pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Pulse width modulation technique with harmonic injection in the modulating wave and discontinuous frequency modulation for the carrier wave to reduce vibrations in asynchronous machines
Authors: Antonio Ruiz-Gonzalez, Mario Meco-Gutierrez, Juan-Ramon Heredia-Larrubia, Francisco Perez-Hidalgo, Francisco Vargas-Merino
Date: 2024-01-25 00:00:00

A new carrier-based pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique to control power inverters is presented in this paper. To generate the output waveform, this technique compares a harmonic-injection modulating wave and a frequency-modulated triangular carrier wave. The instantaneous frequency for the carrier wave is adjusted according to a periodic function synchronized with the fundamental term of the modulating wave. The main motivation for using this technique compared to a classic PWM sinusoidal technique revolves around the reduction of total harmonic distortion, the reduction of the distortion factor and the shift of temporal harmonics to higher frequencies for any modulation frequency order. Experimental results show that it is possible to optimize the time harmonics generated to minimize vibrations produced by an induction motor when it is fed with a DC/AC converter controlled by the proposed control strategy. This is made possible by using a control parameter that modifies the instantaneous frequency of the carrier wave without modifying the number of pulses per period of the modulating wave, i. e. the mean value of the carrier wave frequency. The proposed technique is applied to an open loop-controlled inverter that operates an induction motor, helping to reduce the vibration levels produced.
Enhanced Multi-Target Tracking in Dynamic Environments: Distributed Flooding Control in the Random Finite Set Framework
Authors: Aidan Blair, Amirali Khodadadian Gostar, Alireza Bab-Hadiashar, XiaoDong Li, Reza Hoseinnezhad
Date: 2024-01-25 00:00:00
Tasks: Autonomous Vehicles

Tracking multiple targets in dynamic environments using distributed sensor networks is a challenging problem for situational awareness in connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs). In such scenarios, the network of mobile sensors must coordinate their actions to accurately estimate the locations and trajectories of multiple targets, balancing limited computation and communication resources with multi-target tracking accuracy. Multi-sensor control methods can improve the performance of these networks by enabling efficient utilization of resources and enhancing the accuracy of the estimated target states. This paper proposes a novel multi-sensor control method that utilizes flooding-based communication to address this problem, ensuring distributed consensus of optimal sensor actions throughout the sensor network. Our method improves computational tractability and enables fully distributed control, ensuring the scalability and flexibility necessary for real-time CAV applications. Experimental results on several challenging multi-target tracking scenarios demonstrate that our approach significantly improves both multi-target tracking accuracy and computation time over competing methods.
Learning-based sensing and computing decision for data freshness in edge computing-enabled networks
Authors: Sinwoong Yun, Dongsun Kim, Chanwon Park, Jemin Lee
Date: 2024-01-25 00:00:00
Tasks: Edge-computing, Reinforcement Learning (RL)

As the demand on artificial intelligence (AI)-based applications increases, the freshness of sensed data becomes crucial in the wireless sensor networks. Since those applications require a large amount of computation for processing the sensed data, it is essential to offload the computation load to the edge computing (EC) server. In this paper, we propose the sensing and computing decision (SCD) algorithms for data freshness in the EC-enabled wireless sensor networks. We define the {\eta}-coverage probability to show the probability of maintaining fresh data for more than {\eta} ratio of the network, where the spatial-temporal correlation of information is considered. We then propose the probability-based SCD for the single pre-charged sensor case with providing the optimal point after deriving the {\eta}-coverage probability. We also propose the reinforcement learning (RL)- based SCD by training the SCD policy of sensors for both the single pre-charged and multiple energy harvesting (EH) sensor cases, to make a real-time decision based on its observation. Our simulation results verify the performance of the proposed algorithms under various environment settings, and show that the RL-based SCD algorithm achieves higher performance compared to baseline algorithms for both the single pre-charged sensor and multiple EH sensor cases.
Exploring Adversarial Threat Models in Cyber Physical Battery Systems
Authors: Shanthan Kumar Padisala, Shashank Dhananjay Vyas, Satadru Dey
Date: 2024-01-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Adversarial Attack

Technological advancements like the Internet of Things (IoT) have facilitated data exchange across various platforms. This data exchange across various platforms has transformed the traditional battery system into a cyber physical system. Such connectivity makes modern cyber physical battery systems vulnerable to cyber threats where a cyber attacker can manipulate sensing and actuation signals to bring the battery system into an unsafe operating condition. Hence, it is essential to build resilience in modern cyber physical battery systems (CPBS) under cyber attacks. The first step of building such resilience is to analyze potential adversarial behavior, that is, how the adversaries can inject attacks into the battery systems. However, it has been found that in this under-explored area of battery cyber physical security, such an adversarial threat model has not been studied in a systematic manner. In this study, we address this gap and explore adversarial attack generation policies based on optimal control framework. The framework is developed by performing theoretical analysis, which is subsequently supported by evaluation with experimental data generated from a commercial battery cell.
On the Predictive Capability of Dynamic Mode Decomposition for Nonlinear Periodic Systems with Focus on Orbital Mechanics
Authors: Sriram Narayanan, Mohamed Naveed Gul Mohamed, Indranil Nayak, Suman Chakravorty, Mrinal Kumar
Date: 2024-01-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Prediction

This paper discusses the predictive capability of Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) in the context of orbital mechanics. The focus is specifically on the Hankel variant of DMD which uses a stacked set of time-delayed observations for system identification and subsequent prediction. A theory on the minimum number of time delays required for accurate reconstruction of periodic trajectories of nonlinear systems is presented and corroborated using experimental analysis. In addition, the window size for training and prediction regions, respectively, is presented. The need for a meticulous approach while using DMD is emphasized by drawing comparisons between its performance on two candidate satellites, the ISS and MOLNIYA-3-50.
Experimental validation of ultra-shortened 3D finite element electromagnetic modeling of three-core armored cables at power frequency
Authors: Juan Carlos del-Pino-López, Pedro Cruz-Romero
Date: 2024-01-24 00:00:00

Due to recent advances, the numerical analysis of submarine three-core armored cables can nowadays be developed through the finite element method (FEM) in a small slice of the cable. This strongly reduces the computational burden and simulation time. However, the performance of this ultra-shortened 3D-FEM model is still to be fully assessed with experimental measurements. This paper focuses on this validation for an extensive variety of situations through the experimental measurements available in the specialized literature for up to 10 actual cables. In particular, it deals not only with relevant calculations at power frequency, like the series resistance and inductive reactance or the induced sheath current, but also with other aspects never analyzed before through 3D-FEM simulations, such as the zero sequence impedance, the magnetic field distribution around the power cable, as well as side effects due to the nonlinear properties of the armor wires. All this considering different armoring and sheath bonding configurations. Results show a very good agreement between measured and computed values, presenting the ultra-shortened 3D-FEM model as a suitable tool for the analysis and design of three-core armored cables, and opening the possibility to reduce the need of extensive experimental tests in the design stage of new cables.
Run-to-Run Control With Bayesian Optimization for Soft Landing of Short-Stroke Reluctance Actuators
Authors: Eduardo Moya-Lasheras, Carlos Sagues
Date: 2024-01-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Bayesian Optimization, Dimensionality Reduction

There is great interest in minimizing the impact forces of reluctance actuators during commutations, in order to reduce contact bouncing, acoustic noise and mechanical wear. In this regard, a run-to-run control algorithm is proposed to decrease the contact velocity, by exploiting the repetitive operations of these devices. The complete control is presented, with special focus on the optimization method and the input definition. The search method is based on Bayesian optimization, and several additions are introduced for its application in run-to-run control, e.g. the removal of stored points and the definition of a new acquisition function. Additionally, methods for the input parametrization and dimension reduction are presented. For analysis, Monte Carlo simulations are performed using a dynamic model of a commercial solenoid valve, comparing the proposed search method with two alternatives. Furthermore, the control strategy is validated through experimental testing, using several devices from the same ensemble of solenoid valves.
Perception-latency aware distributed target tracking
Authors: Rodrigo Aldana-López, Rosario Aragüés, Carlos Sagüés
Date: 2024-01-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Position

This work is devoted to the problem of distributed target tracking when a team of robots detect the target through a variable perception-latency mechanism. A reference for the robots to track is constructed in terms of a desired formation around the estimation of the target position. However, it is noted that due to the perception-latency, classical estimation techniques have smoothness issues which prevent asymptotic stability for the formation control. We propose a near-optimal smooth-output estimator which circumvents this issue. Moreover, local estimations are fused using novel dynamic consensus techniques. The advantages of the proposal as well as a comparison with a non-smooth optimal alternative are discussed through simulation examples.
Pricing of Short Circuit Current in High IBR-Penetrated System
Authors: Zhongda Chu, Jingyi Wu, Fei Teng
Date: 2024-01-24 00:00:00

With the growing penetration of Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs) in power systems, stability service markets have emerged to incentivize technologies that ensure power system stability and reliability. Among the various challenges faced in power system operation and stability, a prominent issue raised from the increasing integration of large-scale IBRs is the significant reduction of the Short-Circuit Current (SCC) level in the system, which poses a considerable threat to system voltage stability and protection. Thus, a proper market mechanism to incentivize the provision of SCC as a stability service is desired. However, the pricing of this service within the future stability market has not yet been fully developed, due to the nonconvex nature of SCC constraints and the locational property of SCC. To address these problems, this work aims to explore, for the first time, a pricing model for SCC service by incorporating a linearized SCC constraint into the Unit Commitment (UC) problem, to achieve the desired SCC level and extract the shadow price for SCC through different pricing methods.
Extension of the Injected-Absorbed-Current Method applied to DC-DC Converters with Input Filter, Output Post-filter and Feedforward Compensations
Authors: Diego Ochoa, Antonio Lazaro, Pablo Zumel, Cristina Fernandez, Marina Sanz, Jorge Rodriguez, Andres Barrado
Date: 2024-01-24 00:00:00
Tasks: valid

In railway applications, it is common to use an LC filter connected between the catenary and the input port of the main converter of the auxiliary and traction systems. In addition, in the auxiliary systems, there is a converter operating as a battery charger, which requires a very low ripple in the output current and output voltage, so a postfilter may be placed at the output port of the converter. This article proposes a step-by-step methodology to extend the injected-absorbed-current (IAC) method in order to obtain transfer functions that consider the effects of the input filter, output postfilter, and some feedforward compensations. The proposed methodology allows reusing the characteristic coefficients of the DC-DC converter model derived from the existing IAC method. One of the advantages of the proposed methodology is that the transfer functions obtained in this article are valid for cases where both, one or none of the filters, are implemented. Finally, for the experimental validation of the proposed methodology, the phase-shifted full-bridge converter was selected as a convenient example. Furthermore, the experimental measurements have been performed on two prototypes.
On the Constrained CAV Platoon Control Problem
Authors: MirSaleh Bahavarnia, Junyi Ji, Ahmad F. Taha, Daniel B. Work
Date: 2024-01-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Sensitivity

The main objective of the connected and automated vehicle (CAV) platoon control problem is to regulate CAVs' position while ensuring stability and accounting for vehicle dynamics. Although this problem has been studied in the literature, existing research has some limitations. This paper presents two new theoretical results that address these limitations: (i) the synthesis of unrealistic high-gain control parameters due to the lack of a systematic way to incorporate the lower and upper bounds on the control parameters, and (ii) the performance sensitivity to the communication delay due to inaccurate Taylor series approximation. To be more precise, taking advantage of the wellknown Pade approximation, this paper proposes a constrained CAV platoon controller synthesis that (i) systematically incorporates the lower and upper bounds on the control parameters, and (ii) significantly improves the performance sensitivity to the communication delay. The effectiveness of the presented results is verified through conducting extensive numerical simulations. The proposed controller effectively attenuates the stop-and-go disturbance -- a single cycle of deceleration followed by acceleration -- amplification throughout the mixed platoon (consisting of CAVs and human-driven vehicles). Modern transportation systems will benefit from the proposed CAV controls in terms of effective disturbance attenuation as it will potentially reduce collisions.
Analysis, design, and implementation of the AFZ converter applied to photovoltaic systems
Authors: David Lopez del Moral, Andres Barrado, Marina Sanz, Antonio Lazaro, Pablo Zumel
Date: 2024-01-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Point Tracking

Grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) installations with Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking (DMPPT) architectures include a DC-DC Module Integrated Converter (MIC) for managing each PV panel, isolating it from the others, reducing the mismatching effect and maximizing the harvested power. In this paper, the Autotransformer Forward converter with type-Zeta resonant reset (AFZ) is proposed as a DMPPT architecture MIC candidate. The main characteristics of the AFZ converter are the high versatility due to its voltage step-up and step-down capability; the use of an optimized autotransformer with only two windings, reducing the complexity and power losses of this component; the good dynamic performances, like the Forward converter ones; the low number of components and the simplicity and high feasibility associated to the use of just one active switch. Besides, soft switching transitions are achieved thanks to the autotransformer type-Zeta resonant reset. The steady-state theoretical analysis, considering the effect of the autotransformer leakage inductance, is presented. The converter is also studied in the frequency domain, obtaining the small-signal transfer functions. A design procedure based on the requirements of a 100 kW grid-tied photovoltaic installation is described, yielding in a 225 W prototype with efficiencies up to 95.6 %. Experimental results validate the theoretical analysis.
Analysis and implementation of the Buck-Boost Modified Series Forward converter applied to photovoltaic systems
Authors: David Lopez del Moral, Andres Barrado, Marina Sanz, Antonio Lazaro, Pablo Zumel
Date: 2024-01-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Point Tracking

The mismatching phenomenon is one of the main issues in photovoltaic (PV) applications. It could reduce the generated power of a string when a PV panel has different performances from the other PV panels connected to the same string. Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking (DMPPT) architectures are one of the most promising solutions to overcome the drawbacks associated with mismatching phenomena in PV applications. In this kind of architectures, a DC-DC module integrated converter (MIC) manages each PV panel, isolating it from the rest of the PV panels, for harvesting the maximum available power from the Sun. Due to the high number of DCDC converters used in a grid-tied PV installation, the most desired MIC requirements are high efficiency, low cost and the capability of voltage step-up and step-down. This paper proposes the Buck-Boost Modified Forward (BBMSF) converter as a good candidate to be applied in DMPPT architectures. A complete analysis of the BBMSF converter is carried out, including the steady-state analysis as well as the small signal analysis in continuous conduction mode. The main advantages of the BBMSF converter are its step-up and step-down voltage transfer function; a higher simplicity, since it only includes a single controlled switch; the soft switching characteristics in all the diodes and MOSFET, reaching in some cases ZVS and ZCS, and yielding high efficiencies; the use of an autotransformer, with better performances than a typical Forward transformer; and the good dynamic performance, like the Forward converter ones. The theoretical analyses are validated through the experimental results in a 225 W BBMSF prototype designed and built under the requirements of a 100 kW grid-tied PV installation, achieving an efficiency up to 93.6%.
Experimental validation of ultra-shortened 3D finite element models for frequency-domain analyses of three-core armored cables
Authors: Juan Carlos del-Pino-López, Pedro Cruz-Romero
Date: 2024-01-24 00:00:00

Recently, large offshore wind power plants have been installed far from the shore, using long HVAC three-core armored cables to export power. Its high capacitance may contribute to the appearance of unwanted phenomena, such as overvoltages or resonances at low frequencies. To adequately assess these problems, detailed and reliable cable models are required to develop time-domain/frequency-domain analyses on this type of cables. This paper presents, for the first time in the literature, an assessment on the performance of 3D finite element method-based (3D-FEM) models for developing frequency-domain analyses on three-core armored cables, confronting simulation results with experimental measurements found in the literature for three real cables. To this aim, a simplified ultra-shortened 3D-FEM model is proposed to reduce the simulation time during frequency sweeps, through which relevant aspects never analyzed before with frequency-domain 3D-FEM simulations are addressed, such as total losses, induced sheath current, magnetic field around the power cable, positive and zero sequence harmonic impedances, as well as resonant frequencies. Also, a time-domain example derived from the frequency-domain analysis is provided. Remarkable results are obtained when comparing computed values and measurements, presenting the simplified ultra-shortened 3DFEM model as a valuable tool for the frequency-domain analysis of these cables.
Keeping Energy-Neutral Devices Operational: a Coherent Massive Beamforming Approach
Authors: Jarne Van Mulders, Bert Cox, Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann, Gilles Callebaut, Lieven De Strycker, Liesbet Van der Perre
Date: 2024-01-24 00:00:00

Keeping the batteries on the shelf: this is the holy grail for low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) nodes. In this paper we study the potential of radio frequency (RF)-based wireless power transfer implementing coherent beamforming with many antennas to realize this ambitious target. We optimize the deployment of the antennas to charge electronic shelf labels (ESLs), considering actual regulatory constraints. The results confirm the feasibility to create power spots that are sufficient to keep the high density of battery-less devices operational.
FPGA Implementation of an Intelligent Traffic Light Controller (I-TLC) in Verilog
Authors: Apoorva Banerjee
Date: 2024-01-24 00:00:00
Tasks: Management

The objective of this paper is to design and implement an intelligent Traffic Light Controller system for a four way road intersection. The design is carried out using Verilog, and the hardware is implemented on a FPGA. The chosen intersection involves a 'main road' (heavy traffic flow) and a 'side road' (less traffic flow), which is equipped with sensors to detect the presence of traffic or pedestrians. The functionality of the system has undergone thorough verification through simulations conducted in the Xilinx ISE Design Studio software environment. Furthermore, it has been physically deployed on a Xilinx Spartan-3E FPGA board xc3s500e-4-fg320. A traffic light controller can be realized through the use of a microcontroller, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), or Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). FPGAs however offer significant advantages in terms of re-programmability, speed, and parallel processing capabilities, making them ideally suited for implementing complex, adaptive logic required by smart traffic management systems; thus, making this model of TLC extremely adaptive and cost efficient at the same time as compared to other existing models with reduced hardware usage and delay constraints.
Evaluation of the power frequency magnetic field generated by three-core armored cables through 3D finite element simulations
Authors: Juan Carlos del-Pino-López, Pedro Cruz-Romero, Juan Carlos Bravo-Rodríguez
Date: 2024-01-24 00:00:00

The great expansion in offshore power plants is raising the concern regarding the cumulative effect of the electromagnetic field emissions caused by submarine power cables. In this sense, owners are required to predict these emissions during the permitting and consenting process of new power plants. This is a challenging task, especially in the case of HVAC three-core armored cables due to their complex geometry. Customarily, 2D approaches based on the finite element method (FEM) have been employed for evaluating the magnetic field emissions caused by these cables. However, inaccurate results are obtained since the phase conductors and armor twisting is omitted. This work develops, for the first time in the literature, an in-depth analysis of the magnetic field caused by this type of cable through an ultra-shortened 3D-FEM model, which is also faced to experimental measurements taken on an actual 132 kV, 800 mm2 three-core armored cable. Relevant conclusions are derived regarding the impact of the cable design on the magnetic field emissions, including material properties, as well as single and double-layer armors, presenting the proposed model not only as a valuable tool for predicting purposes, but also for optimizing cable design in terms of magnetic field emissions.