pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A Feasibility Study on Indoor Localization and Multi-person Tracking Using Sparsely Distributed Camera Network with Edge Computing
Authors: Hyeokhyen Kwon, Chaitra Hegde, Yashar Kiarashi, Venkata Siva Krishna Madala, Ratan Singh, ArjunSinh Nakum, Robert Tweedy, Leandro Miletto Tonetto, Craig M. Zimring, Matthew Doiron, Amy D. Rodriguez, Allan I. Levey, Gari D. Clifford
Date: 2023-05-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Edge-computing, Human Detection, Indoor Localization, Multi-Person Pose Estimation, Multiple Object Tracking, Object Tracking, Pose Estimation, Privacy Preserving

Camera-based activity monitoring systems are becoming an attractive solution for smart building applications with the advances in computer vision and edge computing technologies. In this paper, we present a feasibility study and systematic analysis of a camera-based indoor localization and multi-person tracking system implemented on edge computing devices within a large indoor space. To this end, we deployed an end-to-end edge computing pipeline that utilizes multiple cameras to achieve localization, body orientation estimation and tracking of multiple individuals within a large therapeutic space spanning $1700m^2$, all while maintaining a strong focus on preserving privacy. Our pipeline consists of 39 edge computing camera systems equipped with Tensor Processing Units (TPUs) placed in the indoor space's ceiling. To ensure the privacy of individuals, a real-time multi-person pose estimation algorithm runs on the TPU of the computing camera system. This algorithm extracts poses and bounding boxes, which are utilized for indoor localization, body orientation estimation, and multi-person tracking. Our pipeline demonstrated an average localization error of 1.41 meters, a multiple-object tracking accuracy score of 88.6\%, and a mean absolute body orientation error of 29\degree. These results shows that localization and tracking of individuals in a large indoor space is feasible even with the privacy constrains.
ANALOGICAL -- A Novel Benchmark for Long Text Analogy Evaluation in Large Language Models
Authors: Thilini Wijesiriwardene, Ruwan Wickramarachchi, Bimal G. Gajera, Shreeyash Mukul Gowaikar, Chandan Gupta, Aman Chadha, Aishwarya Naresh Reganti, Amit Sheth, Amitava Das
Date: 2023-05-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Negation, Sentence

Over the past decade, analogies, in the form of word-level analogies, have played a significant role as an intrinsic measure of evaluating the quality of word embedding methods such as word2vec. Modern large language models (LLMs), however, are primarily evaluated on extrinsic measures based on benchmarks such as GLUE and SuperGLUE, and there are only a few investigations on whether LLMs can draw analogies between long texts. In this paper, we present ANALOGICAL, a new benchmark to intrinsically evaluate LLMs across a taxonomy of analogies of long text with six levels of complexity -- (i) word, (ii) word vs. sentence, (iii) syntactic, (iv) negation, (v) entailment, and (vi) metaphor. Using thirteen datasets and three different distance measures, we evaluate the abilities of eight LLMs in identifying analogical pairs in the semantic vector space. Our evaluation finds that it is increasingly challenging for LLMs to identify analogies when going up the analogy taxonomy.
Knowledge Graph Guided Semantic Evaluation of Language Models For User Trust
Authors: Kaushik Roy, Tarun Garg, Vedant Palit, Yuxin Zi, Vignesh Narayanan, Amit Sheth
Date: 2023-05-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Knowledge Graphs, Language Modelling

A fundamental question in natural language processing is - what kind of language structure and semantics is the language model capturing? Graph formats such as knowledge graphs are easy to evaluate as they explicitly express language semantics and structure. This study evaluates the semantics encoded in the self-attention transformers by leveraging explicit knowledge graph structures. We propose novel metrics to measure the reconstruction error when providing graph path sequences from a knowledge graph and trying to reproduce/reconstruct the same from the outputs of the self-attention transformer models. The opacity of language models has an immense bearing on societal issues of trust and explainable decision outcomes. Our findings suggest that language models are models of stochastic control processes for plausible language pattern generation. However, they do not ascribe object and concept-level meaning and semantics to the learned stochastic patterns such as those described in knowledge graphs. Furthermore, to enable robust evaluation of concept understanding by language models, we construct and make public an augmented language understanding benchmark built on the General Language Understanding Evaluation (GLUE) benchmark. This has significant application-level user trust implications as stochastic patterns without a strong sense of meaning cannot be trusted in high-stakes applications.
From Relational Pooling to Subgraph GNNs: A Universal Framework for More Expressive Graph Neural Networks
Authors: Cai Zhou, Xiyuan Wang, Muhan Zhang
Date: 2023-05-08 00:00:00

Relational pooling is a framework for building more expressive and permutation-invariant graph neural networks. However, there is limited understanding of the exact enhancement in the expressivity of RP and its connection with the Weisfeiler Lehman hierarchy. Starting from RP, we propose to explicitly assign labels to nodes as additional features to improve expressive power of message passing neural networks. The method is then extended to higher dimensional WL, leading to a novel $k,l$-WL algorithm, a more general framework than $k$-WL. Theoretically, we analyze the expressivity of $k,l$-WL with respect to $k$ and $l$ and unifies it with a great number of subgraph GNNs. Complexity reduction methods are also systematically discussed to build powerful and practical $k,l$-GNN instances. We theoretically and experimentally prove that our method is universally compatible and capable of improving the expressivity of any base GNN model. Our $k,l$-GNNs achieve superior performance on many synthetic and real-world datasets, which verifies the effectiveness of our framework.
The EarlyBIRD Catches the Bug: On Exploiting Early Layers of Encoder Models for More Efficient Code Classification
Authors: Anastasiia Grishina, Max Hort, Leon Moonen
Date: 2023-05-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Code Classification, Defect Detection, Multi-class Classification, Vulnerability Detection

The use of modern Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques has shown to be beneficial for software engineering tasks, such as vulnerability detection and type inference. However, training deep NLP models requires significant computational resources. This paper explores techniques that aim at achieving the best usage of resources and available information in these models. We propose a generic approach, EarlyBIRD, to build composite representations of code from the early layers of a pre-trained transformer model. We empirically investigate the viability of this approach on the CodeBERT model by comparing the performance of 12 strategies for creating composite representations with the standard practice of only using the last encoder layer. Our evaluation on four datasets shows that several early layer combinations yield better performance on defect detection, and some combinations improve multi-class classification. More specifically, we obtain a +2 average improvement of detection accuracy on Devign with only 3 out of 12 layers of CodeBERT and a 3.3x speed-up of fine-tuning. These findings show that early layers can be used to obtain better results using the same resources, as well as to reduce resource usage during fine-tuning and inference.
Code Execution with Pre-trained Language Models
Authors: Chenxiao Liu, Shuai Lu, Weizhu Chen, Daxin Jiang, Alexey Svyatkovskiy, Shengyu Fu, Neel Sundaresan, Nan Duan
Date: 2023-05-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Code Generation, Code Search, Data Augmentation, Text-to-Code Generation

Code execution is a fundamental aspect of programming language semantics that reflects the exact behavior of the code. However, most pre-trained models for code intelligence ignore the execution trace and only rely on source code and syntactic structures. In this paper, we investigate how well pre-trained models can understand and perform code execution. We develop a mutation-based data augmentation technique to create a large-scale and realistic Python dataset and task for code execution, which challenges existing models such as Codex. We then present CodeExecutor, a Transformer model that leverages code execution pre-training and curriculum learning to enhance its semantic comprehension. We evaluate CodeExecutor on code execution and show its promising performance and limitations. We also demonstrate its potential benefits for code intelligence tasks such as zero-shot code-to-code search and text-to-code generation. Our analysis provides insights into the learning and generalization abilities of pre-trained models for code execution.
Exploring a Gradient-based Explainable AI Technique for Time-Series Data: A Case Study of Assessing Stroke Rehabilitation Exercises
Authors: Min Hun Lee, Yi Jing Choy
Date: 2023-05-08 00:00:00
Tasks: Explainable artificial intelligence, Time Series

Explainable artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are increasingly being explored to provide insights into why AI and machine learning (ML) models provide a certain outcome in various applications. However, there has been limited exploration of explainable AI techniques on time-series data, especially in the healthcare context. In this paper, we describe a threshold-based method that utilizes a weakly supervised model and a gradient-based explainable AI technique (i.e. saliency map) and explore its feasibility to identify salient frames of time-series data. Using the dataset from 15 post-stroke survivors performing three upper-limb exercises and labels on whether a compensatory motion is observed or not, we implemented a feed-forward neural network model and utilized gradients of each input on model outcomes to identify salient frames that involve compensatory motions. According to the evaluation using frame-level annotations, our approach achieved a recall of 0.96 and an F2-score of 0.91. Our results demonstrated the potential of a gradient-based explainable AI technique (e.g. saliency map) for time-series data, such as highlighting the frames of a video that therapists should focus on reviewing and reducing the efforts on frame-level labeling for model training.
Efficient pattern-based anomaly detection in a network of multivariate devices
Authors: Len Feremans, Boris Cule, Bart Goethals
Date: 2023-05-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Anomaly Detection, Time Series

Many organisations manage service quality and monitor a large set devices and servers where each entity is associated with telemetry or physical sensor data series. Recently, various methods have been proposed to detect behavioural anomalies, however existing approaches focus on multivariate time series and ignore communication between entities. Moreover, we aim to support end-users in not only in locating entities and sensors causing an anomaly at a certain period, but also explain this decision. We propose a scalable approach to detect anomalies using a two-step approach. First, we recover relations between entities in the network, since relations are often dynamic in nature and caused by an unknown underlying process. Next, we report anomalies based on an embedding of sequential patterns. Pattern mining is efficient and supports interpretation, i.e. patterns represent frequent occurring behaviour in time series. We extend pattern mining to filter sequential patterns based on frequency, temporal constraints and minimum description length. We collect and release two public datasets for international broadcasting and X from an Internet company. \textit{BAD} achieves an overall F1-Score of 0.78 on 9 benchmark datasets, significantly outperforming the best baseline by 3\%. Additionally, \textit{BAD} is also an order-of-magnitude faster than state-of-the-art anomaly detection methods.
HybridNet: Dual-Branch Fusion of Geometrical and Topological Views for VLSI Congestion Prediction
Authors: Yuxiang Zhao, Zhuomin Chai, Yibo Lin, Runsheng Wang, Ru Huang
Date: 2023-05-07 00:00:00

Accurate early congestion prediction can prevent unpleasant surprises at the routing stage, playing a crucial character in assisting designers to iterate faster in VLSI design cycles. In this paper, we introduce a novel strategy to fully incorporate topological and geometrical features of circuits by making several key designs in our network architecture. To be more specific, we construct two individual graphs (geometry-graph, topology-graph) with distinct edge construction schemes according to their unique properties. We then propose a dual-branch network with different encoder layers in each pathway and aggregate representations with a sophisticated fusion strategy. Our network, named HybridNet, not only provides a simple yet effective way to capture the geometric interactions of cells, but also preserves the original topological relationships in the netlist. Experimental results on the ISPD2015 benchmarks show that we achieve an improvement of 10.9% compared to previous methods.
Uncertainty Quantification in Machine Learning for Engineering Design and Health Prognostics: A Tutorial
Authors: Venkat Nemani, Luca Biggio, Xun Huan, Zhen Hu, Olga Fink, Anh Tran, Yan Wang, Xiaoge Zhang, Chao Hu
Date: 2023-05-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Decision Making, Management, regression, Uncertainty Quantification

On top of machine learning models, uncertainty quantification (UQ) functions as an essential layer of safety assurance that could lead to more principled decision making by enabling sound risk assessment and management. The safety and reliability improvement of ML models empowered by UQ has the potential to significantly facilitate the broad adoption of ML solutions in high-stakes decision settings, such as healthcare, manufacturing, and aviation, to name a few. In this tutorial, we aim to provide a holistic lens on emerging UQ methods for ML models with a particular focus on neural networks and the applications of these UQ methods in tackling engineering design as well as prognostics and health management problems. Toward this goal, we start with a comprehensive classification of uncertainty types, sources, and causes pertaining to UQ of ML models. Next, we provide a tutorial-style description of several state-of-the-art UQ methods: Gaussian process regression, Bayesian neural network, neural network ensemble, and deterministic UQ methods focusing on spectral-normalized neural Gaussian process. Established upon the mathematical formulations, we subsequently examine the soundness of these UQ methods quantitatively and qualitatively (by a toy regression example) to examine their strengths and shortcomings from different dimensions. Then, we review quantitative metrics commonly used to assess the quality of predictive uncertainty in classification and regression problems. Afterward, we discuss the increasingly important role of UQ of ML models in solving challenging problems in engineering design and health prognostics. Two case studies with source codes available on GitHub are used to demonstrate these UQ methods and compare their performance in the life prediction of lithium-ion batteries at the early stage and the remaining useful life prediction of turbofan engines.
Professional Certification Benchmark Dataset: The First 500 Jobs For Large Language Models
Authors: David Noever, Matt Ciolino
Date: 2023-05-07 00:00:00

The research creates a professional certification survey to test large language models and evaluate their employable skills. It compares the performance of two AI models, GPT-3 and Turbo-GPT3.5, on a benchmark dataset of 1149 professional certifications, emphasizing vocational readiness rather than academic performance. GPT-3 achieved a passing score (>70% correct) in 39% of the professional certifications without fine-tuning or exam preparation. The models demonstrated qualifications in various computer-related fields, such as cloud and virtualization, business analytics, cybersecurity, network setup and repair, and data analytics. Turbo-GPT3.5 scored 100% on the valuable Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP) exam. The models also displayed competence in other professional domains, including nursing, licensed counseling, pharmacy, and teaching. Turbo-GPT3.5 passed the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) Series 6 exam with a 70% grade without preparation. Interestingly, Turbo-GPT3.5 performed well on customer service tasks, suggesting potential applications in human augmentation for chatbots in call centers and routine advice services. The models also score well on sensory and experience-based tests such as wine sommelier, beer taster, emotional quotient, and body language reader. The OpenAI model improvement from Babbage to Turbo resulted in a median 60% better-graded performance in less than a few years. This progress suggests that focusing on the latest model's shortcomings could lead to a highly performant AI capable of mastering the most demanding professional certifications. We open-source the benchmark to expand the range of testable professional skills as the models improve or gain emergent capabilities.
From Zero to Hero: Harnessing Transformers for Biomedical Named Entity Recognition in Zero- and Few-shot Contexts
Authors: Miloš Košprdić, Nikola Prodanović, Adela Ljajić, Bojana Bašaragin, Nikola Milošević
Date: 2023-05-05 00:00:00
Tasks: few-shot-ner, Few-shot NER, named-entity-recognition, Named Entity Recognition, Named Entity Recognition (NER), NER, token-classification, Token Classification

Supervised named entity recognition (NER) in the biomedical domain depends on large sets of annotated texts with the given named entities. The creation of such datasets can be time-consuming and expensive, while extraction of new entities requires additional annotation tasks and retraining the model. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a method for zero- and few-shot NER in the biomedical domain. The method is based on transforming the task of multi-class token classification into binary token classification and pre-training on a large amount of datasets and biomedical entities, which allow the model to learn semantic relations between the given and potentially novel named entity labels. We have achieved average F1 scores of 35.44% for zero-shot NER, 50.10% for one-shot NER, 69.94% for 10-shot NER, and 79.51% for 100-shot NER on 9 diverse evaluated biomedical entities with fine-tuned PubMedBERT-based model. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for recognizing new biomedical entities with no or limited number of examples, outperforming previous transformer-based methods, and being comparable to GPT3-based models using models with over 1000 times fewer parameters. We make models and developed code publicly available.
Walk4Me: Telehealth Community Mobility Assessment, An Automated System for Early Diagnosis and Disease Progression
Authors: Albara Ah Ramli, Xin Liu, Erik K. Henricson
Date: 2023-05-05 00:00:00
Tasks: Decision Making

We introduce Walk4Me, a telehealth community mobility assessment system designed to facilitate early diagnosis, severity, and progression identification. Our system achieves this by 1) enabling early diagnosis, 2) identifying early indicators of clinical severity, and 3) quantifying and tracking the progression of the disease across the ambulatory phase of the disease. To accomplish this, we employ an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based detection of gait characteristics in patients and typically developing peers. Our system remotely and in real-time collects data from device sensors (e.g., acceleration from a mobile device, etc.) using our novel Walk4Me API. Our web application extracts temporal/spatial gait characteristics and raw data signal characteristics and then employs traditional machine learning and deep learning techniques to identify patterns that can 1) identify patients with gait disturbances associated with disease, 2) describe the degree of mobility limitation, and 3) identify characteristics that change over time with disease progression. We have identified several machine learning techniques that differentiate between patients and typically-developing subjects with 100% accuracy across the age range studied, and we have also identified corresponding temporal/spatial gait characteristics associated with each group. Our work demonstrates the potential of utilizing the latest advances in mobile device and machine learning technology to measure clinical outcomes regardless of the point of care, inform early clinical diagnosis and treatment decision-making, and monitor disease progression.
Detecting and Reasoning of Deleted Tweets before they are Posted
Authors: Hamdy Mubarak, Samir Abdaljalil, Azza Nassar, Firoj Alam
Date: 2023-05-05 00:00:00

Social media platforms empower us in several ways, from information dissemination to consumption. While these platforms are useful in promoting citizen journalism, public awareness etc., they have misuse potentials. Malicious users use them to disseminate hate-speech, offensive content, rumor etc. to gain social and political agendas or to harm individuals, entities and organizations. Often times, general users unconsciously share information without verifying it, or unintentionally post harmful messages. Some of such content often get deleted either by the platform due to the violation of terms and policies, or users themselves for different reasons, e.g., regrets. There is a wide range of studies in characterizing, understanding and predicting deleted content. However, studies which aims to identify the fine-grained reasons (e.g., posts are offensive, hate speech or no identifiable reason) behind deleted content, are limited. In this study we address this gap, by identifying deleted tweets, particularly within the Arabic context, and labeling them with a corresponding fine-grained disinformation category. We then develop models that can predict the potentiality of tweets getting deleted, as well as the potential reasons behind deletion. Such models can help in moderating social media posts before even posting.
An ensemble of convolution-based methods for fault detection using vibration signals
Authors: Xian Yeow Lee, Aman Kumar, Lasitha Vidyaratne, Aniruddha Rajendra Rao, Ahmed Farahat, Chetan Gupta
Date: 2023-05-05 00:00:00
Tasks: Fault Detection, Time Series, Time Series Classification

This paper focuses on solving a fault detection problem using multivariate time series of vibration signals collected from planetary gearboxes in a test rig. Various traditional machine learning and deep learning methods have been proposed for multivariate time-series classification, including distance-based, functional data-oriented, feature-driven, and convolution kernel-based methods. Recent studies have shown using convolution kernel-based methods like ROCKET, and 1D convolutional neural networks with ResNet and FCN, have robust performance for multivariate time-series data classification. We propose an ensemble of three convolution kernel-based methods and show its efficacy on this fault detection problem by outperforming other approaches and achieving an accuracy of more than 98.8\%.