pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Lemmatization and Morphological Tagging in German and Latin: A Comparison and a Survey of the State-of-the-art
Authors: Steffen Eger, R{\"u}diger Gleim, Alex Mehler, er
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5
Tasks: Lemmatization, Morphological Tagging, POS, POS Tagging

This paper relates to the challenge of morphological tagging and lemmatization in morphologically rich languages by example of German and Latin. We focus on the question what a practitioner can expect when using state-of-the-art solutions out of the box. Moreover, we contrast these with old(er) methods and implementations for POS tagging. We examine to what degree recent efforts in tagger development are reflected by improved accuracies â€• and at what cost, in terms of training and processing time. We also conduct in-domain vs. out-domain evaluation. Out-domain evaluations are particularly insightful because the distribution of the data which is being tagged by a user will typically differ from the distribution on which the tagger has been trained. Furthermore, two lemmatization techniques are evaluated. Finally, we compare pipeline tagging vs. a tagging approach that acknowledges dependencies between inflectional categories.
TLT-CRF: A Lexicon-supported Morphological Tagger for Latin Based on Conditional Random Fields
Authors: Tim vor der Br{\"u}ck, Alex Mehler, er
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5
Tasks: POS

We present a morphological tagger for Latin, called TTLab Latin Tagger based on Conditional Random Fields (TLT-CRF) which uses a large Latin lexicon. Beyond Part of Speech (PoS), TLT-CRF tags eight inflectional categories of verbs, adjectives or nouns. It utilizes a statistical model based on CRFs together with a rule interpreter that addresses scenarios of sparse training data. We present results of evaluating TLT-CRF to answer the question what can be learnt following the paradigm of 1st order CRFs in conjunction with a large lexical resource and a rule interpreter. Furthermore, we investigate the contigency of representational features and targeted parts of speech to learn about selective features.
Cross-lingual and Supervised Models for Morphosyntactic Annotation: a Comparison on Romanian
Authors: Lauriane Aufrant, Guillaume Wisniewski, Fran{\c{c}}ois Yvon
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5
Tasks: Cross-Lingual Transfer, POS

Because of the small size of Romanian corpora, the performance of a PoS tagger or a dependency parser trained with the standard supervised methods fall far short from the performance achieved in most languages. That is why, we apply state-of-the-art methods for cross-lingual transfer on Romanian tagging and parsing, from English and several Romance languages. We compare the performance with monolingual systems trained with sets of different sizes and establish that training on a few sentences in target language yields better results than transferring from large datasets in other languages.
Corpus vs. Lexicon Supervision in Morphosyntactic Tagging: the Case of Slovene
Authors: Nikola Ljube{\v{s}}i{\'c}, Toma{\v{z}} Erjavec
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5

In this paper we present a tagger developed for inflectionally rich languages for which both a training corpus and a lexicon are available. We do not constrain the tagger by the lexicon entries, allowing both for lexicon incompleteness and noisiness. By using the lexicon indirectly through features we allow for known and unknown words to be tagged in the same manner. We test our tagger on Slovene data, obtaining a 25{\%} error reduction of the best previous results both on known and unknown words. Given that Slovene is, in comparison to some other Slavic languages, a well-resourced language, we perform experiments on the impact of token (corpus) vs. type (lexicon) supervision, obtaining useful insights in how to balance the effort of extending resources to yield better tagging results.
Challenges and Solutions for Consistent Annotation of Vietnamese Treebank
Authors: Quy Nguyen, Yusuke Miyao, Ha Le, Ngan Nguyen
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5
Tasks: Part-Of-Speech Tagging, speech-recognition, Speech Recognition

Treebanks are important resources for researchers in natural language processing, speech recognition, theoretical linguistics, etc. To strengthen the automatic processing of the Vietnamese language, a Vietnamese treebank has been built. However, the quality of this treebank is not satisfactory and is a possible source for the low performance of Vietnamese language processing. We have been building a new treebank for Vietnamese with about 40,000 sentences annotated with three layers: word segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, and bracketing. In this paper, we describe several challenges of Vietnamese language and how we solve them in developing annotation guidelines. We also present our methods to improve the quality of the annotation guidelines and ensure annotation accuracy and consistency. Experiment results show that inter-annotator agreement ratios and accuracy are higher than 90{\%} which is satisfactory.
Correcting Errors in a Treebank Based on Tree Mining
Authors: Kanta Suzuki, Yoshihide Kato, Shigeki Matsubara
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5

This paper provides a new method to correct annotation errors in a treebank. The previous error correction method constructs a pseudo parallel corpus where incorrect partial parse trees are paired with correct ones, and extracts error correction rules from the parallel corpus. By applying these rules to a treebank, the method corrects errors. However, this method does not achieve wide coverage of error correction. To achieve wide coverage, our method adopts a different approach. In our method, we consider that an infrequent pattern which can be transformed to a frequent one is an annotation error pattern. Based on a tree mining technique, our method seeks such infrequent tree patterns, and constructs error correction rules each of which consists of an infrequent pattern and a corresponding frequent pattern. We conducted an experiment using the Penn Treebank. We obtained 1,987 rules which are not constructed by the previous method, and the rules achieved good precision.
4Couv: A New Treebank for French
Authors: Philippe Blache, Gr{\'e}goire de Montcheuil, Laurent Pr{\'e}vot, St{\'e}phane Rauzy
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5
Tasks: Vocal Bursts Type Prediction

The question of the type of text used as primary data in treebanks is of certain importance. First, it has an influence at the discourse level: an article is not organized in the same way as a novel or a technical document. Moreover, it also has consequences in terms of semantic interpretation: some types of texts can be easier to interpret than others. We present in this paper a new type of treebank which presents the particularity to answer to specific needs of experimental linguistic. It is made of short texts (book backcovers) that presents a strong coherence in their organization and can be rapidly interpreted. This type of text is adapted to short reading sessions, making it easy to acquire physiological data (e.g. eye movement, electroencepholagraphy). Such a resource offers reliable data when looking for correlations between computational models and human language processing.
CINTIL DependencyBank PREMIUM - A Corpus of Grammatical Dependencies for Portuguese
Authors: Rita de Carvalho, Andreia Querido, Marisa Campos, Rita Valadas Pereira, Jo{\~a}o Silva, Ant{\'o}nio Branco
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5

This paper presents a new linguistic resource for the study and computational processing of Portuguese. CINTIL DependencyBank PREMIUM is a corpus of Portuguese news text, accurately manually annotated with a wide range of linguistic information (morpho-syntax, named-entities, syntactic function and semantic roles), making it an invaluable resource specially for the development and evaluation of data-driven natural language processing tools. The corpus is under active development, reaching 4,000 sentences in its current version. The paper also reports on the training and evaluation of a dependency parser over this corpus. CINTIL DependencyBank PREMIUM is freely-available for research purposes through META-SHARE.
Estonian Dependency Treebank: from Constraint Grammar tagset to Universal Dependencies
Authors: Kadri Muischnek, Kaili M{\"u}{\"u}risep, Tiina Puolakainen
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5

This paper presents the first version of Estonian Universal Dependencies Treebank which has been semi-automatically acquired from Estonian Dependency Treebank and comprises ca 400,000 words (ca 30,000 sentences) representing the genres of fiction, newspapers and scientific writing. Article analyses the differences between two annotation schemes and the conversion procedure to Universal Dependencies format. The conversion has been conducted by manually created Constraint Grammar transfer rules. As the rules enable to consider unbounded context, include lexical information and both flat and tree structure features at the same time, the method has proved to be reliable and flexible enough to handle most of transformations. The automatic conversion procedure achieved LAS 95.2{\%}, UAS 96.3{\%} and LA 98.4{\%}. If punctuation marks were excluded from the calculations, we observed LAS 96.4{\%}, UAS 97.7{\%} and LA 98.2{\%}. Still the refinement of the guidelines and methodology is needed in order to re-annotate some syntactic phenomena, e.g. inter-clausal relations. Although automatic rules usually make quite a good guess even in obscure conditions, some relations should be checked and annotated manually after the main conversion.
The Universal Dependencies Treebank of Spoken Slovenian
Authors: Kaja Dobrovoljc, Joakim Nivre
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5

This paper presents the construction of an open-source dependency treebank of spoken Slovenian, the first syntactically annotated collection of spontaneous speech in Slovenian. The treebank has been manually annotated using the Universal Dependencies annotation scheme, a one-layer syntactic annotation scheme with a high degree of cross-modality, cross-framework and cross-language interoperability. In this original application of the scheme to spoken language transcripts, we address a wide spectrum of syntactic particularities in speech, either by extending the scope of application of existing universal labels or by proposing new speech-specific extensions. The initial analysis of the resulting treebank and its comparison with the written Slovenian UD treebank confirms significant syntactic differences between the two language modalities, with spoken data consisting of shorter and more elliptic sentences, less and simpler nominal phrases, and more relations marking disfluencies, interaction, deixis and modality.
Introducing the Asian Language Treebank (ALT)
Authors: Ye Kyaw Thu, Win Pa Pa, Masao Utiyama, Andrew Finch, Eiichiro Sumita
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5
Tasks: Articles, Sentence, Translation

This paper introduces the ALT project initiated by the Advanced Speech Translation Research and Development Promotion Center (ASTREC), NICT, Kyoto, Japan. The aim of this project is to accelerate NLP research for Asian languages such as Indonesian, Japanese, Khmer, Laos, Malay, Myanmar, Philippine, Thai and Vietnamese. The original resource for this project was English articles that were randomly selected from Wikinews. The project has so far created a corpus for Myanmar and will extend in scope to include other languages in the near future. A 20000-sentence corpus of Myanmar that has been manually translated from an English corpus has been word segmented, word aligned, part-of-speech tagged and constituency parsed by human annotators. In this paper, we present the implementation steps for creating the treebank in detail, including a description of the ALT web-based treebanking tool. Moreover, we report statistics on the annotation quality of the Myanmar treebank created so far.
Universal Dependencies for Norwegian
Authors: Lilja {\O}vrelid, Petter Hohle
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5
Tasks: Dependency Parsing, POS, POS Tagging

This article describes the conversion of the Norwegian Dependency Treebank to the Universal Dependencies scheme. This paper details the mapping of PoS tags, morphological features and dependency relations and provides a description of the structural changes made to NDT analyses in order to make it compliant with the UD guidelines. We further present PoS tagging and dependency parsing experiments which report first results for the processing of the converted treebank. The full converted treebank was made available with the 1.2 release of the UD treebanks.
Fostering the Next Generation of European Language Technology: Recent Developments ― Emerging Initiatives ― Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Georg Rehm, Jan Haji{\v{c}}, Josef van Genabith, Andrejs Vasiljevs
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5

META-NET is a European network of excellence, founded in 2010, that consists of 60 research centres in 34 European countries. One of the key visions and goals of META-NET is a truly multilingual Europe, which is substantially supported and realised through language technologies. In this article we provide an overview of recent developments around the multilingual Europe topic, we also describe recent and upcoming events as well as recent and upcoming strategy papers. Furthermore, we provide overviews of two new emerging initiatives, the CEF.AT and ELRC activity on the one hand and the Cracking the Language Barrier federation on the other. The paper closes with several suggested next steps in order to address the current challenges and to open up new opportunities.
Yes, We Care! Results of the Ethics and Natural Language Processing Surveys
Authors: Kar{\"e}n Fort, Alain Couillault
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5
Tasks: Ethics

We present here the context and results of two surveys (a French one and an international one) concerning Ethics and NLP, which we designed and conducted between June and September 2015. These surveys follow other actions related to raising concern for ethics in our community, including a Journ{\'e}e d{'}{\'e}tudes, a workshop and the Ethics and Big Data Charter. The concern for ethics shows to be quite similar in both surveys, despite a few differences which we present and discuss. The surveys also lead to think there is a growing awareness in the field concerning ethical issues, which translates into a willingness to get involved in ethics-related actions, to debate about the topic and to see ethics be included in major conferences themes. We finally discuss the limits of the surveys and the means of action we consider for the future. The raw data from the two surveys are freely available online.
Open Data Vocabularies for Assigning Usage Rights to Data Resources from Translation Projects
Authors: David Lewis, Kaniz Fatema, Alfredo Maldonado, Brian Walshe, Arturo Calvo
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5
Tasks: Translation

An assessment of the intellectual property requirements for data used in machine-aided translation is provided based on a recent EC-funded legal review. This is compared against the capabilities offered by current linked open data standards from the W3C for publishing and sharing translation memories from translation projects, and proposals for adequately addressing the intellectual property needs of stakeholders in translation projects using open data vocabularies are suggested.
Language Resource Citation: the ISLRN Dissemination and Further Developments
Authors: Val{\'e}rie Mapelli, Vladimir Popescu, Lin Liu, Khalid Choukri
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5
Tasks: Management

This article presents the latest dissemination activities and technical developments that were carried out for the International Standard Language Resource Number (ISLRN) service. It also recalls the main principle and submission process for providers to obtain their 13-digit ISLRN identifier. Up to March 2016, 2100 Language Resources were allocated an ISLRN number, not only ELRA{'}s and LDC{'}s catalogued Language Resources, but also the ones from other important organisations like the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Resource Management Agency (RMA) who expressed their strong support to this initiative.In the research field, not only assigning a unique identification number is important, but also referring to a Language Resource as an object \textit{per se} (like publications) has now become an obvious requirement. The ISLRN could also become an important parameter to be considered to compute a Language Resource Impact Factor (LRIF) in order to recognize the merits of the producers of Language Resources. Integrating the ISLRN number into a LR-oriented bibliographical reference is thus part of the objective. The idea is to make use of a BibTeX entry that would take into account Language Resources items, including ISLRN.The ISLRN being a requested field within the LREC 2016 submission, we expect that several other LRs will be allocated an ISLRN number by the conference date. With this expansion, this number aims to be a spreadly-used LR citation instrument within works referring to LRs.
Trends in HLT Research: A Survey of LDC's Data Scholarship Program
Authors: Denise DiPersio, Christopher Cieri
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5
Tasks: Survey

Since its inception in 2010, the Linguistic Data Consortium{'}s data scholarship program has awarded no cost grants in data to 64 recipients from 26 countries. A survey of the twelve cycles to date ― two awards each in the Fall and Spring semesters from Fall 2010 through Spring 2016 ― yields an interesting view into graduate program research trends in human language technology and related fields and the particular data sets deemed important to support that research. The survey also reveals regions in which such activity appears to be on a rise, including in Arabic-speaking regions and portions of the Americas and Asia.
Tweeting and Being Ironic in the Debate about a Political Reform: the French Annotated Corpus TWitter-MariagePourTous
Authors: Cristina Bosco, Mirko Lai, Viviana Patti, Daniela Virone
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5
Tasks: Sentiment Analysis

The paper introduces a new annotated French data set for Sentiment Analysis, which is a currently missing resource. It focuses on the collection from Twitter of data related to the socio-political debate about the reform of the bill for wedding in France. The design of the annotation scheme is described, which extends a polarity label set by making available tags for marking target semantic areas and figurative language devices. The annotation process is presented and the disagreement discussed, in particular, in the perspective of figurative language use and in that of the semantic oriented annotation, which are open challenges for NLP systems.
Towards a Corpus of Violence Acts in Arabic Social Media
Authors: Ayman Alhelbawy, Poesio Massimo, Udo Kruschwitz
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5
Tasks: Form

In this paper we present a new corpus of Arabic tweets that mention some form of violent event, developed to support the automatic identification of Human Rights Abuse. The dataset was manually labelled for seven classes of violence using crowdsourcing.
TwiSty: A Multilingual Twitter Stylometry Corpus for Gender and Personality Profiling
Authors: Ben Verhoeven, Walter Daelemans, Barbara Plank
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5
Tasks: Gender Prediction

Personality profiling is the task of detecting personality traits of authors based on writing style. Several personality typologies exist, however, the Briggs-Myer Type Indicator (MBTI) is particularly popular in the non-scientific community, and many people use it to analyse their own personality and talk about the results online. Therefore, large amounts of self-assessed data on MBTI are readily available on social-media platforms such as Twitter. We present a novel corpus of tweets annotated with the MBTI personality type and gender of their author for six Western European languages (Dutch, German, French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish). We outline the corpus creation and annotation, show statistics of the obtained data distributions and present first baselines on Myers-Briggs personality profiling and gender prediction for all six languages.
Functions of Code-Switching in Tweets: An Annotation Framework and Some Initial Experiments
Authors: Rafiya Begum, Kalika Bali, Monojit Choudhury, Koustav Rudra, Niloy Ganguly
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5

Code-Switching (CS) between two languages is extremely common in communities with societal multilingualism where speakers switch between two or more languages when interacting with each other. CS has been extensively studied in spoken language by linguists for several decades but with the popularity of social-media and less formal Computer Mediated Communication, we now see a big rise in the use of CS in the text form. This poses interesting challenges and a need for computational processing of such code-switched data. As with any Computational Linguistic analysis and Natural Language Processing tools and applications, we need annotated data for understanding, processing, and generation of code-switched language. In this study, we focus on CS between English and Hindi Tweets extracted from the Twitter stream of Hindi-English bilinguals. We present an annotation scheme for annotating the pragmatic functions of CS in Hindi-English (Hi-En) code-switched tweets based on a linguistic analysis and some initial experiments.
Universal Dependencies for Japanese
Authors: Takaaki Tanaka, Yusuke Miyao, Masayuki Asahara, Sumire Uematsu, Hiroshi Kanayama, Shinsuke Mori, Yuji Matsumoto
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5

We present an attempt to port the international syntactic annotation scheme, Universal Dependencies, to the Japanese language in this paper. Since the Japanese syntactic structure is usually annotated on the basis of unique chunk-based dependencies, we first introduce word-based dependencies by using a word unit called the Short Unit Word, which usually corresponds to an entry in the lexicon UniDic. Porting is done by mapping the part-of-speech tagset in UniDic to the universal part-of-speech tagset, and converting a constituent-based treebank to a typed dependency tree. The conversion is not straightforward, and we discuss the problems that arose in the conversion and the current solutions. A treebank consisting of 10,000 sentences was built by converting the existent resources and currently released to the public.
Universal Dependencies v1: A Multilingual Treebank Collection
Authors: Joakim Nivre, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Filip Ginter, Yoav Goldberg, Jan Haji{\v{c}}, Christopher D. Manning, Ryan Mcdonald, Slav Petrov, Sampo Pyysalo, Natalia Silveira, Reut Tsarfaty, Daniel Zeman
Date: 2016-05-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: LREC 2016 5

Cross-linguistically consistent annotation is necessary for sound comparative evaluation and cross-lingual learning experiments. It is also useful for multilingual system development and comparative linguistic studies. Universal Dependencies is an open community effort to create cross-linguistically consistent treebank annotation for many languages within a dependency-based lexicalist framework. In this paper, we describe v1 of the universal guidelines, the underlying design principles, and the currently available treebanks for 33 languages.