pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised Long-Term Person Re-Identification with Clothes Change
Authors: Mingkun Li, Shupeng Cheng, Peng Xu, Xiatian Zhu, Chun-Guang Li, Jun Guo
Date: 2022-02-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Clustering, Person Re-Identification, Unsupervised Long Term Person Re-Identification, Unsupervised Person Re-Identification, valid

We investigate unsupervised person re-identification (Re-ID) with clothes change, a new challenging problem with more practical usability and scalability to real-world deployment. Most existing re-id methods artificially assume the clothes of every single person to be stationary across space and time. This condition is mostly valid for short-term re-id scenarios since an average person would often change the clothes even within a single day. To alleviate this assumption, several recent works have introduced the clothes change facet to re-id, with a focus on supervised learning person identity discriminative representation with invariance to clothes changes. Taking a step further towards this long-term re-id direction, we further eliminate the requirement of person identity labels, as they are significantly more expensive and more tedious to annotate in comparison to short-term person re-id datasets. Compared to conventional unsupervised short-term re-id, this new problem is drastically more challenging as different people may have similar clothes whilst the same person can wear multiple suites of clothes over different locations and times with very distinct appearance. To overcome such obstacles, we introduce a novel Curriculum Person Clustering (CPC) method that can adaptively regulate the unsupervised clustering criterion according to the clustering confidence. Experiments on three long-term person re-id datasets show that our CPC outperforms SOTA unsupervised re-id methods and even closely matches the supervised re-id models.
Temporal Point Cloud Completion with Pose Disturbance
Authors: Jieqi Shi, Lingyun Xu, Peiliang Li, Xiaozhi Chen, Shaojie Shen
Date: 2022-02-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Point Cloud Completion

Point clouds collected by real-world sensors are always unaligned and sparse, which makes it hard to reconstruct the complete shape of object from a single frame of data. In this work, we manage to provide complete point clouds from sparse input with pose disturbance by limited translation and rotation. We also use temporal information to enhance the completion model, refining the output with a sequence of inputs. With the help of gated recovery units(GRU) and attention mechanisms as temporal units, we propose a point cloud completion framework that accepts a sequence of unaligned and sparse inputs, and outputs consistent and aligned point clouds. Our network performs in an online manner and presents a refined point cloud for each frame, which enables it to be integrated into any SLAM or reconstruction pipeline. As far as we know, our framework is the first to utilize temporal information and ensure temporal consistency with limited transformation. Through experiments in ShapeNet and KITTI, we prove that our framework is effective in both synthetic and real-world datasets.
Imposing Temporal Consistency on Deep Monocular Body Shape and Pose Estimation
Authors: Alexandra Zimmer, Anna Hilsmann, Wieland Morgenstern, Peter Eisert
Date: 2022-02-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Pose Estimation

Accurate and temporally consistent modeling of human bodies is essential for a wide range of applications, including character animation, understanding human social behavior and AR/VR interfaces. Capturing human motion accurately from a monocular image sequence is still challenging and the modeling quality is strongly influenced by the temporal consistency of the captured body motion. Our work presents an elegant solution for the integration of temporal constraints in the fitting process. This does not only increase temporal consistency but also robustness during the optimization. In detail, we derive parameters of a sequence of body models, representing shape and motion of a person, including jaw poses, facial expressions, and finger poses. We optimize these parameters over the complete image sequence, fitting one consistent body shape while imposing temporal consistency on the body motion, assuming linear body joint trajectories over a short time. Our approach enables the derivation of realistic 3D body models from image sequences, including facial expression and articulated hands. In extensive experiments, we show that our approach results in accurately estimated body shape and motion, also for challenging movements and poses. Further, we apply it to the special application of sign language analysis, where accurate and temporal consistent motion modelling is essential, and show that the approach is well-suited for this kind of application.
OFA: Unifying Architectures, Tasks, and Modalities Through a Simple Sequence-to-Sequence Learning Framework
Authors: Peng Wang, An Yang, Rui Men, Junyang Lin, Shuai Bai, Zhikang Li, Jianxin Ma, Chang Zhou, Jingren Zhou, Hongxia Yang
Date: 2022-02-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Captioning, image-classification, Image Classification, Image Generation, Language Modeling, Language Modelling, Object Categorization, Referring Expression, Referring Expression Comprehension, Self-Supervised Image Classification, Text Generation, Text Summarization, Text-to-Image Generation, Visual Entailment, Visual Grounding, Visual Question Answering, Visual Question Answering (VQA), Visual Reasoning

In this work, we pursue a unified paradigm for multimodal pretraining to break the scaffolds of complex task/modality-specific customization. We propose OFA, a Task-Agnostic and Modality-Agnostic framework that supports Task Comprehensiveness. OFA unifies a diverse set of cross-modal and unimodal tasks, including image generation, visual grounding, image captioning, image classification, language modeling, etc., in a simple sequence-to-sequence learning framework. OFA follows the instruction-based learning in both pretraining and finetuning stages, requiring no extra task-specific layers for downstream tasks. In comparison with the recent state-of-the-art vision & language models that rely on extremely large cross-modal datasets, OFA is pretrained on only 20M publicly available image-text pairs. Despite its simplicity and relatively small-scale training data, OFA achieves new SOTAs in a series of cross-modal tasks while attaining highly competitive performances on uni-modal tasks. Our further analysis indicates that OFA can also effectively transfer to unseen tasks and unseen domains. Our code and models are publicly available at https://github.com/OFA-Sys/OFA.
A new face swap method for image and video domains: a technical report
Authors: Daniil Chesakov, Anastasia Maltseva, Alexander Groshev, Andrey Kuznetsov, Denis Dimitrov
Date: 2022-02-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Action Recognition In Videos, Face Recognition, Face Swapping, Specificity, Super-Resolution

Deep fake technology became a hot field of research in the last few years. Researchers investigate sophisticated Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), autoencoders, and other approaches to establish precise and robust algorithms for face swapping. Achieved results show that the deep fake unsupervised synthesis task has problems in terms of the visual quality of generated data. These problems usually lead to high fake detection accuracy when an expert analyzes them. The first problem is that existing image-to-image approaches do not consider video domain specificity and frame-by-frame processing leads to face jittering and other clearly visible distortions. Another problem is the generated data resolution, which is low for many existing methods due to high computational complexity. The third problem appears when the source face has larger proportions (like bigger cheeks), and after replacement it becomes visible on the face border. Our main goal was to develop such an approach that could solve these problems and outperform existing solutions on a number of clue metrics. We introduce a new face swap pipeline that is based on FaceShifter architecture and fixes the problems stated above. With a new eye loss function, super-resolution block, and Gaussian-based face mask generation leads to improvements in quality which is confirmed during evaluation.
A comprehensive benchmark analysis for sand dust image reconstruction
Authors: Yazhong Si, Fan Yang, Ya Guo, Wei zhang, Yipu Yang
Date: 2022-02-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Image Enhancement, Image Reconstruction, Sand

Numerous sand dust image enhancement algorithms have been proposed in recent years. To our best acknowledge, however, most methods evaluated their performance with no-reference way using few selected real-world images from internet. It is unclear how to quantitatively analysis the performance of the algorithms in a supervised way and how we could gauge the progress in the field. Moreover, due to the absence of large-scale benchmark datasets, there are no well-known reports of data-driven based method for sand dust image enhancement up till now. To advance the development of deep learning-based algorithms for sand dust image reconstruction, while enabling supervised objective evaluation of algorithm performance. In this paper, we presented a comprehensive perceptual study and analysis of real-world sand dust images, then constructed a Sand-dust Image Reconstruction Benchmark (SIRB) for training Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and evaluating algorithms performance. In addition, we adopted the existing image transformation neural network trained on SIRB as baseline to illustrate the generalization of SIRB for training CNNs. Finally, we conducted the qualitative and quantitative evaluation to demonstrate the performance and limitations of the state-of-the-arts (SOTA), which shed light on future research in sand dust image reconstruction.
Context Autoencoder for Self-Supervised Representation Learning
Authors: Xiaokang Chen, Mingyu Ding, Xiaodi Wang, Ying Xin, Shentong Mo, Yunhao Wang, Shumin Han, Ping Luo, Gang Zeng, Jingdong Wang
Date: 2022-02-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Decoder, Instance Segmentation, object-detection, Object Detection, Representation Learning, Self-Supervised Image Classification, Self-Supervised Learning, Semantic Segmentation

We present a novel masked image modeling (MIM) approach, context autoencoder (CAE), for self-supervised representation pretraining. We pretrain an encoder by making predictions in the encoded representation space. The pretraining tasks include two tasks: masked representation prediction - predict the representations for the masked patches, and masked patch reconstruction - reconstruct the masked patches. The network is an encoder-regressor-decoder architecture: the encoder takes the visible patches as input; the regressor predicts the representations of the masked patches, which are expected to be aligned with the representations computed from the encoder, using the representations of visible patches and the positions of visible and masked patches; the decoder reconstructs the masked patches from the predicted encoded representations. The CAE design encourages the separation of learning the encoder (representation) from completing the pertaining tasks: masked representation prediction and masked patch reconstruction tasks, and making predictions in the encoded representation space empirically shows the benefit to representation learning. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our CAE through superior transfer performance in downstream tasks: semantic segmentation, object detection and instance segmentation, and classification. The code will be available at https://github.com/Atten4Vis/CAE.
Learning Sound Localization Better From Semantically Similar Samples
Authors: Arda Senocak, Hyeonggon Ryu, Junsik Kim, In So Kweon
Date: 2022-02-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Contrastive Learning

The objective of this work is to localize the sound sources in visual scenes. Existing audio-visual works employ contrastive learning by assigning corresponding audio-visual pairs from the same source as positives while randomly mismatched pairs as negatives. However, these negative pairs may contain semantically matched audio-visual information. Thus, these semantically correlated pairs, "hard positives", are mistakenly grouped as negatives. Our key contribution is showing that hard positives can give similar response maps to the corresponding pairs. Our approach incorporates these hard positives by adding their response maps into a contrastive learning objective directly. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on VGG-SS and SoundNet-Flickr test sets, showing favorable performance to the state-of-the-art methods.
Automatic defect segmentation by unsupervised anomaly learning
Authors: Nati Ofir, Ran Yacobi, Omer Granoviter, Boris Levant, Ore Shtalrid
Date: 2022-02-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Segmentation

This paper addresses the problem of defect segmentation in semiconductor manufacturing. The input of our segmentation is a scanning-electron-microscopy (SEM) image of the candidate defect region. We train a U-net shape network to segment defects using a dataset of clean background images. The samples of the training phase are produced automatically such that no manual labeling is required. To enrich the dataset of clean background samples, we apply defect implant augmentation. To that end, we apply a copy-and-paste of a random image patch in the clean specimen. To improve the robustness of the unlabeled data scenario, we train the features of the network with unsupervised learning methods and loss functions. Our experiments show that we succeed to segment real defects with high quality, even though our dataset contains no defect examples. Our approach performs accurately also on the problem of supervised and labeled defect segmentation.
3D Object Detection from Images for Autonomous Driving: A Survey
Authors: Xinzhu Ma, Wanli Ouyang, Andrea Simonelli, Elisa Ricci
Date: 2022-02-07 00:00:00
Tasks: 3D Object Detection, Autonomous Driving, object-detection, Object Detection, Survey

3D object detection from images, one of the fundamental and challenging problems in autonomous driving, has received increasing attention from both industry and academia in recent years. Benefiting from the rapid development of deep learning technologies, image-based 3D detection has achieved remarkable progress. Particularly, more than 200 works have studied this problem from 2015 to 2021, encompassing a broad spectrum of theories, algorithms, and applications. However, to date no recent survey exists to collect and organize this knowledge. In this paper, we fill this gap in the literature and provide the first comprehensive survey of this novel and continuously growing research field, summarizing the most commonly used pipelines for image-based 3D detection and deeply analyzing each of their components. Additionally, we also propose two new taxonomies to organize the state-of-the-art methods into different categories, with the intent of providing a more systematic review of existing methods and facilitating fair comparisons with future works. In retrospect of what has been achieved so far, we also analyze the current challenges in the field and discuss future directions for image-based 3D detection research.
Supervision by Denoising for Medical Image Segmentation
Authors: Sean I. Young, Adrian V. Dalca, Enzo Ferrante, Polina Golland, Christopher A. Metzler, Bruce Fischl, Juan Eugenio Iglesias
Date: 2022-02-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Denoising, Image Reconstruction, Image Segmentation, Medical Image Segmentation, Semantic Segmentation

Learning-based image reconstruction models, such as those based on the U-Net, require a large set of labeled images if good generalization is to be guaranteed. In some imaging domains, however, labeled data with pixel- or voxel-level label accuracy are scarce due to the cost of acquiring them. This problem is exacerbated further in domains like medical imaging, where there is no single ground truth label, resulting in large amounts of repeat variability in the labels. Therefore, training reconstruction networks to generalize better by learning from both labeled and unlabeled examples (called semi-supervised learning) is problem of practical and theoretical interest. However, traditional semi-supervised learning methods for image reconstruction often necessitate handcrafting a differentiable regularizer specific to some given imaging problem, which can be extremely time-consuming. In this work, we propose "supervision by denoising" (SUD), a framework that enables us to supervise reconstruction models using their own denoised output as soft labels. SUD unifies stochastic averaging and spatial denoising techniques under a spatio-temporal denoising framework and alternates denoising and model weight update steps in an optimization framework for semi-supervision. As example applications, we apply SUD to two problems arising from biomedical imaging -- anatomical brain reconstruction (3D) and cortical parcellation (2D) -- to demonstrate a significant improvement in the image reconstructions over supervised-only and stochastic averaging baselines.
Deep Deterministic Independent Component Analysis for Hyperspectral Unmixing
Authors: Hongming Li, Shujian Yu, Jose C. Principe
Date: 2022-02-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Hyperspectral Unmixing

We develop a new neural network based independent component analysis (ICA) method by directly minimizing the dependence amongst all extracted components. Using the matrix-based R{\'e}nyi's $\alpha$-order entropy functional, our network can be directly optimized by stochastic gradient descent (SGD), without any variational approximation or adversarial training. As a solid application, we evaluate our ICA in the problem of hyperspectral unmixing (HU) and refute a statement that "\emph{ICA does not play a role in unmixing hyperspectral data}", which was initially suggested by \cite{nascimento2005does}. Code and additional remarks of our DDICA is available at https://github.com/hongmingli1995/DDICA.
Towards Micro-video Thumbnail Selection via a Multi-label Visual-semantic Embedding Model
Authors: Liu Bo
Date: 2022-02-07 00:00:00

The thumbnail, as the first sight of a micro-video, plays a pivotal role in attracting users to click and watch. While in the real scenario, the more the thumbnails satisfy the users, the more likely the micro-videos will be clicked. In this paper, we aim to select the thumbnail of a given micro-video that meets most users` interests. Towards this end, we present a multi-label visual-semantic embedding model to estimate the similarity between the pair of each frame and the popular topics that users are interested in. In this model, the visual and textual information is embedded into a shared semantic space, whereby the similarity can be measured directly, even the unseen words. Moreover, to compare the frame to all words from the popular topics, we devise an attention embedding space associated with the semantic-attention projection. With the help of these two embedding spaces, the popularity score of a frame, which is defined by the sum of similarity scores over the corresponding visual information and popular topic pairs, is achieved. Ultimately, we fuse the visual representation score and the popularity score of each frame to select the attractive thumbnail for the given micro-video. Extensive experiments conducted on a real-world dataset have well-verified that our model significantly outperforms several state-of-the-art baselines.
Benchmarking Deep Models for Salient Object Detection
Authors: Huajun Zhou, Yang Lin, Lingxiao Yang, JianHuang Lai, Xiaohua Xie
Date: 2022-02-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Benchmarking, Object, object-detection, Object Detection, Salient Object Detection

In recent years, deep network-based methods have continuously refreshed state-of-the-art performance on Salient Object Detection (SOD) task. However, the performance discrepancy caused by different implementation details may conceal the real progress in this task. Making an impartial comparison is required for future researches. To meet this need, we construct a general SALient Object Detection (SALOD) benchmark to conduct a comprehensive comparison among several representative SOD methods. Specifically, we re-implement 14 representative SOD methods by using consistent settings for training. Moreover, two additional protocols are set up in our benchmark to investigate the robustness of existing methods in some limited conditions. In the first protocol, we enlarge the difference between objectness distributions of train and test sets to evaluate the robustness of these SOD methods. In the second protocol, we build multiple train subsets with different scales to validate whether these methods can extract discriminative features from only a few samples. In the above experiments, we find that existing loss functions usually specialized in some metrics but reported inferior results on the others. Therefore, we propose a novel Edge-Aware (EA) loss that promotes deep networks to learn more discriminative features by integrating both pixel- and image-level supervision signals. Experiments prove that our EA loss reports more robust performances compared to existing losses.
Dataset Condensation with Contrastive Signals
Authors: Saehyung Lee, Sanghyuk Chun, Sangwon Jung, Sangdoo Yun, Sungroh Yoon
Date: 2022-02-07 00:00:00
Tasks: Attribute, Continual Learning, Dataset Condensation, Fine-Grained Image Classification, image-classification, Image Classification

Recent studies have demonstrated that gradient matching-based dataset synthesis, or dataset condensation (DC), methods can achieve state-of-the-art performance when applied to data-efficient learning tasks. However, in this study, we prove that the existing DC methods can perform worse than the random selection method when task-irrelevant information forms a significant part of the training dataset. We attribute this to the lack of participation of the contrastive signals between the classes resulting from the class-wise gradient matching strategy. To address this problem, we propose Dataset Condensation with Contrastive signals (DCC) by modifying the loss function to enable the DC methods to effectively capture the differences between classes. In addition, we analyze the new loss function in terms of training dynamics by tracking the kernel velocity. Furthermore, we introduce a bi-level warm-up strategy to stabilize the optimization. Our experimental results indicate that while the existing methods are ineffective for fine-grained image classification tasks, the proposed method can successfully generate informative synthetic datasets for the same tasks. Moreover, we demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the baselines even on benchmark datasets such as SVHN, CIFAR-10, and CIFAR-100. Finally, we demonstrate the high applicability of the proposed method by applying it to continual learning tasks.