pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Decomposed Prompting for Machine Translation Between Related Languages using Large Language Models
Authors: Ratish Puduppully, Anoop Kunchukuttan, Raj Dabre, Ai Ti Aw, Nancy F. Chen
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Machine Translation, Translation

This study investigates machine translation between related languages i.e., languages within the same family that share linguistic characteristics such as word order and lexical similarity. Machine translation through few-shot prompting leverages a small set of translation pair examples to generate translations for test sentences. This procedure requires the model to learn how to generate translations while simultaneously ensuring that token ordering is maintained to produce a fluent and accurate translation. We propose that for related languages, the task of machine translation can be simplified by leveraging the monotonic alignment characteristic of such languages. We introduce DecoMT, a novel approach of few-shot prompting that decomposes the translation process into a sequence of word chunk translations. Through automatic and human evaluation conducted on multiple related language pairs across various language families, we demonstrate that our proposed approach of decomposed prompting surpasses multiple established few-shot baseline approaches. For example, DecoMT outperforms the strong few-shot prompting BLOOM model with an average improvement of 8 chrF++ scores across the examined languages.
InheritSumm: A General, Versatile and Compact Summarizer by Distilling from GPT
Authors: Yichong Xu, Ruochen Xu, Dan Iter, Yang Liu, Shuohang Wang, Chenguang Zhu, Michael Zeng
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00

While large models such as GPT-3 demonstrate exceptional performance in zeroshot and fewshot summarization tasks, their extensive serving and fine-tuning costs hinder their utilization in various applications. Conversely, previous studies have found that although automatic metrics tend to favor smaller fine-tuned models, the quality of the summaries they generate is inferior to that of larger models like GPT-3 when assessed by human evaluators. To address this issue, we propose InheritSumm, a versatile and compact summarization model derived from GPT-3.5 through distillation. InheritSumm not only exhibits comparable zeroshot and fewshot summarization capabilities to GPT-3.5 but is also sufficiently compact for fine-tuning purposes. Experimental results demonstrate that InheritSumm achieves similar or superior performance to GPT-3.5 in zeroshot and fewshot settings. Furthermore, it outperforms the previously established best small models in both prefix-tuning and full-data fine-tuning scenarios.
An Abstract Specification of VoxML as an Annotation Language
Authors: Kiyong Lee, Nikhil Krishnaswamy, James Pustejovsky
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Human Agent Collaboration, Human-Object Interaction Detection, Object

VoxML is a modeling language used to map natural language expressions into real-time visualizations using commonsense semantic knowledge of objects and events. Its utility has been demonstrated in embodied simulation environments and in agent-object interactions in situated multimodal human-agent collaboration and communication. It introduces the notion of object affordance (both Gibsonian and Telic) from HRI and robotics, as well as the concept of habitat (an object's context of use) for interactions between a rational agent and an object. This paper aims to specify VoxML as an annotation language in general abstract terms. It then shows how it works on annotating linguistic data that express visually perceptible human-object interactions. The annotation structures thus generated will be interpreted against the enriched minimal model created by VoxML as a modeling language while supporting the modeling purposes of VoxML linguistically.
Machine-Created Universal Language for Cross-lingual Transfer
Authors: Yaobo Liang, Quanzhi Zhu, Junhe Zhao, Nan Duan
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Cross-Lingual Transfer

There are two primary approaches to addressing cross-lingual transfer: multilingual pre-training, which implicitly aligns the hidden representations of various languages, and translate-test, which explicitly translates different languages into an intermediate language, such as English. Translate-test offers better interpretability compared to multilingual pre-training. However, it has lower performance than multilingual pre-training(Conneau and Lample, 2019; Conneau et al, 2020) and struggles with word-level tasks due to translation altering word order. As a result, we propose a new Machine-created Universal Language (MUL) as an alternative intermediate language. MUL comprises a set of discrete symbols forming a universal vocabulary and a natural language to MUL translator for converting multiple natural languages to MUL. MUL unifies shared concepts from various languages into a single universal word, enhancing cross-language transfer. Additionally, MUL retains language-specific words and word order, allowing the model to be easily applied to word-level tasks. Our experiments demonstrate that translating into MUL yields improved performance compared to multilingual pre-training, and our analysis indicates that MUL possesses strong interpretability. The code is at: https://github.com/microsoft/Unicoder/tree/master/MCUL.
Retrieval-augmented Multi-label Text Classification
Authors: Ilias Chalkidis, Yova Kementchedjhieva
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Classification, Multi Label Text Classification, Multi-Label Text Classification, Retrieval, text-classification, Text Classification

Multi-label text classification (MLC) is a challenging task in settings of large label sets, where label support follows a Zipfian distribution. In this paper, we address this problem through retrieval augmentation, aiming to improve the sample efficiency of classification models. Our approach closely follows the standard MLC architecture of a Transformer-based encoder paired with a set of classification heads. In our case, however, the input document representation is augmented through cross-attention to similar documents retrieved from the training set and represented in a task-specific manner. We evaluate this approach on four datasets from the legal and biomedical domains, all of which feature highly skewed label distributions. Our experiments show that retrieval augmentation substantially improves model performance on the long tail of infrequent labels especially so for lower-resource training scenarios and more challenging long-document data scenarios.
Automated stance detection in complex topics and small languages: the challenging case of immigration in polarizing news media
Authors: Mark Mets, Andres Karjus, Indrek Ibrus, Maximilian Schich
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Stance Detection, text-classification, Text Classification

Automated stance detection and related machine learning methods can provide useful insights for media monitoring and academic research. Many of these approaches require annotated training datasets, which limits their applicability for languages where these may not be readily available. This paper explores the applicability of large language models for automated stance detection in a challenging scenario, involving a morphologically complex, lower-resource language, and a socio-culturally complex topic, immigration. If the approach works in this case, it can be expected to perform as well or better in less demanding scenarios. We annotate a large set of pro and anti-immigration examples, and compare the performance of multiple language models as supervised learners. We also probe the usability of ChatGPT as an instructable zero-shot classifier for the same task. Supervised achieves acceptable performance, and ChatGPT yields similar accuracy. This is promising as a potentially simpler and cheaper alternative for text classification tasks, including in lower-resource languages. We further use the best-performing model to investigate diachronic trends over seven years in two corpora of Estonian mainstream and right-wing populist news sources, demonstrating the applicability of the approach for news analytics and media monitoring settings, and discuss correspondences between stance changes and real-world events.
Nearest Neighbor Machine Translation is Meta-Optimizer on Output Projection Layer
Authors: Ruize Gao, Zhirui Zhang, Yichao Du, Lemao Liu, Rui Wang
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Domain Adaptation, Machine Translation, NMT, Retrieval, Translation

Nearest Neighbor Machine Translation ($k$NN-MT) has achieved great success in domain adaptation tasks by integrating pre-trained Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models with domain-specific token-level retrieval. However, the reasons underlying its success have not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, we comprehensively analyze $k$NN-MT through theoretical and empirical studies. Initially, we provide new insights into the working mechanism of $k$NN-MT as an efficient technique to implicitly execute gradient descent on the output projection layer of NMT, indicating that it is a specific case of model fine-tuning. Subsequently, we conduct multi-domain experiments and word-level analysis to examine the differences in performance between $k$NN-MT and entire-model fine-tuning. Our findings suggest that: (1) Incorporating $k$NN-MT with adapters yields comparable translation performance to fine-tuning on in-domain test sets, while achieving better performance on out-of-domain test sets; (2) Fine-tuning significantly outperforms $k$NN-MT on the recall of in-domain low-frequency words, but this gap could be bridged by optimizing the context representations with additional adapter layers.
DUMB: A Benchmark for Smart Evaluation of Dutch Models
Authors: Wietse de Vries, Martijn Wieling, Malvina Nissim
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00
Tasks: XLM-R

We introduce the Dutch Model Benchmark: DUMB. The benchmark includes a diverse set of datasets for low-, medium- and high-resource tasks. The total set of nine tasks includes four tasks that were previously not available in Dutch. Instead of relying on a mean score across tasks, we propose Relative Error Reduction (RER), which compares the DUMB performance of language models to a strong baseline which can be referred to in the future even when assessing different sets of language models. Through a comparison of 14 pre-trained language models (mono- and multi-lingual, of varying sizes), we assess the internal consistency of the benchmark tasks, as well as the factors that likely enable high performance. Our results indicate that current Dutch monolingual models under-perform and suggest training larger Dutch models with other architectures and pre-training objectives. At present, the highest performance is achieved by DeBERTaV3 (large), XLM-R (large) and mDeBERTaV3 (base). In addition to highlighting best strategies for training larger Dutch models, DUMB will foster further research on Dutch. A public leaderboard is available at https://dumbench.nl.
Iterative Forward Tuning Boosts In-Context Learning in Language Models
Authors: Jiaxi Yang, Binyuan Hui, Min Yang, Bailin Wang, Bowen Li, Binhua Li, Fei Huang, Yongbin Li
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Decision Making, In-Context Learning, Multiple-choice, Prompt Engineering

Despite the advancements in in-context learning (ICL) for large language models (LLMs), current research centers on specific prompt engineering, such as demonstration selection, with the expectation that a single iteration of demonstrations processing can generalize effectively to a given test sample. However, this perspective overlooks the potential benefits derived from multiple iterations involving demonstrations, a practice aligning more closely with the iterative decision-making process exhibited by humans, who often learn through analogy. In this study, we introduce a novel two-stage framework to boost ICL in LLMs. Specifically, our framework delineates the ICL process into two distinct stages: Deep-Thinking and test stages. The Deep-Thinking stage incorporates a unique attention mechanism, i.e., iterative enhanced attention, which enables multiple rounds of information accumulation. This mechanism operates by manipulating the Key-Value matrices without training, fostering enhanced understanding capabilities in LLMs by thinking demonstrations multiple times. We evaluated Deep-Thinking across a range of benchmarks and LLMs, showing its superior performance over vanilla ICL methods and its effectiveness in challenging tasks where demonstration selection is infeasible.
3D Rotation and Translation for Hyperbolic Knowledge Graph Embedding
Authors: Yihua Zhu, Hidetoshi Shimodaira
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Graph Embedding, Knowledge Graph Embedding, Relation, Translation

The main objective of Knowledge Graph (KG) embeddings is to learn low-dimensional representations of entities and relations, enabling the prediction of missing facts. A significant challenge in achieving better KG embeddings lies in capturing relation patterns, including symmetry, antisymmetry, inversion, commutative composition, non-commutative composition, hierarchy, and multiplicity. This study introduces a novel model called 3H-TH (3D Rotation and Translation in Hyperbolic space) that captures these relation patterns simultaneously. In contrast, previous attempts have not achieved satisfactory performance across all the mentioned properties at the same time. The experimental results demonstrate that the new model outperforms existing state-of-the-art models in terms of accuracy, hierarchy property, and other relation patterns in low-dimensional space, meanwhile performing similarly in high-dimensional space.
Can Large Language Models emulate an inductive Thematic Analysis of semi-structured interviews? An exploration and provocation on the limits of the approach and the model
Authors: Stefano De Paoli
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful generative Artificial Intelligence solutions which can be applied to several fields and areas of work. This paper presents results and reflection of an experiment done to use the model GPT 3.5-Turbo to emulate some aspects of an inductive Thematic Analysis. Previous research on this subject has largely worked on conducting deductive analysis. Thematic Analysis is a qualitative method for analysis commonly used in social sciences and it is based on interpretations made by the human analyst(s) and the identification of explicit and latent meanings in qualitative data. Attempting an analysis based on human interpretation with an LLM clearly is a provocation but also a way to learn something about how these systems can or cannot be used in qualitative research. The paper presents the motivations for attempting this emulation, it reflects on how the six steps to a Thematic Analysis proposed by Braun and Clarke can at least partially be reproduced with the LLM and it also reflects on what are the outputs produced by the model. The paper used two existing datasets of open access semi-structured interviews, previously analysed with Thematic Analysis by other researchers. It used the previously produced analysis (and the related themes) to compare with the results produced by the LLM. The results show that the model can infer at least partially some of the main Themes. The objective of the paper is not to replace human analysts in qualitative analysis but to learn if some elements of LLM data manipulation can to an extent be of support for qualitative research.
Bidirectional Transformer Reranker for Grammatical Error Correction
Authors: Ying Zhang, Hidetaka Kamigaito, Manabu Okumura
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Decoder, Grammatical Error Correction, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Masked Language Modeling, Reranking, Sentence

Pre-trained seq2seq models have achieved state-of-the-art results in the grammatical error correction task. However, these models still suffer from a prediction bias due to their unidirectional decoding. Thus, we propose a bidirectional Transformer reranker (BTR), that re-estimates the probability of each candidate sentence generated by the pre-trained seq2seq model. The BTR preserves the seq2seq-style Transformer architecture but utilizes a BERT-style self-attention mechanism in the decoder to compute the probability of each target token by using masked language modeling to capture bidirectional representations from the target context. For guiding the reranking, the BTR adopts negative sampling in the objective function to minimize the unlikelihood. During inference, the BTR gives final results after comparing the reranked top-1 results with the original ones by an acceptance threshold. Experimental results show that, in reranking candidates from a pre-trained seq2seq model, T5-base, the BTR on top of T5-base could yield 65.47 and 71.27 F0.5 scores on the CoNLL-14 and BEA test sets, respectively, and yield 59.52 GLEU score on the JFLEG corpus, with improvements of 0.36, 0.76 and 0.48 points compared with the original T5-base. Furthermore, when reranking candidates from T5-large, the BTR on top of T5-base improved the original T5-large by 0.26 points on the BEA test set.
Sentence Representations via Gaussian Embedding
Authors: Shohei Yoda, Hayato Tsukagoshi, Ryohei Sasano, Koichi Takeda
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Contrastive Learning, Natural Language Inference, Semantic Textual Similarity, Sentence, Sentence Embedding, Sentence-Embedding, STS

Recent progress in sentence embedding, which represents the meaning of a sentence as a point in a vector space, has achieved high performance on tasks such as a semantic textual similarity (STS) task. However, sentence representations as a point in a vector space can express only a part of the diverse information that sentences have, such as asymmetrical relationships between sentences. This paper proposes GaussCSE, a Gaussian distribution-based contrastive learning framework for sentence embedding that can handle asymmetric relationships between sentences, along with a similarity measure for identifying inclusion relations. Our experiments show that GaussCSE achieves the same performance as previous methods in natural language inference tasks, and is able to estimate the direction of entailment relations, which is difficult with point representations.
Distilling ChatGPT for Explainable Automated Student Answer Assessment
Authors: Jiazheng Li, Lin Gui, Yuxiang Zhou, David West, Cesare Aloisi, Yulan He
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Large Language Model, text-classification, Text Classification

Providing explainable and faithful feedback is crucial for automated student answer assessment. In this paper, we introduce a novel framework that explores using ChatGPT, a cutting-edge large language model, for the concurrent tasks of student answer scoring and rationale generation. We identify the appropriate instructions by prompting ChatGPT with different templates to collect the rationales, where inconsistent rationales are refined to align with marking standards. The refined ChatGPT outputs enable us to fine-tune a smaller language model that simultaneously assesses student answers and provides rationales. Extensive experiments on the benchmark dataset show that the proposed method improves the overall QWK score by 11% compared to ChatGPT. Furthermore, our thorough analysis and human evaluation demonstrate that the rationales generated by our proposed method are comparable to those of ChatGPT. Our approach provides a viable solution to achieve explainable automated assessment in education. Code available at https://github.com/lijiazheng99/aera.
ChatGPT to Replace Crowdsourcing of Paraphrases for Intent Classification: Higher Diversity and Comparable Model Robustness
Authors: Jan Cegin, Jakub Simko, Peter Brusilovsky
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Diversity, intent-classification, Intent Classification, Paraphrase Generation, Text Generation

The emergence of generative large language models (LLMs) raises the question: what will be its impact on crowdsourcing? Traditionally, crowdsourcing has been used for acquiring solutions to a wide variety of human-intelligence tasks, including ones involving text generation, modification or evaluation. For some of these tasks, models like ChatGPT can potentially substitute human workers. In this study, we investigate whether this is the case for the task of paraphrase generation for intent classification. We apply data collection methodology of an existing crowdsourcing study (similar scale, prompts and seed data) using ChatGPT and Falcon-40B. We show that ChatGPT-created paraphrases are more diverse and lead to at least as robust models.
ExplainCPE: A Free-text Explanation Benchmark of Chinese Pharmacist Examination
Authors: Dongfang Li, Jindi Yu, Baotian Hu, Zhenran Xu, Min Zhang
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Diversity, General Knowledge, In-Context Learning

As ChatGPT and GPT-4 spearhead the development of Large Language Models (LLMs), more researchers are investigating their performance across various tasks. But more research needs to be done on the interpretability capabilities of LLMs, that is, the ability to generate reasons after an answer has been given. Existing explanation datasets are mostly English-language general knowledge questions, which leads to insufficient thematic and linguistic diversity. To address the language bias and lack of medical resources in generating rationales QA datasets, we present ExplainCPE (over 7k instances), a challenging medical benchmark in Simplified Chinese. We analyzed the errors of ChatGPT and GPT-4, pointing out the limitations of current LLMs in understanding text and computational reasoning. During the experiment, we also found that different LLMs have different preferences for in-context learning. ExplainCPE presents a significant challenge, but its potential for further investigation is promising, and it can be used to evaluate the ability of a model to generate explanations. AI safety and trustworthiness need more attention, and this work makes the first step to explore the medical interpretability of LLMs.The dataset is available at https://github.com/HITsz-TMG/ExplainCPE.
On the Correspondence between Compositionality and Imitation in Emergent Neural Communication
Authors: Emily Cheng, Mathieu Rita, Thierry Poibeau
Date: 2023-05-22 00:00:00
Tasks: Imitation Learning

Compositionality is a hallmark of human language that not only enables linguistic generalization, but also potentially facilitates acquisition. When simulating language emergence with neural networks, compositionality has been shown to improve communication performance; however, its impact on imitation learning has yet to be investigated. Our work explores the link between compositionality and imitation in a Lewis game played by deep neural agents. Our contributions are twofold: first, we show that the learning algorithm used to imitate is crucial: supervised learning tends to produce more average languages, while reinforcement learning introduces a selection pressure toward more compositional languages. Second, our study reveals that compositional languages are easier to imitate, which may induce the pressure toward compositional languages in RL imitation settings.