pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
MR-Transformer: Vision Transformer for Total Knee Replacement Prediction Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Chaojie Zhang, Shengjia Chen, Ozkan Cigdem, Haresh Rengaraj Rajamohan, Kyunghyun Cho, Richard Kijowski, Cem M. Deniz
Date: 2024-05-05 00:00:00
Tasks: Deep Learning, Prediction

A transformer-based deep learning model, MR-Transformer, was developed for total knee replacement (TKR) prediction using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The model incorporates the ImageNet pre-training and captures three-dimensional (3D) spatial correlation from the MR images. The performance of the proposed model was compared to existing state-of-the-art deep learning models for knee injury diagnosis using MRI. Knee MR scans of four different tissue contrasts from the Osteoarthritis Initiative and Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study databases were utilized in the study. Experimental results demonstrated the state-of-the-art performance of the proposed model on TKR prediction using MRI.
Probing Human Visual Robustness with Neurally-Guided Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Zhenan Shao, Linjian Ma, Yiqing Zhou, Yibo Jacky Zhang, Sanmi Koyejo, Bo Li, Diane M. Beck
Date: 2024-05-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Decision Making, Navigate, Object Recognition

Humans effortlessly navigate the dynamic visual world, yet deep neural networks (DNNs), despite excelling at many visual tasks, are surprisingly vulnerable to minor image perturbations. Past theories suggest that human visual robustness arises from a representational space that evolves along the ventral visual stream (VVS) of the brain to increasingly tolerate object transformations. To test whether robustness is supported by such progression as opposed to being confined exclusively to specialized higher-order regions, we trained DNNs to align their representations with human neural responses from consecutive VVS regions while performing visual tasks. We demonstrate a hierarchical improvement in DNN robustness: alignment to higher-order VVS regions leads to greater improvement. To investigate the mechanism behind such robustness gains, we test a prominent hypothesis that attributes human robustness to the unique geometry of neural category manifolds in the VVS. We first reveal that more desirable manifold properties, specifically, smaller extent and better linear separability, indeed emerge across the human VVS. These properties can be inherited by neurally aligned DNNs and predict their subsequent robustness gains. Furthermore, we show that supervision from neural manifolds alone, via manifold guidance, is sufficient to qualitatively reproduce the hierarchical robustness improvements. Together, these results highlight the critical role of the evolving representational space across VVS in achieving robust visual inference, in part through the formation of more linearly separable category manifolds, which may in turn be leveraged to develop more robust AI systems.
Exploring knowledge graph-based neural-symbolic system from application perspective
Authors: Shenzhe Zhu, Shengxiang Sun
Date: 2024-05-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Knowledge Graphs

Advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and deep neural networks have driven significant progress in vision and text processing. However, achieving human-like reasoning and interpretability in AI systems remains a substantial challenge. The Neural-Symbolic paradigm, which integrates neural networks with symbolic systems, presents a promising pathway toward more interpretable AI. Within this paradigm, Knowledge Graphs (KG) are crucial, offering a structured and dynamic method for representing knowledge through interconnected entities and relationships, typically as triples (subject, predicate, object). This paper explores recent advancements in neural-symbolic integration based on KG, examining how it supports integration in three categories: enhancing the reasoning and interpretability of neural networks with symbolic knowledge (Symbol for Neural), refining the completeness and accuracy of symbolic systems via neural network methodologies (Neural for Symbol), and facilitating their combined application in Hybrid Neural-Symbolic Integration. It highlights current trends and proposes future research directions in Neural-Symbolic AI.
Vector Quantization for Recommender Systems: A Review and Outlook
Authors: Qijiong Liu, Xiaoyu Dong, Jiaren Xiao, Nuo Chen, Hengchang Hu, Jieming Zhu, Chenxu Zhu, Tetsuya Sakai, Xiao-Ming Wu
Date: 2024-05-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Feature Compression, Quantization, Recommendation Systems, Survey

Vector quantization, renowned for its unparalleled feature compression capabilities, has been a prominent topic in signal processing and machine learning research for several decades and remains widely utilized today. With the emergence of large models and generative AI, vector quantization has gained popularity in recommender systems, establishing itself as a preferred solution. This paper starts with a comprehensive review of vector quantization techniques. It then explores systematic taxonomies of vector quantization methods for recommender systems (VQ4Rec), examining their applications from multiple perspectives. Further, it provides a thorough introduction to research efforts in diverse recommendation scenarios, including efficiency-oriented approaches and quality-oriented approaches. Finally, the survey analyzes the remaining challenges and anticipates future trends in VQ4Rec, including the challenges associated with the training of vector quantization, the opportunities presented by large language models, and emerging trends in multimodal recommender systems. We hope this survey can pave the way for future researchers in the recommendation community and accelerate their exploration in this promising field.
Animate Your Thoughts: Decoupled Reconstruction of Dynamic Natural Vision from Slow Brain Activity
Authors: Yizhuo Lu, Changde Du, Chong Wang, Xuanliu Zhu, Liuyun Jiang, Huiguang He
Date: 2024-05-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Contrastive Learning

Reconstructing human dynamic vision from brain activity is a challenging task with great scientific significance. The difficulty stems from two primary issues: (1) vision-processing mechanisms in the brain are highly intricate and not fully revealed, making it challenging to directly learn a mapping between fMRI and video; (2) the temporal resolution of fMRI is significantly lower than that of natural videos. To overcome these issues, this paper propose a two-stage model named Mind-Animator, which achieves state-of-the-art performance on three public datasets. Specifically, during the fMRI-to-feature stage, we decouple semantic, structural, and motion features from fMRI through fMRI-vision-language tri-modal contrastive learning and sparse causal attention. In the feature-to-video stage, these features are merged to videos by an inflated Stable Diffusion. We substantiate that the reconstructed video dynamics are indeed derived from fMRI, rather than hallucinations of the generative model, through permutation tests. Additionally, the visualization of voxel-wise and ROI-wise importance maps confirms the neurobiological interpretability of our model.
AC-MAMBASEG: An adaptive convolution and Mamba-based architecture for enhanced skin lesion segmentation
Authors: Viet-Thanh Nguyen, Van-Truong Pham, Thi-Thao Tran
Date: 2024-05-05 00:00:00
Tasks: Lesion Segmentation, Mamba, Segmentation, Skin Lesion Segmentation

Skin lesion segmentation is a critical task in computer-aided diagnosis systems for dermatological diseases. Accurate segmentation of skin lesions from medical images is essential for early detection, diagnosis, and treatment planning. In this paper, we propose a new model for skin lesion segmentation namely AC-MambaSeg, an enhanced model that has the hybrid CNN-Mamba backbone, and integrates advanced components such as Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM), Attention Gate, and Selective Kernel Bottleneck. AC-MambaSeg leverages the Vision Mamba framework for efficient feature extraction, while CBAM and Selective Kernel Bottleneck enhance its ability to focus on informative regions and suppress background noise. We evaluate the performance of AC-MambaSeg on diverse datasets of skin lesion images including ISIC-2018 and PH2; then compare it against existing segmentation methods. Our model shows promising potential for improving computer-aided diagnosis systems and facilitating early detection and treatment of dermatological diseases. Our source code will be made available at: https://github.com/vietthanh2710/AC-MambaSeg.
Language-Image Models with 3D Understanding
Authors: Jang Hyun Cho, Boris Ivanovic, Yulong Cao, Edward Schmerling, Yue Wang, Xinshuo Weng, Boyi Li, Yurong You, Philipp Krähenbühl, Yan Wang, Marco Pavone
Date: 2024-05-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Question Answering, Visual Question Answering

Multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) have shown incredible capabilities in a variety of 2D vision and language tasks. We extend MLLMs' perceptual capabilities to ground and reason about images in 3-dimensional space. To that end, we first develop a large-scale pre-training dataset for 2D and 3D called LV3D by combining multiple existing 2D and 3D recognition datasets under a common task formulation: as multi-turn question-answering. Next, we introduce a new MLLM named Cube-LLM and pre-train it on LV3D. We show that pure data scaling makes a strong 3D perception capability without 3D specific architectural design or training objective. Cube-LLM exhibits intriguing properties similar to LLMs: (1) Cube-LLM can apply chain-of-thought prompting to improve 3D understanding from 2D context information. (2) Cube-LLM can follow complex and diverse instructions and adapt to versatile input and output formats. (3) Cube-LLM can be visually prompted such as 2D box or a set of candidate 3D boxes from specialists. Our experiments on outdoor benchmarks demonstrate that Cube-LLM significantly outperforms existing baselines by 21.3 points of AP-BEV on the Talk2Car dataset for 3D grounded reasoning and 17.7 points on the DriveLM dataset for complex reasoning about driving scenarios, respectively. Cube-LLM also shows competitive results in general MLLM benchmarks such as refCOCO for 2D grounding with (87.0) average score, as well as visual question answering benchmarks such as VQAv2, GQA, SQA, POPE, etc. for complex reasoning. Our project is available at https://janghyuncho.github.io/Cube-LLM.
MemoryMamba: Memory-Augmented State Space Model for Defect Recognition
Authors: Qianning Wang, He Hu, Yucheng Zhou
Date: 2024-05-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Defect Detection

As automation advances in manufacturing, the demand for precise and sophisticated defect detection technologies grows. Existing vision models for defect recognition methods are insufficient for handling the complexities and variations of defects in contemporary manufacturing settings. These models especially struggle in scenarios involving limited or imbalanced defect data. In this work, we introduce MemoryMamba, a novel memory-augmented state space model (SSM), designed to overcome the limitations of existing defect recognition models. MemoryMamba integrates the state space model with the memory augmentation mechanism, enabling the system to maintain and retrieve essential defect-specific information in training. Its architecture is designed to capture dependencies and intricate defect characteristics, which are crucial for effective defect detection. In the experiments, MemoryMamba was evaluated across four industrial datasets with diverse defect types and complexities. The model consistently outperformed other methods, demonstrating its capability to adapt to various defect recognition scenarios.
Prompting Task Trees using Gemini: Methodologies and Insights
Authors: Pallavi Tandra
Date: 2024-05-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Prompt Engineering

Robots are the future of every technology where every advanced technology eventually will be used to make robots which are more efficient. The major challenge today is to train the robots exactly and empathetically using knowledge representation. This paper gives you insights of how we can use unstructured knowledge representation and convert them to meaningful structured representation with the help of prompt engineering which can be eventually used in the robots to make help them understand how human brain can make wonders with the minimal data or objects can providing to them.
ScrewMimic: Bimanual Imitation from Human Videos with Screw Space Projection
Authors: Arpit Bahety, Priyanka Mandikal, Ben Abbatematteo, Roberto Martín-Martín
Date: 2024-05-06 00:00:00

Bimanual manipulation is a longstanding challenge in robotics due to the large number of degrees of freedom and the strict spatial and temporal synchronization required to generate meaningful behavior. Humans learn bimanual manipulation skills by watching other humans and by refining their abilities through play. In this work, we aim to enable robots to learn bimanual manipulation behaviors from human video demonstrations and fine-tune them through interaction. Inspired by seminal work in psychology and biomechanics, we propose modeling the interaction between two hands as a serial kinematic linkage -- as a screw motion, in particular, that we use to define a new action space for bimanual manipulation: screw actions. We introduce ScrewMimic, a framework that leverages this novel action representation to facilitate learning from human demonstration and self-supervised policy fine-tuning. Our experiments demonstrate that ScrewMimic is able to learn several complex bimanual behaviors from a single human video demonstration, and that it outperforms baselines that interpret demonstrations and fine-tune directly in the original space of motion of both arms. For more information and video results, https://robin-lab.cs.utexas.edu/ScrewMimic/
Can LLMs Deeply Detect Complex Malicious Queries? A Framework for Jailbreaking via Obfuscating Intent
Authors: Shang Shang, Xinqiang Zhao, Zhongjiang Yao, Yepeng Yao, Liya Su, Zijing Fan, Xiaodan Zhang, Zhengwei Jiang
Date: 2024-05-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Intent Detection

To demonstrate and address the underlying maliciousness, we propose a theoretical hypothesis and analytical approach, and introduce a new black-box jailbreak attack methodology named IntentObfuscator, exploiting this identified flaw by obfuscating the true intentions behind user prompts.This approach compels LLMs to inadvertently generate restricted content, bypassing their built-in content security measures. We detail two implementations under this framework: "Obscure Intention" and "Create Ambiguity", which manipulate query complexity and ambiguity to evade malicious intent detection effectively. We empirically validate the effectiveness of the IntentObfuscator method across several models, including ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, Qwen and Baichuan, achieving an average jailbreak success rate of 69.21\%. Notably, our tests on ChatGPT-3.5, which claims 100 million weekly active users, achieved a remarkable success rate of 83.65\%. We also extend our validation to diverse types of sensitive content like graphic violence, racism, sexism, political sensitivity, cybersecurity threats, and criminal skills, further proving the substantial impact of our findings on enhancing 'Red Team' strategies against LLM content security frameworks.
When LLMs Meet Cybersecurity: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Jie Zhang, Haoyu Bu, Hui Wen, Yongji Liu, Haiqiang Fei, Rongrong Xi, Lun Li, Yun Yang, Hongsong Zhu, Dan Meng
Date: 2024-05-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Systematic Literature Review

The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has opened new avenues across various fields, including cybersecurity, which faces an evolving threat landscape and demand for innovative technologies. Despite initial explorations into the application of LLMs in cybersecurity, there is a lack of a comprehensive overview of this research area. This paper addresses this gap by providing a systematic literature review, covering the analysis of over 300 works, encompassing 25 LLMs and more than 10 downstream scenarios. Our comprehensive overview addresses three key research questions: the construction of cybersecurity-oriented LLMs, the application of LLMs to various cybersecurity tasks, the challenges and further research in this area. This study aims to shed light on the extensive potential of LLMs in enhancing cybersecurity practices and serve as a valuable resource for applying LLMs in this field. We also maintain and regularly update a list of practical guides on LLMs for cybersecurity at https://github.com/tmylla/Awesome-LLM4Cybersecurity.
Detecting Android Malware: From Neural Embeddings to Hands-On Validation with BERTroid
Authors: Meryam Chaieb, Mostafa Anouar Ghorab, Mohamed Aymen Saied
Date: 2024-05-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Malware Detection

As cyber threats and malware attacks increasingly alarm both individuals and businesses, the urgency for proactive malware countermeasures intensifies. This has driven a rising interest in automated machine learning solutions. Transformers, a cutting-edge category of attention-based deep learning methods, have demonstrated remarkable success. In this paper, we present BERTroid, an innovative malware detection model built on the BERT architecture. Overall, BERTroid emerged as a promising solution for combating Android malware. Its ability to outperform state-of-the-art solutions demonstrates its potential as a proactive defense mechanism against malicious software attacks. Additionally, we evaluate BERTroid on multiple datasets to assess its performance across diverse scenarios. In the dynamic landscape of cybersecurity, our approach has demonstrated promising resilience against the rapid evolution of malware on Android systems. While the machine learning model captures broad patterns, we emphasize the role of manual validation for deeper comprehension and insight into these behaviors. This human intervention is critical for discerning intricate and context-specific behaviors, thereby validating and reinforcing the model's findings.
A Controlled Experiment on the Energy Efficiency of the Source Code Generated by Code Llama
Authors: Vlad-Andrei Cursaru, Laura Duits, Joel Milligan, Damla Ural, Berta Rodriguez Sanchez, Vincenzo Stoico, Ivano Malavolta
Date: 2024-05-06 00:00:00

Context. Nowadays, 83% of software developers use Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate code. LLMs recently became essential to increase the productivity of software developers and decrease the time and cost of software development. Developers ranging from novices to experts use LLM tools not only to detect and patch bugs, but also to integrate generated code into their software. However, as of today there is no objective assessment of the energy efficiency of the source code generated by LLM tools. Released in August 2023, Code Llama is one of the most recent LLM tools. Goal. In this paper, we present an empirical study that assesses the energy efficiency of Code Llama with respect to human-written source code. Method. We design an experiment involving three human-written benchmarks implemented in C++, JavaScript, and Python. We ask Code Llama to generate the code of the benchmarks using different prompts and temperatures. Therefore, we execute both implementations and profile their energy efficiency. Results. Our study shows that the energy efficiency of code generated by Code Llama is heavily-dependent on the chosen programming language and the specific code problem at hand. Also, human implementations tend to be more energy efficient overall, with generated JavaScript code outperforming its human counterpart. Moreover, explicitly asking Code Llama to generate energy-efficient code results in an equal or worse energy efficiency, as well as using different temperatures seems not to affect the energy efficiency of generated code. Conclusions. According to our results, code generated using Code Llama does not guarantee energy efficiency, even when prompted to do so. Therefore, software developers should evaluate the energy efficiency of generated code before integrating it into the software system under development.
GREEN: Generative Radiology Report Evaluation and Error Notation
Authors: Sophie Ostmeier, Justin Xu, Zhihong Chen, Maya Varma, Louis Blankemeier, Christian Bluethgen, Arne Edward Michalson, Michael Moseley, Curtis Langlotz, Akshay S Chaudhari, Jean-Benoit Delbrouck
Date: 2024-05-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Natural Language Understanding

Evaluating radiology reports is a challenging problem as factual correctness is extremely important due to the need for accurate medical communication about medical images. Existing automatic evaluation metrics either suffer from failing to consider factual correctness (e.g., BLEU and ROUGE) or are limited in their interpretability (e.g., F1CheXpert and F1RadGraph). In this paper, we introduce GREEN (Generative Radiology Report Evaluation and Error Notation), a radiology report generation metric that leverages the natural language understanding of language models to identify and explain clinically significant errors in candidate reports, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Compared to current metrics, GREEN offers: 1) a score aligned with expert preferences, 2) human interpretable explanations of clinically significant errors, enabling feedback loops with end-users, and 3) a lightweight open-source method that reaches the performance of commercial counterparts. We validate our GREEN metric by comparing it to GPT-4, as well as to error counts of 6 experts and preferences of 2 experts. Our method demonstrates not only higher correlation with expert error counts, but simultaneously higher alignment with expert preferences when compared to previous approaches.
Enabling High-Sparsity Foundational Llama Models with Efficient Pretraining and Deployment
Authors: Abhinav Agarwalla, Abhay Gupta, Alexandre Marques, Shubhra Pandit, Michael Goin, Eldar Kurtic, Kevin Leong, Tuan Nguyen, Mahmoud Salem, Dan Alistarh, Sean Lie, Mark Kurtz
Date: 2024-05-06 00:00:00
Tasks: Arithmetic Reasoning, Code Generation, Instruction Following, Quantization

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized Natural Language Processing (NLP), but their size creates computational bottlenecks. We introduce a novel approach to create accurate, sparse foundational versions of performant LLMs that achieve full accuracy recovery for fine-tuning tasks at up to 70% sparsity. We achieve this for the LLaMA-2 7B model by combining the SparseGPT one-shot pruning method and sparse pretraining of those models on a subset of the SlimPajama dataset mixed with a Python subset of The Stack dataset. We exhibit training acceleration due to sparsity on Cerebras CS-3 chips that closely matches theoretical scaling. In addition, we establish inference acceleration of up to 3x on CPUs by utilizing Neural Magic's DeepSparse engine and 1.7x on GPUs through Neural Magic's nm-vllm engine. The above gains are realized via sparsity alone, thus enabling further gains through additional use of quantization. Specifically, we show a total speedup on CPUs for sparse-quantized LLaMA models of up to 8.6x. We demonstrate these results across diverse, challenging tasks, including chat, instruction following, code generation, arithmetic reasoning, and summarization to prove their generality. This work paves the way for rapidly creating smaller and faster LLMs without sacrificing accuracy.