pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
MCD: A Model-Agnostic Counterfactual Search Method For Multi-modal Design Modifications
Authors: Lyle Regenwetter, Yazan Abu Obaideh, Faez Ahmed
Date: 2023-05-18 00:00:00
Tasks: counterfactual, Language Modelling

Designers may often ask themselves how to adjust their design concepts to achieve demanding functional goals. To answer such questions, designers must often consider counterfactuals, weighing design alternatives and their projected performance. This paper introduces Multi-objective Counterfactuals for Design (MCD), a computational tool that automates and streamlines the counterfactual search process and recommends targeted design modifications that meet designers' unique requirements. MCD improves upon existing counterfactual search methods by supporting multi-objective requirements, which are crucial in design problems, and by decoupling the counterfactual search and sampling processes, thus enhancing efficiency and facilitating objective trade-off visualization. The paper showcases MCD's capabilities in complex engineering tasks using three demonstrative bicycle design challenges. In the first, MCD effectively identifies design modifications that quantifiably enhance functional performance, strengthening the bike frame and saving weight. In the second, MCD modifies parametric bike models in a cross-modal fashion to resemble subjective text prompts or reference images. In a final multidisciplinary case study, MCD tackles all the quantitative and subjective design requirements introduced in the first two problems, while simultaneously customizing a bike design to an individual rider's biomechanical attributes. By exploring hypothetical design alterations and their impact on multiple design objectives, MCD recommends effective design modifications for practitioners seeking to make targeted enhancements to their designs. The code, test problems, and datasets used in the paper are available to the public at decode.mit.edu/projects/counterfactuals/.
Solving probability puzzles with logic toolkit
Authors: Adrian Groza
Date: 2023-05-18 00:00:00

The proposed approach is to formalise the probabilistic puzzle in equational FOL. Two formalisations are needed: one theory for all models of the given puzzle, and a second theory for the favorable models. Then Mace4 - that computes all the interpretation models of a FOL theory - is called twice. First, it is asked to compute all the possible models M p .Second, the additional constraint is added, and Mace4 computes only favourabile models M f. Finally, the definition of probability is applied: the number of favorable models is divided by the number of possible models. The proposed approach equips students from the logic tribe to find the correct solution for puzzles from the probabilitistic tribe, by using their favourite instruments: modelling and formalisation. I have exemplified here five probabilistic puzzles and how they can be solved by translating the min FOL and then find the corresponding interpretation models. Mace4 was the tool of choice here. Ongoing work is investigating the limits of this method on various collections of probabilistic puzzles
Federated learning for secure development of AI models for Parkinson's disease detection using speech from different languages
Authors: Soroosh Tayebi Arasteh, Cristian David Rios-Urrego, Elmar Noeth, Andreas Maier, Seung Hee Yang, Jan Rusz, Juan Rafael Orozco-Arroyave
Date: 2023-05-18 00:00:00
Tasks: Diagnostic, Federated Learning

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder impacting a person's speech. Among automatic PD assessment methods, deep learning models have gained particular interest. Recently, the community has explored cross-pathology and cross-language models which can improve diagnostic accuracy even further. However, strict patient data privacy regulations largely prevent institutions from sharing patient speech data with each other. In this paper, we employ federated learning (FL) for PD detection using speech signals from 3 real-world language corpora of German, Spanish, and Czech, each from a separate institution. Our results indicate that the FL model outperforms all the local models in terms of diagnostic accuracy, while not performing very differently from the model based on centrally combined training sets, with the advantage of not requiring any data sharing among collaborators. This will simplify inter-institutional collaborations, resulting in enhancement of patient outcomes.
On the Statistical Efficiency of Mean-Field Reinforcement Learning with General Function Approximation
Authors: Jiawei Huang, Batuhan Yardim, Niao He
Date: 2023-05-18 00:00:00

In this paper, we study the fundamental statistical efficiency of Reinforcement Learning in Mean-Field Control (MFC) and Mean-Field Game (MFG) with general model-based function approximation. We introduce a new concept called Mean-Field Model-Based Eluder Dimension (MF-MBED), which characterizes the inherent complexity of mean-field model classes. We show that a rich family of Mean-Field RL problems exhibits low MF-MBED. Additionally, we propose algorithms based on maximal likelihood estimation, which can return an $\epsilon$-optimal policy for MFC or an $\epsilon$-Nash Equilibrium policy for MFG. The overall sample complexity depends only polynomially on MF-MBED, which is potentially much lower than the size of state-action space. Compared with previous works, our results only require the minimal assumptions including realizability and Lipschitz continuity.
Explaining V1 Properties with a Biologically Constrained Deep Learning Architecture
Date: 2023-05-18 00:00:00
Proceeding: NeurIPS 2023 11
Tasks: Deep Learning, Specificity

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have recently emerged as promising models of the ventral visual stream, despite their lack of biological specificity. While current state-of-the-art models of the primary visual cortex (V1) have surfaced from training with adversarial examples and extensively augmented data, these models are still unable to explain key neural properties observed in V1 that arise from biological circuitry. To address this gap, we systematically incorporated neuroscience-derived architectural components into CNNs to identify a set of mechanisms and architectures that comprehensively explain neural activity in V1. We show drastic improvements in model-V1 alignment driven by the integration of architectural components that simulate center-surround antagonism, local receptive fields, tuned normalization, and cortical magnification. Upon enhancing task-driven CNNs with a collection of these specialized components, we uncover models with latent representations that yield state-of-the-art explanation of V1 neural activity and tuning properties. Our results highlight an important advancement in the field of NeuroAI, as we systematically establish a set of architectural components that contribute to unprecedented explanation of V1. The neuroscience insights that could be gleaned from increasingly accurate in-silico models of the brain have the potential to greatly advance the fields of both neuroscience and artificial intelligence.
Towards Collaborative Plan Acquisition through Theory of Mind Modeling in Situated Dialogue
Authors: Cristian-Paul Bara, Ziqiao Ma, Yingzhuo Yu, Julie Shah, Joyce Chai
Date: 2023-05-18 00:00:00
Tasks: Collaborative Plan Acquisition, Theory of Mind Modeling

Collaborative tasks often begin with partial task knowledge and incomplete initial plans from each partner. To complete these tasks, agents need to engage in situated communication with their partners and coordinate their partial plans towards a complete plan to achieve a joint task goal. While such collaboration seems effortless in a human-human team, it is highly challenging for human-AI collaboration. To address this limitation, this paper takes a step towards collaborative plan acquisition, where humans and agents strive to learn and communicate with each other to acquire a complete plan for joint tasks. Specifically, we formulate a novel problem for agents to predict the missing task knowledge for themselves and for their partners based on rich perceptual and dialogue history. We extend a situated dialogue benchmark for symmetric collaborative tasks in a 3D blocks world and investigate computational strategies for plan acquisition. Our empirical results suggest that predicting the partner's missing knowledge is a more viable approach than predicting one's own. We show that explicit modeling of the partner's dialogue moves and mental states produces improved and more stable results than without. These results provide insight for future AI agents that can predict what knowledge their partner is missing and, therefore, can proactively communicate such information to help their partner acquire such missing knowledge toward a common understanding of joint tasks.
Robust Quantum Controllers: Quantum Information -- Thermodynamic Hidden Force Control in Intelligent Robotics based on Quantum Soft Computing
Authors: Sergey V. Ulyanov, Viktor S. Ulyanov, Takakhide Hagiwara
Date: 2023-05-18 00:00:00

A generalized strategy for the design of intelligent robust control systems based on quantum / soft computing technologies is described. The reliability of hybrid intelligent controllers increase by providing the ability to self-organize of imperfect knowledge bases. The main attention is paid to increasing the level of robustness of intelligent control systems in unpredictable control situations with the demonstration by illustrative examples. A SW & HW platform and support tools for a supercomputer accelerator for modeling quantum algorithms on a classical computer are described.
Brain-inspired learning in artificial neural networks: a review
Authors: Samuel Schmidgall, Jascha Achterberg, Thomas Miconi, Louis Kirsch, Rojin Ziaei, S. Pardis Hajiseyedrazi, Jason Eshraghian
Date: 2023-05-18 00:00:00

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have emerged as an essential tool in machine learning, achieving remarkable success across diverse domains, including image and speech generation, game playing, and robotics. However, there exist fundamental differences between ANNs' operating mechanisms and those of the biological brain, particularly concerning learning processes. This paper presents a comprehensive review of current brain-inspired learning representations in artificial neural networks. We investigate the integration of more biologically plausible mechanisms, such as synaptic plasticity, to enhance these networks' capabilities. Moreover, we delve into the potential advantages and challenges accompanying this approach. Ultimately, we pinpoint promising avenues for future research in this rapidly advancing field, which could bring us closer to understanding the essence of intelligence.
A Parameter-Efficient Learning Approach to Arabic Dialect Identification with Pre-Trained General-Purpose Speech Model
Authors: Srijith Radhakrishnan, Chao-Han Huck Yang, Sumeer Ahmad Khan, Narsis A. Kiani, David Gomez-Cabrero, Jesper N. Tegner
Date: 2023-05-18 00:00:00
Tasks: Decoder, Dialect Identification

In this work, we explore Parameter-Efficient-Learning (PEL) techniques to repurpose a General-Purpose-Speech (GSM) model for Arabic dialect identification (ADI). Specifically, we investigate different setups to incorporate trainable features into a multi-layer encoder-decoder GSM formulation under frozen pre-trained settings. Our architecture includes residual adapter and model reprogramming (input-prompting). We design a token-level label mapping to condition the GSM for Arabic Dialect Identification (ADI). This is challenging due to the high variation in vocabulary and pronunciation among the numerous regional dialects. We achieve new state-of-the-art accuracy on the ADI-17 dataset by vanilla fine-tuning. We further reduce the training budgets with the PEL method, which performs within 1.86% accuracy to fine-tuning using only 2.5% of (extra) network trainable parameters. Our study demonstrates how to identify Arabic dialects using a small dataset and limited computation with open source code and pre-trained models.
Comparing Machines and Children: Using Developmental Psychology Experiments to Assess the Strengths and Weaknesses of LaMDA Responses
Authors: Eliza Kosoy, Emily Rose Reagan, Leslie Lai, Alison Gopnik, Danielle Krettek Cobb
Date: 2023-05-18 00:00:00
Tasks: Action Understanding, Language Modelling, Large Language Model

Developmental psychologists have spent decades devising experiments to test the intelligence and knowledge of infants and children, tracing the origin of crucial concepts and capacities. Moreover, experimental techniques in developmental psychology have been carefully designed to discriminate the cognitive capacities that underlie particular behaviors. We propose that using classical experiments from child development is a particularly effective way to probe the computational abilities of AI models, in general, and LLMs in particular. First, the methodological techniques of developmental psychology, such as the use of novel stimuli to control for past experience or control conditions to determine whether children are using simple associations, can be equally helpful for assessing the capacities of LLMs. In parallel, testing LLMs in this way can tell us whether the information that is encoded in text is sufficient to enable particular responses, or whether those responses depend on other kinds of information, such as information from exploration of the physical world. In this work we adapt classical developmental experiments to evaluate the capabilities of LaMDA, a large language model from Google. We propose a novel LLM Response Score (LRS) metric which can be used to evaluate other language models, such as GPT. We find that LaMDA generates appropriate responses that are similar to those of children in experiments involving social understanding, perhaps providing evidence that knowledge of these domains is discovered through language. On the other hand, LaMDA's responses in early object and action understanding, theory of mind, and especially causal reasoning tasks are very different from those of young children, perhaps showing that these domains require more real-world, self-initiated exploration and cannot simply be learned from patterns in language input.
Efficient Vertical Federated Learning with Secure Aggregation
Authors: Xinchi Qiu, Heng Pan, Wanru Zhao, Chenyang Ma, Pedro Porto Buarque de Gusmão, Nicholas D. Lane
Date: 2023-05-18 00:00:00
Tasks: Federated Learning, Fraud Detection, Privacy Preserving, Vertical Federated Learning

The majority of work in privacy-preserving federated learning (FL) has been focusing on horizontally partitioned datasets where clients share the same sets of features and can train complete models independently. However, in many interesting problems, such as financial fraud detection and disease detection, individual data points are scattered across different clients/organizations in vertical federated learning. Solutions for this type of FL require the exchange of gradients between participants and rarely consider privacy and security concerns, posing a potential risk of privacy leakage. In this work, we present a novel design for training vertical FL securely and efficiently using state-of-the-art security modules for secure aggregation. We demonstrate empirically that our method does not impact training performance whilst obtaining 9.1e2 ~3.8e4 speedup compared to homomorphic encryption (HE).
PDP: Parameter-free Differentiable Pruning is All You Need
Date: 2023-05-18 00:00:00
Proceeding: NeurIPS 2023 11
Tasks: All, Natural Language Inference

DNN pruning is a popular way to reduce the size of a model, improve the inference latency, and minimize the power consumption on DNN accelerators. However, existing approaches might be too complex, expensive or ineffective to apply to a variety of vision/language tasks, DNN architectures and to honor structured pruning constraints. In this paper, we propose an efficient yet effective train-time pruning scheme, Parameter-free Differentiable Pruning (PDP), which offers state-of-the-art qualities in model size, accuracy, and training cost. PDP uses a dynamic function of weights during training to generate soft pruning masks for the weights in a parameter-free manner for a given pruning target. While differentiable, the simplicity and efficiency of PDP make it universal enough to deliver state-of-the-art random/structured/channel pruning results on various vision and natural language tasks. For example, for MobileNet-v1, PDP can achieve 68.2% top-1 ImageNet1k accuracy at 86.6% sparsity, which is 1.7% higher accuracy than those from the state-of-the-art algorithms. Also, PDP yields over 83.1% accuracy on Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference with 90% sparsity for BERT, while the next best from the existing techniques shows 81.5% accuracy. In addition, PDP can be applied to structured pruning, such as N:M pruning and channel pruning. For 1:4 structured pruning of ResNet18, PDP improved the top-1 ImageNet1k accuracy by over 3.6% over the state-of-the-art. For channel pruning of ResNet50, PDP reduced the top-1 ImageNet1k accuracy by 0.6% from the state-of-the-art.
Prediction with Incomplete Data under Agnostic Mask Distribution Shift
Authors: Yichen Zhu, Jian Yuan, Bo Jiang, Tao Lin, Haiming Jin, Xinbing Wang, Chenghu Zhou
Date: 2023-05-18 00:00:00
Tasks: Missing Values, Prediction

Data with missing values is ubiquitous in many applications. Recent years have witnessed increasing attention on prediction with only incomplete data consisting of observed features and a mask that indicates the missing pattern. Existing methods assume that the training and testing distributions are the same, which may be violated in real-world scenarios. In this paper, we consider prediction with incomplete data in the presence of distribution shift. We focus on the case where the underlying joint distribution of complete features and label is invariant, but the missing pattern, i.e., mask distribution may shift agnostically between training and testing. To achieve generalization, we leverage the observation that for each mask, there is an invariant optimal predictor. To avoid the exponential explosion when learning them separately, we approximate the optimal predictors jointly using a double parameterization technique. This has the undesirable side effect of allowing the learned predictors to rely on the intra-mask correlation and that between features and mask. We perform decorrelation to minimize this effect. Combining the techniques above, we propose a novel prediction method called StableMiss. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets show that StableMiss is robust and outperforms state-of-the-art methods under agnostic mask distribution shift.
Taxonomy of AISecOps Threat Modeling for Cloud Based Medical Chatbots
Authors: Ruby Annette J, Aisha Banu, Sharon Priya S, Subash Chandran
Date: 2023-05-18 00:00:00
Tasks: Chatbot

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is playing a vital role in all aspects of technology including cyber security. Application of Conversational AI like the chatbots are also becoming very popular in the medical field to provide timely and immediate medical assistance to patients in need. As medical chatbots deal with a lot of sensitive information, the security of these chatbots is crucial. To secure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of cloud-hosted assets like these, medical chatbots can be monitored using AISecOps (Artificial Intelligence for Secure IT Operations). AISecOPs is an emerging field that integrates three different but interrelated domains like the IT operation, AI, and security as one domain, where the expertise from all these three domains are used cohesively to secure the cyber assets. It considers cloud operations and security in a holistic framework to collect the metrics required to assess the security threats and train the AI models to take immediate actions. This work is focused on applying the STRIDE threat modeling framework to model the possible threats involved in each component of the chatbot to enable the automatic threat detection using the AISecOps techniques. This threat modeling framework is tailored to the medical chatbots that involves sensitive data sharing but could also be applied for chatbots used in other sectors like the financial services, public sector, and government sectors that are concerned with security and compliance.
Chupa: Carving 3D Clothed Humans from Skinned Shape Priors using 2D Diffusion Probabilistic Models
Authors: Byungjun Kim, Patrick Kwon, Kwangho Lee, Myunggi Lee, Sookwan Han, Daesik Kim, Hanbyul Joo
Date: 2023-05-19 00:00:00
Proceeding: ICCV 2023 1
Tasks: 3D Generation, 3D Reconstruction

We propose a 3D generation pipeline that uses diffusion models to generate realistic human digital avatars. Due to the wide variety of human identities, poses, and stochastic details, the generation of 3D human meshes has been a challenging problem. To address this, we decompose the problem into 2D normal map generation and normal map-based 3D reconstruction. Specifically, we first simultaneously generate realistic normal maps for the front and backside of a clothed human, dubbed dual normal maps, using a pose-conditional diffusion model. For 3D reconstruction, we "carve" the prior SMPL-X mesh to a detailed 3D mesh according to the normal maps through mesh optimization. To further enhance the high-frequency details, we present a diffusion resampling scheme on both body and facial regions, thus encouraging the generation of realistic digital avatars. We also seamlessly incorporate a recent text-to-image diffusion model to support text-based human identity control. Our method, namely, Chupa, is capable of generating realistic 3D clothed humans with better perceptual quality and identity variety.
Video Killed the HD-Map: Predicting Multi-Agent Behavior Directly From Aerial Images
Authors: Yunpeng Liu, Vasileios Lioutas, Jonathan Wilder Lavington, Matthew Niedoba, Justice Sefas, Setareh Dabiri, Dylan Green, Xiaoxuan Liang, Berend Zwartsenberg, Adam Ścibior, Frank Wood
Date: 2023-05-19 00:00:00
Tasks: Autonomous Driving, Trajectory Prediction

The development of algorithms that learn multi-agent behavioral models using human demonstrations has led to increasingly realistic simulations in the field of autonomous driving. In general, such models learn to jointly predict trajectories for all controlled agents by exploiting road context information such as drivable lanes obtained from manually annotated high-definition (HD) maps. Recent studies show that these models can greatly benefit from increasing the amount of human data available for training. However, the manual annotation of HD maps which is necessary for every new location puts a bottleneck on efficiently scaling up human traffic datasets. We propose an aerial image-based map (AIM) representation that requires minimal annotation and provides rich road context information for traffic agents like pedestrians and vehicles. We evaluate multi-agent trajectory prediction using the AIM by incorporating it into a differentiable driving simulator as an image-texture-based differentiable rendering module. Our results demonstrate competitive multi-agent trajectory prediction performance especially for pedestrians in the scene when using our AIM representation as compared to models trained with rasterized HD maps.