pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Detection of depression on social networks using transformers and ensembles
Authors: Ilija Tavchioski, Marko Robnik-Šikonja, Senja Pollak
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Depression Detection, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Transfer Learning

As the impact of technology on our lives is increasing, we witness increased use of social media that became an essential tool not only for communication but also for sharing information with community about our thoughts and feelings. This can be observed also for people with mental health disorders such as depression where they use social media for expressing their thoughts and asking for help. This opens a possibility to automatically process social media posts and detect signs of depression. We build several large pre-trained language model based classifiers for depression detection from social media posts. Besides fine-tuning BERT, RoBERTA, BERTweet, and mentalBERT were also construct two types of ensembles. We analyze the performance of our models on two data sets of posts from social platforms Reddit and Twitter, and investigate also the performance of transfer learning across the two data sets. The results show that transformer ensembles improve over the single transformer-based classifiers.
Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Classification of Microscopical Starch Images for Drug Formulation
Authors: Marvellous Ajala, Blessing Oko, David Oba-Fidelis, Joycelyn Iyasele, Joy I. Odimegwu
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Transfer Learning

Starches are important energy sources found in plants with many uses in the pharmaceutical industry such as binders, disintegrants, bulking agents in drugs and thus require very careful physicochemical analysis for proper identification and verification which includes microscopy. In this work, we applied artificial intelligence techniques (using transfer learning and deep convolution neural network CNNs to microscopical images obtained from 9 starch samples of different botanical sources. Our approach obtained an accuracy of 61% when the machine learning model was pretrained on microscopic images from MicroNet dataset. However the accuracy jumped to 81% for model pretrained on random day to day images obtained from Imagenet dataset. The model pretrained on the imagenet dataset also showed a better precision, recall and f1 score than that pretrained on the imagenet dataset.
Structured Sentiment Analysis as Transition-based Dependency Parsing
Authors: Daniel Fernández-González
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Dependency Parsing, Sentence, Sentiment Analysis, Transition-Based Dependency Parsing

Structured sentiment analysis (SSA) aims to automatically extract people's opinions from a text in natural language and adequately represent that information in a graph structure. One of the most accurate methods for performing SSA was recently proposed and consists of approaching it as a dependency parsing task. Although we can find in the literature how transition-based algorithms excel in dependency parsing in terms of accuracy and efficiency, all proposed attempts to tackle SSA following that approach were based on graph-based models. In this article, we present the first transition-based method to address SSA as dependency parsing. Specifically, we design a transition system that processes the input text in a left-to-right pass, incrementally generating the graph structure containing all identified opinions. To effectively implement our final transition-based model, we resort to a Pointer Network architecture as a backbone. From an extensive evaluation, we demonstrate that our model offers the best performance to date in practically all cases among prior dependency-based methods, and surpass recent task-specific techniques on the most challenging datasets. We additionally include an in-depth analysis and empirically prove that the overall time-complexity cost of our approach is quadratic in the sentence length, being more efficient than top-performing graph-based parsers.
VCSUM: A Versatile Chinese Meeting Summarization Dataset
Authors: Han Wu, Mingjie Zhan, Haochen Tan, Zhaohui Hou, Ding Liang, Linqi Song
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Meeting Summarization, Retrieval, Segmentation

Compared to news and chat summarization, the development of meeting summarization is hugely decelerated by the limited data. To this end, we introduce a versatile Chinese meeting summarization dataset, dubbed VCSum, consisting of 239 real-life meetings, with a total duration of over 230 hours. We claim our dataset is versatile because we provide the annotations of topic segmentation, headlines, segmentation summaries, overall meeting summaries, and salient sentences for each meeting transcript. As such, the dataset can adapt to various summarization tasks or methods, including segmentation-based summarization, multi-granularity summarization and retrieval-then-generate summarization. Our analysis confirms the effectiveness and robustness of VCSum. We also provide a set of benchmark models regarding different downstream summarization tasks on VCSum to facilitate further research. The dataset and code will be released at https://github.com/hahahawu/VCSum.
Learning to Personalize Recommendation based on Customers' Shopping Intents
Authors: Xin Shen, Jiaying Shi, Sungro Yoon, Jon Katzur, Hanbo Wang, Jim Chan, Jin Li
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00

Understanding the customers' high level shopping intent, such as their desire to go camping or hold a birthday party, is critically important for an E-commerce platform; it can help boost the quality of shopping experience by enabling provision of more relevant, explainable, and diversified recommendations. However, such high level shopping intent has been overlooked in the industry due to practical challenges. In this work, we introduce Amazon's new system that explicitly identifies and utilizes each customer's high level shopping intents for personalizing recommendations. We develop a novel technique that automatically identifies various high level goals being pursued by the Amazon customers, such as "go camping", and "preparing for a beach party". Our solution is in a scalable fashion (in 14 languages across 21 countries). Then a deep learning model maps each customer's online behavior, e.g. product search and individual item engagements, into a subset of high level shopping intents. Finally, a realtime ranker considers both the identified intents as well as the granular engagements to present personalized intent-aware recommendations. Extensive offline analysis ensures accuracy and relevance of the new recommendations and we further observe an 10% improvement in the business metrics. This system is currently serving online traffic at amazon.com, powering several production features, driving significant business impacts
Rotation Synchronization via Deep Matrix Factorization
Authors: Gk Tejus, Giacomo Zara, Paolo Rota, Andrea Fusiello, Elisa Ricci, Federica Arrigoni
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Matrix Completion, Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

In this paper we address the rotation synchronization problem, where the objective is to recover absolute rotations starting from pairwise ones, where the unknowns and the measures are represented as nodes and edges of a graph, respectively. This problem is an essential task for structure from motion and simultaneous localization and mapping. We focus on the formulation of synchronization via neural networks, which has only recently begun to be explored in the literature. Inspired by deep matrix completion, we express rotation synchronization in terms of matrix factorization with a deep neural network. Our formulation exhibits implicit regularization properties and, more importantly, is unsupervised, whereas previous deep approaches are supervised. Our experiments show that we achieve comparable accuracy to the closest competitors in most scenes, while working under weaker assumptions.
Survey of Federated Learning Models for Spatial-Temporal Mobility Applications
Authors: Yacine Belal, Sonia Ben Mokhtar, Hamed Haddadi, Jaron Wang, Afra Mashhadi
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Community Detection, Federated Learning, Recommendation Systems, Traffic Prediction

Federated learning involves training statistical models over edge devices such as mobile phones such that the training data is kept local. Federated Learning (FL) can serve as an ideal candidate for training spatial temporal models that rely on heterogeneous and potentially massive numbers of participants while preserving the privacy of highly sensitive location data. However, there are unique challenges involved with transitioning existing spatial temporal models to decentralized learning. In this survey paper, we review the existing literature that has proposed FL-based models for predicting human mobility, traffic prediction, community detection, location-based recommendation systems, and other spatial-temporal tasks. We describe the metrics and datasets these works have been using and create a baseline of these approaches in comparison to the centralized settings. Finally, we discuss the challenges of applying spatial-temporal models in a decentralized setting and by highlighting the gaps in the literature we provide a road map and opportunities for the research community.
Distilling Script Knowledge from Large Language Models for Constrained Language Planning
Authors: Siyu Yuan, Jiangjie Chen, Ziquan Fu, Xuyang Ge, Soham Shah, Charles Robert Jankowski, Yanghua Xiao, Deqing Yang
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Knowledge Distillation

In everyday life, humans often plan their actions by following step-by-step instructions in the form of goal-oriented scripts. Previous work has exploited language models (LMs) to plan for abstract goals of stereotypical activities (e.g., "make a cake"), but leaves more specific goals with multi-facet constraints understudied (e.g., "make a cake for diabetics"). In this paper, we define the task of constrained language planning for the first time. We propose an overgenerate-then-filter approach to improve large language models (LLMs) on this task, and use it to distill a novel constrained language planning dataset, CoScript, which consists of 55,000 scripts. Empirical results demonstrate that our method significantly improves the constrained language planning ability of LLMs, especially on constraint faithfulness. Furthermore, CoScript is demonstrated to be quite effective in endowing smaller LMs with constrained language planning ability.
Leveraging Generative AI Models for Synthetic Data Generation in Healthcare: Balancing Research and Privacy
Authors: Aryan Jadon, Shashank Kumar
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Synthetic Data Generation

The widespread adoption of electronic health records and digital healthcare data has created a demand for data-driven insights to enhance patient outcomes, diagnostics, and treatments. However, using real patient data presents privacy and regulatory challenges, including compliance with HIPAA and GDPR. Synthetic data generation, using generative AI models like GANs and VAEs offers a promising solution to balance valuable data access and patient privacy protection. In this paper, we examine generative AI models for creating realistic, anonymized patient data for research and training, explore synthetic data applications in healthcare, and discuss its benefits, challenges, and future research directions. Synthetic data has the potential to revolutionize healthcare by providing anonymized patient data while preserving privacy and enabling versatile applications.
Learnable Behavior Control: Breaking Atari Human World Records via Sample-Efficient Behavior Selection
Authors: Jiajun Fan, Yuzheng Zhuang, Yuecheng Liu, Jianye Hao, Bin Wang, Jiangcheng Zhu, Hao Wang, Shu-Tao Xia
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Atari Games, Deep Reinforcement Learning, Diversity, Reinforcement Learning (RL)

The exploration problem is one of the main challenges in deep reinforcement learning (RL). Recent promising works tried to handle the problem with population-based methods, which collect samples with diverse behaviors derived from a population of different exploratory policies. Adaptive policy selection has been adopted for behavior control. However, the behavior selection space is largely limited by the predefined policy population, which further limits behavior diversity. In this paper, we propose a general framework called Learnable Behavioral Control (LBC) to address the limitation, which a) enables a significantly enlarged behavior selection space via formulating a hybrid behavior mapping from all policies; b) constructs a unified learnable process for behavior selection. We introduce LBC into distributed off-policy actor-critic methods and achieve behavior control via optimizing the selection of the behavior mappings with bandit-based meta-controllers. Our agents have achieved 10077.52% mean human normalized score and surpassed 24 human world records within 1B training frames in the Arcade Learning Environment, which demonstrates our significant state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance without degrading the sample efficiency.
FedNoRo: Towards Noise-Robust Federated Learning by Addressing Class Imbalance and Label Noise Heterogeneity
Authors: Nannan Wu, Li Yu, Xuefeng Jiang, Kwang-Ting Cheng, Zengqiang Yan
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Federated Learning, Knowledge Distillation, Privacy Preserving

Federated noisy label learning (FNLL) is emerging as a promising tool for privacy-preserving multi-source decentralized learning. Existing research, relying on the assumption of class-balanced global data, might be incapable to model complicated label noise, especially in medical scenarios. In this paper, we first formulate a new and more realistic federated label noise problem where global data is class-imbalanced and label noise is heterogeneous, and then propose a two-stage framework named FedNoRo for noise-robust federated learning. Specifically, in the first stage of FedNoRo, per-class loss indicators followed by Gaussian Mixture Model are deployed for noisy client identification. In the second stage, knowledge distillation and a distance-aware aggregation function are jointly adopted for noise-robust federated model updating. Experimental results on the widely-used ICH and ISIC2019 datasets demonstrate the superiority of FedNoRo against the state-of-the-art FNLL methods for addressing class imbalance and label noise heterogeneity in real-world FL scenarios.
Semantic Embedded Deep Neural Network: A Generic Approach to Boost Multi-Label Image Classification Performance
Authors: Xin Shen, Xiaonan Zhao, Rui Luo
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Attribute, Classification, image-classification, Image Classification, Multi-Label Classification, MUlTI-LABEL-ClASSIFICATION, Multi-Label Image Classification

Fine-grained multi-label classification models have broad applications in e-commerce, such as visual based label predictions ranging from fashion attribute detection to brand recognition. One challenge to achieve satisfactory performance for those classification tasks in real world is the wild visual background signal that contains irrelevant pixels which confuses model to focus onto the region of interest and make prediction upon the specific region. In this paper, we introduce a generic semantic-embedding deep neural network to apply the spatial awareness semantic feature incorporating a channel-wise attention based model to leverage the localization guidance to boost model performance for multi-label prediction. We observed an Avg.relative improvement of 15.27% in terms of AUC score across all labels compared to the baseline approach. Core experiment and ablation studies involve multi-label fashion attribute classification performed on Instagram fashion apparels' image. We compared the model performances among our approach, baseline approach, and 3 alternative approaches to leverage semantic features. Results show favorable performance for our approach.
FishRecGAN: An End to End GAN Based Network for Fisheye Rectification and Calibration
Authors: Xin Shen, Kyungdon Joo, Jean Oh
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00

We propose an end-to-end deep learning approach to rectify fisheye images and simultaneously calibrate camera intrinsic and distortion parameters. Our method consists of two parts: a Quick Image Rectification Module developed with a Pix2Pix GAN and Wasserstein GAN (W-Pix2PixGAN), and a Calibration Module with a CNN architecture. Our Quick Rectification Network performs robust rectification with good resolution, making it suitable for constant calibration in camera-based surveillance equipment. To achieve high-quality calibration, we use the straightened output from the Quick Rectification Module as a guidance-like semantic feature map for the Calibration Module to learn the geometric relationship between the straightened feature and the distorted feature. We train and validate our method with a large synthesized dataset labeled with well-simulated parameters applied to a perspective image dataset. Our solution has achieved robust performance in high-resolution with a significant PSNR value of 22.343.
LSAS: Lightweight Sub-attention Strategy for Alleviating Attention Bias Problem
Authors: Shanshan Zhong, Wushao Wen, Jinghui Qin, Qiangpu Chen, Zhongzhan Huang
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00

In computer vision, the performance of deep neural networks (DNNs) is highly related to the feature extraction ability, i.e., the ability to recognize and focus on key pixel regions in an image. However, in this paper, we quantitatively and statistically illustrate that DNNs have a serious attention bias problem on many samples from some popular datasets: (1) Position bias: DNNs fully focus on label-independent regions; (2) Range bias: The focused regions from DNN are not completely contained in the ideal region. Moreover, we find that the existing self-attention modules can alleviate these biases to a certain extent, but the biases are still non-negligible. To further mitigate them, we propose a lightweight sub-attention strategy (LSAS), which utilizes high-order sub-attention modules to improve the original self-attention modules. The effectiveness of LSAS is demonstrated by extensive experiments on widely-used benchmark datasets and popular attention networks. We release our code to help other researchers to reproduce the results of LSAS~\footnote{https://github.com/Qrange-group/LSAS}.
COLA: Contextualized Commonsense Causal Reasoning from the Causal Inference Perspective
Authors: Zhaowei Wang, Quyet V. Do, Hongming Zhang, Jiayao Zhang, Weiqi Wang, Tianqing Fang, Yangqiu Song, Ginny Y. Wong, Simon See
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Causal Inference, CoLA, Commonsense Causal Reasoning

Detecting commonsense causal relations (causation) between events has long been an essential yet challenging task. Given that events are complicated, an event may have different causes under various contexts. Thus, exploiting context plays an essential role in detecting causal relations. Meanwhile, previous works about commonsense causation only consider two events and ignore their context, simplifying the task formulation. This paper proposes a new task to detect commonsense causation between two events in an event sequence (i.e., context), called contextualized commonsense causal reasoning. We also design a zero-shot framework: COLA (Contextualized Commonsense Causality Reasoner) to solve the task from the causal inference perspective. This framework obtains rich incidental supervision from temporality and balances covariates from multiple timestamps to remove confounding effects. Our extensive experiments show that COLA can detect commonsense causality more accurately than baselines.
DeepFire2: A Convolutional Spiking Neural Network Accelerator on FPGAs
Authors: Myat Thu Linn Aung, Daniel Gerlinghoff, Chuping Qu, Liwei Yang, Tian Huang, Rick Siow Mong Goh, Tao Luo, Weng-Fai Wong
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00

Brain-inspired spiking neural networks (SNNs) replace the multiply-accumulate operations of traditional neural networks by integrate-and-fire neurons, with the goal of achieving greater energy efficiency. Specialized hardware implementations of those neurons clearly have advantages over general-purpose devices in terms of power and performance, but exhibit poor scalability when it comes to accelerating large neural networks. DeepFire2 introduces a hardware architecture which can map large network layers efficiently across multiple super logic regions in a multi-die FPGA. That gives more control over resource allocation and parallelism, benefiting both throughput and energy consumption. Avoiding the use of lookup tables to implement the AND operations of an SNN, prevents the layer size to be limited by logic resources. A deep pipeline does not only lead to an increased clock speed of up to 600 MHz. We double the throughput and power efficiency compared to our previous version of DeepFire, which equates to an almost 10-fold improvement over other previous implementations. Importantly, we are able to deploy a large ImageNet model, while maintaining a throughput of over 1500 frames per second.
CSED: A Chinese Semantic Error Diagnosis Corpus
Authors: Bo Sun, Baoxin Wang, YiXuan Wang, Wanxiang Che, Dayong Wu, Shijin Wang, Ting Liu
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00

Recently, much Chinese text error correction work has focused on Chinese Spelling Check (CSC) and Chinese Grammatical Error Diagnosis (CGED). In contrast, little attention has been paid to the complicated problem of Chinese Semantic Error Diagnosis (CSED), which lacks relevant datasets. The study of semantic errors is important because they are very common and may lead to syntactic irregularities or even problems of comprehension. To investigate this, we build the CSED corpus, which includes two datasets. The one is for the CSED-Recognition (CSED-R) task. The other is for the CSED-Correction (CSED-C) task. Our annotation guarantees high-quality data through quality assurance mechanisms. Our experiments show that powerful pre-trained models perform poorly on this corpus. We also find that the CSED task is challenging, as evidenced by the fact that even humans receive a low score. This paper proposes syntax-aware models to specifically adapt to the CSED task. The experimental results show that the introduction of the syntax-aware approach is meaningful.
MoT: Memory-of-Thought Enables ChatGPT to Self-Improve
Authors: Xiaonan Li, Xipeng Qiu
Date: 2023-05-09 00:00:00
Tasks: Arithmetic Reasoning, Natural Language Inference

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive abilities in various tasks. However, fundamentally improving them depends on high-quality datasets or computationally expensive fine-tuning. On the contrary, humans can easily improve themselves by self-thinking and memory, without external resources. In this paper, we propose a framework, MoT, to let the LLM self-improve through Memory-of-Thought, without annotated datasets and parameter updates. Specifically, MoT is divided into two stages: 1. before the test stage, the LLM pre-thinks on the unlabeled dataset and saves the high-confidence thoughts as external memory; 2. During the test stage, given a test question, the LLM recalls relevant memory to help itself reason and answer it. Experimental results show that MoT can help ChatGPT significantly improve its abilities in arithmetic reasoning, commonsense reasoning, factual reasoning, and natural language inference. Further analyses show that each component contributes critically to the improvements and MoT can lead to consistent improvements across various CoT methods and LLMs.