pwc-archive/papers-with-abstracts huggingface dataset:
Exploiting Edge Features for Graph Neural Networks
Authors: Liyu Gong,  Qiang Cheng
Date: 2019-06-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2019 6
Tasks: General Classification, Graph Attention, Graph Classification, Graph Learning, Graph Neural Network, Node Classification

 Edge features contain important information about graphs. However, current state-of-the-art neural network models designed for graph learning, e.g., graph convolutional networks (GCN) and graph attention networks (GAT), inadequately utilize edge features, especially multi-dimensional edge features. In this paper, we build a new framework for a family of new graph neural network models that can more sufficiently exploit edge features, including those of undirected or multi-dimensional edges. The proposed framework can consolidate current graph neural network models, e.g., GCN and GAT. The proposed framework and new models have the following novelties: First, we propose to use doubly stochastic normalization of graph edge features instead of the commonly used row or symmetric normalization approaches used in current graph neural networks. Second, we construct new formulas for the operations in each individual layer so that they can handle multi-dimensional edge features. Third, for the proposed new framework, edge features are adaptive across network layers. As a result, our proposed new framework and new models are able to exploit a rich source of graph edge information. We apply our new models to graph node classification on several citation networks, whole graph classification, and regression on several molecular datasets. Compared with the current state-of-the-art methods, i.e., GCNs and GAT, our models obtain better performance, which testify to the importance of exploiting edge features in graph neural networks.
Propagation Mechanism for Deep and Wide Neural Networks
Authors: Dejiang Xu,  Mong Li Lee,  Wynne Hsu
Date: 2019-06-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2019 6

Recent deep neural networks (DNN) utilize identity mappings involving either element-wise addition or channel-wise concatenation for the propagation of these identity mappings. In this paper, we propose a new propagation mechanism called channel-wise addition (cAdd) to deal with the vanishing gradients problem without sacrificing the complexity of the learned features. Unlike channel-wise concatenation, cAdd is able to eliminate the need to store feature maps thus reducing the memory requirement. The proposed cAdd mechanism can deepen and widen existing neural architectures with fewer parameters compared to channel-wise concatenation and element-wise addition. We incorporate cAdd into state-of-the-art architectures such as ResNet, WideResNet, and CondenseNet and carry out extensive experiments on CIFAR10, CIFAR100, SVHN and ImageNet to demonstrate that cAdd-based architectures are able to achieve much higher accuracy with fewer parameters compared to their corresponding base architectures.
Catastrophic Child's Play: Easy to Perform, Hard to Defend Adversarial Attacks
Authors: Chih-Hui Ho,  Brandon Leung,  Erik Sandstrom,  Yen Chang,  Nuno Vasconcelos
Date: 2019-06-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2019 6
Tasks: Data Augmentation, Object, Object Recognition

The problem of adversarial CNN attacks is considered, with an emphasis on attacks that are trivial to perform but difficult to defend. A framework for the study of such attacks is proposed, using real world object manipulations. Unlike most works in the past, this framework supports the design of attacks based on both small and large image perturbations, implemented by camera shake and pose variation. A setup is proposed for the collection of such perturbations and determination of their perceptibility. It is argued that perceptibility depends on context, and a distinction is made between imperceptible and semantically imperceptible perturbations. While the former survives image comparisons, the latter are perceptible but have no impact on human object recognition. A procedure is proposed to determine the perceptibility of perturbations using Turk experiments, and a dataset of both perturbation classes which enables replicable studies of object manipulation attacks, is assembled. Experiments using defenses based on many datasets, CNN models, and algorithms from the literature elucidate the difficulty of defending these attacks -- in fact, none of the existing defenses is found effective against them. Better results are achieved with real world data augmentation, but even this is not foolproof. These results confirm the hypothesis that current CNNs are vulnerable to attacks implementable even by a child, and that such attacks may prove difficult to defend.
Embedding Complementary Deep Networks for Image Classification
Authors: Qiuyu Chen,  Wei Zhang,  Jun Yu,  Jianping Fan
Date: 2019-06-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2019 6
Tasks: Classification, General Classification, image-classification, Image Classification, Object

In this paper, a deep embedding algorithm is developed to achieve higher accuracy rates on large-scale image classification. By adapting the importance of the object classes to their error rates, our deep embedding algorithm can train multiple complementary deep networks sequentially, where each of them focuses on achieving higher accuracy rates for different subsets of object classes in an easy-to-hard way. By integrating such complementary deep networks to generate an ensemble network, our deep embedding algorithm can improve the accuracy rates for the hard object classes (which initially have higher error rates) at certain degrees while effectively preserving high accuracy rates for the easy object classes. Our deep embedding algorithm has achieved higher overall accuracy rates on large scale image classification.
Min-Max Statistical Alignment for Transfer Learning
Authors: Samitha Herath,  Mehrtash Harandi,  Basura Fernando,  Richard Nock
Date: 2019-06-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2019 6
Tasks: Domain Adaptation, Transfer Learning, Unsupervised Domain Adaptation, Zero-Shot Learning

A profound idea in learning invariant features for transfer learning is to align statistical properties of the domains. In practice, this is achieved by minimizing the disparity between the domains, usually measured in terms of their statistical properties. We question the capability of this school of thought and propose to minimize the maximum disparity between domains. Furthermore,  we develop an end-to-end learning scheme that enables us to benefit from the proposed min-max strategy in training deep models. We show that the min-max solution can outperform the existing statistical alignment solutions, and can compete with state-of-the-art solutions on two challenging learning tasks, namely, Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) and Zero-Shot Learning (ZSL).
Spatial-Aware Graph Relation Network for Large-Scale Object Detection
Authors: Hang Xu,  Chenhan Jiang,  Xiaodan Liang,  Zhenguo Li
Date: 2019-06-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2019 6
Tasks: Object, object-detection, Object Detection, Object Recognition, Relation, Relation Network

How to proper encode high-order object relation in the detection system without any external knowledge? How to leverage the information between co-occurrence and locations of objects for better reasoning? These questions are key challenges towards large-scale object detection system that aims to recognize thousands of objects entangled with complex spatial and semantic relationships nowadays.  Distilling key relations that may affect object recognition is crucially important since treating each region separately leads to a big performance drop when facing heavy long-tail data distributions and plenty of confusing categories. Recent works try to encode relation by constructing graphs, e.g. using handcraft linguistic knowledge between classes or implicitly learning a fully-connected graph between regions. However, the handcraft linguistic knowledge cannot be individualized for each image due to the semantic gap between linguistic and visual context while the fully-connected graph is inefficient and noisy by incorporating redundant and distracted relations/edges from irrelevant objects and backgrounds. In this work, we introduce a Spatial-aware Graph Relation Network (SGRN) to adaptive discover and incorporate key semantic and spatial relationships for reasoning over each object. Our method considers the relative location layouts and interactions among which can be easily injected into any detection pipelines to boost the performance. Specifically, our SGRN integrates a graph learner module for learning a interpatable sparse graph structure to encode relevant contextual regions and a spatial graph reasoning module with learnable spatial Gaussian kernels to perform graph inference with spatial awareness. Extensive experiments verify the effectiveness of our method, e.g. achieving around 32% improvement on VG(3000 classes) and 28% on ADE in terms of mAP.
MaxpoolNMS: Getting Rid of NMS Bottlenecks in Two-Stage Object Detectors
Authors: Lile Cai,  Bin Zhao,  Zhe Wang,  Jie Lin,  Chuan Sheng Foo,  Mohamed Sabry Aly,  Vijay Chandrasekhar
Date: 2019-06-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2019 6
Tasks: Benchmarking, General Classification, Object, object-detection, Object Detection, Vocal Bursts Valence Prediction

Modern convolutional object detectors have improved the detection accuracy significantly, which in turn inspired the development of dedicated hardware accelerators to achieve real-time performance by exploiting inherent parallelism in the algorithm. Non-maximum suppression (NMS) is an indispensable operation in object detection. In stark contrast to most operations, the commonly-adopted GreedyNMS algorithm does not foster parallelism, which can be a major performance bottleneck. In this paper, we introduce MaxpoolNMS, a parallelizable alternative to the NMS algorithm, which is based on max-pooling classification score maps. By employing a novel multi-scale multi-channel max-pooling strategy, our method is 20x faster than GreedyNMS while simultaneously achieves comparable accuracy, when quantified across various benchmarking datasets, i.e., MS COCO, KITTI and PASCAL VOC. Furthermore, our method is better suited for hardware-based acceleration than GreedyNMS.
Attentive Region Embedding Network for Zero-Shot Learning
Authors: Guo-Sen Xie,  Li Liu,  Xiaobo Jin,  Fan Zhu,  Zheng Zhang,  Jie Qin,  Yazhou Yao,  Ling Shao
Date: 2019-06-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2019 6
Tasks: Zero-Shot Learning

Zero-shot learning (ZSL) aims to classify images from unseen categories, by merely utilizing seen class images as the training data. Existing works on ZSL mainly leverage the global features or learn the global regions, from which, to construct the embeddings to the semantic space. However, few of them study the discrimination power implied in local image regions (parts), which, in some sense, correspond to semantic attributes, have stronger discrimination than attributes, and can thus assist the semantic transfer between seen/unseen classes. In this paper, to discover (semantic) regions, we propose the attentive region embedding network (AREN), which is tailored to advance the ZSL task. Specifically, AREN is end-to-end trainable and consists of two network branches, i.e., the attentive region embedding (ARE) stream, and the attentive compressed second-order embedding (ACSE) stream. ARE is capable of discovering multiple part regions under the guidance of the attention and the compatibility loss. Moreover, a novel adaptive thresholding mechanism is proposed for suppressing redundant (such as background) attention regions. To further guarantee more stable semantic transfer from the perspective of second-order collaboration, ACSE is incorporated into the AREN. In the comprehensive evaluations on four benchmarks, our models achieve state-of-the-art performances under ZSL setting, and compelling results under generalized ZSL setting.
You Reap What You Sow: Using Videos to Generate High Precision Object Proposals for Weakly-Supervised Object Detection
Authors: Krishna Kumar Singh,  Yong Jae Lee
Date: 2019-06-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2019 6
Tasks: Object, object-detection, Object Detection, Region Proposal, Weakly Supervised Object Detection

We propose a novel way of using videos to obtain high precision object proposals for weakly-supervised object detection.  Existing weakly-supervised detection approaches use off-the-shelf proposal methods like edge boxes or selective search to obtain candidate boxes. These methods provide high recall but at the expense of thousands of noisy proposals. Thus, the entire burden of finding the few relevant object regions is left to the ensuing object mining step. To mitigate this issue, we focus instead on improving the precision of the initial candidate object proposals. Since we cannot rely on localization annotations, we turn to video and leverage motion cues to automatically estimate the extent of objects to train a Weakly-supervised Region Proposal Network (W-RPN). We use the W-RPN to generate high precision object proposals, which are in turn used to re-rank high recall proposals like edge boxes or selective search according to their spatial overlap.  Our W-RPN proposals lead to significant improvement in performance for state-of-the-art weakly-supervised object detection approaches on PASCAL VOC 2007 and 2012.
Explore-Exploit Graph Traversal for Image Retrieval
Authors: Cheng Chang,  Guangwei Yu,  Chundi Liu,  Maksims Volkovs
Date: 2019-06-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2019 6
Tasks: Image Retrieval, Retrieval

We propose a novel graph-based approach for image retrieval. Given a nearest neighbor graph produced by the global descriptor model, we traverse it by alternating between exploit and explore steps. The exploit step maximally utilizes the immediate neighborhood of each vertex, while the explore step traverses vertices that are farther away in the descriptor space. By combining these two steps we can better capture the underlying image manifold, and successfully retrieve relevant images that are visually dissimilar to the query. Our traversal algorithm is conceptually simple, has few tunable parameters and can be implemented with basic data structures. This enables fast real-time inference for previously unseen queries with minimal memory overhead. Despite relative simplicity, we show highly competitive results on multiple public benchmarks, including the largest image retrieval dataset that is currently publicly available. Full code for this work is available here: https://github.com/layer6ai-labs/egt.
Object Detection With Location-Aware Deformable Convolution and Backward Attention Filtering
Authors: Chen Zhang,  Joohee Kim
Date: 2019-06-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2019 6
Tasks: Autonomous Driving, Object, object-detection, Object Detection

Multi-class and multi-scale object detection for autonomous driving is challenging because of the high variation in object scales and the cluttered background in complex street scenes. Context information and high-resolution features are the keys to achieve a good performance in multi-scale object detection. However, context information is typically unevenly distributed, and the high-resolution feature map also contains distractive low-level features. In this paper, we propose a location-aware deformable convolution and a backward attention filtering to improve the detection performance. The location-aware deformable convolution extracts the unevenly distributed context features by sampling the input from where informative context exists. Different from the original deformable convolution, the proposed method applies an individual convolutional layer on each input sampling grid location to obtain a wide and unique receptive field for a better offset estimation. Meanwhile, the backward attention filtering module filters the high-resolution feature map by highlighting the informative features and suppressing the distractive features using the semantic features from the deep layers. Extensive experiments are conducted on the KITTI object detection and PASCAL VOC 2007 datasets. The proposed method shows an average 6% performance improvement over the Faster R-CNN baseline, and it has the top-3 performance on the KITTI leaderboard with the fastest processing speed.
Learning Multi-Class Segmentations From Single-Class Datasets
Authors: Konstantin Dmitriev,  Arie E. Kaufman
Date: 2019-06-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2019 6
Tasks: Segmentation

Multi-class segmentation has recently achieved significant performance in natural images and videos. This achievement is due primarily to the public availability of large multi-class datasets. However, there are certain domains, such as biomedical images, where obtaining sufficient multi-class annotations is a laborious and often impossible task and only single-class datasets are available. While existing segmentation research in such domains use private multi-class datasets or focus on single-class segmentations, we propose a unified highly efficient framework for robust simultaneous learning of multi-class segmentations by combining single-class datasets and utilizing a novel way of conditioning a convolutional network for the purpose of segmentation. We demonstrate various ways of incorporating the conditional information, perform an extensive evaluation, and show compelling multi-class segmentation performance on biomedical images, which outperforms current state-of-the-art solutions (up to 2.7%). Unlike current solutions, which are meticulously tailored for particular single-class datasets, we utilize datasets from a variety of sources. Furthermore, we show the applicability of our method also to natural images and evaluate it on the Cityscapes dataset. We further discuss other possible applications of our proposed framework.
A Cross-Season Correspondence Dataset for Robust Semantic Segmentation
Authors: Mans Larsson,  Erik Stenborg,  Lars Hammarstrand,  Marc Pollefeys,  Torsten Sattler,  Fredrik Kahl
Date: 2019-06-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2019 6
Tasks: Segmentation, Semantic Segmentation

In this paper, we present a method to utilize 2D-2D point matches between images taken during different image conditions to train a convolutional neural network for semantic segmentation. Enforcing label consistency across the matches makes the final segmentation algorithm robust to seasonal changes. We describe how these 2D-2D matches can be generated with little human interaction by geometrically matching points from 3D models built from images. Two cross-season correspondence datasets are created providing 2D-2D matches across seasonal changes as well as from day to night. The datasets are made publicly available to facilitate further research. We show that adding the correspondences as extra supervision during training improves the segmentation performance of the convolutional neural network, making it more robust to seasonal changes and weather conditions.
ManTra-Net: Manipulation Tracing Network for Detection and Localization of Image Forgeries With Anomalous Features
Authors: Yue Wu,  Wael AbdAlmageed,  Premkumar Natarajan
Date: 2019-06-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2019 6
Tasks: Anomaly Detection, Fake Image Detection, Image Forensics, Image Manipulation, Image Manipulation Detection, Image Manipulation Localization

   To fight against real-life image forgery, which  commonly involves different types and combined manipulations, we propose a unified deep neural architecture called ManTra-Net. Unlike many existing solutions, ManTra-Net is an end-to-end network that performs both detection and localization without extra preprocessing and postprocessing. \manifold   is a fully convolutional network and handles images of arbitrary sizes and many known forgery types such splicing, copy-move, removal, enhancement, and even unknown types. This paper has three salient contributions. We design a simple yet effective self-supervised learning task to learn robust image manipulation traces from classifying 385 image manipulation types. Further, we formulate the forgery localization problem as a local anomaly detection problem, design a Z-score feature to capture local anomaly, and propose a novel long short-term memory solution to assess local anomalies. Finally, we carefully conduct ablation experiments to systematically optimize the proposed network design. Our extensive experimental results demonstrate the generalizability, robustness and superiority of ManTra-Net, not only in single types of manipulations/forgeries, but also in their complicated combinations.
MVTec AD -- A Comprehensive Real-World Dataset for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection
Authors: Paul Bergmann,  Michael Fauser,  David Sattlegger,  Carsten Steger
Date: 2019-06-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2019 6
Tasks: Anomaly Detection

The detection of anomalous structures in natural image data is of utmost importance for numerous tasks in the field of computer vision. The development of methods for unsupervised anomaly detection requires data on which to train and evaluate new approaches and ideas. We introduce the MVTec Anomaly Detection (MVTec AD) dataset containing 5354 high-resolution color images of different object and texture categories. It contains normal, i.e., defect-free, images intended for training and images with anomalies intended for testing. The anomalies manifest themselves in the form of over 70 different types of defects such as scratches, dents, contaminations, and various structural changes. In addition, we provide pixel-precise ground truth regions for all anomalies. We also conduct a thorough evaluation of current state-of-the-art unsupervised anomaly detection methods based on deep architectures such as convolutional autoencoders, generative adversarial networks, and feature descriptors using pre-trained convolutional neural networks, as well as classical computer vision methods. This initial benchmark indicates that there is considerable room for improvement. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive, multi-object, multi-defect dataset for anomaly detection that provides pixel-accurate ground truth regions and focuses on real-world applications.
Radial Distortion Triangulation
Authors: Zuzana Kukelova,  Viktor Larsson
Date: 2019-06-01 00:00:00
Proceeding: CVPR 2019 6

This paper presents the first optimal, maximal likelihood, solution to the triangulation problem for radially distorted cameras. The proposed solution to the two-view triangulation problem minimizes the L2-norm of the reprojection error in the distorted image space. We cast the problem as the search for corrected distorted image points, and we use a Lagrange multiplier formulation to impose the epipolar constraint for undistorted points. For the one-parameter division model, this formulation leads to a system of five quartic polynomial equations in five unknowns, which can be exactly solved using the Groebner basis method. While the proposed Groebner basis solution is provably optimal; it is too slow for practical applications. Therefore, we developed a fast iterative solver to this problem. Extensive empirical tests show that the iterative algorithm delivers the optimal solution virtually every time, thus making it an L2-optimal algorithm de facto. It is iterative in nature, yet in practice, it converges in no more than five iterations. We thoroughly evaluate the proposed method on both synthetic and real-world data, and we show the benefits of performing the triangulation in the distorted space in the presence of radial distortion.