pszemraj/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Five Families

The Five Families are the five major Italian-American Mafia crime families which have controlled organized crime in New York City since the 1930s. The Five Families, under the suggestion of Salvatore Maranzano and Charles "Lucky" Luciano, were responsible for the establishment of The Commission, a council that changed how things worked with Mafia activities in the United States.
The five families and their bosses are (currently):
Bonanno: Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano (Salvatore Montagna is the acting boss)
Gambino: Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo and Jackie "Nose" D'Amico
Colombo: Carmine "Junior" Persico (Thomas Gioeli is the acting boss)
Genovese: Daniel "Danny the Lion" Leo
Lucchese: Vittorio "Vic" Amuso (Steven "Wonderboy" Crea is the acting boss)
The Colombo family was once known as the Profaci Crime Family, until a coup caused a name change in the early 1960s. Former Godfather Joe Massino had wanted to change the name of the Bonanno Family to the Massino Family but since his arrest and defection it is unlikely to happen. The DeCavalcante crime family, based in nearby Elizabeth, NJ, also has ties to the five New York families.
In pop culture
In The Godfather, five crime families control the Mafia of New York, but the families have different names. The Corleones, go to war with the other members of the Five Families, the Tattaglias, the Barzinis, the Cuneos, and the Straccis.
In The Sopranos, the DiMeo Crime Family of New Jersey have close business connections with the Lupertazzi Crime Family of Brooklyn, one of the five families in New York. Members of the DeCavalcante family believed themselves to be the ones used for the DiMeo family.
References
Grape juice

Grape juice comes from crushing and blending grapes into liquid form. Sugars in grape juice allow it to be used for a sweetener.
In North America, the most common grape juice is purple. The juice is made from Concord grape. White grape juice is made from Niagara grapes. In California, Sultana grapes are sometimes used from the raisin or table grape to produce white juice.
Grape juice from concentrate means that excess water from the grapes was removed. This makes grape juice more concentrated. This allows grape juice to be compressed and frozen. It makes the packaging and transport easier. Water is then added to the juice before being sold.
A major brand of American grape juice, Welch's, is made from Concord grapes, using an entire grape (pulp, skin and seeds). A small amount of citric acid is naturally found in grapes. It may be added for tart taste and antioxidant properties.
References
Fruit juices
Soriano Department

The Soriano Department () is a department in the west of Uruguay. Its capital is Mercedes.
Departments of Uruguay
George Bancroft (actor)

George Bancroft (September 30, 1882 - October 2, 1956) was an American
movie actor. His career spanned seventeen years from 1925 to 1942. He was cast in many notable films alongside major movie stars throughout his Hollywood years. He died October 2, 1956, two days after his 74th birthday.
References
1882 births
1956 deaths
American movie actors
Actors from Philadelphia
Allotinus fabius

The Angled Darkie (Allotinus fabius) is a small butterfly. It is found in India, Myanmar and South East Asia. It belongs to the Lycaenidae family.
References
Lycaenidae
Victoria B. Mars

Victoria B. Mars (born 1956/1957) is an American billionaire and businesswoman.
She was the chairman of Mars, Incorporated.
References
Violent Femmes

Violent Femmes is a rock group. They formed in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA in 1980.
American rock bands
American punk bands
People from Wisconsin
Fighting Mad

Fighting Mad is a 1976 American action drama movie directed by Jonathan Demme and produced by Roger Corman. It stars Peter Fonda, Lynn Lowry, John Doucette, Scott Glenn, Philip Carey and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1976 drama movies
1976 action movies
American drama movies
American action movies
Movies directed by Jonathan Demme
Bill Morris, Baron Morris of Handsworth

William Manuel Morris, Baron Morris of Handsworth, OJ, DL (born 19 October 1938), generally known as Bill Morris, is a former British trade union leader. He was General Secretary of the Transport and General Workers' Union from 1992 to 2003. He was the first black leader of a major British trade union. Morris became a member of the House of Lords in 2006. He is a member of the Labour Party.
Other websites
Profile from BBC News, 14 April 2000
Bill Morris Home Page
Catalogue of Morris's papers, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
1938 births
Living people
British trade unionists
United Kingdom Life Peers
Ambeyrac

Ambeyrac is a commune of the Aveyron department in the southern part of France.
Related pages
Communes of the Aveyron department
Communes in Aveyron
Bat-Signal

The Bat-Signal is a fictional distress signal that shines a light into the sky with a shadow in the shape of a bat to call Batman and Robin when there's a crime happening or when James Gordon has a lead on a case. Gordon, Harvey Dent, Harvey Bullock, Hamilton Hill, and Barbara Gordon have access to the machine. Many spoofs of the machine are made in many television shows.
References
Batman
Willi Giesemann

Willi Giesemann (born 2 September, 1937) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.
Club career statistics
|-
|1960-61||rowspan="3"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="3"|Oberliga||29||7
|-
|1961-62||30||2
|-
|1962-63||25||1
|-
|1963-64||rowspan="5"|Hamburger SV||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||30||6
|-
|1964-65||30||3
|-
|1965-66||19||2
|-
|1966-67||19||0
|-
|1967-68||6||2
|-
|1968-69||Barmbek-Uhlenhorst||Regionalliga||0||0
188||23
188||23
|}
International career statistics
|-
|1960||4||0
|-
|1961||5||0
|-
|1962||2||0
|-
|1963||0||0
|-
|1964||2||0
|-
|1965||1||0
|-
!Total||14||0
|}
References
1937 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Lower Saxony
Korsholm

Korsholm () is a municipality in western Finland. It was founded in 1606. It is in the Ostrobothnia region. Most of the people living there speak Swedish.
Municipalities of Ostrobothnia
Sometimes a Fantasy

"Sometimes a Fantasy" is a 1980 song by Billy Joel and is the fifth and final single from his seventh studio album Glass Houses. It went to number 36 in the United States and charted higher in Canada where it made #21.
References
1980 songs
Billy Joel songs
The Canterbury Tales (movie)

The Canterbury Tales is a 1972 Italian movie directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini. It is based on the medieval poem The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. It is the second movie in Pasolini's 'Trilogy of Life'. It won the Golden Bear at the 22nd Berlin International Film Festival.
The movie has eight of the 24 tales. It has much nudity, sex, and slapstick humor. Many of these scenes are present or at least alluded to in the original. Some are Pasolini's own additions.
This movie featured Tom Baker in a small role. He was one of the husbands of the Wife of Bath.
Cast
Hugh Griffith - Sir January
Laura Betti - The Wife of Bath
Ninetto Davoli - Perkin
Franco Citti - The Devil
Josephine Chaplin - May
Alan Webb - Old Man
Pier Paolo Pasolini - Geoffrey Chaucer
J. P. Van Dyne - The Cook
Vernon Dobtcheff - The Franklin
Adrian Street - Fighter
Derek Deadman - The Pardoner (as Derek Deadmin)
References
Other websites
Italian fantasy movies
Italian LGBT movies
French fantasy movies
French LGBT movies
1970s LGBT movies
1972 fantasy movies
1970s historical movies
Movies composed by Ennio Morricone
Movies directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini
The Canterbury Tales
Sedan, Kansas

Sedan is the biggest city in Chautauqua County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Chautaqua County. In 2010, 1,124 people lived there.
History
Sedan was created in 1871. The city was named after the 1870 Battle of Sedan. Sedan was incorporated as a city in 1876.
Geography
Sedan is at (37.128472, -96.186220). It is a close middle-point between New York City and Los Angeles. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land.
Climate
Sedan has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Koppen Climate Classification system says that Sedan has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
People
2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 1,124 people, 482 households, and 269 families living in Sedan.
Education
Sedan is a part of USD 286 Chautauqua County. Chautauqua County schools were merged in Sedan through school unification.
Before school unification, the Sedan Blue Devils won the Kansas State High School class B baseball championship in 1973 and 2011.
Famous people
Emmett Kelly, circus performer
Elmer Riggs, paleontologist who died here
Cassius Shartel, U.S. Representative of Missouri
William Sproul, U.S. Representative of Kansas
References
Other websites
City
City of Sedan
Sedan - Directory of Public Officials
Schools
USD 286, local school district
Maps
Sedan City Map, KDOT
Cities in Kansas
County seats in Kansas
1871 establishments in Kansas
Chautauqua County, Kansas
List of frogs and toads in New Jersey

This is a list of frogs and toads that are in the US state of New Jersey. There are 13 frogs and 3 toads. Most of these frogs and toads hibernate during the winter time. They are more active during the late spring, summer and early fall seasons.
Frogs
Toads
References
Amphibians
Lists of animals of the United States
Morchain

Morchain is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France.
References
Communes in Somme
Pedaliaceae

Pedaliaceae (pedalium family or sesame family) is a flowering plant in the Scrophulariales family.
Sesame, Sesamum indicum, is the source of sesame seeds.
Lamiales
Plant families
Monthaut

Monthaut is a commune of 38 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
References
Other websites
Communes in Aude
Tomb of Benei Hezir

The Tomb of Benei Hezir () is ancient cave tomb in eastern Jerusalem. It is from the Second Temple period. It is located in the Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery in the Kidron Valley.
Other websites
Mount of Olives
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Tombs
Caves of Asia
2nd-century BC buildings and structures
880

Events
Oldest known mention of the city of Dortmund
Pope John VIII issued the Bill "Industriae Tuae", creating an independent ecclesiastical province in Great Moravia with Archbishop Saint Methodius as its head. The Old Church Slavonic was recognized as the fourth liturgical language, besides Latin, Greek and Hebrew.
Bishopric established in Nitro.
Births
Fujiwara no Tadahira, Japanese regent
Louis the Blind, King of Provence (r. 887 - 900), King of Italy (r. 900 - 901), and Holy Roman Emperor (r. 901 - 905)
Deaths
Carloman, King of Bavaria
Emperor Seiwa of Japan
ΜTorrent

mTorrent, or uTorrent is a BitTorrent client for Microsoft Windows and macOS, similar to BitTorrent. It also runs on Linux, but in a more scaled-down way as only the older, server versions work, and on Ubuntu and Debian. It allows users to share files over the Internet.
References
Microsoft Windows software
Free software
Pedro Casaldáliga

Pedro Casaldaliga , born Pere Casaldaliga i Pla (16 February 1928 - 8 August 2020), was a Catalan-born Brazilian prelate of the Catholic Church.
He led the Territorial Prelature of Sao Felix, Brazil, from 1970 to 2005. In 1971, he became a bishop. He was a well known humanitarian and human rights activist.
Casaldaliga was one of the best known experts of liberation theology. He was born in Balsareny, Catalonia.
On 4 August 2020, Casaldaliga was hospitalized in Batatais, Brazil for a respiratory infection caused by his Parkinson's disease. He died four days later on 8 August, aged 92.
References
1928 births
2020 deaths
Human rights activists
Humanitarians
Spanish Roman Catholics
Brazilian Roman Catholic bishops
Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association

The Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association (CAAMA) is an Australian organisation that supports Aboriginal music and culture. It was created as a public radio station in 1980, and started broadcasting in Alice Springs in 1988. CAAMA now operates several companies in the communications, music, film and radio industries. CAAMA Productions is currently the largest indigenous production studio in Australia.
The CAAMA Group includes:
CAAMA Radio 8 KIN-FM, a radio station. It provides indigenous radio programs to over 500,000 people in Australia.
CAAMA Music, a record label. About 90% of the music it produces is recorded in indigenous languages. It also organises music tours and live concerts.
CAAMA Corporate Services Group is the operational management group of CAAMA.
CAAMA Technical Services works with CAAMA and local Aboriginal communities to make sure their telecommunications equipment is working.
CAAMA Shops Pty Ltd is a retail shop that sells products (videos, music, literature, craft, etc.) created by Aboriginal people in the local area.
CAAMA Productions Pty Ltd is the largest indigenous-owned production studio in Australia, with programming based on indigenous culture, lifestyle and issues.
Imparja Television Pty Ltd is a commercial television station that operates from Alice Springs.
References
Other websites
Official website
Indigenous Australian culture
Indigenous Australian music
Organisations based in Australia
1980 establishments in Australia
Tortoise (disambiguation)

Tortoise may mean:
Tortoise, a large land-dwelling reptile protected by a shell
TortoiseCVS, a GUI integrated CVS client for the Microsoft Windows platform
TortoiseHg, a GUI integrated Mercurial client for the Microsoft Windows platform
TortoiseSVN, a GUI integrated Subversion client for the Microsoft Windows platform
TortoiseGIT, a GUI integrated GIT client for the Microsoft Windows platform
Tortoise (band), a US post-rock band formed in 1990
Tortoise (tank), a British heavy assault gun
Tortoise formation, a defensive formation employed in ancient and mediaeval warfare
Tortoise, a derogatory name for the Ford Taurus automobile
Tortoise, a popular brand of Turnout Motor for Model Railways
Tortoises, a 1921 short volume of poetry by D H Lawrence containing poems later collected in Birds, Beasts and Flowers (1923).
Also see
Hare (disambiguation), for Tortoise and Hare stories
Randy Bryce

Randall John Bryce (born December 9, 1964) is an American ironworker and politician. He was a candidate for Wisconsin's 1st congressional district in the 2018 midterm elections.
Bryce has been nicknamed IronStache because of his career as an ironworker and for his mustache. His campaign has been endorsed by Senator Bernie Sanders prompting his campaign to become popular.
Bryce was originally going to face current Speaker Paul Ryan in the election, but he retired and instead faced and lost to Bryan Steil.
References
Other websites
1964 births
Living people
Politicians from Milwaukee
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Miao Chunting

Miao Chunting (May 1919 - 17 September 2020) was a Chinese politician. He was born in Shandong Province. He was twice Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Committee of Guizhou from 1959 to 1967 and again from 1980 to 1993. He was a member of the Communist Party of China.
Miao died on 17 September 2020 in Guizhou at the age of 101.
References
1919 births
2020 deaths
Chinese centenarians
Chinese politicians
People from Guizhou
Cras-sur-Reyssouze

Cras-sur-Reyssouze is a former commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes in the Ain department in the east of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Bresse Vallons.
References
Former communes in Ain
Banco de la Nación Argentina

The Banco de la Nacion Argentina (BNA), better known as Banco Nacion, () is a national bank in Argentina. was founded on October 26, 1891 at the initiative of President Carlos Pellegrini and through Law No. 2841, beginning to function on December 1 of that year in the headquarters located in the city of Buenos Aires.
The bank was created because the Argentine financial system was in a critical state, and at that time it was necessary to promote agriculture, livestock and different activities related to the agro-export model that had begun in Argentina at the end of the century. XIX. The previous National Bank, which had been founded on the initiative of Nicolas Avellaneda in 1872, had gone bankrupt.
The Bank is totally state capital, within the orbit of the Ministry of Economy of the Argentine Republic. It currently has more than 600 branches not only within Argentina, but also in Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, the United States, China and Spain, reaching a presence in Venezuela, the United Kingdom, France and Japan.
References
Other websites
1891 establishments
Buenos Aires
Banks of Argentina
Paula Fox

Paula Fox (April 22, 1923 - March 1, 2017) was an American author of novels for adults and children and of two memoirs. For her contributions as a children's writer she won the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1978, the highest international recognition for a creator of children's books. She was born in New York City.
She also won several awards for particular children's books including the 1974 Newbery Medal for her novel The Slave Dancer; a 1983 National Book Award in category Children's Fiction (paperback) for A Place Apart; and the 2008 Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis for A Portrait of Ivan (1969) in its German-language edition Ein Bild von Ivan.
Fox died at age 93 at a hospital in Brooklyn from congestive heart failure on March 1, 2017.
References
Other websites
Interview by Ramona Koval for The Book Show on ABC Radio National (July 29, 2004).
Interview with short biography by Jesse Lichtenstein for Loggernaut (no date)
The Rumpus Long Interview with Paula Fox by Greg Gerke (January 24, 2010)
1923 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
American novelists
Writers from New York City
Ahmadpur East Tehsil

Ahmadpur East is one of the five tehsils (administrative subdivisions) of Bahawalpur District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Ahmad Pur East contains 31 Union Councils of Pakistan.
References
Tehsils of Punjab (Pakistan)
Xenogears

Xenogears is a 1999 roleplaying video game created by Squaresoft. The main character is named Fei and he does not like gears or fighting. The final boss that you must kill is god.
Role-playing video games
1999 video games
General Zionists

The General Zionists (, translit. HaTzionim HaKlaliym) were a centrist Zionist movement and a political party in Israel. The General Zionists supported the leadership of Chaim Weizmann. Their political ideas are similar to the modern-day Likud.
References
1920s establishments in Asia
1960s disestablishments in Asia
Former political parties in Israel
Zionist parties
Lamboing

Lamboing was a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Lamboing, Diesse and Preles merged into the new municipality of Plateau de Diesse.
Former municipalities of Bern
Barrington Patterson

Barrington Renford Patterson (25 August 1965 - 22 March 2022) was an English kickboxer and mixed martial artist. He competed in the super heavyweight division and once fought for a world International Kickboxing Federation Kickboxing Championship. In October 1999, Patterson made his debut in mixed martial arts (MMA) at an It's Showtime event.
Patterson died of a heart attack in Birmingham, England on 22 March 2022, at the age of 56.
References
1965 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
British mixed martial artists
Sportspeople from Staffordshire
Kickboxers
Susan Bogert Warner

Susan Bogert Warner (July 11, 1819 - March 17, 1885) was a popular 19th-century American writer. She wrote 30 books under the name, "Elizabeth Wetherell".
She was born in New York City to upscale parents. She was privately educated. Her first book was the sentimental and moralistic The Wide, Wide World (1851). It is believed to be the first book by an American writer to sell one million copies.
Her novel The Hills of the Shatemuc (1856) sold 10,000 copies on the day of its publication. She wrote some children's books and Bible-themed books. She sometimes co-wrote with her sister, Anna. Anna wrote the popular children's hymn, "Jesus Loves Me This I Know".
Susan Warner died in Highland Falls, New York. She is buried in the West Point Cemetery.
References
1819 births
1885 deaths
Writers from New York City
19th-century American novelists
Administrator

Administrators or admins are people who organize things like businesses. All businesses have administrators. They make decisions, organize the people who work there and make sure that things are working alright and there are no problems. Their work is called "administration". The administrators are part of the "management".
An administrator is also the person in charge of some of the small territories of the United Kingdom, for example Ascension Island and the British Antarctic Territory which are too small to run their own government.
Administrators in life
In real life, administrators manage and control business to make sure it runs correctly. In business, Administrators are usually in-charge of handling disputes, work related issues, and keeping the office or place in working order. The admin usually supervise around the office of businesses and make sure that all tasks or requests are filled.
Administrators on the internet
Administrators on the internet usually manage and control a website. On websites that need it such as forums, they have moderation tools that ban them, warn them, etc. from the website to prevent bad and inappropriate content. Most websites usually treat moderation positions as a real job.
References
Internet
Occupations
Lanzarote

Lanzarote is one of the Canary Islands.
Geography and Climate
Lanzarote is one of the two islands in the east of the Canary Islands. It is located 100 km west of the Western African coast line and 11 km north of the neighbouring island Fuerteventura.
Its dimensions are from east to west coast 16.5 km, from north to south 60 km.
The island was created by volcano eruptions.
There is only limited natural vegetation on the island.
About 130,000 people live on Lanzarote. The largest town on the island is Arrecife.
Economy
Lanzarote has one international airport at Arreceife (airport code ACE). Lanzarote's economy is mainly supported by tourism.
Many tourist come to the island for sunbathing, swimming, windsurfing, walking or snorkeling.
There are a few agricultural producers on the island, and in particular there are some vineyards producing local wines.
Gallery
References
Other websites
Web Centers of Art, Culture and Tourism of Lanzarote
Official Lanzarote Website
Pictures of Lanzarote
Biosphere reserves
Islands of the Canary Islands
Wyatt Tee Walker

Wyatt Tee Walker (August 16, 1929 - January 23, 2018) was an African-American pastor, national civil rights leader, theologian, and cultural historian. He was born in Brockton, Massachusetts.
Walker served as a chief of staff for Martin Luther King, Jr.. In 1958,Walker became an early board member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). He helped found a Congress for Racial Equality (CORE) chapter in 1958. As executive director of the SCLC from 1960 to 1964.
Walker died on January 23, 2018, at his home in Chester, Virginia. He was 88.
References
Other websites
"Wyatt Tee Walker" , King Encyclopedia, Stanford University
Wyatt Walker's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
1929 births
2018 deaths
American civil rights activists
American theologians
American historians
American Christians
Writers from Massachusetts
People from Brockton, Massachusetts
Tor Torgersen

Tor Torgersen (20 March 1928 - 23 October 2020) was a Norwegian long-distance runner. He was known for being part in the longest track distances, 5000 and 10,000 metres, as well as cross-country running and from around 1960 the marathon. He also competed at that year's Olympic Games.
Torgersen was born in Drammen, Norway. He died on 23 October 2020 at the age of 92.
References
1928 births
2020 deaths
Norwegian athletes
Norwegian Olympians
Long-distance runners
People from Drammen
Winnipeg Blue Bombers

The Winnipeg Blue Bombers is a Canadian football team based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It is part of the West Division of the Canadian Football League. The team started in 1930. It has won the league's Grey Cup championship ten times.
The team's home stadium is called Investors Group Field.
Canadian football clubs
Sport in Manitoba
1930 establishments
1930s establishments in Canada
Frottage

Frottage or frot is a type of non-penetrating sex between men. They rub each other with erect penises. Partners usually face each other. Frot provides many pleasant sensations, because the members of both partners are stimulated at the same time, especially the glans
Essentially the same activity between females is called tribadism.
In other species
Frottage is not limited to humans, and also occurs in other mammals. It has been observed with bonobos, manatees and bottlenose dolphins.
References
Sexual acts
FC Spartak Vladikavkaz

Football Club Spartak Vladikavkaz (Russian: Futbol'nyi klub "Spartak" Vladikavkaz, Futbol'nyy klub "Spartak" Vladikavkaz) is a football club based in Vladikavkaz. The club was founded in 1921, and won their first league title in the 1995 Russian Top League.
Honours
Russian Premier League
Winners (1): 1995
Runners-up (2): 1992, 1996
Russian Cup
Runners-up (1): 2010-11
Soviet First League
Winners (1): 1990
Russian Football National League
Runners-up (1): 2011-12
Soviet Second League / Russian Professional Football League
Winners (2): 1983, 2006
Runners-up (2): 1966, 1982
References
Other websites
Official website
Russian football clubs
1921 establishments
1920s establishments in the Soviet Union
Newfane, Vermont

Newfane is the shire town (county seat) of Windham County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,726 at the 2010 census.
References
Towns in Vermont
County seats in Vermont
Twilight

Twilight means either dawn (in the morning) or dusk (in the evening).
In the morning, dawn is when it is not dark any more, and the light of the sun is just starting to appear, before sunrise. In the evening, it is the other way around and that phenomenon is called dusk. At sunset, the sun disappears, and darkness is settling in. Light fades away.
The following have been defined:
Civil twilight is when the sun is less than 6deg below the horizon. It ends at sunrise in the morning or follows sunset in the evening.
Nautical twilight is when the sun is between 6deg and 12deg below the horizon.
Astronomical twilight is when the sun is between 12deg and 18deg below the horizon.
For all these definitions, the horizon is at sea level.
Other websites
Definition of Twilight , US Naval Observatory
Twilight time calculator
Formulae to calculate twilight duration , by Herbert Glarner
Parts of a day
Lucrezia Borgia

Lucrezia Borgia (18 April 1480 - 24 June 1519) was the daughter of Pope Alexander VI, and his long-term mistress Vannozza dei Cattanei. Her brothers included Cesare Borgia, Giovanni Borgia, and Gioffre Borgia.
Lucrezia's family was typical of the ruthless Machiavellian politics and sexual corruption of the times. It was alleged to be characteristic of the Renaissance Papacy. Lucrezia was cast as a femme fatale, a role seen in many artworks, novels, and films.
Very little is known for sure about Lucrezia. Whether she was involved in the political activities of her father and brothers is unclear. They certainly arranged several marriages for her to important and powerful men. Presumably, this helped their own political ambitions. Lucrezia was married to Giovanni Sforza (Lord of Pesaro), Alfonso of Aragon (Duke of Bisceglie), and Alfonso I d'Este (Duke of Ferrara). Tradition has it that Alfonso of Aragon was an illegitimate son of the King of Naples and that her brother Cesare may have had him murdered when his political value faded.
Appearance
Lucrezia is described as having heavy blonde hair which fell past her knees, a beautiful complexion, hazel eyes which changed colour, a full, high bosom, and a natural grace which made her appear to "walk on air". These features were highly appreciated in Italy during that period. Another description said that "her mouth is rather large, the teeth brilliantly white, her neck is slender and fair, and the bust is admirably proportioned".
One painting, Portrait of a Youth by Dosso Dossi at the National Gallery of Victoria, was identified as a portrait of Lucrezia in November 2008. This painting may be the only surviving formal portrait of Lucrezia Borgia; however, doubts have been cast on that claim. Several other paintings, such as Veneto's fanciful portrait, have also been said to depict her but none has been accepted by scholars at present.
Rumours
Several rumours have persisted throughout the years, especially about the extravagant parties thrown by the Borgia family. There were allegations of incest, poisoning, and murder on her part, but no historical basis for these rumours has ever been found. Most of the allegations were made by the rivals of the Borgias.
It is rumoured that Lucrezia was in possession of a hollow ring that she used to poison drinks.
An early 20th century painting by Frank Cadogan Cowper that hangs in the London art gallery, Tate Britain, portrays Lucrezia taking the place of her father, Pope Alexander VI, at an official Vatican meeting. This apparently documents an actual event, although the precise moment depicted (a Franciscan friar kissing Lucrezia's feet) was invented by the artist.
Biographies
Lucrezia Borgia: life, love and death in Renaissance Italy by Sarah Bradford; Viking 2004;
Lucrezia Borgia: a biography by Rachel Erlanger; 1978;
Lucrezia Borgia by Maria Bellonci; Phoenix 2002;
The Borgias (1971) by Michael Mallett
Lucretia Borgia (1874?) by Ferdinand Gregorovius; translated in 1903 by John Leslie Garner
The Borgias by Christopher Hibbert; Constable 2011;
References
1480 births
1519 deaths
House of Borgia
Lasse Mårtenson

Lars Anders Fredrik "Lasse" Martenson (24 September 1934 - 14 May 2016) was a Finnish singer, composer, actor and theater conductor. He was born in Helsinki. He performed at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1964 with the song "Laiskotellen" ("Idling").
Martenson died of a cerebral haemorrhage, aged 81.
References
1934 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Finnish singers
Finnish composers
Conductors
Actors from Helsinki
Choi Ik-hyun

Choi Ik-hyun(, December 5, 1833 - November 5, 1906) was a Neo-Confucianism philosopher and politician in the Korean Joseon Dynasty.
His realname was Ginam(ginam Qi Nan ) and his Penname was Myonam(myeonam Mian An ).
Other websites
Choi Ik-hyun
Choi Ik-hyun
Choi Ik-hyun
1833 births
1906 deaths
Korean educators
Korean politicians
People who committed suicide
Yohei Fukumoto

is a Japanese football player.
Club career statistics
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Oita Trinita||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||7||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|2006||14||0||0||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||19||0
|-
|2007||11||0||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2008||Gamba Osaka||J. League 1||5||0||0||0||1||0||2||0||8||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|JEF United Ichihara Chiba ||J. League 1||17||0||3||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||23||0
|-
|2010||J. League 2||||||||||||||||||||
54||0||5||0||11||0||2||0||72||0
54||0||5||0||11||0||2||0||72||0
|}
References
1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Oita Prefecture
Martis

Martis (Maltis, Malti) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 517 people lived there. Its area is 22.96 km2. It is 295 meters above sea level.
References
Other websites
Communes of Sardinia
HMS Victory

HMS Victory is the oldest ship still in use. It is in Portsmouth, England with the HMS Warrior and the remains of the Mary Rose, a ship belonging to Henry VIII of England.
Her most famous captains are Horatio Nelson, who died on the ship during the Battle of Trafalgar, and Samuel Hood.
Other websites
HMS Victory Royal Navy website
Pictures of HMS Victory
Restoration of HMS Victory Society for Nautical Research website
HMS Victory Model
Google Maps Image of HMS Victory in Portsmouth Harbour
Local.Live.com Bird's Eye View of HMS Victory in Portsmouth Harbour
Nelson's Victory
Life onboard HMS Victory
HMS Victory datasheet
Royal Naval Communications Association, Communications History - The First Signal Schools
MaritimeQuest HMS Victory Photo Gallery
UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
Victory
Portsmouth
Bhavna Limbachia

Bhavna Jayanty Limbachia (born 21 April 1984) is a British television actress, film, and comedian. She is mainly known for her roles as Alia Khan in Citzen Khan and Rana Habeeb in Coronation Street.
She is born in Preston, the city of Lancashire, England.
References
British actors
1984 births
Living people
People from Preston, Lancashire
José Manuel Balmaceda

Jose Manuel Balmaceda (1838 - 1891) was a Chilean politician, who eventually became President of the Republic of Chile.
Biography
Balmaceda was born in Bucalemu, in 1838. In 1865, he became one of the representatives of the government of Chile at the South American General Congress at Lima, and after his return, he obtained great distinction as an orator in the national assembly.
He became Minister of Foreign Affairs and of the Interior under the presidency of Domingo Santa Maria. He was elected President in 1886. On January 1, 1891 he claimed his intention to terminate an "intolerable situation", by refusing to convoke the assembly, and he ordered to continue the collection of taxes. This action provoked the Chilean Civil War of 1891, which ended with the overthrow of President Balmaceda, who later committed suicide on September 18, in the anniversary of his elevation to the Presidency.
References
Article on 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica
1838 births
1891 deaths
Presidents of Chile
University of Southern Maine

The University of Southern Maine is a university in Maine.
References
Other websites
Official athletics website
Colleges and universities in Maine
Portland, Maine
1878 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Maine
Ron Rivera

Ronald Eugene Rivera (born January 7, 1962) is an American football coach. He is the head coach for the Washington Football Team of the National Football League (NFL).
Before becoming a coach, Rivera played college football at the University of California, Berkeley in the early 1980s, where he was recognized as an All-American linebacker for the Golden Bears.
Rivera was born in Fort Ord, California. In August 2020, he was diagnosed with an aggressive rare form of lymphoma.
References
1962 births
Living people
National Football League coaches
Sportspeople from California
Alba de Cerrato

Alba de Cerrato is a municipality in Palencia province in the autonomous community of Castile and Leon in Spain.
Sources
Municipalities in Castile and Leon
Settlements in Palencia
Marigné-Laillé

Marigne-Laille is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
References
Communes in Sarthe
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago

The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (informally the Chicago Fed) is one of twelve regional Reserve Banks that, along with the Board of Governors in Washington, D.C., make up the nation's central bank.
The Chicago Reserve Bank serves the Seventh Federal Reserve District, which encompasses the northern portions of Illinois and Indiana, southern Wisconsin, the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and the state of Iowa.
Charles L. Evans is the president of the Chicago Fed. He took office on September 1, 2007 as the ninth president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
References
Banks of the United States
Buildings and structures in Chicago
Eckerd Corporation

Eckerd was an American pharmacy chain in the United States. It was founded in 1898 in Erie. Its headquarters were in Florida.
On September 22, 2006, Rite Aid announced that it would acquire, Brooks and Eckerd.
Defunct companies of the United States
Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
2007 disestablishments in the United States
East Lindsey

East Lindsey is a borough in Lincolnshire. About 140,000 people live in the borough. Its headquarters are in Manby. The borough's largest settlement is Skegness.
English boroughs
Hotline Miami

Hotline Miami is a violent 2D top-down shooter indie video game developed by Dennaton Games and published by Devolver Digital. The game was inspired by the 2011 film Drive and the 2006 film Cocaine Cowboys.
Development
The developers said that they "wanted it to be disturbing and we wanted people to feel the violence". They made the graphics pixel art to make sure the game was not controversial. A developer, Jonatan Soderstrom started making a game called Super Carnage, which was very similar to Hotline Miami. The aim of the game was to kill as many people as possible. The game was left unfinished because of difficulties coding the AI.
Before starting development, the developers wanted inspiration, so they watched some movies like Kick-Ass, Drive and Cocaine Cowboys. They wanted to raise questions about what it meant to kill a virtual person in a video game. Mid-way through development, Soderstrom worried that he was running out of money, so he started Hotline Miami. They spent 9 months in an apartment coding the game. Dennis Wedin said this about the development of the game: It was fucking hard....
Soderstrom said that he created Hotline Miami with Games Maker, because it let him make the game fast. He also said that it doesn't need that much programming knowledge to use. He said it was a lot slower than other engines, and is quite limited. They had some problems with Games Maker, because they were using an old version. Weldin claimed he liked games that were just games, but Soderstrom wanted the player to think about the game's meaning.
The developers said that the AI was the hardest thing to create in the game.
Story and Gameplay
The player controls an un-named hero (who fans call Jacket), who's gradually losing his mind. The objective of each level is to kill all enemies in the room, and go to the next one. After every job, the player goes to the same store to order a pizza. The player then return to your safehouse.
Characters
Jacket - The game's first playable character
Biker - The game's second playable character
Richter
Richard
Rasmus
Don Juan
Hooker
Beard
Masks
There are unlockable masks in Hotline Miami, each have their own abilities.
Richard - Rooster
Rasmus - Owl
Tony - Tiger
Aubrey - Pig
Don Juan - Horse
Graham - Rabbit
Dennis - Wolf
Jones - Alligator
George - Giraffe
Ted - Dog
Rufus - Elephant
Carl - Grasshopper
Rami - Camel
Willem - Monkey
Jake - Snake
Peter - Unicorn
Zack - Frog
Richter - Rat
Oscar - Mole
Rick - Fox
Charlie - Octopus
Brandon - Panther
Phil - Fish
Louie - Chameleon
Nigel - Bat
Russell - Bull (PlayStation 3/Vita only)
Soundtrack
Sequel
A sequel to Hotline Miami, called Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number was released on March 10, 2015. It was originally going to be DLC for the main game, but this was changed.
Reviews
The game got very good reviews, with IGN praising its "striking blend of fast ultraviolence, a dense, challenging story and brilliant presentation". They given the game a final score of 8.8/10.
References
2012 video games
Windows games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Vita games
Guy Sajer

Guy Mouminoux (13 January 1927 - 11 January 2022), known by the pseudonym Guy Sajer, was a French writer and cartoonist. He was best known as the author of the Second World War memoir The Forgotten Soldier (1965). It talked about his experience serving in the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front from 1942 to 1945. He also under worked under the pen names Dimitri, and Dimitri Lahache.
Sajer died on 11 January 2022, two days before his 95th birthday.
References
1927 births
2022 deaths
French military people
Comics artists
French cartoonists
Writers from Paris
Ismail I

Ismail I (17 July 1487 - 23 May 1524), was the Shah of the Safavid dynasty of Persia from 1501 until his death in 1524. He started the Safavid dynasty and was the effective founder who went on to unite most of Persia for the first time since the Sassanids and establish Shia Islam as the main religion.
1487 births
1524 deaths
Shahs of Iran
Guy Clark

Guy Charles Clark (November 6, 1941 - May 17, 2016) was a Grammy Award winning American country and folk singer, musician, songwriter, recording artist, and performer. He has released more than twenty albums.
His songs have been recorded by other artists including Jerry Jeff Walker, Jimmy Buffett, Lyle Lovett, Ricky Skaggs, Steve Wariner, and Rodney Crowell.
Clark won the 2014 Grammy Award for Best Folk Album: My Favorite Picture Of You.
Clark died in Nashville, Tennessee from lymphoma on May 17, 2016, aged 74.
References
Other websites
Official website
Guy Clark's "Someday The Song Writes You" review at CountryMusicPride.com
Guy Clark and His Craft: The Turnstyled Junkpiled Interview
Slipcue.Com profile
Feature story and reviews of Guy Clark at Country Standard Time
Grammy Award winners
1941 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lymphoma
Cancer deaths in Tennessee
American singer-songwriters
American country singers
Country musicians from Texas
American folk singers
American folk musicians
American guitarists
Musicians from Texas
Singers from Texas
Writers from Texas
Country musicians from Tennessee
President of the World Bank Group

The president of the World Bank Group is the head of World Bank Group.
List of World Bank Group presidents
Status
Notes
References
Lists of people
Birch bark

Birch bark or birchbark is usually the bark of the paper birch tree or sometimes of similar trees such as gray (wire) birch.
Birch bark is useful because it is strong and water-resistant. It is similar in some ways to cardboard. And can be easily cut, bent and sewn. Because of this it has been very valuable for building, crafting, and writing material ever since ancient times. Birch bark also contains substances that are used in medicines and chemicals.
Uses
Birch bark was valuable throughout the world where birch trees were available:
In North America, the native people used birch bark for canoes and wigwams and more.
In Scandinavia and Finland, it had many uses, including roofs, boxes, casks and buckets.
In Russia, many birch bark documents have survived from the Middle Ages.
In the Indian civilisation birch-bark, along with dried palm leaves, replaced parchment for writing.
Birch bark is can also be used as a tinder. It is very good tinder as the inner layers will stay dry even through heavy rainstorms. To make birch bark useless as tinder, it must be soaked in water for a very long time.
References
The Algonquin Birchbark Canoe by David Gidmark .
Other websites
The Birch Bark Torch, a Wilderness Way Magazine'''s article by Kevin Finney.
Birchbark articles from the NativeTech'' site.
Birch and Birch Bark, an article by John Zasada at an University of Minnesota site.
Birch Bark Canoe Building Courses at the North House Folk School, Minnesota.
Birch Bark Canoe page on the site of the Algonquins of Pikwaganagan.
Wood
Fagales
Brian Pillman

Brian William Pillman, Sr. (May 22, 1962 - October 5, 1997) was an American professional wrestler and football player. He is known for competing in World Championship Wrestling, Extreme Championship Wrestling and the World Wrestling Federation in the 1990s.
He was well known as "The Loose Cannon", which was a gimmick that would see him do worked shoots that would gain him infamy for his unpredictable character.
Before becoming a professional wrestler, Pillman played football in the NFL for the Cincinnati Bengals and in the CFL for the Calgary Stampeders.
Pillman was found dead by police in his Bloomington, Minnesota hotel room on October 5, 1997 from a previously undetected heart condition called arteriosclerotic heart disease. That same night, Pillman was supposed to face Dude Love on the WWF pay-per-view Badd Blood: In Your House.
Championships
Jim Crockett Promotions / World Championship Wrestling
NWA United States Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Tom Zenk)
NWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with "Stunning" Steve Austin)
WCW Light Heavyweight Championship (two times)
WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with "Stunning" Steve Austin)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #84 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" by PWI in 2003.
Stampede Wrestling
Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Bruce Hart)
Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
5 Star Match (1991) with Sting, Rick Steiner, and Scott Steiner vs. Ric Flair, Larry Zbyszko, Barry Windham, and Sid Vicious (February 24, WarGames match, WrestleWar)
Feud of the Year (1997) with Bret Hart, Owen Hart, Jim Neidhart, and Davey Boy Smith vs. Stone Cold Steve Austin
Most Underrated (1994)
Rookie of the Year (1987)
Tag Team of the Year (1993) with Steve Austin as The Hollywood Blonds
References
Other websites
WWE profile
1962 births
1997 deaths
American football linebackers
American professional wrestlers
Calgary Stampeders players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Ohio
Scinax sugillatus

The Quevedo snouted tree frog (Scinax sugillatus) is a frog. It lives in Ecuador and Colombia on the Pacific (western) side of the mountains. Scientists have seen it as high as 500 meters above sea level.
The adult male frog is about 39.9 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 45.5 mm long. This frog is brown on the back and whitish on the belly. It has black coloring on its middle with stripes. The stripes are bright blue and bright green.
The Latin name of this frog means "blue and black."
References
Frogs of South America
Hamamatsu

Hamamatsu is a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is on the island of Honshu. Every May 3-5, the Hammamatsu Festival is held in the city.
Related page
Honda F.C.
References
Cities in Japan
Settlements in Shizuoka Prefecture
Marilú Salazar

Marilu Salazar is a long-distance runner from Peru. Salazar competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics. She was born on 27 October 1965.
References
Other websites
1965 births
Living people
Peruvian athletes
Peruvian Olympians
Long-distance runners
Larry King

Larry King (November 19, 1933 - January 23, 2021) was an American writer, journalist and broadcaster.
Career
For many years, he hosted a nightly interview program on the Cable News Network (CNN) called Larry King Live. The program ran from 1985 to 2010. It was simulcast on Westwood One radio network until 2009. Before that, he hosted a radio talk show on Mutual Radio called the Larry King Show. There he sometimes told funny stories. He interviewed some 40,000 politicians, athletes and entertainers.
King won several awards. He hosted a talk show called Politicking. That show is on Russia Television, an English language television network run by the Russian state.
His first show of Larry King Live was in 1985. He interviewed every President of the United States since Gerald Ford.
King stated he was liberal politically.
King had a heart attack in 1987 and wrote two books about life with a heart disease. He founded the Larry King Cardiac Foundation in 1988 to help people who have no insurance cover the costs of treatment.
Early life
King was born Lawrence Leibel Harvey Zeiger in Brooklyn, New York City to immigrant parents. His father was from Austria and his mother was from Belarus. Both parents were Orthodox Jews.
Personal life
Larry King married eight times. His wives include:
Freda Miller (1952-1953)
Annette Kaye (1961)
Alene Akins (1961-1963)
Mickey Sutphin (1963-1967)
Alene Akins (1967-1972)
Sharon Lepore (1976-1983)
Julie Alexander (1989-1992)
Shawn Southwick (from 1997)
Death
On December 22, 2020, King was hospitalized in Los Angeles with COVID-19. King died a month later at the age of 87 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center on January 23, 2021 from sepsis caused by COVID.
Sources
Other websites
Larry King Live
Biography at CNN.com
Larry King Cardiac Foundation
1933 births
2021 deaths
Actors from Brooklyn
American atheists
American movie actors
American television news anchors
American television talk show hosts
CNN people
Deaths from sepsis
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
Jewish atheists
Journalists from New York City
Peabody Award winners
Television personalities from New York City
Writers from Brooklyn