pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Denoising Diffusion for Sampling SAT Solutions
Authors: Karlis Freivalds, Sergejs Kozlovics
Date: 2022-11-30 00:00:00
Tasks: Denoising, Graph Neural Network

Generating diverse solutions to the Boolean Satisfiability Problem (SAT) is a hard computational problem with practical applications for testing and functional verification of software and hardware designs. We explore the way to generate such solutions using Denoising Diffusion coupled with a Graph Neural Network to implement the denoising function. We find that the obtained accuracy is similar to the currently best purely neural method and the produced SAT solutions are highly diverse, even if the system is trained with non-random solutions from a standard solver.
Auxiliary Learning as a step towards Artificial General Intelligence
Authors: Christeen T. Jose
Date: 2022-11-30 00:00:00
Tasks: Auxiliary Learning

Auxiliary Learning is a machine learning approach in which the model acknowledges the existence of objects that do not come under any of its learned categories.The name Auxiliary learning was chosen due to the introduction of an auxiliary class. The paper focuses on increasing the generality of existing narrow purpose neural networks and also highlights the need to handle unknown objects. The Cat & Dog binary classifier is taken as an example throughout the paper.
Part-based Face Recognition with Vision Transformers
Authors: Zhonglin Sun, Georgios Tzimiropoulos
Date: 2022-11-30 00:00:00
Tasks: Face Recognition

Holistic methods using CNNs and margin-based losses have dominated research on face recognition. In this work, we depart from this setting in two ways: (a) we employ the Vision Transformer as an architecture for training a very strong baseline for face recognition, simply called fViT, which already surpasses most state-of-the-art face recognition methods. (b) Secondly, we capitalize on the Transformer's inherent property to process information (visual tokens) extracted from irregular grids to devise a pipeline for face recognition which is reminiscent of part-based face recognition methods. Our pipeline, called part fViT, simply comprises a lightweight network to predict the coordinates of facial landmarks followed by the Vision Transformer operating on patches extracted from the predicted landmarks, and it is trained end-to-end with no landmark supervision. By learning to extract discriminative patches, our part-based Transformer further boosts the accuracy of our Vision Transformer baseline achieving state-of-the-art accuracy on several face recognition benchmarks.
Prioritizing Policies for Furthering Responsible Artificial Intelligence in the United States
Authors: Emily Hadley
Date: 2022-11-30 00:00:00
Tasks: Ethics

Several policy options exist, or have been proposed, to further responsible artificial intelligence (AI) development and deployment. Institutions, including U.S. government agencies, states, professional societies, and private and public sector businesses, are well positioned to implement these policies. However, given limited resources, not all policies can or should be equally prioritized. We define and review nine suggested policies for furthering responsible AI, rank each policy on potential use and impact, and recommend prioritization relative to each institution type. We find that pre-deployment audits and assessments and post-deployment accountability are likely to have the highest impact but also the highest barriers to adoption. We recommend that U.S. government agencies and companies highly prioritize development of pre-deployment audits and assessments, while the U.S. national legislature should highly prioritize post-deployment accountability. We suggest that U.S. government agencies and professional societies should highly prioritize policies that support responsible AI research and that states should highly prioritize support of responsible AI education. We propose that companies can highly prioritize involving community stakeholders in development efforts and supporting diversity in AI development. We advise lower levels of prioritization across institutions for AI ethics statements and databases of AI technologies or incidents. We recognize that no one policy will lead to responsible AI and instead advocate for strategic policy implementation across institutions.
New Probabilistic-Dynamic Multi-Method Ensembles for Optimization based on the CRO-SL
Authors: Jorge Pérez-Aracil, Carlos Camacho-Gómez, Eugenio Lorente-Ramos, Cosmin M. Marina, Sancho Salcedo-Sanz
Date: 2022-11-30 00:00:00
Tasks: TAG

In this paper we propose new probabilistic and dynamic (adaptive) strategies to create multi-method ensembles based on the Coral Reefs Optimization with Substrate Layers (CRO-SL) algorithm. The CRO-SL is an evolutionary-based ensemble approach, able to combine different search procedures within a single population. In this work we discuss two different probabilistic strategies to improve the algorithm. First, we defined the Probabilistic CRO-SL (PCRO-SL), which substitutes the substrates in the CRO-SL population by {\em tags} associated with each individual. Each tag represents a different operator which will modify the individual in the reproduction phase. In each generation of the algorithm, the tags are randomly assigned to the individuals with a similar probability, obtaining this way an ensemble with a more intense change in the application of different operators to a given individual than the original CRO-SL. The second strategy discussed in this paper is the Dynamical Probabilistic CRO-SL (DPCRO-SL), in which the probability of tag assignment is modified during the evolution of the algorithm, depending on the quality of the solutions generated in each substrate. Thus, the best substrates in the search process will be assigned with a higher probability that those which showed a worse performance during the search. We test the performance of the proposed probabilistic and dynamic ensembles in different optimization problems, including benchmark functions and a real application of wind turbines layout optimization, comparing the results obtained with that of existing algorithms in the literature.
Semi-Supervised Heterogeneous Graph Learning with Multi-level Data Augmentation
Authors: Ying Chen, Siwei Qiang, Mingming Ha, Xiaolei Liu, Shaoshuai Li, Lingfeng Yuan, Xiaobo Guo, Zhenfeng Zhu
Date: 2022-11-30 00:00:00
Tasks: Data Augmentation, Graph Learning, User Identification

In recent years, semi-supervised graph learning with data augmentation (DA) is currently the most commonly used and best-performing method to enhance model robustness in sparse scenarios with few labeled samples. Differing from homogeneous graph, DA in heterogeneous graph has greater challenges: heterogeneity of information requires DA strategies to effectively handle heterogeneous relations, which considers the information contribution of different types of neighbors and edges to the target nodes. Furthermore, over-squashing of information is caused by the negative curvature that formed by the non-uniformity distribution and strong clustering in complex graph. To address these challenges, this paper presents a novel method named Semi-Supervised Heterogeneous Graph Learning with Multi-level Data Augmentation (HG-MDA). For the problem of heterogeneity of information in DA, node and topology augmentation strategies are proposed for the characteristics of heterogeneous graph. And meta-relation-based attention is applied as one of the indexes for selecting augmented nodes and edges. For the problem of over-squashing of information, triangle based edge adding and removing are designed to alleviate the negative curvature and bring the gain of topology. Finally, the loss function consists of the cross-entropy loss for labeled data and the consistency regularization for unlabeled data. In order to effectively fuse the prediction results of various DA strategies, the sharpening is used. Existing experiments on public datasets, i.e., ACM, DBLP, OGB, and industry dataset MB show that HG-MDA outperforms current SOTA models. Additionly, HG-MDA is applied to user identification in internet finance scenarios, helping the business to add 30% key users, and increase loans and balances by 3.6%, 11.1%, and 9.8%.
A perspective on the use of health digital twins in computational pathology
Authors: Manuel Cossio
Date: 2022-11-30 00:00:00

A digital health twin can be defined as a virtual model of a physical person, in this specific case, a patient. This virtual model is constituted by multidimensional data that can host from clinical, molecular and therapeutic parameters to sensor data and living conditions. Given that in computational pathology, it is very important to have the information from image donors to create computational models, the integration of digital twins in this field could be crucial. However, since these virtual entities collect sensitive data from physical people, privacy safeguards must also be considered and implemented. With these data safeguards in place, health digital twins could integrate digital clinical trials and be necessary participants in the generation of real-world evidence, which could positively change both fields.
An enhanced simulation-based multi-objective optimization approach with knowledge discovery for reconfigurable manufacturing systems
Authors: Carlos Alberto Barrera-Diaz, Amir Nourmohammdi, Henrik Smedberg, Tehseen Aslam, Amos H. C. Ng
Date: 2022-11-30 00:00:00

In today's uncertain and competitive market, where enterprises are subjected to increasingly shortened product life-cycles and frequent volume changes, reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMS) applications play a significant role in the manufacturing industry's success. Despite the advantages offered by RMS, achieving a high-efficiency degree constitutes a challenging task for stakeholders and decision-makers when they face the trade-off decisions inherent in these complex systems. This study addresses work tasks and resource allocations to workstations together with buffer capacity allocation in RMS. The aim is to simultaneously maximize throughput and minimize total buffer capacity under fluctuating production volumes and capacity changes while considering the stochastic behavior of the system. An enhanced simulation-based multi-objective optimization (SMO) approach with customized simulation and optimization components is proposed to address the abovementioned challenges. Apart from presenting the optimal solutions subject to volume and capacity changes, the proposed approach support decision-makers with discovered knowledge to further understand the RMS design. In particular, this study presents a problem-specific customized SMO combined with a novel flexible pattern mining method for optimizing RMS and conducting post-optimal analyzes. To this extent, this study demonstrates the benefits of applying SMO and knowledge discovery methods for fast decision-support and production planning of RMS.
xTrimoABFold: De novo Antibody Structure Prediction without MSA
Authors: Yining Wang, Xumeng Gong, Shaochuan Li, Bing Yang, YiWu Sun, Chuan Shi, Yangang Wang, Cheng Yang, Hui Li, Le Song
Date: 2022-11-30 00:00:00
Tasks: Computational Efficiency, Drug Design, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Prediction, Protein Language Model

In the field of antibody engineering, an essential task is to design a novel antibody whose paratopes bind to a specific antigen with correct epitopes. Understanding antibody structure and its paratope can facilitate a mechanistic understanding of its function. Therefore, antibody structure prediction from its sequence alone has always been a highly valuable problem for de novo antibody design. AlphaFold2, a breakthrough in the field of structural biology, provides a solution to predict protein structure based on protein sequences and computationally expensive coevolutionary multiple sequence alignments (MSAs). However, the computational efficiency and undesirable prediction accuracy of antibodies, especially on the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of antibodies limit their applications in the industrially high-throughput drug design. To learn an informative representation of antibodies, we employed a deep antibody language model (ALM) on curated sequences from the observed antibody space database via a transformer model. We also developed a novel model named xTrimoABFold to predict antibody structure from antibody sequence based on the pretrained ALM as well as efficient evoformers and structural modules. The model was trained end-to-end on the antibody structures in PDB by minimizing the ensemble loss of domain-specific focal loss on CDR and the frame-aligned point loss. xTrimoABFold outperforms AlphaFold2 and other protein language model based SOTAs, e.g., OmegaFold, HelixFold-Single, and IgFold with a large significant margin (30+\% improvement on RMSD) while performing 151 times faster than AlphaFold2. To the best of our knowledge, xTrimoABFold achieved state-of-the-art antibody structure prediction. Its improvement in both accuracy and efficiency makes it a valuable tool for de novo antibody design and could make further improvements in immuno-theory.
Knowledge-augmented Deep Learning and Its Applications: A Survey
Authors: Zijun Cui, Tian Gao, Kartik Talamadupula, Qiang Ji
Date: 2022-11-30 00:00:00
Tasks: Deep Learning, Survey

Deep learning models, though having achieved great success in many different fields over the past years, are usually data hungry, fail to perform well on unseen samples, and lack of interpretability. Various prior knowledge often exists in the target domain and their use can alleviate the deficiencies with deep learning. To better mimic the behavior of human brains, different advanced methods have been proposed to identify domain knowledge and integrate it into deep models for data-efficient, generalizable, and interpretable deep learning, which we refer to as knowledge-augmented deep learning (KADL). In this survey, we define the concept of KADL, and introduce its three major tasks, i.e., knowledge identification, knowledge representation, and knowledge integration. Different from existing surveys that are focused on a specific type of knowledge, we provide a broad and complete taxonomy of domain knowledge and its representations. Based on our taxonomy, we provide a systematic review of existing techniques, different from existing works that survey integration approaches agnostic to taxonomy of knowledge. This survey subsumes existing works and offers a bird's-eye view of research in the general area of knowledge-augmented deep learning. The thorough and critical reviews of numerous papers help not only understand current progresses but also identify future directions for the research on knowledge-augmented deep learning.
Autotuning PID control using Actor-Critic Deep Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Vivien van Veldhuizen
Date: 2022-11-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Deep Reinforcement Learning, reinforcement-learning, Reinforcement Learning, Reinforcement Learning (RL)

This work is an exploratory research concerned with determining in what way reinforcement learning can be used to predict optimal PID parameters for a robot designed for apple harvest. To study this, an algorithm called Advantage Actor Critic (A2C) is implemented on a simulated robot arm. The simulation primarily relies on the ROS framework. Experiments for tuning one actuator at a time and two actuators a a time are run, which both show that the model is able to predict PID gains that perform better than the set baseline. In addition, it is studied if the model is able to predict PID parameters based on where an apple is located. Initial tests show that the model is indeed able to adapt its predictions to apple locations, making it an adaptive controller.
Adversarial Artifact Detection in EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interfaces
Authors: Xiaoqing Chen, Dongrui Wu
Date: 2022-11-28 00:00:00
Tasks: Artifact Detection, EEG, Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Machine learning has achieved great success in electroencephalogram (EEG) based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Most existing BCI research focused on improving its accuracy, but few had considered its security. Recent studies, however, have shown that EEG-based BCIs are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, where small perturbations added to the input can cause misclassification. Detection of adversarial examples is crucial to both the understanding of this phenomenon and the defense. This paper, for the first time, explores adversarial detection in EEG-based BCIs. Experiments on two EEG datasets using three convolutional neural networks were performed to verify the performances of multiple detection approaches. We showed that both white-box and black-box attacks can be detected, and the former are easier to detect.
Scaling Language-Image Pre-training via Masking
Authors: Yanghao Li, Haoqi Fan, Ronghang Hu, Christoph Feichtenhofer, Kaiming He
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2023 1
Tasks: Diversity

We present Fast Language-Image Pre-training (FLIP), a simple and more efficient method for training CLIP. Our method randomly masks out and removes a large portion of image patches during training. Masking allows us to learn from more image-text pairs given the same wall-clock time and contrast more samples per iteration with similar memory footprint. It leads to a favorable trade-off between accuracy and training time. In our experiments on 400 million image-text pairs, FLIP improves both accuracy and speed over the no-masking baseline. On a large diversity of downstream tasks, FLIP dominantly outperforms the CLIP counterparts trained on the same data. Facilitated by the speedup, we explore the scaling behavior of increasing the model size, data size, or training length, and report encouraging results and comparisons. We hope that our work will foster future research on scaling vision-language learning.
SparseFusion: Distilling View-conditioned Diffusion for 3D Reconstruction
Authors: Zhizhuo Zhou, Shubham Tulsiani
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2023 1
Tasks: 3D Reconstruction, Image Generation, Neural Rendering, Novel View Synthesis

We propose SparseFusion, a sparse view 3D reconstruction approach that unifies recent advances in neural rendering and probabilistic image generation. Existing approaches typically build on neural rendering with re-projected features but fail to generate unseen regions or handle uncertainty under large viewpoint changes. Alternate methods treat this as a (probabilistic) 2D synthesis task, and while they can generate plausible 2D images, they do not infer a consistent underlying 3D. However, we find that this trade-off between 3D consistency and probabilistic image generation does not need to exist. In fact, we show that geometric consistency and generative inference can be complementary in a mode-seeking behavior. By distilling a 3D consistent scene representation from a view-conditioned latent diffusion model, we are able to recover a plausible 3D representation whose renderings are both accurate and realistic. We evaluate our approach across 51 categories in the CO3D dataset and show that it outperforms existing methods, in both distortion and perception metrics, for sparse-view novel view synthesis.
Unite and Conquer: Plug & Play Multi-Modal Synthesis using Diffusion Models
Authors: Nithin Gopalakrishnan Nair, Wele Gedara Chaminda Bandara, Vishal M. Patel
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2023 1
Tasks: Face Generation, Face Sketch Synthesis, Image Generation, multimodal generation, Semantic Segmentation, Text-to-Face Generation, Text-to-Image Generation

Generating photos satisfying multiple constraints find broad utility in the content creation industry. A key hurdle to accomplishing this task is the need for paired data consisting of all modalities (i.e., constraints) and their corresponding output. Moreover, existing methods need retraining using paired data across all modalities to introduce a new condition. This paper proposes a solution to this problem based on denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPMs). Our motivation for choosing diffusion models over other generative models comes from the flexible internal structure of diffusion models. Since each sampling step in the DDPM follows a Gaussian distribution, we show that there exists a closed-form solution for generating an image given various constraints. Our method can unite multiple diffusion models trained on multiple sub-tasks and conquer the combined task through our proposed sampling strategy. We also introduce a novel reliability parameter that allows using different off-the-shelf diffusion models trained across various datasets during sampling time alone to guide it to the desired outcome satisfying multiple constraints. We perform experiments on various standard multimodal tasks to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. More details can be found in https://nithin-gk.github.io/projectpages/Multidiff/index.html
Sparsity Agnostic Depth Completion
Authors: Andrea Conti, Matteo Poggi, Stefano Mattoccia
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Depth Completion

We present a novel depth completion approach agnostic to the sparsity of depth points, that is very likely to vary in many practical applications. State-of-the-art approaches yield accurate results only when processing a specific density and distribution of input points, i.e. the one observed during training, narrowing their deployment in real use cases. On the contrary, our solution is robust to uneven distributions and extremely low densities never witnessed during training. Experimental results on standard indoor and outdoor benchmarks highlight the robustness of our framework, achieving accuracy comparable to state-of-the-art methods when tested with density and distribution equal to the training one while being much more accurate in the other cases. Our pretrained models and further material are available in our project page.
An Attribute-based Method for Video Anomaly Detection
Authors: Tal Reiss, Yedid Hoshen
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Abnormal Event Detection In Video, Anomaly Detection, Attribute, Density Estimation, Video Anomaly Detection

Video anomaly detection (VAD) identifies suspicious events in videos, which is critical for crime prevention and homeland security. In this paper, we propose a simple but highly effective VAD method that relies on attribute-based representations. The base version of our method represents every object by its velocity and pose, and computes anomaly scores by density estimation. Surprisingly, this simple representation is sufficient to achieve state-of-the-art performance in ShanghaiTech, the most commonly used VAD dataset. Combining our attribute-based representations with an off-the-shelf, pretrained deep representation yields state-of-the-art performance with a $99.1\%, 93.7\%$, and $85.9\%$ AUROC on Ped2, Avenue, and ShanghaiTech, respectively.
Multi-Class Segmentation from Aerial Views using Recursive Noise Diffusion
Authors: Benedikt Kolbeinsson, Krystian Mikolajczyk
Date: 2022-12-01 00:00:00
Tasks: Denoising, Navigate, Segmentation, Semantic Segmentation

Semantic segmentation from aerial views is a crucial task for autonomous drones, as they rely on precise and accurate segmentation to navigate safely and efficiently. However, aerial images present unique challenges such as diverse viewpoints, extreme scale variations, and high scene complexity. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end multi-class semantic segmentation diffusion model that addresses these challenges. We introduce recursive denoising to allow information to propagate through the denoising process, as well as a hierarchical multi-scale approach that complements the diffusion process. Our method achieves promising results on the UAVid dataset and state-of-the-art performance on the Vaihingen Building segmentation benchmark. Being the first iteration of this method, it shows great promise for future improvements.