pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
A Taxonomic Classification of WordNet Polysemy Types
Authors: Abed Alhakim Freihat, Fausto Giunchiglia, Biswanath Dutta
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1
Tasks: Classification

WordNet represents polysemous terms by capturing the different meanings of these terms at the lexical level, but without giving emphasis on the polysemy types such terms belong to. The state of the art polysemy approaches identify several polysemy types in WordNet but they do not explain how to classify and organize them. In this paper, we present a novel approach for classifying the polysemy types which exploits taxonomic principles which in turn, allow us to discover a set of polysemy structural patterns.
Some strategies for the improvement of a Spanish WordNet
Authors: Matias Herrera, Javier Gonzalez, Luis Chiruzzo, Dina Wonsever
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1

Although there are currently several versions of Princeton WordNet for different languages, the lack of development of some of these versions does not make it possible to use them in different Natural Language Processing applications. So is the case of the Spanish Wordnet contained in the Multilingual Central Repository (MCR), which we tried unsuccessfully to incorporate into an anaphora resolution application and also in search terms expansion. In this situation, different strategies to improve MCR Spanish WordNet coverage were put forward and tested, obtaining encouraging results. A specific process was conducted to increase the number of adverbs, and a few simple processes were applied which made it possible to increase, at a very low cost, the number of terms in the Spanish WordNet. Finally, a more complex method based on distributional semantics was proposed, using the relations between English Wordnet synsets, also returning positive results.
An Analysis of WordNet’s Coverage of Gender Identity Using Twitter and The National Transgender Discrimination Survey
Authors: Amanda Hicks, Michael Rutherford, Christiane Fellbaum, Jiang Bian
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1

While gender identities in the Western world are typically regarded as binary, our previous work (Hicks et al., 2015) shows that there is more lexical variety of gender identity and the way people identify their gender. There is also a growing need to lexically represent this variety of gender identities. In our previous work, we developed a set of tools and approaches for analyzing Twitter data as a basis for generating hypotheses on language used to identify gender and discuss gender-related issues across geographic regions and population groups in the U.S.A. In this paper we analyze the coverage and relative frequency of the word forms in our Twitter analysis with respect to the National Transgender Discrimination Survey data set, one of the most comprehensive data sets on transgender, gender non-conforming, and gender variant people in the U.S.A. We then analyze the coverage of WordNet, a widely used lexical database, with respect to these identities and discuss some key considerations and next steps for adding gender identity words and their meanings to WordNet.
Where Bears Have the Eyes of Currant: Towards a Mansi WordNet
Authors: Csilla Horváth, Ágoston Nagy, Norbert Szilágyi, Veronika Vincze
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1

Here we report the construction of a wordnet for Mansi, an endangered minority language spoken in Russia. We will pay special attention to challenges that we encountered during the building process, among which the most important ones are the low number of native speakers, the lack of thesauri and the bear language. We will discuss our solutions to these issues, which might have some theoretical implications for the methodology of wordnet building in general.
WNSpell: a WordNet-Based Spell Corrector
Authors: Bill Huang
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1

This paper presents a standalone spell corrector, WNSpell, based on and written for WordNet. It is aimed at generating the best possible suggestion for a mistyped query but can also serve as an all-purpose spell corrector. The spell corrector consists of a standard initial correction system, which evaluates word entries using a multifaceted approach to achieve the best results, and a semantic recognition system, wherein given a related word input, the system will adjust the spelling suggestions accordingly. Both feature significant performance improvements over current context-free spell correctors.
Sophisticated Lexical Databases - Simplified Usage: Mobile Applications and Browser Plugins For Wordnets
Authors: Diptesh Kanojia, Raj Dabre, Pushpak Bhattacharyya
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1

India is a country with 22 officially recognized languages and 17 of these have WordNets, a crucial resource. Web browser based interfaces are available for these WordNets, but are not suited for mobile devices which deters people from effectively using this resource. We present our initial work on developing mobile applications and browser extensions to access WordNets for Indian Languages. Our contribution is two fold: (1) We develop mobile applications for the Android, iOS and Windows Phone OS platforms for Hindi, Marathi and Sanskrit WordNets which allow users to search for words and obtain more information along with their translations in English and other Indian languages. (2) We also develop browser extensions for English, Hindi, Marathi, and Sanskrit WordNets, for both Mozilla Firefox, and Google Chrome. We believe that such applications can be quite helpful in a classroom scenario, where students would be able to access the WordNets as dictionaries as well as lexical knowledge bases. This can help in overcoming the language barrier along with furthering language understanding.
A picture is worth a thousand words: Using OpenClipArt library for enriching IndoWordNet
Authors: Diptesh Kanojia, Shehzaad Dhuliawala, Pushpak Bhattacharyya
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1
Tasks: Information Retrieval, Machine Translation, Question Answering, Retrieval, Word Sense Disambiguation

WordNet has proved to be immensely useful for Word Sense Disambiguation, and thence Machine translation, Information Retrieval and Question Answering. It can also be used as a dictionary for educational purposes. The semantic nature of concepts in a WordNet motivates one to try to express this meaning in a more visual way. In this paper, we describe our work of enriching IndoWordNet with image acquisitions from the OpenClipArt library. We describe an approach used to enrich WordNets for eighteen Indian languages. Our contribution is three fold: (1) We develop a system, which, given a synset in English, finds an appropriate image for the synset. The system uses the OpenclipArt library (OCAL) to retrieve images and ranks them. (2) After retrieving the images, we map the results along with the linkages between Princeton WordNet and Hindi WordNet, to link several synsets to corresponding images. We choose and sort top three images based on our ranking heuristic per synset. (3) We develop a tool that allows a lexicographer to manually evaluate these images. The top images are shown to a lexicographer by the evaluation tool for the task of choosing the best image representation. The lexicographer also selects the number of relevant images. Using our system, we obtain an Average Precision (P @ 3) score of 0.30.
Using Wordnet to Improve Reordering in Hierarchical Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation
Authors: Arefeh Kazemi, Antonio Toral, Andy Way
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1
Tasks: Machine Translation, Translation

We propose the use of WordNet synsets in a syntax-based reordering model for hierarchical statistical machine translation (HPB-SMT) to enable the model to generalize to phrases not seen in the training data but that have equivalent meaning. We detail our methodology to incorporate synsets’ knowledge in the reordering model and evaluate the resulting WordNet-enhanced SMT systems on the English-to-Farsi language direction. The inclusion of synsets leads to the best BLEU score, outperforming the baseline (standard HPB-SMT) by 0.6 points absolute.
Eliminating Fuzzy Duplicates in Crowdsourced Lexical Resources
Authors: Yuri Kiselev, Dmitry Ustalov, Sergey Porshnev
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1

Collaboratively created lexical resources is a trending approach to creating high quality thesauri in a short time span at a remarkably low price. The key idea is to invite non-expert participants to express and share their knowledge with the aim of constructing a resource. However, this approach tends to be noisy and error-prone, thus making data cleansing a highly topical task to perform. In this paper, we study different techniques for synset deduplication including machine- and crowd-based ones. Eventually, we put forward an approach that can solve the deduplication problem fully automatically, with the quality comparable to the expert-based approach.
Automatic Prediction of Morphosemantic Relations
Authors: Svetla Koeva, Svetlozara Leseva, Ivelina Stoyanova, Tsvetana Dimitrova, Maria Todorova
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1
Tasks: BIG-bench Machine Learning, Prediction

This paper presents a machine learning method for automatic identification and classification of morphosemantic relations (MSRs) between verb and noun synset pairs in the Bulgarian WordNet (BulNet). The core training data comprise 6,641 morphosemantically related verb–noun literal pairs from BulNet. The core dataset were preprocessed quality-wise by applying validation and reorganisation procedures. Further, the data were supplemented with negative examples of literal pairs not linked by an MSR. The designed supervised machine learning method uses the RandomTree algorithm and is implemented in Java with the Weka package. A set of experiments were performed to test various approaches to the task. Future work on improving the classifier includes adding more training data, employing more features, and fine-tuning. Apart from the language specific information about derivational processes, the proposed method is language independent.
Tuning Hierarchies in Princeton WordNet
Authors: Ahti Lohk, Christiane Fellbaum, Leo Vohandu
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1
Tasks: Position

Many new wordnets in the world are constantly created and most take the original Princeton WordNet (PWN) as their starting point. This arguably central position imposes a responsibility on PWN to ensure that its structure is clean and consistent. To validate PWN hierarchical structures we propose the application of a system of test patterns. In this paper, we report on how to validate the PWN hierarchies using the system of test patterns. In sum, test patterns provide lexicographers with a very powerful tool, which we hope will be adopted by the global wordnet community.
Experiences of Lexicographers and Computer Scientists in Validating Estonian Wordnet with Test Patterns
Authors: Ahti Lohk, Heili Orav, Kadri Vare, Leo Vohandu
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1

New concepts and semantic relations are constantly added to Estonian Wordnet (EstWN) to increase its size. In addition to this, with the use of test patterns, the validation of EstWN hierarchies is also performed. This parallel work was carried out over the past four years (2011-2014) with 10 different EstWN versions (60-70). This has been a collaboration between the creators of test patterns and the lexicographers currently working on EstWN. This paper describes the usage of test patterns from the points of views of information scientists (the creators of test patterns) as well as the users (lexicographers). Using EstWN as an example, we illustrate how the continuous use of test patterns has led to significant improvement of the semantic hierarchies in EstWN.
African WordNet: A Viable Tool for Sense Discrimination in the Indigenous African Languages of South Africa
Authors: Stanley Madonsela, Mampaka Lydia Mojapelo, Rose Masubelele, James Mafela
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1

In promoting a multilingual South Africa, the government is encouraging people to speak more than one language. In order to comply with this initiative, people choose to learn the languages which they do not speak as home language. The African languages are mostly chosen because they are spoken by the majority of the country’s population. Most words in these languages have many possible senses. This phenomenon tends to pose problems to people who want to learn these languages. This article argues that the African WordNet may the best tool to address the problem of sense discrimination. The focus of the argument will be on the primary sense of the word ‘hand’, which is part of the body, as lexicalized in three indigenous languages spoken in South Africa, namely, Tshivenḓa, Sesotho sa Leboa and isiZulu. A brief historical background of the African WordNet will be provided, followed by the definition of the word ‘hand’ in the three languages and the analysis of the word in context. Lastly, the primary sense of the word ‘hand’ across the three languages will be discussed.
An empirically grounded expansion of the supersense inventory
Authors: Hector Martinez Alonso, Anders Johannsen, Sanni Nimb, Sussi Olsen, Bolette Pedersen
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1

In this article we present an expansion of the supersense inventory. All new super-senses are extensions of members of the current inventory, which we postulate by identifying semantically coherent groups of synsets. We cover the expansion of the already-established supernsense inventory for nouns and verbs, the addition of coarse supersenses for adjectives in absence of a canonical supersense inventory, and super-senses for verbal satellites. We evaluate the viability of the new senses examining the annotation agreement, frequency and co-ocurrence patterns.
Adverbs in plWordNet: Theory and Implementation
Authors: Marek Maziarz, Stan Szpakowicz, Michal Kalinski
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1
Tasks: All

Adverbs are seldom well represented in wordnets. Princeton WordNet, for example, derives from adjectives practically all its adverbs and whatever involvement they have. GermaNet stays away from this part of speech. Adverbs in plWordNet will be emphatically present in all their semantic and syntactic distinctness. We briefly discuss the linguistic background of the lexical system of Polish adverbs. We describe an automated generator of accurate candidate adverbs, and introduce the lexicographic procedures which will ensure high consistency of wordnet editors’ decisions about adverbs.
A Language-independent Model for Introducing a New Semantic Relation Between Adjectives and Nouns in a WordNet
Authors: Miljana Mladenović, Jelena Mitrović, Cvetana Krstev
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1
Tasks: Attribute, Relation, Sentiment Analysis

The aim of this paper is to show a language-independent process of creating a new semantic relation between adjectives and nouns in wordnets. The existence of such a relation is expected to improve the detection of figurative language and sentiment analysis (SA). The proposed method uses an annotated corpus to explore the semantic knowledge contained in linguistic constructs performing as the rhetorical figure Simile. Based on the frequency of occurrence of similes in an annotated corpus, we propose a new relation, which connects the noun synset with the synset of an adjective representing that noun’s specific attribute. We elaborate on adding this new relation in the case of the Serbian WordNet (SWN). The proposed method is evaluated by human judgement in order to determine the relevance of automatically selected relation items. The evaluation has shown that 84% of the automatically selected and the most frequent linguistic constructs, whose frequency threshold was equal to 3, were also selected by humans.
Identifying and Exploiting Definitions in Wordnet Bahasa
Authors: David Moeljadi, Francis Bond
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1

This paper describes our attempts to add Indonesian definitions to synsets in the Wordnet Bahasa (Nurril Hirfana Mohamed Noor et al., 2011; Bond et al., 2014), to extract semantic relations between lemmas and definitions for nouns and verbs, such as synonym, hyponym, hypernym and instance hypernym, and to generally improve Wordnet. The original, somewhat noisy, definitions for Indonesian came from the Asian Wordnet project (Riza et al., 2010). The basic method of extracting the relations is based on Bond et al. (2004). Before the relations can be extracted, the definitions were cleaned up and tokenized. We found that the definitions cannot be completely cleaned up because of many misspellings and bad translations. However, we could identify four semantic relations in 57.10% of noun and verb definitions. For the remaining 42.90%, we propose to add 149 new Indonesian lemmas and make some improvements to Wordnet Bahasa and Wordnet in general.
Semantics of body parts in African WordNet: a case of Northern Sotho
Authors: Mampaka Lydia Mojapelo
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1

This paper presents a linguistic account of the lexical semantics of body parts in African WordNet, with special reference to Northern Sotho. It focuses on external human body parts synsets in Northern Sotho. The paper seeks to support the effectiveness of African WordNet as a resource for services such as in the healthcare and medical field in South Africa. It transpired from this exploration that there is either a one-to-one correspondence or some form of misalignment of lexicalisation with regard to the sample of examined synsets. The paper concludes by making suggestions on how African WordNet can deal with such semantic misalignments in order to improve its efficiency as a resource for the targeted purpose.
WME: Sense, Polarity and Affinity based Concept Resource for Medical Events
Authors: Anupam Mondal, Dipankar Das, Erik Cambria, Sivaji Bandyopadhyay
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1
Tasks: POS, Relation

In order to overcome the lack of medical corpora, we have developed a WordNet for Medical Events (WME) for identifying medical terms and their sense related information using a seed list. The initial WME resource contains 1654 medical terms or concepts. In the present research, we have reported the enhancement of WME with 6415 number of medical concepts along with their conceptual features viz. Parts-of-Speech (POS), gloss, semantics, polarity, sense and affinity. Several polarity lexicons viz. SentiWordNet, SenticNet, Bing Liu’s subjectivity list and Taboda’s adjective list were introduced with WordNet synonyms and hyponyms for expansion. The semantics feature guided us to build a semantic co-reference relation based network between the related medical concepts. These features help to prepare a medical concept network for better sense relation based visualization. Finally, we evaluated with respect to Adaptive Lesk Algorithm and conducted an agreement analysis for validating the expanded WME resource.
Mapping and Generating Classifiers using an Open Chinese Ontology
Authors: Luis Morgado Da Costa, Francis Bond, Helena Gao
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1
Tasks: Machine Translation, Translation

In languages such as Chinese, classifiers (CLs) play a central role in the quantification of noun-phrases. This can be a problem when generating text from input that does not specify the classifier, as in machine translation (MT) from English to Chinese. Many solutions to this problem rely on dictionaries of noun-CL pairs. However, there is no open large-scale machine-tractable dictionary of noun-CL associations. Many published resources exist, but they tend to focus on how a CL is used (e.g. what kinds of nouns can be used with it, or what features seem to be selected by each CL). In fact, since nouns are open class words, producing an exhaustive definite list of noun-CL associations is not possible, since it would quickly get out of date. Our work tries to address this problem by providing an algorithm for automatic building of a frequency based dictionary of noun-CL pairs, mapped to concepts in the Chinese Open Wordnet (Wang and Bond, 2013), an open machine-tractable dictionary for Chinese. All results will released under an open license.
IndoWordNet Conversion to Web Ontology Language (OWL)
Authors: Apurva Nagvenkar, Jyoti Pawar, Pushpak Bhattacharyya
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1

WordNet plays a significant role in Linked Open Data (LOD) cloud. It has numerous application ranging from ontology annotation to ontology mapping. IndoWordNet is a linked WordNet connecting 18 Indian language WordNets with Hindi as a source WordNet. The Hindi WordNet was initially developed by linking it to English WordNet. In this paper, we present a data representation of IndoWordNet in Web Ontology Language (OWL). The schema of Princeton WordNet has been enhanced to support the representation of IndoWordNet. This IndoWordNet representation in OWL format is now available to link other web resources. This representation is implemented for eight Indian languages.
A Two-Phase Approach for Building Vietnamese WordNet
Authors: Thai Phuong Nguyen, Van-Lam Pham, Hoang-An Nguyen, Huy-Hien Vu, Ngoc-Anh Tran, Thi-Thu-Ha Truong
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1
Tasks: Vocal Bursts Valence Prediction

Wordnets play an important role not only in linguistics but also in natural language processing (NLP). This paper reports major results of a project which aims to construct a wordnet for Vietnamese language. We propose a two-phase approach to the construction of Vietnamese WordNet employing available language resources and ensuring Vietnamese specific linguistic and cultural characteristics. We also give statistical results and analyses to show characteristics of the wordnet.
Extending the WN-Toolkit: dealing with polysemous words in the dictionary-based strategy
Authors: Antoni Oliver
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1

In this paper we present an extension of the dictionary-based strategy for wordnet construction implemented in the WN-Toolkit. This strategy allows the extraction of information for polysemous English words if definitions and/or semantic relations are present in the dictionary. The WN-Toolkit is a freely available set of programs for the creation and expansion of wordnets using dictionary-based and parallel-corpus based strategies. In previous versions of the toolkit the dictionary-based strategy was only used for translating monosemous English variants. In the experiments we have used Omegawiki and Wiktionary and we present automatic evaluation results for 24 languages that have wordnets in the Open Multilingual Wordnet project. We have used these existing versions of the wordnet to perform an automatic evaluation.
A language-independent LESK based approach to Word Sense Disambiguation
Authors: Tommaso Petrolito
Date: 2016-01-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: GWC 2016 1
Tasks: Word Sense Disambiguation

This paper describes a language- independent LESK based approach to Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD), involving also Vector Space Models applied to the Distributional Semantics Hypotesis. In particular this approach tries to solve some issues that come up with less-resourced languages. The approach also addresses the inadequacy of the Most Frequent Sense (MFS) heuristics to fit specific domain corpora.