pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Interpretable Uncertainty Quantification in AI for HEP
Authors: Thomas Y. Chen, Biprateep Dey, Aishik Ghosh, Michael Kagan, Brian Nord, Nesar Ramachandra
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00
Tasks: Decision Making, Uncertainty Quantification

Estimating uncertainty is at the core of performing scientific measurements in HEP: a measurement is not useful without an estimate of its uncertainty. The goal of uncertainty quantification (UQ) is inextricably linked to the question, "how do we physically and statistically interpret these uncertainties?" The answer to this question depends not only on the computational task we aim to undertake, but also on the methods we use for that task. For artificial intelligence (AI) applications in HEP, there are several areas where interpretable methods for UQ are essential, including inference, simulation, and control/decision-making. There exist some methods for each of these areas, but they have not yet been demonstrated to be as trustworthy as more traditional approaches currently employed in physics (e.g., non-AI frequentist and Bayesian methods). Shedding light on the questions above requires additional understanding of the interplay of AI systems and uncertainty quantification. We briefly discuss the existing methods in each area and relate them to tasks across HEP. We then discuss recommendations for avenues to pursue to develop the necessary techniques for reliable widespread usage of AI with UQ over the next decade.
Accelerating discrete dislocation dynamics simulations with graph neural networks
Authors: Nicolas Bertin, Fei Zhou
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00
Tasks: Graph Neural Network

Discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) is a widely employed computational method to study plasticity at the mesoscale that connects the motion of dislocation lines to the macroscopic response of crystalline materials. However, the computational cost of DDD simulations remains a bottleneck that limits its range of applicability. Here, we introduce a new DDD-GNN framework in which the expensive time-integration of dislocation motion is entirely substituted by a graph neural network (GNN) model trained on DDD trajectories. As a first application, we demonstrate the feasibility and potential of our method on a simple yet relevant model of a dislocation line gliding through an array of obstacles. We show that the DDD-GNN model is stable and reproduces very well unseen ground-truth DDD simulation responses for a range of straining rates and obstacle densities, without the need to explicitly compute nodal forces or dislocation mobilities during time-integration. Our approach opens new promising avenues to accelerate DDD simulations and to incorporate more complex dislocation motion behaviors.
A Non-Asymptotic Framework for Approximate Message Passing in Spiked Models
Authors: Gen Li, Yuting Wei
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00

Approximate message passing (AMP) emerges as an effective iterative paradigm for solving high-dimensional statistical problems. However, prior AMP theory -- which focused mostly on high-dimensional asymptotics -- fell short of predicting the AMP dynamics when the number of iterations surpasses $o\big(\frac{\log n}{\log\log n}\big)$ (with $n$ the problem dimension). To address this inadequacy, this paper develops a non-asymptotic framework for understanding AMP in spiked matrix estimation. Built upon new decomposition of AMP updates and controllable residual terms, we lay out an analysis recipe to characterize the finite-sample behavior of AMP in the presence of an independent initialization, which is further generalized to allow for spectral initialization. As two concrete consequences of the proposed analysis recipe: (i) when solving $\mathbb{Z}_2$ synchronization, we predict the behavior of spectrally initialized AMP for up to $O\big(\frac{n}{\mathrm{poly}\log n}\big)$ iterations, showing that the algorithm succeeds without the need of a subsequent refinement stage (as conjectured recently by \citet{celentano2021local}); (ii) we characterize the non-asymptotic behavior of AMP in sparse PCA (in the spiked Wigner model) for a broad range of signal-to-noise ratio.
Towards No.1 in CLUE Semantic Matching Challenge: Pre-trained Language Model Erlangshen with Propensity-Corrected Loss
Authors: Junjie Wang, Yuxiang Zhang, Ping Yang, Ruyi Gan
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00
Tasks: Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Masked Language Modeling

This report describes a pre-trained language model Erlangshen with propensity-corrected loss, the No.1 in CLUE Semantic Matching Challenge. In the pre-training stage, we construct a dynamic masking strategy based on knowledge in Masked Language Modeling (MLM) with whole word masking. Furthermore, by observing the specific structure of the dataset, the pre-trained Erlangshen applies propensity-corrected loss (PCL) in the fine-tuning phase. Overall, we achieve 72.54 points in F1 Score and 78.90 points in Accuracy on the test set. Our code is publicly available at: https://github.com/IDEA-CCNL/Fengshenbang-LM/tree/hf-ds/fengshen/examples/clue_sim.
Phrase translation using a bilingual dictionary and n-gram data: A case study from Vietnamese to English
Authors: Khang Nhut Lam, Feras Al Tarouti, Jugal Kalita
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00
Proceeding: WS 2015 6

Past approaches to translate a phrase in a language L1 to a language L2 using a dictionary-based approach require grammar rules to restructure initial translations. This paper introduces a novel method without using any grammar rules to translate a given phrase in L1, which does not exist in the dictionary, to L2. We require at least one L1-L2 bilingual dictionary and n-gram data in L2. The average manual evaluation score of our translations is 4.29/5.00, which implies very high quality.
ChiQA: A Large Scale Image-based Real-World Question Answering Dataset for Multi-Modal Understanding
Authors: Bingning Wang, Feiyang Lv, Ting Yao, Yiming Yuan, Jin Ma, Yu Luo, Haijin Liang
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Retrieval, Question Answering, Retrieval, Visual Question Answering, Visual Question Answering (VQA)

Visual question answering is an important task in both natural language and vision understanding. However, in most of the public visual question answering datasets such as VQA, CLEVR, the questions are human generated that specific to the given image, such as `What color are her eyes?'. The human generated crowdsourcing questions are relatively simple and sometimes have the bias toward certain entities or attributes. In this paper, we introduce a new question answering dataset based on image-ChiQA. It contains the real-world queries issued by internet users, combined with several related open-domain images. The system should determine whether the image could answer the question or not. Different from previous VQA datasets, the questions are real-world image-independent queries that are more various and unbiased. Compared with previous image-retrieval or image-caption datasets, the ChiQA not only measures the relatedness but also measures the answerability, which demands more fine-grained vision and language reasoning. ChiQA contains more than 40K questions and more than 200K question-images pairs. A three-level 2/1/0 label is assigned to each pair indicating perfect answer, partially answer and irrelevant. Data analysis shows ChiQA requires a deep understanding of both language and vision, including grounding, comparisons, and reading. We evaluate several state-of-the-art visual-language models such as ALBEF, demonstrating that there is still a large room for improvements on ChiQA.
Large vocabulary speech recognition for languages of Africa: multilingual modeling and self-supervised learning
Authors: Sandy Ritchie, You-Chi Cheng, Mingqing Chen, Rajiv Mathews, Daan van Esch, Bo Li, Khe Chai Sim
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00
Tasks: Automatic Speech Recognition, Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Self-Supervised Learning, speech-recognition, Speech Recognition

Almost none of the 2,000+ languages spoken in Africa have widely available automatic speech recognition systems, and the required data is also only available for a few languages. We have experimented with two techniques which may provide pathways to large vocabulary speech recognition for African languages: multilingual modeling and self-supervised learning. We gathered available open source data and collected data for 15 languages, and trained experimental models using these techniques. Our results show that pooling the small amounts of data available in multilingual end-to-end models, and pre-training on unsupervised data can help improve speech recognition quality for many African languages.
Low-Resource Dense Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answering: A Comprehensive Survey
Authors: Xiaoyu Shen, Svitlana Vakulenko, Marco del Tredici, Gianni Barlacchi, Bill Byrne, Adrià De Gispert
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00
Tasks: Open-Domain Question Answering, Question Answering, Retrieval

Dense retrieval (DR) approaches based on powerful pre-trained language models (PLMs) achieved significant advances and have become a key component for modern open-domain question-answering systems. However, they require large amounts of manual annotations to perform competitively, which is infeasible to scale. To address this, a growing body of research works have recently focused on improving DR performance under low-resource scenarios. These works differ in what resources they require for training and employ a diverse set of techniques. Understanding such differences is crucial for choosing the right technique under a specific low-resource scenario. To facilitate this understanding, we provide a thorough structured overview of mainstream techniques for low-resource DR. Based on their required resources, we divide the techniques into three main categories: (1) only documents are needed; (2) documents and questions are needed; and (3) documents and question-answer pairs are needed. For every technique, we introduce its general-form algorithm, highlight the open issues and pros and cons. Promising directions are outlined for future research.
Construction of English Resume Corpus and Test with Pre-trained Language Models
Authors: Chengguang Gan, Tatsunori Mori
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00
Tasks: Classification, Sentence, Sentence Classification

Information extraction(IE) has always been one of the essential tasks of NLP. Moreover, one of the most critical application scenarios of information extraction is the information extraction of resumes. Constructed text is obtained by classifying each part of the resume. It is convenient to store these texts for later search and analysis. Furthermore, the constructed resume data can also be used in the AI resume screening system. Significantly reduce the labor cost of HR. This study aims to transform the information extraction task of resumes into a simple sentence classification task. Based on the English resume dataset produced by the prior study. The classification rules are improved to create a larger and more fine-grained classification dataset of resumes. This corpus is also used to test some current mainstream Pre-training language models (PLMs) performance.Furthermore, in order to explore the relationship between the number of training samples and the correctness rate of the resume dataset, we also performed comparison experiments with training sets of different train set sizes.The final multiple experimental results show that the resume dataset with improved annotation rules and increased sample size of the dataset improves the accuracy of the original resume dataset.
Improving Task Generalization via Unified Schema Prompt
Authors: Wanjun Zhong, Yifan Gao, Ning Ding, Zhiyuan Liu, Ming Zhou, Jiahai Wang, Jian Yin, Nan Duan
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00

Task generalization has been a long standing challenge in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Recent research attempts to improve the task generalization ability of pre-trained language models by mapping NLP tasks into human-readable prompted forms. However, these approaches require laborious and inflexible manual collection of prompts, and different prompts on the same downstream task may receive unstable performance. We propose Unified Schema Prompt, a flexible and extensible prompting method, which automatically customizes the learnable prompts for each task according to the task input schema. It models the shared knowledge between tasks, while keeping the characteristics of different task schema, and thus enhances task generalization ability. The schema prompt takes the explicit data structure of each task to formulate prompts so that little human effort is involved. To test the task generalization ability of schema prompt at scale, we conduct schema prompt-based multitask pre-training on a wide variety of general NLP tasks. The framework achieves strong zero-shot and few-shot generalization performance on 16 unseen downstream tasks from 8 task types (e.g., QA, NLI, etc). Furthermore, comprehensive analyses demonstrate the effectiveness of each component in the schema prompt, its flexibility in task compositionality, and its ability to improve performance under a full-data fine-tuning setting.
Atlas: Few-shot Learning with Retrieval Augmented Language Models
Authors: Gautier Izacard, Patrick Lewis, Maria Lomeli, Lucas Hosseini, Fabio Petroni, Timo Schick, Jane Dwivedi-Yu, Armand Joulin, Sebastian Riedel, Edouard Grave
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00
Tasks: Fact Checking, Few-Shot Learning, Information Retrieval, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, MMLU, Multi-task Language Understanding, Natural Questions, Open-Domain Question Answering, Question Answering, Retrieval

Large language models have shown impressive few-shot results on a wide range of tasks. However, when knowledge is key for such results, as is the case for tasks such as question answering and fact checking, massive parameter counts to store knowledge seem to be needed. Retrieval augmented models are known to excel at knowledge intensive tasks without the need for as many parameters, but it is unclear whether they work in few-shot settings. In this work we present Atlas, a carefully designed and pre-trained retrieval augmented language model able to learn knowledge intensive tasks with very few training examples. We perform evaluations on a wide range of tasks, including MMLU, KILT and NaturalQuestions, and study the impact of the content of the document index, showing that it can easily be updated. Notably, Atlas reaches over 42% accuracy on Natural Questions using only 64 examples, outperforming a 540B parameters model by 3% despite having 50x fewer parameters.
Branch-Train-Merge: Embarrassingly Parallel Training of Expert Language Models
Authors: Margaret Li, Suchin Gururangan, Tim Dettmers, Mike Lewis, Tim Althoff, Noah A. Smith, Luke Zettlemoyer
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00

We present Branch-Train-Merge (BTM), a communication-efficient algorithm for embarrassingly parallel training of large language models (LLMs). We show it is possible to independently train subparts of a new class of LLMs on different subsets of the data, eliminating the massive multi-node synchronization currently required to train LLMs. BTM learns a set of independent expert LMs (ELMs), each specialized to a different textual domain, such as scientific or legal text. These ELMs can be added and removed to update data coverage, ensembled to generalize to new domains, or averaged to collapse back to a single LM for efficient inference. New ELMs are learned by branching from (mixtures of) ELMs in the current set, further training the parameters on data for the new domain, and then merging the resulting model back into the set for future use. Experiments show that BTM improves in- and out-of-domain perplexities as compared to GPT-style Transformer LMs, when controlling for training cost. Through extensive analysis, we show that these results are robust to different ELM initialization schemes, but require expert domain specialization; LM ensembles with random data splits do not perform well. We also present a study of scaling BTM into a new corpus of 64 domains (192B whitespace-separated tokens in total); the resulting LM (22.4B total parameters) performs as well as a Transformer LM trained with 2.5 times more compute. These gains grow with the number of domains, suggesting more aggressive parallelism could be used to efficiently train larger models in future work.
Covariant-Contravariant Refinement Modal $μ$-calculus
Authors: Huili Xing
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00

The notion of covariant-contravariant refinement (CC-refinement, for short) is a generalization of the notions of bisimulation, simulation and refinement. This paper introduces CC-refinement modal $\mu$-calculus (CCRML$^{\mu}$) obtained from the modal $\mu$-calculus system K$^{\mu}$ by adding CC-refinement quantifiers, establishes an axiom system for CCRML$^{\mu}$ and explores the important properties: soundness, completeness and decidability of this axiom system. The language of CCRML$^{\mu}$ may be considered as a specification language for describing the properties of a system referring to reactive and generative actions. It may be used to formalize some interesting problems in the field of formal methods.
Hybrid Multimodal Feature Extraction, Mining and Fusion for Sentiment Analysis
Authors: Jia Li, Ziyang Zhang, Junjie Lang, Yueqi Jiang, Liuwei An, Peng Zou, Yangyang Xu, Sheng Gao, Jie Lin, Chunxiao Fan, Xiao Sun, Meng Wang
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00
Tasks: Data Augmentation, Humor Detection, Multimodal Sentiment Analysis, Sentiment Analysis

In this paper, we present our solutions for the Multimodal Sentiment Analysis Challenge (MuSe) 2022, which includes MuSe-Humor, MuSe-Reaction and MuSe-Stress Sub-challenges. The MuSe 2022 focuses on humor detection, emotional reactions and multimodal emotional stress utilizing different modalities and data sets. In our work, different kinds of multimodal features are extracted, including acoustic, visual, text and biological features. These features are fused by TEMMA and GRU with self-attention mechanism frameworks. In this paper, 1) several new audio features, facial expression features and paragraph-level text embeddings are extracted for accuracy improvement. 2) we substantially improve the accuracy and reliability of multimodal sentiment prediction by mining and blending the multimodal features. 3) effective data augmentation strategies are applied in model training to alleviate the problem of sample imbalance and prevent the model from learning biased subject characters. For the MuSe-Humor sub-challenge, our model obtains the AUC score of 0.8932. For the MuSe-Reaction sub-challenge, the Pearson's Correlations Coefficient of our approach on the test set is 0.3879, which outperforms all other participants. For the MuSe-Stress sub-challenge, our approach outperforms the baseline in both arousal and valence on the test dataset, reaching a final combined result of 0.5151.
Knowledge Authoring with Factual English
Authors: Yuheng Wang, Giorgian Borca-Tasciuc, Nikhil Goel, Paul Fodor, Michael Kifer
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00
Tasks: Lemmatization, Part-Of-Speech Tagging

Knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR) systems represent knowledge as collections of facts and rules. Like databases, KRR systems contain information about domains of human activities like industrial enterprises, science, and business. KRRs can represent complex concepts and relations, and they can query and manipulate information in sophisticated ways. Unfortunately, the KRR technology has been hindered by the fact that specifying the requisite knowledge requires skills that most domain experts do not have, and professional knowledge engineers are hard to find. One solution could be to extract knowledge from English text, and a number of works have attempted to do so (OpenSesame, Google's Sling, etc.). Unfortunately, at present, extraction of logical facts from unrestricted natural language is still too inaccurate to be used for reasoning, while restricting the grammar of the language (so-called controlled natural language, or CNL) is hard for the users to learn and use. Nevertheless, some recent CNL-based approaches, such as the Knowledge Authoring Logic Machine (KALM), have shown to have very high accuracy compared to others, and a natural question is to what extent the CNL restrictions can be lifted. In this paper, we address this issue by transplanting the KALM framework to a neural natural language parser, mStanza. Here we limit our attention to authoring facts and queries and therefore our focus is what we call factual English statements. Authoring other types of knowledge, such as rules, will be considered in our followup work. As it turns out, neural network based parsers have problems of their own and the mistakes they make range from part-of-speech tagging to lemmatization to dependency errors. We present a number of techniques for combating these problems and test the new system, KALMFL (i.e., KALM for factual language), on a number of benchmarks, which show KALMFL achieves correctness in excess of 95%.
Neural Network Verification using Residual Reasoning
Authors: Yizhak Yisrael Elboher, Elazar Cohen, Guy Katz
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00

With the increasing integration of neural networks as components in mission-critical systems, there is an increasing need to ensure that they satisfy various safety and liveness requirements. In recent years, numerous sound and complete verification methods have been proposed towards that end, but these typically suffer from severe scalability limitations. Recent work has proposed enhancing such verification techniques with abstraction-refinement capabilities, which have been shown to boost scalability: instead of verifying a large and complex network, the verifier constructs and then verifies a much smaller network, whose correctness implies the correctness of the original network. A shortcoming of such a scheme is that if verifying the smaller network fails, the verifier needs to perform a refinement step that increases the size of the network being verified, and then start verifying the new network from scratch - effectively "wasting" its earlier work on verifying the smaller network. In this paper, we present an enhancement to abstraction-based verification of neural networks, by using residual reasoning: the process of utilizing information acquired when verifying an abstract network, in order to expedite the verification of a refined network. In essence, the method allows the verifier to store information about parts of the search space in which the refined network is guaranteed to behave correctly, and allows it to focus on areas where bugs might be discovered. We implemented our approach as an extension to the Marabou verifier, and obtained promising results.
Non-Asymptotic Analysis of Ensemble Kalman Updates: Effective Dimension and Localization
Authors: Omar Al Ghattas, Daniel Sanz-Alonso
Date: 2022-08-05 00:00:00

Many modern algorithms for inverse problems and data assimilation rely on ensemble Kalman updates to blend prior predictions with observed data. Ensemble Kalman methods often perform well with a small ensemble size, which is essential in applications where generating each particle is costly. This paper develops a non-asymptotic analysis of ensemble Kalman updates that rigorously explains why a small ensemble size suffices if the prior covariance has moderate effective dimension due to fast spectrum decay or approximate sparsity. We present our theory in a unified framework, comparing several implementations of ensemble Kalman updates that use perturbed observations, square root filtering, and localization. As part of our analysis, we develop new dimension-free covariance estimation bounds for approximately sparse matrices that may be of independent interest.