Ubuntu
Ubuntu is a free operating system that uses the Linux kernel. The word "ubuntu" is an African word meaning "humanity to others". It is pronounced "oo-boon-too".
It is one of the most popular Linux distributions and it is based on Debian Linux computer operating system. The goal with Ubuntu is to make it easy to use and install onto a computer. Ubuntu can be used on all types of personal computers (and even devices such as robots) including in Windows 10. Ubuntu is downloaded as a DVD, which is free to download on the Ubuntu website. It can be installed or tested by running the DVD.
A new release of Ubuntu is released every six months, with long-term support (LTS) releases every two years. The latest release is Ubuntu 22.04 ("Jammy Jellyfish"), a long-term support release (what most users may want to choose), is supported until 2027.
Started in 2004, Ubuntu has been developed by Canonical Ltd., a company owned by a rich South African man named Mark Shuttleworth.
Packages and software support
Ubuntu splits all software into four different categories to show differences in licensing and the amount of support available. They are:
Free software here includes only software that meets the Ubuntu licensing requirements, which almost are the same as the Debian Free Software Guidelines. There is one difference for the Main category, however it has firmware and fonts which cannot be changed, but are included if Ubuntu will not work right.
Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are given for very important non-free software. Supported non-free software include device drivers that are needed to run Ubuntu on current hardware. The level of support in the Restricted category is less than that of Main, since the developers may not be able to get to the source code. It is wanted that Main and Restricted should contain all the software needed for a general-use Linux system.
Besides the official repositories is Ubuntu Backports, which is an officially known project to backport newer software from later releases of Ubuntu. The repository is not comprehensive (meaning that it has parts missing from it); it is mostly made up of user-requested packages, which are accepted if they meet quality guidelines.
Releases
Two new releases of Ubuntu are released each year, normally in April and October.
The number of the Ubuntu release is 'X.YY', with 'X' being the year of release (minus 2000) and 'Y' being the month of release. For example, Ubuntu 4.10 was released in October (the tenth month of the year), 2004. The name of the release (for example, Breezy Badger) is an adjective (a describing word) followed by the name of an animal.
LTS indicates Long Term Support.
Very old (i.e. 32-bit i386) processors have been supported up to Ubuntu 18.04, but users "will not be allowed to upgrade to Ubuntu 18.10 as dropping support for that architecture is being evaluated".
Package
Ubuntu's official software package repository includes, for example, UNetbootin.
Variants
Ubuntu is available in many different variants, e.g. because there are several options for which desktop environment to use.
The official sister distributions which are fully supported by Canonical are:
Ubuntu Kylin, an official derivative aimed at the Chinese market
Kubuntu, a desktop distribution using KDE rather than GNOME
Ubuntu Server Edition, which is mainly used on servers to provide services. This version only comes with a command line interface, but a graphical user interface can be installed.
Xubuntu, a "lightweight" distribution based on the Xfce desktop environment instead of GNOME, designed to run better on low-specification computers
Lubuntu, a desktop using the LXDE desktop environment
Ubuntu Budgie, a desktop using the Budgie desktop environment
Ubuntu MATE, a desktop using the MATE desktop environment
Ubuntu Studio, a multimedia-creation form of Ubuntu
Edubuntu, a distribution designed for classrooms using Unity
Related pages
GNU/Linux
Debian
GNOME
List of Linux distributions
References
Other websites
Kubuntu - Ubuntu with KDE
Edubuntu - Ubuntu for children to learn with
Xubuntu - Ubuntu with Xfce
Ubuntu Guide (unofficial) - help manual, tips, FAQ, and software guide
Run Ubuntu online
Debian-based Linux distributions
Linux distributions