pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
XAMI -- A Benchmark Dataset for Artefact Detection in XMM-Newton Optical Images
Authors: Elisabeta-Iulia Dima, Pablo Gómez, Sandor Kruk, Peter Kretschmar, Simon Rosen, Călin-Adrian Popa
Date: 2024-06-25 00:00:00
Tasks: Instance Segmentation, Semantic Segmentation

Reflected or scattered light produce artefacts in astronomical observations that can negatively impact the scientific study. Hence, automated detection of these artefacts is highly beneficial, especially with the increasing amounts of data gathered. Machine learning methods are well-suited to this problem, but currently there is a lack of annotated data to train such approaches to detect artefacts in astronomical observations. In this work, we present a dataset of images from the XMM-Newton space telescope Optical Monitoring camera showing different types of artefacts. We hand-annotated a sample of 1000 images with artefacts which we use to train automated ML methods. We further demonstrate techniques tailored for accurate detection and masking of artefacts using instance segmentation. We adopt a hybrid approach, combining knowledge from both convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and transformer-based models and use their advantages in segmentation. The presented method and dataset will advance artefact detection in astronomical observations by providing a reproducible baseline. All code and data are made available (https://github.com/ESA-Datalabs/XAMI-model and https://github.com/ESA-Datalabs/XAMI-dataset).
DMF-Net: Image-Guided Point Cloud Completion with Dual-Channel Modality Fusion and Shape-Aware Upsampling Transformer
Authors: Aihua Mao, Yuxuan Tang, Jiangtao Huang, Ying He
Date: 2024-06-25 00:00:00
Tasks: Point Cloud Completion

In this paper we study the task of a single-view image-guided point cloud completion. Existing methods have got promising results by fusing the information of image into point cloud explicitly or implicitly. However, given that the image has global shape information and the partial point cloud has rich local details, We believe that both modalities need to be given equal attention when performing modality fusion. To this end, we propose a novel dual-channel modality fusion network for image-guided point cloud completion(named DMF-Net), in a coarse-to-fine manner. In the first stage, DMF-Net takes a partial point cloud and corresponding image as input to recover a coarse point cloud. In the second stage, the coarse point cloud will be upsampled twice with shape-aware upsampling transformer to get the dense and complete point cloud. Extensive quantitative and qualitative experimental results show that DMF-Net outperforms the state-of-the-art unimodal and multimodal point cloud completion works on ShapeNet-ViPC dataset.
Zero-Shot Long-Form Video Understanding through Screenplay
Authors: Yongliang Wu, Bozheng Li, Jiawang Cao, Wenbo Zhu, Yi Lu, Weiheng Chi, Chuyun Xie, Haolin Zheng, Ziyue Su, Jay Wu, Xu Yang
Date: 2024-06-25 00:00:00
Tasks: Form, Question Answering, Video Question Answering, Video Understanding

The Long-form Video Question-Answering task requires the comprehension and analysis of extended video content to respond accurately to questions by utilizing both temporal and contextual information. In this paper, we present MM-Screenplayer, an advanced video understanding system with multi-modal perception capabilities that can convert any video into textual screenplay representations. Unlike previous storytelling methods, we organize video content into scenes as the basic unit, rather than just visually continuous shots. Additionally, we developed a ``Look Back'' strategy to reassess and validate uncertain information, particularly targeting breakpoint mode. MM-Screenplayer achieved highest score in the CVPR'2024 LOng-form VidEo Understanding (LOVEU) Track 1 Challenge, with a global accuracy of 87.5% and a breakpoint accuracy of 68.8%.
Disentangled Motion Modeling for Video Frame Interpolation
Authors: Jaihyun Lew, Jooyoung Choi, Chaehun Shin, Dahuin Jung, Sungroh Yoon
Date: 2024-06-25 00:00:00
Tasks: Optical Flow Estimation, Video Frame Interpolation

Video Frame Interpolation (VFI) aims to synthesize intermediate frames between existing frames to enhance visual smoothness and quality. Beyond the conventional methods based on the reconstruction loss, recent works have employed generative models for improved perceptual quality. However, they require complex training and large computational costs for pixel space modeling. In this paper, we introduce disentangled Motion Modeling (MoMo), a diffusion-based approach for VFI that enhances visual quality by focusing on intermediate motion modeling. We propose a disentangled two-stage training process. In the initial stage, frame synthesis and flow models are trained to generate accurate frames and flows optimal for synthesis. In the subsequent stage, we introduce a motion diffusion model, which incorporates our novel U-Net architecture specifically designed for optical flow, to generate bi-directional flows between frames. By learning the simpler low-frequency representation of motions, MoMo achieves superior perceptual quality with reduced computational demands compared to the generative modeling methods on the pixel space. MoMo surpasses state-of-the-art methods in perceptual metrics across various benchmarks, demonstrating its efficacy and efficiency in VFI.
Scalp Diagnostic System With Label-Free Segmentation and Training-Free Image Translation
Authors: Youngmin Kim, Saejin Kim, Hoyeon Moon, Youngjae Yu, Junhyug Noh
Date: 2024-06-25 00:00:00
Tasks: Diagnostic, Management

Scalp diseases and alopecia affect millions of people around the world, underscoring the urgent need for early diagnosis and management of the disease. However, the development of a comprehensive AI-based diagnosis system encompassing these conditions remains an underexplored domain due to the challenges associated with data imbalance and the costly nature of labeling. To address these issues, we propose ScalpVision, an AI-driven system for the holistic diagnosis of scalp diseases and alopecia. In ScalpVision, effective hair segmentation is achieved using pseudo image-label pairs and an innovative prompting method in the absence of traditional hair masking labels. This approach is crucial for extracting key features such as hair thickness and count, which are then used to assess alopecia severity. Additionally, ScalpVision introduces DiffuseIT-M, a generative model adept at dataset augmentation while maintaining hair information, facilitating improved predictions of scalp disease severity. Our experimental results affirm ScalpVision's efficiency in diagnosing a variety of scalp conditions and alopecia, showcasing its potential as a valuable tool in dermatological care.
A benchmark for 2D foetal brain ultrasound analysis
Authors: Mariano Cabezas, Yago Diez, Clara Martinez-Diago, Anna Maroto
Date: 2024-06-25 00:00:00

Brain development involves a sequence of structural changes from early stages of the embryo until several months after birth. Currently, ultrasound is the established technique for screening due to its ability to acquire dynamic images in real-time without radiation and to its cost-efficiency. However, identifying abnormalities remains challenging due to the difficulty in interpreting foetal brain images. In this work we present a set of 104 2D foetal brain ultrasound images acquired during the 20th week of gestation that have been co-registered to a common space from a rough skull segmentation. The images are provided both on the original space and template space centred on the ellipses of all the subjects. Furthermore, the images have been annotated to highlight landmark points from structures of interest to analyse brain development. Both the final atlas template with probabilistic maps and the original images can be used to develop new segmentation techniques, test registration approaches for foetal brain ultrasound, extend our work to longitudinal datasets and to detect anomalies in new images.
Generative Expansion of Small Datasets: An Expansive Graph Approach
Authors: Vahid Jebraeeli, Bo Jiang, Hamid Krim, Derya Cansever
Date: 2024-06-25 00:00:00
Tasks: Data Augmentation

Limited data availability in machine learning significantly impacts performance and generalization. Traditional augmentation methods enhance moderately sufficient datasets. GANs struggle with convergence when generating diverse samples. Diffusion models, while effective, have high computational costs. We introduce an Expansive Synthesis model generating large-scale, information-rich datasets from minimal samples. It uses expander graph mappings and feature interpolation to preserve data distribution and feature relationships. The model leverages neural networks' non-linear latent space, captured by a Koopman operator, to create a linear feature space for dataset expansion. An autoencoder with self-attention layers and optimal transport refines distributional consistency. We validate by comparing classifiers trained on generated data to those trained on original datasets. Results show comparable performance, demonstrating the model's potential to augment training data effectively. This work advances data generation, addressing scarcity in machine learning applications.
LIPE: Learning Personalized Identity Prior for Non-rigid Image Editing
Authors: Aoyang Liu, Qingnan Fan, Shuai Qin, Hong Gu, Yansong Tang
Date: 2024-06-25 00:00:00

Although recent years have witnessed significant advancements in image editing thanks to the remarkable progress of text-to-image diffusion models, the problem of non-rigid image editing still presents its complexities and challenges. Existing methods often fail to achieve consistent results due to the absence of unique identity characteristics. Thus, learning a personalized identity prior might help with consistency in the edited results. In this paper, we explore a novel task: learning the personalized identity prior for text-based non-rigid image editing. To address the problems in jointly learning prior and editing the image, we present LIPE, a two-stage framework designed to customize the generative model utilizing a limited set of images of the same subject, and subsequently employ the model with learned prior for non-rigid image editing. Experimental results demonstrate the advantages of our approach in various editing scenarios over past related leading methods in qualitative and quantitative ways.
Multimodal Cross-Task Interaction for Survival Analysis in Whole Slide Pathological Images
Authors: Songhan Jiang, Zhengyu Gan, Linghan Cai, Yifeng Wang, Yongbing Zhang
Date: 2024-06-25 00:00:00
Tasks: Prognosis, Survival Analysis, Survival Prediction, whole slide images

Survival prediction, utilizing pathological images and genomic profiles, is increasingly important in cancer analysis and prognosis. Despite significant progress, precise survival analysis still faces two main challenges: (1) The massive pixels contained in whole slide images (WSIs) complicate the process of pathological images, making it difficult to generate an effective representation of the tumor microenvironment (TME). (2) Existing multimodal methods often rely on alignment strategies to integrate complementary information, which may lead to information loss due to the inherent heterogeneity between pathology and genes. In this paper, we propose a Multimodal Cross-Task Interaction (MCTI) framework to explore the intrinsic correlations between subtype classification and survival analysis tasks. Specifically, to capture TME-related features in WSIs, we leverage the subtype classification task to mine tumor regions. Simultaneously, multi-head attention mechanisms are applied in genomic feature extraction, adaptively performing genes grouping to obtain task-related genomic embedding. With the joint representation of pathological images and genomic data, we further introduce a Transport-Guided Attention (TGA) module that uses optimal transport theory to model the correlation between subtype classification and survival analysis tasks, effectively transferring potential information. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our approaches, with MCTI outperforming state-of-the-art frameworks on three public benchmarks. \href{https://github.com/jsh0792/MCTI}{https://github.com/jsh0792/MCTI}.
Facial Identity Anonymization via Intrinsic and Extrinsic Attention Distraction
Authors: Zhenzhong Kuang, Xiaochen Yang, Yingjie Shen, Chao Hu, Jun Yu
Date: 2024-06-25 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2024 1
Tasks: Face Anonymization

The unprecedented capture and application of face images raise increasing concerns on anonymization to fight against privacy disclosure. Most existing methods may suffer from the problem of excessive change of the identity-independent information or insufficient identity protection. In this paper, we present a new face anonymization approach by distracting the intrinsic and extrinsic identity attentions. On the one hand, we anonymize the identity information in the feature space by distracting the intrinsic identity attention. On the other, we anonymize the visual clues (i.e. appearance and geometry structure) by distracting the extrinsic identity attention. Our approach allows for flexible and intuitive manipulation of face appearance and geometry structure to produce diverse results, and it can also be used to instruct users to perform personalized anonymization. We conduct extensive experiments on multiple datasets and demonstrate that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
POPCat: Propagation of particles for complex annotation tasks
Authors: Adam Srebrnjak Yang, Dheeraj Khanna, John S. Zelek
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Crowd Counting, Multi-Object Tracking, Object Tracking

Novel dataset creation for all multi-object tracking, crowd-counting, and industrial-based videos is arduous and time-consuming when faced with a unique class that densely populates a video sequence. We propose a time efficient method called POPCat that exploits the multi-target and temporal features of video data to produce a semi-supervised pipeline for segmentation or box-based video annotation. The method retains the accuracy level associated with human level annotation while generating a large volume of semi-supervised annotations for greater generalization. The method capitalizes on temporal features through the use of a particle tracker to expand the domain of human-provided target points. This is done through the use of a particle tracker to reassociate the initial points to a set of images that follow the labeled frame. A YOLO model is then trained with this generated data, and then rapidly infers on the target video. Evaluations are conducted on GMOT-40, AnimalTrack, and Visdrone-2019 benchmarks. These multi-target video tracking/detection sets contain multiple similar-looking targets, camera movements, and other features that would commonly be seen in "wild" situations. We specifically choose these difficult datasets to demonstrate the efficacy of the pipeline and for comparison purposes. The method applied on GMOT-40, AnimalTrack, and Visdrone shows a margin of improvement on recall/mAP50/mAP over the best results by a value of 24.5%/9.6%/4.8%, -/43.1%/27.8%, and 7.5%/9.4%/7.5% where metrics were collected.
Diff3Dformer: Leveraging Slice Sequence Diffusion for Enhanced 3D CT Classification with Transformer Networks
Authors: Zihao Jin, Yingying Fang, Jiahao Huang, Caiwen Xu, Simon Walsh, Guang Yang
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: 3D Classification, Classification, image-classification, Image Classification, Medical Image Classification

The manifestation of symptoms associated with lung diseases can vary in different depths for individual patients, highlighting the significance of 3D information in CT scans for medical image classification. While Vision Transformer has shown superior performance over convolutional neural networks in image classification tasks, their effectiveness is often demonstrated on sufficiently large 2D datasets and they easily encounter overfitting issues on small medical image datasets. To address this limitation, we propose a Diffusion-based 3D Vision Transformer (Diff3Dformer), which utilizes the latent space of the Diffusion model to form the slice sequence for 3D analysis and incorporates clustering attention into ViT to aggregate repetitive information within 3D CT scans, thereby harnessing the power of the advanced transformer in 3D classification tasks on small datasets. Our method exhibits improved performance on two different scales of small datasets of 3D lung CT scans, surpassing the state of the art 3D methods and other transformer-based approaches that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrating its robust and superior performance across different scales of data. Experimental results underscore the superiority of our proposed method, indicating its potential for enhancing medical image classification tasks in real-world scenarios.
MixTex: Unambiguous Recognition Should Not Rely Solely on Real Data
Authors: Renqing Luo, Yuhan Xu
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Data Augmentation, Optical Character Recognition (OCR), Printed Text Recognition

This paper introduces MixTex, an end-to-end LaTeX OCR model designed for low-bias multilingual recognition, along with its novel data collection method. In applying Transformer architectures to LaTeX text recognition, we identified specific bias issues, such as the frequent misinterpretation of $e-t$ as $e^{-t}$. We attribute this bias to the characteristics of the arXiv dataset commonly used for training. To mitigate this bias, we propose an innovative data augmentation method. This approach introduces controlled noise into the recognition targets by blending genuine text with pseudo-text and incorporating a small proportion of disruptive characters. We further suggest that this method has broader applicability to various disambiguation recognition tasks, including the accurate identification of erroneous notes in musical performances. MixTex's architecture leverages the Swin Transformer as its encoder and RoBERTa as its decoder. Our experimental results demonstrate that this approach significantly reduces bias in recognition tasks. Notably, when processing clear and unambiguous images, the model adheres strictly to the image rather than over-relying on contextual cues for token prediction.
Vastextures: Vast repository of textures and PBR materials extracted from real-world images using unsupervised methods
Authors: Sagi Eppel
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00

Vastextures is a vast repository of 500,000 textures and PBR materials extracted from real-world images using an unsupervised process. The extracted materials and textures are extremely diverse and cover a vast range of real-world patterns, but at the same time less refined compared to existing repositories. The repository is composed of 2D textures cropped from natural images and SVBRDF/PBR materials generated from these textures. Textures and PBR materials are essential for CGI. Existing materials repositories focus on games, animation, and arts, that demand a limited amount of high-quality assets. However, virtual worlds and synthetic data are becoming increasingly important for training A.I systems for computer vision. This application demands a huge amount of diverse assets but at the same time less affected by noisy and unrefined assets. Vastexture aims to address this need by creating a free, huge, and diverse assets repository that covers as many real-world materials as possible. The materials are automatically extracted from natural images in two steps: 1) Automatically scanning a giant amount of images to identify and crop regions with uniform textures. This is done by splitting the image into a grid of cells and identifying regions in which all of the cells share a similar statistical distribution. 2) Extracting the properties of the PBR material from the cropped texture. This is done by randomly guessing every correlation between the properties of the texture image and the properties of the PBR material. The resulting PBR materials exhibit a vast amount of real-world patterns as well as unexpected emergent properties. Neutral nets trained on this repository outperformed nets trained using handcrafted assets.
MM-SpuBench: Towards Better Understanding of Spurious Biases in Multimodal LLMs
Authors: Wenqian Ye, Guangtao Zheng, Yunsheng Ma, Xu Cao, Bolin Lai, James M. Rehg, Aidong Zhang
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Question Answering, Visual Question Answering, Visual Question Answering (VQA)

Spurious bias, a tendency to use spurious correlations between non-essential input attributes and target variables for predictions, has revealed a severe robustness pitfall in deep learning models trained on single modality data. Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), which integrate both vision and language models, have demonstrated strong capability in joint vision-language understanding. However, whether spurious biases are prevalent in MLLMs remains under-explored. We mitigate this gap by analyzing the spurious biases in a multimodal setting, uncovering the specific test data patterns that can manifest this problem when biases in the vision model cascade into the alignment between visual and text tokens in MLLMs. To better understand this problem, we introduce MM-SpuBench, a comprehensive visual question-answering (VQA) benchmark designed to evaluate MLLMs' reliance on nine distinct categories of spurious correlations from five open-source image datasets. The VQA dataset is built from human-understandable concept information (attributes). Leveraging this benchmark, we conduct a thorough evaluation of current state-of-the-art MLLMs. Our findings illuminate the persistence of the reliance on spurious correlations from these models and underscore the urge for new methodologies to mitigate spurious biases. To support the MLLM robustness research, we release our VQA benchmark at https://huggingface.co/datasets/mmbench/MM-SpuBench.
Accelerating Phase Field Simulations Through a Hybrid Adaptive Fourier Neural Operator with U-Net Backbone
Authors: Christophe Bonneville, Nathan Bieberdorf, Arun Hegde, Mark Asta, Habib N. Najm, Laurent Capolungo, Cosmin Safta
Date: 2024-06-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Operator learning

Prolonged contact between a corrosive liquid and metal alloys can cause progressive dealloying. For such liquid-metal dealloying (LMD) process, phase field models have been developed. However, the governing equations often involve coupled non-linear partial differential equations (PDE), which are challenging to solve numerically. In particular, stiffness in the PDEs requires an extremely small time steps (e.g. $10^{-12}$ or smaller). This computational bottleneck is especially problematic when running LMD simulation until a late time horizon is required. This motivates the development of surrogate models capable of leaping forward in time, by skipping several consecutive time steps at-once. In this paper, we propose U-Shaped Adaptive Fourier Neural Operators (U-AFNO), a machine learning (ML) model inspired by recent advances in neural operator learning. U-AFNO employs U-Nets for extracting and reconstructing local features within the physical fields, and passes the latent space through a vision transformer (ViT) implemented in the Fourier space (AFNO). We use U-AFNOs to learn the dynamics mapping the field at a current time step into a later time step. We also identify global quantities of interest (QoI) describing the corrosion process (e.g. the deformation of the liquid-metal interface) and show that our proposed U-AFNO model is able to accurately predict the field dynamics, in-spite of the chaotic nature of LMD. Our model reproduces the key micro-structure statistics and QoIs with a level of accuracy on-par with the high-fidelity numerical solver. We also investigate the opportunity of using hybrid simulations, in which we alternate forward leap in time using the U-AFNO with high-fidelity time stepping. We demonstrate that while advantageous for some surrogate model design choices, our proposed U-AFNO model in fully auto-regressive settings consistently outperforms hybrid schemes.