pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Simplified Transfer Learning for Chest Radiography Models Using Less Data
Authors: Andrew B. Sellergren, Christina Chen, Zaid Nabulsi, Yuanzhen Li, Aaron Maschinot, Aaron Sarna, Jenny Huang, Charles Lau, Sreenivasa Raju Kalidindi, Mozziyar Etemadi, Florencia Garcia-Vicente, David Melnick, Yun Liu, Krish Eswaran, Daniel Tse, Neeral Beladia, Dilip Krishnan, Shravya Shetty
Date: 2022-07-19 00:00:00
Proceeding: Radiology 2022 7
Tasks: Contrastive Learning, Transfer Learning

Developing deep learning models for radiology requires large data sets and substantial computational resources. Data set size limitations can be further exacerbated by distribution shifts, such as rapid changes in patient populations and standard of care during the COVID-19 pandemic. A common partial mitigation is transfer learning by pretraining a “generic network” on a large nonmedical data set and then fine-tuning on a task-specific radiology data set.

To reduce data set size requirements for chest radiography deep learning models by using an advanced machine learning approach (supervised contrastive [SupCon] learning) to generate chest radiography networks.

SupCon helped generate chest radiography networks from 821, 544 chest radiographs from India and the United States. The chest radiography networks were used as a starting point for further machine learning model development for 10 prediction tasks (eg, airspace opacity, fracture, tuberculosis, and COVID-19 outcomes) by using five data sets comprising 684,955 chest radiographs from India, the United States, and China. Three model development setups were tested (linear classifier, nonlinear classifier, and fine-tuning the full network) with different data set sizes from eight to 8^5.

Across a majority of tasks, compared with transfer learning from a nonmedical data set, SupCon reduced label requirements up to 688-fold and improved the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) at matching data set sizes. At the extreme low-data regimen, training small nonlinear models by using only 45 chest radiographs yielded an AUC of 0.95 (noninferior to radiologist performance) in classifying microbiology-confirmed tuberculosis in external validation. At a more moderate data regimen, training small nonlinear models by using only 528 chest radiographs yielded an AUC of 0.75 in predicting severe COVID-19 outcomes.

Supervised contrastive learning enabled performance comparable to state-of-the-art deep learning models in multiple clinical tasks by using as few as 45 images and is a promising method for predictive modeling with use of small data sets and for predicting outcomes in shifting patient populations.
Semantic-aware Modular Capsule Routing for Visual Question Answering
Authors: Yudong Han, Jianhua Yin, Jianlong Wu, Yinwei Wei, Liqiang Nie
Date: 2022-07-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Question Answering, Visual Question Answering, Visual Question Answering (VQA)

Visual Question Answering (VQA) is fundamentally compositional in nature, and many questions are simply answered by decomposing them into modular sub-problems. The recent proposed Neural Module Network (NMN) employ this strategy to question answering, whereas heavily rest with off-the-shelf layout parser or additional expert policy regarding the network architecture design instead of learning from the data. These strategies result in the unsatisfactory adaptability to the semantically-complicated variance of the inputs, thereby hindering the representational capacity and generalizability of the model. To tackle this problem, we propose a Semantic-aware modUlar caPsulE Routing framework, termed as SUPER, to better capture the instance-specific vision-semantic characteristics and refine the discriminative representations for prediction. Particularly, five powerful specialized modules as well as dynamic routers are tailored in each layer of the SUPER network, and the compact routing spaces are constructed such that a variety of customizable routes can be sufficiently exploited and the vision-semantic representations can be explicitly calibrated. We comparatively justify the effectiveness and generalization ability of our proposed SUPER scheme over five benchmark datasets, as well as the parametric-efficient advantage. It is worth emphasizing that this work is not to pursue the state-of-the-art results in VQA. Instead, we expect that our model is responsible to provide a novel perspective towards architecture learning and representation calibration for VQA.
Unsupervised Night Image Enhancement: When Layer Decomposition Meets Light-Effects Suppression
Authors: Yeying Jin, Wenhan Yang, Robby T. Tan
Date: 2022-07-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Hallucination, Image Enhancement, Image Restoration, Low-Light Image Enhancement

Night images suffer not only from low light, but also from uneven distributions of light. Most existing night visibility enhancement methods focus mainly on enhancing low-light regions. This inevitably leads to over enhancement and saturation in bright regions, such as those regions affected by light effects (glare, floodlight, etc). To address this problem, we need to suppress the light effects in bright regions while, at the same time, boosting the intensity of dark regions. With this idea in mind, we introduce an unsupervised method that integrates a layer decomposition network and a light-effects suppression network. Given a single night image as input, our decomposition network learns to decompose shading, reflectance and light-effects layers, guided by unsupervised layer-specific prior losses. Our light-effects suppression network further suppresses the light effects and, at the same time, enhances the illumination in dark regions. This light-effects suppression network exploits the estimated light-effects layer as the guidance to focus on the light-effects regions. To recover the background details and reduce hallucination/artefacts, we propose structure and high-frequency consistency losses. Our quantitative and qualitative evaluations on real images show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in suppressing night light effects and boosting the intensity of dark regions.
DC-ShadowNet: Single-Image Hard and Soft Shadow Removal Using Unsupervised Domain-Classifier Guided Network
Authors: Yeying Jin, Aashish Sharma, Robby T. Tan
Date: 2022-07-21 00:00:00
Proceeding: ICCV 2021 10
Tasks: Image Enhancement, Image Reconstruction, Image Restoration, Image Shadow Removal, Shadow Removal

Shadow removal from a single image is generally still an open problem. Most existing learning-based methods use supervised learning and require a large number of paired images (shadow and corresponding non-shadow images) for training. A recent unsupervised method, Mask-ShadowGAN~\cite{Hu19}, addresses this limitation. However, it requires a binary mask to represent shadow regions, making it inapplicable to soft shadows. To address the problem, in this paper, we propose an unsupervised domain-classifier guided shadow removal network, DC-ShadowNet. Specifically, we propose to integrate a shadow/shadow-free domain classifier into a generator and its discriminator, enabling them to focus on shadow regions. To train our network, we introduce novel losses based on physics-based shadow-free chromaticity, shadow-robust perceptual features, and boundary smoothness. Moreover, we show that our unsupervised network can be used for test-time training that further improves the results. Our experiments show that all these novel components allow our method to handle soft shadows, and also to perform better on hard shadows both quantitatively and qualitatively than the existing state-of-the-art shadow removal methods. Our code is available at: \url{https://github.com/jinyeying/DC-ShadowNet-Hard-and-Soft-Shadow-Removal}.
UFO: Unified Feature Optimization
Authors: Teng Xi, Yifan Sun, Deli Yu, Bi Li, Nan Peng, Gang Zhang, Xinyu Zhang, Zhigang Wang, Jinwen Chen, Jian Wang, Lufei Liu, Haocheng Feng, Junyu Han, Jingtuo Liu, Errui Ding, Jingdong Wang
Date: 2022-07-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Face Recognition, Multi-Task Learning, Person Re-Identification, Representation Learning, Retrieval, Vehicle Re-Identification

This paper proposes a novel Unified Feature Optimization (UFO) paradigm for training and deploying deep models under real-world and large-scale scenarios, which requires a collection of multiple AI functions. UFO aims to benefit each single task with a large-scale pretraining on all tasks. Compared with the well known foundation model, UFO has two different points of emphasis, i.e., relatively smaller model size and NO adaptation cost: 1) UFO squeezes a wide range of tasks into a moderate-sized unified model in a multi-task learning manner and further trims the model size when transferred to down-stream tasks. 2) UFO does not emphasize transfer to novel tasks. Instead, it aims to make the trimmed model dedicated for one or more already-seen task. With these two characteristics, UFO provides great convenience for flexible deployment, while maintaining the benefits of large-scale pretraining. A key merit of UFO is that the trimming process not only reduces the model size and inference consumption, but also even improves the accuracy on certain tasks. Specifically, UFO considers the multi-task training and brings two-fold impact on the unified model: some closely related tasks have mutual benefits, while some tasks have conflicts against each other. UFO manages to reduce the conflicts and to preserve the mutual benefits through a novel Network Architecture Search (NAS) method. Experiments on a wide range of deep representation learning tasks (i.e., face recognition, person re-identification, vehicle re-identification and product retrieval) show that the model trimmed from UFO achieves higher accuracy than its single-task-trained counterpart and yet has smaller model size, validating the concept of UFO. Besides, UFO also supported the release of 17 billion parameters computer vision (CV) foundation model which is the largest CV model in the industry.
Sobolev Training for Implicit Neural Representations with Approximated Image Derivatives
Authors: Wentao Yuan, Qingtian Zhu, Xiangyue Liu, Yikang Ding, Haotian Zhang, Chi Zhang
Date: 2022-07-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Inverse Rendering

Recently, Implicit Neural Representations (INRs) parameterized by neural networks have emerged as a powerful and promising tool to represent different kinds of signals due to its continuous, differentiable properties, showing superiorities to classical discretized representations. However, the training of neural networks for INRs only utilizes input-output pairs, and the derivatives of the target output with respect to the input, which can be accessed in some cases, are usually ignored. In this paper, we propose a training paradigm for INRs whose target output is image pixels, to encode image derivatives in addition to image values in the neural network. Specifically, we use finite differences to approximate image derivatives. We show how the training paradigm can be leveraged to solve typical INRs problems, i.e., image regression and inverse rendering, and demonstrate this training paradigm can improve the data-efficiency and generalization capabilities of INRs. The code of our method is available at \url{https://github.com/megvii-research/Sobolev_INRs}.
Novel Class Discovery without Forgetting
Authors: K J Joseph, Sujoy Paul, Gaurav Aggarwal, Soma Biswas, Piyush Rai, Kai Han, Vineeth N Balasubramanian
Date: 2022-07-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Novel Class Discovery

Humans possess an innate ability to identify and differentiate instances that they are not familiar with, by leveraging and adapting the knowledge that they have acquired so far. Importantly, they achieve this without deteriorating the performance on their earlier learning. Inspired by this, we identify and formulate a new, pragmatic problem setting of NCDwF: Novel Class Discovery without Forgetting, which tasks a machine learning model to incrementally discover novel categories of instances from unlabeled data, while maintaining its performance on the previously seen categories. We propose 1) a method to generate pseudo-latent representations which act as a proxy for (no longer available) labeled data, thereby alleviating forgetting, 2) a mutual-information based regularizer which enhances unsupervised discovery of novel classes, and 3) a simple Known Class Identifier which aids generalized inference when the testing data contains instances form both seen and unseen categories. We introduce experimental protocols based on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and ImageNet-1000 to measure the trade-off between knowledge retention and novel class discovery. Our extensive evaluations reveal that existing models catastrophically forget previously seen categories while identifying novel categories, while our method is able to effectively balance between the competing objectives. We hope our work will attract further research into this newly identified pragmatic problem setting.
Generative Multiplane Images: Making a 2D GAN 3D-Aware
Authors: Xiaoming Zhao, Fangchang Ma, David Güera, Zhile Ren, Alexander G. Schwing, Alex Colburn
Date: 2022-07-21 00:00:00

What is really needed to make an existing 2D GAN 3D-aware? To answer this question, we modify a classical GAN, i.e., StyleGANv2, as little as possible. We find that only two modifications are absolutely necessary: 1) a multiplane image style generator branch which produces a set of alpha maps conditioned on their depth; 2) a pose-conditioned discriminator. We refer to the generated output as a 'generative multiplane image' (GMPI) and emphasize that its renderings are not only high-quality but also guaranteed to be view-consistent, which makes GMPIs different from many prior works. Importantly, the number of alpha maps can be dynamically adjusted and can differ between training and inference, alleviating memory concerns and enabling fast training of GMPIs in less than half a day at a resolution of $1024^2$. Our findings are consistent across three challenging and common high-resolution datasets, including FFHQ, AFHQv2, and MetFaces.
Approximate Differentiable Rendering with Algebraic Surfaces
Authors: Leonid Keselman, Martial Hebert
Date: 2022-07-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Pose Estimation

Differentiable renderers provide a direct mathematical link between an object's 3D representation and images of that object. In this work, we develop an approximate differentiable renderer for a compact, interpretable representation, which we call Fuzzy Metaballs. Our approximate renderer focuses on rendering shapes via depth maps and silhouettes. It sacrifices fidelity for utility, producing fast runtimes and high-quality gradient information that can be used to solve vision tasks. Compared to mesh-based differentiable renderers, our method has forward passes that are 5x faster and backwards passes that are 30x faster. The depth maps and silhouette images generated by our method are smooth and defined everywhere. In our evaluation of differentiable renderers for pose estimation, we show that our method is the only one comparable to classic techniques. In shape from silhouette, our method performs well using only gradient descent and a per-pixel loss, without any surrogate losses or regularization. These reconstructions work well even on natural video sequences with segmentation artifacts. Project page: https://leonidk.github.io/fuzzy-metaballs
CheckINN: Wide Range Neural Network Verification in Imandra (Extended)
Authors: Remi Desmartin, Grant Passmore, Ekaterina Komendantskaya, Matthew Daggitt
Date: 2022-07-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Autonomous Vehicles

Neural networks are increasingly relied upon as components of complex safety-critical systems such as autonomous vehicles. There is high demand for tools and methods that embed neural network verification in a larger verification cycle. However, neural network verification is difficult due to a wide range of verification properties of interest, each typically only amenable to verification in specialised solvers. In this paper, we show how Imandra, a functional programming language and a theorem prover originally designed for verification, validation and simulation of financial infrastructure can offer a holistic infrastructure for neural network verification. We develop a novel library CheckINN that formalises neural networks in Imandra, and covers different important facets of neural network verification.
MABe22: A Multi-Species Multi-Task Benchmark for Learned Representations of Behavior
Authors: Jennifer J. Sun, Markus Marks, Andrew Ulmer, Dipam Chakraborty, Brian Geuther, Edward Hayes, Heng Jia, Vivek Kumar, Sebastian Oleszko, Zachary Partridge, Milan Peelman, Alice Robie, Catherine E. Schretter, Keith Sheppard, Chao Sun, Param Uttarwar, Julian M. Wagner, Eric Werner, Joseph Parker, Pietro Perona, Yisong Yue, Kristin Branson, Ann Kennedy
Date: 2022-07-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Pose Tracking, Representation Learning, Self-Supervised Learning

We introduce MABe22, a large-scale, multi-agent video and trajectory benchmark to assess the quality of learned behavior representations. This dataset is collected from a variety of biology experiments, and includes triplets of interacting mice (4.7 million frames video+pose tracking data, 10 million frames pose only), symbiotic beetle-ant interactions (10 million frames video data), and groups of interacting flies (4.4 million frames of pose tracking data). Accompanying these data, we introduce a panel of real-life downstream analysis tasks to assess the quality of learned representations by evaluating how well they preserve information about the experimental conditions (e.g. strain, time of day, optogenetic stimulation) and animal behavior. We test multiple state-of-the-art self-supervised video and trajectory representation learning methods to demonstrate the use of our benchmark, revealing that methods developed using human action datasets do not fully translate to animal datasets. We hope that our benchmark and dataset encourage a broader exploration of behavior representation learning methods across species and settings.
Unveiling the Latent Space Geometry of Push-Forward Generative Models
Authors: Thibaut Issenhuth, Ugo Tanielian, Jérémie Mary, David Picard
Date: 2022-07-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Face Model

Many deep generative models are defined as a push-forward of a Gaussian measure by a continuous generator, such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) or Variational Auto-Encoders (VAEs). This work explores the latent space of such deep generative models. A key issue with these models is their tendency to output samples outside of the support of the target distribution when learning disconnected distributions. We investigate the relationship between the performance of these models and the geometry of their latent space. Building on recent developments in geometric measure theory, we prove a sufficient condition for optimality in the case where the dimension of the latent space is larger than the number of modes. Through experiments on GANs, we demonstrate the validity of our theoretical results and gain new insights into the latent space geometry of these models. Additionally, we propose a truncation method that enforces a simplicial cluster structure in the latent space and improves the performance of GANs.
NusaCrowd: A Call for Open and Reproducible NLP Research in Indonesian Languages
Authors: Samuel Cahyawijaya, Alham Fikri Aji, Holy Lovenia, Genta Indra Winata, Bryan Wilie, Rahmad Mahendra, Fajri Koto, David Moeljadi, Karissa Vincentio, Ade Romadhony, Ayu Purwarianti
Date: 2022-07-21 00:00:00

At the center of the underlying issues that halt Indonesian natural language processing (NLP) research advancement, we find data scarcity. Resources in Indonesian languages, especially the local ones, are extremely scarce and underrepresented. Many Indonesian researchers do not publish their dataset. Furthermore, the few public datasets that we have are scattered across different platforms, thus makes performing reproducible and data-centric research in Indonesian NLP even more arduous. Rising to this challenge, we initiate the first Indonesian NLP crowdsourcing effort, NusaCrowd. NusaCrowd strives to provide the largest datasheets aggregation with standardized data loading for NLP tasks in all Indonesian languages. By enabling open and centralized access to Indonesian NLP resources, we hope NusaCrowd can tackle the data scarcity problem hindering NLP progress in Indonesia and bring NLP practitioners to move towards collaboration.
MQRetNN: Multi-Horizon Time Series Forecasting with Retrieval Augmentation
Authors: Sitan Yang, Carson Eisenach, Dhruv Madeka
Date: 2022-07-21 00:00:00
Tasks: Demand Forecasting, Probabilistic Time Series Forecasting, Retrieval, Time Series, Time Series Analysis, Time Series Forecasting

Multi-horizon probabilistic time series forecasting has wide applicability to real-world tasks such as demand forecasting. Recent work in neural time-series forecasting mainly focus on the use of Seq2Seq architectures. For example, MQTransformer - an improvement of MQCNN - has shown the state-of-the-art performance in probabilistic demand forecasting. In this paper, we consider incorporating cross-entity information to enhance model performance by adding a cross-entity attention mechanism along with a retrieval mechanism to select which entities to attend over. We demonstrate how our new neural architecture, MQRetNN, leverages the encoded contexts from a pretrained baseline model on the entire population to improve forecasting accuracy. Using MQCNN as the baseline model (due to computational constraints, we do not use MQTransformer), we first show on a small demand forecasting dataset that it is possible to achieve ~3% improvement in test loss by adding a cross-entity attention mechanism where each entity attends to all others in the population. We then evaluate the model with our proposed retrieval methods - as a means of approximating an attention over a large population - on a large-scale demand forecasting application with over 2 million products and observe ~1% performance gain over the MQCNN baseline.
A cost effective eye movement tracker based wheel chair control algorithm for people with paraplegia
Authors: Skanda Upadhyaya, Shravan Bhat, Siddhanth P. Rao, V Ashwin, Krishnan Chemmangat
Date: 2022-07-21 00:00:00

Spinal cord injuries can often lead to quadriplegia in patients limiting their mobility. Wheelchairs could be a good proposition for patients, but most of them operate either manually or with the help of electric motors operated with a joystick. This, however, requires the use of hands, making it unsuitable for quadriplegic patients. Controlling eye movement, on the other hand, is retained even by people who undergo brain injury. Monitoring the movements in the eye can be a helpful tool in generating control signals for the wheelchair. This paper is an approach to converting obtained signals from the eye into meaningful signals by trying to control a bot that imitates a wheelchair. The overall system is cost-effective and uses simple image processing and pattern recognition to control the bot. An android application is developed, which could be used by the patients' aid for more refined control of the wheelchair in the actual scenario.