pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Classification of cotton water stress using convolutional neural networks and UAV-based RGB imagery
Authors: Haoyu Niu, Juan Landivar, Nick Duffield
Date: 2024-02-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: Advances in Agriculture 2024 2
Tasks: Feature Importance

Embracing smart irrigation management techniques empowers growers to irrigate with greater efficiency, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural production. In this context, growers often rely on crop evapotranspiration (ETc) as a key factor in making informed irrigation decisions, underscoring the significance of accurately determining and spatially mapping crop water status. Technological progress, exemplified by the emergence of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), has brought about a revolutionary shift in agricultural monitoring. UAV platforms can capture high-resolution images with centimeter-level spatial accuracy and offer higher temporal coverage compared to satellite imagery. Considering these advancements, this study introduces a robust method for classifying water stress in cotton using a compact UAV platform and convolutional neural networks (CNN). The experiment was conducted at the USDA-ARS Cropping Systems Research Laboratory (CSRL) in Lubbock, Texas, where the cotton field was divided into 12 drip zones. The study included three replications to evaluate four irrigation treatments: “rainfed”, “full irrigation”, “percent deficit of full irrigation”, and “time delay of full irrigation”. The results demonstrated that the CNN model successfully classified the cotton water stress using the UAV-based RGB image, achieving an overall best prediction accuracy of approximately 91%. By segmenting the original cotton images into separate canopy and soil areas using morphological image processing methods, the authors also isolated and analyzed the individual contributions of these components to cotton water stress. Additionally, a random forest classifier revealed the relative importance of different image features in the classification process through feature importance analysis. These findings highlighted the state-of-the-art performance of the proposed system in cotton water stress classification and provided valuable insights into the key image features contributing to accurate classification. The authors concluded that integrating UAV-based RGB imagery and CNN models had great potential for assessing water stress in cotton.
Line Detection and Segmentation of Annual Crops Using Hybrid Method
Authors: Érick Cardoso Gonçalves, Gustavo Pereira de Almeida, Eduardo Lawson Da Silva, Tatiana Taís Schein, Paulo Jefferson Dias de Oliveira Evald, Paulo Lilles Jorge Drews-Jr
Date: 2023-10-11 00:00:00
Proceeding: Latin American Robotics Symposium (LARS), Brazilian Symposium on Robotics (SBR) 2023 10
Tasks: Data Augmentation, Line Detection, Semantic Segmentation

Currently, agriculture has incorporated more and
more technologies to optimize production, reducing waste and
environmental impacts of this activity. Precision agriculture
aims to maximize efficiency and agricultural productivity while
reducing the use of chemicals. This work proposes an automatic
approach based on supervised learning and image processing
methods for crop line detection in frontal images obtained by a
ground camera. Along with this, data augmentation techniques
are applied to increase the reference method from the literature
ability of the algorithm. The proposed method uses a semantic
segmentation architecture based on Deeplabv3+ architecture to
segment the region of interest, and the Canny Edge technique is
applied to locate the image edges. Finally, the probabilistic Hough
transform is applied to identify the segments from the identified
boundaries. The proposed method is evaluated and compared
with a variation of a reference method from the literature
algorithm, where our method presented higher performance,
achieving an overall accuracy of 84.1%, even on images with
high weed presence and crop line gaps.
ARGS: Alignment as Reward-Guided Search
Authors: Maxim Khanov, Jirayu Burapacheep, Yixuan Li
Date: 2024-01-23 00:00:00
Tasks: Diversity

Aligning large language models with human objectives is paramount, yet common approaches including RLHF suffer from unstable and resource-intensive training. In response to this challenge, we introduce ARGS, Alignment as Reward-Guided Search, a novel framework that integrates alignment into the decoding process, eliminating the need for expensive RL training. By adjusting the model's probabilistic predictions using a reward signal, ARGS generates texts with semantic diversity while being aligned with human preferences, offering a promising and flexible solution for aligning language models. Notably, ARGS demonstrates consistent enhancements in average reward compared to baselines across diverse alignment tasks and various model dimensions. For example, under the same greedy-based decoding strategy, our method improves the average reward by 19.56% relative to the baseline and secures a preference or tie score of 64.33% in GPT-4 evaluation. We believe that our framework, emphasizing decoding-time alignment, paves the way for more responsive language models in the future. Code is publicly available at: \url{https://github.com/deeplearning-wisc/args}.
Acoustic Local Positioning With Encoded Emission Beacons
Authors: Jesus Urena, Alvaro Hernandez, Juan Jesus Garcia, Jose Manuel Villadangos, Maria del Carmen Perez, David Gualda, Fernando J. Alvarez, Teodoro Aguilera
Date: 2024-02-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Robot Navigation

Acoustic local positioning systems (ALPSs) are an interesting alternative for indoor positioning due to certain advantages over other approaches, including their relatively high accuracy, low cost, and room-level signal propagation. Centimeter-level or fine-grained indoor positioning can be an asset for robot navigation, guiding a person to, for instance, a particular piece in a museum or to a specific product in a shop, targeted advertising, or augmented reality. In airborne system applications, acoustic positioning can be based on using opportunistic signals or sounds produced by the person or object to be located (e.g., noise from appliances or the speech from a speaker) or from encoded emission beacons (or anchors) specifically designed for this purpose. This work presents a review of the different challenges that designers of systems based on encoded emission beacons must address in order to achieve suitable performance. At low-level processing, the waveform design (coding and modulation) and the processing of the received signal are key factors to address such drawbacks as multipath propagation, multiple-access interference, nearfar effect, or Doppler shifting. With regards to high-level system design, the issues to be addressed are related to the distribution of beacons, ease of deployment, and calibration and positioning algorithms, including the possible fusion of information. Apart from theoretical discussions, this work also includes the description of an ALPS that was implemented, installed in a large area and tested for mobile robot navigation. In addition to practical interest for real applications, airborne ALPSs can also be used as an excellent platform to test complex algorithms, which can be subsequently adapted for other positioning systems, such as underwater acoustic systems or ultrawideband radiofrequency (UWB RF) systems.
XAI-CF -- Examining the Role of Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Forensics
Authors: Shahid Alam, Zeynep Altiparmak
Date: 2024-02-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Explainable artificial intelligence

With the rise of complex cyber devices Cyber Forensics (CF) is facing many new challenges. For example, there are dozens of systems running on smartphones, each with more than millions of downloadable applications. Sifting through this large amount of data and making sense requires new techniques, such as from the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). To apply these techniques successfully in CF, we need to justify and explain the results to the stakeholders of CF, such as forensic analysts and members of the court, for them to make an informed decision. If we want to apply AI successfully in CF, there is a need to develop trust in AI systems. Some other factors in accepting the use of AI in CF are to make AI authentic, interpretable, understandable, and interactive. This way, AI systems will be more acceptable to the public and ensure alignment with legal standards. An explainable AI (XAI) system can play this role in CF, and we call such a system XAI-CF. XAI-CF is indispensable and is still in its infancy. In this paper, we explore and make a case for the significance and advantages of XAI-CF. We strongly emphasize the need to build a successful and practical XAI-CF system and discuss some of the main requirements and prerequisites of such a system. We present a formal definition of the terms CF and XAI-CF and a comprehensive literature review of previous works that apply and utilize XAI to build and increase trust in CF. We discuss some challenges facing XAI-CF. We also provide some concrete solutions to these challenges. We identify key insights and future research directions for building XAI applications for CF. This paper is an effort to explore and familiarize the readers with the role of XAI applications in CF, and we believe that our work provides a promising basis for future researchers interested in XAI-CF.
Position Paper: Assessing Robustness, Privacy, and Fairness in Federated Learning Integrated with Foundation Models
Authors: Xi Li, Jiaqi Wang
Date: 2024-02-02 00:00:00
Tasks: Data Augmentation, Fairness, Federated Learning, Position

Federated Learning (FL), while a breakthrough in decentralized machine learning, contends with significant challenges such as limited data availability and the variability of computational resources, which can stifle the performance and scalability of the models. The integration of Foundation Models (FMs) into FL presents a compelling solution to these issues, with the potential to enhance data richness and reduce computational demands through pre-training and data augmentation. However, this incorporation introduces novel issues in terms of robustness, privacy, and fairness, which have not been sufficiently addressed in the existing research. We make a preliminary investigation into this field by systematically evaluating the implications of FM-FL integration across these dimensions. We analyze the trade-offs involved, uncover the threats and issues introduced by this integration, and propose a set of criteria and strategies for navigating these challenges. Furthermore, we identify potential research directions for advancing this field, laying a foundation for future development in creating reliable, secure, and equitable FL systems.
A Distributionally Robust Optimisation Approach to Fair Credit Scoring
Authors: Pablo Casas, Christophe Mues, Huan Yu
Date: 2024-02-02 00:00:00
Tasks: Fairness

Credit scoring has been catalogued by the European Commission and the Executive Office of the US President as a high-risk classification task, a key concern being the potential harms of making loan approval decisions based on models that would be biased against certain groups. To address this concern, recent credit scoring research has considered a range of fairness-enhancing techniques put forward by the machine learning community to reduce bias and unfair treatment in classification systems. While the definition of fairness or the approach they follow to impose it may vary, most of these techniques, however, disregard the robustness of the results. This can create situations where unfair treatment is effectively corrected in the training set, but when producing out-of-sample classifications, unfair treatment is incurred again. Instead, in this paper, we will investigate how to apply Distributionally Robust Optimisation (DRO) methods to credit scoring, thereby empirically evaluating how they perform in terms of fairness, ability to classify correctly, and the robustness of the solution against changes in the marginal proportions. In so doing, we find DRO methods to provide a substantial improvement in terms of fairness, with almost no loss in performance. These results thus indicate that DRO can improve fairness in credit scoring, provided that further advances are made in efficiently implementing these systems. In addition, our analysis suggests that many of the commonly used fairness metrics are unsuitable for a credit scoring setting, as they depend on the choice of classification threshold.
Extending Interactive Science Exhibits into the Classroom using Anthropomorphized Chatbots and Bloom's Taxonomy
Authors: Yousuf Golding
Date: 2024-02-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Prompt Engineering, Question Generation, Question-Generation

This study explores the use of Generative AI chatbots for transforming public science exhibits into virtual experiences that can extend the engagement of exhibits into the classroom. The broader goal is to increase accessibility of science exhibits, especially for those marginalized in STEM due to various factors, including cultural barriers. We hypothesize that turning exhibits into first-person anthropomorphized chatbots with a personality, like quirky-talking asteroids or comets, can increase engagement and learning. The paper mainly explores if such techniques are possible using Generative AI (e.g. GPT) via prompt engineering alone. The research includes an investigation into the possibility of integrating interactive assessment via question-generation using Bloom's Taxonomy. Initial results indicate that it is possible to combine these techniques. As such, it lays a foundation for future classroom evaluations of such chatbots to gauge their overall efficacy in extending the reach of science exhibitions. The paper concludes by discussing extensions of the research to fully evaluate effectiveness in virtual field-trips. We also include a brief examination of additional ways to enhance student motivation towards learning via chatbots.
Commercial AI, Conflict, and Moral Responsibility: A theoretical analysis and practical approach to the moral responsibilities associated with dual-use AI technology
Authors: Daniel Trusilo, David Danks
Date: 2024-01-30 00:00:00

This paper presents a theoretical analysis and practical approach to the moral responsibilities when developing AI systems for non-military applications that may nonetheless be used for conflict applications. We argue that AI represents a form of crossover technology that is different from previous historical examples of dual- or multi-use technology as it has a multiplicative effect across other technologies. As a result, existing analyses of ethical responsibilities around dual-use technologies do not necessarily work for AI systems. We instead argue that stakeholders involved in the AI system lifecycle are morally responsible for uses of their systems that are reasonably foreseeable. The core idea is that an agent's moral responsibility for some action is not necessarily determined by their intentions alone; we must also consider what the agent could reasonably have foreseen to be potential outcomes of their action, such as the potential use of a system in conflict even when it is not designed for that. In particular, we contend that it is reasonably foreseeable that: (1) civilian AI systems will be applied to active conflict, including conflict support activities, (2) the use of civilian AI systems in conflict will impact applications of the law of armed conflict, and (3) crossover AI technology will be applied to conflicts that fall short of armed conflict. Given these reasonably foreseeably outcomes, we present three technically feasible actions that developers of civilian AIs can take to potentially mitigate their moral responsibility: (a) establishing systematic approaches to multi-perspective capability testing, (b) integrating digital watermarking in model weight matrices, and (c) utilizing monitoring and reporting mechanisms for conflict-related AI applications.
Trust and ethical considerations in a multi-modal, explainable AI-driven chatbot tutoring system: The case of collaboratively solving Rubik's Cube
Authors: Kausik Lakkaraju, Vedant Khandelwal, Biplav Srivastava, Forest Agostinelli, Hengtao Tang, Prathamjeet Singh, Dezhi Wu, Matt Irvin, Ashish Kundu
Date: 2024-01-30 00:00:00
Tasks: Abusive Language, Chatbot, Fairness, Management, Rubik's Cube

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform education with its power of uncovering insights from massive data about student learning patterns. However, ethical and trustworthy concerns of AI have been raised but are unsolved. Prominent ethical issues in high school AI education include data privacy, information leakage, abusive language, and fairness. This paper describes technological components that were built to address ethical and trustworthy concerns in a multi-modal collaborative platform (called ALLURE chatbot) for high school students to collaborate with AI to solve the Rubik's cube. In data privacy, we want to ensure that the informed consent of children, parents, and teachers, is at the center of any data that is managed. Since children are involved, language, whether textual, audio, or visual, is acceptable both from users and AI and the system can steer interaction away from dangerous situations. In information management, we also want to ensure that the system, while learning to improve over time, does not leak information about users from one group to another.
Aalap: AI Assistant for Legal & Paralegal Functions in India
Authors: Aman Tiwari, Prathamesh Kalamkar, Atreyo Banerjee, Saurabh Karn, Varun Hemachandran, Smita Gupta
Date: 2024-01-30 00:00:00
Tasks: Legal Reasoning

Using proprietary Large Language Models on legal tasks poses challenges due to data privacy issues, domain data heterogeneity, domain knowledge sophistication, and domain objectives uniqueness. We created Aalalp, a fine-tuned Mistral 7B model on instructions data related to specific Indian legal tasks. The performance of Aalap is better than gpt-3.5-turbo in 31\% of our test data and obtains an equivalent score in 34\% of the test data as evaluated by GPT4. Training Aalap mainly focuses on teaching legal reasoning rather than legal recall. Aalap is definitely helpful for the day-to-day activities of lawyers, judges, or anyone working in legal systems.
3DG: A Framework for Using Generative AI for Handling Sparse Learner Performance Data From Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Authors: Liang Zhang, Jionghao Lin, Conrad Borchers, Meng Cao, Xiangen Hu
Date: 2024-01-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Generative Adversarial Network, Imputation

Learning performance data (e.g., quiz scores and attempts) is significant for understanding learner engagement and knowledge mastery level. However, the learning performance data collected from Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) often suffers from sparsity, impacting the accuracy of learner modeling and knowledge assessments. To address this, we introduce the 3DG framework (3-Dimensional tensor for Densification and Generation), a novel approach combining tensor factorization with advanced generative models, including Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) and Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT), for enhanced data imputation and augmentation. The framework operates by first representing the data as a three-dimensional tensor, capturing dimensions of learners, questions, and attempts. It then densifies the data through tensor factorization and augments it using Generative AI models, tailored to individual learning patterns identified via clustering. Applied to data from an AutoTutor lesson by the Center for the Study of Adult Literacy (CSAL), the 3DG framework effectively generated scalable, personalized simulations of learning performance. Comparative analysis revealed GAN's superior reliability over GPT-4 in this context, underscoring its potential in addressing data sparsity challenges in ITSs and contributing to the advancement of personalized educational technology.
The Reasoning Under Uncertainty Trap: A Structural AI Risk
Authors: Toby D. Pilditch
Date: 2024-01-29 00:00:00

This report examines a novel risk associated with current (and projected) AI tools. Making effective decisions about future actions requires us to reason under uncertainty (RUU), and doing so is essential to many critical real world problems. Overfaced by this challenge, there is growing demand for AI tools like LLMs to assist decision-makers. Having evidenced this demand and the incentives behind it, we expose a growing risk: we 1) do not currently sufficiently understand LLM capabilities in this regard, and 2) have no guarantees of performance given fundamental computational explosiveness and deep uncertainty constraints on accuracy. This report provides an exposition of what makes RUU so challenging for both humans and machines, and relates these difficulties to prospective AI timelines and capabilities. Having established this current potential misuse risk, we go on to expose how this seemingly additive risk (more misuse additively contributed to potential harm) in fact has multiplicative properties. Specifically, we detail how this misuse risk connects to a wider network of underlying structural risks (e.g., shifting incentives, limited transparency, and feedback loops) to produce non-linear harms. We go on to provide a solutions roadmap that targets multiple leverage points in the structure of the problem. This includes recommendations for all involved actors (prospective users, developers, and policy-makers) and enfolds insights from areas including Decision-making Under Deep Uncertainty and complex systems theory. We argue this report serves not only to raise awareness (and subsequently mitigate/correct) of a current, novel AI risk, but also awareness of the underlying class of structural risks by illustrating how their interconnected nature poses twin-dangers of camouflaging their presence, whilst amplifying their potential effects.
Identifying and Improving Disability Bias in GPT-Based Resume Screening
Authors: Kate Glazko, Yusuf Mohammed, Ben Kosa, Venkatesh Potluri, Jennifer Mankoff
Date: 2024-01-28 00:00:00

As Generative AI rises in adoption, its use has expanded to include domains such as hiring and recruiting. However, without examining the potential of bias, this may negatively impact marginalized populations, including people with disabilities. To address this important concern, we present a resume audit study, in which we ask ChatGPT (specifically, GPT-4) to rank a resume against the same resume enhanced with an additional leadership award, scholarship, panel presentation, and membership that are disability related. We find that GPT-4 exhibits prejudice towards these enhanced CVs. Further, we show that this prejudice can be quantifiably reduced by training a custom GPTs on principles of DEI and disability justice. Our study also includes a unique qualitative analysis of the types of direct and indirect ableism GPT-4 uses to justify its biased decisions and suggest directions for additional bias mitigation work. Additionally, since these justifications are presumably drawn from training data containing real-world biased statements made by humans, our analysis suggests additional avenues for understanding and addressing human bias.