pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Gemini Pro Defeated by GPT-4V: Evidence from Education
Authors: Gyeong-Geon Lee, Ehsan Latif, Lehong Shi, Xiaoming Zhai
Date: 2023-12-27 00:00:00
Tasks: image-classification, Image Classification, Question Answering, Visual Question Answering, Visual Question Answering (VQA)

This study compared the classification performance of Gemini Pro and GPT-4V in educational settings. Employing visual question answering (VQA) techniques, the study examined both models' abilities to read text-based rubrics and then automatically score student-drawn models in science education. We employed both quantitative and qualitative analyses using a dataset derived from student-drawn scientific models and employing NERIF (Notation-Enhanced Rubrics for Image Feedback) prompting methods. The findings reveal that GPT-4V significantly outperforms Gemini Pro in terms of scoring accuracy and Quadratic Weighted Kappa. The qualitative analysis reveals that the differences may be due to the models' ability to process fine-grained texts in images and overall image classification performance. Even adapting the NERIF approach by further de-sizing the input images, Gemini Pro seems not able to perform as well as GPT-4V. The findings suggest GPT-4V's superior capability in handling complex multimodal educational tasks. The study concludes that while both models represent advancements in AI, GPT-4V's higher performance makes it a more suitable tool for educational applications involving multimodal data interpretation.
Adapting Large Language Models for Education: Foundational Capabilities, Potentials, and Challenges
Authors: Qingyao Li, Lingyue Fu, Weiming Zhang, Xianyu Chen, Jingwei Yu, Wei Xia, Weinan Zhang, Ruiming Tang, Yong Yu
Date: 2023-12-27 00:00:00
Tasks: Question Answering

Online education platforms, leveraging the internet to distribute education resources, seek to provide convenient education but often fall short in real-time communication with students. They often struggle to address the diverse obstacles students encounter throughout their learning journey. Solving the problems encountered by students poses a significant challenge for traditional deep learning models, as it requires not only a broad spectrum of subject knowledge but also the ability to understand what constitutes a student's individual difficulties. It's challenging for traditional machine learning models, as they lack the capacity to comprehend students' personalized needs. Recently, the emergence of large language models (LLMs) offers the possibility for resolving this issue by comprehending individual requests. Although LLMs have been successful in various fields, creating an LLM-based education system is still challenging for the wide range of educational skills required. This paper reviews the recently emerged LLM research related to educational capabilities, including mathematics, writing, programming, reasoning, and knowledge-based question answering, with the aim to explore their potential in constructing the next-generation intelligent education system. Specifically, for each capability, we focus on investigating two aspects. Firstly, we examine the current state of LLMs regarding this capability: how advanced they have become, whether they surpass human abilities, and what deficiencies might exist. Secondly, we evaluate whether the development methods for LLMs in this area are generalizable, that is, whether these methods can be applied to construct a comprehensive educational supermodel with strengths across various capabilities, rather than being effective in only a singular aspect.
MATE-Pred: Multimodal Attention-based TCR-Epitope interaction Predictor
Authors: Etienne Goffinet, Raghvendra Mall, Ankita Singh, Rahul Kaushik, Filippo Castiglione
Date: 2023-12-05 00:00:00
Tasks: Drug Discovery

An accurate binding affinity prediction between T-cell receptors and epitopes contributes decisively to develop successful immunotherapy strategies. Some state-of-the-art computational methods implement deep learning techniques by integrating evolutionary features to convert the amino acid residues of cell receptors and epitope sequences into numerical values, while some other methods employ pre-trained language models to summarize the embedding vectors at the amino acid residue level to obtain sequence-wise representations. Here, we propose a highly reliable novel method, MATE-Pred, that performs multi-modal attention-based prediction of T-cell receptors and epitopes binding affinity. The MATE-Pred is compared and benchmarked with other deep learning models that leverage multi-modal representations of T-cell receptors and epitopes. In the proposed method, the textual representation of proteins is embedded with a pre-trained bi-directional encoder model and combined with two additional modalities: a) a comprehensive set of selected physicochemical properties; b) predicted contact maps that estimate the 3D distances between amino acid residues in the sequences. The MATE-Pred demonstrates the potential of multi-modal model in achieving state-of-the-art performance (+8.4\% MCC, +5.5\% AUC compared to baselines) and efficiently capturing contextual, physicochemical, and structural information from amino acid residues. The performance of MATE-Pred projects its potential application in various drug discovery regimes.
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Truck Vehicle Routing Problems with Multi-Leg Demand Routes
Authors: Joshua Levin, Randall Correll, Takanori Ide, Takafumi Suzuki, Takaho Saito, Alan Arai
Date: 2024-01-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Decoder, Deep Reinforcement Learning, Reinforcement Learning (RL)

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has been shown to be effective in producing approximate solutions to some vehicle routing problems (VRPs), especially when using policies generated by encoder-decoder attention mechanisms. While these techniques have been quite successful for relatively simple problem instances, there are still under-researched and highly complex VRP variants for which no effective RL method has been demonstrated. In this work we focus on one such VRP variant, which contains multiple trucks and multi-leg routing requirements. In these problems, demand is required to move along sequences of nodes, instead of just from a start node to an end node. With the goal of making deep RL a viable strategy for real-world industrial-scale supply chain logistics, we develop new extensions to existing encoder-decoder attention models which allow them to handle multiple trucks and multi-leg routing requirements. Our models have the advantage that they can be trained for a small number of trucks and nodes, and then embedded into a large supply chain to yield solutions for larger numbers of trucks and nodes. We test our approach on a real supply chain environment arising in the operations of Japanese automotive parts manufacturer Aisin Corporation, and find that our algorithm outperforms Aisin's previous best solution.
Contrastive Learning with Negative Sampling Correction
Authors: Lu Wang, Chao Du, Pu Zhao, Chuan Luo, Zhangchi Zhu, Bo Qiao, Wei zhang, QIngwei Lin, Saravan Rajmohan, Dongmei Zhang, Qi Zhang
Date: 2024-01-13 00:00:00
Tasks: Contrastive Learning, Data Augmentation, Graph Classification, Representation Learning

As one of the most effective self-supervised representation learning methods, contrastive learning (CL) relies on multiple negative pairs to contrast against each positive pair. In the standard practice of contrastive learning, data augmentation methods are utilized to generate both positive and negative pairs. While existing works have been focusing on improving the positive sampling, the negative sampling process is often overlooked. In fact, the generated negative samples are often polluted by positive samples, which leads to a biased loss and performance degradation. To correct the negative sampling bias, we propose a novel contrastive learning method named Positive-Unlabeled Contrastive Learning (PUCL). PUCL treats the generated negative samples as unlabeled samples and uses information from positive samples to correct bias in contrastive loss. We prove that the corrected loss used in PUCL only incurs a negligible bias compared to the unbiased contrastive loss. PUCL can be applied to general contrastive learning problems and outperforms state-of-the-art methods on various image and graph classification tasks. The code of PUCL is in the supplementary file.
Temporal Embeddings: Scalable Self-Supervised Temporal Representation Learning from Spatiotemporal Data for Multimodal Computer Vision
Authors: Yi Cao, Swetava Ganguli, Vipul Pandey
Date: 2023-10-16 00:00:00
Tasks: Representation Learning, Semantic Segmentation, Time Series

There exists a correlation between geospatial activity temporal patterns and type of land use. A novel self-supervised approach is proposed to stratify landscape based on mobility activity time series. First, the time series signal is transformed to the frequency domain and then compressed into task-agnostic temporal embeddings by a contractive autoencoder, which preserves cyclic temporal patterns observed in time series. The pixel-wise embeddings are converted to image-like channels that can be used for task-based, multimodal modeling of downstream geospatial tasks using deep semantic segmentation. Experiments show that temporal embeddings are semantically meaningful representations of time series data and are effective across different tasks such as classifying residential area and commercial areas. Temporal embeddings transform sequential, spatiotemporal motion trajectory data into semantically meaningful image-like tensor representations that can be combined (multimodal fusion) with other data modalities that are or can be transformed into image-like tensor representations (for e.g., RBG imagery, graph embeddings of road networks, passively collected imagery like SAR, etc.) to facilitate multimodal learning in geospatial computer vision. Multimodal computer vision is critical for training machine learning models for geospatial feature detection to keep a geospatial mapping service up-to-date in real-time and can significantly improve user experience and above all, user safety.
Predicting and Interpreting Energy Barriers of Metallic Glasses with Graph Neural Networks
Authors: Haoyu Li, Shichang Zhang, Longwen Tang, Mathieu Bauchy, Yizhou Sun
Date: 2023-12-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Prediction, Representation Learning

Metallic Glasses (MGs) are widely used materials that are stronger than steel while being shapeable as plastic. While understanding the structure-property relationship of MGs remains a challenge in materials science, studying their energy barriers (EBs) as an intermediary step shows promise. In this work, we utilize Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to model MGs and study EBs. We contribute a new dataset for EB prediction and a novel Symmetrized GNN (SymGNN) model that is E(3)-invariant in expectation. SymGNN handles invariance by aggregating over orthogonal transformations of the graph structure. When applied to EB prediction, SymGNN are more accurate than molecular dynamics (MD) local-sampling methods and other machine-learning models. Compared to precise MD simulations, SymGNN reduces the inference time on new MGs from roughly 41 days to less than one second. We apply explanation algorithms to reveal the relationship between structures and EBs. The structures that we identify through explanations match the medium-range order (MRO) hypothesis and possess unique topological properties. Our work enables effective prediction and interpretation of MG EBs, bolstering material science research.
Synergy: Towards On-Body AI via Tiny AI Accelerator Collaboration on Wearables
Authors: Taesik Gong, Si Young Jang, Utku Günay Acer, Fahim Kawsar, Chulhong Min
Date: 2023-12-11 00:00:00
Tasks: Collaborative Inference

The advent of tiny artificial intelligence (AI) accelerators enables AI to run at the extreme edge, offering reduced latency, lower power cost, and improved privacy. When integrated into wearable devices, these accelerators open exciting opportunities, allowing various AI apps to run directly on the body. We present Synergy that provides AI apps with best-effort performance via system-driven holistic collaboration over AI accelerator-equipped wearables. To achieve this, Synergy provides device-agnostic programming interfaces to AI apps, giving the system visibility and controllability over the app's resource use. Then, Synergy maximizes the inference throughput of concurrent AI models by creating various execution plans for each app considering AI accelerator availability and intelligently selecting the best set of execution plans. Synergy further improves throughput by leveraging parallelization opportunities over multiple computation units. Our evaluations with 7 baselines and 8 models demonstrate that, on average, Synergy achieves a 23.0 times improvement in throughput, while reducing latency by 73.9% and power consumption by 15.8%, compared to the baselines.
One-Step Diffusion Distillation via Deep Equilibrium Models
Authors: Zhengyang Geng, Ashwini Pokle, J. Zico Kolter
Date: 2023-12-12 00:00:00
Proceeding: NeurIPS 2023 11

Diffusion models excel at producing high-quality samples but naively require hundreds of iterations, prompting multiple attempts to distill the generation process into a faster network. However, many existing approaches suffer from a variety of challenges: the process for distillation training can be complex, often requiring multiple training stages, and the resulting models perform poorly when utilized in single-step generative applications. In this paper, we introduce a simple yet effective means of distilling diffusion models directly from initial noise to the resulting image. Of particular importance to our approach is to leverage a new Deep Equilibrium (DEQ) model as the distilled architecture: the Generative Equilibrium Transformer (GET). Our method enables fully offline training with just noise/image pairs from the diffusion model while achieving superior performance compared to existing one-step methods on comparable training budgets. We demonstrate that the DEQ architecture is crucial to this capability, as GET matches a $5\times$ larger ViT in terms of FID scores while striking a critical balance of computational cost and image quality. Code, checkpoints, and datasets are available.
Risk-anticipatory autonomous driving strategies considering vehicles' weights, based on hierarchical deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Di Chen, Hao Li, Zhicheng Jin, Huizhao Tu, Meixin Zhu
Date: 2023-12-27 00:00:00
Tasks: Autonomous Driving, Autonomous Vehicles, Decision Making, Deep Reinforcement Learning

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have the potential to prevent accidents caused by drivers errors and reduce road traffic risks. Due to the nature of heavy vehicles, whose collisions cause more serious crashes, the weights of vehicles need to be considered when making driving strategies aimed at reducing the potential risks and their consequences in the context of autonomous driving. This study develops an autonomous driving strategy based on risk anticipation, considering the weights of surrounding vehicles and using hierarchical deep reinforcement learning. A risk indicator integrating surrounding vehicles weights, based on the risk field theory, is proposed and incorporated into autonomous driving decisions. A hybrid action space is designed to allow for left lane changes, right lane changes and car-following, which enables AVs to act more freely and realistically whenever possible. To solve the above hybrid decision-making problem, a hierarchical proximal policy optimization (HPPO) algorithm with an attention mechanism (AT-HPPO) is developed, providing great advantages in maintaining stable performance with high robustness and generalization. An indicator, potential collision energy in conflicts (PCEC), is newly proposed to evaluate the performance of the developed AV driving strategy from the perspective of the consequences of potential accidents. The performance evaluation results in simulation and dataset demonstrate that our model provides driving strategies that reduce both the likelihood and consequences of potential accidents, at the same time maintaining driving efficiency. The developed method is especially meaningful for AVs driving on highways, where heavy vehicles make up a high proportion of the traffic.
An Integrated Imitation and Reinforcement Learning Methodology for Robust Agile Aircraft Control with Limited Pilot Demonstration Data
Authors: Gulay Goktas Sever, Umut Demir, Abdullah Sadik Satir, Mustafa Cagatay Sahin, Nazim Kemal Ure
Date: 2023-12-27 00:00:00
Tasks: Imitation Learning, Transfer Learning

In this paper, we present a methodology for constructing data-driven maneuver generation models for agile aircraft that can generalize across a wide range of trim conditions and aircraft model parameters. Maneuver generation models play a crucial role in the testing and evaluation of aircraft prototypes, providing insights into the maneuverability and agility of the aircraft. However, constructing the models typically requires extensive amounts of real pilot data, which can be time-consuming and costly to obtain. Moreover, models built with limited data often struggle to generalize beyond the specific flight conditions covered in the original dataset. To address these challenges, we propose a hybrid architecture that leverages a simulation model, referred to as the source model. This open-source agile aircraft simulator shares similar dynamics with the target aircraft and allows us to generate unlimited data for building a proxy maneuver generation model. We then fine-tune this model to the target aircraft using a limited amount of real pilot data. Our approach combines techniques from imitation learning, transfer learning, and reinforcement learning to achieve this objective. To validate our methodology, we utilize real agile pilot data provided by Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI). By employing the F-16 as the source model, we demonstrate that it is possible to construct a maneuver generation model that generalizes across various trim conditions and aircraft parameters without requiring any additional real pilot data. Our results showcase the effectiveness of our approach in developing robust and adaptable models for agile aircraft.
NODI: Out-Of-Distribution Detection with Noise from Diffusion
Authors: Jingqiu Zhou, Aojun Zhou, Hongsheng Li
Date: 2024-01-13 00:00:00
Tasks: Out-of-Distribution Detection, Out of Distribution (OOD) Detection

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a crucial part of deploying machine learning models safely. It has been extensively studied with a plethora of methods developed in the literature. This problem is tackled with an OOD score computation, however, previous methods compute the OOD scores with limited usage of the in-distribution dataset. For instance, the OOD scores are computed with information from a small portion of the in-distribution data. Furthermore, these methods encode images with a neural image encoder. The robustness of these methods is rarely checked with respect to image encoders of different training methods and architectures. In this work, we introduce the diffusion process into the OOD task. The diffusion model integrates information on the whole training set into the predicted noise vectors. What's more, we deduce a closed-form solution for the noise vector (stable point). Then the noise vector is converted into our OOD score, we test both the deep model predicted noise vector and the closed-form noise vector on the OOD benchmarks \cite{openood}. Our method outperforms previous OOD methods across all types of image encoders (Table. \ref{main}). A $3.5\%$ performance gain is achieved with the MAE-based image encoder. Moreover, we studied the robustness of OOD methods by applying different types of image encoders. Some OOD methods failed to generalize well when switching image encoders from ResNet to Vision Transformers, our method performs exhibits good robustness with all the image encoders.
Curve-based Neural Style Transfer
Authors: Yu-Hsuan Chen, Levent Burak Kara, Jonathan Cagan
Date: 2023-10-03 00:00:00
Tasks: Style Transfer

This research presents a new parametric style transfer framework specifically designed for curve-based design sketches. In this research, traditional challenges faced by neural style transfer methods in handling binary sketch transformations are effectively addressed through the utilization of parametric shape-editing rules, efficient curve-to-pixel conversion techniques, and the fine-tuning of VGG19 on ImageNet-Sketch, enhancing its role as a feature pyramid network for precise style extraction. By harmonizing intuitive curve-based imagery with rule-based editing, this study holds the potential to significantly enhance design articulation and elevate the practice of style transfer within the realm of product design.
Automatic extraction and 3D reconstruction of split wire from point cloud data based on improved DPC algorithm
Authors: Jia Cheng
Date: 2023-11-10 00:00:00
Tasks: 3D Reconstruction

In order to solve the problem of point cloud data splitting improved by DPC algorithm, a research on automatic separation and 3D reconstruction of point cloud data split lines is proposed. First, the relative coordinates of each point in the cloud point are calculated. Second, it is planned to develop a relative ensemble-based DPC swarm algorithm for analyzing the number of separation lines to determine all parts in the cloud content. Finally, fit each separator using the least squares method. iron. The cloud point of the resulting split subconductors has a clear demarcation line, and the distance between adjacent split subconductors is 0.45 m, divided by the four vertices of the square.
Improved Pothole Detection Using YOLOv7 and ESRGAN
Authors: Nirmal Kumar Rout, Gyanateet Dutta, Varun Sinha, Arghadeep Dey, Subhrangshu Mukherjee, Gopal Gupta
Date: 2023-11-10 00:00:00
Tasks: object-detection, Object Detection, Super-Resolution

Potholes are common road hazards that is causing damage to vehicles and posing a safety risk to drivers. The introduction of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is widely used in the industry for object detection based on Deep Learning methods and has achieved significant progress in hardware improvement and software implementations. In this paper, a unique better algorithm is proposed to warrant the use of low-resolution cameras or low-resolution images and video feed for automatic pothole detection using Super Resolution (SR) through Super Resolution Generative Adversarial Networks (SRGANs). Then we have proceeded to establish a baseline pothole detection performance on low quality and high quality dashcam images using a You Only Look Once (YOLO) network, namely the YOLOv7 network. We then have illustrated and examined the speed and accuracy gained above the benchmark after having upscaling implementation on the low quality images.
Automatic measurement of coverage area of water-based pesticides-surfactant formulation on plant leaves using deep learning tools
Authors: Fabio Grazioso, Anzhelika A. Atsapina, Gardoon L. O. Obaeed, Natalia A. Ivanova
Date: 2023-11-17 00:00:00
Tasks: Deep Learning, Image Segmentation, Semantic Segmentation

A method to efficiently and quantitatively study the delivery of a pesticide-surfactant formulation in water solution over plants leaves is presented. Instead of measuring the contact angle, the surface of the leaves wet area is used as key parameter. To this goal, a deep learning model has been trained and tested, to automatically measure the surface of area wet with water solution over cucumber leaves, processing the frames of video footage. We have individuated an existing deep learning model, reported in literature for other applications, and we have applied it to this different task. We present the measurement technique, some details of the deep learning model, its training procedure and its image segmentation performance. Finally, we report the results of the wet areas surface measurement as a function of the concentration of a surfactant in the pesticide solution.