pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
GLOBEM Dataset: Multi-Year Datasets for Longitudinal Human Behavior Modeling Generalization
Authors: Xuhai Xu, Han Zhang, Yasaman Sefidgar, Yiyi Ren, Xin Liu, Woosuk Seo, Jennifer Brown, Kevin Kuehn, Mike Merrill, Paula Nurius, Shwetak Patel, Tim Althoff, Margaret E. Morris, Eve Riskin, Jennifer Mankoff, Anind K. Dey
Date: 2022-11-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Depression Detection, Domain Generalization

Recent research has demonstrated the capability of behavior signals captured by smartphones and wearables for longitudinal behavior modeling. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive public dataset that serves as an open testbed for fair comparison among algorithms. Moreover, prior studies mainly evaluate algorithms using data from a single population within a short period, without measuring the cross-dataset generalizability of these algorithms. We present the first multi-year passive sensing datasets, containing over 700 user-years and 497 unique users' data collected from mobile and wearable sensors, together with a wide range of well-being metrics. Our datasets can support multiple cross-dataset evaluations of behavior modeling algorithms' generalizability across different users and years. As a starting point, we provide the benchmark results of 18 algorithms on the task of depression detection. Our results indicate that both prior depression detection algorithms and domain generalization techniques show potential but need further research to achieve adequate cross-dataset generalizability. We envision our multi-year datasets can support the ML community in developing generalizable longitudinal behavior modeling algorithms.
Climbing Routes Clustering Using Energy-Efficient Accelerometers Attached to the Quickdraws
Authors: Sadaf Moaveninejad, Andrea Janes, Camillo Porcaro, Luca Barletta, Lorenzo Mucchi, Massimiliano Pierobon
Date: 2022-11-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Clustering

One of the challenges for climbing gyms is to find out popular routes for the climbers to improve their services and optimally use their infrastructure. This problem must be addressed preserving both the privacy and convenience of the climbers and the costs of the gyms. To this aim, a hardware prototype is developed to collect data using accelerometer sensors attached to a piece of climbing equipment mounted on the wall, called quickdraw, that connects the climbing rope to the bolt anchors. The corresponding sensors are configured to be energy-efficient, hence becoming practical in terms of expenses and time consumption for replacement when used in large quantities in a climbing gym. This paper describes hardware specifications, studies data measured by the sensors in ultra-low power mode, detect patterns in data during climbing different routes, and develops an unsupervised approach for route clustering.
MONAI: An open-source framework for deep learning in healthcare
Authors: M. Jorge Cardoso, Wenqi Li, Richard Brown, Nic Ma, Eric Kerfoot, Yiheng Wang, Benjamin Murrey, Can Zhao, Dong Yang, Vishwesh Nath, Yufan He, Ziyue Xu, Ali Hatamizadeh, Andriy Myronenko, Wentao Zhu, Yun Liu, Mingxin Zheng, Yucheng Tang, Isaac Yang, Michael Zephyr, Behrooz Hashemian, Sachidanand Alle, Mohammad Zalbagi Darestani, Charlie Budd, Marc Modat, Tom Vercauteren, Guotai Wang, Yiwen Li, Yipeng Hu, Yunguan Fu, Benjamin Gorman, Hans Johnson, Brad Genereaux, Barbaros S. Erdal, Vikash Gupta, Andres Diaz-Pinto, Andre Dourson, Lena Maier-Hein, Paul F. Jaeger, Michael Baumgartner, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Mona Flores, Justin Kirby, Lee A. D. Cooper, Holger R. Roth, Daguang Xu, David Bericat, Ralf Floca, S. Kevin Zhou, Haris Shuaib, Keyvan Farahani, Klaus H. Maier-Hein, Stephen Aylward, Prerna Dogra, Sebastien Ourselin, Andrew Feng
Date: 2022-11-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Deep Learning, Medical Image Classification, medical image detection, Medical Image Registration, Medical Image Segmentation

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a tremendous impact across most areas of science. Applications of AI in healthcare have the potential to improve our ability to detect, diagnose, prognose, and intervene on human disease. For AI models to be used clinically, they need to be made safe, reproducible and robust, and the underlying software framework must be aware of the particularities (e.g. geometry, physiology, physics) of medical data being processed. This work introduces MONAI, a freely available, community-supported, and consortium-led PyTorch-based framework for deep learning in healthcare. MONAI extends PyTorch to support medical data, with a particular focus on imaging, and provide purpose-specific AI model architectures, transformations and utilities that streamline the development and deployment of medical AI models. MONAI follows best practices for software-development, providing an easy-to-use, robust, well-documented, and well-tested software framework. MONAI preserves the simple, additive, and compositional approach of its underlying PyTorch libraries. MONAI is being used by and receiving contributions from research, clinical and industrial teams from around the world, who are pursuing applications spanning nearly every aspect of healthcare.
Achieving mouse-level strategic evasion performance using real-time computational planning
Authors: German Espinosa, Gabrielle E. Wink, Alexander T. Lai, Daniel A. Dombeck, Malcolm A. MacIver
Date: 2022-11-04 00:00:00

Planning is an extraordinary ability in which the brain imagines and then enacts evaluated possible futures. Using traditional planning models, computer scientists have attempted to replicate this capacity with some level of success but ultimately face a reoccurring limitation: as the plan grows in steps, the number of different possible futures makes it intractable to determine the right sequence of actions to reach a goal state. Based on prior theoretical work on how the ecology of an animal governs the value of spatial planning, we developed a more efficient biologically-inspired planning algorithm, TLPPO. This algorithm allows us to achieve mouselevel predator evasion performance with orders of magnitude less computation than a widespread algorithm for planning in the situations of partial observability that typify predator-prey interactions. We compared the performance of a real-time agent using TLPPO against the performance of live mice, all tasked with evading a robot predator. We anticipate these results will be helpful to planning algorithm users and developers, as well as to areas of neuroscience where robot-animal interaction can provide a useful approach to studying the basis of complex behaviors.
WaveNets: Wavelet Channel Attention Networks
Authors: Hadi Salman, Caleb Parks, Shi Yin Hong, Justin Zhan
Date: 2022-11-04 00:00:00
Tasks: image-classification, Image Classification

Channel Attention reigns supreme as an effective technique in the field of computer vision. However, the proposed channel attention by SENet suffers from information loss in feature learning caused by the use of Global Average Pooling (GAP) to represent channels as scalars. Thus, designing effective channel attention mechanisms requires finding a solution to enhance features preservation in modeling channel inter-dependencies. In this work, we utilize Wavelet transform compression as a solution to the channel representation problem. We first test wavelet transform as an Auto-Encoder model equipped with conventional channel attention module. Next, we test wavelet transform as a standalone channel compression method. We prove that global average pooling is equivalent to the recursive approximate Haar wavelet transform. With this proof, we generalize channel attention using Wavelet compression and name it WaveNet. Implementation of our method can be embedded within existing channel attention methods with a couple of lines of code. We test our proposed method using ImageNet dataset for image classification task. Our method outperforms the baseline SENet, and achieves the state-of-the-art results. Our code implementation is publicly available at https://github.com/hady1011/WaveNet-C.
Measuring Progress on Scalable Oversight for Large Language Models
Authors: Samuel R. Bowman, Jeeyoon Hyun, Ethan Perez, Edwin Chen, Craig Pettit, Scott Heiner, Kamilė Lukošiūtė, Amanda Askell, Andy Jones, Anna Chen, Anna Goldie, Azalia Mirhoseini, Cameron McKinnon, Christopher Olah, Daniela Amodei, Dario Amodei, Dawn Drain, Dustin Li, Eli Tran-Johnson, Jackson Kernion, Jamie Kerr, Jared Mueller, Jeffrey Ladish, Joshua Landau, Kamal Ndousse, Liane Lovitt, Nelson Elhage, Nicholas Schiefer, Nicholas Joseph, Noemí Mercado, Nova DasSarma, Robin Larson, Sam McCandlish, Sandipan Kundu, Scott Johnston, Shauna Kravec, Sheer El Showk, Stanislav Fort, Timothy Telleen-Lawton, Tom Brown, Tom Henighan, Tristan Hume, Yuntao Bai, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Ben Mann, Jared Kaplan
Date: 2022-11-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Experimental Design, Language Modelling, Large Language Model, MMLU, Question Answering

Developing safe and useful general-purpose AI systems will require us to make progress on scalable oversight: the problem of supervising systems that potentially outperform us on most skills relevant to the task at hand. Empirical work on this problem is not straightforward, since we do not yet have systems that broadly exceed our abilities. This paper discusses one of the major ways we think about this problem, with a focus on ways it can be studied empirically. We first present an experimental design centered on tasks for which human specialists succeed but unaided humans and current general AI systems fail. We then present a proof-of-concept experiment meant to demonstrate a key feature of this experimental design and show its viability with two question-answering tasks: MMLU and time-limited QuALITY. On these tasks, we find that human participants who interact with an unreliable large-language-model dialog assistant through chat -- a trivial baseline strategy for scalable oversight -- substantially outperform both the model alone and their own unaided performance. These results are an encouraging sign that scalable oversight will be tractable to study with present models and bolster recent findings that large language models can productively assist humans with difficult tasks.
De novo PROTAC design using graph-based deep generative models
Authors: Divya Nori, Connor W. Coley, Rocío Mercado
Date: 2022-11-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Reinforcement Learning (RL)

PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) are an emerging therapeutic modality for degrading a protein of interest (POI) by marking it for degradation by the proteasome. Recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) suggest that deep generative models can assist with the de novo design of molecules with desired properties, and their application to PROTAC design remains largely unexplored. We show that a graph-based generative model can be used to propose novel PROTAC-like structures from empty graphs. Our model can be guided towards the generation of large molecules (30--140 heavy atoms) predicted to degrade a POI through policy-gradient reinforcement learning (RL). Rewards during RL are applied using a boosted tree surrogate model that predicts a molecule's degradation potential for each POI. Using this approach, we steer the generative model towards compounds with higher likelihoods of predicted degradation activity. Despite being trained on sparse public data, the generative model proposes molecules with substructures found in known degraders. After fine-tuning, predicted activity against a challenging POI increases from 50% to >80% with near-perfect chemical validity for sampled compounds, suggesting this is a promising approach for the optimization of large, PROTAC-like molecules for targeted protein degradation.
Dealing with Drift of Adaptation Spaces in Learning-based Self-Adaptive Systems using Lifelong Self-Adaptation
Authors: Omid Gheibi, Danny Weyns
Date: 2022-11-04 00:00:00
Tasks: Decision Making, Self Adaptive System

Recently, machine learning (ML) has become a popular approach to support self-adaptation. ML has been used to deal with several problems in self-adaptation, such as maintaining an up-to-date runtime model under uncertainty and scalable decision-making. Yet, exploiting ML comes with inherent challenges. In this paper, we focus on a particularly important challenge for learning-based self-adaptive systems: drift in adaptation spaces. With adaptation space we refer to the set of adaptation options a self-adaptive system can select from at a given time to adapt based on the estimated quality properties of the adaptation options. Drift of adaptation spaces originates from uncertainties, affecting the quality properties of the adaptation options. Such drift may imply that eventually no adaptation option can satisfy the initial set of the adaptation goals, deteriorating the quality of the system, or adaptation options may emerge that allow enhancing the adaptation goals. In ML, such shift corresponds to novel class appearance, a type of concept drift in target data that common ML techniques have problems dealing with. To tackle this problem, we present a novel approach to self-adaptation that enhances learning-based self-adaptive systems with a lifelong ML layer. We refer to this approach as lifelong self-adaptation. The lifelong ML layer tracks the system and its environment, associates this knowledge with the current tasks, identifies new tasks based on differences, and updates the learning models of the self-adaptive system accordingly. A human stakeholder may be involved to support the learning process and adjust the learning and goal models. We present a general architecture for lifelong self-adaptation and apply it to the case of drift of adaptation spaces that affects the decision-making in self-adaptation. We validate the approach for a series of scenarios using the DeltaIoT exemplar.
Privacy Aware Experiments without Cookies
Authors: Shiv Shankar, Ritwik Sinha, Saayan Mitra, Viswanathan Swaminathan, Sridhar Mahadevan, Moumita Sinha
Date: 2022-11-03 00:00:00
Tasks: Experimental Design, valid

Consider two brands that want to jointly test alternate web experiences for their customers with an A/B test. Such collaborative tests are today enabled using \textit{third-party cookies}, where each brand has information on the identity of visitors to another website. With the imminent elimination of third-party cookies, such A/B tests will become untenable. We propose a two-stage experimental design, where the two brands only need to agree on high-level aggregate parameters of the experiment to test the alternate experiences. Our design respects the privacy of customers. We propose an estimater of the Average Treatment Effect (ATE), show that it is unbiased and theoretically compute its variance. Our demonstration describes how a marketer for a brand can design such an experiment and analyze the results. On real and simulated data, we show that the approach provides valid estimate of the ATE with low variance and is robust to the proportion of visitors overlapping across the brands.
CRIPP-VQA: Counterfactual Reasoning about Implicit Physical Properties via Video Question Answering
Authors: Maitreya Patel, Tejas Gokhale, Chitta Baral, Yezhou Yang
Date: 2022-11-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Add - PO, Add - PQ, counterfactual, Counterfactual Planning, Counterfactual Reasoning, Descriptive, Friction, Question Answering, Remove - PO, Remove - PQ, Replace - PO, Replace - PQ, Video Question Answering, Visual Question Answering (VQA)

Videos often capture objects, their visible properties, their motion, and the interactions between different objects. Objects also have physical properties such as mass, which the imaging pipeline is unable to directly capture. However, these properties can be estimated by utilizing cues from relative object motion and the dynamics introduced by collisions. In this paper, we introduce CRIPP-VQA, a new video question answering dataset for reasoning about the implicit physical properties of objects in a scene. CRIPP-VQA contains videos of objects in motion, annotated with questions that involve counterfactual reasoning about the effect of actions, questions about planning in order to reach a goal, and descriptive questions about visible properties of objects. The CRIPP-VQA test set enables evaluation under several out-of-distribution settings -- videos with objects with masses, coefficients of friction, and initial velocities that are not observed in the training distribution. Our experiments reveal a surprising and significant performance gap in terms of answering questions about implicit properties (the focus of this paper) and explicit properties of objects (the focus of prior work).
Easily Accessible Text-to-Image Generation Amplifies Demographic Stereotypes at Large Scale
Authors: Federico Bianchi, Pratyusha Kalluri, Esin Durmus, Faisal Ladhak, Myra Cheng, Debora Nozza, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Dan Jurafsky, James Zou, Aylin Caliskan
Date: 2022-11-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Generation, Text to Image Generation, Text-to-Image Generation

Machine learning models that convert user-written text descriptions into images are now widely available online and used by millions of users to generate millions of images a day. We investigate the potential for these models to amplify dangerous and complex stereotypes. We find a broad range of ordinary prompts produce stereotypes, including prompts simply mentioning traits, descriptors, occupations, or objects. For example, we find cases of prompting for basic traits or social roles resulting in images reinforcing whiteness as ideal, prompting for occupations resulting in amplification of racial and gender disparities, and prompting for objects resulting in reification of American norms. Stereotypes are present regardless of whether prompts explicitly mention identity and demographic language or avoid such language. Moreover, stereotypes persist despite mitigation strategies; neither user attempts to counter stereotypes by requesting images with specific counter-stereotypes nor institutional attempts to add system ``guardrails'' have prevented the perpetuation of stereotypes. Our analysis justifies concerns regarding the impacts of today's models, presenting striking exemplars, and connecting these findings with deep insights into harms drawn from social scientific and humanist disciplines. This work contributes to the effort to shed light on the uniquely complex biases in language-vision models and demonstrates the ways that the mass deployment of text-to-image generation models results in mass dissemination of stereotypes and resulting harms.
TAP-Vid: A Benchmark for Tracking Any Point in a Video
Authors: Carl Doersch, Ankush Gupta, Larisa Markeeva, Adrià Recasens, Lucas Smaira, Yusuf Aytar, João Carreira, Andrew Zisserman, Yi Yang
Date: 2022-11-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Optical Flow Estimation, Point Tracking

Generic motion understanding from video involves not only tracking objects, but also perceiving how their surfaces deform and move. This information is useful to make inferences about 3D shape, physical properties and object interactions. While the problem of tracking arbitrary physical points on surfaces over longer video clips has received some attention, no dataset or benchmark for evaluation existed, until now. In this paper, we first formalize the problem, naming it tracking any point (TAP). We introduce a companion benchmark, TAP-Vid, which is composed of both real-world videos with accurate human annotations of point tracks, and synthetic videos with perfect ground-truth point tracks. Central to the construction of our benchmark is a novel semi-automatic crowdsourced pipeline which uses optical flow estimates to compensate for easier, short-term motion like camera shake, allowing annotators to focus on harder sections of video. We validate our pipeline on synthetic data and propose a simple end-to-end point tracking model TAP-Net, showing that it outperforms all prior methods on our benchmark when trained on synthetic data.
Inpainting in discrete Sobolev spaces: structural information for uncertainty reduction
Authors: Marco Seracini, Stephen R. Brown
Date: 2022-11-07 00:00:00

In this article, using an exemplar-based approach, we investigate the inpainting problem, introducing a new mathematical functional, whose minimization determines the quality of the reconstructions. The new functional expression takes into account of fnite differences terms, in a similar fashion to what happens in the theoretical Sobolev spaces. Moreover, we introduce a new priority index to determine the scanning order of the points to inpaint, prioritizing the uncertainty reduction in the choice. The achieved results highlight important theoretical-connected aspects of the inpainting by patch procedure.
A Survey on Computer Vision based Human Analysis in the COVID-19 Era
Authors: Fevziye Irem Eyiokur, Alperen Kantarcı, Mustafa Ekrem Erakin, Naser Damer, Ferda Ofli, Muhammad Imran, Janez Križaj, Albert Ali Salah, Alexander Waibel, Vitomir Štruc, Hazim Kemal Ekenel
Date: 2022-11-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Crowd Counting, Face Recognition

The emergence of COVID-19 has had a global and profound impact, not only on society as a whole, but also on the lives of individuals. Various prevention measures were introduced around the world to limit the transmission of the disease, including face masks, mandates for social distancing and regular disinfection in public spaces, and the use of screening applications. These developments also triggered the need for novel and improved computer vision techniques capable of (i) providing support to the prevention measures through an automated analysis of visual data, on the one hand, and (ii) facilitating normal operation of existing vision-based services, such as biometric authentication schemes, on the other. Especially important here, are computer vision techniques that focus on the analysis of people and faces in visual data and have been affected the most by the partial occlusions introduced by the mandates for facial masks. Such computer vision based human analysis techniques include face and face-mask detection approaches, face recognition techniques, crowd counting solutions, age and expression estimation procedures, models for detecting face-hand interactions and many others, and have seen considerable attention over recent years. The goal of this survey is to provide an introduction to the problems induced by COVID-19 into such research and to present a comprehensive review of the work done in the computer vision based human analysis field. Particular attention is paid to the impact of facial masks on the performance of various methods and recent solutions to mitigate this problem. Additionally, a detailed review of existing datasets useful for the development and evaluation of methods for COVID-19 related applications is also provided. Finally, to help advance the field further, a discussion on the main open challenges and future research direction is given.