pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Dataset for neutron and gamma-ray pulse shape discrimination
Authors: Kaimin Wang, Haoran Liu, Peng Li, Mingzhe Liu, Zhuo Zuo
Date: 2023-05-24 00:00:00

The publicly accessible dataset includes neutron and gamma-ray pulse signals for conducting pulse shape discrimination experiments. Several traditional and recently proposed pulse shape discrimination algorithms are utilized to evaluate the performance of pulse shape discrimination under raw pulse signals and noise-enhanced datasets. These algorithms comprise zero-crossing (ZC), charge comparison (CC), falling edge percentage slope (FEPS), frequency gradient analysis (FGA), pulse-coupled neural network (PCNN), ladder gradient (LG), and het-erogeneous quasi-continuous spiking cortical model (HQC-SCM). In addition to the pulse signals, this dataset includes the source code for all the aforementioned pulse shape discrimination methods. Moreover, the dataset provides the source code for schematic pulse shape discrimination performance evaluation and anti-noise performance evaluation. This feature enables researchers to evaluate the performance of these methods using standard procedures and assess their anti-noise ability under various noise conditions. In conclusion, this dataset offers a comprehensive set of resources for conducting pulse shape discrimination experiments and evaluating the performance of various pulse shape discrimination methods under different noise scenarios.
Pulse shape discrimination based on the Tempotron: a powerful classifier on GPU
Authors: Haoran Liu, Peng Li, Ming-Zhe Liu, Kai-Ming Wang, Zhuo Zuo, Bing-Qi Liu
Date: 2023-05-26 00:00:00
Tasks: CPU, GPU

This study utilized the Tempotron, a robust classifier based on a third-generation neural network model, for pulse shape discrimination. By eliminating the need for manual feature extraction, the Tempotron model can process pulse signals directly, generating discrimination results based on prior knowledge. The study performed experiments using GPU acceleration, resulting in over 500 times faster compared to the CPU-based model, and investigated the impact of noise augmentation on the Tempotron performance. Experimental results substantiated that Tempotron serves as a formidable classifier, adept at accomplishing high discrimination accuracy on both AmBe and time-of-flight PuBe datasets. Furthermore, analyzing the neural activity of Tempotron during training shed light on its learning characteristics and aided in selecting its hyperparameters. Moreover, the study addressed the constraints and potential avenues for future development in utilizing the Tempotron for pulse shape discrimination. The dataset used in this study and the GPU-based Tempotron are publicly available on GitHub at https://github.com/HaoranLiu507/TempotronGPU.
Proposal-Based Multiple Instance Learning for Weakly-Supervised Temporal Action Localization
Authors: Huan Ren, Wenfei Yang, Tianzhu Zhang, Yongdong Zhang
Date: 2023-05-29 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2023 1
Tasks: Action Localization, Multiple Instance Learning, Temporal Action Localization, Weakly Supervised Action Localization, Weakly-supervised Temporal Action Localization

Weakly-supervised temporal action localization aims to localize and recognize actions in untrimmed videos with only video-level category labels during training. Without instance-level annotations, most existing methods follow the Segment-based Multiple Instance Learning (S-MIL) framework, where the predictions of segments are supervised by the labels of videos. However, the objective for acquiring segment-level scores during training is not consistent with the target for acquiring proposal-level scores during testing, leading to suboptimal results. To deal with this problem, we propose a novel Proposal-based Multiple Instance Learning (P-MIL) framework that directly classifies the candidate proposals in both the training and testing stages, which includes three key designs: 1) a surrounding contrastive feature extraction module to suppress the discriminative short proposals by considering the surrounding contrastive information, 2) a proposal completeness evaluation module to inhibit the low-quality proposals with the guidance of the completeness pseudo labels, and 3) an instance-level rank consistency loss to achieve robust detection by leveraging the complementarity of RGB and FLOW modalities. Extensive experimental results on two challenging benchmarks including THUMOS14 and ActivityNet demonstrate the superior performance of our method.
Photoswap: Personalized Subject Swapping in Images
Date: 2023-05-29 00:00:00
Proceeding: NeurIPS 2023 11

In an era where images and visual content dominate our digital landscape, the ability to manipulate and personalize these images has become a necessity. Envision seamlessly substituting a tabby cat lounging on a sunlit window sill in a photograph with your own playful puppy, all while preserving the original charm and composition of the image. We present Photoswap, a novel approach that enables this immersive image editing experience through personalized subject swapping in existing images. Photoswap first learns the visual concept of the subject from reference images and then swaps it into the target image using pre-trained diffusion models in a training-free manner. We establish that a well-conceptualized visual subject can be seamlessly transferred to any image with appropriate self-attention and cross-attention manipulation, maintaining the pose of the swapped subject and the overall coherence of the image. Comprehensive experiments underscore the efficacy and controllability of Photoswap in personalized subject swapping. Furthermore, Photoswap significantly outperforms baseline methods in human ratings across subject swapping, background preservation, and overall quality, revealing its vast application potential, from entertainment to professional editing.
Partially Personalized Federated Learning: Breaking the Curse of Data Heterogeneity
Authors: Konstantin Mishchenko, Rustem Islamov, Eduard Gorbunov, Samuel Horváth
Date: 2023-05-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Federated Learning, Personalized Federated Learning

We present a partially personalized formulation of Federated Learning (FL) that strikes a balance between the flexibility of personalization and cooperativeness of global training. In our framework, we split the variables into global parameters, which are shared across all clients, and individual local parameters, which are kept private. We prove that under the right split of parameters, it is possible to find global parameters that allow each client to fit their data perfectly, and refer to the obtained problem as overpersonalized. For instance, the shared global parameters can be used to learn good data representations, whereas the personalized layers are fine-tuned for a specific client. Moreover, we present a simple algorithm for the partially personalized formulation that offers significant benefits to all clients. In particular, it breaks the curse of data heterogeneity in several settings, such as training with local steps, asynchronous training, and Byzantine-robust training.
CommonAccent: Exploring Large Acoustic Pretrained Models for Accent Classification Based on Common Voice
Authors: Juan Zuluaga-Gomez, Sara Ahmed, Danielius Visockas, Cem Subakan
Date: 2023-05-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Automatic Speech Recognition, Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Classification, speech-recognition, Speech Recognition

Despite the recent advancements in Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), the recognition of accented speech still remains a dominant problem. In order to create more inclusive ASR systems, research has shown that the integration of accent information, as part of a larger ASR framework, can lead to the mitigation of accented speech errors. We address multilingual accent classification through the ECAPA-TDNN and Wav2Vec 2.0/XLSR architectures which have been proven to perform well on a variety of speech-related downstream tasks. We introduce a simple-to-follow recipe aligned to the SpeechBrain toolkit for accent classification based on Common Voice 7.0 (English) and Common Voice 11.0 (Italian, German, and Spanish). Furthermore, we establish new state-of-the-art for English accent classification with as high as 95% accuracy. We also study the internal categorization of the Wav2Vev 2.0 embeddings through t-SNE, noting that there is a level of clustering based on phonological similarity. (Our recipe is open-source in the SpeechBrain toolkit, see: https://github.com/speechbrain/speechbrain/tree/develop/recipes)
HyperConformer: Multi-head HyperMixer for Efficient Speech Recognition
Authors: Florian Mai, Juan Zuluaga-Gomez, Titouan Parcollet, Petr Motlicek
Date: 2023-05-29 00:00:00
Tasks: speech-recognition, Speech Recognition

State-of-the-art ASR systems have achieved promising results by modeling local and global interactions separately. While the former can be computed efficiently, global interactions are usually modeled via attention mechanisms, which are expensive for long input sequences. Here, we address this by extending HyperMixer, an efficient alternative to attention exhibiting linear complexity, to the Conformer architecture for speech recognition, leading to HyperConformer. In particular, multi-head HyperConformer achieves comparable or higher recognition performance while being more efficient than Conformer in terms of inference speed, memory, parameter count, and available training data. HyperConformer achieves a word error rate of 2.9% on Librispeech test-clean with less than 8M neural parameters and a peak memory during training of 5.7GB, hence trainable with accessible hardware. Encoder speed is between 38% on mid-length speech and 56% on long speech faster than an equivalent Conformer. (The HyperConformer recipe is publicly available in: https://github.com/speechbrain/speechbrain/tree/develop/recipes/LibriSpeech/ASR/transformer/)
Contextual Object Detection with Multimodal Large Language Models
Authors: Yuhang Zang, Wei Li, Jun Han, Kaiyang Zhou, Chen Change Loy
Date: 2023-05-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Cloze Test, Decoder, Image Captioning, Image Segmentation, Object, object-detection, Object Detection, Question Answering, Semantic Segmentation

Recent Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are remarkable in vision-language tasks, such as image captioning and question answering, but lack the essential perception ability, i.e., object detection. In this work, we address this limitation by introducing a novel research problem of contextual object detection -- understanding visible objects within different human-AI interactive contexts. Three representative scenarios are investigated, including the language cloze test, visual captioning, and question answering. Moreover, we present ContextDET, a unified multimodal model that is capable of end-to-end differentiable modeling of visual-language contexts, so as to locate, identify, and associate visual objects with language inputs for human-AI interaction. Our ContextDET involves three key submodels: (i) a visual encoder for extracting visual representations, (ii) a pre-trained LLM for multimodal context decoding, and (iii) a visual decoder for predicting bounding boxes given contextual object words. The new generate-then-detect framework enables us to detect object words within human vocabulary. Extensive experiments show the advantages of ContextDET on our proposed CODE benchmark, open-vocabulary detection, and referring image segmentation. Github: https://github.com/yuhangzang/ContextDET.
3DTeethSeg'22: 3D Teeth Scan Segmentation and Labeling Challenge
Authors: Achraf Ben-Hamadou, Oussama Smaoui, Ahmed Rekik, Sergi Pujades, Edmond Boyer, Hoyeon Lim, Minchang Kim, Minkyung Lee, Minyoung Chung, Yeong-Gil Shin, Mathieu Leclercq, Lucia Cevidanes, Juan Carlos Prieto, Shaojie Zhuang, Guangshun Wei, Zhiming Cui, Yuanfeng Zhou, Tudor Dascalu, Bulat Ibragimov, Tae-Hoon Yong, Hong-Gi Ahn, Wan Kim, Jae-Hwan Han, Byungsun Choi, Niels van Nistelrooij, Steven Kempers, Shankeeth Vinayahalingam, Julien Strippoli, Aurélien Thollot, Hugo Setbon, Cyril Trosset, Edouard Ladroit
Date: 2023-05-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Anatomy, Segmentation

Teeth localization, segmentation, and labeling from intra-oral 3D scans are essential tasks in modern dentistry to enhance dental diagnostics, treatment planning, and population-based studies on oral health. However, developing automated algorithms for teeth analysis presents significant challenges due to variations in dental anatomy, imaging protocols, and limited availability of publicly accessible data. To address these challenges, the 3DTeethSeg'22 challenge was organized in conjunction with the International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) in 2022, with a call for algorithms tackling teeth localization, segmentation, and labeling from intraoral 3D scans. A dataset comprising a total of 1800 scans from 900 patients was prepared, and each tooth was individually annotated by a human-machine hybrid algorithm. A total of 6 algorithms were evaluated on this dataset. In this study, we present the evaluation results of the 3DTeethSeg'22 challenge. The 3DTeethSeg'22 challenge code can be accessed at: https://github.com/abenhamadou/3DTeethSeg22_challenge
Doing the right thing for the right reason: Evaluating artificial moral cognition by probing cost insensitivity
Authors: Yiran Mao, Madeline G. Reinecke, Markus Kunesch, Edgar A. Duéñez-Guzmán, Ramona Comanescu, Julia Haas, Joel Z. Leibo
Date: 2023-05-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Deep Reinforcement Learning, Meta Reinforcement Learning, reinforcement-learning, Reinforcement Learning

Is it possible to evaluate the moral cognition of complex artificial agents? In this work, we take a look at one aspect of morality: `doing the right thing for the right reasons.' We propose a behavior-based analysis of artificial moral cognition which could also be applied to humans to facilitate like-for-like comparison. Morally-motivated behavior should persist despite mounting cost; by measuring an agent's sensitivity to this cost, we gain deeper insight into underlying motivations. We apply this evaluation to a particular set of deep reinforcement learning agents, trained by memory-based meta-reinforcement learning. Our results indicate that agents trained with a reward function that includes other-regarding preferences perform helping behavior in a way that is less sensitive to increasing cost than agents trained with more self-interested preferences.
Check-COVID: Fact-Checking COVID-19 News Claims with Scientific Evidence
Authors: Gengyu Wang, Kate Harwood, Lawrence Chillrud, Amith Ananthram, Melanie Subbiah, Kathleen McKeown
Date: 2023-05-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Articles, Fact Checking, Sentence

We present a new fact-checking benchmark, Check-COVID, that requires systems to verify claims about COVID-19 from news using evidence from scientific articles. This approach to fact-checking is particularly challenging as it requires checking internet text written in everyday language against evidence from journal articles written in formal academic language. Check-COVID contains 1, 504 expert-annotated news claims about the coronavirus paired with sentence-level evidence from scientific journal articles and veracity labels. It includes both extracted (journalist-written) and composed (annotator-written) claims. Experiments using both a fact-checking specific system and GPT-3.5, which respectively achieve F1 scores of 76.99 and 69.90 on this task, reveal the difficulty of automatically fact-checking both claim types and the importance of in-domain data for good performance. Our data and models are released publicly at https://github.com/posuer/Check-COVID.
Synfeal: A Data-Driven Simulator for End-to-End Camera Localization
Authors: Daniel Coelho, Miguel Oliveira, Paulo Dias
Date: 2023-05-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Camera Localization

Collecting real-world data is often considered the bottleneck of Artificial Intelligence, stalling the research progress in several fields, one of which is camera localization. End-to-end camera localization methods are still outperformed by traditional methods, and we argue that the inconsistencies associated with the data collection techniques are restraining the potential of end-to-end methods. Inspired by the recent data-centric paradigm, we propose a framework that synthesizes large localization datasets based on realistic 3D reconstructions of the real world. Our framework, termed Synfeal: Synthetic from Real, is an open-source, data-driven simulator that synthesizes RGB images by moving a virtual camera through a realistic 3D textured mesh, while collecting the corresponding ground-truth camera poses. The results validate that the training of camera localization algorithms on datasets generated by Synfeal leads to better results when compared to datasets generated by state-of-the-art methods. Using Synfeal, we conducted the first analysis of the relationship between the size of the dataset and the performance of camera localization algorithms. Results show that the performance significantly increases with the dataset size. Our results also suggest that when a large localization dataset with high quality is available, training from scratch leads to better performances. Synfeal is publicly available at https://github.com/DanielCoelho112/synfeal.
Representation Learning on Hyper-Relational and Numeric Knowledge Graphs with Transformers
Authors: Chanyoung Chung, Jaejun Lee, Joyce Jiyoung Whang
Date: 2023-05-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Graph Embedding, Knowledge Graph Embedding, Knowledge Graphs, Representation Learning, Triplet

A hyper-relational knowledge graph has been recently studied where a triplet is associated with a set of qualifiers; a qualifier is composed of a relation and an entity, providing auxiliary information for a triplet. While existing hyper-relational knowledge graph embedding methods assume that the entities are discrete objects, some information should be represented using numeric values, e.g., (J.R.R., was born in, 1892). Also, a triplet (J.R.R., educated at, Oxford Univ.) can be associated with a qualifier such as (start time, 1911). In this paper, we propose a unified framework named HyNT that learns representations of a hyper-relational knowledge graph containing numeric literals in either triplets or qualifiers. We define a context transformer and a prediction transformer to learn the representations based not only on the correlations between a triplet and its qualifiers but also on the numeric information. By learning compact representations of triplets and qualifiers and feeding them into the transformers, we reduce the computation cost of using transformers. Using HyNT, we can predict missing numeric values in addition to missing entities or relations in a hyper-relational knowledge graph. Experimental results show that HyNT significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods on real-world datasets.
Do Language Models Know When They're Hallucinating References?
Authors: Ayush Agrawal, Mirac Suzgun, Lester Mackey, Adam Tauman Kalai
Date: 2023-05-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Hallucination, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Misinformation

State-of-the-art language models (LMs) are notoriously susceptible to generating hallucinated information. Such inaccurate outputs not only undermine the reliability of these models but also limit their use and raise serious concerns about misinformation and propaganda. In this work, we focus on hallucinated book and article references and present them as the "model organism" of language model hallucination research, due to their frequent and easy-to-discern nature. We posit that if a language model cites a particular reference in its output, then it should ideally possess sufficient information about its authors and content, among other relevant details. Using this basic insight, we illustrate that one can identify hallucinated references without ever consulting any external resources, by asking a set of direct or indirect queries to the language model about the references. These queries can be considered as "consistency checks." Our findings highlight that while LMs, including GPT-4, often produce inconsistent author lists for hallucinated references, they also often accurately recall the authors of real references. In this sense, the LM can be said to "know" when it is hallucinating references. Furthermore, these findings show how hallucinated references can be dissected to shed light on their nature. Replication code and results can be found at https://github.com/microsoft/hallucinated-references.
Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models
Authors: Myra Cheng, Esin Durmus, Dan Jurafsky
Date: 2023-05-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Story Generation

To recognize and mitigate harms from large language models (LLMs), we need to understand the prevalence and nuances of stereotypes in LLM outputs. Toward this end, we present Marked Personas, a prompt-based method to measure stereotypes in LLMs for intersectional demographic groups without any lexicon or data labeling. Grounded in the sociolinguistic concept of markedness (which characterizes explicitly linguistically marked categories versus unmarked defaults), our proposed method is twofold: 1) prompting an LLM to generate personas, i.e., natural language descriptions, of the target demographic group alongside personas of unmarked, default groups; 2) identifying the words that significantly distinguish personas of the target group from corresponding unmarked ones. We find that the portrayals generated by GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 contain higher rates of racial stereotypes than human-written portrayals using the same prompts. The words distinguishing personas of marked (non-white, non-male) groups reflect patterns of othering and exoticizing these demographics. An intersectional lens further reveals tropes that dominate portrayals of marginalized groups, such as tropicalism and the hypersexualization of minoritized women. These representational harms have concerning implications for downstream applications like story generation.
Perceived Trustworthiness of Natural Language Generators
Authors: Beatriz Cabrero-Daniel, Andrea Sanagustín Cabrero
Date: 2023-05-29 00:00:00
Tasks: Text Generation

Natural Language Generation tools, such as chatbots that can generate human-like conversational text, are becoming more common both for personal and professional use. However, there are concerns about their trustworthiness and ethical implications. The paper addresses the problem of understanding how different users (e.g., linguists, engineers) perceive and adopt these tools and their perception of machine-generated text quality. It also discusses the perceived advantages and limitations of Natural Language Generation tools, as well as users' beliefs on governance strategies. The main findings of this study include the impact of users' field and level of expertise on the perceived trust and adoption of Natural Language Generation tools, the users' assessment of the accuracy, fluency, and potential biases of machine-generated text in comparison to human-written text, and an analysis of the advantages and ethical risks associated with these tools as identified by the participants. Moreover, this paper discusses the potential implications of these findings for enhancing the AI development process. The paper sheds light on how different user characteristics shape their beliefs on the quality and overall trustworthiness of machine-generated text. Furthermore, it examines the benefits and risks of these tools from the perspectives of different users.