pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
TFCNs: A CNN-Transformer Hybrid Network for Medical Image Segmentation
Authors: Zihan Li, Dihan Li, Cangbai Xu, Weice Wang, Qingqi Hong, Qingde Li, Jie Tian
Date: 2022-07-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Segmentation, Medical Image Segmentation, Semantic Segmentation

Medical image segmentation is one of the most fundamental tasks concerning medical information analysis. Various solutions have been proposed so far, including many deep learning-based techniques, such as U-Net, FC-DenseNet, etc. However, high-precision medical image segmentation remains a highly challenging task due to the existence of inherent magnification and distortion in medical images as well as the presence of lesions with similar density to normal tissues. In this paper, we propose TFCNs (Transformers for Fully Convolutional denseNets) to tackle the problem by introducing ResLinear-Transformer (RL-Transformer) and Convolutional Linear Attention Block (CLAB) to FC-DenseNet. TFCNs is not only able to utilize more latent information from the CT images for feature extraction, but also can capture and disseminate semantic features and filter non-semantic features more effectively through the CLAB module. Our experimental results show that TFCNs can achieve state-of-the-art performance with dice scores of 83.72\% on the Synapse dataset. In addition, we evaluate the robustness of TFCNs for lesion area effects on the COVID-19 public datasets. The Python code will be made publicly available on https://github.com/HUANGLIZI/TFCNs.
Learning to restore images degraded by atmospheric turbulence using uncertainty
Authors: Rajeev Yasarla, Vishal M. Patel
Date: 2022-07-07 00:00:00

Atmospheric turbulence can significantly degrade the quality of images acquired by long-range imaging systems by causing spatially and temporally random fluctuations in the index of refraction of the atmosphere. Variations in the refractive index causes the captured images to be geometrically distorted and blurry. Hence, it is important to compensate for the visual degradation in images caused by atmospheric turbulence. In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based approach for restring a single image degraded by atmospheric turbulence. We make use of the epistemic uncertainty based on Monte Carlo dropouts to capture regions in the image where the network is having hard time restoring. The estimated uncertainty maps are then used to guide the network to obtain the restored image. Extensive experiments are conducted on synthetic and real images to show the significance of the proposed work. Code is available at : https://github.com/rajeevyasarla/AT-Net
Back to the Source: Diffusion-Driven Test-Time Adaptation
Authors: Jin Gao, Jialing Zhang, Xihui Liu, Trevor Darrell, Evan Shelhamer, Dequan Wang
Date: 2022-07-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Test-time Adaptation

Test-time adaptation harnesses test inputs to improve the accuracy of a model trained on source data when tested on shifted target data. Existing methods update the source model by (re-)training on each target domain. While effective, re-training is sensitive to the amount and order of the data and the hyperparameters for optimization. We instead update the target data, by projecting all test inputs toward the source domain with a generative diffusion model. Our diffusion-driven adaptation method, DDA, shares its models for classification and generation across all domains. Both models are trained on the source domain, then fixed during testing. We augment diffusion with image guidance and self-ensembling to automatically decide how much to adapt. Input adaptation by DDA is more robust than prior model adaptation approaches across a variety of corruptions, architectures, and data regimes on the ImageNet-C benchmark. With its input-wise updates, DDA succeeds where model adaptation degrades on too little data in small batches, dependent data in non-uniform order, or mixed data with multiple corruptions.
LASSIE: Learning Articulated Shapes from Sparse Image Ensemble via 3D Part Discovery
Authors: Chun-Han Yao, Wei-Chih Hung, Yuanzhen Li, Michael Rubinstein, Ming-Hsuan Yang, Varun Jampani
Date: 2022-07-07 00:00:00

Creating high-quality articulated 3D models of animals is challenging either via manual creation or using 3D scanning tools. Therefore, techniques to reconstruct articulated 3D objects from 2D images are crucial and highly useful. In this work, we propose a practical problem setting to estimate 3D pose and shape of animals given only a few (10-30) in-the-wild images of a particular animal species (say, horse). Contrary to existing works that rely on pre-defined template shapes, we do not assume any form of 2D or 3D ground-truth annotations, nor do we leverage any multi-view or temporal information. Moreover, each input image ensemble can contain animal instances with varying poses, backgrounds, illuminations, and textures. Our key insight is that 3D parts have much simpler shape compared to the overall animal and that they are robust w.r.t. animal pose articulations. Following these insights, we propose LASSIE, a novel optimization framework which discovers 3D parts in a self-supervised manner with minimal user intervention. A key driving force behind LASSIE is the enforcing of 2D-3D part consistency using self-supervisory deep features. Experiments on Pascal-Part and self-collected in-the-wild animal datasets demonstrate considerably better 3D reconstructions as well as both 2D and 3D part discovery compared to prior arts. Project page: chhankyao.github.io/lassie/
Semi-supervised Object Detection via Virtual Category Learning
Authors: Changrui Chen, Kurt Debattista, Jungong Han
Date: 2022-07-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Object, object-detection, Object Detection, Semi-Supervised Object Detection

Due to the costliness of labelled data in real-world applications, semi-supervised object detectors, underpinned by pseudo labelling, are appealing. However, handling confusing samples is nontrivial: discarding valuable confusing samples would compromise the model generalisation while using them for training would exacerbate the confirmation bias issue caused by inevitable mislabelling. To solve this problem, this paper proposes to use confusing samples proactively without label correction. Specifically, a virtual category (VC) is assigned to each confusing sample such that they can safely contribute to the model optimisation even without a concrete label. It is attributed to specifying the embedding distance between the training sample and the virtual category as the lower bound of the inter-class distance. Moreover, we also modify the localisation loss to allow high-quality boundaries for location regression. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed VC learning significantly surpasses the state-of-the-art, especially with small amounts of available labels.
A Novel Unified Conditional Score-based Generative Framework for Multi-modal Medical Image Completion
Authors: Xiangxi Meng, Yuning Gu, Yongsheng Pan, Nizhuan Wang, Peng Xue, Mengkang Lu, Xuming He, Yiqiang Zhan, Dinggang Shen
Date: 2022-07-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Diagnostic

Multi-modal medical image completion has been extensively applied to alleviate the missing modality issue in a wealth of multi-modal diagnostic tasks. However, for most existing synthesis methods, their inferences of missing modalities can collapse into a deterministic mapping from the available ones, ignoring the uncertainties inherent in the cross-modal relationships. Here, we propose the Unified Multi-Modal Conditional Score-based Generative Model (UMM-CSGM) to take advantage of Score-based Generative Model (SGM) in modeling and stochastically sampling a target probability distribution, and further extend SGM to cross-modal conditional synthesis for various missing-modality configurations in a unified framework. Specifically, UMM-CSGM employs a novel multi-in multi-out Conditional Score Network (mm-CSN) to learn a comprehensive set of cross-modal conditional distributions via conditional diffusion and reverse generation in the complete modality space. In this way, the generation process can be accurately conditioned by all available information, and can fit all possible configurations of missing modalities in a single network. Experiments on BraTS19 dataset show that the UMM-CSGM can more reliably synthesize the heterogeneous enhancement and irregular area in tumor-induced lesions for any missing modalities.
Domain Knowledge Driven 3D Dose Prediction Using Moment-Based Loss Function
Authors: Gourav Jhanwar, Navdeep Dahiya, Parmida Ghahremani, Masoud Zarepisheh, Saad Nadeem
Date: 2022-07-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Computed Tomography (CT)

Dose volume histogram (DVH) metrics are widely accepted evaluation criteria in the clinic. However, incorporating these metrics into deep learning dose prediction models is challenging due to their non-convexity and non-differentiability. We propose a novel moment-based loss function for predicting 3D dose distribution for the challenging conventional lung intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans. The moment-based loss function is convex and differentiable and can easily incorporate DVH metrics in any deep learning framework without computational overhead. The moments can also be customized to reflect the clinical priorities in 3D dose prediction. For instance, using high-order moments allows better prediction in high-dose areas for serial structures. We used a large dataset of 360 conventional lung patients with 2Gy $\times$ 30 fractions to train the deep learning (DL) model using clinically treated plans. We trained a UNet-like CNN architecture using computed tomography (CT), planning target volume (PTV) and organ-at-risk contours (OAR) as input to infer corresponding voxel-wise 3D dose distribution. We evaluated three different loss functions: (1) Mean Absolute Error (MAE) Loss, (2) MAE + DVH Loss, and (3) the proposed MAE + Moments Loss. The quality of the predictions was compared using different DVH metrics as well as dose-score and DVH-score, recently introduced by the AAPM knowledge-based planning grand challenge. Model with (MAE + Moment) loss function outperformed the model with MAE loss by significantly improving the DVH-score (11%, p$<$0.01) while having similar computational cost. It also outperformed the model trained with (MAE+DVH) by significantly improving the computational cost (48%) and the DVH-score (8%, p$<$0.01). The code, models, docker container, and Google Colab project are available on our DoseRTX GitHub (https://github.com/nadeemlab/DoseRTX).
Robust Watermarking for Video Forgery Detection with Improved Imperceptibility and Robustness
Authors: Yangming Zhou, Qichao Ying, Xiangyu Zhang, Zhenxing Qian, Sheng Li, Xinpeng Zhang
Date: 2022-07-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Decoder, Video Compression

Videos are prone to tampering attacks that alter the meaning and deceive the audience. Previous video forgery detection schemes find tiny clues to locate the tampered areas. However, attackers can successfully evade supervision by destroying such clues using video compression or blurring. This paper proposes a video watermarking network for tampering localization. We jointly train a 3D-UNet-based watermark embedding network and a decoder that predicts the tampering mask. The perturbation made by watermark embedding is close to imperceptible. Considering that there is no off-the-shelf differentiable video codec simulator, we propose to mimic video compression by ensembling simulation results of other typical attacks, e.g., JPEG compression and blurring, as an approximation. Experimental results demonstrate that our method generates watermarked videos with good imperceptibility and robustly and accurately locates tampered areas within the attacked version.
Joint Super-Resolution and Inverse Tone-Mapping: A Feature Decomposition Aggregation Network and A New Benchmark
Authors: Gang Xu, Yu-chen Yang, Liang Wang, Xian-Tong Zhen, Jun Xu
Date: 2022-07-07 00:00:00
Tasks: 4k, inverse tone mapping, Inverse-Tone-Mapping, Super-Resolution, Tone Mapping

Joint Super-Resolution and Inverse Tone-Mapping (joint SR-ITM) aims to increase the resolution and dynamic range of low-resolution and standard dynamic range images. Recent networks mainly resort to image decomposition techniques with complex multi-branch architectures. However, the fixed decomposition techniques would largely restricts their power on versatile images. To exploit the potential power of decomposition mechanism, in this paper, we generalize it from the image domain to the broader feature domain. To this end, we propose a lightweight Feature Decomposition Aggregation Network (FDAN). In particular, we design a Feature Decomposition Block (FDB) to achieve learnable separation of detail and base feature maps, and develop a Hierarchical Feature Decomposition Group by cascading FDBs for powerful multi-level feature decomposition. Moreover, to better evaluate the comparison methods, we collect a large-scale dataset for joint SR-ITM, i.e., SRITM-4K, which provides versatile scenarios for robust model training and evaluation. Experimental results on two benchmark datasets demonstrate that our FDAN is efficient and outperforms state-of-the-art methods on joint SR-ITM. The code of our FDAN and the SRITM-4K dataset are available at https://github.com/CS-GangXu/FDAN.
A simple normalization technique using window statistics to improve the out-of-distribution generalization on medical images
Authors: Chengfeng Zhou, Songchang Chen, Chenming Xu, Jun Wang, Feng Liu, Chun Zhang, Juan Ye, Hefeng Huang, Dahong Qian
Date: 2022-07-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Breast Cancer Detection, Out-of-Distribution Generalization

Since data scarcity and data heterogeneity are prevailing for medical images, well-trained Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) using previous normalization methods may perform poorly when deployed to a new site. However, a reliable model for real-world clinical applications should be able to generalize well both on in-distribution (IND) and out-of-distribution (OOD) data (e.g., the new site data). In this study, we present a novel normalization technique called window normalization (WIN) to improve the model generalization on heterogeneous medical images, which is a simple yet effective alternative to existing normalization methods. Specifically, WIN perturbs the normalizing statistics with the local statistics computed on the window of features. This feature-level augmentation technique regularizes the models well and improves their OOD generalization significantly. Taking its advantage, we propose a novel self-distillation method called WIN-WIN for classification tasks. WIN-WIN is easily implemented with twice forward passes and a consistency constraint, which can be a simple extension for existing methods. Extensive experimental results on various tasks (6 tasks) and datasets (24 datasets) demonstrate the generality and effectiveness of our methods.
Exploring the sequence length bottleneck in the Transformer for Image Captioning
Authors: Jia Cheng Hu, Roberto Cavicchioli, Alessandro Capotondi
Date: 2022-07-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Captioning

Most recent state of the art architectures rely on combinations and variations of three approaches: convolutional, recurrent and self-attentive methods. Our work attempts in laying the basis for a new research direction for sequence modeling based upon the idea of modifying the sequence length. In order to do that, we propose a new method called "Expansion Mechanism" which transforms either dynamically or statically the input sequence into a new one featuring a different sequence length. Furthermore, we introduce a novel architecture that exploits such method and achieves competitive performances on the MS-COCO 2014 data set, yielding 134.6 and 131.4 CIDEr-D on the Karpathy test split in the ensemble and single model configuration respectively and 130 CIDEr-D in the official online evaluation server, despite being neither recurrent nor fully attentive. At the same time we address the efficiency aspect in our design and introduce a convenient training strategy suitable for most computational resources in contrast to the standard one. Source code is available at https://github.com/jchenghu/exploring
D2HNet: Joint Denoising and Deblurring with Hierarchical Network for Robust Night Image Restoration
Authors: Yuzhi Zhao, Yongzhe Xu, Qiong Yan, Dingdong Yang, Xuehui Wang, Lai-Man Po
Date: 2022-07-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Deblurring, Denoising, Image Restoration

Night imaging with modern smartphone cameras is troublesome due to low photon count and unavoidable noise in the imaging system. Directly adjusting exposure time and ISO ratings cannot obtain sharp and noise-free images at the same time in low-light conditions. Though many methods have been proposed to enhance noisy or blurry night images, their performances on real-world night photos are still unsatisfactory due to two main reasons: 1) Limited information in a single image and 2) Domain gap between synthetic training images and real-world photos (e.g., differences in blur area and resolution). To exploit the information from successive long- and short-exposure images, we propose a learning-based pipeline to fuse them. A D2HNet framework is developed to recover a high-quality image by deblurring and enhancing a long-exposure image under the guidance of a short-exposure image. To shrink the domain gap, we leverage a two-phase DeblurNet-EnhanceNet architecture, which performs accurate blur removal on a fixed low resolution so that it is able to handle large ranges of blur in different resolution inputs. In addition, we synthesize a D2-Dataset from HD videos and experiment on it. The results on the validation set and real photos demonstrate our methods achieve better visual quality and state-of-the-art quantitative scores. The D2HNet codes and D2-Dataset can be found at https://github.com/zhaoyuzhi/D2HNet.
BMD-GAN: Bone mineral density estimation using x-ray image decomposition into projections of bone-segmented quantitative computed tomography using hierarchical learning
Authors: Yi Gu, Yoshito Otake, Keisuke Uemura, Mazen Soufi, Masaki Takao, Nobuhiko Sugano, Yoshinobu Sato
Date: 2022-07-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Density Estimation, Generative Adversarial Network

We propose a method for estimating the bone mineral density (BMD) from a plain x-ray image. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT) provide high accuracy in diagnosing osteoporosis; however, these modalities require special equipment and scan protocols. Measuring BMD from an x-ray image provides an opportunistic screening, which is potentially useful for early diagnosis. The previous methods that directly learn the relationship between x-ray images and BMD require a large training dataset to achieve high accuracy because of large intensity variations in the x-ray images. Therefore, we propose an approach using the QCT for training a generative adversarial network (GAN) and decomposing an x-ray image into a projection of bone-segmented QCT. The proposed hierarchical learning improved the robustness and accuracy of quantitatively decomposing a small-area target. The evaluation of 200 patients with osteoarthritis using the proposed method, which we named BMD-GAN, demonstrated a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.888 between the predicted and ground truth DXA-measured BMD. Besides not requiring a large-scale training database, another advantage of our method is its extensibility to other anatomical areas, such as the vertebrae and rib bones.
Dual Stream Computer-Generated Image Detection Network Based On Channel Joint And Softpool
Authors: Ziyi Xi, Hao Lin, Weiqi Luo
Date: 2022-07-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Forensics

With the development of computer graphics technology, the images synthesized by computer software become more and more closer to the photographs. While computer graphics technology brings us a grand visual feast in the field of games and movies, it may also be utilized by someone with bad intentions to guide public opinions and cause political crisis or social unrest. Therefore, how to distinguish the computer-generated graphics (CG) from the photographs (PG) has become an important topic in the field of digital image forensics. This paper proposes a dual stream convolutional neural network based on channel joint and softpool. The proposed network architecture includes a residual module for extracting image noise information and a joint channel information extraction module for capturing the shallow semantic information of image. In addition, we also design a residual structure to enhance feature extraction and reduce the loss of information in residual flow. The joint channel information extraction module can obtain the shallow semantic information of the input image which can be used as the information supplement block of the residual module. The whole network uses SoftPool to reduce the information loss of down-sampling for image. Finally, we fuse the two flows to get the classification results. Experiments on SPL2018 and DsTok show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods, especially on the DsTok dataset. For example, the performance of our model surpasses the state-of-the-art by a large margin of 3%.
Learning Music-Dance Representations through Explicit-Implicit Rhythm Synchronization
Authors: Jiashuo Yu, Junfu Pu, Ying Cheng, Rui Feng, Ying Shan
Date: 2022-07-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Contrastive Learning, Representation Learning, Retrieval, Rhythm, Self-Supervised Learning

Although audio-visual representation has been proved to be applicable in many downstream tasks, the representation of dancing videos, which is more specific and always accompanied by music with complex auditory contents, remains challenging and uninvestigated. Considering the intrinsic alignment between the cadent movement of dancer and music rhythm, we introduce MuDaR, a novel Music-Dance Representation learning framework to perform the synchronization of music and dance rhythms both in explicit and implicit ways. Specifically, we derive the dance rhythms based on visual appearance and motion cues inspired by the music rhythm analysis. Then the visual rhythms are temporally aligned with the music counterparts, which are extracted by the amplitude of sound intensity. Meanwhile, we exploit the implicit coherence of rhythms implied in audio and visual streams by contrastive learning. The model learns the joint embedding by predicting the temporal consistency between audio-visual pairs. The music-dance representation, together with the capability of detecting audio and visual rhythms, can further be applied to three downstream tasks: (a) dance classification, (b) music-dance retrieval, and (c) music-dance retargeting. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed framework outperforms other self-supervised methods by a large margin.