pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Implicit Mixture of Interpretable Experts for Global and Local Interpretability
Authors: Nathan Elazar, Kerry Taylor
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Classification

We investigate the feasibility of using mixtures of interpretable experts (MoIE) to build interpretable image classifiers on MNIST10. MoIE uses a black-box router to assign each input to one of many inherently interpretable experts, thereby providing insight into why a particular classification decision was made. We find that a naively trained MoIE will learn to 'cheat', whereby the black-box router will solve the classification problem by itself, with each expert simply learning a constant function for one particular class. We propose to solve this problem by introducing interpretable routers and training the black-box router's decisions to match the interpretable router. In addition, we propose a novel implicit parameterization scheme that allows us to build mixtures of arbitrary numbers of experts, allowing us to study how classification performance, local and global interpretability vary as the number of experts is increased. Our new model, dubbed Implicit Mixture of Interpretable Experts (IMoIE) can match state-of-the-art classification accuracy on MNIST10 while providing local interpretability, and can provide global interpretability albeit at the cost of reduced classification accuracy.
Embracing Annotation Efficient Learning (AEL) for Digital Pathology and Natural Images
Authors: Eu Wern Teh
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Deep Learning

Jitendra Malik once said, "Supervision is the opium of the AI researcher". Most deep learning techniques heavily rely on extreme amounts of human labels to work effectively. In today's world, the rate of data creation greatly surpasses the rate of data annotation. Full reliance on human annotations is just a temporary means to solve current closed problems in AI. In reality, only a tiny fraction of data is annotated. Annotation Efficient Learning (AEL) is a study of algorithms to train models effectively with fewer annotations. To thrive in AEL environments, we need deep learning techniques that rely less on manual annotations (e.g., image, bounding-box, and per-pixel labels), but learn useful information from unlabeled data. In this thesis, we explore five different techniques for handling AEL.
FoPro: Few-Shot Guided Robust Webly-Supervised Prototypical Learning
Authors: Yulei Qin, Xingyu Chen, Chao Chen, Yunhang Shen, Bo Ren, Yun Gu, Jie Yang, Chunhua Shen
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Contrastive Learning, Representation Learning

Recently, webly supervised learning (WSL) has been studied to leverage numerous and accessible data from the Internet. Most existing methods focus on learning noise-robust models from web images while neglecting the performance drop caused by the differences between web domain and real-world domain. However, only by tackling the performance gap above can we fully exploit the practical value of web datasets. To this end, we propose a Few-shot guided Prototypical (FoPro) representation learning method, which only needs a few labeled examples from reality and can significantly improve the performance in the real-world domain. Specifically, we initialize each class center with few-shot real-world data as the ``realistic" prototype. Then, the intra-class distance between web instances and ``realistic" prototypes is narrowed by contrastive learning. Finally, we measure image-prototype distance with a learnable metric. Prototypes are polished by adjacent high-quality web images and involved in removing distant out-of-distribution samples. In experiments, FoPro is trained on web datasets with a few real-world examples guided and evaluated on real-world datasets. Our method achieves the state-of-the-art performance on three fine-grained datasets and two large-scale datasets. Compared with existing WSL methods under the same few-shot settings, FoPro still excels in real-world generalization. Code is available at https://github.com/yuleiqin/fopro.
MGTANet: Encoding Sequential LiDAR Points Using Long Short-Term Motion-Guided Temporal Attention for 3D Object Detection
Authors: Junho Koh, Junhyung Lee, Youngwoo Lee, Jaekyum Kim, Jun Won Choi
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Tasks: 3D Object Detection, Object, object-detection, Object Detection

Most scanning LiDAR sensors generate a sequence of point clouds in real-time. While conventional 3D object detectors use a set of unordered LiDAR points acquired over a fixed time interval, recent studies have revealed that substantial performance improvement can be achieved by exploiting the spatio-temporal context present in a sequence of LiDAR point sets. In this paper, we propose a novel 3D object detection architecture, which can encode LiDAR point cloud sequences acquired by multiple successive scans. The encoding process of the point cloud sequence is performed on two different time scales. We first design a short-term motion-aware voxel encoding that captures the short-term temporal changes of point clouds driven by the motion of objects in each voxel. We also propose long-term motion-guided bird's eye view (BEV) feature enhancement that adaptively aligns and aggregates the BEV feature maps obtained by the short-term voxel encoding by utilizing the dynamic motion context inferred from the sequence of the feature maps. The experiments conducted on the public nuScenes benchmark demonstrate that the proposed 3D object detector offers significant improvements in performance compared to the baseline methods and that it sets a state-of-the-art performance for certain 3D object detection categories. Code is available at https://github.com/HYjhkoh/MGTANet.git
ViewNeRF: Unsupervised Viewpoint Estimation Using Category-Level Neural Radiance Fields
Authors: Octave Mariotti, Oisin Mac Aodha, Hakan Bilen
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Tasks: NeRF, Viewpoint Estimation

We introduce ViewNeRF, a Neural Radiance Field-based viewpoint estimation method that learns to predict category-level viewpoints directly from images during training. While NeRF is usually trained with ground-truth camera poses, multiple extensions have been proposed to reduce the need for this expensive supervision. Nonetheless, most of these methods still struggle in complex settings with large camera movements, and are restricted to single scenes, i.e. they cannot be trained on a collection of scenes depicting the same object category. To address these issues, our method uses an analysis by synthesis approach, combining a conditional NeRF with a viewpoint predictor and a scene encoder in order to produce self-supervised reconstructions for whole object categories. Rather than focusing on high fidelity reconstruction, we target efficient and accurate viewpoint prediction in complex scenarios, e.g. 360{\deg} rotation on real data. Our model shows competitive results on synthetic and real datasets, both for single scenes and multi-instance collections.
ViewNet: Unsupervised Viewpoint Estimation from Conditional Generation
Authors: Octave Mariotti, Oisin Mac Aodha, Hakan Bilen
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: ICCV 2021 10
Tasks: Image Reconstruction, Self-Supervised Learning, Viewpoint Estimation

Understanding the 3D world without supervision is currently a major challenge in computer vision as the annotations required to supervise deep networks for tasks in this domain are expensive to obtain on a large scale. In this paper, we address the problem of unsupervised viewpoint estimation. We formulate this as a self-supervised learning task, where image reconstruction provides the supervision needed to predict the camera viewpoint. Specifically, we make use of pairs of images of the same object at training time, from unknown viewpoints, to self-supervise training by combining the viewpoint information from one image with the appearance information from the other. We demonstrate that using a perspective spatial transformer allows efficient viewpoint learning, outperforming existing unsupervised approaches on synthetic data, and obtains competitive results on the challenging PASCAL3D+ dataset.
Linear Combinations of Patches are Unreasonably Effective for Single-Image Denoising
Authors: Sébastien Herbreteau, Charles Kervrann
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Denoising, Image Denoising

In the past decade, deep neural networks have revolutionized image denoising in achieving significant accuracy improvements by learning on datasets composed of noisy/clean image pairs. However, this strategy is extremely dependent on training data quality, which is a well-established weakness. To alleviate the requirement to learn image priors externally, single-image (a.k.a., self-supervised or zero-shot) methods perform denoising solely based on the analysis of the input noisy image without external dictionary or training dataset. This work investigates the effectiveness of linear combinations of patches for denoising under this constraint. Although conceptually very simple, we show that linear combinations of patches are enough to achieve state-of-the-art performance. The proposed parametric approach relies on quadratic risk approximation via multiple pilot images to guide the estimation of the combination weights. Experiments on images corrupted artificially with Gaussian noise as well as on real-world noisy images demonstrate that our method is on par with the very best single-image denoisers, outperforming the recent neural network based techniques, while being much faster and fully interpretable.
Rethinking Two Consensuses of the Transferability in Deep Learning
Authors: Yixiong Chen, Jingxian Li, Chris Ding, Li Liu
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Deep Learning, General Knowledge, image-classification, Image Classification, Transfer Learning, Vocal Bursts Valence Prediction

Deep transfer learning (DTL) has formed a long-term quest toward enabling deep neural networks (DNNs) to reuse historical experiences as efficiently as humans. This ability is named knowledge transferability. A commonly used paradigm for DTL is firstly learning general knowledge (pre-training) and then reusing (fine-tuning) them for a specific target task. There are two consensuses of transferability of pre-trained DNNs: (1) a larger domain gap between pre-training and downstream data brings lower transferability; (2) the transferability gradually decreases from lower layers (near input) to higher layers (near output). However, these consensuses were basically drawn from the experiments based on natural images, which limits their scope of application. This work aims to study and complement them from a broader perspective by proposing a method to measure the transferability of pre-trained DNN parameters. Our experiments on twelve diverse image classification datasets get similar conclusions to the previous consensuses. More importantly, two new findings are presented, i.e., (1) in addition to the domain gap, a larger data amount and huge dataset diversity of downstream target task also prohibit the transferability; (2) although the lower layers learn basic image features, they are usually not the most transferable layers due to their domain sensitivity.
Automated Coronary Arteries Labeling Via Geometric Deep Learning
Authors: Yadan Li, Mohammad Ali Armin, Simon Denman, David Ahmedt-Aristizabal
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Deep Learning, graph construction

Automatic labelling of anatomical structures, such as coronary arteries, is critical for diagnosis, yet existing (non-deep learning) methods are limited by a reliance on prior topological knowledge of the expected tree-like structures. As the structure such vascular systems is often difficult to conceptualize, graph-based representations have become popular due to their ability to capture the geometric and topological properties of the morphology in an orientation-independent and abstract manner. However, graph-based learning for automated labeling of tree-like anatomical structures has received limited attention in the literature. The majority of prior studies have limitations in the entity graph construction, are dependent on topological structures, and have limited accuracy due to the anatomical variability between subjects. In this paper, we propose an intuitive graph representation method, well suited to use with 3D coordinate data obtained from angiography scans. We subsequently seek to analyze subject-specific graphs using geometric deep learning. The proposed models leverage expert annotated labels from 141 patients to learn representations of each coronary segment, while capturing the effects of anatomical variability within the training data. We investigate different variants of so-called message passing neural networks. Through extensive evaluations, our pipeline achieves a promising weighted F1-score of 0.805 for labeling coronary artery (13 classes) for a five-fold cross-validation. Considering the ability of graph models in dealing with irregular data, and their scalability for data segmentation, this work highlights the potential of such methods to provide quantitative evidence to support the decisions of medical experts.
Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems
Authors: Jorge Calvo-Zaragoza, Alexander Pacha
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Information Retrieval, Music Information Retrieval, Retrieval

The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Delft on the 2nd of November 2019.
Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems
Authors: Jorge Calvo-Zaragoza, Alexander Pacha
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Information Retrieval, Music Information Retrieval, Retrieval

The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.
Domain Adaptive Scene Text Detection via Subcategorization
Authors: Zichen Tian, Chuhui Xue, Jingyi Zhang, Shijian Lu
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Scene Text Detection, Text Detection, vehicle detection

Most existing scene text detectors require large-scale training data which cannot scale well due to two major factors: 1) scene text images often have domain-specific distributions; 2) collecting large-scale annotated scene text images is laborious. We study domain adaptive scene text detection, a largely neglected yet very meaningful task that aims for optimal transfer of labelled scene text images while handling unlabelled images in various new domains. Specifically, we design SCAST, a subcategory-aware self-training technique that mitigates the network overfitting and noisy pseudo labels in domain adaptive scene text detection effectively. SCAST consists of two novel designs. For labelled source data, it introduces pseudo subcategories for both foreground texts and background stuff which helps train more generalizable source models with multi-class detection objectives. For unlabelled target data, it mitigates the network overfitting by co-regularizing the binary and subcategory classifiers trained in the source domain. Extensive experiments show that SCAST achieves superior detection performance consistently across multiple public benchmarks, and it also generalizes well to other domain adaptive detection tasks such as vehicle detection.
AstroSLAM: Autonomous Monocular Navigation in the Vicinity of a Celestial Small Body -- Theory and Experiments
Authors: Mehregan Dor, Travis Driver, Kenneth Getzandanner, Panagiotis Tsiotras
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Sensor Fusion

We propose AstroSLAM, a standalone vision-based solution for autonomous online navigation around an unknown target small celestial body. AstroSLAM is predicated on the formulation of the SLAM problem as an incrementally growing factor graph, facilitated by the use of the GTSAM library and the iSAM2 engine. By combining sensor fusion with orbital motion priors, we achieve improved performance over a baseline SLAM solution. We incorporate orbital motion constraints into the factor graph by devising a novel relative dynamics factor, which links the relative pose of the spacecraft to the problem of predicting trajectories stemming from the motion of the spacecraft in the vicinity of the small body. We demonstrate the excellent performance of AstroSLAM using both real legacy mission imagery and trajectory data courtesy of NASA's Planetary Data System, as well as real in-lab imagery data generated on a 3 degree-of-freedom spacecraft simulator test-bed.
Semiconductor Defect Pattern Classification by Self-Proliferation-and-Attention Neural Network
Authors: YuanFu Yang, Min Sun
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00

Semiconductor manufacturing is on the cusp of a revolution: the Internet of Things (IoT). With IoT we can connect all the equipment and feed information back to the factory so that quality issues can be detected. In this situation, more and more edge devices are used in wafer inspection equipment. This edge device must have the ability to quickly detect defects. Therefore, how to develop a high-efficiency architecture for automatic defect classification to be suitable for edge devices is the primary task. In this paper, we present a novel architecture that can perform defect classification in a more efficient way. The first function is self-proliferation, using a series of linear transformations to generate more feature maps at a cheaper cost. The second function is self-attention, capturing the long-range dependencies of feature map by the channel-wise and spatial-wise attention mechanism. We named this method as self-proliferation-and-attention neural network. This method has been successfully applied to various defect pattern classification tasks. Compared with other latest methods, SP&A-Net has higher accuracy and lower computation cost in many defect inspection tasks.
3D-Aware Object Goal Navigation via Simultaneous Exploration and Identification
Authors: Jiazhao Zhang, Liu Dai, Fanpeng Meng, Qingnan Fan, Xuelin Chen, Kai Xu, He Wang
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2023 1

Object goal navigation (ObjectNav) in unseen environments is a fundamental task for Embodied AI. Agents in existing works learn ObjectNav policies based on 2D maps, scene graphs, or image sequences. Considering this task happens in 3D space, a 3D-aware agent can advance its ObjectNav capability via learning from fine-grained spatial information. However, leveraging 3D scene representation can be prohibitively unpractical for policy learning in this floor-level task, due to low sample efficiency and expensive computational cost. In this work, we propose a framework for the challenging 3D-aware ObjectNav based on two straightforward sub-policies. The two sub-polices, namely corner-guided exploration policy and category-aware identification policy, simultaneously perform by utilizing online fused 3D points as observation. Through extensive experiments, we show that this framework can dramatically improve the performance in ObjectNav through learning from 3D scene representation. Our framework achieves the best performance among all modular-based methods on the Matterport3D and Gibson datasets, while requiring (up to 30x) less computational cost for training.
Parametric Information Maximization for Generalized Category Discovery
Authors: Florent Chiaroni, Jose Dolz, Ziko Imtiaz Masud, Amar Mitiche, Ismail Ben Ayed
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: ICCV 2023 1

We introduce a Parametric Information Maximization (PIM) model for the Generalized Category Discovery (GCD) problem. Specifically, we propose a bi-level optimization formulation, which explores a parameterized family of objective functions, each evaluating a weighted mutual information between the features and the latent labels, subject to supervision constraints from the labeled samples. Our formulation mitigates the class-balance bias encoded in standard information maximization approaches, thereby handling effectively both short-tailed and long-tailed data sets. We report extensive experiments and comparisons demonstrating that our PIM model consistently sets new state-of-the-art performances in GCD across six different datasets, more so when dealing with challenging fine-grained problems.
Reliable Joint Segmentation of Retinal Edema Lesions in OCT Images
Authors: Meng Wang, Kai Yu, Chun-Mei Feng, Ke Zou, Yanyu Xu, Qingquan Meng, Rick Siow Mong Goh, Yong liu, Huazhu Fu
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Segmentation

Focusing on the complicated pathological features, such as blurred boundaries, severe scale differences between symptoms, background noise interference, etc., in the task of retinal edema lesions joint segmentation from OCT images and enabling the segmentation results more reliable. In this paper, we propose a novel reliable multi-scale wavelet-enhanced transformer network, which can provide accurate segmentation results with reliability assessment. Specifically, aiming at improving the model's ability to learn the complex pathological features of retinal edema lesions in OCT images, we develop a novel segmentation backbone that integrates a wavelet-enhanced feature extractor network and a multi-scale transformer module of our newly designed. Meanwhile, to make the segmentation results more reliable, a novel uncertainty segmentation head based on the subjective logical evidential theory is introduced to generate the final segmentation results with a corresponding overall uncertainty evaluation score map. We conduct comprehensive experiments on the public database of AI-Challenge 2018 for retinal edema lesions segmentation, and the results show that our proposed method achieves better segmentation accuracy with a high degree of reliability as compared to other state-of-the-art segmentation approaches. The code will be released on: https://github.com/LooKing9218/ReliableRESeg.