pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
SVG: 3D Stereoscopic Video Generation via Denoising Frame Matrix
Authors: Peng Dai, Feitong Tan, Qiangeng Xu, David Futschik, Ruofei Du, Sean Fanello, Xiaojuan Qi, yinda zhang
Date: 2024-06-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Denoising, Video Generation, Video Inpainting

Video generation models have demonstrated great capabilities of producing impressive monocular videos, however, the generation of 3D stereoscopic video remains under-explored. We propose a pose-free and training-free approach for generating 3D stereoscopic videos using an off-the-shelf monocular video generation model. Our method warps a generated monocular video into camera views on stereoscopic baseline using estimated video depth, and employs a novel frame matrix video inpainting framework. The framework leverages the video generation model to inpaint frames observed from different timestamps and views. This effective approach generates consistent and semantically coherent stereoscopic videos without scene optimization or model fine-tuning. Moreover, we develop a disocclusion boundary re-injection scheme that further improves the quality of video inpainting by alleviating the negative effects propagated from disoccluded areas in the latent space. We validate the efficacy of our proposed method by conducting experiments on videos from various generative models, including Sora [4 ], Lumiere [2], WALT [8 ], and Zeroscope [ 42]. The experiments demonstrate that our method has a significant improvement over previous methods. The code will be released at \url{https://daipengwa.github.io/SVG_ProjectPage}.
Enhancing Accuracy and Parameter-Efficiency of Neural Representations for Network Parameterization
Authors: Hongjun Choi, Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan, Ruben Glatt, Shusen Liu
Date: 2024-06-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Knowledge Distillation

In this work, we investigate the fundamental trade-off regarding accuracy and parameter efficiency in the parameterization of neural network weights using predictor networks. We present a surprising finding that, when recovering the original model accuracy is the sole objective, it can be achieved effectively through the weight reconstruction objective alone. Additionally, we explore the underlying factors for improving weight reconstruction under parameter-efficiency constraints, and propose a novel training scheme that decouples the reconstruction objective from auxiliary objectives such as knowledge distillation that leads to significant improvements compared to state-of-the-art approaches. Finally, these results pave way for more practical scenarios, where one needs to achieve improvements on both model accuracy and predictor network parameter-efficiency simultaneously.
OccFusion: Rendering Occluded Humans with Generative Diffusion Priors
Authors: Adam Sun, Tiange Xiang, Scott Delp, Li Fei-Fei, Ehsan Adeli
Date: 2024-06-29 00:00:00

Most existing human rendering methods require every part of the human to be fully visible throughout the input video. However, this assumption does not hold in real-life settings where obstructions are common, resulting in only partial visibility of the human. Considering this, we present OccFusion, an approach that utilizes efficient 3D Gaussian splatting supervised by pretrained 2D diffusion models for efficient and high-fidelity human rendering. We propose a pipeline consisting of three stages. In the Initialization stage, complete human masks are generated from partial visibility masks. In the Optimization stage, 3D human Gaussians are optimized with additional supervision by Score-Distillation Sampling (SDS) to create a complete geometry of the human. Finally, in the Refinement stage, in-context inpainting is designed to further improve rendering quality on the less observed human body parts. We evaluate OccFusion on ZJU-MoCap and challenging OcMotion sequences and find that it achieves state-of-the-art performance in the rendering of occluded humans.
Learning Unsupervised Gaze Representation via Eye Mask Driven Information Bottleneck
Authors: Yangzhou Jiang, Yinxin Lin, Yaoming Wang, Teng Li, Bilian Ke, Bingbing Ni
Date: 2024-06-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Gaze Estimation, Unsupervised Pre-training

Appearance-based supervised methods with full-face image input have made tremendous advances in recent gaze estimation tasks. However, intensive human annotation requirement inhibits current methods from achieving industrial level accuracy and robustness. Although current unsupervised pre-training frameworks have achieved success in many image recognition tasks, due to the deep coupling between facial and eye features, such frameworks are still deficient in extracting useful gaze features from full-face. To alleviate above limitations, this work proposes a novel unsupervised/self-supervised gaze pre-training framework, which forces the full-face branch to learn a low dimensional gaze embedding without gaze annotations, through collaborative feature contrast and squeeze modules. In the heart of this framework is an alternating eye-attended/unattended masking training scheme, which squeezes gaze-related information from full-face branch into an eye-masked auto-encoder through an injection bottleneck design that successfully encourages the model to pays more attention to gaze direction rather than facial textures only, while still adopting the eye self-reconstruction objective. In the same time, a novel eye/gaze-related information contrastive loss has been designed to further boost the learned representation by forcing the model to focus on eye-centered regions. Extensive experimental results on several gaze benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves superior performances over unsupervised state-of-the-art.
Benchmark Evaluation of Image Fusion algorithms for Smartphone Camera Capture
Authors: Lucas N. Kirsten
Date: 2024-06-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Computational Efficiency

This paper investigates the trade-off between computational resource utilization and image quality in the context of image fusion techniques for smartphone camera capture. The study explores various combinations of fusion methods, fusion weights, number of frames, and stacking (a.k.a. merging) techniques using a proprietary dataset of images captured with Motorola smartphones. The objective was to identify optimal configurations that balance computational efficiency with image quality. Our results indicate that multi-scale methods and their single-scale fusion counterparts return similar image quality measures and runtime, but single-scale ones have lower memory usage. Furthermore, we identified that fusion methods operating in the YUV color space yield better performance in terms of image quality, resource utilization, and runtime. The study also shows that fusion weights have an overall small impact on image quality, runtime, and memory. Moreover, our results reveal that increasing the number of highly exposed input frames does not necessarily improve image quality and comes with a corresponding increase in computational resources usage and runtime; and that stacking methods, although reducing memory usage, may compromise image quality. Finally, our work underscores the importance of thoughtful configuration selection for image fusion techniques in constrained environments and offers insights for future image fusion method development, particularly in the realm of smartphone applications.
UADSN: Uncertainty-Aware Dual-Stream Network for Facial Nerve Segmentation
Authors: Guanghao Zhu, Lin Liu, Jing Zhang, Xiaohui Du, Ruqian Hao, Juanxiu Liu
Date: 2024-06-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Segmentation

Facial nerve segmentation is crucial for preoperative path planning in cochlear implantation surgery. Recently, researchers have proposed some segmentation methods, such as atlas-based and deep learning-based methods. However, since the facial nerve is a tubular organ with a diameter of only 1.0-1.5mm, it is challenging to locate and segment the facial nerve in CT scans. In this work, we propose an uncertainty-aware dualstream network (UADSN). UADSN consists of a 2D segmentation stream and a 3D segmentation stream. Predictions from two streams are used to identify uncertain regions, and a consistency loss is employed to supervise the segmentation of these regions. In addition, we introduce channel squeeze & spatial excitation modules into the skip connections of U-shaped networks to extract meaningful spatial information. In order to consider topologypreservation, a clDice loss is introduced into the supervised loss function. Experimental results on the facial nerve dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of UADSN and our submodules.
A deep neural network framework for dynamic multi-valued mapping estimation and its applications
Authors: Geng Li, Di Qiu, Lok Ming Lui
Date: 2024-06-29 00:00:00

This paper addresses the problem of modeling and estimating dynamic multi-valued mappings. While most mathematical models provide a unique solution for a given input, real-world applications often lack deterministic solutions. In such scenarios, estimating dynamic multi-valued mappings is necessary to suggest different reasonable solutions for each input. This paper introduces a deep neural network framework incorporating a generative network and a classification component. The objective is to model the dynamic multi-valued mapping between the input and output by providing a reliable uncertainty measurement. Generating multiple solutions for a given input involves utilizing a discrete codebook comprising finite variables. These variables are fed into a generative network along with the input, producing various output possibilities. The discreteness of the codebook enables efficient estimation of the output's conditional probability distribution for any given input using a classifier. By jointly optimizing the discrete codebook and its uncertainty estimation during training using a specially designed loss function, a highly accurate approximation is achieved. The effectiveness of our proposed framework is demonstrated through its application to various imaging problems, using both synthetic and real imaging data. Experimental results show that our framework accurately estimates the dynamic multi-valued mapping with uncertainty estimation.
IVCA: Inter-Relation-Aware Video Complexity Analyzer
Authors: Junqi Liao, Yao Li, Zhuoyuan Li, Li Li, Dong Liu
Date: 2024-06-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Motion Estimation, Relation

To address the real-time analysis requirements of video streaming applications, we propose an innovative inter-relation-aware video complexity analyzer (IVCA) to enhance the existing video complexity analyzer (VCA). The IVCA overcomes the limitations of the VCA by incorporating inter-frame relations, focusing on inter motion and reference structure. To begin with, we improve the accuracy of temporal features by integrating feature-domain motion estimation into the IVCA framework, which allows for a more nuanced understanding of motion across frames. Furthermore, inspired by the hierarchical reference structures utilized in modern codecs, we introduce layer-aware weights that effectively adjust the contributions of frame complexity across different layers, ensuring a more balanced representation of video characteristics. In addition, we broaden the analysis of temporal features by considering reference frames rather than relying solely on the preceding frame, thereby enriching the contextual understanding of video content. Experimental results demonstrate a significant enhancement in complexity estimation accuracy achieved by the IVCA, coupled with a negligible increase in time complexity, indicating its potential for real-time applications in video streaming scenarios. This advancement not only improves video processing efficiency but also paves the way for more sophisticated analytical tools in video technology.
Learning a Clinically-Relevant Concept Bottleneck for Lesion Detection in Breast Ultrasound
Authors: Arianna Bunnell, Yannik Glaser, Dustin Valdez, Thomas Wolfgruber, Aleen Altamirano, Carol Zamora González, Brenda Y. Hernandez, Peter Sadowski, John A. Shepherd
Date: 2024-06-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Cancer Classification, Lesion Detection

Detecting and classifying lesions in breast ultrasound images is a promising application of artificial intelligence (AI) for reducing the burden of cancer in regions with limited access to mammography. Such AI systems are more likely to be useful in a clinical setting if their predictions can be explained to a radiologist. This work proposes an explainable AI model that provides interpretable predictions using a standard lexicon from the American College of Radiology's Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System (BI-RADS). The model is a deep neural network featuring a concept bottleneck layer in which known BI-RADS features are predicted before making a final cancer classification. This enables radiologists to easily review the predictions of the AI system and potentially fix errors in real time by modifying the concept predictions. In experiments, a model is developed on 8,854 images from 994 women with expert annotations and histological cancer labels. The model outperforms state-of-the-art lesion detection frameworks with 48.9 average precision on the held-out testing set, and for cancer classification, concept intervention is shown to increase performance from 0.876 to 0.885 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Training and evaluation code is available at https://github.com/hawaii-ai/bus-cbm.
Generative Iris Prior Embedded Transformer for Iris Restoration
Authors: Yubo Huang, Jia Wang, Peipei Li, Liuyu Xiang, Peigang Li, Zhaofeng He
Date: 2024-06-28 00:00:00
Tasks: Decoder, Generative Adversarial Network, Iris Recognition

Iris restoration from complexly degraded iris images, aiming to improve iris recognition performance, is a challenging problem. Due to the complex degradation, directly training a convolutional neural network (CNN) without prior cannot yield satisfactory results. In this work, we propose a generative iris prior embedded Transformer model (Gformer), in which we build a hierarchical encoder-decoder network employing Transformer block and generative iris prior. First, we tame Transformer blocks to model long-range dependencies in target images. Second, we pretrain an iris generative adversarial network (GAN) to obtain the rich iris prior, and incorporate it into the iris restoration process with our iris feature modulator. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed Gformer outperforms state-of-the-art methods. Besides, iris recognition performance has been significantly improved after applying Gformer.
Assistive Image Annotation Systems with Deep Learning and Natural Language Capabilities: A Review
Authors: Moseli Mots'oehli
Date: 2024-06-28 00:00:00
Tasks: Active Learning, Image Captioning, image-classification, Image Classification, object-detection, Object Detection, Pose Estimation, Question Answering, Self-Supervised Learning, Semantic Segmentation, Visual Question Answering

While supervised learning has achieved significant success in computer vision tasks, acquiring high-quality annotated data remains a bottleneck. This paper explores both scholarly and non-scholarly works in AI-assistive deep learning image annotation systems that provide textual suggestions, captions, or descriptions of the input image to the annotator. This potentially results in higher annotation efficiency and quality. Our exploration covers annotation for a range of computer vision tasks including image classification, object detection, regression, instance, semantic segmentation, and pose estimation. We review various datasets and how they contribute to the training and evaluation of AI-assistive annotation systems. We also examine methods leveraging neuro-symbolic learning, deep active learning, and self-supervised learning algorithms that enable semantic image understanding and generate free-text output. These include image captioning, visual question answering, and multi-modal reasoning. Despite the promising potential, there is limited publicly available work on AI-assistive image annotation with textual output capabilities. We conclude by suggesting future research directions to advance this field, emphasizing the need for more publicly accessible datasets and collaborative efforts between academia and industry.
Mind the Gap: Analyzing Lacunae with Transformer-Based Transcription
Authors: Jaydeep Borkar, David A. Smith
Date: 2024-06-28 00:00:00
Tasks: Optical Character Recognition, Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

Historical documents frequently suffer from damage and inconsistencies, including missing or illegible text resulting from issues such as holes, ink problems, and storage damage. These missing portions or gaps are referred to as lacunae. In this study, we employ transformer-based optical character recognition (OCR) models trained on synthetic data containing lacunae in a supervised manner. We demonstrate their effectiveness in detecting and restoring lacunae, achieving a success rate of 65%, compared to a base model lacking knowledge of lacunae, which achieves only 5% restoration. Additionally, we investigate the mechanistic properties of the model, such as the log probability of transcription, which can identify lacunae and other errors (e.g., mistranscriptions due to complex writing or ink issues) in line images without directly inspecting the image. This capability could be valuable for scholars seeking to distinguish images containing lacunae or errors from clean ones. Although we explore the potential of attention mechanisms in flagging lacunae and transcription errors, our findings suggest it is not a significant factor. Our work highlights a promising direction in utilizing transformer-based OCR models for restoring or analyzing damaged historical documents.
Prompt Refinement with Image Pivot for Text-to-Image Generation
Authors: Jingtao Zhan, Qingyao Ai, Yiqun Liu, Yingwei Pan, Ting Yao, Jiaxin Mao, Shaoping Ma, Tao Mei
Date: 2024-06-28 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Generation, Machine Translation, Text to Image Generation, Text-to-Image Generation, Zero-Shot Machine Translation

For text-to-image generation, automatically refining user-provided natural language prompts into the keyword-enriched prompts favored by systems is essential for the user experience. Such a prompt refinement process is analogous to translating the prompt from "user languages" into "system languages". However, the scarcity of such parallel corpora makes it difficult to train a prompt refinement model. Inspired by zero-shot machine translation techniques, we introduce Prompt Refinement with Image Pivot (PRIP). PRIP innovatively uses the latent representation of a user-preferred image as an intermediary "pivot" between the user and system languages. It decomposes the refinement process into two data-rich tasks: inferring representations of user-preferred images from user languages and subsequently translating image representations into system languages. Thus, it can leverage abundant data for training. Extensive experiments show that PRIP substantially outperforms a wide range of baselines and effectively transfers to unseen systems in a zero-shot manner.
Methodology to Deploy CNN-Based Computer Vision Models on Immersive Wearable Devices
Authors: Kaveh Malek, Fernando Moreu
Date: 2024-06-28 00:00:00

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models often lack the ability to incorporate human input, which can be addressed by Augmented Reality (AR) headsets. However, current AR headsets face limitations in processing power, which has prevented researchers from performing real-time, complex image recognition tasks using CNNs in AR headsets. This paper presents a method to deploy CNN models on AR headsets by training them on computers and transferring the optimized weight matrices to the headset. The approach transforms the image data and CNN layers into a one-dimensional format suitable for the AR platform. We demonstrate this method by training the LeNet-5 CNN model on the MNIST dataset using PyTorch and deploying it on a HoloLens AR headset. The results show that the model maintains an accuracy of approximately 98%, similar to its performance on a computer. This integration of CNN and AR enables real-time image processing on AR headsets, allowing for the incorporation of human input into AI models.
Transformer-based Image and Video Inpainting: Current Challenges and Future Directions
Authors: Omar Elharrouss, Rafat Damseh, Abdelkader Nasreddine Belkacem, Elarbi Badidi, Abderrahmane Lakas
Date: 2024-06-28 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Inpainting, Video Editing, Video Inpainting

Image inpainting is currently a hot topic within the field of computer vision. It offers a viable solution for various applications, including photographic restoration, video editing, and medical imaging. Deep learning advancements, notably convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and generative adversarial networks (GANs), have significantly enhanced the inpainting task with an improved capability to fill missing or damaged regions in an image or video through the incorporation of contextually appropriate details. These advancements have improved other aspects, including efficiency, information preservation, and achieving both realistic textures and structures. Recently, visual transformers have been exploited and offer some improvements to image or video inpainting. The advent of transformer-based architectures, which were initially designed for natural language processing, has also been integrated into computer vision tasks. These methods utilize self-attention mechanisms that excel in capturing long-range dependencies within data; therefore, they are particularly effective for tasks requiring a comprehensive understanding of the global context of an image or video. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the current image or video inpainting approaches, with a specific focus on transformer-based techniques, with the goal to highlight the significant improvements and provide a guideline for new researchers in the field of image or video inpainting using visual transformers. We categorized the transformer-based techniques by their architectural configurations, types of damage, and performance metrics. Furthermore, we present an organized synthesis of the current challenges, and suggest directions for future research in the field of image or video inpainting.
Multimodal Prototyping for cancer survival prediction
Authors: Andrew H. Song, Richard J. Chen, Guillaume Jaume, Anurag J. Vaidya, Alexander S. Baras, Faisal Mahmood
Date: 2024-06-28 00:00:00
Tasks: Prediction, Survival Prediction, whole slide images

Multimodal survival methods combining gigapixel histology whole-slide images (WSIs) and transcriptomic profiles are particularly promising for patient prognostication and stratification. Current approaches involve tokenizing the WSIs into smaller patches (>10,000 patches) and transcriptomics into gene groups, which are then integrated using a Transformer for predicting outcomes. However, this process generates many tokens, which leads to high memory requirements for computing attention and complicates post-hoc interpretability analyses. Instead, we hypothesize that we can: (1) effectively summarize the morphological content of a WSI by condensing its constituting tokens using morphological prototypes, achieving more than 300x compression; and (2) accurately characterize cellular functions by encoding the transcriptomic profile with biological pathway prototypes, all in an unsupervised fashion. The resulting multimodal tokens are then processed by a fusion network, either with a Transformer or an optimal transport cross-alignment, which now operates with a small and fixed number of tokens without approximations. Extensive evaluation on six cancer types shows that our framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods with much less computation while unlocking new interpretability analyses.