pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
SpeechBlender: Speech Augmentation Framework for Mispronunciation Data Generation
Authors: Yassine El Kheir, Shammur Absar Chowdhury, Ahmed Ali, Hamdy Mubarak, Shazia Afzal
Date: 2022-11-02 00:00:00
Tasks: Data Augmentation, Multi-Task Learning, Phone-level pronunciation scoring

The lack of labeled second language (L2) speech data is a major challenge in designing mispronunciation detection models. We introduce SpeechBlender - a fine-grained data augmentation pipeline for generating mispronunciation errors to overcome such data scarcity. The SpeechBlender utilizes varieties of masks to target different regions of phonetic units, and use the mixing factors to linearly interpolate raw speech signals while augmenting pronunciation. The masks facilitate smooth blending of the signals, generating more effective samples than the `Cut/Paste' method. Our proposed technique achieves state-of-the-art results, with Speechocean762, on ASR dependent mispronunciation detection models at phoneme level, with a 2.0% gain in Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) compared to the previous state-of-the-art [1]. Additionally, we demonstrate a 5.0% improvement at the phoneme level compared to our baseline. We also observed a 4.6% increase in F1-score with Arabic AraVoiceL2 testset.
Dialect-robust Evaluation of Generated Text
Authors: Jiao Sun, Thibault Sellam, Elizabeth Clark, Tu Vu, Timothy Dozat, Dan Garrette, Aditya Siddhant, Jacob Eisenstein, Sebastian Gehrmann
Date: 2022-11-02 00:00:00
Tasks: nlg evaluation

Evaluation metrics that are not robust to dialect variation make it impossible to tell how well systems perform for many groups of users, and can even penalize systems for producing text in lower-resource dialects. However, currently, there exists no way to quantify how metrics respond to change in the dialect of a generated utterance. We thus formalize dialect robustness and dialect awareness as goals for NLG evaluation metrics. We introduce a suite of methods and corresponding statistical tests one can use to assess metrics in light of the two goals. Applying the suite to current state-of-the-art metrics, we demonstrate that they are not dialect-robust and that semantic perturbations frequently lead to smaller decreases in a metric than the introduction of dialect features. As a first step to overcome this limitation, we propose a training schema, NANO, which introduces regional and language information to the pretraining process of a metric. We demonstrate that NANO provides a size-efficient way for models to improve the dialect robustness while simultaneously improving their performance on the standard metric benchmark.
PLATO-K: Internal and External Knowledge Enhanced Dialogue Generation
Authors: Siqi Bao, Huang He, Jun Xu, Hua Lu, Fan Wang, Hua Wu, Han Zhou, Wenquan Wu, Zheng-Yu Niu, Haifeng Wang
Date: 2022-11-02 00:00:00
Tasks: Dialogue Generation, Memorization, Response Generation

Recently, the practical deployment of open-domain dialogue systems has been plagued by the knowledge issue of information deficiency and factual inaccuracy. To this end, we introduce PLATO-K based on two-stage dialogic learning to strengthen internal knowledge memorization and external knowledge exploitation. In the first stage, PLATO-K learns through massive dialogue corpora and memorizes essential knowledge into model parameters. In the second stage, PLATO-K mimics human beings to search for external information and to leverage the knowledge in response generation. Extensive experiments reveal that the knowledge issue is alleviated significantly in PLATO-K with such comprehensive internal and external knowledge enhancement. Compared to the existing state-of-the-art Chinese dialogue model, the overall engagingness of PLATO-K is improved remarkably by 36.2% and 49.2% on chit-chat and knowledge-intensive conversations.
Unsupervised Syntactically Controlled Paraphrase Generation with Abstract Meaning Representations
Authors: Kuan-Hao Huang, Varun Iyer, Anoop Kumar, Sriram Venkatapathy, Kai-Wei Chang, Aram Galstyan
Date: 2022-11-02 00:00:00
Tasks: Data Augmentation, Decoder, Paraphrase Generation, Sentence

Syntactically controlled paraphrase generation has become an emerging research direction in recent years. Most existing approaches require annotated paraphrase pairs for training and are thus costly to extend to new domains. Unsupervised approaches, on the other hand, do not need paraphrase pairs but suffer from relatively poor performance in terms of syntactic control and quality of generated paraphrases. In this paper, we demonstrate that leveraging Abstract Meaning Representations (AMR) can greatly improve the performance of unsupervised syntactically controlled paraphrase generation. Our proposed model, AMR-enhanced Paraphrase Generator (AMRPG), separately encodes the AMR graph and the constituency parse of the input sentence into two disentangled semantic and syntactic embeddings. A decoder is then learned to reconstruct the input sentence from the semantic and syntactic embeddings. Our experiments show that AMRPG generates more accurate syntactically controlled paraphrases, both quantitatively and qualitatively, compared to the existing unsupervised approaches. We also demonstrate that the paraphrases generated by AMRPG can be used for data augmentation to improve the robustness of NLP models.
Title2Event: Benchmarking Open Event Extraction with a Large-scale Chinese Title Dataset
Authors: Haolin Deng, Yanan Zhang, Yangfan Zhang, Wangyang Ying, Changlong Yu, Jun Gao, Wei Wang, Xiaoling Bai, Nan Yang, Jin Ma, Xiang Chen, Tianhua Zhou
Date: 2022-11-02 00:00:00
Tasks: Benchmarking, Event Extraction, graph construction, Sentence

Event extraction (EE) is crucial to downstream tasks such as new aggregation and event knowledge graph construction. Most existing EE datasets manually define fixed event types and design specific schema for each of them, failing to cover diverse events emerging from the online text. Moreover, news titles, an important source of event mentions, have not gained enough attention in current EE research. In this paper, We present Title2Event, a large-scale sentence-level dataset benchmarking Open Event Extraction without restricting event types. Title2Event contains more than 42,000 news titles in 34 topics collected from Chinese web pages. To the best of our knowledge, it is currently the largest manually-annotated Chinese dataset for open event extraction. We further conduct experiments on Title2Event with different models and show that the characteristics of titles make it challenging for event extraction, addressing the significance of advanced study on this problem. The dataset and baseline codes are available at https://open-event-hub.github.io/title2event.
InterMPL: Momentum Pseudo-Labeling with Intermediate CTC Loss
Authors: Yosuke Higuchi, Tetsuji Ogawa, Tetsunori Kobayashi, Shinji Watanabe
Date: 2022-11-02 00:00:00
Tasks: Automatic Speech Recognition, Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Decoder, speech-recognition, Speech Recognition

This paper presents InterMPL, a semi-supervised learning method of end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) that performs pseudo-labeling (PL) with intermediate supervision. Momentum PL (MPL) trains a connectionist temporal classification (CTC)-based model on unlabeled data by continuously generating pseudo-labels on the fly and improving their quality. In contrast to autoregressive formulations, such as the attention-based encoder-decoder and transducer, CTC is well suited for MPL, or PL-based semi-supervised ASR in general, owing to its simple/fast inference algorithm and robustness against generating collapsed labels. However, CTC generally yields inferior performance than the autoregressive models due to the conditional independence assumption, thereby limiting the performance of MPL. We propose to enhance MPL by introducing intermediate loss, inspired by the recent advances in CTC-based modeling. Specifically, we focus on self-conditional and hierarchical conditional CTC, that apply auxiliary CTC losses to intermediate layers such that the conditional independence assumption is explicitly relaxed. We also explore how pseudo-labels should be generated and used as supervision for intermediate losses. Experimental results in different semi-supervised settings demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms MPL and improves an ASR model by up to a 12.1% absolute performance gain. In addition, our detailed analysis validates the importance of the intermediate loss.
BECTRA: Transducer-based End-to-End ASR with BERT-Enhanced Encoder
Authors: Yosuke Higuchi, Tetsuji Ogawa, Tetsunori Kobayashi, Shinji Watanabe
Date: 2022-11-02 00:00:00
Tasks: Automatic Speech Recognition, Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Decoder, Language Modelling, speech-recognition, Speech Recognition

We present BERT-CTC-Transducer (BECTRA), a novel end-to-end automatic speech recognition (E2E-ASR) model formulated by the transducer with a BERT-enhanced encoder. Integrating a large-scale pre-trained language model (LM) into E2E-ASR has been actively studied, aiming to utilize versatile linguistic knowledge for generating accurate text. One crucial factor that makes this integration challenging lies in the vocabulary mismatch; the vocabulary constructed for a pre-trained LM is generally too large for E2E-ASR training and is likely to have a mismatch against a target ASR domain. To overcome such an issue, we propose BECTRA, an extended version of our previous BERT-CTC, that realizes BERT-based E2E-ASR using a vocabulary of interest. BECTRA is a transducer-based model, which adopts BERT-CTC for its encoder and trains an ASR-specific decoder using a vocabulary suitable for a target task. With the combination of the transducer and BERT-CTC, we also propose a novel inference algorithm for taking advantage of both autoregressive and non-autoregressive decoding. Experimental results on several ASR tasks, varying in amounts of data, speaking styles, and languages, demonstrate that BECTRA outperforms BERT-CTC by effectively dealing with the vocabulary mismatch while exploiting BERT knowledge.
Unified End-to-End Speech Recognition and Endpointing for Fast and Efficient Speech Systems
Authors: Shaan Bijwadia, Shuo-Yiin Chang, Bo Li, Tara Sainath, Chao Zhang, Yanzhang He
Date: 2022-11-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Automatic Speech Recognition, Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), speech-recognition, Speech Recognition

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems typically rely on an external endpointer (EP) model to identify speech boundaries. In this work, we propose a method to jointly train the ASR and EP tasks in a single end-to-end (E2E) multitask model, improving EP quality by optionally leveraging information from the ASR audio encoder. We introduce a "switch" connection, which trains the EP to consume either the audio frames directly or low-level latent representations from the ASR model. This results in a single E2E model that can be used during inference to perform frame filtering at low cost, and also make high quality end-of-query (EOQ) predictions based on ongoing ASR computation. We present results on a voice search test set showing that, compared to separate single-task models, this approach reduces median endpoint latency by 120 ms (30.8% reduction), and 90th percentile latency by 170 ms (23.0% reduction), without regressing word error rate. For continuous recognition, WER improves by 10.6% (relative).
Quantum Natural Language Generation on Near-Term Devices
Authors: Amin Karamlou, Marcel Pfaffhauser, James Wootton
Date: 2022-11-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Manipulation, Music Generation, Sentence, Sentence Classification, Text Generation

The emergence of noisy medium-scale quantum devices has led to proof-of-concept applications for quantum computing in various domains. Examples include Natural Language Processing (NLP) where sentence classification experiments have been carried out, as well as procedural generation, where tasks such as geopolitical map creation, and image manipulation have been performed. We explore applications at the intersection of these two areas by designing a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for sentence generation. Our algorithm is based on the well-known simulated annealing technique for combinatorial optimisation. An implementation is provided and used to demonstrate successful sentence generation on both simulated and real quantum hardware. A variant of our algorithm can also be used for music generation. This paper aims to be self-contained, introducing all the necessary background on NLP and quantum computing along the way.
Semantic Pivoting Model for Effective Event Detection
Authors: Anran Hao, Siu Cheung Hui, Jian Su
Date: 2022-11-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Articles, Event Detection, model

Event Detection, which aims to identify and classify mentions of event instances from unstructured articles, is an important task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Existing techniques for event detection only use homogeneous one-hot vectors to represent the event type classes, ignoring the fact that the semantic meaning of the types is important to the task. Such an approach is inefficient and prone to overfitting. In this paper, we propose a Semantic Pivoting Model for Effective Event Detection (SPEED), which explicitly incorporates prior information during training and captures semantically meaningful correlations between input and events. Experimental results show that our proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance and outperforms the baselines in multiple settings without using any external resources.
Towards Inter-character Relationship-driven Story Generation
Authors: Anvesh Rao Vijjini, Faeze Brahman, Snigdha Chaturvedi
Date: 2022-11-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Sentence, Story Generation

In this paper, we introduce the task of modeling interpersonal relationships for story generation. For addressing this task, we propose Relationships as Latent Variables for Story Generation, (ReLiSt). ReLiSt generates stories sentence by sentence and has two major components - a relationship selector and a story continuer. The relationship selector specifies a latent variable to pick the relationship to exhibit in the next sentence and the story continuer generates the next sentence while expressing the selected relationship in a coherent way. Our automatic and human evaluations demonstrate that ReLiSt is able to generate stories with relationships that are more faithful to desired relationships while maintaining the content quality. The relationship assignments to sentences during inference bring interpretability to ReLiSt.
A Categorical Framework for Modeling with Stock and Flow Diagrams
Authors: John C. Baez, Xiaoyan Li, Sophie Libkind, Nathaniel D. Osgood, Eric Redekopp
Date: 2022-11-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Epidemiology

Stock and flow diagrams are already an important tool in epidemiology, but category theory lets us go further and treat these diagrams as mathematical entities in their own right. In this chapter we use communicable disease models created with our software, StockFlow.jl, to explain the benefits of the categorical approach. We first explain the category of stock-flow diagrams and note the clear separation between the syntax of these diagrams and their semantics, demonstrating three examples of semantics already implemented in the software: ODEs, causal loop diagrams, and system structure diagrams. We then turn to two methods for building large stock-flow diagrams from smaller ones in a modular fashion: composition and stratification. Finally, we introduce the open-source ModelCollab software for diagram-based collaborative modeling. The graphical user interface of this web-based software lets modelers take advantage of the ideas discussed here without any knowledge of their categorical foundations.
Technology Pipeline for Large Scale Cross-Lingual Dubbing of Lecture Videos into Multiple Indian Languages
Authors: Anusha Prakash, Arun Kumar, Ashish Seth, Bhagyashree Mukherjee, Ishika Gupta, Jom Kuriakose, Jordan Fernandes, K V Vikram, Mano Ranjith Kumar M, Metilda Sagaya Mary, Mohammad Wajahat, Mohana N, Mudit Batra, Navina K, Nihal John George, Nithya Ravi, Pruthwik Mishra, Sudhanshu Srivastava, Vasista Sai Lodagala, Vandan Mujadia, Kada Sai Venkata Vineeth, Vrunda Sukhadia, Dipti Sharma, Hema Murthy, Pushpak Bhattacharya, S Umesh, Rajeev Sangal
Date: 2022-11-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Chunking, Rhythm, Speech Synthesis, text-to-speech, Text to Speech, Text-To-Speech Synthesis

Cross-lingual dubbing of lecture videos requires the transcription of the original audio, correction and removal of disfluencies, domain term discovery, text-to-text translation into the target language, chunking of text using target language rhythm, text-to-speech synthesis followed by isochronous lipsyncing to the original video. This task becomes challenging when the source and target languages belong to different language families, resulting in differences in generated audio duration. This is further compounded by the original speaker's rhythm, especially for extempore speech. This paper describes the challenges in regenerating English lecture videos in Indian languages semi-automatically. A prototype is developed for dubbing lectures into 9 Indian languages. A mean-opinion-score (MOS) is obtained for two languages, Hindi and Tamil, on two different courses. The output video is compared with the original video in terms of MOS (1-5) and lip synchronisation with scores of 4.09 and 3.74, respectively. The human effort also reduces by 75%.
Evaluating Impact of Social Media Posts by Executives on Stock Prices
Authors: Anubhav Sarkar, Swagata Chakraborty, Sohom Ghosh, Sudip Kumar Naskar
Date: 2022-11-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Time Series, Time Series Analysis

Predicting stock market movements has always been of great interest to investors and an active area of research. Research has proven that popularity of products is highly influenced by what people talk about. Social media like Twitter, Reddit have become hotspots of such influences. This paper investigates the impact of social media posts on close price prediction of stocks using Twitter and Reddit posts. Our objective is to integrate sentiment of social media data with historical stock data and study its effect on closing prices using time series models. We carried out rigorous experiments and deep analysis using multiple deep learning based models on different datasets to study the influence of posts by executives and general people on the close price. Experimental results on multiple stocks (Apple and Tesla) and decentralised currencies (Bitcoin and Ethereum) consistently show improvements in prediction on including social media data and greater improvements on including executive posts.
Properties of the Concrete distribution
Authors: David D. K. Chow
Date: 2022-11-02 00:00:00

We examine properties of the Concrete (or Gumbel-softmax) distribution on the simplex. Using the natural vector space structure of the simplex, the Concrete distribution can be regarded as a transformation of the uniform distribution through a reflection and a location-scale transformation. The Fisher information is computed and the corresponding information metric is hyperbolic space. We explicitly give an explicit transformation of the parameters of the distribution to Poincar\'e half-space coordinates, which correspond to an orthogonal parameterization, and the Fisher-Rao geodesic distance is computed.
Machine Learning for Metasurfaces Design and Their Applications
Authors: Kumar Vijay Mishra, Ahmet M. Elbir, Amir I. Zaghloul
Date: 2022-11-02 00:00:00

Metasurfaces (MTSs) are increasingly emerging as enabling technologies to meet the demands for multi-functional, small form-factor, efficient, reconfigurable, tunable, and low-cost radio-frequency (RF) components because of their ability to manipulate waves in a sub-wavelength thickness through modified boundary conditions. They enable the design of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) for adaptable wireless channels and smart radio environments, wherein the inherently stochastic nature of the wireless environment is transformed into a programmable propagation channel. In particular, space-limited RF applications, such as communications and radar, that have strict radiation requirements are currently being investigated for potential RIS deployment. The RIS comprises sub-wavelength units or meta-atoms, which are independently controlled and whose geometry and material determine the spectral response of the RIS. Conventionally, designing RIS to yield the desired EM response requires trial and error by iteratively investigating a large possibility of various geometries and materials through thousands of full-wave EM simulations. In this context, machine/deep learning (ML/DL) techniques are proving critical in reducing the computational cost and time of RIS inverse design. Instead of explicitly solving Maxwell's equations, DL models learn physics-based relationships through supervised training data. The ML/DL techniques also aid in RIS deployment for numerous wireless applications, which requires dealing with multiple channel links between the base station (BS) and the users. As a result, the BS and RIS beamformers require a joint design, wherein the RIS elements must be rapidly reconfigured. This chapter provides a synopsis of DL techniques for both inverse RIS design and RIS-assisted wireless systems.
Propensity score models are better when post-calibrated
Authors: Rom Gutman, Ehud Karavani, Yishai Shimoni
Date: 2022-11-02 00:00:00
Tasks: Causal Inference

Theoretical guarantees for causal inference using propensity scores are partly based on the scores behaving like conditional probabilities. However, scores between zero and one, especially when outputted by flexible statistical estimators, do not necessarily behave like probabilities. We perform a simulation study to assess the error in estimating the average treatment effect before and after applying a simple and well-established post-processing method to calibrate the propensity scores. We find that post-calibration reduces the error in effect estimation for expressive uncalibrated statistical estimators, and that this improvement is not mediated by better balancing. The larger the initial lack of calibration, the larger the improvement in effect estimation, with the effect on already-calibrated estimators being very small. Given the improvement in effect estimation and that post-calibration is computationally cheap, we recommend it will be adopted when modelling propensity scores with expressive models.