pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Visually-Situated Natural Language Understanding with Contrastive Reading Model and Frozen Large Language Models
Authors: Geewook Kim, Hodong Lee, Daehee Kim, Haeji Jung, SangHee Park, Yoonsik Kim, Sangdoo Yun, Taeho Kil, Bado Lee, Seunghyun Park
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00
Tasks: document understanding, Image Captioning, Natural Language Understanding, Question Answering, Visual Question Answering

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have stimulated a surge of research aimed at extending their applications to the visual domain. While these models exhibit promise in generating abstract image captions and facilitating natural conversations, their performance on text-rich images still requires improvement. In this paper, we introduce Contrastive Reading Model (Cream), a novel neural architecture designed to enhance the language-image understanding capability of LLMs by capturing intricate details that are often overlooked in existing methods. Cream combines vision and auxiliary encoders, fortified by a contrastive feature alignment technique, to achieve a more effective comprehension of language information in visually situated contexts within the images. Our approach bridges the gap between vision and language understanding, paving the way for the development of more sophisticated Document Intelligence Assistants. Through rigorous evaluations across diverse visually-situated language understanding tasks that demand reasoning capabilities, we demonstrate the compelling performance of Cream, positioning it as a prominent model in the field of visual document understanding. We provide our codebase and newly-generated datasets at https://github.com/naver-ai/cream .
STAR: Boosting Low-Resource Information Extraction by Structure-to-Text Data Generation with Large Language Models
Authors: Mingyu Derek Ma, Xiaoxuan Wang, Po-Nien Kung, P. Jeffrey Brantingham, Nanyun Peng, Wei Wang
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Event Extraction, Relation Extraction

Information extraction tasks such as event extraction require an in-depth understanding of the output structure and sub-task dependencies. They heavily rely on task-specific training data in the form of (passage, target structure) pairs to obtain reasonable performance. However, obtaining such data through human annotation is costly, leading to a pressing need for low-resource information extraction approaches that require minimal human labeling for real-world applications. Fine-tuning supervised models with synthesized training data would be a generalizable method, but the existing data generation methods either still rely on large-scale ground-truth data or cannot be applied to complicated IE tasks due to their poor performance. To address these challenges, we propose STAR, a data generation method that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) to synthesize data instances given limited seed demonstrations, thereby boosting low-resource information extraction performance. Our approach involves generating target structures (Y) followed by generating passages (X), all accomplished with the aid of LLMs. We design fine-grained step-by-step instructions to obtain the initial data instances. We further reduce errors and improve data quality through self-reflection error identification and self-refinement with iterative revision. Our experiments show that the data generated by STAR significantly improve the performance of low-resource event extraction and relation extraction tasks, even surpassing the effectiveness of human-curated data. Human assessment of the data quality shows STAR-generated data exhibits higher passage quality and better align with the task definitions compared with the human-curated data.
Dynamic Masking Rate Schedules for MLM Pretraining
Authors: Zachary Ankner, Naomi Saphra, Davis Blalock, Jonathan Frankle, Matthew L. Leavitt
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Masked Language Modeling, Scheduling

Most works on transformers trained with the Masked Language Modeling (MLM) objective use the original BERT model's fixed masking rate of 15%. We propose to instead dynamically schedule the masking rate throughout training. We find that linearly decreasing the masking rate over the course of pretraining improves average GLUE accuracy by up to 0.46% and 0.25% in BERT-base and BERT-large, respectively, compared to fixed rate baselines. These gains come from exposure to both high and low masking rate regimes, providing benefits from both settings. Our results demonstrate that masking rate scheduling is a simple way to improve the quality of masked language models, achieving up to a 1.89x speedup in pretraining for BERT-base as well as a Pareto improvement for BERT-large.
Computer Vision for Construction Progress Monitoring: A Real-Time Object Detection Approach
Authors: Jiesheng Yang, Andreas Wilde, Karsten Menzel, Md Zubair Sheikh, Boris Kuznetsov
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Decision Making, Management, object-detection, Object Detection, Real-Time Object Detection

Construction progress monitoring (CPM) is essential for effective project management, ensuring on-time and on-budget delivery. Traditional CPM methods often rely on manual inspection and reporting, which are time-consuming and prone to errors. This paper proposes a novel approach for automated CPM using state-of-the-art object detection algorithms. The proposed method leverages e.g. YOLOv8's real-time capabilities and high accuracy to identify and track construction elements within site images and videos. A dataset was created, consisting of various building elements and annotated with relevant objects for training and validation. The performance of the proposed approach was evaluated using standard metrics, such as precision, recall, and F1-score, demonstrating significant improvement over existing methods. The integration of Computer Vision into CPM provides stakeholders with reliable, efficient, and cost-effective means to monitor project progress, facilitating timely decision-making and ultimately contributing to the successful completion of construction projects.
On Degrees of Freedom in Defining and Testing Natural Language Understanding
Authors: Saku Sugawara, Shun Tsugita
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Natural Language Understanding, valid

Natural language understanding (NLU) studies often exaggerate or underestimate the capabilities of systems, thereby limiting the reproducibility of their findings. These erroneous evaluations can be attributed to the difficulty of defining and testing NLU adequately. In this position paper, we reconsider this challenge by identifying two types of researcher degrees of freedom. We revisit Turing's original interpretation of the Turing test and indicate that an NLU test does not provide an operational definition; it merely provides inductive evidence that the test subject understands the language sufficiently well to meet stakeholder objectives. In other words, stakeholders are free to arbitrarily define NLU through their objectives. To use the test results as inductive evidence, stakeholders must carefully assess if the interpretation of test scores is valid or not. However, designing and using NLU tests involve other degrees of freedom, such as specifying target skills and defining evaluation metrics. As a result, achieving consensus among stakeholders becomes difficult. To resolve this issue, we propose a validity argument, which is a framework comprising a series of validation criteria across test components. By demonstrating that current practices in NLU studies can be associated with those criteria and organizing them into a comprehensive checklist, we prove that the validity argument can serve as a coherent guideline for designing credible test sets and facilitating scientific communication.
SciReviewGen: A Large-scale Dataset for Automatic Literature Review Generation
Authors: Tetsu Kasanishi, Masaru Isonuma, Junichiro Mori, Ichiro Sakata
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Decoder, Review Generation

Automatic literature review generation is one of the most challenging tasks in natural language processing. Although large language models have tackled literature review generation, the absence of large-scale datasets has been a stumbling block to the progress. We release SciReviewGen, consisting of over 10,000 literature reviews and 690,000 papers cited in the reviews. Based on the dataset, we evaluate recent transformer-based summarization models on the literature review generation task, including Fusion-in-Decoder extended for literature review generation. Human evaluation results show that some machine-generated summaries are comparable to human-written reviews, while revealing the challenges of automatic literature review generation such as hallucinations and a lack of detailed information. Our dataset and code are available at https://github.com/tetsu9923/SciReviewGen.
L-CAD: Language-based Colorization with Any-level Descriptions using Diffusion Priors
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00
Proceeding: NeurIPS 2023 11
Tasks: Colorization

Language-based colorization produces plausible and visually pleasing colors under the guidance of user-friendly natural language descriptions. Previous methods implicitly assume that users provide comprehensive color descriptions for most of the objects in the image, which leads to suboptimal performance. In this paper, we propose a unified model to perform language-based colorization with any-level descriptions. We leverage the pretrained cross-modality generative model for its robust language understanding and rich color priors to handle the inherent ambiguity of any-level descriptions. We further design modules to align with input conditions to preserve local spatial structures and prevent the ghosting effect. With the proposed novel sampling strategy, our model achieves instance-aware colorization in diverse and complex scenarios. Extensive experimental results demonstrate our advantages of effectively handling any-level descriptions and outperforming both language-based and automatic colorization methods. The code and pretrained models are available at: https://github.com/changzheng123/L-CAD.
Selection for short-term empowerment accelerates the evolution of homeostatic neural cellular automata
Authors: Caitlin Grasso, Josh Bongard
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00

Empowerment -- a domain independent, information-theoretic metric -- has previously been shown to assist in the evolutionary search for neural cellular automata (NCA) capable of homeostasis when employed as a fitness function. In our previous study, we successfully extended empowerment, defined as maximum time-lagged mutual information between agents' actions and future sensations, to a distributed sensorimotor system embodied as an NCA. However, the time-delay between actions and their corresponding sensations was arbitrarily chosen. Here, we expand upon previous work by exploring how the time scale at which empowerment operates impacts its efficacy as an auxiliary objective to accelerate the discovery of homeostatic NCAs. We show that shorter time delays result in marked improvements over empowerment with longer delays, when compared to evolutionary selection only for homeostasis. Moreover, we evaluate stability and adaptability of evolved NCAs, both hallmarks of living systems that are of interest to replicate in artificial ones. We find that short-term empowered NCA are more stable and are capable of generalizing better to unseen homeostatic challenges. Taken together, these findings motivate the use of empowerment during the evolution of other artifacts, and suggest how it should be incorporated to accelerate evolution of desired behaviors for them. Source code for the experiments in this paper can be found at: https://github.com/caitlingrasso/empowered-nca-II.
Neural Summarization of Electronic Health Records
Authors: Koyena Pal, Seyed Ali Bahrainian, Laura Mercurio, Carsten Eickhoff
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Language Modeling, Language Modelling

Hospital discharge documentation is among the most essential, yet time-consuming documents written by medical practitioners. The objective of this study was to automatically generate hospital discharge summaries using neural network summarization models. We studied various data preparation and neural network training techniques that generate discharge summaries. Using nursing notes and discharge summaries from the MIMIC-III dataset, we studied the viability of the automatic generation of various sections of a discharge summary using four state-of-the-art neural network summarization models (BART, T5, Longformer and FLAN-T5). Our experiments indicated that training environments including nursing notes as the source, and discrete sections of the discharge summary as the target output (e.g. "History of Present Illness") improve language model efficiency and text quality. According to our findings, the fine-tuned BART model improved its ROUGE F1 score by 43.6% against its standard off-the-shelf version. We also found that fine-tuning the baseline BART model with other setups caused different degrees of improvement (up to 80% relative improvement). We also observed that a fine-tuned T5 generally achieves higher ROUGE F1 scores than other fine-tuned models and a fine-tuned FLAN-T5 achieves the highest ROUGE score overall, i.e., 45.6. For majority of the fine-tuned language models, summarizing discharge summary report sections separately outperformed the summarization the entire report quantitatively. On the other hand, fine-tuning language models that were previously instruction fine-tuned showed better performance in summarizing entire reports. This study concludes that a focused dataset designed for the automatic generation of discharge summaries by a language model can produce coherent Discharge Summary sections.
Cross-lingual QA: A Key to Unlocking In-context Cross-lingual Performance
Authors: Sunkyoung Kim, Dayeon Ki, Yireun Kim, Jinsik Lee
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Cross-Lingual Transfer, In-Context Learning, Question Answering

Multilingual large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated significant cross-lingual capabilities through in-context learning. Existing approaches typically construct monolingual in-context examples, either in the source or target language. However, translating entire in-context examples into the target language might compromise contextual integrity and be costly in the case of long-context passages. To address this, we introduce Cross-lingual QA, a cross-lingual prompting method that translates only the question and answer parts, thus reducing translation costs. Experiments on four typologically diverse multilingual benchmarks show that Cross-lingual QA prompting effectively stimulates models to elicit their cross-lingual knowledge, outperforming prior monolingual prompting approaches. Furthermore, we show that prompting open-source MLLMs with cross-lingual in-context examples enhances performance as the model scale increases.
EvEval: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Event Semantics for Large Language Models
Authors: Zhengwei Tao, Zhi Jin, Xiaoying Bai, Haiyan Zhao, Yanlin Feng, Jia Li, Wenpeng Hu
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00

Events serve as fundamental units of occurrence within various contexts. The processing of event semantics in textual information forms the basis of numerous natural language processing (NLP) applications. Recent studies have begun leveraging large language models (LLMs) to address event semantic processing. However, the extent that LLMs can effectively tackle these challenges remains uncertain. Furthermore, the lack of a comprehensive evaluation framework for event semantic processing poses a significant challenge in evaluating these capabilities. In this paper, we propose an overarching framework for event semantic processing, encompassing understanding, reasoning, and prediction, along with their fine-grained aspects. To comprehensively evaluate the event semantic processing abilities of models, we introduce a novel benchmark called EVEVAL. We collect 8 datasets that cover all aspects of event semantic processing. Extensive experiments are conducted on EVEVAL, leading to several noteworthy findings based on the obtained results.
A Simple and Effective Framework for Strict Zero-Shot Hierarchical Classification
Authors: Rohan Bhambhoria, Lei Chen, Xiaodan Zhu
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance on benchmark tasks, especially in zero or few-shot settings. However, these benchmarks often do not adequately address the challenges posed in the real-world, such as that of hierarchical classification. In order to address this challenge, we propose refactoring conventional tasks on hierarchical datasets into a more indicative long-tail prediction task. We observe LLMs are more prone to failure in these cases. To address these limitations, we propose the use of entailment-contradiction prediction in conjunction with LLMs, which allows for strong performance in a strict zero-shot setting. Importantly, our method does not require any parameter updates, a resource-intensive process and achieves strong performance across multiple datasets.
Science in the Era of ChatGPT, Large Language Models and Generative AI: Challenges for Research Ethics and How to Respond
Authors: Evangelos Pournaras
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Ethics

Large language models of artificial intelligence (AI), such as ChatGPT, find remarkable but controversial applicability in science and research. This paper reviews epistemological challenges, ethical and integrity risks in science conduct in the advent of generative AI. This is with the aim to lay new timely foundations for a high-quality research ethics review. The role of AI language models as a research instrument and subject is scrutinized along with ethical implications for scientists, participants and reviewers. New emerging practices for research ethics review are discussed, concluding with ten recommendations that shape a response for a more responsible research conduct in the era of AI.
Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs
Authors: Shishir G. Patil, Tianjun Zhang, Xin Wang, Joseph E. Gonzalez
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Hallucination, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Large Language Model, Mathematical Reasoning, model, Program Synthesis, Retrieval

Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen an impressive wave of advances recently, with models now excelling in a variety of tasks, such as mathematical reasoning and program synthesis. However, their potential to effectively use tools via API calls remains unfulfilled. This is a challenging task even for today's state-of-the-art LLMs such as GPT-4, largely due to their inability to generate accurate input arguments and their tendency to hallucinate the wrong usage of an API call. We release Gorilla, a finetuned LLaMA-based model that surpasses the performance of GPT-4 on writing API calls. When combined with a document retriever, Gorilla demonstrates a strong capability to adapt to test-time document changes, enabling flexible user updates or version changes. It also substantially mitigates the issue of hallucination, commonly encountered when prompting LLMs directly. To evaluate the model's ability, we introduce APIBench, a comprehensive dataset consisting of HuggingFace, TorchHub, and TensorHub APIs. The successful integration of the retrieval system with Gorilla demonstrates the potential for LLMs to use tools more accurately, keep up with frequently updated documentation, and consequently increase the reliability and applicability of their outputs. Gorilla's code, model, data, and demo are available at https://gorilla.cs.berkeley.edu
Bayesian calibration of differentiable agent-based models
Authors: Arnau Quera-Bofarull, Ayush Chopra, Anisoara Calinescu, Michael Wooldridge, Joel Dyer
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Bayesian Inference, Variational Inference

Agent-based modelling (ABMing) is a powerful and intuitive approach to modelling complex systems; however, the intractability of ABMs' likelihood functions and the non-differentiability of the mathematical operations comprising these models present a challenge to their use in the real world. These difficulties have in turn generated research on approximate Bayesian inference methods for ABMs and on constructing differentiable approximations to arbitrary ABMs, but little work has been directed towards designing approximate Bayesian inference techniques for the specific case of differentiable ABMs. In this work, we aim to address this gap and discuss how generalised variational inference procedures may be employed to provide misspecification-robust Bayesian parameter inferences for differentiable ABMs. We demonstrate with experiments on a differentiable ABM of the COVID-19 pandemic that our approach can result in accurate inferences, and discuss avenues for future work.
SAMScore: A Content Structural Similarity Metric for Image Translation Evaluation
Authors: Yunxiang Li, Meixu Chen, Kai Wang, Jun Ma, Alan C. Bovik, You Zhang
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Semantic Similarity, Semantic Textual Similarity, Style Transfer, Translation

Image translation has wide applications, such as style transfer and modality conversion, usually aiming to generate images having both high degrees of realism and faithfulness. These problems remain difficult, especially when it is important to preserve content structures. Traditional image-level similarity metrics are of limited use, since the content structures of an image are high-level, and not strongly governed by pixel-wise faithfulness to an original image. To fill this gap, we introduce SAMScore, a generic content structural similarity metric for evaluating the faithfulness of image translation models. SAMScore is based on the recent high-performance Segment Anything Model (SAM), which allows content similarity comparisons with standout accuracy. We applied SAMScore on 19 image translation tasks, and found that it is able to outperform all other competitive metrics on all tasks. We envision that SAMScore will prove to be a valuable tool that will help to drive the vibrant field of image translation, by allowing for more precise evaluations of new and evolving translation models. The code is available at https://github.com/Kent0n-Li/SAMScore.
Theorem Proving in Dependently-Typed Higher-Order Logic -- Extended Preprint
Authors: Colin Rothgang, Florian Rabe, Christoph Benzmüller
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Automated Theorem Proving, Translation

Higher-order logic HOL offers a very simple syntax and semantics for representing and reasoning about typed data structures. But its type system lacks advanced features where types may depend on terms. Dependent type theory offers such a rich type system, but has rather substantial conceptual differences to HOL, as well as comparatively poor proof automation support. We introduce a dependently-typed extension DHOL of HOL that retains the style and conceptual framework of HOL. Moreover, we build a translation from DHOL to HOL and implement it as a preprocessor to a HOL theorem prover, thereby obtaining a theorem prover for DHOL.