pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
G-MAP: General Memory-Augmented Pre-trained Language Model for Domain Tasks
Authors: Zhongwei Wan, Yichun Yin, Wei zhang, Jiaxin Shi, Lifeng Shang, Guangyong Chen, Xin Jiang, Qun Liu
Date: 2022-12-07 00:00:00
Tasks: General Knowledge, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, NER, text-classification, Text Classification

Recently, domain-specific PLMs have been proposed to boost the task performance of specific domains (e.g., biomedical and computer science) by continuing to pre-train general PLMs with domain-specific corpora. However, this Domain-Adaptive Pre-Training (DAPT; Gururangan et al. (2020)) tends to forget the previous general knowledge acquired by general PLMs, which leads to a catastrophic forgetting phenomenon and sub-optimal performance. To alleviate this problem, we propose a new framework of General Memory Augmented Pre-trained Language Model (G-MAP), which augments the domain-specific PLM by a memory representation built from the frozen general PLM without losing any general knowledge. Specifically, we propose a new memory-augmented layer, and based on it, different augmented strategies are explored to build the memory representation and then adaptively fuse it into the domain-specific PLM. We demonstrate the effectiveness of G-MAP on various domains (biomedical and computer science publications, news, and reviews) and different kinds (text classification, QA, NER) of tasks, and the extensive results show that the proposed G-MAP can achieve SOTA results on all tasks.
Tag Embedding and Well-defined Intermediate Representation improve Auto-Formulation of Problem Description
Authors: Sanghwan Jang
Date: 2022-12-07 00:00:00
Tasks: TAG

In this report, I address auto-formulation of problem description, the task of converting an optimization problem into a canonical representation. I first simplify the auto-formulation task by defining an intermediate representation, then introduce entity tag embedding to utilize a given entity tag information. The ablation study demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, which finally took second place in NeurIPS 2022 NL4Opt competition subtask 2.
Low-Resource End-to-end Sanskrit TTS using Tacotron2, WaveGlow and Transfer Learning
Authors: Ankur Debnath, Shridevi S Patil, Gangotri Nadiger, Ramakrishnan Angarai Ganesan
Date: 2022-12-07 00:00:00
Tasks: text-to-speech, Text to Speech, Transfer Learning

End-to-end text-to-speech (TTS) systems have been developed for European languages like English and Spanish with state-of-the-art speech quality, prosody, and naturalness. However, development of end-to-end TTS for Indian languages is lagging behind in terms of quality. The challenges involved in such a task are: 1) scarcity of quality training data; 2) low efficiency during training and inference; 3) slow convergence in the case of large vocabulary size. In our work reported in this paper, we have investigated the use of fine-tuning the English-pretrained Tacotron2 model with limited Sanskrit data to synthesize natural sounding speech in Sanskrit in low resource settings. Our experiments show encouraging results, achieving an overall MOS of 3.38 from 37 evaluators with good Sanskrit spoken knowledge. This is really a very good result, considering the fact that the speech data we have used is of duration 2.5 hours only.
Text Embeddings by Weakly-Supervised Contrastive Pre-training
Authors: Liang Wang, Nan Yang, Xiaolong Huang, Binxing Jiao, Linjun Yang, Daxin Jiang, Rangan Majumder, Furu Wei
Date: 2022-12-07 00:00:00
Tasks: MTEB Benchmark, Only Connect Walls Dataset Task 1 (Grouping), Retrieval

This paper presents E5, a family of state-of-the-art text embeddings that transfer well to a wide range of tasks. The model is trained in a contrastive manner with weak supervision signals from our curated large-scale text pair dataset (called CCPairs). E5 can be readily used as a general-purpose embedding model for any tasks requiring a single-vector representation of texts such as retrieval, clustering, and classification, achieving strong performance in both zero-shot and fine-tuned settings. We conduct extensive evaluations on 56 datasets from the BEIR and MTEB benchmarks. For zero-shot settings, E5 is the first model that outperforms the strong BM25 baseline on the BEIR retrieval benchmark without using any labeled data. When fine-tuned, E5 obtains the best results on the MTEB benchmark, beating existing embedding models with 40x more parameters.
WIDER & CLOSER: Mixture of Short-channel Distillers for Zero-shot Cross-lingual Named Entity Recognition
Authors: Jun-Yu Ma, Beiduo Chen, Jia-Chen Gu, Zhen-Hua Ling, Wu Guo, Quan Liu, Zhigang Chen, Cong Liu
Date: 2022-12-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Cross-Lingual NER, Domain Adaptation, named-entity-recognition, Named Entity Recognition, Named Entity Recognition (NER), NER

Zero-shot cross-lingual named entity recognition (NER) aims at transferring knowledge from annotated and rich-resource data in source languages to unlabeled and lean-resource data in target languages. Existing mainstream methods based on the teacher-student distillation framework ignore the rich and complementary information lying in the intermediate layers of pre-trained language models, and domain-invariant information is easily lost during transfer. In this study, a mixture of short-channel distillers (MSD) method is proposed to fully interact the rich hierarchical information in the teacher model and to transfer knowledge to the student model sufficiently and efficiently. Concretely, a multi-channel distillation framework is designed for sufficient information transfer by aggregating multiple distillers as a mixture. Besides, an unsupervised method adopting parallel domain adaptation is proposed to shorten the channels between the teacher and student models to preserve domain-invariant features. Experiments on four datasets across nine languages demonstrate that the proposed method achieves new state-of-the-art performance on zero-shot cross-lingual NER and shows great generalization and compatibility across languages and fields.
Improved Self-Supervised Multilingual Speech Representation Learning Combined with Auxiliary Language Information
Authors: Fenglin Ding, Genshun Wan, Pengcheng Li, Jia Pan, Cong Liu
Date: 2022-12-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Automatic Speech Recognition, Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Representation Learning, speech-recognition, Speech Recognition, Speech Representation Learning

Multilingual end-to-end models have shown great improvement over monolingual systems. With the development of pre-training methods on speech, self-supervised multilingual speech representation learning like XLSR has shown success in improving the performance of multilingual automatic speech recognition (ASR). However, similar to the supervised learning, multilingual pre-training may also suffer from language interference and further affect the application of multilingual system. In this paper, we introduce several techniques for improving self-supervised multilingual pre-training by leveraging auxiliary language information, including the language adversarial training, language embedding and language adaptive training during the pre-training stage. We conduct experiments on a multilingual ASR task consisting of 16 languages. Our experimental results demonstrate 14.3% relative gain over the standard XLSR model, and 19.8% relative gain over the no pre-training multilingual model.
Improve Bilingual TTS Using Dynamic Language and Phonology Embedding
Authors: Fengyu Yang, Jian Luan, Yujun Wang
Date: 2022-12-07 00:00:00

In most cases, bilingual TTS needs to handle three types of input scripts: first language only, second language only, and second language embedded in the first language. In the latter two situations, the pronunciation and intonation of the second language are usually quite different due to the influence of the first language. Therefore, it is a big challenge to accurately model the pronunciation and intonation of the second language in different contexts without mutual interference. This paper builds a Mandarin-English TTS system to acquire more standard spoken English speech from a monolingual Chinese speaker. We introduce phonology embedding to capture the English differences between different phonology. Embedding mask is applied to language embedding for distinguishing information between different languages and to phonology embedding for focusing on English expression. We specially design an embedding strength modulator to capture the dynamic strength of language and phonology. Experiments show that our approach can produce significantly more natural and standard spoken English speech of the monolingual Chinese speaker. From analysis, we find that suitable phonology control contributes to better performance in different scenarios.
Towards using Few-Shot Prompt Learning for Automating Model Completion
Authors: Meriem Ben Chaaben, Lola Burgueño, Houari Sahraoui
Date: 2022-12-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Prompt Learning

We propose a simple yet a novel approach to improve completion in domain modeling activities. Our approach exploits the power of large language models by using few-shot prompt learning without the need to train or fine-tune those models with large datasets that are scarce in this field. We implemented our approach and tested it on the completion of static and dynamic domain diagrams. Our initial evaluation shows that such an approach is effective and can be integrated in different ways during the modeling activities.
Analysis and Utilization of Entrainment on Acoustic and Emotion Features in User-agent Dialogue
Authors: Daxin Tan, Nikos Kargas, David McHardy, Constantinos Papayiannis, Antonio Bonafonte, Marek Strelec, Jonas Rohnke, Agis Oikonomou Filandras, Trevor Wood
Date: 2022-12-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Spoken Dialogue Systems, text-to-speech, Text to Speech

Entrainment is the phenomenon by which an interlocutor adapts their speaking style to align with their partner in conversations. It has been found in different dimensions as acoustic, prosodic, lexical or syntactic. In this work, we explore and utilize the entrainment phenomenon to improve spoken dialogue systems for voice assistants. We first examine the existence of the entrainment phenomenon in human-to-human dialogues in respect to acoustic feature and then extend the analysis to emotion features. The analysis results show strong evidence of entrainment in terms of both acoustic and emotion features. Based on this findings, we implement two entrainment policies and assess if the integration of entrainment principle into a Text-to-Speech (TTS) system improves the synthesis performance and the user experience. It is found that the integration of the entrainment principle into a TTS system brings performance improvement when considering acoustic features, while no obvious improvement is observed when considering emotion features.
Counterfactual reasoning: Do language models need world knowledge for causal understanding?
Authors: Jiaxuan Li, Lang Yu, Allyson Ettinger
Date: 2022-12-06 00:00:00
Tasks: counterfactual, Counterfactual Reasoning, Logical Reasoning, Sensitivity, World Knowledge

Current pre-trained language models have enabled remarkable improvements in downstream tasks, but it remains difficult to distinguish effects of statistical correlation from more systematic logical reasoning grounded on understanding of the real world. In this paper we tease these factors apart by leveraging counterfactual conditionals, which force language models to predict unusual consequences based on hypothetical propositions. We introduce a set of tests drawn from psycholinguistic experiments, as well as larger-scale controlled datasets, to probe counterfactual predictions from a variety of popular pre-trained language models. We find that models are consistently able to override real-world knowledge in counterfactual scenarios, and that this effect is more robust in case of stronger baseline world knowledge -- however, we also find that for most models this effect appears largely to be driven by simple lexical cues. When we mitigate effects of both world knowledge and lexical cues to test knowledge of linguistic nuances of counterfactuals, we find that only GPT-3 shows sensitivity to these nuances, though this sensitivity is also non-trivially impacted by lexical associative factors.
Transformer-Based Named Entity Recognition for French Using Adversarial Adaptation to Similar Domain Corpora
Authors: Arjun Choudhry, Pankaj Gupta, Inder Khatri, Aaryan Gupta, Maxime Nicol, Marie-Jean Meurs, Dinesh Kumar Vishwakarma
Date: 2022-12-05 00:00:00
Tasks: named-entity-recognition, Named Entity Recognition, Named Entity Recognition (NER), NER

Named Entity Recognition (NER) involves the identification and classification of named entities in unstructured text into predefined classes. NER in languages with limited resources, like French, is still an open problem due to the lack of large, robust, labelled datasets. In this paper, we propose a transformer-based NER approach for French using adversarial adaptation to similar domain or general corpora for improved feature extraction and better generalization. We evaluate our approach on three labelled datasets and show that our adaptation framework outperforms the corresponding non-adaptive models for various combinations of transformer models, source datasets and target corpora.
Time series numerical association rule mining variants in smart agriculture
Authors: Iztok Fister Jr., Dušan Fister, Iztok Fister, Vili Podgorelec, Sancho Salcedo-Sanz
Date: 2022-12-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Time Series, Time Series Analysis

Numerical association rule mining offers a very efficient way of mining association rules, where algorithms can operate directly with categorical and numerical attributes. These methods are suitable for mining different transaction databases, where data are entered sequentially. However, little attention has been paid to the time series numerical association rule mining, which offers a new technique for extracting association rules from time series data. This paper presents a new algorithmic method for time series numerical association rule mining and its application in smart agriculture. We offer a concept of a hardware environment for monitoring plant parameters and a novel data mining method with practical experiments. The practical experiments showed the method's potential and opened the door for further extension.
Efficient Optimization with Higher-Order Ising Machines
Authors: Connor Bybee, Denis Kleyko, Dmitri E. Nikonov, Amir Khosrowshahi, Bruno A. Olshausen, Friedrich T. Sommer
Date: 2022-12-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Combinatorial Optimization

A prominent approach to solving combinatorial optimization problems on parallel hardware is Ising machines, i.e., hardware implementations of networks of interacting binary spin variables. Most Ising machines leverage second-order interactions although important classes of optimization problems, such as satisfiability problems, map more seamlessly to Ising networks with higher-order interactions. Here, we demonstrate that higher-order Ising machines can solve satisfiability problems more resource-efficiently in terms of the number of spin variables and their connections when compared to traditional second-order Ising machines. Further, our results show on a benchmark dataset of Boolean \textit{k}-satisfiability problems that higher-order Ising machines implemented with coupled oscillators rapidly find solutions that are better than second-order Ising machines, thus, improving the current state-of-the-art for Ising machines.
Optimal transport map estimation in general function spaces
Authors: Vincent Divol, Jonathan Niles-Weed, Aram-Alexandre Pooladian
Date: 2022-12-07 00:00:00

We study the problem of estimating a function $T$ given independent samples from a distribution $P$ and from the pushforward distribution $T_\sharp P$. This setting is motivated by applications in the sciences, where $T$ represents the evolution of a physical system over time, and in machine learning, where, for example, $T$ may represent a transformation learned by a deep neural network trained for a generative modeling task. To ensure identifiability, we assume that $T = \nabla \varphi_0$ is the gradient of a convex function, in which case $T$ is known as an \emph{optimal transport map}. Prior work has studied the estimation of $T$ under the assumption that it lies in a H\"older class, but general theory is lacking. We present a unified methodology for obtaining rates of estimation of optimal transport maps in general function spaces. Our assumptions are significantly weaker than those appearing in the literature: we require only that the source measure $P$ satisfy a Poincar\'e inequality and that the optimal map be the gradient of a smooth convex function that lies in a space whose metric entropy can be controlled. As a special case, we recover known estimation rates for H\"older transport maps, but also obtain nearly sharp results in many settings not covered by prior work. For example, we provide the first statistical rates of estimation when $P$ is the normal distribution and the transport map is given by an infinite-width shallow neural network.
Pseudo-Riemannian Embedding Models for Multi-Relational Graph Representations
Authors: Saee Paliwal, Angus Brayne, Benedek Fabian, Maciej Wiatrak, Aaron Sim
Date: 2022-12-02 00:00:00
Tasks: Graph Embedding, Knowledge Graph Completion, Link Prediction

In this paper we generalize single-relation pseudo-Riemannian graph embedding models to multi-relational networks, and show that the typical approach of encoding relations as manifold transformations translates from the Riemannian to the pseudo-Riemannian case. In addition we construct a view of relations as separate spacetime submanifolds of multi-time manifolds, and consider an interpolation between a pseudo-Riemannian embedding model and its Wick-rotated Riemannian counterpart. We validate these extensions in the task of link prediction, focusing on flat Lorentzian manifolds, and demonstrate their use in both knowledge graph completion and knowledge discovery in a biological domain.
Learning-To-Embed: Adopting Transformer based models for E-commerce Products Representation Learning
Authors: Lakshya Kumar, Sreekanth Vempati
Date: 2022-12-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Product Recommendation, Representation Learning, Sentence

Learning low-dimensional representation for large number of products present in an e-commerce catalogue plays a vital role as they are helpful in tasks like product ranking, product recommendation, finding similar products, modelling user-behaviour etc. Recently, a lot of tasks in the NLP field are getting tackled using the Transformer based models and these deep models are widely applicable in the industries setting to solve various problems. With this motivation, we apply transformer based model for learning contextual representation of products in an e-commerce setting. In this work, we propose a novel approach of pre-training transformer based model on a users generated sessions dataset obtained from a large fashion e-commerce platform to obtain latent product representation. Once pre-trained, we show that the low-dimension representation of the products can be obtained given the product attributes information as a textual sentence. We mainly pre-train BERT, RoBERTa, ALBERT and XLNET variants of transformer model and show a quantitative analysis of the products representation obtained from these models with respect to Next Product Recommendation(NPR) and Content Ranking(CR) tasks. For both the tasks, we collect an evaluation data from the fashion e-commerce platform and observe that XLNET model outperform other variants with a MRR of 0.5 for NPR and NDCG of 0.634 for CR. XLNET model also outperforms the Word2Vec based non-transformer baseline on both the downstream tasks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first and novel work for pre-training transformer based models using users generated sessions data containing products that are represented with rich attributes information for adoption in e-commerce setting. These models can be further fine-tuned in order to solve various downstream tasks in e-commerce, thereby eliminating the need to train a model from scratch.
THREAT/crawl: a Trainable, Highly-Reusable, and Extensible Automated Method and Tool to Crawl Criminal Underground Forums
Authors: Michele Campobasso, Luca Allodi
Date: 2022-12-07 00:00:00

Collecting data on underground criminal communities is highly valuable both for security research and security operations. Unfortunately these communities live within a constellation of diverse online forums that are difficult to infiltrate, may adopt crawling monitoring countermeasures, and require the development of ad-hoc scrapers for each different community, making the endeavour increasingly technically challenging, and potentially expensive. To address this problem we propose THREAT/crawl, a method and prototype tool for a highly reusable crawler that can learn a wide range of (arbitrary) forum structures, can remain under-the-radar during the crawling activity and can be extended and configured at the user will. We showcase THREAT/crawl capabilities and provide prime evaluation of our prototype against a range of active, live, underground communities.
An automated approach to extracting positive and negative clinical research results
Authors: Xuanyu Shi, Shiyao Xie, Wenjia Wang, Ting Chen, Jian Du
Date: 2022-12-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Descriptive

Failure is common in clinical trials since the successful failures presented in negative results always indicate the ways that should not be taken. In this paper, we proposed an automated approach to extracting positive and negative clinical research results by introducing a PICOE (Population, Intervention, Comparation, Outcome, and Effect) framework to represent randomized controlled trials (RCT) reports, where E indicates the effect between a specific I and O. We developed a pipeline to extract and assign the corresponding statistical effect to a specific I-O pair from natural language RCT reports. The extraction models achieved a high degree of accuracy for ICO and E descriptive words extraction through two rounds of training. By defining a threshold of p-value, we find in all Covid-19 related intervention-outcomes pairs with statistical tests, negative results account for nearly 40%. We believe that this observation is noteworthy since they are extracted from the published literature, in which there is an inherent risk of reporting bias, preferring to report positive results rather than negative results. We provided a tool to systematically understand the current level of clinical evidence by distinguishing negative results from the positive results.