem instances. The state of the computer network is represented as a relational graph and encoded through a message passing neural network. The message passing neural network and an agent policy using the encoding are optimized end-to-end using reinforcement learning. We evaluate the approach on the second instance of the Cyber Autonomy Gym for Experimentation (CAGE~2), a cyber incident simulator that simulates attacks on an enterprise network. We create variants of the original network with different numbers of hosts and agents are tested without additional training on them. Our results show that agents using relational information are able to find solutions despite changes to the network, and can perform optimally in some instances. Agents using the default vector state representation perform better, but need to be specially trained on each network variant, demonstrating a trade-off between specialization and generalization.
Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning-based Network Intrusion Detection System
Authors: Amine Tellache, Amdjed Mokhtari, Abdelaziz Amara korba, Yacine Ghamri-Doudane
Date: 2024-07-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Intrusion Detection, Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning, Network Intrusion Detection, reinforcement-learning, Reinforcement Learning, Reinforcement Learning (RL)

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) play a crucial role in ensuring the security of computer networks. Machine learning has emerged as a popular approach for intrusion detection due to its ability to analyze and detect patterns in large volumes of data. However, current ML-based IDS solutions often struggle to keep pace with the ever-changing nature of attack patterns and the emergence of new attack types. Additionally, these solutions face challenges related to class imbalance, where the number of instances belonging to different classes (normal and intrusions) is significantly imbalanced, which hinders their ability to effectively detect minor classes. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) architecture, enabling automatic, efficient, and robust network intrusion detection. To enhance the capabilities of the proposed model, we have improved the DQN algorithm by implementing the weighted mean square loss function and employing cost-sensitive learning techniques. Our solution introduces a resilient architecture designed to accommodate the addition of new attacks and effectively adapt to changes in existing attack patterns. Experimental results realized using CIC-IDS-2017 dataset, demonstrate that our approach can effectively handle the class imbalance problem and provide a fine grained classification of attacks with a very low false positive rate. In comparison to the current state-of-the-art works, our solution demonstrates a significant superiority in both detection rate and false positive rate.
Potential of Multimodal Large Language Models for Data Mining of Medical Images and Free-text Reports
Authors: Yutong Zhang, Yi Pan, Tianyang Zhong, Peixin Dong, Kangni Xie, Yuxiao Liu, Hanqi Jiang, Zhengliang Liu, Shijie Zhao, Tuo Zhang, Xi Jiang, Dinggang Shen, Tianming Liu, Xin Zhang
Date: 2024-07-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Lesion Detection, Lesion Segmentation

Medical images and radiology reports are crucial for diagnosing medical conditions, highlighting the importance of quantitative analysis for clinical decision-making. However, the diversity and cross-source heterogeneity of these data challenge the generalizability of current data-mining methods. Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have recently transformed many domains, significantly affecting the medical field. Notably, Gemini-Vision-series (Gemini) and GPT-4-series (GPT-4) models have epitomized a paradigm shift in Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) for computer vision, showcasing their potential in the biomedical domain. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the Gemini, GPT-4, and 4 popular large models for an exhaustive evaluation across 14 medical imaging datasets, including 5 medical imaging categories (dermatology, radiology, dentistry, ophthalmology, and endoscopy), and 3 radiology report datasets. The investigated tasks encompass disease classification, lesion segmentation, anatomical localization, disease diagnosis, report generation, and lesion detection. Our experimental results demonstrated that Gemini-series models excelled in report generation and lesion detection but faces challenges in disease classification and anatomical localization. Conversely, GPT-series models exhibited proficiency in lesion segmentation and anatomical localization but encountered difficulties in disease diagnosis and lesion detection. Additionally, both the Gemini series and GPT series contain models that have demonstrated commendable generation efficiency. While both models hold promise in reducing physician workload, alleviating pressure on limited healthcare resources, and fostering collaboration between clinical practitioners and artificial intelligence technologies, substantial enhancements and comprehensive validations remain imperative before clinical deployment.
The Impact of Quantization on Retrieval-Augmented Generation: An Analysis of Small LLMs
Authors: Mert Yazan, Suzan Verberne, Frederik Situmeang
Date: 2024-06-10 00:00:00
Tasks: Quantization, RAG, Retrieval, Retrieval-augmented Generation

Post-training quantization reduces the computational demand of Large Language Models (LLMs) but can weaken some of their capabilities. Since LLM abilities emerge with scale, smaller LLMs are more sensitive to quantization. In this paper, we explore how quantization affects smaller LLMs' ability to perform retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), specifically in longer contexts. We chose personalization for evaluation because it is a challenging domain to perform using RAG as it requires long-context reasoning over multiple documents. We compare the original FP16 and the quantized INT4 performance of multiple 7B and 8B LLMs on two tasks while progressively increasing the number of retrieved documents to test how quantized models fare against longer contexts. To better understand the effect of retrieval, we evaluate three retrieval models in our experiments. Our findings reveal that if a 7B LLM performs the task well, quantization does not impair its performance and long-context reasoning capabilities. We conclude that it is possible to utilize RAG with quantized smaller LLMs.
MSP-Podcast SER Challenge 2024: L'antenne du Ventoux Multimodal Self-Supervised Learning for Speech Emotion Recognition
Authors: Jarod Duret, Mickael Rouvier, Yannick Estève
Date: 2024-07-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Attribute, Emotion Recognition, Self-Supervised Learning, Speech Emotion Recognition

In this work, we detail our submission to the 2024 edition of the MSP-Podcast Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) Challenge. This challenge is divided into two distinct tasks: Categorical Emotion Recognition and Emotional Attribute Prediction. We concentrated our efforts on Task 1, which involves the categorical classification of eight emotional states using data from the MSP-Podcast dataset. Our approach employs an ensemble of models, each trained independently and then fused at the score level using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. The models were trained using various strategies, including Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) fine-tuning across different modalities: speech alone, text alone, and a combined speech and text approach. This joint training methodology aims to enhance the system's ability to accurately classify emotional states. This joint training methodology aims to enhance the system's ability to accurately classify emotional states. Thus, the system obtained F1-macro of 0.35\% on development set.
Multi-Bit Mechanism: A Novel Information Transmission Paradigm for Spiking Neural Networks
Authors: Yongjun Xiao, Xianlong Tian, Yongqi Ding, Pei He, Mengmeng Jing, Lin Zuo
Date: 2024-07-08 00:00:00

Since proposed, spiking neural networks (SNNs) gain recognition for their high performance, low power consumption and enhanced biological interpretability. However, while bringing these advantages, the binary nature of spikes also leads to considerable information loss in SNNs, ultimately causing performance degradation. We claim that the limited expressiveness of current binary spikes, resulting in substantial information loss, is the fundamental issue behind these challenges. To alleviate this, our research introduces a multi-bit information transmission mechanism for SNNs. This mechanism expands the output of spiking neurons from the original single bit to multiple bits, enhancing the expressiveness of the spikes and reducing information loss during the forward process, while still maintaining the low energy consumption advantage of SNNs. For SNNs, this represents a new paradigm of information transmission. Moreover, to further utilize the limited spikes, we extract effective signals from the previous layer to re-stimulate the neurons, thus encouraging full spikes emission across various bit levels. We conducted extensive experiments with our proposed method using both direct training method and ANN-SNN conversion method, and the results show consistent performance improvements.
FairPFN: Transformers Can do Counterfactual Fairness
Authors: Jake Robertson, Noah Hollmann, Noor Awad, Frank Hutter
Date: 2024-07-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Causal Discovery, counterfactual, Fairness, In-Context Learning

Machine Learning systems are increasingly prevalent across healthcare, law enforcement, and finance but often operate on historical data, which may carry biases against certain demographic groups. Causal and counterfactual fairness provides an intuitive way to define fairness that closely aligns with legal standards. Despite its theoretical benefits, counterfactual fairness comes with several practical limitations, largely related to the reliance on domain knowledge and approximate causal discovery techniques in constructing a causal model. In this study, we take a fresh perspective on counterfactually fair prediction, building upon recent work in in context learning (ICL) and prior fitted networks (PFNs) to learn a transformer called FairPFN. This model is pretrained using synthetic fairness data to eliminate the causal effects of protected attributes directly from observational data, removing the requirement of access to the correct causal model in practice. In our experiments, we thoroughly assess the effectiveness of FairPFN in eliminating the causal impact of protected attributes on a series of synthetic case studies and real world datasets. Our findings pave the way for a new and promising research area: transformers for causal and counterfactual fairness.
Implementing a hybrid approach in a knowledge engineering process to manage technical advice relating to feedback from the operation of complex sensitive equipment
Authors: Alain Claude Hervé Berger, Sébastien Boblet, Thierry Cartié, Jean-Pierre Cotton, François Vexler
Date: 2024-07-08 00:00:00

How can technical advice on operating experience feedback be managed efficiently in an organization that has never used knowledge engineering techniques and methods? This article explains how an industrial company in the nuclear and defense sectors adopted such an approach, adapted to its "TA KM" organizational context and falls within the ISO30401 framework, to build a complete system with a "SARBACANES" application to support its business processes and perpetuate its know-how and expertise in a knowledge base. Over and above the classic transfer of knowledge between experts and business specialists, SARBACANES also reveals the ability of this type of engineering to deliver multi-functional operation. Modeling was accelerated by the use of a tool adapted to this type of operation: the Ardans Knowledge Maker platform.
Short-term Object Interaction Anticipation with Disentangled Object Detection @ Ego4D Short Term Object Interaction Anticipation Challenge
Authors: Hyunjin Cho, Dong Un Kang, Se Young Chun
Date: 2024-07-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Object, object-detection, Object Detection, Short-term Object Interaction Anticipation

Short-term object interaction anticipation is an important task in egocentric video analysis, including precise predictions of future interactions and their timings as well as the categories and positions of the involved active objects. To alleviate the complexity of this task, our proposed method, SOIA-DOD, effectively decompose it into 1) detecting active object and 2) classifying interaction and predicting their timing. Our method first detects all potential active objects in the last frame of egocentric video by fine-tuning a pre-trained YOLOv9. Then, we combine these potential active objects as query with transformer encoder, thereby identifying the most promising next active object and predicting its future interaction and time-to-contact. Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art models on the challenge test set, achieving the best performance in predicting next active objects and their interactions. Finally, our proposed ranked the third overall top-5 mAP when including time-to-contact predictions. The source code is available at https://github.com/KeenyJin/SOIA-DOD.
MobilePortrait: Real-Time One-Shot Neural Head Avatars on Mobile Devices
Authors: Jianwen Jiang, Gaojie Lin, Zhengkun Rong, Chao Liang, Yongming Zhu, Jiaqi Yang, Tianyun Zhong
Date: 2024-07-08 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2025 1
Tasks: Image Generation, Portrait Animation

Existing neural head avatars methods have achieved significant progress in the image quality and motion range of portrait animation. However, these methods neglect the computational overhead, and to the best of our knowledge, none is designed to run on mobile devices. This paper presents MobilePortrait, a lightweight one-shot neural head avatars method that reduces learning complexity by integrating external knowledge into both the motion modeling and image synthesis, enabling real-time inference on mobile devices. Specifically, we introduce a mixed representation of explicit and implicit keypoints for precise motion modeling and precomputed visual features for enhanced foreground and background synthesis. With these two key designs and using simple U-Nets as backbones, our method achieves state-of-the-art performance with less than one-tenth the computational demand. It has been validated to reach speeds of over 100 FPS on mobile devices and support both video and audio-driven inputs.
Fast and Continual Knowledge Graph Embedding via Incremental LoRA
Authors: Jiajun Liu, Wenjun Ke, Peng Wang, Jiahao Wang, Jinhua Gao, Ziyu Shang, Guozheng Li, Zijie Xu, Ke Ji, Yining Li
Date: 2024-07-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Graph Embedding, Knowledge Graph Embedding, Knowledge Graphs, Link Prediction

Continual Knowledge Graph Embedding (CKGE) aims to efficiently learn new knowledge and simultaneously preserve old knowledge. Dominant approaches primarily focus on alleviating catastrophic forgetting of old knowledge but neglect efficient learning for the emergence of new knowledge. However, in real-world scenarios, knowledge graphs (KGs) are continuously growing, which brings a significant challenge to fine-tuning KGE models efficiently. To address this issue, we propose a fast CKGE framework (\model), incorporating an incremental low-rank adapter (\mec) mechanism to efficiently acquire new knowledge while preserving old knowledge. Specifically, to mitigate catastrophic forgetting, \model\ isolates and allocates new knowledge to specific layers based on the fine-grained influence between old and new KGs. Subsequently, to accelerate fine-tuning, \model\ devises an efficient \mec\ mechanism, which embeds the specific layers into incremental low-rank adapters with fewer training parameters. Moreover, \mec\ introduces adaptive rank allocation, which makes the LoRA aware of the importance of entities and adjusts its rank scale adaptively. We conduct experiments on four public datasets and two new datasets with a larger initial scale. Experimental results demonstrate that \model\ can reduce training time by 34\%-49\% while still achieving competitive link prediction performance against state-of-the-art models on four public datasets (average MRR score of 21.0\% vs. 21.1\%).Meanwhile, on two newly constructed datasets, \model\ saves 51\%-68\% training time and improves link prediction performance by 1.5\%.