pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Any-Precision LLM: Low-Cost Deployment of Multiple, Different-Sized LLMs
Authors: Yeonhong Park, Jake Hyun, SangLyul Cho, Bonggeun Sim, Jae W. Lee
Date: 2024-02-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Quantization

Recently, considerable efforts have been directed towards compressing Large Language Models (LLMs), which showcase groundbreaking capabilities across diverse applications but entail significant deployment costs due to their large sizes. Meanwhile, much less attention has been given to mitigating the costs associated with deploying multiple LLMs of varying sizes despite its practical significance. Thus, this paper introduces \emph{any-precision LLM}, extending the concept of any-precision DNN to LLMs. Addressing challenges in any-precision LLM, we propose a lightweight method for any-precision quantization of LLMs, leveraging a post-training quantization framework, and develop a specialized software engine for its efficient serving. As a result, our solution significantly reduces the high costs of deploying multiple, different-sized LLMs by overlaying LLMs quantized to varying bit-widths, such as 3, 4, ..., $n$ bits, into a memory footprint comparable to a single $n$-bit LLM. All the supported LLMs with varying bit-widths demonstrate state-of-the-art model quality and inference throughput, proving itself to be a compelling option for deployment of multiple, different-sized LLMs. Our code is open-sourced and available online.
Resilience of Rademacher chaos of low degree
Authors: Elad Aigner-Horev, Daniel Rosenberg, Roi Weiss
Date: 2024-02-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Gaussian Processes

The resilience of a Rademacher chaos is the maximum number of adversarial sign-flips that the chaos can sustain without having its largest atom probability significantly altered. Inspired by probabilistic lower-bound guarantees for the resilience of linear Rademacher chaos, obtained by Bandeira, Ferber, and Kwan (Advances in Mathematics, Vol. $319$, $2017$), we provide probabilistic lower-bound guarantees for the resilience of Rademacher chaos of arbitrary yet sufficiently low degree. Our main results distinguish between Rademacher chaos of order two and those of higher order. In that, our first main result pertains to the resilience of decoupled bilinear Rademacher forms where different asymptotic behaviour is observed for sparse and dense matrices. For our second main result, we bootstrap our first result in order to provide resilience guarantees for quadratic Rademacher chaos. Our third main result, generalises the first and handles the resilience of decoupled Rademacher chaos of arbitrary yet sufficiently low order. Our results for decoupled Rademacher chaos of order two and that of higher order whilst are established through the same conceptual framework, differ substantially. A difference incurred due to the implementation of the same conceptual argument. The order two result is established using Dudley's maximal inequality for sub-Gaussian processes, the Hanson-Wright inequality, as well as the Kolmogorov-Rogozin inequality. To handle higher order chaos, appeals to Dudley's inequality as well as the Hanson-Wright inequality are replaced with tools suited for random tensors. Appeals to the Hanson-Wright inequality are replaced with appeals to a concentration result for random tensors put forth by Adamczak and Wolff. Our results are instance-dependent and thus allow for the efficient computation of resilience guarantees provided the order of the chaos is constant.
A possible late-time transition of $M_B$ inferred via neural networks
Authors: Purba Mukherjee, Konstantinos F. Dialektopoulos, Jackson Levi Said, Jurgen Mifsud
Date: 2024-02-16 00:00:00

The strengthening of tensions in the cosmological parameters has led to a reconsideration of fundamental aspects of standard cosmology. The tension in the Hubble constant can also be viewed as a tension between local and early Universe constraints on the absolute magnitude $M_B$ of Type Ia supernova. In this work, we reconsider the possibility of a variation of this parameter in a model-independent way. We employ neural networks to agnostically constrain the value of the absolute magnitude as well as assess the impact and statistical significance of a variation in $M_B$ with redshift from the Pantheon+ compilation, together with a thorough analysis of the neural network architecture. We find an indication for a possible transition redshift at the $z\approx 1$ region.
Understanding Self-Distillation and Partial Label Learning in Multi-Class Classification with Label Noise
Authors: Hyeonsu Jeong, Hye Won Chung
Date: 2024-02-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Multi-class Classification, Partial Label Learning

Self-distillation (SD) is the process of training a student model using the outputs of a teacher model, with both models sharing the same architecture. Our study theoretically examines SD in multi-class classification with cross-entropy loss, exploring both multi-round SD and SD with refined teacher outputs, inspired by partial label learning (PLL). By deriving a closed-form solution for the student model's outputs, we discover that SD essentially functions as label averaging among instances with high feature correlations. Initially beneficial, this averaging helps the model focus on feature clusters correlated with a given instance for predicting the label. However, it leads to diminishing performance with increasing distillation rounds. Additionally, we demonstrate SD's effectiveness in label noise scenarios and identify the label corruption condition and minimum number of distillation rounds needed to achieve 100% classification accuracy. Our study also reveals that one-step distillation with refined teacher outputs surpasses the efficacy of multi-step SD using the teacher's direct output in high noise rate regimes.
Understanding Likelihood of Normalizing Flow and Image Complexity through the Lens of Out-of-Distribution Detection
Authors: Genki Osada, Tsubasa Takahashi, Takashi Nishide
Date: 2024-02-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Out-of-Distribution Detection, Out of Distribution (OOD) Detection

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial to safety-critical machine learning applications and has been extensively studied. While recent studies have predominantly focused on classifier-based methods, research on deep generative model (DGM)-based methods have lagged relatively. This disparity may be attributed to a perplexing phenomenon: DGMs often assign higher likelihoods to unknown OOD inputs than to their known training data. This paper focuses on explaining the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon. We propose a hypothesis that less complex images concentrate in high-density regions in the latent space, resulting in a higher likelihood assignment in the Normalizing Flow (NF). We experimentally demonstrate its validity for five NF architectures, concluding that their likelihood is untrustworthy. Additionally, we show that this problem can be alleviated by treating image complexity as an independent variable. Finally, we provide evidence of the potential applicability of our hypothesis in another DGM, PixelCNN++.
Fundamental Benefit of Alternating Updates in Minimax Optimization
Authors: Jaewook Lee, Hanseul Cho, Chulhee Yun
Date: 2024-02-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Generation

The Gradient Descent-Ascent (GDA) algorithm, designed to solve minimax optimization problems, takes the descent and ascent steps either simultaneously (Sim-GDA) or alternately (Alt-GDA). While Alt-GDA is commonly observed to converge faster, the performance gap between the two is not yet well understood theoretically, especially in terms of global convergence rates. To address this theory-practice gap, we present fine-grained convergence analyses of both algorithms for strongly-convex-strongly-concave and Lipschitz-gradient objectives. Our new iteration complexity upper bound of Alt-GDA is strictly smaller than the lower bound of Sim-GDA; i.e., Alt-GDA is provably faster. Moreover, we propose Alternating-Extrapolation GDA (Alex-GDA), a general algorithmic framework that subsumes Sim-GDA and Alt-GDA, for which the main idea is to alternately take gradients from extrapolations of the iterates. We show that Alex-GDA satisfies a smaller iteration complexity bound, identical to that of the Extra-gradient method, while requiring less gradient computations. We also prove that Alex-GDA enjoys linear convergence for bilinear problems, for which both Sim-GDA and Alt-GDA fail to converge at all.
One-Bit Quantization and Sparsification for Multiclass Linear Classification with Strong Regularization
Authors: Reza Ghane, Danil Akhtiamov, Babak Hassibi
Date: 2024-02-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Classification, Quantization, regression

We study the use of linear regression for multiclass classification in the over-parametrized regime where some of the training data is mislabeled. In such scenarios it is necessary to add an explicit regularization term, $\lambda f(w)$, for some convex function $f(\cdot)$, to avoid overfitting the mislabeled data. In our analysis, we assume that the data is sampled from a Gaussian Mixture Model with equal class sizes, and that a proportion $c$ of the training labels is corrupted for each class. Under these assumptions, we prove that the best classification performance is achieved when $f(\cdot) = \|\cdot\|^2_2$ and $\lambda \to \infty$. We then proceed to analyze the classification errors for $f(\cdot) = \|\cdot\|_1$ and $f(\cdot) = \|\cdot\|_\infty$ in the large $\lambda$ regime and notice that it is often possible to find sparse and one-bit solutions, respectively, that perform almost as well as the one corresponding to $f(\cdot) = \|\cdot\|_2^2$.
Privacy for Fairness: Information Obfuscation for Fair Representation Learning with Local Differential Privacy
Authors: Songjie Xie, Youlong Wu, Jiaxuan Li, Ming Ding, Khaled B. Letaief
Date: 2024-02-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Fairness, Representation Learning

As machine learning (ML) becomes more prevalent in human-centric applications, there is a growing emphasis on algorithmic fairness and privacy protection. While previous research has explored these areas as separate objectives, there is a growing recognition of the complex relationship between privacy and fairness. However, previous works have primarily focused on examining the interplay between privacy and fairness through empirical investigations, with limited attention given to theoretical exploration. This study aims to bridge this gap by introducing a theoretical framework that enables a comprehensive examination of their interrelation. We shall develop and analyze an information bottleneck (IB) based information obfuscation method with local differential privacy (LDP) for fair representation learning. In contrast to many empirical studies on fairness in ML, we show that the incorporation of LDP randomizers during the encoding process can enhance the fairness of the learned representation. Our analysis will demonstrate that the disclosure of sensitive information is constrained by the privacy budget of the LDP randomizer, thereby enabling the optimization process within the IB framework to effectively suppress sensitive information while preserving the desired utility through obfuscation. Based on the proposed method, we further develop a variational representation encoding approach that simultaneously achieves fairness and LDP. Our variational encoding approach offers practical advantages. It is trained using a non-adversarial method and does not require the introduction of any variational prior. Extensive experiments will be presented to validate our theoretical results and demonstrate the ability of our proposed approach to achieve both LDP and fairness while preserving adequate utility.
FedKit: Enabling Cross-Platform Federated Learning for Android and iOS
Authors: Sichang He, Beilong Tang, Boyan Zhang, Jiaoqi Shao, Xiaomin Ouyang, Daniel Nata Nugraha, Bing Luo
Date: 2024-02-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Federated Learning

We present FedKit, a federated learning (FL) system tailored for cross-platform FL research on Android and iOS devices. FedKit pipelines cross-platform FL development by enabling model conversion, hardware-accelerated training, and cross-platform model aggregation. Our FL workflow supports flexible machine learning operations (MLOps) in production, facilitating continuous model delivery and training. We have deployed FedKit in a real-world use case for health data analysis on university campuses, demonstrating its effectiveness. FedKit is open-source at https://github.com/FedCampus/FedKit.
QDyLoRA: Quantized Dynamic Low-Rank Adaptation for Efficient Large Language Model Tuning
Authors: Hossein Rajabzadeh, Mojtaba Valipour, Tianshu Zhu, Marzieh Tahaei, Hyock Ju Kwon, Ali Ghodsi, Boxing Chen, Mehdi Rezagholizadeh
Date: 2024-02-16 00:00:00
Tasks: GPU, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Large Language Model, Quantization

Finetuning large language models requires huge GPU memory, restricting the choice to acquire Larger models. While the quantized version of the Low-Rank Adaptation technique, named QLoRA, significantly alleviates this issue, finding the efficient LoRA rank is still challenging. Moreover, QLoRA is trained on a pre-defined rank and, therefore, cannot be reconfigured for its lower ranks without requiring further fine-tuning steps. This paper proposes QDyLoRA -Quantized Dynamic Low-Rank Adaptation-, as an efficient quantization approach for dynamic low-rank adaptation. Motivated by Dynamic LoRA, QDyLoRA is able to efficiently finetune LLMs on a set of pre-defined LoRA ranks. QDyLoRA enables fine-tuning Falcon-40b for ranks 1 to 64 on a single 32 GB V100-GPU through one round of fine-tuning. Experimental results show that QDyLoRA is competitive to QLoRA and outperforms when employing its optimal rank.
Learning-Augmented Search Data Structures
Authors: Chunkai Fu, Brandon G. Nguyen, Jung Hoon Seo, Ryan Zesch, Samson Zhou
Date: 2024-02-16 00:00:00

We study the integration of machine learning advice to improve upon traditional data structure designed for efficient search queries. Although there has been recent effort in improving the performance of binary search trees using machine learning advice, e.g., Lin et. al. (ICML 2022), the resulting constructions nevertheless suffer from inherent weaknesses of binary search trees, such as complexity of maintaining balance across multiple updates and the inability to handle partially-ordered or high-dimensional datasets. For these reasons, we focus on skip lists and KD trees in this work. Given access to a possibly erroneous oracle that outputs estimated fractional frequencies for search queries on a set of items, we construct skip lists and KD trees that provably provides the optimal expected search time, within nearly a factor of two. In fact, our learning-augmented skip lists and KD trees are still optimal up to a constant factor, even if the oracle is only accurate within a constant factor. We also demonstrate robustness by showing that our data structures achieves an expected search time that is within a constant factor of an oblivious skip list/KD tree construction even when the predictions are arbitrarily incorrect. Finally, we empirically show that our learning-augmented search data structures outperforms their corresponding traditional analogs on both synthetic and real-world datasets.
Efficient Generative Modeling via Penalized Optimal Transport Network
Authors: Wenhui Sophia Lu, Chenyang Zhong, Wing Hung Wong
Date: 2024-02-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Generative Adversarial Network, Synthetic Data Generation

The generation of synthetic data with distributions that faithfully emulate the underlying data-generating mechanism holds paramount significance. Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks (WGANs) have emerged as a prominent tool for this task; however, due to the delicate equilibrium of the minimax formulation and the instability of Wasserstein distance in high dimensions, WGAN often manifests the pathological phenomenon of mode collapse. This results in generated samples that converge to a restricted set of outputs and fail to adequately capture the tail behaviors of the true distribution. Such limitations can lead to serious downstream consequences. To this end, we propose the Penalized Optimal Transport Network (POTNet), a versatile deep generative model based on the marginally-penalized Wasserstein (MPW) distance. Through the MPW distance, POTNet effectively leverages low-dimensional marginal information to guide the overall alignment of joint distributions. Furthermore, our primal-based framework enables direct evaluation of the MPW distance, thus eliminating the need for a critic network. This formulation circumvents training instabilities inherent in adversarial approaches and avoids the need for extensive parameter tuning. We derive a non-asymptotic bound on the generalization error of the MPW loss and establish convergence rates of the generative distribution learned by POTNet. Our theoretical analysis together with extensive empirical evaluations demonstrate the superior performance of POTNet in accurately capturing underlying data structures, including their tail behaviors and minor modalities. Moreover, our model achieves orders of magnitude speedup during the sampling stage compared to state-of-the-art alternatives, which enables computationally efficient large-scale synthetic data generation.
PRISE: LLM-Style Sequence Compression for Learning Temporal Action Abstractions in Control
Authors: Ruijie Zheng, Ching-An Cheng, Hal Daumé III, Furong Huang, Andrey Kolobov
Date: 2024-02-16 00:00:00
Tasks: continuous-control, Continuous Control, Decision Making, Few-Shot Imitation Learning, Imitation Learning, Quantization, Sequential Decision Making

Temporal action abstractions, along with belief state representations, are a powerful knowledge sharing mechanism for sequential decision making. In this work, we propose a novel view that treats inducing temporal action abstractions as a sequence compression problem. To do so, we bring a subtle but critical component of LLM training pipelines -- input tokenization via byte pair encoding (BPE) -- to the seemingly distant task of learning skills of variable time span in continuous control domains. We introduce an approach called Primitive Sequence Encoding (PRISE) that combines continuous action quantization with BPE to learn powerful action abstractions. We empirically show that high-level skills discovered by PRISE from a multitask set of robotic manipulation demonstrations significantly boost the performance of both multitask imitation learning as well as few-shot imitation learning on unseen tasks. Our code is released at https://github.com/FrankZheng2022/PRISE.
Incremental Sequence Labeling: A Tale of Two Shifts
Authors: Shengjie Qiu, Junhao Zheng, Zhen Liu, Yicheng Luo, Qianli Ma
Date: 2024-02-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Incremental Learning, Knowledge Distillation

The incremental sequence labeling task involves continuously learning new classes over time while retaining knowledge of the previous ones. Our investigation identifies two significant semantic shifts: E2O (where the model mislabels an old entity as a non-entity) and O2E (where the model labels a non-entity or old entity as a new entity). Previous research has predominantly focused on addressing the E2O problem, neglecting the O2E issue. This negligence results in a model bias towards classifying new data samples as belonging to the new class during the learning process. To address these challenges, we propose a novel framework, Incremental Sequential Labeling without Semantic Shifts (IS3). Motivated by the identified semantic shifts (E2O and O2E), IS3 aims to mitigate catastrophic forgetting in models. As for the E2O problem, we use knowledge distillation to maintain the model's discriminative ability for old entities. Simultaneously, to tackle the O2E problem, we alleviate the model's bias towards new entities through debiased loss and optimization levels. Our experimental evaluation, conducted on three datasets with various incremental settings, demonstrates the superior performance of IS3 compared to the previous state-of-the-art method by a significant margin.The data, code, and scripts are publicly available at https://github.com/zzz47zzz/codebase-for-incremental-learning-with-llm.
Collaborative Learning with Different Labeling Functions
Authors: Yuyang Deng, Mingda Qiao
Date: 2024-02-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Computational Efficiency, Multi-Task Learning, PAC learning

We study a variant of Collaborative PAC Learning, in which we aim to learn an accurate classifier for each of the $n$ data distributions, while minimizing the number of samples drawn from them in total. Unlike in the usual collaborative learning setup, it is not assumed that there exists a single classifier that is simultaneously accurate for all distributions. We show that, when the data distributions satisfy a weaker realizability assumption, which appeared in [Crammer and Mansour, 2012] in the context of multi-task learning, sample-efficient learning is still feasible. We give a learning algorithm based on Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM) on a natural augmentation of the hypothesis class, and the analysis relies on an upper bound on the VC dimension of this augmented class. In terms of the computational efficiency, we show that ERM on the augmented hypothesis class is NP-hard, which gives evidence against the existence of computationally efficient learners in general. On the positive side, for two special cases, we give learners that are both sample- and computationally-efficient.
Parametric Augmentation for Time Series Contrastive Learning
Authors: Xu Zheng, Tianchun Wang, Wei Cheng, Aitian Ma, Haifeng Chen, Mo Sha, Dongsheng Luo
Date: 2024-02-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Contrastive Learning, Data Augmentation, Representation Learning, Time Series

Modern techniques like contrastive learning have been effectively used in many areas, including computer vision, natural language processing, and graph-structured data. Creating positive examples that assist the model in learning robust and discriminative representations is a crucial stage in contrastive learning approaches. Usually, preset human intuition directs the selection of relevant data augmentations. Due to patterns that are easily recognized by humans, this rule of thumb works well in the vision and language domains. However, it is impractical to visually inspect the temporal structures in time series. The diversity of time series augmentations at both the dataset and instance levels makes it difficult to choose meaningful augmentations on the fly. In this study, we address this gap by analyzing time series data augmentation using information theory and summarizing the most commonly adopted augmentations in a unified format. We then propose a contrastive learning framework with parametric augmentation, AutoTCL, which can be adaptively employed to support time series representation learning. The proposed approach is encoder-agnostic, allowing it to be seamlessly integrated with different backbone encoders. Experiments on univariate forecasting tasks demonstrate the highly competitive results of our method, with an average 6.5\% reduction in MSE and 4.7\% in MAE over the leading baselines. In classification tasks, AutoTCL achieves a $1.2\%$ increase in average accuracy.